grub

源自中古英語 grubben、grobben，源自古英語 *grubbian，源自原始西日耳曼語 *grubb-，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubb-（对比中古荷蘭語 grobben (“刮；爬；拿”)、古高地德語 grubilōn (“挖；搜”)、德語 grübeln (“思考，斟酌”)），源自原始日耳曼語 *grub- (“挖”)（对比*grabaną）。
“幼虫”一意源自中古英語 grub、grubbe、grobbe、crubbe，可能发展自将上面动词解读成“挖昆虫”的说法，或源自中古英語 grub (“矮子”)，其不确定是否与本词有关。对比西弗里斯蘭語 krobbe (“昆虫”)。俚语义“食物”首个记载见于1659年，被认为是与鸟吃幼虫产生联想而发展来的，或者可能与bub (“饮料”)产生了联想。

pub grub

"The rice ration's down to nearly damn-all in the kampongs, but we keep finding dumps of grub in the forest."

1958, Anthony Burgess, The Enemy in the Blanket (The Malayan Trilogy), 出版於 1972，頁號 298:


guff

“… That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh.[…]If she had her way, she’d ruin the company inside a year with her hare-brained schemes ; love of the people, and that sort of guff.”

1913, Robert Barr, 章號 4, 出自 Lord Stranleigh Abroad:


glee

源自中古英語 gle，源自古英語 glēo、glīġ、glēow、glīw (“开心，欢乐，愉悦，玩乐；音乐；嘲弄”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *glīwą (“欢乐”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʰlew- (“开玩笑，享”)。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 gle、glie、glew (“游戏，玩耍，运动，欢乐，开心，娱乐，音乐，旋律”)、冰島語 glý (“开心，欢乐”)、古希臘語 χλεύη (khleúē, “玩笑，笑话，蔑视”)。中古英语中为诗歌用词，16世纪时被弃用，18世纪被重新起用。

merriment

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

mirth

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

gaiety

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

gloat

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

I watched with glee while your kings and queens fought for ten decades for the gods they made.

1968, “Sympathy for the Devil”, 出自 The Rolling Stones 作曲, Beggars Banquet:

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013 June 29, “Travels and travails”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 407, 期 8842，頁號 55:

3人以上独唱的无伴奏歌曲 （不一定曲调欢快）


hubris

源自古希臘語 ὕβρις (húbris, “傲慢；荒淫无度”)。

[ˈçju̟ːbɹ̠ʷɪs]

One would have thought that even Trump, despite all his hubris and egotism, would know better than to jump feet first into America’s most sensitive issue: racial division.

2017 August 20, “The Observer view on Donald Trump’s presidency”, 出自 The Observer:


halation

She was, as you know, to the west-ward of us, and the sunset was making a great flame of red light to the back of her, so that she showed a little blurred and indistinct by reason of the halation of the light, which almost defeated the eye in any attempt to see her rotting spars and standing rigging, submerged, as they were, in the fiery glory of the sunset.

1912, William Hope Hodgson, The Derelict:

照片底片或电视屏幕上的轮状光晕

As the result of a series of experiments on halation carried out with backed and unbacked plates, ordinary film and stripping film, Ernest Marriage concludes that there are two varieties of halation, one due to reflection from the support and the other due to spreading of the light in the film.

1901, E. & H.T. Anthony & Co., Anthony's photographic bulletin for ..., 卷 32，頁號 358:

Halation, properly speaking, is the reflection and diffusion, within the film，源自the lighter areas to the adjacent darker ones.

1917, Photographers' Association of California, Camera craft, 卷 24，頁號 81:

Among other interesting and weighty opinions, which were in general agreement with our contentions, was one by Mr. H. A. Staddon of Goodmayes, a gentleman who had made a particular hobby of fakes in photography. His report is too long and too technical for inclusion, but, under the various headings of composition, dress, development, density, lighting, poise, texture, plate, atmosphere, focus, halation, he goes very completely into the evidence, coming to the final conclusion that when tried by all these tests the chances are not less than 80 per cent. in favour of authenticity.

1922, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Coming of the Fairies:

Halation can be prevented or diminished by using an absorbing layer between the sensitive emulsion and the support (anti-halo undercoat) or on the back of the support (anti-halo backing).

1954, Photography, Theory and Practice, Pitman, page 173,


gruel

源自中古英語 gruel、gruwel、greuel、growel (“用扁豆等制成的谷物粗粉”)，源自古法語 gruel (“谷物粗粉”→ 法語 gruau)，源自中世紀拉丁語 grutellum，中世紀拉丁語 grutum (“面粉；谷物粗粉”)的指小词，源自某日耳曼語族语言，多半是古英語 grūt (“面粉；谷物粗粉”)或可能是古法蘭克語 *grūt，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *grūtiz (“砂砾”)。对比荷蘭語 gruit、中古低地德語 grūt、中古高地德語 grūz、德語 Grütze (“谷物”)。亦与英語 groats、grit有关。

同類詞： congee、oatmeal、porridge

thin gruel ― （請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）


hiding

参见hide（词源1）。


hiding

参见hide（词源2）。


heatstroke

“Youʼre having a heatstroke, do you understand? Weʼve got to get you cooled down.”

2021, Rivers Solomon, Sorrowland, #Merky Books，頁號 170:


flabbergast

不详，可能是一方言词（萨福克郡），源自flabby或flap (“打击”) + aghast。该词可能与苏格兰英語 flabrigast (“夸口”)或flabrigastit (“筋疲力竭”)有关。
名词派生自动词。

When I saw my house on fire, the flabbergast overcame me and I just stood and stared, too shocked to comprehend what I was seeing.

我看到我房子着火的时候，惊讶得呆呆地站在那看着，吃惊得无法理解我看到的景象。

His flabbergast was so great he couldn’t even come up with a plausible answer.

他惊讶得没法组织出合理的回答。

Her foibles were flattery, fine feeling, and flabergast; and if not old enough to be his mother, sufficiently so to be a young aunt.

1852 October, “Adventures of Tom Honeycomb—No. I”, 出自 Yankee Notions, 卷 2, 期 10, New York, N.Y.: Published by T. W. Strong, […], →OCLC，頁號 297:

Then quit your flabbergast, and talk in plain English.

1868 February 22, Oliver Optic [pseudonym; William Taylor Adams], “Freaks of Fortune; or, Half Round the World”, 出自 Oliver Optic 編, Oliver Optic’s Magazine. Our Boys and Girls, 卷 III, 期 60, Boston, Mass.: Published by Lee and Shepard, […], →OCLC, chapter XVI (Pistols for Two)，頁號 117，列號 2:

Bob's big-eyed flabbergast struck him as comic and he laughed and said, "Lying sack, hey?"

1998, James Carlos Blake, Red Grass River: A Legend, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN; 1st Perennial版, New York, N.Y.: Harper Perennial, 2000, →ISBN，頁號 52:


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。

He managed a hurl of 50.3 metres.

The Gods, with horror and amaze, look’d down,

With threatening hurl, that shook th’ aethereal [var.: aerial] firmament!

1695, William Congreve, “To the King, on the Taking of Namure. Irregular Ode.”, 出自 Poems Upon Several Occasions, Glasgow, 出版於 1752，頁號 16:

I laid down this law with all the girls and expected to receive a hurl of abuse back.

Benjamin W. Evans, Tales 源自The Kerb (page 25)

Open the window! I've gotta take a hurl.

WAYNE: What I'd really like to do is something extraordinary. Something big. […] But I'll probably end up working at Great America, mopping up hurl and lung butter.

Maybe you can give me a hurl in the Bentley one day, when you're in the vicinity.

2022, Liam McIlvanney, The Heretic，頁號 413:


happenstance

by happenstance

Once is happenstance, twice is coincidence, three times is enemy action.

1964, Goldfinger, 角色 James Bond（Sean Connery）:

Dammit, man this is the gift from God / This ain't happenstance

2001, “People Talkin'”, 出自 MTV Unplugged, 演出者 Jay-Z:

the happenstances of life


hilarity

源自拉丁語 hilaritas (“开心”)，形容词hilaris，最终源自古希腊语 + 状态名词后缀-tas。

The duck escaped into the children's party, and hilarity ensued.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

Think it not curious if we don't seem to be as sidesplittingly impressed with the hilarities in this picture as its promotion might lead you to expect. Hilarity is in it—hilarity at its best—as would be almost mandatory in any film with Miss Holliday.

1999, Vincent Canby, Janet Maslin, Peter M. Nichols, The New York times guide to the best 1000 movies ever made:

Many other Latin imports have become staples of our diet, like the burrito, which in Spanish means "little donkey." What other food-related hilarities are we missing out on?

2005, Library journal, 卷 130, 期s 8-13，頁號 122:


handball

European handball, Olympic handball, team handball

American handball, Gaelic handball, Irish handball

It was a dramatic finish to an absorbing, fast-paced game but Blackburn will be deeply unhappy with referee Anthony Taylor as Nzonzi's handball was harsh.

2011 October 29, Neil Johnston, “Norwich 3 - 3 Blackburn”, 出自 BBC Sport:

一種各人用手交替將球排向牆的運動

一手持球，一手傳球的動作

一種校園遊戲，用手將網球打向地面（臨時的瀝青或石板場地）


hurtle

动词派生自中古英語 hurtelen、hurtlen (“掷，投；冲向；垮塌；伤害；击倒；推动；冲刺；跌倒”) [以及其他形式]，源自hurten (“伤害（肉体或比喻义）；损害；羞辱，伤害...的情感；受伤；撞上；推动；跌倒”)（还见英語 hurt (动词)） + -el-、-elen (反复态后缀)。英语词可作hurt (“（弃用）敲打，击打”) + -le (反复态后缀)分析。
名词派生自动词。

[T]he war woke me up, I began to move left, and recent events have accelerated that move until it is now a hurtle.

1975, William Howard Gass（被引）, “GASS, WILLIAM H(OWARD)”, 出自 John Wakeman 編, World Authors 1950–1970 […] (Authors Series), New York, N.Y.: The H[alsey] W[illiam] Wilson Company, →ISBN，頁號 538，列號 1:

Jamba has removed from [Christopher] Marlowe's Doctor Faustus all but the barest of essentials – even half its title, leaving us with an 80-minute hurtle through Faustus's four and twenty borrowed years on earth.

