science

科學。研究自然界與其組成，透過不斷的觀察、測量和實驗去建立、檢驗或校正一般規律來解釋自然界的本質和行為。


abomination

源自中古英語 abominacioun，源自中古法語 abomination (“恐怖，厌恶”)，源自晚期拉丁語 abōminātiō, abōminātiōnem。abominatio的同源對似詞。

abhorrence

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

aversion

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

detestation

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

disgust

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

loathing

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

loathsomeness

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

odiousness

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

perversion

令人深恶痛绝的事物，令人发指的事物 （常有宗教色彩） （自约1350-1470年）

骇人听闻的暴行，罪行；招人鄙夷的习惯 （自约1150-1350年）

Religious sodomy was practised by male prostitutes in the Hebrew temple groves, which was one of the abominations of Israel that Josiah cleared away.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long，頁號 160:

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

惹人厌恶，令人发指 （约1350-1470年至15世纪末叶）

Antony, most large in his abominations.

1606, Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, III-vi:


abaca

源自西班牙語 abacá，源自他加祿語的这个植物的叫法，abaká。

Manila Hemp

马尼拉麻蕉树（Musa textilis）（18世纪中叶首次出现。）

Manilla hemp

马尼拉麻蕉树（Musa textilis）（18世纪中叶首次出现。）

textile banana

马尼拉麻蕉树（Musa textilis）（18世纪中叶首次出现。）

Manila hemp

马尼拉麻 （18世纪中叶首次出现。）

Manilla hemp

马尼拉麻 （18世纪中叶首次出现。）

马尼拉麻蕉树（Musa textilis）（18世纪中叶首次出现。）

马尼拉麻 （18世纪中叶首次出现。）


drink

[d̠ɹ̠ ̝ʷɪŋk]


girl

源自中古英語 gerle、girle、gyrle (“任何性别的年轻人”)，之后的来源不详。可能是源自古英語 *gyrle、*gyrele，源自原始日耳曼語 *gurwilaz，原始日耳曼語 *gurwijaz的一个指小词形式（比较北弗里斯蘭語 gör (“女孩”)、低地德語 Gör、Göre (“任何性别的孩子”)、德語 Göre (“孩童”)、方言挪威語 gorre、方言瑞典語 garre、gurre (“小孩”)），源自原始印歐語 *ǵʰer- (“短的”)（对比古愛爾蘭語 gair (“短的”)、古希臘語 χρεώ (khreṓ, “需要”)、χρήσθαι (khrḗsthai, “需要”)、梵語 ह्रस्व (hrasva, “短的，小的”)）。

女服务员，女仆（见用法说明）

（爱称）姑娘（见用法说明）

'Now, girls,' continued Healey, 'you're very high-spirited and that's as it should be but I won't have you getting out of hand...' Setting a spatted foot on the bench that ran down the middle of the changing-room with elegant distain, Adrian began to flip through the pile of Y-fronts and rugger shorts with his cane.

There isn't any guy going to steal my girl!

1922, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Girl from Hollywood

I took my girl to the cinema to watch your American movies.

1996, Elizabeth Wong, Kimchee and Chitlins: A Serious Comedy about Getting Along，頁號 74:

Your girl turned up on our doorstep.

你女儿突然出现在我们的门阶那。

（尤指粉末状的）可卡因，古柯碱

She had taught me to snort girl, and almost always when I came to her pad, there would be thin sparkling rows of crystal cocaine on the glass top of the cocktail table.

1969, Iceberg Slim, Pimp: The Story of My Life, Cash Money Content (2011), ISBN 9781451617139, page 43:

Elijah nodded congenially to the early evening regulars in the Afro Lounge, headed straight for the telephone hung midway between the mens and womens, his nose smarting from a couple thick lines of recently snorted girl.

1977, Odie Hawkins, Chicago Hustle, Holloway House (1987), ISBN 0870673661, page 175:

After about an hour or two of half-ass sex and snorting girl, Honey was zoned out. :Template:… She flexed her still numb fingers, trying to find a warmth that didn't seem to come. Cocaine always made her numb.

2005, K'wan, Hoodlum, St. Martin's Press (2005), ISBN 0312333080, page 185:

Are there “boy” trees and “girl” trees? Yes. A number of species, among them the yew, holly and date-bearing palm, have their male and female flowers on different trees. The male holly, for instance, must be planted fairly close to the female ...

Of the 100 percent total, 25 will have two girl genes, 50 will have one boy and one girl gene, and 25 will have two boy genes.

1970 [earlier 1963], Helen V. Wilson, Helen Van Pelt, Helen Van Pelt's African Violets, Dutton Adult (ISBN 9780801538582):

When there are two "girl" genes the plant is a girl dwarf.

1972, GSN Gesneriad Saintpaulia News: African Violets, Gloxinias, Other Gesneriads and Exotic Plants:

Don't be such a girl!


swell

(聲音的)增強，(音量的)增大

《音樂》漸強到漸弱(符號)

(波浪的)洶湧，(土地的)隆起


soap

源自中古英語 sope、sape，源自古英語 sāpe (“肥皂，药膏”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *saipā，源自原始日耳曼語 *saipǭ，源自原始印歐語 *seyb-、*seyp- (“倒出，滴，流，滤”)。
与下列词同源：低地蘇格蘭語 saip、sape (“肥皂”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Seepe (“肥皂”)、西弗里斯蘭語 sjippe (“肥皂”)、荷蘭語 zeep (“肥皂”)、德國低地德語 Seep (“肥皂”)、德語 Seife (“肥皂”)、丹麥語 sæbe (“肥皂”)、瑞典語 såpa (“肥皂”)、書面挪威語 såpe (“肥皂”)、新挪威語 såpe (“肥皂”)、法羅語 sápa (“肥皂”)、冰島語 sápa (“肥皂”)。亦与古英語 sāp (“琥珀，树脂，发油，药膏”)、拉丁語 sēbum (“油脂”)有关。参见seep。拉丁語 sāpō (“肥皂”)乃借自日耳曼语族。

I tried washing my hands with soap, but the stain wouldn't go away.

我试了用肥皂洗手，但是污渍洗不掉。

His comments were just a lot of soft soap to flatter me.

他的话就是一堆奉承我的马屁。


meat

可食用的動物肉。尤其是與魚類和堅果相對應的哺乳動物的肉。如：beef, chicken, fish, pork, turkey


dick

源自Dick，名字Richard的暱稱。最初意思是“普通人”、“凡夫俗子”，后来衍生出其他的含义。

He wore a condom over his dick.

他在阴茎上套了个避孕套。

THINGS YOU NEVER HEAR: "Please stop sucking my dick or I'll call the police."

你一定沒有聽過的話：“別嗦我的屌了，不然我要叫警察。”

1997, George Carlin, Brain Droppings, New York: Hyperion Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁號 83:

That person is such a dick.


watermelon

/ˈwɔːtəˌmɛlən/

/ˈwɔtəɹˌmɛlən/

:Template:貶 有社會主義思想的環保主義者（源自西瓜皮綠【環保主義】肉紅【共產主義】）。

西瓜色，一種介於粉-紅的顏色，類似西瓜果肉的顏色。

watermelon：


change

新任CEO接手後，公司經歷了許多變化。

The company went through a lot of changes after the new CEO took over.

你能給我一些零錢用來買自動售貨機的東西嗎？

Can you give me some change for the vending machine?

收銀員找錯了零錢，所以我把多餘的錢退回去了。

The cashier gave me too much change, so I returned the extra money.

n.m. 交换，兑换，汇兑，外汇交易，外汇兑换率；（被追赶的猎物以另一动物作为替身的）替换


Chinese

（中国人，特指）［贬］Chinaman（指男性）；［古］Chinee；［贬］chink（中国人

Chinese finger cuffs, Chinese finger prison, Chinese finger trap

Chinese five spice, Chinese five-spice powder

Chinese red head, Chinese red-headed centipede

Chinese takeaway, Chinese take-away, Chinese take-out

官话、普通话、国语、华语

［复数，前加定冠词 the 或其他限定词］（泛指）中国人


large

源自中古英語 large，源自古法語 large，源自拉丁語 larga，largus (“富余的，大量的，大的，多的”)的阴性形式，最终词源不详。很大程度上取代了中古英語 stoor, stour (“大的”)（源自古英語 stōr）和muchel (“大的”)（源自古英語 myċel）。

一个弃用音符，等于2个长音符，4个二全音符，或8个全音符

Getting a car tricked out like that will cost you 50 large.

把车装饰成那样得花你五千块钱。

"We'll call you anything we want," Dave said. "You owe us eighty-five large, Ace, and what we've got for collateral on that money so far is a shitload of Arm & Hammer baking soda worth about a buck-fifty. We'll call you Hubert J. Motherfucker if we want to."

So send my sister a hundred large, and next time you come down to Jessup it won't be my grill talking at you. My word on that.

2008 January 13, David Simon, “Unconfirmed Reports” (片头起30:16), 出自 The Wire, 季数 2, 集数 2, 角色 Avon Barksdale:

One small coffee and two larges, please.


factice

硫化非饱和植物或动物油（用于橡胶中）

Although factice is, strictly speaking, not a plasticizer, being added to mixes for a whole range of reasons including the improvement of dimensional stability and rigidity of unsupported articles in hot air cures, the improvement of surface finish and electrical insulation, it does nevertheless act as a softener, improving filler dispersion and decreasing the energy requirements of mixing.

1999, M.J. Loadman, Analysis of Rubber and Rubber-like Polymers，頁號 56:


rock

岩石。所有組成部分地殼的礦物聚集體。它可以是組織鬆散的砂、黏土或泥，也可以是實體堅固的花崗岩、石灰岩或煤。 (來源：CED)


cerise

借自法語 cerise（19世纪中叶），其本身源自通俗拉丁語 ceresia，源自拉丁語 cerasium。cherry的同源异形词。

樱桃：

His bold patterns in vivid colours predated the arrival in Paris of the Ballets Russes, though his later designs reflect the canary yellows, bright blues, jades, cerises […]


milk

源自中古英語 milk、mylk、melk、mulc，源自古英語 meolc、meoluc (“奶”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *meluks，源自原始印歐語 *h₂melǵ-。
同源词
与西弗里斯蘭語 molke、荷蘭語 melk、下薩克森荷蘭語 melk、德語 Milch、德國低地德語 Melk、意第緒語 מילך (milkh)、丹麥語 mælk、書面挪威語 mjølk、melk、新挪威語 mjølk、瑞典語 mjölk、冰島語 mjólk、法羅語 mjólk、阿爾巴尼亞語 mjel (“挤奶”)、波蘭語 mleko、俄語 молоко́ (molokó)、威爾士語 blith、吐火羅語A malke、立陶宛語 malkas和拉脫維亞語 malks同源。也可能和古希臘語 μέλκιον (mélkion)同源。

m*lk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

mylk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

non-dairy milk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

plant milk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

Skyr is a product made of curdled milk.

[…] there's going to be that much less milk available to cover any other uses. Which means whether it's liquid milk or whether it's [milk that's been turned into] cheese or yogurt, the price gets pulled up right across the board.

2007 September 24, Chris Horseman (interviewee), Emily Harris (reporter), “Global Dairy Demand Drives Up Prices”, Morning Edition, National Public Radio

In the West it's' fairly normal to drink milk in various forms into adulthood.

2017, Adam Rutherford, A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived, The Experiment, →ISBN，頁號 75:

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

Where it does fall down, however, is its nutritional value. While oats are largely a healthy grain to include in your diet, the milk is highly diluted with water, giving it little nutritional value.

2018 September 16, Alexandra Spring, “'Milk' mania: why most alternatives aren't great – but camel milk just might be”, 出自 The Guardian:

For environmentally minded consumers, the news is hard to swallow: almond milk is not healthy for the planet and the popular milk substitute is especially hard on bees.

2020 January 29, Annette McGivney, “Almonds are out. Dairy is a disaster. So what milk should we drink?”, 出自 The Guardian:

The guests at table three ordered three glasses of milk.

（加到茶、咖啡等的一份）奶

I take my tea with two milk(s) and two sugar.

我给我的茶配两份奶两份糖。

She just sat there drinking cup after cup of strong coffee, with two milks and two sugars.

2014, Don Eggspuehler, Teachings 源自Pop, Author House (ISBN 9781496907202), page 459:

Five minutes later, he returned with Justin's large coffee with two milk and two sweeteners and a black coffee for himself.

2015, Carolyn Arnold, City of Gold: (Mathew Connor Adventure Series Book 1), Hibbert & Stiles Publishing Inc. (ISBN 9781988353043)

Mrs. Dale huffed up to the counter and fired her battle-axe stare at the attendant. “One medium tea. ... Two double-doubles, and one with two milk and two sweeteners.”

2019, Maggie Blackbird, Redeemed: The Matawapit Family Series, #1, eXtasy Books (ISBN 9781487424558), page 349:

She placed on her desk a brown paper bag; it held her breakfast, cream cheese on a toasted bagel and coffee with two milks and one sugar.

2020, John Mitton, Tedmund and the Murdered Heiress, Page Publishing, Inc (ISBN 9781645846505)


agitation

来自法語 agitation，来自拉丁語 agitātiō (“運動，激動”)。

/æ.d͡ʒɪˈteɪ.ʃən/

emotion, commotion, excitement, trepidation, tremor, perturbation

n.f. 摇动，摆动；动荡，纷乱；（人群的）拥挤；激动，烦躁不安；骚动，骚乱，动乱，风潮


chloramphenicol

源自chlor- + am(ide) + phen- + ni(tro)- + (gly)col。

/ˌklɔɹˌæmˈfɛn.ɪˌkɔl/


meningitis

源自古希臘語 μῆνῐγξ (mêninx) + -itis，等价于meninge + -itis。


rumour

rumor的另一種拼寫法


hypothermia

新拉丁語，源自古希臘語 ὑπο- (hupo-, “在...之下，低于”) + θέρμη (thérmē, “热量”) + -ία (-ía, 阴性后缀)

/ˌhaɪpəʊˈθɜː(ɹ)mi.ə/

Hypothermia is the systemic cold injury.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）


eminence

源自古法語 eminence，源自拉丁語 ēminēntia (“卓越，显赫”)。

From the summit of an eminence I had already had a distant view of Osbaldistone Hall, a large and antiquated edifice, peeping out from a Druidical grove of huge oaks [...].