2005 June 20, “(請註明文章標題)”, 出自 Alan Rusbridger 編, 衛報, 倫敦: 衛報媒體集團, →ISSN, →OCLC:

There came a hurtle of wings, a flash of bright feathers, and a great pigeon with slate-grey plumage and a neck bright as an opal, lit on a swaying finial.

1913, Eden Phillpotts, 章號 IV, 出自 Widecombe Fair, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC，頁號 26:


ineptitude

The curse has been Spanish ineptitude feeding Gibraltarian intransigence. Border hold-ups are counterproductive to winning hearts and minds, as were blundering Argentinian landings on the outer Falklands.

2013, Simon Jenkins, Gibraltar and the Falklands deny the logic of history (in The Guardian, 14 August 2013)http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/14/gibraltar-falklands-deny-logic-history

He droned on with platitudes and ineptitudes while Malone whispered to Enid that if Alasha was a fair specimen of the population it was just as well that his native land was safely engulfed in the Atlantic Ocean.

1926, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Land of Mist:


intent

自中古英語 entente起即出现，源自古法語 entent或entente，最终源自拉丁語 intentus。后拼写被调整来向拉丁语词形靠拢。对比intention。


inauguration

/ɪnɔːɡ(j)ʊˈɹeɪʃən/


inflection

源自早期形式inflexion，借自中古法語 inflexion，借自拉丁語 inflexiōnem (“变化”, 字面意思是“弯曲”)。英语词形中的⟨ct⟩是受到了inflect或相关词correction等的影响导致的。

In English, word order often does the work that inflection did in Latin

英语中，语序常代替拉丁语中的屈折。

an inflection for gender, number, or tense

English's regular inflection for number in plural nouns is the suffix -s.

英语复数名词的规则屈折变化词缀是后缀-s。

屈折变化形式，屈折变化词形

Recite every inflection for each of these words.

把这些单词的所有屈折词形都背出来。

If he's lying, his inflection changes.

他说谎时他的语调会变化。

inflection point

inflection from the rules


immolation

源自中古英語 immolacion，源自中古法語 immolation，源自古法語，源自拉丁語 immolatio。

Mary heard with sorrow, and fear also, of the projected journey; but the altered expression of Isabella's countenance was a great palliative—dreadful as it was that her husband should love another (and of that distressing fact it was impossible to doubt), his confidence was consoling; and her power to prove the firmness of her character, her right to his esteem, and the immolation of her happiness to further his desires, had, in itself, the sustainment which belongs to great sacrifice.

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], 章號 XXVIII, 出自 Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], 卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁號 66:


hide

源自古英語 hȳd，源自日耳曼語族，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdi，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdiz，源自原始印歐語 *kéw(H)tis (“皮，皮肤”)（对比拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤，皮”)），源自原始印歐語 *(s)kew(H)- (“盖”)，最终与上面的词源词根相同。还见sky。
参见西弗里斯蘭語 hûd、荷蘭語 huid、德語 Haut、威爾士語 cwd (“阴囊”)、拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤”)、立陶宛語 kutys (“钱包”)、古希臘語 κύτος (kútos, “浅容器”)、σκῦτος (skûtos, “掩盖”)。

（用来藏身或藏贵重物品的）隐蔽房间，秘密房间

In the early days of American settlement, hides were built into houses to provide protection from the Indians and to conceal merchandise from the threat of taxation or thievery.

1980, Robert M. Jones 編, Walls and Ceilings, Time-Life Books, →ISBN，頁號 125:


hyperbole

源自拉丁語 hyperbolē，源自古希臘語 ὑπερβολή (huperbolḗ, “超过，夸张”)，源自ὑπέρ (hupér, “上”) + βάλλω (bállō, “丢，抛”)。hyperbola的同源對似詞。

The great staircase, however, may be termed, without much hyperbole, a feature of grandeur and magnificence.

1837, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Legends of the Province House

Of course the hymn has come to us from somewhere else, but I do not know from where; and the average native of our village firmly believes that it is indigenous to our own soil—which it can not be, unless it deals in hyperbole, for the nearest approach to a river in our neighborhood is the village pond.

c. 1910, Theodore Roosevelt, Productive Scholarship

The final key to the way I promote is bravado. I play to people's fantasies. ..People want to believe that something is the biggest and the greatest and the most spectacular. I call it truthful hyperbole. It's an innocent form of exaggeration—and a very effective form of promotion.

1987, Donald Trump, Tony Schwartz, The Art of the Deal, p. 58.

In these circumstances, hyperbole is called for, the rhetorical figure that raises its objects up, excessively, way above their actual merit : it is not to deceive by exaggeration that one overshoots the mark, but to allow the true value, the truth of what is insufficiently valued, to appear.

1995, Richard Klein, “Introduction”, 出自 Cigarettes are sublime, Paperback版, Durham: Duke University Press, 出版於 1993, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁號 17:

The perennial problem, especially for the BBC, has been to reconcile the hyperbole-driven agenda of newspapers with the requirement of balance, which is crucial to the public service remit.

2001, Tom Bentley, Daniel Stedman Jones, The Moral Universe

The honourable gentleman forces us to hear a good deal of this detestable rhetoric; and then he asks why, if the secretaries of the Nizam and the King of Oude use all these tropes and hyperboles, Lord Ellenborough should not indulge in the same sort of eloquence?

1843, Thomas Babington Macaulay, The Gates of Somnauth


juju

源自某西非语言，可能最终源自法語 joujou。

（西非人认为有魔力或超自然力量的）护符，物神

（上述物品的）超自然力量，魔力

（非正式）（通常指负面的）报应

That's some bad juju.


hoodwink

动词派生自hood (“兜帽，风帽”) + wink (“闭眼”)。
名词派生自动词。


lavender

源自中古英語 lavendre，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 lavendre（法語 lavande），源自中世紀拉丁語 lavendula，可能源自拉丁語 lividus (“浅蓝的”)，但因薰衣草常用于洗衣，而受到了lavō (“洗”)的影响。

lavender：

web lavender：


lithography

源自德語 Lithographie，源自λίθος (líthos, “石头”) + γράφειν (gráphein, “写”)。原来的印刷平面是一块平的石灰石，其上抹了一层油脂来形成一个可以选择性将墨转移到纸上的平面，现在一般使用金属板来代替石灰石。

offset printing

石板印刷术 （自1813年）

photolithography

石板印刷术 （自1813年）

planography

石板印刷术 （自1813年）

石板印刷术 （自1813年）


lumbago

名词借自晚期拉丁語 lumbāgō (“腰部疼痛”)，源自晚期拉丁語 lumbus (“腰部的”)、拉丁語 lumbus (“腰部”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *lendʰ- (“腰部”)） + -āgō (构成描述物体、动物和植物的名词的后缀)。
动词直接衍生自名词。

/lʌmˈbeɪɡəʊ/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-lumbago.wav

/ˌlʌmˈbeɪˌɡoʊ/

Sir Oswald Feiling winced as he turned to go home. He had felt a warning twinge of lumbago.

1935, Francis Beeding [笔名，原名John Palmer], 章號 VII, 出自 The Norwich Victims, London: Arcturus Publishing, 出版於 2013, →ISBN, →OL, section 2:

We may imagine an athletics coach with a scientific training researching into the physiology and the psychology of runners. [...] He finds out the effects of fatigue, of alcohol, of tobacco, of lumbago and of depression upon their performances.

1953, 吉尔伯特·赖尔, “Dilemma VII: Perception”, 出自 Dilemmas: The Tarner Lectures, 1953, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 出版於 1954 (1987 printing), →ISBN，頁號 105:


upholstery

首个记录见于1597年，源自upholster (名词)或upholster(er) + -(er)y或-y。


necromancy

约1300年，源自中古英語 nigromancye，源自古法語 nigromancie，源自中世紀拉丁語 nigromantia，源自拉丁語 necromantia，源自古希臘語 νεκρομαντεία (nekromanteía)、νεκρός (nekrós, “死亡的”) + μαντεία (manteía, “占卜”)。中古拉丁语拼写，套用了niger (“黑色的”)一词，受到了巫术（英語 black art）概念的影响。现代拼写取得于16世纪中叶。

And for to make this treatise the more pleasaunt and facill, I have put it in forme of a Dialogue, which I have diuided into three bookes: The first speaking of Magie in general, and Necromancie in special.

And in one word for all, Nagomancy, or Necromancy; by inspecting, consulting, and divining by, with，或源自the dead.

the Devil did often tempt me to study necromancy and nigromancy and to make use of magic, and to make a league with him...

1867 E. Rogers, quoted in K. Thomas Relig. & Decline of Magic

There is no doubt..that necromancy is the touch-stone of occultism...

招魂术 （任何与死亡或死者有关的法术，尤指召唤或复活死者的）


noncommittal

As a result of cowardly noncommittals during the immediate postelection period, there was so much strain on several black-white Democratic relationships that they approached open ruptures.

1997, Dennis Sven Nordin, The New Deal's Black Congressman，頁號 42:

还没作出决定的人 （如选举人等）

Where they occur, in the Liberal increases in Quebec and Ontario for instance, they are offset by declines in the number of undecideds or noncommittals.

1981, Howard Rae Penniman, Canada at the Polls, 1979 and 1980，頁號 372:


nihility

源自文藝復興拉丁語 nihilitas，源自拉丁語 nihil (“没有东西”)。

无，虚无，空洞 （自17世纪）

Paeans and even poems have been written to the esoteric nature of the smallest building blocks of matter: how they manifest as everywhere and nowhere, seem to have come out of emptiness, and at the ultimate level seem to be distilled from pure nihility.

2000, Gregg Easterbrook, “Review: The Quest for Quarks”, 出自 The Wilson Quarterly, 卷 24, 期 1，頁號 110:

不存在的事物 （18-19世纪）

Della Crusca says all past Actions are Nihilities; & that the immediate Instant is the whole of human Existence—A bad Accᵗ of it surely!

1788, Hester Thrale Piozzi, Thraliana, 26 December:


nescience

无知，无学（尤指没有正统的信念）

Better to have honest nescience than to have militant ignorance.

诚实的无知比激进的无知好。

To lapse from knowledge into nescience is always possible—there is no law of God or man forbidding it.

1911, Ralph Barton Perry, "Notes on the Philosophy of Henri Bergson," The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, vol. 8, no. 26, p. 720,

Algernon, in a condition of masculine nescience, lets himself become engaged to a woman of whom he knows nothing.

The theory of nescience is but the obverse of the fact of science.

1895, J. G. Schurman, "Agnosticism," The Philosophical Review, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 244,


karma

借自梵語 कर्मन् (kárman, “行为，表现”)，英语中的最早引文见于1827年。

That means everything from lighting to the vibes, the karma of the room.

How many times when you have been in a bar have you felt that a confrontation was building up, even without extensive verbal exchanges? Sometimes you can feel the karma or energy of a place change, and you should not ignore that

2006, Chase Sargent, From Buddy to Boss, page 219:

On the way to Lancaster, which was about an hour and a half from Philly, John felt the karma.

Reddit网站上的一个代表用户获得的赞踩数的积分系统


lurch

源自中古英語 *lurche（由lurching推测出），源自古法語 lourche (“被骗的；尴尬的；一种游戏”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *lort (“左；左撇子的；扭曲的；弯曲的；变形的；狡诈的；跛脚的”)。与英語 lirt同源。

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。

Lady Blandford has cried her eyes out on losing a lurch.

August 14, 1784, Horace Walpole, letter to the Hon. H. S. Conway


nihil

无答辩 （被告人拒绝辩护或回答）

I shall no longer believe all the visions of my youth:
They have dissolved into nihil.

1996, David Tibet, “The Starres Are Marching Sadly Home (Theinmostlightthirdandfinal)” (lyrics):

All tales about the beginning are apt to eliminate the nothing and make being overall. […] Without Nihil the whirlpool of the beginning settles down and becomes a stagnant puddle of pure being. Nihil disappears.

2008, Arvydas Šliogeris, Names of Nihil，頁號 13:

That is, in the sovereign act of creation, whereby YHWH orders chaos, YHWH provisionally defeated the power of the Nihil but did not destroy or eliminate the threat of chaos.

2009, Walter Brueggemann, An Unsettling God: The Heart of the Hebrew Bible，頁號 143:


nirvana

借自梵語 निर्वाण (nirvāṇa, “熄灭的”)，源自निस् (nis, “出，灭”) + वा (vā, “吹”)。

/nɪɾˈʋɑːn(ə)/


numerology

/ˌnuməˈɹɑləd͡ʒi/


migraine

1777年进行了词形调整（在法語的影响下），源自14世纪晚期的中古英語 megrim，源自13世纪的古法語 migraigne，源自通俗拉丁語中拉丁語 hemicrania (“半边头痛”)的发音，源自古希臘語 ἡμικρανία (hēmikranía)，源自ἡμι- (hēmi-, “半”) + κρανίον (kraníon, “颅”)（亦派生出cranium）其仿译自埃及語 gs-tp (“头痛”)，源自gs (“半”) + tp (“头”)，但是埃及纸莎草内的记录和希腊语内的ἡμικρανία (hēmikranía)也可能纯属碰巧相似。
同源词有megrim、hemicrania。

megrim, migraine headache, sick headache

He had a headache so bad that he wished he was dead, but it was the sort of migraine that promised him he would continue to suffer but not die.

他头痛痛得想死，但是那是那种不会致死而一直折磨你的偏头痛。

After consuming too much coffee every day for six weeks, she got severe migraines that would last up until 47 minutes after her first cup of coffee.

天天过量喝咖啡六周后，她得了一种喝第一杯咖啡后会持续最多47分钟的偏头痛。

It was in 1976, during our first family holiday to Disneyland, California, that my family learned the difference between a headache and a migraine.

2006, Dian Caouette, Migraine Rewritten: A Journey from Debilitating Headache Pain to Regained Health，頁號 6:

A team of international researchers has recently identified the first—ever genetic link to common migraine (common migraine refers to migraine without aura, and it is the most common type of migraine that occurs).

2013, Susan Hutchinson, The Woman's Guide to Managing Migraine，頁號 18:

Migraine headaches are fortunately suffered by a relatively small percentage of people, but for those who do suffer, migraines can literally take over their life.

2013, Health Press Publishing, Natural Therapies and Prevention for Headaches and Migraines, unnumbered page,

Syncope is estimated to occur in bouts of headache in approximately 5% of adult patients with migraine.

1995, Robert A. Davidoff, Migraine: Manifestations, Pathogenesis, and Management，頁號 60:

Migraine is characterized by recurrent unilateral, often pulsating, headaches, worsened by physical activity and associated with nausea, photophobia and phonophobia.

2005, Michael H. Silber, “Chapter 28: Headaches and sleep disorders”, 出自 Christian Guilleminault 編, Clinical Neurophysiology of Sleep Disorders，頁號 337:

Migraine is a common and disabling neurological disorder with substantial variation in the frequency, severity, and duration of headaches (Goadsby, Lipton, & Ferrari, 2002).

2006, Joshua W. Devine, Daily Migraine Prevention and Its Influence on Resource Utilization in the Military Health System, PhD Thesis, page 1,


miscellany

借自法語 miscellanées，源自拉丁語 miscellanea，源自miscellus (“混杂的”)，源自misceō (“混”)。

a monthly miscellany of literature


reproduction

/ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌkʃən/

Many genes with reproductive roles also have antibacterial and immune functions, which indicate that the threat of microbial attack on the sperm or egg may be a major influence on rapid evolution during reproduction.

2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, 出自 American Scientist, 卷 101, 期 3:

Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.

未经许可严禁转载本文章。

Jim was proud of the Rembrandt reproduction he owned.

Jim有一个伦勃朗的复制品，他很引以为豪。


etymology

源自中古英語 ethymologie，源自古法語 ethimologie，源自拉丁語 etymologia，源自古希臘語 ἐτυμολογία (etumología)，源自ἔτυμον (étumon, “真意”)和-λογία (-logía, “...的研究”)，源自λόγος (lógos, “词语，解释”)。

The etymology of the term Japlish is disputed and contentiously so.

2018, James Lambert, “A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, 出自 English World-Wide，頁號 13:

Although written the same, the words lead (the metal) and lead (the verb) have totally different etymologies.

虽然两者拼写一致，但是lead（铅）和lead（引领）的词源迥然不同。


algebra

出自中世紀拉丁語 algebrāica，出自阿拉伯語 الْجَبْر (al-jabr, “拆分与合并”)


ouija

Ouija (“通靈板”)的另一種寫法

Mediums — tipping tables — ouijas — all that sort of thing.
#*:: 灵媒——桌灵转——通靈板——诸如此类的东西。

2005, Stephen Vincent Benet, The Beginning of Wisdom (p. 268)


murder

源自中古英語 murder、murdre、mourdre，变化自早期形式murthre (“谋杀”)（参见murther），源自古英語 morþor (“暗杀，非法杀害”)和古英語 myrþra (“谋杀，他杀”)，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *murþrą (“死，杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mr̥tro- (“杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mer-、*mor-、*mr̥- (“死”)。与哥特語 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂 (maurþr, “谋杀”)、古高地德語 mord (“谋杀”)、古諾爾斯語 morð (“谋杀”)、古英語 myrþrian (“谋杀”)和morþ有关。
中古英語词形内的-d-可能部分受到盎格魯-諾曼語 murdre的影响，后者源自古法語 murdre，源自中世紀拉丁語 murdrum（亦派生出同源对似词murdrum），源自古法蘭克語 *morþr、*murþr (“谋杀”)，源自同样的日耳曼語族词根，虽然也有可能是完全内部发展的结果（对比burden，其源自burthen）。

The defendant was charged with murder.

Reggie Clemons has one last chance to save his life. After 19 years on death row in Missouri for the murder of two young women, he has been granted a final opportunity to persuade a judge that he should be spared execution by lethal injection.

2012 August 21, Ed Pilkington, “Death penalty on trial: should Reggie Clemons live or die?”, 出自 The Guardian:

Whether modern, industrial man is less or more warlike than his hunter-gatherer ancestors is impossible to determine.[…]One thing that is true, though, is that murder rates have fallen over the centuries, as policing has spread and the routine carrying of weapons has diminished. Modern society may not have done anything about war. But peace is a lot more peaceful.

2013 July 20, “Old soldiers?”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 408, 期 8845:

There have been ten unsolved murders this year alone.

单单今年以来就有10起谋杀悬案。

The case was that of a murder. It had an element of mystery about it, however, which was puzzling the authorities. A turban and loincloth soaked in blood had been found; also a staff.

1927, F. E. Penny, 章號 4, 出自 Pulling the Strings:

It may be guessed, indeed, that this was the original form of the story, the fairy being the addition of those who considered Jack's thefts from (and murder of) the giant to be scarcely justified without her.

1984, Humphrey Carpenter, Mari Prichard, The Oxford companion to children's literature, page 275:

Captain Sulu, who served under the legendary James T. Kirk for many years, disobeys Starfleet orders in order to try and help Kirk and another old shipmate, Dr. McCoy, who have been imprisoned for the murder of the Klingon chancellor.

2003, Paul Ruditis, Star Trek Voyager: Companion, →ISBN，頁號 131:

Dr. Herrera also knew Hemingway had held Batista's army personally responsible for the brutal murders of his dogs, Blackie (Black Dog) and Machakos.

2011, Carlene Brennen, Hemingway's Cats, →ISBN，頁號 161:

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。

在使用重罪謀殺罪的司法地區

This headache is murder.

For his part, Melchior was growing unhappy with the murder of crows. They had been patiently following Arthur for hours, trailing him from town to country.

1995, Deepak Chopra, The Return of Merlin: A Novel, →ISBN，頁號 108:

Without the murder of crows roosting in its branches, Nevermore Tree looked as bare as a skeleton.

2001, Daniel Handler, The Vile Village, →ISBN，頁號 76:


providence

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 providence、中古法語 providence，及两者词源拉丁語 prōvidentia (“远虑”)，源自prōvidēre (“提供”)的现在分词。取代了本土词古英語 foresċēawung。

预先准备，深谋远虑，远见 （自14世纪）

神的旨意，神的引导 （自14世纪）

天佑，天意，神意的显现 （自16世纪）

The idea was that a complete list of fully documented providences should be compiled as a cooperative venture which would cross denominational barriers.