We stopped for a moment at the golf course to chat with members of the Consular staff, and then drove on to the Consulate, which was set upon an eminence, above evidences of landscape-gardening; a sweep of lawns, with coarse, whitened grass; flower-beds in which larkspur and nasturtiums fought against desperate odds.

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:eminence。

eminence：


hemorrhage

源自拉丁語 haemorrhagia，源自古希臘語 αἱμορραγία (haimorrhagía, “大量出血”)，源自αἱμορραγής (haimorrhagḗs, “大量出血”)，源自αἷμα (haîma, “血”) + -ραγία (-ragía)，源自ῥηγνύναι (rhēgnúnai, “喷出”)。

/ˈhɛm(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/

We got news that he died of a hemorrhage.

我们得知了他失血过多而死的消息。

the fiscal hemorrhage that has resulted from financial globalization

由金融全球化导致的大量财政损失


pig

源自中古英語 pigge (“小猪”)（原指小猪，年长猪是swyn），多半源自古英語 *picga（仅可考于picgbrēad (“猪饲料”)等复合词中），源自原始西日耳曼語 *piggō、*puggō (“小猪”)。对比中古荷蘭語 pogge、puggen、pigge、pegsken (“猪崽”)、中古低地德語 pugge、pûke (“猪崽”)。本词使用于体重快速增加的动物幼崽，所以其可能是源自动词“to big”，源自中古英語 biggen、byggen，源自古諾爾斯語 byggja、byggva (“建造”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *būwijaną (“建造”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰuH- (“成为，成长为”)。Pokorny认为词根与*bū-、*bew- (“肿，胀”)有关，以解释“pig”和“big”之间的互换关系。
有时有人指出其与早期现代荷蘭語 bigge（现代big (“猪崽”)）、西弗里斯蘭語 bigge (“猪崽”)和中古低地德語的相似词有关，但是“发音难以解释”。一些文献指出这些词“多半无关”，其他人认为这一联系“有可能，但无法确定”。
指“警察”的俚语义至晚自1785年起可考。

The man kept a pen with two pigs that he fed everything from carrots to cabbage.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

猪崽 (与hog (“成年猪”))

Weanlings grow into feeder pigs, and feeder pigs grow into slaughter hogs. […] Ultimately the end use for virtually all pigs and hogs is to be slaughtered for the production of pork and other products.

2005 April, Live Swine from Canada, Investigation No. 731-TA-1076 (Final), publication 3766, April 2005, U.S. International Trade Commission ISBN 1457819899, page I-9:

Some religions prohibit their adherents from eating pig.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

"Miss Chastene, could you fetch me out an extra plate of pig and biscuit. My partner can't do without your marvelous cooking."

2005, Ross Eddy Osborn, Thorns of a Tainted Rose, →ISBN，頁號 196:

淡粉色 （家猪皮的颜色）

pig：

So far on the streets there's been a lot of metallic pink (the kind of pink as in the shade of pig you get, and this is exactly the shade of the diary I've been writing in) […]

猪 （吃东西又快又大声的人）

You gluttonous pig! Now that you've eaten all the cupcakes, there will be none for the party!

你这头猪怎么吃那么多！你把所有纸杯蛋糕都吃完了，聚会的时候没得吃了！

She considered him a pig as he invariably stared at her bosom when they talked.

她觉得他是一个好色之徒，因为他和她说话时总是盯着她的胸部。

He was a pig and his apartment a pigpen; take-away containers and pizza boxes in a long, moldy stream lined his counter tops.

他非常邋遢，公寓里像个猪圈，里面外卖的盒子和披萨盒散在长长的长满霉的台面上。

条子，警察 （源自1785年前）

The protester shouted, “Don't give in to the pigs!” as he was arrested.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

There will be no pictures of pigs shooting down brothers on the instant replay

1971, Gil Scott-Heron （作曲作詞）, “The Revolution Will Not Be Televised”:

“...Sounds too easy,” Marvin was saying. “What about the pigs?”

1989, Dan Simmons, Carrion Comfort, page 359,

The bank robberies went on and each raid became more bloody, Meinhof encouraging her followers to “kill the pigs” offering the slightest resistance, referring to policemen.

1990, Jay Robert Nash, Encyclopedia of World Crime: Volume 1: A-C, page 198,

Backing 300 of the more aggressive protesters was a supporting cast of several thousand more who stared down the small line of police. Those in front resumed their taunts of “Pig, pig, fascist pig,” and “pigs eat shit, pigs eat shit.” The rest of the crowd, however, backed off and sat down on the grass when reinforcements arrived. Police did not retaliate for the name-calling, and within minutes the line of demonstrators broke apart and the incident was over without violence.¹¹³

2008, Frank Kusch, Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention, page 63,

But me, I joined the party to fight the pigs. That′s why I joined. Because my experience with the police was always negative.

2011, T. J. English, The Savage City: Race, Murder and a Generation on the Edge, unnumbered page,

Got a mind for the undies

Hrm... this one's a real pig: I've been banging my head against the wall over it for hours!

嗯...这个问题真的有点严重了：我把头靠在墙上冥思苦想了好久！

The conveyor carried the pigs from the smelter to the freight cars.

传送带将铸块从锻造炉送至车皮。

After the ill-advised trade, the investor was stuck with worthless options for 10,000 tons of iron pig.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

The pig was cracked, and molten metal was oozing from the side.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

容纳放射性废料的铅制容器

Taylor also bought a pig—a radiation-shielding container made of thick lead—to stash the most radioactive materials in.

2015, Tom Clynes, The Boy Who Played with Fusion (page 36)

Forceps and a lead container (called a pig) that are routinely placed in the room are used to retrieve and contain the source.

2015, Adrianne Dill Linton, Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing (page 394)

Unfortunately, the pig sent to clear the obstruction got lodged in a tight bend, adding to the problem.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

Unfortunately, the M60 is about twenty-four pounds and is very unbalanced. You try carrying the pig around the jungle and see how you feel.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。


labour

源自中古英語 labouren ← 古法語 laborer ← 拉丁語 laborare (“(intransitive) to labor, strive, exert oneself, suffer, be in distress, (transitive) to work out, elaborate”) ← labor (“labor, toil, work, exertion”)；参见robur (“力量”)。


debug

（美国，计算机科学义）音频

It may appear odd in the example that the no debug all command was entered before and after the debug was done. The first command is unnecessary, but getting into this habit can save you!

2009, Dale Liu, Cisco CCNA/CCENT Exam 640-802, 640-822, 640-816 Preparation Kit:

What should be the next steps following a test failure during debug?

2019, James K. Peckol, Embedded Systems: A Contemporary Design Tool (page 539)


abandon

:< 古法语 abandoner——à + bandon（管辖，控制） < 中古拉丁语 bannum（宣告）< （日耳曼语源）—— 法兰克语 *ban < 原始日耳曼语 *bannan（宣告，命令）（对比现代英语 ban） < 原始印欧语 *bha-（说）。 法语借词替换了中古英语固有词 forleten（放弃）（ < 古英语 forlǣtan, anforlǣtan）与中古英语词 forleven（抛弃）（ < 古英语 forlǣfan）。


adventure

源自中古英語 aventure, aunter, anter，借自古法語 aventure，源自晚期拉丁語 adventurus ← 拉丁語 advenire, adventum (“到达”)，羅曼語族表示“发生，遭遇”（见advene）。

/ədˈvɛnt͡ʃɚ/

/ædˈvɛnt͡ʃɚ/

/ədˈvɛnt͡ʃə/

遭遇困难；危险，打击性的事业；在遭遇危险下面对未知事件进行的赌注行为，需要胆量的任务；大胆的举措。

伟大的举措；瞩目的事件。

有风险的商业或投机性事业；冒险。


firmament

The firmament (sense 1) or sky.
One version of the Ptolemaic system of celestial spheres, with the firmament (indicated in Latin as Firmamentu[m]; sense 3) shown as the eighth heaven
源自中古英語 firmament、furmament (“天空”)，源自古法語 firmament (“天空”)，或源自其词源拉丁語 firmāmentum (“支撑；天空”)，源自firmāre (“增强，强化”) + -mentum (表示手段、媒介，或某个动作的结果的后缀)。firmāre是firmō (“使...稳固，固化”)的现在主动不定式，源自firmus (“稳固的，稳定的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰer- (“支撑”)。
拉丁语词用于《圣经》的武加大译本中，用于翻译七十士译本（希腊语的《旧约圣经》）中的古希臘語 στερέωμα (steréōma, “框架，基础；天空”)一词，该希腊语词又用于翻译希伯來語 רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ, “天穹”)，源自词根ר־ק־ע (r-q-`)，在古典叙利亚语中的相似词根ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ)（与“压紧”有关）派生出ܪܩܝܥܐ (rəqīʿā, “固实的，稳固的；天空，天穹”)。

Now to ye all, be firmaments to ſtars, / Be ſtars to Firmaments, and as you are / Splendent, ſo be fixed, not wandring, nor / Irregular, both keeping courſe together, [...]

1609, Everie VVoman in Her Humor, London: […] E[dward] A[llde] for Thomas Archer, […], →OCLC; reprinted as John S. Farmer 編, Every Woman in Her Humor (The Tudor Facsimile Texts), [Amersham, Buckinghamshire]: [John S. Farmer] […], 1913, →OCLC:

And God ſaid, Let there be a firmament in the midſt of the waters: and let it diuide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament; and diuided the waters, which were under the firmament, from the waters, which were aboue the firmament: and it was ſo. And God called the firmament, Heauen: and the euening and the morning were the ſecond day.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:6–8:

[W]hat if all / Her ſtores were op'n'd, and this Firmament / Of Hell ſhould ſpout her Cataracts of Fire, [...]

1667, John Milton, “Book II”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行號s 174–175:

And far above the gentle moon sails on / Through the blue firmament. It is a scene / That gives that spot of earth the air of Heav'n!

1825 January, H. G. B., “The Bride of Parma”, 出自 The Edinburgh Magazine, and Literary Miscellany; […], 卷 XVI, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC，頁號 68，列號 2:

Some of his [Confucius's] philosophical principles are, [...] that the cause or principle of things must have had a co-existence with the things themselves; [...] and that the central point of influence，源自which this cause chiefly acts, is the blue firmament (tien), whence its emanations are spread over the universe; [...] the sun, moon, stars, and elements, are considered also as composing the firmament, or Teen, as the immediate agents of the Deity, and as the productive powers in creation.

1831, James Bell, “[Chinese Empire.] Chapter IV.”, 出自 A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific, […], 卷 V, Glasgow: Archibald Fullarton and Co. and Blackie and Son; […], →OCLC，頁號 34:

On its far side, on the very horizon of the world, stood purple mountains, so tall and sharp that they bridged the firmaments.

2001 December, J. Robert King, “Who are We?”, 出自 Brian Thomsen 編, Lancelot du Lethe, New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, →ISBN，頁號 229:

The feeling I dread the most is not fear but despair—the dim, oppressive sense that the more things change, the more they stay the same; that each of us with a frozen heart "like an old-stone savage armed" will continue to move in darkness, lifting boulders, patrolling the firmaments of divisive anger.

2002, Barbara Kingsolver, “Small Wonder”, 出自 Small Wonder: Essays, New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, 出版於 2009, →ISBN:

[...] 'The Morning Star' and 'The Evening Star' have the same celestial object as Bedeutung, but present that object in different ways, perhaps in one case as the object that appears in such and such a place in the morning firmament and in the other as the object that appears in such and such a place in the evening firmament.

2013, Alexander Miller, “The Development of Theories of Meaning: From Frege to McDowell and Beyond”, 出自 Michael Beaney 編, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part II (The Development of Analytic Philosophy)，頁號 658:

界，圈 （某个活动或利益的圈子）

the international fashion firmament

Europe dominated foreign policy concerns, followed by the Near East and China, where General George C[atlett] Marshall tried, in vain, to mediate a civil war. Japan glowed dimly in the foreign policy firmament.

1997, Michael Schaller, “Japan: From Enemy to Ally, 1945–50”, 出自 Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation, New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁號 7:

By this time, Seaford was a town of 2,000 people, and, in the next decade, the poultry industry became a rising star in the firmament of economic growth as new housing and feeding techniques were introduced.

1999, Shannon Wiley, “Introduction”, 出自 Seaford, Delaware (Images of America), Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 出版於 2001, →ISBN，頁號 8:

She [Anna Pavlova] provided articulate, well-thought-out and educational interviews and articles from her first appearances in which she would lay out her life story, the course of her training, the place of ballet in the European and Russian artistic firmaments.

2008, Adrienne L. McLean, “A Channel for Progress: Theatrical Dance, Popular Culture, and (The) American Ballet”, 出自 Dying Swans and Madmen: Ballet, the Body, and Narrative Cinema, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN，頁號 40:

[B]etweene the ſphere of Saturne and the Firmament, there is ſuch an incredible and vaſt ſpace or diſtance (7000000. ſemidiameters of the earth, as Tycho [Brahe] calculates) void of ſtarres: [...]

1638, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Ayre Rectified. With a Digression of the Ayre.”, 出自 The Anatomy of Melancholy. […], 5th版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed [by Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 3，頁號 254:

The World Cœlestial. Containing 11 Sphæres or Heavens, ſay the Theologians and Aſtronomers. [...] Theſe are called the Primum Mobile, the Chriſtaline Heaven, the Firmament adorned with the Fixed Stars, and the Heavens of the Seven Planets.

1715, H[enry] Curson, “A Cosmographical Introduction to the Geographical Description of the World”, 出自 A New Description of the World. […], 2nd版, […] Benj[amin] Barker, […], →OCLC:

Praiſe ye the Lord。Praiſe God in his Sanctuarie: Praiſe him in the firmament of his power.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalm 150:1，列號 1:

Pins tipt with Diamond Point, and head, / By which the Curls are faſtened, / In radiant Firmament ſet out, / And all over the Hood ſur-tout: [...]