1971, Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, Folio Society 2012, p. 91:

对资源的合理安排，节约，节俭 （自17世纪）

His providence in saving for his old age is exemplary.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）


perjury

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 perjurie，源自拉丁語 perjurare (“虚假的发誓”)，源自per- + jūrāre。取代了本土词古英語 mānāþ (字面意思是“虚假的发誓”)。

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)dʒəɹi/

We declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct.

我们在伪证罪规定下宣誓前述事实真实无误。


prowess

源自中古英語 prowesse、prouwesse、proues、prouesce、prouesse (“战斗中的英勇；英勇行为；杰出优越；（人格的）高尚；聪慧”)，源自古法語 proeche、proesce、proeësche (“好，佳；优秀；勇敢”)，源自古法語 preu、prou、prouz、proz、pruz (“好的；优秀的；英勇的”)。对比英語 proud。

高超的技艺，技能，本领，造诣

When in liquor he would make foolish wagers. On one of these too frequent occasions he was boasting of his prowess as a pedestrian and athlete, and the outcome was a match against nature. For a stake of one sovereign he undertook to run all the way to Coventry and back, a distance of something more than forty miles.

1888 October 14, Ambrose Bierce, “An Unfinished Race”, 出自 The San Francisco Examiner, →OCLC; republished in Can Such Things Be?, Washington, D.C.: The Neale Publishing Company, 1903, →OCLC，頁號 313:

There is such a sense of inferiority sometimes when it comes to facing Germany, with all their World Cups, their penalty prowess and easy sophistication, it might come as a surprise to learn that, in head-to-head encounters, England actually match their opponents.

2017 November 10, Daniel Taylor, “Youthful England earn draw with Germany but Lingard rues late miss”, 出自 The Guardian, London，於2018-03-28歸檔自原頁面:

英勇，勇敢，无畏，英雄气概 （尤指在战斗中）

[…] But, wroth because this man in full assembly, / Came and reviled thee, thou wouldst shew thy prowess, / The prowess that attends thee, that henceforth / Not e'er a man might think to scorn thy prowess, […]

1863, Homer, T[homas] S[tarling] Norgate, transl., The Odyssey; or, The Ten Years’ Wandering of Odusseus, after the Ten Years’ Siege of Troy. Reproduced in Dramatic Blank Verse, London: Williams and Norgate, […], →OCLC，頁號 158:

A beautiful great lady, past her prime, / Behold her dreaming in her easy chair; / Grey robed, and veiled, in laces old and rare, / Her smiling eyes see but the vanished time / Of splendid prowess, and of deeds sublime.

1910, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, “England, Awake!”, 出自 Poems of Experience, London: Gay & Hancock, Ltd., 12 and 13 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, 出版於 1917, →OCLC，頁號 38; 再版為 More Poems, Toronto, Ont.: McClelland & Stewart Publishers, 1919, →OCLC, stanza 1，頁號 246:

显示出上述特质的行为 熟练，高超的手法

I recollect hearing […] of his [Sir William Hamilton's] simple, independent, meditative habits, ruggedly athletic modes of exercise, fondness for his big dog, etc. etc.: […] I did not witness, much less share in, any of the swimming or other athletic prowesses.

1869 July, “Art. VI.—Memoir of Sir William Hamilton, Bart., Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. By John Veitch, M.A., Professor of Logic and Rhetoric in the University of Glasgow. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1869.”, 出自 The North British Review, 卷 L, 期 C, Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas, →OCLC，頁號 493:

As the Middle Ages drew to a close and the Renaissance rose like a new sun, knowledge of philosophy and the sciences became objects of interest to a nobility that had once held only skill in battle as a prowess worth attaining.

2007, Christopher Hodapp, “From Darkness to Light”, 出自 Richard Harris 編, Solomon’s Builders: Freemasons, Founding Fathers and the Secrets of Washington, D.C., Berkeley, Calif.: Ulysses Press, →ISBN，頁號s 35–36:

显示出上述特质的行为 英勇行为

Thenne the batails approuched and ſhoue and ſhowted on bothe ſydes / many men ouerthrowen / hurte / & ſlayn and grete valyaunces / proweſſes and appertyces of werre were that day ſhewed […]

a. 1472, Thomas Malory, “Capitulum viij”, 出自 [Le Morte Darthur], book V, [London: […] by William Caxton], 出版於 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 87, recto; 再版為 H[einrich] Oskar Sommer 編, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC，頁號 173，行號s 11–15:

If it is deemed of so much importance, why has no attention been paid to the effects of general friendship, such as certain military prowesses, in which you see a portion of a regiment sacrifice itself in support of another portion?

1851, Charles Fourier, Hugh Doherty, transl., “Ulterlogue”, 出自 The Passions of the Human Soul, and Their Influence on Society and Civilization. […] In Two Volumes, 卷 II, London: Hippolyte Bailliere, […], →OCLC，頁號 88:


pareidolia

借自德語 Pareidolie，由古希臘語 παρα- (para-, “在...一边”) + εἴδωλον (eídōlon, “图像”) + -ία (-ía)构成。

This last is called by Dr. Kahlbaum, changing hallucination, partial hallucination, perception of secondary images, or pareidolia.

1868 July, John Sibbald, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 卷 13，頁號 238:

Pareidolia underlies several forms of divination.

1993, Raymond Moody, Paul Perry, Reunions: Visionary Encounters with Departed Loved Ones, New York, N.Y.: Random House, →ISBN，頁號 13:

Pareidolias aren't solely limited to images. When I was a youngster, I remember listening to The Beatles' song "Strawberry Fields" over and over to hear what seemed to be "I buried Paul."

2006, Steve W. Martin, “Choosing Your Battles”, 出自 Heavy Hitter Selling: How Successful Salespeople Use Language and Intuition to Persuade Customers to Buy, Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁號 150:

Pareidolia is a state of mind where a vague or unclear image is perceived to be something recognizable, regardless of whether it's something you expect to see. The most famous example of pareidolia is the familiar face of the Man in the Moon.

2010, Rick Emmer, “Nessies of the New World”, 出自 Loch Ness Monster: Fact or Fiction? (Creature Scene Investigation), New York, N.Y.: Chelsea House Publishers, Infobase Publishing, →ISBN，頁號 81:


purgatory

源自拉丁語 purgātōrium (“清洗的”)。与英語 purge同源。

/ˈpɝɡəˌtɔɹi/

Purgatory (“炼狱”)的大小寫替代形式

（尤指作为救赎的一部分所经历的）磨难，苦痛

[…] many Gods breedeth heathens miseries, many countries trauailers humors, many wiues mens purgatories, and many friends trustes ruine:

1605, Nicholas Breton, An Olde Mans Lesson, and a Young Mans Loue, London: Edward White,

I laid my rank and fortune at the fair one’s feet, and would have married instantly; but that Oldworth opposed my precipitancy, and insisted upon a probation of six months absence—It has been a purgatory!

1774, 约翰·伯戈因, The Maid of the Oaks, London: T. Becket, Act I, Scene 1, p. 6,

It might be […] that Ruth had worked her way through the deep purgatory of repentance up to something like purity again; God only knew!

1853, 伊丽莎白·盖斯凯尔, 《露丝》，章节25，

Later came midsummer, with the stifling heat, when the dingy killing beds of Durham’s became a very purgatory; one time, in a single day, three men fell dead from sunstroke.

1904, 厄普顿·辛克莱，《屠场》，章节10，

[…] that would mean he would be irrecoverably Afrikaans and would have to spend years in the purgatory of an Afrikaans boarding-school, as all farm-children do, before he would be allowed to come back to the farm.

1997, 约翰·马克斯维尔·库切，《男孩》，Penguin, Chapter 11, p. 100,


paranoia

最终源自古希臘語 παράνοια (paránoia, “疯狂”)，源自παράνοος (paránoos, “疯癫的，痴呆的”)，源自παρά (pará, “超越”) + νόος (nóos, “心智，心灵”)。
就词形分析为para- (“异常，超越”) + nous (“心智”) + -ia (“症候，症状”)。

/ˌpæɹ.əˈnɔɪ.ə/

/ˌpɛɹ.əˈnɔɪ.ə/


pandemonium

在《失乐园》一書中由约翰·弥尔顿造出 Pandæmonium 一詞，源自古希臘語 πᾶν (pân, “全”)（等价于英語 pan-） + 晚期拉丁語 daemonium (“恶魂，恶魔”)，源自古希臘語 δαιμόνιον (daimónion, “神祇”)。

pandemoniums (plural)
pandemonia (plural)

/ˌpændɪˈməʊnɪəm/

outburst

(尤指人群的) 激愤，混乱

uproar

(尤指人群的) 激愤，混乱

Whenever you have violent pandemonium, there's the overwhelming possibility for panic and tragedy.

每當發生暴力騷動時，極有可能會造成恐慌和不幸。

(尤指人群的) 激愤，混乱


pestilence

源自中古英語，源自古法語，源自拉丁語 pestilentia (“瘟疫”)，源自pestilens (“感染的，不健康的，有害的”)。等价于pestilent + -ence。

Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by night; nor for the arrow that flieth by day;

1611, King James Translators, Psalms 91:5-6:

"Take it, Christian dogsǃ take the palaces, the gardens, the mosques, the abode of our fathers - take plague with them; pestilence is the enemy we fly; if she be your friend, hug her to your bosoms. The curse of Allah is on Stamboul, share ye her fateǃ"

1826, Mary Shelley, The Last Man, part 2, chapter 2

It was reserved for Christians to torture bread, the staff of life, bread for which children in whole districts wail, bread, the gift of pasture to the poor, bread, for want of which thousands of our fellow beings annually perish by famine; it was reserved for Christians to torture the material of bread by fire, to create a chemical and maddening poison, burning up the brain and brutalizing the soul, and producing evils to humanity, in comparison of which, war, pestilence, and famine, cease to be evils.

1831 July 15, “Of the Blood”, 出自 Western Journal of Health, 卷 4, 期 1, L. B. Lincoln，頁號 38:

The snowshoe-rabbits build up through the years until they reach a climax when they seem to be everywhere; then with dramatic suddenness their pestilence falls upon them.

1949 - Bruce Kiskaddon, George R. Stewart, Earth Abides

道德败坏的东西，扰乱社会公序良俗的东西


pantomime

约17世纪，源自拉丁語 pantomīmus，源自古希臘語 παντόμιμος (pantómimos)，源自πᾶς (pâs, “全”) + μιμέομαι (miméomai, “模仿”)。

滑稽哑剧演员 （自17世纪）

[He] saw a pantomime perform so well that he could follow the performance from the action alone.

1865, Edward Burnett Tylor, Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization

一种面向儿童的童话剧 （自18世纪）

With the Stoke supporters jeering Ziv's every subsequent touch, the pantomime atmosphere created by the home crowd reached a crescendo when Ziv was shown a straight red shortly after the break in extraordinary circumstances.

2011 October 20, Michael da Silva, “Stoke 3 - 0 Macc Tel-Aviv”, 出自 BBC Sport:

滑稽哑剧 （自18世纪）

A staid, steadfast man, whose life for the most part was a telling pantomime of action, and not a tame chapter of sounds.

1851, Herman Melville, Moby Dick, chapter 26

In pantomime, Chief Joyi would fling his spear and creep along the veld as he narrated the victories and defeats.

1994, Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom, Abacus 2010, p. 26:


prevarication

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 prevaricassion、中古法語 prevarication和其来源，拉丁語 praevāricātiō (“与对手串通；偏离正轨；欺瞒”)，源自praevāricor的词干。

/pɹɪˌvæɹɪˈkeɪʃən/

/pɹɪˌvæɹəˈkeɪʃən/

Prevarication became the order of the day in his government while truth was a stranger in those halls.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

Mr Rajoy frustrates many with his prevarication over a fresh euro-zone bail-out, which now comes with a conditional promise from the European Central Bank (ECB) to help bring down Spain’s stifling borrowing costs.

2012 October 6, “Charlemagne: Mysterious Mariano”, 出自 The Economist:

（被告人和线人的）串通，勾结

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。

If it shall appeare, that they haue forfeited their Faith, or wronged their Client by preuarication.

1628, Robert Le Grys, Argenis, translationJohn Barclay所著的原著:


populace

common people, hoi polloi, masses, people, rabble, riff-raff

The populace despised their ignorant leader.

民眾鄙視他們愚昧的領導者。

Throughout the 1500s, the populace roiled over a constellation of grievances of which the forest emerged as a key focal point. The popular late Middle Ages fictional character Robin Hood, dressed in green to symbolize the forest, dodged fines for forest offenses and stole from the rich to give to the poor. But his appeal was painfully real and embodied the struggle over wood.

2006, Edwin Black, 章號 2, 出自 Internal Combustion:

Thomas Brassey (1805-70) should be equally famous, yet he is unknown to swathes of the greater populace. His plaque is at Chester.

2021 December 29, Stephen Roberts, “Stories and facts behind railway plaques: Chester (1848)”, 出自 RAIL, 期 947，頁號 57:


bubbly

We're getting married–this calls for a bottle of bubbly!

我们要结婚啦！开一瓶香槟庆祝一下！

“[…] Maybe some bubbly for the ladies, since we just bought the house of life, and break camp . . . since they are very appreciative that things got wrapped up so fast.”

2007, L. A. Banks, The Cursed, St. Martin's Griffin, →ISBN:


piety

源自中古英語 piete，借自中古法語 pieté，源自拉丁語 pietās。参见同源对似词pietà和pity。

Colleen's piety led her to make sacrifices that most people would not have made.

Colleen的虔诚使她做出了大部分人不会做出的牺牲。

(对父母的) 孝顺；顾家；(对国家的) 忠诚

不假思索而产生的虔诚的观念


retribution

源自拉丁語 retribuō (“偿还”)。

/ˌɹɛtɹɪˈbjuʃən/

（出于道德或报复的）惩罚，惩处

Whereas retribution focuses on the offender's wrong, retaliation focuses on the impulse of the victim (or of those who sympathize with him) to strike back at the offender.

1983, Richard A. Posner, The economics of justicem p.208:

1. Revenge is for an injury; retribution is for a wrong.

1999, Barbara Hanawalt, Medieval crime and social control, p.73:


bouillon

首次可考于1656年，源自法語 bouillon，源自动词bouillir (“煮沸”)，源自古法語 boillir，源自拉丁語 bullīre，bulliō (“煮沸”)的现在主动不定式，源自bulla (“气泡”)。


relish

变换自reles (“气味，味道，回味”)，源自古法語 relais、reles (“残留物”)，源自relaisser (“残留”)。

A Laplander or Negro has no notion of the relish of wine.

1748. David Hume. Enquiries concerning the human understanding and concerning the principles of moral. London: Oxford University Press, 1973. § 12.

Much pleasure we have lost while we abstained / From this delightful fruit, nor known till now / True relish, tasting.

每当我们有意避开这令人愉快的果子的时候，我们就在失去这样的享乐，如果不品尝，直到现在也不会知道真正的滋味。

1667, John Milton, “Book IX”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

One of the first acts which he was under the necessity of performing must have been painful to a man of so generous a nature, and of so keen a relish for whatever was excellent in arts and letters.

1849, Thomas Macaulay, History of England, Chapter 11:

I have a relish for moderate praise, because it bids fair to be judicious.

1785, William Cowper, letter to the Rev. John Newton (dated December 10, 1785)

Jews and Israel are not synonymous; nor is support for Palestine synonymous with anti-Semitism; nor is questioning the orthodoxy of the Republican party, which the majority of us do with relish, an insult to Jewry.

2019 July 17, Talia Lavin, “When Non-Jews Wield Anti-Semitism as Political Shield”, 出自 GQ:

（用蔬菜或水果制作的）佐料

Congressmen gleefully wolfed down every imaginable version of the hot dog – smoked kielbasas, jumbo grillers, Big & Juicy's, kosher dogs and spiced dogs – topped with every imaginable condiment – hot mustard, sweet mustard, jalapenos, spaghetti sauce, regular relish, corn relish, maple syrup salsa and the secret sauce of Rep. Jack Kingston (R-Ga.). ("If I told you the recipe," an aide explained, "I'd have to shoot you.")

1994 July 21, Faye Fiore, “Congress relishes another franking privilege: Meat lobby puts on the dog with exclusive luncheon for lawmakers – experts on pork”, 出自 Los Angeles Times:

在木制框架中，榫頭側面或周圍的凸起或肩部，位於榫頭上。


paradox

源自中古法語 paradoxe，源自拉丁語 paradoxum，源自古希臘語 παράδοξος (parádoxos, “意外的，奇怪的”)。

"This sentence is false" is a paradox.

“这句话是假的”是悖论。

According to one version of an ancient paradox, an Athenian is supposed to say "I am a liar." It is then argued that if the statement is true, then he is telling the truth, and is therefore not a liar […]

1962, Abraham Wolf, Textbook of Logic，頁號 255:

反常结果，意外结果，似非而是的事实

It is an interesting paradox that drinking a lot of water can often make you feel thirsty.

喝很多水会意外地让你很渴。

The most fundamental paradox is that if we're never to use force, we must be prepared to use it and to use it successfully.

1983 May 21, Ronald Reagan, Presidential Radio Address:

Not having a fashion is a fashion; that's a paradox.

不随时尚就是一种时尚，真是矛盾。

How quaint the ways of Paradox! / At common sense she gaily mocks! / Though counting in the usual way years twenty-one I've been alive, / Yet reck'ning by my natal day, / Yet reck'ning by my natal day, / I am a little boy of five!

1879, W. S. Gilbert, “The Pirates of Penzance”, 出自 The Complete Plays of Gilbert and Sullivan, 出版於 1941:

He is a paradox; you would not expect him in that political party.

他这个人真是矛盾，怎么就进了那个政党。

You are a paradox of bitch and angel.

1999, Virginia Henley, A Year and a Day, →ISBN，頁號 315:

And only by dismantling our preconceptions of age can we be free to understand the paradox: How young are the old?

1994, James Joseph Pirkl, Transgenerational Design, →ISBN，頁號 3:

Ay, truly; for the power of beauty will sooner / transform honesty from what it is to a bawd than the / force of honesty can translate beauty into his / likeness: this was sometime a paradox, but now the / time gives it proof.

1594, William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Act III:

they contended to make that Maxim, that there is no faith to be held with Infidels, a meere and absurd Paradox [...].

1615, Ralph Hamor, A True Discourse of the Present State of Virginia, Richmond, 出版於 1957，頁號 3:

The need for paradox is no doubt rooted deep in the very nature of the use we make of language.

1906, Richard Holt Hutton, Brief Literary Criticisms，頁號 40:

Thus, like modern disputants, they aimed either to confute the respondent or to land him in paradox.

1866, Edward Poste, Aristotle on Fallacies, Or, The Sophistici Elenchi, translationAristotle所著的原著，頁號 43:

逆反心理指示 （心理治疗师给出的希望患者不遵从或无法遵从的指示）

Defiance-based paradox is employed so that the family will actively oppose and deliberately sabotage the prescription.

1988, Martin Lakin, Ethical Issues in the Psychotherapies, →ISBN，頁號 103:


bullion

源自中古英語 bulloin、bullioun，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 bullion，其词源不详，可能源自法語 bouillon，自“熔化”一意引申而来。中古荷蘭語 boelioen (“贱金属”)可能源自无关的法語 billon。

（肩章等上面的，贵金属制的）弯曲边缘

The hair was plaited with bullion and red riband, and then wound round the head, something after the fashion of a turban, save that it entirely displayed the forehead.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XXII, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 卷 I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁號 257:


bravado

源自法語 bravade (“自夸”)，源自意大利語 bravata，源自动词bravare (“自夸”)，源自bravo。

/bɹɑːˈvɑːdoʊ/

The angry customer stood in the middle of the showroom and voiced his complaints with loud bravado.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

For a bravado he had the organ taken down and conveyed to his father's house, where he had it put up in the chamber where it now stands. It was also for a bravado that he played on it every day. But, by−and−by, the amount of time which he spent at it daily began to increase rapidly.

1891, Rosa Mulholland, The Haunted Organist of Hurly Burly，頁號 12:

Songs like "Hey Bobby", and "Do Ya" drip with innuendo and sexual bravado.