1690, [Mary Evelyn], “A Voyage to Marryland; or, The Ladies Dressing-room”, 出自 [John Evelyn] 編, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […], London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN，頁號 7:

Firmament. Diamonds, or other precious Stones heading the Pins which they stick into the Tour, and Hair, like Stars.

（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）]

[1690, [Mary Evelyn], “The Fop-dictionary. […]”, 出自 [John Evelyn] 編, Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […], London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN，頁號 18:

Ten years ago, the Wall Street wirehouse brokerage firm seemed unassailable – part of the very firmament underpinning the entire investment industry from coast to coast.

2012 January 25, Josh Brown, “Perhaps I’ve Been a Bit too Harsh …”, 出自 Wealth Manager Blog, The Wall Street Journal，於2013-12-08歸檔自原頁面:


abortion

借自拉丁語 abortiōnem，源自aborior。等價於abort + -ion。此詞取代了中古英語 abort (“abortion”)，前者和後者同樣源自同一個拉丁語詞彙。


abstinence

繼承自中古英語 abstinence，派生自古法語 abstinence，派生自拉丁語 abstinentia，源自abstinēns，abstineō (“我保留”) 的現在分詞。等價於 abstain + -ence。


nostalgia

源自新拉丁語 nostalgia，造自古希臘語 νόστος (nóstos, “回家”) + ἄλγος (álgos, “痛苦”)。古希臘語 *νοσταλγία (*nostalgía)一词并不可考。对比意大利語 nostalgia、西班牙語 nostalgia、葡萄牙語 nostalgia、saudade和法語 nostalgie。

I can't have been the only person, last week, to feel a rush of nostalgia upon learning that Thames Water had removed a bus-sized, 15-tonne lump of food fat ("mixed with wet wipes") from the sewers under London. The fatberg was an August news story redolent of the old-fashioned silly season.

2013 August 16, Oliver Burkeman, “This is the cutest article”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 189, 期 10，頁號 20:


appraisal

She hated that silent appraisal, watching someone compare her to a version that she might have been.

2020, Brit Bennett, The Vanishing Half, Dialogue Books，頁號 47:


yolk

来自中古英語 yolke，yelke，ȝolke，ȝelke，来自古英語 ġeolca，ġeoloca，ġioleca (“黃色部分，蛋黃”)，来自ġeolu (“黃色”)。

To make meringue, you have to separate the white from the yolk.

要做蛋白酥皮，你必須把蛋白和蛋黃分開。


accent

繼承自中古英語 accent，派生自中古法語 accent，派生自古法語 acent，派生自拉丁語 accentus，accinō (“對…唱歌；一起唱歌”)的過去分詞。accent在古英語時代就已借入，逐漸消失之後在中古英語時期又重新借入。


centigrade

a temperature of 34 centigrades

角度單位，相對於四分儀的百分之一。符號為 gon。


zero

源自法語 zéro，源自意大利語 zero，源自中世紀拉丁語 zephirum，源自 阿拉伯語 صِفْر (ṣifr, “什么都没有, 暗号”)。

One thousand has three zeroes.

The temperature outside is ten degrees below zero.

He knows zero about coronavirus.


emphysema

多个词源。部分源自后古典拉丁語 emphȳsēma (“肿胀”)，源自古希臘語 ἐμφῡ́σημα (emphū́sēma)，源自ἐμφῡσάω (emphūsáō, “胀起来”)。还借自中古法語 emphysema，源自源自同一个拉丁语词，派生出法語 emphysème。16世纪末叶起可考。

emphysemas (plural)
emphysemata (plural)


complacence

源自late 中古英語 complacence，源自中世紀拉丁語 complacentia，源自拉丁語 complaceō (“高兴，满足”)。

O thou, my sole complacence.

1667, John Milton, “Book III”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

He told his sister, if she pleased, the new-born infant should be bred up together with little Tommy; to which she consented, though with some little reluctance: for she had truly a great complacence for her brother […]

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, 卷 (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar […], →OCLC:


caries

借自拉丁語 caries。


ginger

来自中古英語 gingere，gingivere 的变体，来自古英語 gingifer、gingiber（受古法語 gingembre 的影響），來自中世紀拉丁語 gingiber、zingiber，源自拉丁語 zingiberi，源自晚期古希臘語 ζιγγίβερις (zingíberis)，源自首羅犀那語 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀭 (siṃgivera)，源自梵語 शृङ्गवेर (śṛṅgavera)（受 शृङ्ग (śṛṅga, “角”) 的影響），源自原始達羅毗荼語 *cinki-wēr，最终源自原始漢藏語 *kjaŋ (“薑”)。

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚ/

薑（Zingiber officinale），一种亚洲热带草本植物的辛辣芳香根茎，用作香料和化肉剂

ginger：


collapse

She suffered a terrible collapse after slipping on the wet floor.

她在湿地板上滑倒后昏迷不醒。

The top six are assured of continental competition and after making a statement of intent against Stoke, it would take a dramatic collapse for Newcastle to surrender their place.

2012 April 21, Jonathan Jurejko, “Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, 出自 BBC Sport:

However the collapse in demand for rail and air travel caused by the pandemic has had a knock-on effect for the project's funding.

2021 May 5, Paul Clifton, “Network News: Heathrow Western Rail Access scheme 'on hold'”, 出自 RAIL, 期 930，頁號 26:


hypnosis

派生自hypn(otic) + -osis (“状态”，“条件”, 名词化后缀)。


metabolism

源自古希臘語 μεταβολή (metabolḗ, “改变”) + -ism，源自μεταβάλλω (metabállō, “改变，更改”) + -η (-ē, “动作名词后缀”)。

代谢，维持某种动态系统的过程

The results of this generalized speedup of the corporate metabolism are multiple: shorter product life cycles, more leasing and renting, more frequent buying and selling, more ephemeral consumption patterns, […]

1980, Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (page 230)


insomnia

源自拉丁語 in- (“没有，无”) + somnus (“睡眠”, 名词) + -ia。

My mother suffers from insomnia.


leukemia

源自德語 Leukämie，源自古希臘語 λευκός (leukós, “白色的”) + αἷμα (haîma, “血”)。等同於leuk- + -emia。

leucæmia, leuchaemia, leuchemia, leukæmia, leuchæmia, leukhæmia〈古〉

In an era when political leaders promise deliverance from decline through America’s purported preeminence in scientific research, the news that science is in deep trouble in the United States has been as unwelcome as a diagnosis of leukemia following the loss of health insurance.

2012 January 12, Philip E. Mirowski, “Harms to Health from the Pursuit of Profits”, 出自 American Scientist, 卷 100, 期 1，頁號 87:

發生於血液形成組織的癌症種類

The subjects suffered from lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias.

試驗者患有成淋巴細胞及骨髓性白血病。


obstacle

任何事物妨礙、耽誤或影響進程的。


ecstasy

源自古法語 estaise (“狂喜”)，源自拉丁語 ecstasis，源自古希臘語 ἔκστασις (ékstasis)，源自ἐξίστημι (exístēmi, “取代”)，源自ἐκ (ek, “出，外”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “站”)。

ecstacy, exstacy, exstasy, extacy, extasy

They were thrown into ecstasies of suspicion by finding that we possessed a French translation of Hitler's Mein Kampf.

1938 四月, George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair], 章號 XIV, 出自 Homage to Catalonia, London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:

The instant I drew out my case of instruments, the lady roused herself from her ecstasy, and has never had a similar attack.

1822 April, John Ware, “Dr. Reid's Essays on Hypochondriasis”, 出自 The New-England Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 卷 11, 號 2，頁號 185:

Ecstasy bears a strong resemblance to catalepsy: in both cases the patients, during the paroxysm, lose all connexion with the physical world, being deprived of sense and voluntary motion; but in ecstasy, associations of the most pleasing and enchanting nature are established with an ideal existence in an unknown region, which might perhaps be poetically designated the fairy land of an undescried Elysium.

1835 May 2, Andrew Ellis, “Clinical Lecture on a case of Catalepsy, Occurring in the Jervis-Street Hospital, Dublin”, 出自 The Lancet, 卷 2，頁號 130:

In ecstasy the mind is absorbed with some fixed idea, generally of a religious character, and the patient becomes oblivious of surrounding events and objects.

1885, James Ross, Handbook of the Diseases of the Nervous System，頁號 344:


melon

来自中古英語 meloun，melon，来自古法語 melon，来自晚期拉丁語 melonem，来自拉丁語 melopeponem (“一种南瓜”)，来自古希臘語 μηλοπέπων (mēlopépōn)，来自μῆλον (mêlon, “苹果”) + πέπων (pépōn, “成熟的”)。


petroleum

源自中世紀拉丁語 petroleum，源自petra (“石头”) + oleum (“油”)。

petroleum-based products

Coal and petroleum do not occur hap-hazard in nature, but the aggregate occurrence of each product in any region forms a definite, limited horizon, which, in its continuance, is independent of the bedding plane.

1940, William Plotts, Isogeotherm, Or Monist Theory of Stratified Mineral Occurrence and Origin，頁號 7:


pox

源自中古英語 pocke的复数形式。见pock。


preponderance

preponderancy

（数量上的）优势；大量，很多，众多

preponderancy

（影响力、实力、质量上的）优势，优越性

preponderation

（影响力、实力、质量上的）优势，优越性

大的重量，沉重 本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。

（数量上的）优势；大量，很多，众多

[S]trong proofs are at hand to shew, that in the Irish people there is a large admixture, if not an overwhelming praeponderance, of Iberian elements.

1857, R[obert] Harries Jones, “Part the Second”, 出自 The Japhetic Races. A Historical and Ethnological Inquiry into the Consanguinity of Various European Races. […], Göttingen: Printed at the University Press by W. Fr. Kaestner, →OCLC, section II，頁號 36:

Is there a preponderance of female protagonists in commercial fiction, and if so, what does it mean?

1997 August 17, Patricia Holt, “Just add sand; trash fiction for end-of-the summer beach reading”, 出自 San Francisco Chronicle, San Francisco, Calif.: Hearst Communications, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號 1:

Subtle, institutional discrimination was evident in the preponderance of blacks and underprivileged whites fighting the war.

2000 April 17, Paul Van Slambrouck, “California’s brightest star is, well, gray”, 出自 The Christian Science Monitor, Boston, Mass.: Christian Science Publishing Society, →ISSN, →OCLC:

（影响力、实力、质量上的）优势，优越性

In a few weeks he [William III of England] had changed the relative position of all the states in Europe, and had restored the equilibrium which the preponderance of one power had destroyed.

1851, Thomas Babington Macaulay, 章號 XI, 出自 The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, 卷 III, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁號 49:

But even less disgruntled observers have insisted that pain and unpleasure are more common in dreams than pleasure: for instance, Scholz (1893, 57), Volkelt (1875, 80), and others. Indeed two ladies, Florence Hallam and Sarah Weed (1896, 499), have actually given statistical expression, based on a study of their own dreams, to the preponderance of unpleasure in dreaming.

1953, Sigmund Freud, “Distortion in Dreams”, 出自 James Strachey（譯者）, The Interpretation of Dreams (First Part) (The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud), 卷 IV, London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 出版於 1971, →ISBN，頁號 134:


spinach

來自中古英語 spinach，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 spinache，來自古法語 espinoche，來自古奧克語 espinarc，來自阿拉伯語 إِسْفَانَاخ (ʔisfānāḵ)，來自波斯語 اسپناخ (espanâx)。


hiatus

借自拉丁語 hiātus (“缺口，开口”)（16世纪中叶），源自hiō (“开着，打哈欠”)。

The band decided to go on hiatus, citing creative differences.

乐队决定暂停活动，据称是因为创作上的分歧。

Berserk's hiatus is never going to end now...

《烙印勇士》的漫画看来永远不会恢复连载了...

Hiatus aorticus is an opening in the diaphragm through which aorta and thoracic duct pass.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

Words like reality and naïve contain vowels in hiatus.

“reality”和“naïve”等单词中存在元音间隙。


nylon

随机选择的字母 + -on（为了仿cotton）。广泛流传的缩略自New York和London的说法是错误的。另有一说法称这一用于制作长筒袜的材料的早期名字为“no-run”，后来为了避免暗示长袜是用不能动的材料制作的而变换为现在的形式。

I tore a hole in my nylons while walking home through the woods.

我从树林里走回家时尼龙袜破了个洞。


ejaculate

借自拉丁語 ēiaculātus，ēiaculor (“投掷，射出”)的完成时被动过去分词，源自ē (“出”) + iaculor (“扔，抛”)，源自iaculum (“投射物”)，源自iaciō (“丢出，掷出”)。

射出的液体；（尤指）精液，阴道分泌物

If semen from two ejaculates obtained from one bull is mixed, and the conception rate for the mixed sample is compared with that obtained by the use of the two ejaculates independently, any tendency for the mixed sample's conception rate to be closer to that of either of the two individual ejaculates could be used as a sensitive measure of the relationship between the semen characteristics of the two ejaculates and conception rate.

1971 August, K. L. Macmillan with J. D. Watson, “The Effect on Conception Rate of Mixing Semen from First and Second Ejaculates”, 出自 New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 卷 14, 期 3, Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research，頁號 703:

The ejaculate usually spurts out as the prostate gland and surrounding muscles, as well as those at the base of the penis, contract at orgasm. In young males, the force of the spurt can be strong enough for the ejaculate to hit the upper chest; in older males, it may roll out or go an inch or two up the abdomen.

1994, Vern L. Bullough with Bonnie Bullough, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia [Garland Reference Library of Social Science; 685], New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, →ISBN，頁號 181:

Female ejaculate is a clear liquid. Its consistency is akin to that of very light lubricant, but it is watery rather than slick. […] [B]oth women's and men's ejaculate is prostatic fluid (that is, both are created by the prostate).

2003, Deborah Sundahl, Female Ejaculation and the G-spot, Alameda, Calif.: Hunter House Publishers, →ISBN，頁號 34:

A smaller mammal such as a dog has a sperm concentration of 300 000 000 per millilitre in an ejaculate of 8 ml in volume. Thus, each ejaculate will contain only 2 400 000 000 (24 × 10⁸).