1990 Amy Longsdorf, K.T. Oslin: Personality, Wit and Style To Spare", The Morning Callhttp://articles.mcall.com/1990-08-11/entertainment/2758085_1_oslin-country-music-kt

Stripped of all bravado, Cersei breaks, and shows the very scared, vulnerable woman who has kept her emotions at bay. “I don’t want to die,” she whimpers, “Not like this.” It’s all the more moving for coming from a character who built her identity on steely resolve and contempt for such hoary conceits as fear.

2019 May 12, Alex McLevy, “Westeros faces a disastrous final battle on the penultimate Game of Thrones (newbies)”, 出自 The A.V. Club:

The rise of SOS devices – satellite-synched gadgets that send a signal to rescue agencies when activated – give people bravado, Estrada says. “A lot of people carry these SOS devices and they think they can get into any trouble and they can get help,” he says, adding that he has seen more requests for assistance recently.

2023 February 11, Katharine Gammon, “A mountain of trouble? The draw – and danger – of California’s Mount Baldy”, 出自 The Guardian, →ISSN:

No doubt there is fear despite the bravado, but there is also no significant loss of Ukrainian military cohesion.

2023 April 2, Dan Sabbagh, Ed Ram, “Surrounded and outgunned, Ukraine’s tank crews prepare for battle of Bakhmut”, 出自 The Guardian, →ISSN:


penitence

首次可考于约13世纪，源自中古英語 penitence，源自古法語 penitence，源自拉丁語 paenitentia (“忏悔”)，源自paenitēns (“忏悔的”)，paeniteō (“后悔，忏悔”)的现在主动分词。等价于penitent + -ence。penance的同源對似詞。


brume

借自法語 brume，源自拉丁語 brūma (“冬至；冬天；冬天的寒冷”)。brūma派生自brevima、brevissima (“最短的”)，brevis (“短暂的”)的最高级（因为每年的冬至日白天最短），最终源自原始印歐語 *mréǵʰus (“短暂的”)。

For, shou'd you come before the Brume's abated / Th' Opime you'd linquish for the Macerated.

1737, François Rabelais, “Book V”, 出自 Peter Anthony Motteux, Sir Thomas Urquhart（譯者）, The Works of Mr. Francois Rabelais […] , 卷 2, Navarre Society, 出版於 1921，頁號 438:

All around their bubble of stupidity I could feel the brume of the dragon.

1972, John Gardner, Grendel, André Deutsch，頁號 77:


blossom

源自中古英語 blosme，源自古英語 blostm、blostma，源自原始日耳曼語 *blōsmaz（对比西弗里斯蘭語 blossem、荷蘭語 bloesem），*blōstaz（对比德語 Blust）的加长形式，源自原始印歐語 *bʰleh₃-s- (“花”)，源自*bʰleh₃- (“绽，盛开”)。同源词有阿爾巴尼亞語 bleron (“绽放，繁盛”)、拉丁語 flōs (“花”)、Flōra (“植物之神”)。详见blow的词源4。

花 （尤指果树结果前盛开的花）； （这种花的）花簇

The blossom has come early this year.

Foppiſh and fantaſtick Ornaments are only Indications of Vice, not criminal in themſelves. Extinguiſh Vanity in the Mind, and you naturally retrench the little Superfluities of Garniture and Equipage. The Bloſſoms will fall of themſelves, when the Root that nouriſhes them is deſtroyed.

1711 March 16, The Spectator, 卷 I, 期 16, London: Printed for S[amuel] Buckley, at the Dolphin in Little-Britain; and J[acob] Tonson, at Shakespear's-Head over-against Catherine-street in the Strand, →OCLC，頁號 89:

The orchard is in blossom.

This beauty, in the blossom of my youth, / When my first fire knew no adulterate incense, / Nor I no way to flatter, but my fondness; / [...] long did I love this lady, / Long was my travail, long my trade to win her; / With all the duty of my soul, I served her.

c. 1619–1622, Philip Massinger, “A Very Woman”, 出自 Three New Playes: viz. The Bashful Lover, Guardian, Very Woman. As They have been Often Acted at the Private-house in Black-Friers, by His Late Majesties Servants, with Great Applause, London: Printed for Humphrey Moseley, and are to be sold at his shop at the sign of the Prince's Arms in St. Pauls Church-yard, 出版於 1655, →OCLC, Act IV, scene iii; 再版為 W[illiam] Gifford 編, The Plays of Philip Massinger, in Four Volumes. With Notes Critical and Explanatory, 卷 IV, London: Printed for G[eorge] and W[illiam] Nicol [et al.] by W[illiam] Bulmer and Co., Cleveland-Row, St. James's, 1805, →OCLC，頁號 317:

混杂有栗色或棕色的白色 （指马的毛色）

For colour he [Nobs, a horse] was neither black-bay, brown-bay, dapple-bay, black-grey, iron-grey, sad-grey, branded-grey, sandy-grey, dapple-grey, silver-grey, dun, mouse-dun, flea-backed, flea-bitten, rount, blossom, roan, pye-bald, rubican, sorrel, cow-coloured sorrel, bright sorrel, burnt sorrel, starling-colour, tyger-colour, wolf-colour, deer-colour, cream-colour, white, grey, or black. Neither was he green, like the horse which the Emperor [Septimus] Severus took from the Parthians, [...]

1834–1847, Robert Southey, “A Feeble Attempt to Describe the Physical and Moral Qualities of Nobs”, 出自 John Wood Warter 編, The Doctor, &c., London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, →OCLC; new版, London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1862, →OCLC，頁號 358，列號 2:


potation

源自中古英語 potacion，源自古法語 potacion，源自拉丁語 pōtātiō。

[…] perhaps his nocturnal potations, prevented him from recognizing accents which were tolerably familiar to him—[…]

1820, 沃尔特·司各特, 章號 VI, 出自 艾凡赫, 卷 II, 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC，頁號 90:

For as this is the Liquor of modern Hiſtorians, nay, perhaps their Muſe, if we may believe the Opinion of Butler, who attributes Inſpiration to Ale, it ought likewiſe to be the Potation of their Readers; ſince every Book ought to be read with the ſame Spirit, and in the ſame Manner, as it is writ.

1749, Henry Fielding, “Containing five Pages of Paper”, 出自 The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, 卷 II, London: A[ndrew] Millar […], →OCLC, book IV，頁號 2:


penchant

借自法語 penchant，pencher (“偏，倾向”)的现在分词，源自中古法語，源自古法語 pengier (“偏倚”)，源自通俗拉丁語 *pendicāre，派生自拉丁語 pendere (“挂”)。

He has a penchant for fine wine.

Marie even then began the course which, in after-years, secured her so vast an influence in the court,—alternately taking up and laying down her claim to the youthful monarch's penchant; administering to his amusement, and ready to encourage his passing fancies.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XXII, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 卷 I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁號 264:

THE LONDON & NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY. By O. S. Nock. Ian Allan. 30s.

[...] One scarcely imagined, for example, that the great steel works at Crewe owed its existence to Sir Richard Moon's penchant for the principle of "Do it yourself", a principle born of a methodical, economical and far-seeing mind.

1960 October, “New reading on railways”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，頁號 640:

I said I've got a penchant for smokes and kicking douches in the mouth / Sadly for you my last cigarette's gone out
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2019, Idles, "Never Fight a Man With a Perm", Joy as an Act of Resistance.

Just like Marple, there's a plaque at the London terminus [Paddington] commemorating a fictional character - a polite, friendly little bear from darkest Peru who has a penchant for marmalade sarnies.

2021 September 22, Stephen Roberts, “The writings on the wall...”, 出自 RAIL, 期 940，頁號 74:


predilection

The young King looked tenderly at Mademoiselle Mancini, who gave him a glance quite as tender in return—not, however, unobserved. His mother had been for some time past a displeased spectator of a predilection which might become dangerous.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XIX, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 卷 I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁號 219:

American operating practice aims at the minimum wastage of time by locomotives at water columns and coal stages, and this predilection for shunters with high capacity tenders is thereby explained.

1941 November, “Notes and News: American Tank Locomotives”, 出自 Railway Magazine，頁號 523:

It was an illusion, of course, generated by Clevinger's predilection for staring fixedly at one side of a question and never seeing the other side at all.

1961 November 10, Joseph Heller, “Lieutenant Scheisskopf”, 出自 Catch-22 […], New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁號 66:

The appointment as Member of the B.T.C. with "special responsibility for railway workshops" of Sir Steuart Mitchell is in accordance with Mr. Marples' predilection for non-railwaymen in the highest posts.

1962 April, “Talking of Trains: 源自guided weapons to the B.T.C.”, 出自 Modern Railways，頁號 221:

A row of houses he regards as a row of necessary evils. The softening and degeneration of the human race he attributes to its progressive predilection for interiors and waning interest in the art of going out and staying there.

1967, Flann O’Brien, The Third Policeman, ch. 2,

But for him the first rule of judging was to set aside personal predilection and vote the law and the facts.

1987, Edwin M. Yoder Jr., "Lewis Powell a Fine Sense of Balance," Washington Post, 29 Jun.,

... youth’s predilection for revolt.

2000, Terry McCarthy, "Lost Generation," Time Asia, 23 Oct.,

Wilson doesn’t see any inconsistency between his socialism and his predilection for the high life.

2001, Marina Cantacuzino, "On deadly ground," The Guardian, 13 Mar.,


platitude

源自法語 platitude，源自plat (“平的”)，源自通俗拉丁語 *plattus，源自古希臘語 πλᾰτῠ́ς (platús)。

Beauty, I suppose, opens the heart, extends the consciousness. It is a platitude, of course.

1918, Algernon Blackwood, 章號 XI, 出自 The Garden of Survival:

Semiramis was the first woman to invent eunuchs and women have had sympathy for them ever since; […] and women can tell them what they can't tell other men. And Ivor, suddenly cheered by laughing at his absurd platitudes, and finding himself by the door, was going from the room.

1922, Michael Arlen, “2/1/2”, 出自 “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

For most of the past three decades, the natural world was treated almost as an afterthought by world leaders. If discussed at all, it was with platitudes about the need to save polar bears and tigers.