2012, Tim Glover, Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁號 79:

Ejaculates are costly to produce for human males. Frequent ejaculation, especially more frequent than every other day, results in decreased sperm counts […], suggesting limits to sperm production. Men hardly seem limited by sperm production, however, given the apparent wastage of sperm. Sperm are continuously lost in the urine, and entire ejaculates are lost during nocturnal emissions and masturbation, although masturbatory ejaculates contain fewer sperm than do copulatory ejaculates […]。

2016, Todd K. Shackelford [et al.], “Human Sperm Competition”, 出自 David M. Buss 編, The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Volume 2. Application, 2nd版, 卷 II, Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁號 431:


philosophy

源自中古英語 philosophie、古法語 philosophie以及两者词源拉丁語 philosophia，源自古希臘語 φιλοσοφία (philosophía)，源自φίλος (phílos, “爱...的”) + σοφία (sophía, “智慧”)。可作philo- + -sophy分析。取代英语本土词古英語 ūþwitegung。

Philosophy is often divided into five major branches: logic, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and aesthetics.

哲学常划分为五个主要分支：逻辑、形而上学、认知论、伦理学和美学。

During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant […]

1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond

哲學 （某领域基本概念的看法、观念）

a philosophy of government; a philosophy of education

一般规则 （一般指道德）

As a matter of fact the Enlightment culture was based on a philosophy inspired to an ethical laicism whose aim was to create a better society based on principles such as solidarity, equality of rights and duties, and full freedom.

2012, Francesca Valensise, From Building Fabric to City Form: Reconstruction in Calabria at end of Eighteenth Century, Gangemi Editore spa, →ISBN，頁號 8:

更广义的非应用科学分支。


schizophrenia

首次可考于1908年，源自新拉丁語 schizophrenia，源自德語 Schizophrenie，尤金·布鲁勒所造，源自古希臘語 σχίζω (skhízō, “分开，分裂”) + φρήν (phrḗn, “心智”) + 英語 -ia。

[…] one can understand how the cultural disorientation which beset the African Continent has confused Africa's political behaviour, creating a political schizophrenia that made nation-building impossible.

2006, Bertus Praeg, Ethiopia and Political Renaissance in Africa，頁號 213:

Nevertheless, a certain amount of schizophrenia pertains to the study of World Englishes as New Englishes, for while new Englishes are regarded as valid varieties in their own right, the description and delineation of them in linguistic terms is conducted through the gaze of native-speaker norms.

2012, James Lambert, “Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, 出自 World Englishes，頁號 305:


slander

源自中古英語 slaundre、sclaundre，源自古法語 esclandre，源自教會拉丁語 scandalum (“绊脚物，诱惑”)，源自古希臘語 σκάνδαλον (skándalon, “丑闻”)。scandal的同源對似詞。


uremia

源自古希臘語 οὖρον (oûron, “尿”) + αἷμα (haîma, “血”)。


congee

源自晚期中古英語 congie，源自古法語 congié、congiet（现代法語 congé），源自拉丁語 commeātus (“通行许可，批准离开”)，源自commeō (“来和去”)，源自con- + meō (“走，通过”)。比喻义借自法語 congé中的词义演化。

正式免职； 免职；(原意且尤其幽默讽刺地指) 突然离职

So courteous conge both did giue and take,

With right hands plighted, pledges of good will.

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book II, Canto I”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

遣散费，散伙费，打发某人离开的钱； 施舍给乞丐的钱

屈膝礼，鞠躬等礼貌动作 （原指在离开时做的动作，但后来也指问候、表示服从或尊敬时做的）

“My daughter Rebecca, so please your Grace,” answered Isaac, with a low congee, nothing embarrassed by the Prince’s salutation, in which, however, there was at least as much mockery as courtesy.

1820, 沃尔特·司各特, 艾凡赫, 卷 (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC:

His speech thus spake the Moor, and took his leave,

1880, Richard Francis Burton, Os Lusíadas, 卷 I，頁號 23:


union

源自中古英語 unyoun，源自古法語 union，源自晚期拉丁語 ūniō, ūniōnem (“合一，結合”)，源自拉丁語 ūnus (“一”)。


patrol

源自法語 patrouille，源自古法語 patrouille、patouille (“守夜”, 字面意思是“四处走”)，源自patrouiller、patouiller、patoiller (“蹚水；弄脏”)，源自patte、pate (“蹄”)，源自通俗拉丁語 *patta (“爪，脚”)，源自古法蘭克語 *patta (“爪子，脚底”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *paþjaną、*paþōną (“走，踏”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *(s)pent-、*(s)pat- (“径；走”)，原始印歐語 *pent-、*pat- (“径；走”)的变体。见find。同源词包括荷蘭語 pad、patte (“爪”)、低地德語 pedden (“走，踏”)、德語 patschen (“泼溅，蹚水；摇晃着走”)、德語 Patsche (“拍子；爪；水洼”)。与pad、path有关。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-patrol.wav

Four members of the squadron were on patrol.

The watch consisted of twelve convicts—men selected for their good behaviour. Immediately after tattoo had beat they began their patrol. 'No complaint was ever made of them,' remarks Phillip, and they were expressly cautioned to avoid disputes with soldiers or seamen ( many of whom were as great thieves as the convicts themselves).

1899, Louis Becke and Walter Jeffery, Admiral Phillip Chapter 7

After cordial good-bye to our hospitable hostess we motored back to Chaumont where we dined with Colonel Mitchell; and then with another long drive we finally reached home tired but happy at 3.30 in the morning. There staring me in the face was an order directing me to lead my patrol over the lines in the morning at five o'clock, sharp! An hour and a half sleep for an utterly worn out aviator!

1919, Eddie Rickenbacker, “Chapter 7”, 出自 Fighting the Flying Circus:

a customs patrol

a fire patrol

In France there is an army of patrols […] to secure her fiscal regulations.

1787-1788, Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist Papers

Philadelphia’s foot-patrol strategy was developed after a study in 2009 by criminologists from Temple University, which is in the 22nd district. A randomised trial overturned the conventional view that foot patrols make locals like the police more and fear crime less, but do not actually reduce crime. In targeted areas, violent crime decreased by 23%.

2013 August 24, “Boots on the street”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 408, 期 8850:

小队 （童子军中队的一个单位，一般由6到8人组成）

On a makeshift bed in the corner was an old woman looking very sick. Then a patrol of "Missioner" Scouts appeared on the scene: one seized a broom and swept out the room; the next made up the fire with some fuel he had procured and made her a cup of tea; another mended the rickety table, bed and chair, making them at any rate serviceable, while a fourth straightened out the bedclothes, propped the old lady up, and did his best to cheer her until the tea was ready.

1913, anonymous author, Boy Scouts and What They Do/Object of Scouting:

The formation of the boys into Patrols of from six to eight and training them as separate units each under its own responsible leader is the key to a good Troop.

1920, Lord Baden-Powell of Gilwell, Aids To Scoutmastership，頁號 24:


zinc

来自德語 Zink，与Zinke有关，来自中古高地德語 zinke，来自古高地德語 zinko，与zint有关，来自原始日耳曼語 *tindaz，来自原始印歐語 *(e)dont-。与古英語 tind、中古低地德語 tinde、冰島語 tindur (“尖刺，耙齒，尖峰，尖顶，城垛”)同源。另见荷蘭語 tinne (“城垛”)、德語 Zinne (“尖顶，城垛”)、丹麥語 tinde (“尖顶，城垛”)、瑞典語 tinne (“耙齒”)，更多词语可见tine。zincum的同源對似詞。

锌（化學元素，原子序為30，化學符號為Zn）


diet

源自中古英語 diet、dyet、diete，源自古法語 diete，源自中世紀拉丁語 dieta (“养生；集会”)，源自拉丁語 diaeta，源自古希臘語 δίαιτα (díaita)。


acidification

/əˌsɪdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/


absorption

首见于1597年。来自拉丁語 absorptiō (“吸入”)，来自absorbeō (“吸收”)。

专心致志，全神贯注，着迷

〈阴〉
#吃，喝，吞服，吸入
#〈物〉 吸收作用
#（企业的）吞并，合并


dip

源自中古英語 dippen，源自古英語 dyppan，源自原始西日耳曼語 *duppjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *dupjaną，见*daupijaną。与deep有关。

There is a dip in the road ahead.

They were all doomed to be disappointed, however, for the errant engine decided at Stanley junction to spend the remainder of its crowded hour of freedom on the Aberdeen line, and finally came to rest, short of breath, in the dip between Ballathie and Cargill, near the bridge over the Tay.

1941 October, “Notes and News: A Highland Runaway”, 出自 Railway Magazine，頁號 469:

After a signal check at Darley Dale, on the third run, the Pacific mounted the long 1 in 100 at a steady 53-54 m.p.h. and attained a brief 60 m.p.h. in the short dip before Monsal Dale.

1960 March, Cecil J. Allen, “Locomotive Running Past and Present”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，頁號s 177–178:

（消杀家畜寄生虫用的）药浴坑

I’m going for a dip before breakfast.

The Moocher was a "dip" in a dilettante sort of way, and his particular graft was boarding street-cars with his papers and grabbing women's pocket-books.

1906, Fred L. Boalt, "The Snitcher", McClure's Magazine v.26, p.633

To steal a housewife's purse might mean that her children would have to go hungry; but what of that, if the flash young “dip” could gain admiration from his mates by boasting that he had “frisked a judy's cly and lifted a skinful of bunce”?

1959, Frank Clune, Murders on Maunga-tapu，頁號 10:

This onion dip is just scrumptious.

跟舞者身体重心倾斜由领舞者支撑的动作

Packed a lip full of beluga caviar after mistaking a tin for a can of dip and then spat the juice into an urn that I thought was a sombre spittoon.

2018 October 13, Alex Watt, “Everything I've Done That Made a Rich Old Lady with Opera Glasses Faint or a Monocle Fall Out of a Rich Guy's Eye”, 出自 The New Yorker, New York, N.Y.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC，2022-12-18歸檔自原頁面:

I'd missed them by a couple of hours. This dip did not bode well for the Hudwit.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin，頁號 124:

My Dad, God bless him, rarely cooked anything, but if he ever did he would make himself an egg banjo! Fried bread? Or ‘dip’?

2020 May 29, Bocca della Verita (@BocaVerite), Twitter:

buy the dips


acceleration

正體: 加速度[電機工程]

正體: 加速[電子計算機]

阿拉伯語: تسريع (ar)

希伯來語: תאוצה (he)

日語: 加速度 (ja)

加速度 (zh) (jiāsùdù)

加速度 (zh-min-nan)


antagonism

源自古希臘語 ἀνταγωνιστής (antagōnistḗs, “对手”)，源自ἀνταγωνίζεσθαι (antagōnízesthai, “使...对立”)，源自ἀγών (agṓn, “对抗”)（英語 agon）。

/ænˈtæɡənɪzəm/

Their longstanding antagonism is manifested in frequent scuffles and shouting matches.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）


cinema

借自法語 cinéma，截断自cinématographe（由卢米埃尔兄弟在19世纪90年代造出），源自古希臘語 κίνημα (kínēma, “运动，移动”) + γράφω (gráphō, “书写，记录”)。

The cinema is right across the street from the restaurant.

电影院从饭店过马路就到了。

Despite the critics, he produced excellent cinema.

虽然有批评，但他还是制作过很好的电影。

电影产业，电影业，影视业

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013 June 29, “Travels and travails”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 407, 期 8842，頁號 55:

In the long history of Spanish cinema[…].

在西班牙電影業的漫長歷史中 […] 。

Throughout the history of cinema, filmmakers[…].

在电影艺术的历史中，电影制作者...


antipathy

源自古希臘語 ἀντιπάθεια (antipátheia)，ἀντιπαθής (antipathḗs, “感觉相悖的”)的状态名词，源自ἀντί (antí, “反对”) + πάθος (páthos, “感觉”)的词根。

"Truly I am one very likely to encourage romance in any young lady! Did you ever know me to patronise moonlight walks, or talk even forgivingly of cottages and roses? and have I not a natural antipathy to honeysuckle?"

1831, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Romance and Reality, 卷 3，頁號s 164-165:

Deep antipathy to Hillary Clinton exists within the FBI, multiple bureau sources have told the Guardian, spurring a rapid series of leaks damaging to her campaign just days before the election.

4 November 2016, Spencer Ackerman writing in The Guardian, The FBI is Trumpland': anti-Clinton atmosphere spurred leaking, sources say

The sagebrush belongs to the composite family, and its immediate cousins are widely distributed. They are known as the artemisias, and there are a host of them, many with important uses in the economy of civilization. Artemisia absinthium is popularly known as wormwood; from it comes the bitter, aromatic liquor known as eau or crême d'absinthe. Many of its cousins grow in Asia and Europe, including the mugwort, used by the Germans as a seasoning in cookery; southernwood, used by the British to drive away moths from linen and woolens and to force newly swarmed bees, which have a peculiar antipathy for it, into the hive

June 1917, The National Geographic Magazine Volume 31, No. 6, Our State Flowers/The Sagebrush

Now when the Master-at-arms noticed whence came that greasy fluid streaming before his feet, he must have taken it—to some extent wilfully, perhaps—not for the mere accident it assuredly was, but for the sly escape of a spontaneous feeling on Billy's part more or less answering to the antipathy on his own.

1891, Henry Melville, 章號 13, 出自 Billy Budd:

Oil and water have antipathy.


resurrection

/ɹɛzəˈɹɛkʃən/

/ɹɛzəˈɹɛkʃn̩/


trance

源自中古英語 traunce，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 transe (“对邪恶降临的恐惧；从生到死的过程”)，源自transir (“因恐惧而僵住；死亡”)，源自拉丁語 trānseō (“穿过”)。

出神，恍惚，无意识，昏迷


azure

源自中古英語 asure，源自古法語 azur，派生自阿拉伯語 لَازَوَرْد (lāzaward, “青金石”)，l 被误解为法语冠词 l’ 而被删去。阿拉伯语词源自古典波斯語 لاجورد (lājward, “青金石”)，源自巴达克山处Lajward地区的名字。
对比意大利語 azzurro及西班牙語 azul。

天青色，蔚蓝色；天青色染料

In robes of azure.

1815, William Wordsworth, Extracts from An Evening Walk:

For our blues we have the azures and ceruleans, lapis lazulis, the light and dusty, the powder blues, the deeps: royal, sapphire, navy, and marine […]

2014, William H. Gass, On Being Blue: A Philosophical Inquiry，頁號 59:

azure：

In Bb [Glover's Roll], the conventional letter B is used to indicate azure in most items.

azure (纹章学)：

Not like those steps / On heaven's azure.

1667, John Milton, “Book I”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

琉璃灰蝶属（Celastrina）的蝴蝶

澳灰蝶属（Ogyris）的蝴蝶


morocco

源自 摩洛哥 的国名 Morocco，即这种皮革的原产地。对比 maroquin 。

French morocco, Levant morocco, Persian morocco

摩洛哥山羊皮革（一种柔软的皮革，用山羊皮制成，曾用于书籍装订）

一種濃烈的麥芽啤酒，古時在昆布蘭釀造。


culmination

借自法語 culmination，源自culminer，或源自中世紀拉丁語 culminatus + -tion。词形分析作culminate + -ion


ignominy

借自法語 ignominie，源自拉丁語 ignōminia，源自ig- (“不”) + nomen (“名声”)（前缀为in-的同化形式）。

/ˈɪɡnəˌmɪni/

/ˈɪɡnəˌmɪni/

Calvin: Our great plan backfired and I'm the one who got soaked! Oh, the shame! The ignominy!

a. 1994, Bill Watterson, Homicidal Psycho Jungle Cat, Andrews McMeel, ISBN 0-83621769-1, page 168:

It was tribal, almost relentless and, in the case of the official England band, there was a degree of ignominy, too, for repeatedly playing a tune for which the words go “Fuck the IRA”, something that could lead to a full breakdown of their relationship with the FA.

2014 November 18, Daniel Taylor, “England and Wayne Rooney see off Scotland in their own back yard”, 出自 The Guardian:

The lawyer who shot to ignominy last week with a racist rant at a Manhattan lunch spot apologized Tuesday on social media, where a video of his threat to call immigration agents on Spanish-speaking workers had first gone viral.

2018 May 22, Liz Robbins, Maya Salam, “‘I Am Not Racist’: Lawyer Issues Apology One Week After Rant”, 出自 New York Times:

"I studied to be a diplomat and have been a diplomat for twenty years," Bondarev wrote. "The (Russian foreign) ministry has become my home and family. But I simply cannot any longer share in this bloody, witless and absolutely needless ignominy."

2022 May 23, “Russian diplomat in Switzerland says he resigns over Ukraine invasion”, 出自 Reuters，於2022-05-26歸檔自原頁面, Europe:


sustainable development

（農業、生態學）可持續發展，永續發展；顧及現今和後代生活的需求，以長遠的角度提供要經濟、社會與環境利益的發展。


fidelity

15世纪，源自中古英語 [具體何詞?]，源自中古法語 fidélité，源自拉丁語 fidēlitās，源自fidēlis (“忠实的”)，源自fidēs (“忠诚”)（英语faith），源自原始印歐語 *bʰidʰ-，*bʰeydʰ- (“命令；托付”)（英语bide）的零母音形式。fealty的同源對似詞。

the fidelity of the civil servants

（对伴侣的）忠诚，一心一意

By placing them closer to the source, we can reduce the number of messages in the system and this in turn is likely to improve the fidelity of the system.

2003, Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth International Conference on Very Large Databases, Berlin, Germany, 9-12 September, 2003，頁號 58:


internal migration

國內遷移。發生在國家內或領土邊界的人口遷移，經常是為了在一個比較有利的區域中尋找更好工作機會。 (Source: ISEP)


indium

铟(化學元素，原子序為49，化學符號為In)


tundra

冻原。介於從最北方終年積雪長有樹木的山脈，到南極洲邊緣及其周邊島嶼，能生長某些植被（地衣、苔蘚、莎草和矮灌木）的地區（來源： MGH）


lichen

地衣类。由真菌和藻類共生一起形成的共同體。生長於樹幹、石壁、屋簷、花園的路徑上，它們呈脆性的斑塊狀或呈密毛形態。由於沒有真正的根，它們由空氣、降水中獲得所需物質。地衣在污染監測，特別是二氧化硫，具有重要的作用。一旦污染達到不同的臨界濃度，部分的種類就會消失，這是因為它們對污染物具有高度敏感性。 (Source: WRIGHT)


memory

The memory of the righteous will be a blessing, but the name of the wicked will rot.

義人的記念被稱讚；惡人的名字必朽爛。

:Template:計算機內存，存儲器，記憶體，記憶器


legend

源自中古英語 legende，源自古法語 legende，源自中世紀拉丁語 legenda (“传说，故事，尤指圣人的故事”)，源自拉丁語 legenda (“应该一读的东西”)，源自lego (“阅读”)。

inscription

（钱币、勋章或纹章盾牌上的）刻字，铭文

The legend of Troy was discovered to have a historical basis.

特洛伊传奇被发现是有历史依据的。

the legend of Robin Hood

The 1984 Rose Bowl prank has spawned many legends. Here's the real story.

1984年的玫瑰碗恶作剧催生了很多夸张的说法。下面讲讲真实的经过。

故事： （间谍所使用的伪造的）过去，背景

According to his legend, he once worked for the Red Cross, spreading humanitarian aid in Africa.

根据他的背景，他曾在红十字会工作，在非洲提供人道援助。

人物： （神话中的）传奇人物

Achilles is a legend in Greek culture.

阿基琉斯在希腊神话中是一名传奇人物。

人物： 传奇 救星，恩人

Michael Jordan stands as a legend in basketball.

迈克尔·乔丹在篮球界是一个传奇。

I've lost my pen! —Here mate, borrow mine. —You legend.

我找不到我的笔了！ —拿去，借我的吧。—你真是救了我一命。

According to the legend on the map, that building is a school.

根据地图上的图例，那个建筑是一个学校。

（钱币、勋章或纹章盾牌上的）刻字，铭文

与诗歌故事关联起来的音乐


hate

源自中古英語 hate (名词)，可能源自古英語 hatian (“恨”, 动词)和/或古諾爾斯語 hatr (“恨”, 名词)。与中古英語 hete、hæte、heate (“恨”)产生合并，它们源自古英語 hete，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz (“仇恨”)，源自原始印歐語 *keh₂d- (“强烈情感”)。同源词包括西弗里斯蘭語 haat、荷蘭語 haat、德語 Hass、挪威語及瑞典語 hat。
动词源自中古英語 haten，源自古英語 hatian (“恨，仇视”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hatēn，源自原始日耳曼語 *hatāną (“恨”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz，源自上面的同一词根。

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

One of my pet hates is traffic wardens.

我最讨厌的人之一就是交通督导员。

He gave me a look filled with pure hate.

他了我一眼，眼里充满仇恨。

There was a lot of hate in the comments on my vlog about Lady Gaga from her fans.

我做的Lady Gaga视频博客的评论区都是骂我的。


pollution

污染。指對任何介質之生物、熱、物理或放射性質的間接或直接改變，以致對人體健康或任何生命物種的健康、安全、福祉產生某種危害或潛在危害。


physiognomy

繼承自中古英語 phisonomie，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 phisenomie、中古法語 phisonomie等词，最终源自晚期拉丁語 physiognomia，源自古希臘語 φυσιογνωμονία (phusiognōmonía, “面相学”)，源自φύσις (phúsis, “形体，外观”) + γνώμων (gnṓmōn, “知道的人，观察的人；解释者，辨别者”)。
中古英語 phisonomie按规则本应发展为*physnomy /ˈfɪznəmi/（这样的词形常见于早期现代英语，比如莎士比亚著作《终成眷属》内的fisnomie）。现代拼写和发音是因为半接触影响。

fisnomie, fisnomy, phisnomy, physnomie, physnomy, visnomie, visnomy

the physiognomy of a plant; of a meteor


grief

源自中古英語 greef、gref，源自古法語 grief (“严重的，重的，痛苦的，悲伤的”)，源自拉丁語 gravis (“重的，痛苦的，悲伤的”)。grave的同源對似詞。

麻烦，困扰，折磨 （自13世纪初叶）

The neighbour's teenage give me grief every time they see me.

邻居家的那个十几岁的小孩每次见我都来惹我麻烦。

悲痛，哀伤，伤心 （自14世纪初叶）

She was worn out from so much grief.

The betrayal caused Jeff grief.

那次背叛让Jeff伤心不已。

Surely, he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 53:4:


ooze

* （名词） 中古英語 wose (“汁，液”)，源自古英語 wōs (“汁，液，沫”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wōsą（对比中古低地德語 wose (“渣滓”)、古高地德語 wasal (“雨”)、古瑞典語 os, oos），源自原始印歐語 *wóseh₂ (“汁，液”)（对比梵語 वसा (vásā, “油脂”)）。
* （动词） 中古英語 wosen，源自古英語 wōsan，见上。


radiation damage

放射线破坏、辐射损伤、輻射損害。由於暴露於離子化輻射所造成的有機體驅體上或遺傳基因上的傷害。 (根源: GUNN)


raw material

原料。一種天然的，未被加工的或經過部分加工的作為加工工藝給料的物質。 (Source: MGH)


reflection

/ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/

反射。物理学上可以指波或粒子從投射的表面折返。


regeneration

再生。化工上可以指以適當方法从活性炭，離子交換樹脂和濾床等物質，去除有機物、金屬和固體等物，使更新或重新利用。


wood

標準英音，澳大利亞，通用美式

標準英音，澳大利亞，通用美式


pulley

源自中古英語 puly、poley，源自古法語 poulie、polie (“滑轮”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 polidia，该复数形式被错误当作中性词polidium的阴性形式，源自古希臘語 πολίδιον (polídion, “小支点”)，πόλος (pólos, “支点，轴”)的指小词，源自原始印歐語 *kʷel- (“转”)。民间词源理论将其与pull (“拉”, 动词)错误地关联起来。


zirconium

新拉丁語造词法，源自zircon。

鋯(化學元素，原子序為40，化學符號為Zr)


ablution

繼承自中古英語 ablucioun (“淨化不潔”)，派生自古法語 ablution和晚期拉丁語 ablūtiō (“洗去”)，源自abluō (“洗掉”)，源自ab- (“遠離”) + lavō (“洗”)。


poise

源自中古英語 poys、poyse，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pois、中古法語 pois (“重量”)和盎格魯-諾曼語 poise、中古法語 poise (一种重量单位)，源自拉丁語 pēnsāre (“衡量，斟酌，思考”)。

as an huge rockie clift, / Whose false foundation waues haue washt away, / With dreadfull poyse is from the mayneland rift, / […] So downe he fell […]

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book I, Canto XII”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


level

源自中古英語 level，源自古法語 livel、liveau m（后作nivel）、niveau，源自拉丁語 libella f (“平衡，水平”)，libra f (“平衡，水平”)的指小词。参见libra、librate。libella和niveau的同源對似詞。
动词源自中古英語 levelen，其派生自名词。

Hand me the level so I can tell if this is correctly installed.

把水平仪递给我一下，我要看看装对了没有。

（相对于某参考面的）高度；层级

By the end of the day, we'd dug down to the level of the old basement floor.

到晚上，我们挖到了旧地下室那一层。

In order to grant the rich these pleasures, the social contract is reconfigured. […] The public realm is privatised, the regulations restraining the ultra–wealthy and the companies they control are abandoned, and Edwardian levels of inequality are almost fetishised.

2013 May 17, George Monbiot, “Money just makes the rich suffer”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 188, 期 23，頁號 19:

The sound level is much too high; this hurts my ears. We've reached a new level of success.

音量太高了，吵的我耳朵痛。 我们的成功达到了新的高度。

She achieved a high level of distinction.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

It took me weeks to get to level seven. Watch out for the next level; the bad guys there are really overpowered.

我玩了好几个星期才玩到第七关。 小心下一关，那里的敌人很厉害。

My half-orc barbarian reached fifth level before he was squashed by a troll.

我的半兽原始人升到了五级，然后就被一个巨魔拍死了。

Take the elevator and get off at the promenade level.

坐电梯到步行大道那一层。

The troops grow mutinous—the revenue fails—

The boldest turn their backs upon themselves!

1820, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts:

The most common level of the colour variable is red. The other levels are blue and green.

“颜色”变量最常用的值是“红色”，也能用“蓝色”和“绿色”。


accord

* 首见于13世纪晚期。
* 来自中古英語 accorden，acorden，借自古法語 acorder（对比现代法语accord和accorder），来自通俗拉丁語 *accordō, accordāre (“心連心”)，来自拉丁語 ad + cor (“心”)。相當於ac- + -cord-。
* 动词首见于12世纪早期。


termination

Long indeed did that morning appear to Francesca—the longer as her anxiety was unexpressed; for it certainly does shorten a period of waiting not a little to spend it in talking over its various probabilities of termination, wondering what will happen, while we are consoled by the strong sympathy we excite in the listener.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XIV, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁號 111:

1. Some adjectives of the third declension have three terminations in the nominative singular,—one for each gender; some two,—one for the masculine and feminine, the other for the neuter; and some, only one for all genders.

2. Latin verbs are divided into four conjugations.

1849, E. A. Andrews, A First Latin Book; Or Progressive Lessons in Reading and Writing Latin, 2nd版, Boston，頁號 52 & 69:

[O]n this idea, in naming the bases of potash and soda, it will be proper to adopt the termination which, by common consent, has been applied to other newly discovered metals... Potasium and sodium are the names...