2019 August 30, Jonathan Watts, “Amazon fires show world heading for point of no return, says UN”, 出自 The Guardian:

显而易见的事，不言自明的事 （过于显然而无趣的事）

The synthesis which he helped to effect was so successful that this aspect of his work escaped notice in the last century: all that Britomart stands for was platitude to our fathers. It is platitude no longer.

1963, James R. Kreuzer, Lee Cogan, Modern Writings on Major English Authors, Ardent Media，頁號 109:

After explaining myself sufficiently, I now offer my own platitude: I believe that the institution of the cabaret has the right to exist only so long as it bears the character of dilettantism and improvisation.

1993, Harold B. Segel, The Vienna Coffeehouse Wits, 1890-1938, Purdue University Press, →ISBN，頁號 210:

Indeed, in the ownership scenario the idealization is supported in a much thinner manner: we start with a platitude that characterizes individuals as coowners (that they are de facto seen as either property holders themselves or otherwise as […]

2012 September 16, Mathias Risse, On Global Justice, Princeton University Press, →ISBN，頁號 149:

The former figures the typical prairie landscape-poet who who stops at the correction line (which itself literally denies the platitude of flatness) to notice the ever-present wind.

1992, Ed Jewinski, Andrew Stubbs, The Politics of Art: Eli Mandel's Poetry and Criticism，頁號 31:

With the photograph, we enter into flat death. One day, leaving one of my classes, someone said to me with disdain, "You talk about death very flatly." — As if the horror of Death were not precisely its platitude!

2001, Elissa Marder, Dead Time: Temporal Disorders in the Wake of Modernity，頁號 87:

Though we do not have a traditional correspondence theory, which sets up a structural similarity relation between statements and facts, we have the truth of sentences determined by word-to-world relations, in particular, relations between linguistic items and objects. This reflects the platitude behind correspondence, but the Tarskian appartatus gives the platitude more substance.

2013, Ernest Lepore, Kirk Ludwig, A Companion to Donald Davidson:

seemly platitude, flat-footed ordinariness, and well-enacted upper working class respectability cancel out any turpitude, exhilarating tension or satanic glamour a casino might be expected to have.

After a passage of what we feel to be true poetry, there follows, inevitably, a passage of platitude which no critical pre-judgment can force us to admire;

1984, Library of America, Edgar Allan Poe, Gary Richard Thompson, Essays and Reviews，頁號 71:

Of the true steady-going German nature the bane is, as I remarked, flat commonness; there seems no end to its capacity for platitude; it has neither the quick perception of the Celt to save it from platitude, nor the strenuousness of the Norman;

2001, Daniel R. Davis, Matthew Arnold, On the study of celtic literature，頁號 127:

More damning, this 'flat-pack kit' causes us to decline into platitude and predictablity, denies us from real political intellectual purchase and, as result, standard theoretical ideas become our ideological comforters.

2014, Hester du Plessis, Jeffrey Sehume, Leonard Martin, Concept and Application of Transdisciplinarity in Intellectual Discourse and Research，頁號 29:


power

源自中古英語 power、poer，源自古法語 poeir，源自通俗拉丁語 *potēre，源自拉丁語 possum、posse (“能够”)，见potent。对比法語 pouvoir。取代了古英語原生词汇anweald。

If it is spirits who have power to suffer, it seems they would also have active powers to think and will.

2018, Marilyn McCord Adams, Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God (page 74)

影响力，势力 影响力，控制力

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, 卷 III, London: A[ndrew] Millar […], →OCLC, book iii:

“[…] That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh. Her own father recognised it when he bereft her of all power in the great business he founded. […]”

1913, Robert Barr, 章號 4, 出自 Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

Past and future obviously have no reality of their own. Just as the moon has no light of its own, but can only reflect the light of the sun, so are past and future only pale reflections of the light, power, and reality of the eternal present.

影响力，势力 权力，势力

The Party seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested in the good of others; we are interested solely in power. Not wealth or luxury or long life or happiness: only power, pure power. … We know that no one ever seizes power with the intention of relinquishing it. Power is not a means, it is an end. One does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a revolution; one makes the revolution in order to establish the dictatorship. The object of persecution is persecution. The object of torture is torture. The object of power is power.

1949, Eric Blair, aka George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four

In the face of expanding federal power, California in particular struggled to maintain control over its Chinese population.

It has jailed environmental activists and is planning to limit the power of judicial oversight by handing a state-approved body a monopoly over bringing environmental lawsuits.

2013 August 10, “Can China clean up fast enough?”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 408, 期 8848:

影响力，势力 政权，当局

影响力，势力 影响力巨大的集体，如强国，大型企业等

Most of the Himalayan rivers have been relatively untouched by dams near their sources. Now the two great Asian powers, India and China, are rushing to harness them as they cut through some of the world's deepest valleys.

2013 August 16, John Vidal, “Dams endanger ecology of Himalayas”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 189, 期 10，頁號 8:

He needed a lot of power to hit the ball out of the stadium.

他需要很大力量才能将球打出体育馆。

After the pylons collapsed, this town was without power for a few days.

输电塔塌了以后，这个镇子已经停电好几天了。

“My father had ideas about conservation long before the United States took it up.[…]You preserve water in times of flood and freshet to be used for power or for irrigation throughout the year. […]”

[Rural solar plant] schemes are of little help to industry or other heavy users of electricity. Nor is solar power yet as cheap as the grid. For all that, the rapid arrival of electric light to Indian villages is long overdue. When the national grid suffers its next huge outage, as it did in July 2012 when hundreds of millions were left in the dark, look for specks of light in the villages.

2013 July 20, “Out of the gloom”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 408, 期 8845:

效率，效果 （电的）功率

We need a microscope with higher power.

我们需要一个倍数更高的显微镜。

Don't you mind my snuffling a little—becuz we're in a power of trouble.


paparazzi

paparazzo的复数形式的重新解读，它才是意大利語的标准单数形。

The job of a paparazzi is, roughly, to ‘reveal the truth’ about the rich and the famous.

1997, Eeva Joniken, Soile Veijola, “The Disoriented Tourist: The Figuration of the Tourist in Contemporary Cultural Critique”, 出自 Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory, Routledge, →ISBN，頁號 46:

A paparazzi is investigating the lives of a Royal couple.

2000, David Naccache, Michael Tunstall, “How to Explain Side-Channel Leakage to Your Kids”, 出自 Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems — CHES 2000, Springer, →ISBN，頁號 229:

What if someone I know sees me? Or what if a paparazzi is lurking somewhere?

2005, Jude Idada, “Ouch!”, 出自 A Box of Chocolates, Trafford Publishing, →ISBN，頁號 221:

“Tell Page that PAPARAZZI is here, in my apartment. And then tell her that their offices are right across from us …”

1989, Carol Muske-Dukes, Dear Digby, Viking, →ISBN，頁號 148:

Rather, the business paparazzi is armoring itself for a backlash campaign against the entrepreneurial big mouths.

2001, Geert Lovink, “The Rise and Fall of Dotcom Mania”, 出自 Dark Fiber: Tracking Critical Internet Culture, MIT Press, 出版於 2002, →ISBN，頁號 354:

Nelishia—You are a special lady with an enormous heart with skills that are off the chains!!! You go girl!!! A definite multi-tasking Diva!! Get your Chanel shades paparazzi is lurking…lol

2006, Kisha Green, And Even If I Did, iUniverse, →ISBN，頁號 vi:


fucking

性交 （尤指没有感情的性交）

I got a good fucking out of her, but I doubt we'll have another date.

我幹她幹得很爽，但是估计以后约都不会再约了。

Like the French fool, that wanders up and down

c 1674, John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, A Satyr on Charles II

I took a real fucking on the interest rate for that loan.

那个贷款的利率真是要把我搞死了。


slosh

一些（液体，比splash多）

Shoes and socks, soaked and frozen in the mud and icy slosh, did little to protect their feet.

2012, Cathy Gohlke, Promise Me This (page 299)

In the Midi, Grenache dominates most of the traditional appellations. Corbières, Minervois, Fitou, Faugères — these were once bywords for rough-and-ready red slosh.

2005, Stuart Walton, Understanding, Choosing, and Enjoying Wine (page 86)

Finally they retired, did you not? said Tetty.
We did indeed, said Goff, we retired to the billiard-room, for a game of slosh.


starboard

源自中古英語 sterbord、stere-bourd、stere-burd，源自古英語 stēorbord，源自原始西日耳曼語 *steurubord，等价于steer + board (“船的一侧”)，指古时船只舵桨放在右侧（来方便右撇子船员），此时船只需要以左侧靠岸，否则会被右侧的舵桨挡住，这也是现在左侧被称为port的原因。

right

（船舶、航空器等的）右侧，右舷

port

（船舶、航空器等的）右侧，右舷

backboard

（船舶、航空器等的）右侧，右舷

larboard

（船舶、航空器等的）右侧，右舷

leeboard

（船舶、航空器等的）右侧，右舷

left

（船舶、航空器等的）右侧，右舷

（船舶、航空器等的）右侧，右舷

I see another vessel off the starboard side.

我从右舷看到了另一艘船。

We're on starboard tack, so the other boat has to give way.

我们现在右舷受风，所以另外那艘船得让路。


karaoke

/ˈkæ.ɹəˌəʊ.ki/

/kɑːɹɑːˌokeɪ/

/kɑːɹɑːˌokɛ/


serendipity

源自Serendip (“锡兰，斯里兰卡”, Serendib的变体) + -ity。由英国的作家及政治家Horace Walpole在1754造出，基于波斯故事锡兰三王子。据Walpole在给朋友写的信，故事中的王子“总是因偶然和卓识发现新的东西，而这些东西并不是他们一开始所探求的。”

Murphy's law

机缘巧合 （一系列偶然最终带来好的结果）

perfect storm

机缘巧合 （一系列偶然最终带来好的结果）

机缘巧合 （一系列偶然最终带来好的结果）

The most random serendipity brought the two of us together, and now, we are happily married! If I was just 15 seconds slower, I'd have never met her!

1754, Horace Walpole, The Letters of Horace Walpole, vol. 2, Letter 90, To Sir Horace Mann, Arlington Street, Jan. 28, 1754. The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 2

After I got here, in the first lockdown, my mum suddenly passed. It was the week of my final interview with the Mayor. It is serendipity that I am here when my dad really needs me.