1808, Humphry Davy, The Bakerian Lecture, on some new Phenomena of chemical Changes produced by Electricity, particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalis, and on the Exhibition of the new substances which constitute their bases; and on the general Nature of alkaline Bodies, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Part 1, p. 32.


daffodil

中古英語 affodill (“熊葱”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 affodillus，源自拉丁語 asphodelus，源自古希臘語 ἀσφόδελος (asphódelos)，源自前希臘語。起头的d-可能是源自荷兰语冠词de affodil。（对比adder、apron、newt、nickname、orange和umpire）

daffodil：


action

来自中古英語 accion，来自古法語 aucion，acciun，来自拉丁語 āctiō (“做的行為”)，来自āctus + 动作后缀-iō，agere (“做，行動”)的被動完成分詞，源自原始印歐語 *h₂éǵeti；另见act、active。


spittle

源自方言spattle（与spit (noun)有关）源自古英語 spātl，后者与spǣtan有关（源自spit (verb)）。


veneer

源自德語 Furnier，源自furnieren (“覆盖”)，源自法語 fournir (“布置；达成”)，源自中古法語 fornir，源自古法語 fornir、furnir (“布置”)，源自早期古法蘭克語 frumjan (“提供”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *frumjaną (“使...更进一步”)。同源词有古高地德語 frumjan、frummen (“达成，执行，提供”)、古英語 fremian (“执行”)。详见furnish。

（覆盖在粗糙材质上的装饰性质的）精制薄层

Compartment and corridor partitions are of blockboard, with appropriate decorative veneers to suit the varied interior decoration.

1951 May, “British Railways Standard Coaches”, 出自 Railway Magazine，頁號s 327-328:

A very neat old woman, still in her good outdoor coat and best beehive hat, was sitting at a polished mahogany table on whose surface there were several scored scratches so deep that a triangular piece of the veneer had come cleanly away, […].

1963, Margery Allingham, “Foreword”, 出自 The China Governess:

（掩饰内心想法或本性的）表面，伪装

“Yalda,” Dabashi says, “has managed to survive the centuries because it has been gently recodified with a Muslim veneer.”

2014 December 5, “Joy From the World”, 出自 The New York Times Magazine, retrieved 2014-12-06:


Christmas

专有名词派生自中古英語 Cristemasse、Criste-mas (“圣诞节；圣诞季节；圣诞节庆祝活动”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 Cristes mæsse (“圣诞节”, 字面意思是“基督的弥撒”)，源自Crist (“基督”) + -es (属格标记词) + mæsse (“弥撒”)。英语词作Christ + -mas (表示节日或神圣的日子的后缀)分析。
名词、形容词和动词均派生自专有名词。
形容词词义指传统上与圣诞节联想起来的颜色。

Christmases (plural)
Christmasses (plural)

Do you celebrate Christmas?

This Christmas we’ll open presents, then go to grandma’s for dinner.

这个圣诞节我们先拆礼物，然后去奶奶那里吃晚饭。

Be gladde, lordes, bothe more and lasse, / For this hath ordeyned our stewarde / To chere you all this christmasse / The bores heed with mustarde.

（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）]

[[15th century] (date written), “A Caroll Bringyng in the Bores Heed”, 出自 :Template:noitalicChristmasse Carolles:Template:noitalic, London: […] Wynkyn de Worde, 出版於 1521, →OCLC; republished in Joseph Ames, Typographical Antiquities: Being a Historical Account of Printing in England: […], London: […] W[illiam] Faden, and sold by J. Robinson, […], 1749, →OCLC，頁號 96，列號 2:

The lord chancellor holds his fittings in this hall, and in former days, like the Temple, it had its revels and great Chriſtmaſſes. […] The account of the great feaſt in the hall of the Inner Temple, by the ſerjeants, in 1555, is extremely worth conſulting: and alſo of the hoſpitable Chriſtmaſſes of old times.

1798 July, “Account of Lincoln’s Inn: With a Perspective View of the Hall and Chapel”, 出自 The Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure; […], 卷 CIII, London: […] W[illiam] Bent, […], →OCLC，頁號 42，列號 2:

“Lawk!” says our old granddam, who has taken the liberty of looking over our manuscript while we were gone to mix a glass of water and something. “Lawk!” says she, “how can you write such stuff? Christmas, indeed! you’ve no Christmas now. Do you call this Christmas? It’s more like a vapour bath. Such weather! Lawk, how times are changed! the Christmasses I remember! the good, old-fashioned Christmasses, when there was snow on the ground six feet deep, and poor people were starved to death by dozens, and you couldn’t go out without having your fingers frost-bitten, and coals were at six shillings a hundred, and canals froze up so that you couldn’t get your goods, and the roads all impassable, and daren’t ask a few friends to merrymake for fear of losing three or four of ’em going home in snow-drifts, and—oh, those were Christmasses! we shall never see such times again!”

1840 January, Sylvanus Swanquill [pseudonym; John Hewitt], “Merry Christmas and Happy New Year”, 出自 The New Sporting Magazine, 卷 XVIII, 期 105, London: Walter Spiers, […], →OCLC，頁號 53:

Reader have your Christmasses hitherto been marked with happiness? Thank God for it. […] Then mamma died—and later in your college days, dear Herbert, when you were both as tall as men, but as fond of play as ever—and we used to spend such happy Christmasses, till our dear father died, / “That was our first sad winter, the one which followed his death, for you remember how sadly we all missed him, and we were still in mourning—but the next one was a happy day, for Lawry was so full of spirits—and that was our last happy Christmas. Herbert darling, Lawrence has left the last impression of happiness on my memory—he, who has since broken up our domestic peace, and for a long time spoilt our Christmasses—Heaven bless him![…]”

1859, [Florence] Marryatt, 章號 XXIX, 出自 Temper. A Novel., New York, N.Y.: Dick & Fitzgerald, […], →OCLC，頁號 205:

I'm dreaming of a white Christmas / With every Christmas card I write / May your days be merry and bright / And may all your Christmases be white

1942 July 30, Irving Berlin （作曲作詞）, “White Christmas”, 演出者 Bing Crosby, New York, N.Y.: Decca Records, →OCLC:

Have yourself a merry little Christmas / Let your heart be light / Next year all our troubles will be out of sight

1943 (date written), “Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas”, 出自 Ralph Blane 作詞, Hugo Martin 作曲, Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas: 源自the M.G.M. Picture Meet Me in St. Louis, 演出者 Judy Garland, New York, N.Y.: Leo Feist, 出版於 1944, →OCLC:

The last time I saw her was a week before Christmas, 1980. We took down a fat branch of berried Megginch holly, which we stuck in a pot for a Christmas tree, hung with silver balls and glitters. Aunt Victoria looked at it, smiled and unexpectedly said, “Christmas.” Surely she was sitting there dreaming of Christmasses long past: Christmas in the South China Sea, the Christmas lights of Hong Kong, hot Christmasses so long ago in the Anchises under the Southern Cross stars, or even longer ago of Christmasses at Megginch, singing carols round the lighted Christmas tree in the hall, while Queen Victoria’s goddaughter in her starched white dress and bronze shoes had worn the sparkling pendant given her by the great Queen.

1994, Cherry Drummond, The Remarkable Life of Victoria Drummond, Marine Engineer, London: The Institute of Marine Engineers, →ISBN，頁號 354:

I don't want a lot for Christmas / There is just one thing I need / I don't care about the presents / Underneath the Christmas tree / I just want you for my own / More than you could ever know / Make my wish come true / All I want for Christmas is you

1994 October 29, Mariah Carey, Walter Afanasieff （作曲作詞）, “All I Want for Christmas Is You”, 出自 Merry Christmas, 演出者 Mariah Carey, New York, N.Y.: Columbia Records, →OCLC:


cacodyl

古希臘語 κακώδης (kakṓdēs, “恶臭气味”)

二甲基胂基，二甲胂基（(CH₃)₂As-）


sod

源自中古英語 sod、sodde 首次記錄於15世纪中叶，源自中古荷蘭語 zoden (“草皮”)或中古低地德語 sôde、soede (“草皮”)，两者与荷蘭語 zode (“草皮”)、德語 Sode (“草皮”)、古弗里斯蘭語 sātha (“草皮”)有关。上述词最终词源不详。

In Walachia, green sods are laid on the window-sills and on the lintels of the doors to avert the uncanny crew [i.e. witches].

1890, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, 卷 2，頁號 338:


cacophony

源自法語 cacophonie，源自古希臘語 κακοφωνία (kakophōnía)，源自κακός (kakós, “坏的”) + φωνή (phōnḗ, “声音”)。

Not more unutterable could have been the chaos of hellish sound if the pit itself had opened to release the agony of the damned, for in one inconceivable cacophony was centered all the supernal terror and unnatural despair of animate nature.

1921-1922, H. P. Lovecraft, Herbert West: Reanimator,

A blistering start from the Scots served to steady the ship amid a cacophony that defied the quarter-full national stadium.

2021 June 14, Scott Mullen, “Scotland 0-2 Czech Republic”, 出自 BBC Sport:


chicanery

源自法語 chicanerie (“欺诈”)，源自chicaner，借自中古低地德語 schicken，最终源自原始西日耳曼語 *skikkijan，源自原始日耳曼語 *skikkijaną。与德語 schicken (“派遣”)、中古英語 skekken (“发行，发布”)有关。

They do not always find manors, got by rapine or chicanery, insensibly to melt away, as the poets will have it ; or that all gold glides, like thawing snow, from the thief’s hand that grasps it.

1823, Charles Lamb, “Popular Fallacies”, 出自 Elia, new版, London: Edward Moxon, 出版於 1835, →ISBN，頁號 241:

Having survived “The Long Night,” Daenerys will now be turning her attention back to the problem that originally vexed her: Cersei Lannister. It will be interesting to see how the show tries to raise the stakes of an internecine squabble between competing monarchs when compared to an existential threat to humanity’s very existence, but this series has always excelled when it goes deep on the machinations of political chicanery.

2019 April 28, Alex McLevy, “Game Of Thrones Suffers the Fog of War in the Battle against the Dead (Newbies)”, 出自 The A.V. Club，於2021-05-31歸檔自原頁面:

（律师的）不诚实行为，欺骗行为


camouflage

借自法語 camouflage，源自camoufler (“掩盖，伪装”)，（因camouflet (“扑到脸上的烟”)）变换自意大利語 camuffare (“裹住头”)，源自ca-（源自意大利語 capo (“头”)）+ muffare (“蒙住，裹住”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 muffula, muffla (“暖手筒”)。该中世纪拉丁语词亦派生出英語 muffle。其源自古法蘭克語 *molfell (“皮制软衣物”)，源自*mol (“软化的，穿旧的”)（与古高地德語 molawēn (“软化”)、中古高地德語 molwic (“软的”)同源）+ *fell (“皮”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“皮，羊毛”)；或者，另一词源理论追溯回古法蘭克語 *muffël (“暖手筒，包裹物”)，其为由*mauwa (“袖子，包裹物”)←原始日耳曼語 *mawwō (“袖子”) + *fell (“皮”)←原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“皮，羊毛”)构成的复合词。

/ˈkæ.məˌflɑːʒ/

保护色，保护图案，保护形状

Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close[…]above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them. Many insects probably use this strategy, which is a close analogy to crypsis in the visible world—camouflage and other methods for blending into one’s visual background.

2013 May-June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, 出自 American Scientist, 卷 101, 期 3，頁號s 206-7:


chinchilla

/t͡ʃɪnˈt͡ʃɪlə/

It's important to put a lot of thought into owning a chinchilla since they have a considerably long lifespan of 10 to 20 years.

Chinchillas are most widely known for their exceptional fur coat.

2004, Jamie Huggins, Chinchillas - from Pets to Profession，頁號 3:

Chinchillas inhabit high elevations (3,000–5,000m) of the Chilean Andes Mountains. The chinchillas kept as pet or research animals in North America are all descendents^([sic]) of 13 founders wild caught in 1927.

2008, Jeff Wyatt, “Chapter 17: Anesthesia and Analgesia in Other Mammals”, 出自 Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals，頁號 469:

Chinchillas are long-lived rodents that are native to South America, primarily Peru, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. The chinchilla is a hystricomorph (hedgehoglike) rodent closely related to guinea pigs, porcupines, and agoutis (Hrapkiewicz et al., 1998).

2009, Ron E. Banks, Julie M. Sharp, Sonia D. Doss, Deborah A. Vanderford, Exotic Small Mammal Care and Husbandry，頁號 125:

一种白毛绿瞳的波斯猫变种


casino

源自意大利語 casino，casa (“房子”)的指小词，源自拉丁語 casa (“小屋，棚屋”)。

casinos (plural)
casinoes (plural)
casini (plural)

A bid by Donald Trump to build Sydney’s first casino was rejected 30 years ago after police expressed concerns about his links to the mafia.

2017, Christopher Knauss, The Guardian, 16 August:

小房子；度假屋 （尤指在意大利的）

Quirini [was] knowing in the belles Lettres, & highly skilled in making his Casino comfortable to all the Wits & Blues as we now call them in London.

1786, Hester Thrale Piozzi, Thraliana, 3 July:

I felt it strange, and regretted it, that so amiable a man should have contracted such dissolute habits, and at this very time, instead of living respectably with his charming Countess, had Baccelli, the superannuated dancing courtesan, in a casino in the neighbourhood.

1792, James Boswell, in Danziger & Brady (eds.), Boswell: The Great Biographer (Journals 1789–1795), Yale 1989, p. 163:


consternation

"Out!" exclaimed her husband, with something like genuine consternation in his voice.

Their audience had been listening in increasing consternation.

2003, Terrance Dicks, Barry Letts, 章號 17, 出自 Deadly Reunion:

It was probably worth four millennia of consternation and regret.

February 27, 2006, Chuck Klosterman, “Invention's New Mother”, 出自 Esquire:


cutlery

源自中古英語 cotellerie、cutleri (“刀匠的工艺品”)，源自古法語 coutelerie（现代法語 coutellerie）。

a cutlery set

This cutlery comes from Normandy, France.


contention

源自中古英語 contencion，借自古法語 contencion，源自拉丁語 contentio, contentionem，源自contendō（过去分词contentus），等价于contend + -tion（类似于attention）。

It is my contention that state lotteries are taxes on stupid people.

我的看法是州彩票是向蠢人征的税。

（系统的各组件或其用户对有限资源的）竞争


coitus

源自拉丁語 coitus。

Wolowitz: Hang on. There really is a lady here?
Leonard: Uh-huh.
Wolowitz: And you want us out because you’re anticipating coitus?
Leonard: No, she’s just a friend.
Wolowitz: So she’s available for coitus?
Leonard: No, she’s – –

2006 October 2nd, Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, The Big Bang Theory, “Pilot”, screenplay (revised first draft), act one, scene A (page 26):


conspiracy

源自中古英語 conspiracie，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 conspiracie，源自拉丁語 cōnspīrātiō。conspiration的同源對似詞。

Conspiracies, like all other exercises of human ingenuity, are of very different kinds. The gloomy plots arranged in old Italian halls...

1834, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Francesca Carrara, 卷 3，頁號 23:

Modern political religions may reject Christianity, but they cannot do without demonology. The Jacobins, the Bolsheviks and the Nazis all believed in vast conspiracies against them, as do radical Islamists today. It is never the flaws of human nature that stand in the way of Utopia. It is the workings of evil forces.

2007, John Gray, Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia:

Indeed, as I sat, forlorn, never having found my particular conspiracy of lemurs (how about that for a name for a group of lemurs? The name lemur itself comes from the Latin for “spirits of the dead”) …

2018 February 8, Jeffrey T. Laitman, “The Search for the Intersection of Form and Function: Looking for Clues into What Has Determined How, Why, and When Animals Came to Move the Way They Do”, 出自 The Anatomical Record, 卷 301, 期 3, →DOI:

The Oregon Zoo welcomed two red-ruffed lemurs this week, bringing the total number in the conspiracy — the name for a group of lemurs — to seven.

2018 November 9, “Red alert: New lemurs join zoo conspiracy”, 出自 Oregon Zoo, retrieved 2019-11-05:

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。


crud

源自中古英語 crud、crudde (“凝结的牛奶；污物；凝结的物质；糟粕”)，源自古英語 crūdan (“压”)。curd的同源對似詞。

Crud is caked in the crevices of her jewellery. All of it needs cleaning.

2018, Tsitsi Dangarembga, This Mournable Body, Faber & Faber (2020)，頁號 30:

（核反应堆冷却液内的）杂质

（难以通过的）厚而潮湿的雪


complacency

晚期中古英語 complacence，源自晚期拉丁語 complacentia。对比法語 complaisance。

[…] looking at Mr. George Osborne's pale interesting countenance, and those beautiful black, curling, shining whiskers, which the young gentleman himself regarded with no ordinary complacency, she thought in her little heart that in His Majesty's army, or in the wide world, there never was such a face or such a hero.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, 章號 5, 出自 Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

自满产生的消极，不思进取


washout

wash out 的動詞派生詞。

washaway

冲刷造成的侵蚀；冲出来的水渠

No. 21C9 was in need of a boiler washout and though she was carefully and assiduously fired and use made of the fire-irons during the run, it was not possible to maintain steam, which often fell as low as 210 lb.

1944 March–April, E. S. Waterhouse, “Two Footplate Rides on ‘Merchant Navy’ Locomotives”, 出自 The Railway Magazine, London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號 88:

In recent months, as we have already reported, boiler washouts of Stratford's "Britannia" Pacifics have been carried out at Norwich, owing to the better staff situation at the latter shed, […]

1959 April, “Motive Power Miscellany: Eastern Region”, 出自 Trains Illustrated, London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號 224:

The cistern was fitted with washouts and air-valves.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

冲刷造成的侵蚀；冲出来的水渠 洪水造成的铁路或路面缺口

同類詞： slipout

In a message to NR [National Rail] staff on August 14, Haines said: "It's not just Scotland impacted by extreme wet weather. This week we have seen, and will continue to see, heavy rain fall. This has caused washouts and landslips across the length and breadth of Great Britain."

2020 August 26, “Network News: [Grant] Shapps Orders Rapid Review of Flash Flood Resilience from NR”, 出自 Rail, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire: Bauer Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號 9:

The Austin picnic was a washout, rained all day.

1939, The Railroad Telegrapher, 卷 56, Peoria, Ill.: Order of Railroad Telegraphers, →OCLC，頁號 779:

Illawarra turns blue in Liberal washout [title]

2011 March 28, “Illawarra turns blue in Liberal washout”, 出自 ABC News, Sydney, N.S.W.，2023-03-03歸檔自原頁面:

[Joe] Biden failed to flip crucial toss-up states such as Florida and Ohio and pull off the blue washout his supporters had been touting.

2020 November 5, Jack Elsom, “‘We were told this was going to be a landslide!’ Piers Morgan blames the Democrats and Joe Biden’s lacklustre campaign for closer than predicted presidential race”, 出自 Daily Mail, London: DMG Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，2020-11-19歸檔自原頁面:

With the ex-president [Donald Trump] facing heat for the GOP's midterm washout, there is conflict on if he should hold off next week's event [subtitle]

2022 November 11, Hugo Lowell, “Rift in Trump’s inner circle over 2024 presidential campaign announcement”, 出自 Katharine Viner 編, 衛報, 倫敦: 衛報媒體集團, →ISSN, →OCLC，2023-05-16歸檔自原頁面:

As an actor he was a complete washout, so he went back to accounting.

他的表演生涯很失败，所以他又干回了会计。

（空气作用下）机翼的扭曲

没能完成训练任务的飞行员

冲洗；冲洗液；冲洗出的物体

a bladder washout


concurrence

The time came when they ceased to cry and began to think; by the way, if Georgiana had not, from a concurrence of circumstances, been enabled to eat her breakfast, this operation of the mind could not have been engaged in without further injury, for she was, indeed, weak and exhausted;...

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], 章號 XXIV, 出自 Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], 卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁號 11:

This book owes its existence to a concurrence of accidents.

1862, John Hill Burton, The Book-hunter, etc., Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood & Sons, Advertisement:


couture

It was the branding of these products, rather than the couture itself, that would become the foundation of the industry, generating huge global sales by the last quarter of the century.

2007, Cally Blackman, 100 Years of Fashion Illustration, →ISBN，頁號 166:


dereliction

源自拉丁語 dērelictiō (“忽视，遗弃”)，源自dērelinquō (“忽视，遗弃”)，源自dē- + re- + linquō (“离开”)。

The new soldier did not clean his cabin and was scolded for dereliction and disobedience.

新兵没有清理自己的隔间，被骂渎职，违抗命令。

What he did was a terrible dereliction of duty.

他犯了很严重的玩忽职守。

And his final act—leaving the Watch to accompany Tormund and the Wildlings back into the woods North of the wall—no longer seems like a dereliction of duty. It’s the recovery of duty, found by a man who feels he betrayed his queen, who thinks there’s no longer a place for him in these lands.

2019 May 19, Alex McLevy, “The final Game Of Thrones brings a pensive but simple meditation about stories (newbies)”, 出自 The A.V. Club:

After years of unsympathetic commercial use and dereliction, nothing of note remained inside, which accordingly has been reconfigured with modern amenities such as underfloor heating.

2021 December 15, Robin Leleux, “Awards honour the best restoration projects: The Network Rail Community Award: Saltash and Stow”, 出自 RAIL, 期 946，頁號 58:


decoction

源自古法語 decoccion、decoction，源自拉丁語 decoctiō，源自decoquō (“将...煮稠”)，源自de- + coquō (“烹煮”)。

（煎熬而成的）浓汁，精华；煎汁

[I]nſtead of Honey, Rob of Elder, Conſerve of Roſes, or Syrup of Violets; Glyſters, Pedilavia of emollient Decoctions with Nitre; or Elder, Vinegar, or Focus's of the ſame, applied with Sponges behind the Ears, to the Armpits, Groins, Hams, &c. or with Barley-water and a little Roſe-vinegar.

1749, [Thomas Short], “[Of the Symptoms of Fevers, and Their Cure.] 10th, Of Feverish Heat”, 出自 A General Chronological History of the Air, Weather, Seasons, Meteors, &c. in Sundry Places and Different Times; More Particularly for the Space of 250 Years. Together with Some of Their Most Remarkable Effects on Animal (Especially Human) Bodies, and Vegetables. In Two Volumes, 卷 II, Printed for T[homas] Longman, in Paternoster-Row, and A[ndrew] Millar, in the Strand, →OCLC，頁號s 512–513:

The transition is a keen one, I assure you, from a schoolmaster to a sailor, and requires a strong decoction of Seneca and the Stoics to enable you to grin and bear it.

1851, Herman Melville, Moby Dick, Chapter 1:

Poley offered a hot decoction of blackberries, saying: Peace?

1993, Anthony Burgess, A Dead Man In Deptford:

Witches and devils no longer threaten you and me. We don’t mind living next door to the harmless lady with her herb garden and decoction still, her black cat and red hair.

Even the fixed principles of vegetables, at least some of them, are injured by long decoction. The extractive matter, for instance, gradually absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere, and is converted into a substance nearly insipid and inert.

1804, The Medical and Physical Journal (page 563)


demeanor

源自中古英語 demenure，源自中古英語 demenen, demeinen (“处理”, 动词)，源自古法語 demener (“引导”)，源自de- + mener (“引领，引导”)，源自拉丁語 *mināre (“驱动，驱使”)和minor (“丢出，伸出”)。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-demeanor.wav

举动，动作，行为 （显现某人特点的身体语言，表情等）

The man's demeanor made others suspicious of his intentions.

那个人的行为让人怀疑起他的目的。

A confident demeanor is crucial for persuading others.

要说服他人就应该有自信的神态。

At this present (saith he) certeine princes of Britaine, procuring by ambassadors and dutifull demeanors the amitie of the emperour Augustus, haue offered in the capitoll vnto the gods presents or gifts, and haue ordeined the whole Ile in a manner to be appertinent, proper, and familiar to the Romans.

a. 1587, Raphael Holinshed, 引 Strabo, Historie of England, Book III:

Demeanors that are apologetic and overly polite are inherently contradictory to demeanors that exhibit fear and anger.

1993, “Interrogation: The Kinesics Technique”, 出自 John J. Fay 編, Encyclopedia of Security Management, →ISBN，頁號 418:


demise

借自中古法語 démise，démettre的阴性单数过去分词，源自拉丁語 dēmissa，dēmittō的完成时被动分词的阴性单数形式。

Earth looked her loveliest to receive my sweet sister's gentle dust; but all was harsh and sullen as her own nature when Lady Avonleigh's haughty ashes returned to their original element. Immediately after her demise, her son went abroad, and I accompanied him.

1834, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Francesca Carrara, 卷 2，頁號 124:

The lack of funding ultimately led to the project's demise.

项目最终因缺乏融资而告吹。


diffraction

/dɪˈfɹækʃən/


kibble

不详，约1790年出现动词用法，系什罗普郡方言。可能是chip的变体或派生自词源2。

粗磨的产物，（尤指）饲料

The pope had already signaled his kids-over-kibbles stance in a 2014 interview with the Rome daily Il Messaggero. When asked whether some in society valued pets more than children, he said that it was a reality that reflected a “sign of cultural degeneration.”

2022 January 6, Elisabetta Povoledo, “Pope Scolds Couples Who Choose Pets Over Kids”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


clout

源自中古英語 clout，源自古英語 clūt，源自原始日耳曼語 *klūtaz，源自原始印歐語 *gelewdos，源自原始印歐語 *gel- (“积”)。词义“（尤指政治上的）影响力”源自芝加哥方言，后传播普及。
同源词包括古諾爾斯語 klútr (“方头巾”)、瑞典語 klut、丹麥語 klud、中古高地德語 klōz (“块”)，其派生出德語 Kloß，及俄语方言глуда (gluda)。参见cleat。

Having relinquished his clout in City Council to run for a place on the county board, and having lost stature by reason of his failure to win the presidency, Duffy was in no position to seek the party chairmanship for himself

1975, Len O'Connor, Clout--Mayor Daley and His City，頁號 74:

The chopped mushrooms add depth to both the Waitrose and the Go-Go Vegan recipe, but what gives the latter some real clout on the flavour front is a teaspoon of Marmite.

2011 December 15, Felicity Cloake, “How to cook the perfect nut roast”, 出自 Guardian:

It's funny how they judge you when they see you made a change / I poured another four just to take away the pain / My friends weren't my friends, they was ^([sic]) looking for some clout / I had what they wanted so they always came around

2017, Kimetrius Foose (Lil Skies), Myron Goedhart （作曲作詞）, “Fake”, 演出者 Lil Skies:

Rowan, like most teenagers on the internet, wasn’t after fame or money, though he made a decent amount — at one point $10,000 a month and more, he said. What Rowan wanted was clout. On the internet, clout is a social currency that can be used to obtain just about anything. Rack up enough while you’re young, and doors everywhere begin to open.

2019 November 29, Taylor Lorenz, “Here’s What’s Happening in the American Teenage Bedroom”, 出自 New York Times:

‘Such a clout on the ear as you gave me… But I soon taught you.’

1910, Katherine Mansfield, Frau Brenchenmacher Attends A Wedding:

'... allowed Boston to score all of its runs on homers, including a pair of clouts by Jacoby Ellsbury ...'

2011 August 17, Michael Vega, “Triple double”, 出自 The Boston Globe，頁號 C1:

靶心 （可能是因为以前是用一块白布或钉头来表示）

When a new-hatched savage running wild about his native woodlands in a grass clout, followed by the nibbling goats, as if he were a green sapling; even then, in Queequeg’s ambitious soul, lurked a strong desire to see something more of Christendom than a specimen whaler or two.

1851, Herman Melville, Moby Dick, Chapter 12:

We condol’d with each other, and observ’d how wretchedly we look’d, all naked, except a small Clout about our Middles […]

1743, Robert Drury, The Pleasant, and Surprizing Adventures of Mr. Robert Drury, during his Fifteen Years Captivity on the Island of Madagascar, London，頁號 74:

The Byzantines, wrote Robert of Clari, hooted and jeered from the battlements, "and let down their clouts and showed them their backsides."

1980, Colin Thubron, Seafarers: The Venetians，頁號 33:

垫片 （装在轴承等物上防止磨损的铁片）

Clouts were thin and flat pieces of iron, used it appears to strengthen the box of the wheel; perhaps also for nailing on such other parts of the cart as were particularly exposed to wear.

1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, 卷 1，頁號 546:

And whan sche of this bille hath taken heede, / Sche rente it al to cloutes atte laste / And into the privy softely it caste.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, 出自 The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, 出版於 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne] 編, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC，行號s 707-709:


dotage

dote + -age，源自中古英語 doten (“溺爱；老糊涂”)。

"More care!" said the old man. […] There were in his face marks of deep and anxious thought which convinced me that he could not be, as I had been at first inclined to suppose, in a state of dotage or imbecility.

1841, Charles Dickens, 章號 1, 出自 The Old Curiosity Shop:


disco

〈可数，稍陈旧〉discotheque的缩简；跳舞的夜店。

〈不可数〉迪斯科（音乐）；的士高（音乐）


dither

didder的变体，源自中古英語 dideren (“发抖”)。对比中古英語 bididren、bididdren (“诱导，误导”)，源自古英語 bedidrian、bedyderian (“诱导，误导”)。
另，可能与*titeren的表达性质的浊化有关，源自原始日耳曼語 *titrōną。若如此，它则是teeter的同源對似詞，同源词有古高地德語 zittarōn（德語 zittern）和古諾爾斯語 titra（法羅語 titra、冰島語 titra）。或者可能是一个无关的叠词拟声词。

Everyone was in a dither; either in it or about to get in it or just climbing out of it. Naturally, the Madam was not in a dither. Dither was a foreign concept to her.

2002, Thomas P. Glynn, A Child's Christmas In Chicago，頁號 59:


downtime

停机时间，故障时间 （因电脑故障等而浪费的时间）

同類詞： idle time、uptime

A short internet outage might sound like a trifling matter[…]but for many, the pervasiveness of the so-called “internet of things” meant downtime at Amazon affected their physical life as well as their digital one.

2017 March 1, Alex Hern, “How did an Amazon glitch leave people literally in the dark?”, 出自 The Guardian:

As the world turns inward, trapped inside in various stages of pandemic quarantine, numerous songwriting luminaries (often blessed with their own in-home studios) have tried to use the downtime creatively—from Millennial stars like Taylor Swift and Ariana Grande to longtime veterans like Bruce Springsteen and Elvis Costello.

2020 November 9, Gwen Ihnat, “With McCartney III, Paul McCartney offers lessons from a legendary life”, 出自 The A.V. Club:

I've been working all weekend. I need some downtime.

我整个周末都在工作，我需要休息一下。

But scientists point to an unanticipated side effect: when people keep their brains busy with digital input, they are forfeiting downtime that could allow them to better learn and remember information, or come up with new ideas.

2010 August 24, Matt Richtel, “Digital Devices Deprive Brain of Needed Downtime”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

“‘We need to use the downtime, when things are calm, to prepare for when things get serious in the decades to come,’ he has said. ‘The time we have now is valuable, and we need to make use of it.’”

2021 March 19, James Fallows, 引 Demis Hassabis, “Can Humans Be Replaced by Machines?”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


earthenware

/ˈəːθ(ə)nwɛː/

同類詞： stoneware

earthenware bowl


cringe

动词派生自中古英語 crengen (“高傲地俯身，屈尊”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 *crenċan、*crenċġan、*crengan (“使...倒下，使翻转”)，crinċġan (“屈服；畏缩；倒下；死亡”)的使役动词，源自原始日耳曼語 *krangijaną (“使倒下”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kringaną、*krinkaną (“倒下；翻转；屈服”)（源自原始印歐語 *grenǵʰ- (“翻转”)）+ *-janą (从强变化动词构成“导致某人某物做某事”一意的使役动词)。英语词与丹麥語 krænge (“翻出内侧，使...外翻”)、荷蘭語 krengen (“猛然转向”)、低地蘇格蘭語 crenge、creenge、creinge、crienge (“畏缩，耸肩”)、瑞典語 kränga (“猛然转向；猛然前倾；掷”)和西弗里斯蘭語 kringe (“捏；戳；推；坚持，催促”)同源，且是crinkle的同源對似詞。
名词和形容词派生自动词。

He glanced with a cringe at the mess on his desk.

他怯生生地瞥了一眼桌上乱七八糟的东西。

There was so much cringe in that episode!


enmity

源自中古英語 enemyte，源自古法語 enemisté、ennemistié，源自晚期拉丁語、通俗拉丁語 *inimīcitās, *inimīcitātem，源自拉丁語 inimīcus (“敌人”)。同源词有法語 inimitié、葡萄牙語 inimizade、西班牙語 enemistad。等价于enemy + -ity。

** enemyte
** enemytee
** ennemite
** ennemyte
** enymyte

** enemitie
** enemyte
** enemytee
** enimitie
** enimity
** ennemite
** ennemyte
** ennimitie
** inimity

** enmite
** enmitye
** enmyte
** enmytee

Some later Muses from Ionia and Sicily reckoned it safest to weave together both versions and say that that which is both many and one, held together by both enmity and amity.

2005, Plato, 譯者 Lesley Brown, Sophist，頁號 242e:

I merely repeat, remember always your duty of enmity towards Man and all his ways.

1945 August 17, George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair], 章號 1, 出自 Animal Farm […], London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:


egress

The window provides an egress in the event of an emergency.

紧急情况下窗口可以当做出口。

Gates of burning adamant, / Barred over us, prohibit all egress.

1667, John Milton, “Book 2”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Serene, smiling, enigmatic, she faced him with no fear whatever showing in her dark eyes. […] She put back a truant curl from her forehead where it had sought egress to the world, and looked him full in the face now, drawing a deep breath which caused the round of her bosom to lift the lace at her throat.

1910, Emerson Hough, 章號 I, 出自 The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

We also found that the only emergency egress from the tram was by smashing the front or rear windscreens, and that emergency lighting had failed when the tram overturned.

2021 December 29, Dominique Louis, “Causal analysis: crashworthiness at Sandilands”, 出自 RAIL, 期 947，頁號 33:

Buildings or portions thereof shall be provided with a means of egress system as required this chapter. The provisions of this chapter shall control the design, construction and arrangement of means egress components required to provide an approved means of egress from structures and portions thereof.

2003, International Building Code (IBC), Chapter 10 section 1001.1:

复现 （一个天体在经历蚀之后重新出现。）


wacky

源自whack (“猛击”)，意指人因为经常撞脑袋，所以举止怪异。


wayfaring

源自中古英語 wayferande、weyverinde、wayverinde，源自古英語 weġfarende、weġfērende (“跋涉的”)，等价于way + faring。与冰島語 vegfarandi同源。还见wayfare。

旅行；(尤指) 徒步旅行


whisky

:最早出现於18世纪早期。 usque 的另一种词形 < usquebaugh 的简称（对比 whiskybae (旧)）。 源自蘇格蘭蓋爾語 uisge beatha、愛爾蘭語 uisce beatha （“生命之水”）。 对比 aquavit < 拉丁语 aqua vitae （“生命之水”）。


verbiage

源自法語 verbiage。英语词可能可以分析作verb (“動詞”) + -age。

A very garrulous person, he approached the counter in a fog of verbiage.

1929, Robert Dean Frisbee, The Book of Puka-Puka (republished by Eland, 2019; p. 39):

bureaucratic verbiage

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

The comparison of coincidences in the verbiage of different languages, and affinity of etymological formation, are interesting subjects of philological investigation.

1846, Margaret Thornley, The True End of Education and the Means Adapted to It:

Use concise military verbiage.

1947, George S. Patton, War as I Knew It:


wee-wee

wee的叠词，排尿的拟声词。

小弟弟；亦可指女性外阴。

“I agree he’s gorgeous,” said his friend, “but someone told me he has the smallest wee-wee in New York.”

1978, Andrew Holleran, Dancer from the Dance, New York: New American Library, Chapter 2, p. 45:


facsimile

源自拉丁語 fac simile (“使...像”)，源自fac (“使”)（facere (“使”)的命令形） + simile（similis (“像的”)的中性形式）。

To paraphrase the critic of the Times, if one may make the facsimile of a human being out of bronze, why not the facsimile of a Brillo carton out of plywood?

1964, Arthur Danto, “The Artworld” in Twentieth Century Theories of Art (1990), ed. James Matheson Thompson, § VIII, 540:


foundation

源自拉丁語 fundātiō。

The foundation of his institute has been wrought with difficulty.

他研究所的设立遇到了重重阻碍。

Since the launch early last year of […] two Silicon Valley start-ups offering free education through MOOCs, massive open online courses, the ivory towers of academia have been shaken to their foundations. University brands built in some cases over centuries have been forced to contemplate the possibility that information technology will rapidly make their existing business model obsolete.

2013 July 20, “The attack of the MOOCs”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 408, 期 8845:

The implication is that the Gandhian model of growth is possible, now that Nehru's investment strategy had already laid a strong foundation for economic growth.

2006, K P Yadav, Economic Planning And Restructuring, Sarup & Sons ISBN 9788176256285, page 44

“Marge Gets A Job” opens with the foundation of the Simpson house tilting perilously to one side, making the family homestead look like the suburban equivalent of the Leaning Tower Of Pisa.

2012 May 20, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Marge Gets A Job” (season 4, episode 7; originally aired 11/05/1992)”, 出自 The Onion AV Club:

The foundations of this construction have been laid out.

这次施工的地基已经打好了。

（设立慈善机构等的）基金

The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. is the parent organization of the Wiktionary collaborative project.

维基媒体基金会公司是维基词典协作项目的上层组织。


gonorrhea

源自新拉丁語，源自晚期拉丁語 gonorrhoea，源自古希臘語 γονόρροια (gonórrhoia)，源自γόνος (gónos, “种子，精子”) + ῥοία (rhoía, “流”)（约1526年）。字面分析等同於 gono- + -rrhea。

/ˌɡɒn.əˈɹiː.ə/

/ˌɡɑn.əˈɹi.ə/


claret

源自中古英語 claret，源自中古法語 claret，源自中世紀拉丁語 claratum vīnum，源自clārus。
对比tent (“西班牙红酒”)，其亦派生自颜色名。

同類詞： hock、sack、tent

The vesper bell had rung its parting note; the domini were mostly caged in comfortable quarters, discussing the merits of old port; and the merry student had closed his oak, to consecrate the night to friendship, sack, and claret.

The New Sporting Magazine (volume 15, page 23)

CLARET JELLY SANDWICH: Soak one box of gelatine in one cup of cold water, then dissolve in one cup of boiling water, add one cup of sugar and strain. When cold, add the juice of half a lemon, and one cup of claret and set in a cool place. When ready for use, cover thin slices of lightly buttered white bread with the jelly, cover with another slice of buttered bread and cut in strips.

1909, Eva Greene Fuller, The Up-To-Date Sandwich Book: 400 Ways to Make a Sandwich，頁號 155:

claret：

Honey smiled hugely, so that Alex was shown every one of her claret gums.

2002, Zadie Smith, The Autograph Man, Penguin Books (2003)，頁號 243:

Time being called, Johnson rose from his second’s knee with the heart of a lion—the immense size and weight of his opponent seemed lost sight of—not a particle of fear belonged to him; and screwing his courage up to the sticking-place, boldly faced his man, putting all the excellence of his science into action, put in such a tremendous blow on the sensitive plant of Perrins—otherwise his sneezer, or nose—whichever term you like best—that split it all the way down as if cut open with a carving-knife; the claret flowing in torrents; and the Giant floored!

1851, Pierce Egan, Every Gentleman’s Manual: A Lecture on the Art of Self-Defence，頁號 46:

I then gave him a dig on the head with my fist. He squared up, and pouted like an enraged chameleon, looking savagely at me. I gave him another dig, which sent him staggering. He squared again: I gave him another; till at last, as the claret was flowing, he sulked off, and said he would not serve me any more.

1863, John Hanning Speke, Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile，頁號 271:

Blooded warrior Paul Ince, with his head bedecked in a bandage – if not quite possessing quite the amount of claret spilled by Terry Butcher in Stockholm in 1989 – enforcing order on a patch of green in Rome to help his country triumph in the face of adversity and clear a path to the World Cup finals of 1998.

2017 October 1, “Bygones: Ince gives blood for the cause as he leads from the front in Rome”, 出自 Yorkshire Post:

You play as one of these Revenants, but there’s no feeding on human blood, as instead the most reliable source of claret comes from things called blood beads, which grow on plants.

2019 September 27, “Code Vein review – it's an anime version of Dark Souls”, 出自 Metro:

He was rejuvenated within a week, thanks to a diet of fresh claret direct from the jugular, while the lawyer slept.

2020 January 2, Roxy Simons, “'How the hell am I supposed to sleep tonight, BBC?': Viewers are left terrified by first episode of Dracula with its decapitated nun and blood-thirsty babies (but some are distracted by vampire's quirky accent)”, 出自 Daily Mail:

DeLuca beat the count but Brook had the stench of claret filling his nostrils and he was close to getting the finish before the bell saved the overmatched 31-year-old.

2020 February 8, Wally Downes Jr, “KELL OF A WIN: Kell Brook enjoys triumphant return in Sheffield as he knocks out Mark DeLuca in the seventh round”, 出自 The Sun:


fresco

源自意大利語 fresco，源自中世紀拉丁語 friscus，源自原始日耳曼語 *friskaz。fresh的同源對似詞。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-fresco.wav


gaslight

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gaslight.wav

Open the windows once in awhile and give the air a chance to circulate in and out. In the evening, do not forget that the lamps and gaslights are using up a goodly supply of oxygen also—so freshen things up a little, once in awhile.

1904, Yogi Ramacharaka [pseudonym; William Walker Atkinson], “Fresh Air”, 出自 Hatha Yoga: Or The Yogi Philosophy of Physical Well-being […], Chicago, Ill.: Yogi Publication Society […], →OCLC，頁號 222:

A year since I strained my eyes very severely, and have never dared to use them much since by gaslight.

1887, Horatio Alger, Jr., “An Unexpected Engagement”, 出自 Frank Fowler, the Cash Boy (The Alger Series for Boys), New York, N.Y.: A[lbert] L[evi] Burt, →OCLC，頁號 86:


gluttony

古法語 glutonie，源自gloton + -ie ← 拉丁語 glutio。

The most rapid and most seductive transition in all human nature is that which attends the palliation of a ravenous appetite.[…]Can those harmless but refined fellow-diners be the selfish cads whose gluttony and personal appearance so raised your contemptuous wrath on your arrival?

1922, Ben Travers, 章號 5, 出自 A Cuckoo in the Nest:


haughtiness

源自中古英語 hauteynesse、hautenesse，源自中古英語 hautein (“高傲的”)，源自古法語 hautain + 中古英語 -nesse。现代英语中可作haughty + -ness分析。