2020 December 2, Andy Byford talks to Paul Clifton, “I enjoy really big challenges...”, 出自 Rail，頁號 54:

Serendipity is when you find things you weren't looking for because finding what you are looking for is so damn difficult.


statute

源自中古英語 statut，源自古法語 statut，源自晚期拉丁語 statutum (“法令”)，拉丁語 statutus的中性单数，statuō (“设立，建立”)的过去式。


DDR

DDR内存，DDR记忆体


adulation

/ˌædʒʊˈleɪʃən/

/ˌædjʊˈleɪʃən/

/ˌæd͡ʒəˈleɪʃən/

He was uncomfortable with the adulation from his fans.

他受不了粉丝的过分追捧。

Now all this was very fine, but not at all in keeping with the Celebrity's character as I had come to conceive it. The idea that adulation ever cloyed on him was ludicrous in itself. In fact I thought the whole story fishy, and came very near to saying so.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年）, Winston Churchill, 章號 3, 出自 The Celebrity: An Episode, 紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:


artifice

The notion that consequence can be as easily managed as PR is the ultimate artifice and the ultimate delusion.

2021 November 21, Charles Hugh Smith, When Everything Is Artifice and PR, Collapse Beckons:

The heightened worlds of darkly comedic satire and soapy high-school romance make it easy enough to roll with unrealistic casting choices—and that goes for stage musicals, too, where some level of artifice is built into the format.

2021 September 22, Caroline Siede, “Dear Evan Hansen is a misfire on just about every level”, 出自 AV Club:


bricolage

/ˌbɹi.kəʊˈlɑːʒ/


capitalisation

English and French have different rules for the capitalisation of the names of the days of the week.

英语和法语在一周中每天的名字的大写化上规则不同。

The capitalisation of all nouns is a distinctive feature of German.

所有名词（首字母）大写是德语的一个显著特点。

… apparently indicating the degree to which his identification with black music predicates his capitalization on it …

1998, Phillip Brian Harper, Are We Not Men?, page 75:

I doubt if one of them was interested in any business the total capitalization of which exceeded a couple of hundred thousand dollars.


animadversion

源自法語 animadversion ← 拉丁語 animadversiō (“评价，批评”)，源自animadvertō (“注意”)，源自animus (“内心”) + advertō (“转向”)。

/ˌænɪmædˈvɜːʃən/

/ˌænɪmædˈvɝːʒən /

/ˌænɪmædˈvɝːʃən/


Benjamin

源自晚期拉丁語 Benjamin，源自古希臘語 Βενιαμίν (Beniamín)，源自聖經希伯來語 בִּנְיָמִין (binyamīn, 字面意思是“右/南方之子或日之子”)。各个机构对于希伯来语的原意众说纷纭。斐洛、《撒马利亚五经》、《十二族长遗训》以及Midrash Leḳaḥ-Ṭob 认为 יָמִין 说的是“日”（日子）（出现于但以理书 12:13），使得名字的意思为“日之子”（即年老之子），创世纪 40:22中的一段Benjamin描述为雅各老年的一个儿子。Rashi在创世纪的评注中认为上述是可能的解释，但认为יָמִין 指代的是“右”即“南方”，说Benjamin为雅各在南方唯一的儿子。Jerome认为名字的意思为“右手之子”，而Gesenius推测这个表达意为“好运之子”。

雅各和拉结在《圣经》中所育的最小的儿子：便雅悯

And it came to pass, as her soul was in departing, (for she died) that she called his name Benoni: but his father called him Benjamin.
#*:: 她將近於死，靈魂要走的時候，就給她兒子起名叫便俄尼，他父親卻給他起名叫便雅憫。

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 35:18:
:

What about the youngest child - the Benjamin - the child of its parents' mature strength and charity, always better treated than the unfortunate eldest children of their youthful ignorance and wilfulness?

1908, George Bernard Shaw, Getting Married:

源自希伯来语的男性人名，源自《圣经》：本杰明

"Well, who the hell ever thinks some boy with a name like Benjamin is going to kill someone?" I said. "It's like someone named Winnie the Pooh taking hostages!"

2007 Mark Schreiber, Starcrossed, Llewellyn Worldwide, ISBN 0738710016, page 53:

美国得克萨斯州诺克斯县的一个小城市：本杰明


world music

世界音樂，將非西方地區的傳統音樂與現代流行元素結合在一起，面向西方觀衆的音樂類型。


stratagem

源自中古英語 stratageme，源自古法語 stratageme，源自拉丁語 strategema，源自古希臘語 στρατήγημα (stratḗgēma, “将军的行为，指挥作战”)，源自στρατηγέω (stratēgéō, “当将军；统率军队”)，源自στρατηγός (stratēgós, “将军；军队首脑”)。见strategy。

She will not yet be permitted to return to the Manor House: it is too convenient for 'treasons, stratagems,' &c.; and it is as well not to be put in the way of temptation: but she will be allowed perfect liberty in London.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “A Friend at Court”, 出自 Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], 卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁號 265:

While Collins does include a love triangle, a coming-of-age story, and other YA-friendly elements in the mix, they serve as a Trojan horse to smuggle readers into a hopeless world where love becomes a stratagem and growing up is a matter of basic survival.

2012 March 22, Scott Tobias, AV Club The Hunger Gameshttp://www.avclub.com/articles/the-hunger-games,71293/:

（军事上的）谋略，策略，计谋


animosity

源自法語 animosité，源自拉丁語 animositas (“勇气，怒气”)，源自animosus，源自animus (“勇气，心智”)，见animose和及物动词animate。


serenity

源自中古英語 serenyte，源自古法語 serenité，源自拉丁語 serēnitās，等价于serene + -ity。

There is no passion, there is serenity.

1987, Greg Costikyan, “The Jedi Code”, 出自 Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game，頁號 69，行號 3:

阁下 （给王子等贵族的头衔）


sanctity

源自中古英語 sanctity，源自古法語 sanctete，源自拉丁語 sānctitās。

神圣的事物，不可侵犯的事物

Or would they have it believed, that there is in their ſelves ſome ſuperior ſanctity, ſome peculiar privilege, by which theſe things are lawful to them, which are unlawful to all the world beſides?

1776, Jeremy Bentham, “A Short Review of the Declaration”, 出自 John Lind, An Anſwer to the Declaration of the American Congress, London: Thomas Cadell，頁號 121:


suffering

Robins, of Torquay, had denied a single charge of causing unnecessary suffering to an animal. She claimed the microwave was accidentally turned on by one of the cats after the kitten got inside. But Knutton said the kitten was too small to even get onto the work surface.

2011 December 14, Steven Morris, “Devon woman jailed for 168 days for killing kitten in microwave”, 出自 Guardian:


solace

源自古法語 solas，源自拉丁語 sōlācium (“安慰”)，源自原始印歐語 *selh₂- (“恕，慰”)。

You cannot put a monetary value on emotional solace.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

The proper solaces of age are not music and compliments, but wisdom and devotion.

September 25, 1750, Samuel Johnson, The Rambler


adoption

法語 adoption，拉丁語 adoptio，与adoptare (“采納；收養”)有关。


tenacity

tenac(ious) + -ity，源自中古法語 ténacité，源自拉丁語 tenācitās。

意志坚定，坚持不懈，顽强不屈

— Our opponents may be younger, faster and less out of shape than we are, but we have something they’ll never have!

2009, Jorge Cham, “PHD Comics: Softball: younger and faster”, 出自 (請指定書籍名或刊物名):


air flow

airflow的另一種拼寫法

We are trying to understand the air flow between exhausts and air-conditioning intakes.

我们试图弄清楚排气口和空调进气口之间的气流。

2021 October 6, Paul Clifton, “Network News: RSSB research exposes poor air quality on diesel trains”, 出自 RAIL, 期 941，頁號 15:


selenocysteine

硒（代）半胱胺酸，硒（代）半胱氨酸


computed tomography

電腦斷層掃描攝影，计算机断层成像


tapestry

源自中古英語 tapiestre，源自古法語 tapisserie (“绣帷”)。

Sepia Delft tiles surrounded the fireplace, their crudely drawn Biblical scenes in faded cyclamen blending with the pinkish pine, while above them, instead of a mantelshelf, there was an archway high enough to form a balcony with slender balusters and a tapestry-hung wall behind.

1963, Margery Allingham, 章號 3, 出自 The China Governess:

形形色色的事物；错综复杂的事物

European adventurers found themselves within a watery world, a tapestry of streams, channels, wetlands, lakes and lush riparian meadows enriched by floodwaters from the Mississippi River.

2013 January-February, Nancy Langston, “The Fraught History of a Watery World”, 出自 American Scientist, 卷 101, 期 1，頁號 59:


scarcity

Praise […] owes its value only to its scarcity.

July 6, 1751, Samuel Johnson, The Rambler No. 136

To understand the events of the next fifty years, then, one must understand environmental scarcity, cultural and racial clash, geographic destiny, and the transformation of war.

1994 February, Robert D. Kaplan, “The Coming Anarchy”, 出自 The Atlantic:

a scarcity of grain

The crucial and intersecting challenges of scarcities, both emerging and intensifying, will consume China’s custodians over the next decade.

2013 September 24, Damien Ma, William Adams, “China's Next Great Challenge: Scarcity”, 出自 The Atlantic:


atrophy

借自法語 atrophie，源自拉丁語 atrophia，源自古希臘語 ἀτροφία (atrophía, “衰弱”)，源自ἄτροφος (átrophos, “营养不良的，饮食不足的”)，源自ἀ- (a-, “不”) + τροφή (trophḗ, “营养”)，源自τρέφω (tréphō, “使...变胖”)。等价于a- + -trophy。

萎缩，退化 （自17世纪初）


ass

arse的北美变体。最终源自中古英語 ars、ers，源自古英語 ærs、ears，源自原始西日耳曼語 *ars，源自原始日耳曼語 *arsaz（对比古高地德語 ars（德語 Arsch）、古諾爾斯語 ars、古弗里斯蘭語 ers），源自原始印歐語 *h₃érsos（对比古希臘語 ὄρρος (órrhos)）。
有不少人认为该词曾为委婉词，但它其实原是为了反映舌尖音（尤其是/s/）前/ɹ/被合并的发音拼写（更早期的形式arse仍通用于英国、澳大利亚、新西兰等地），该现象在中古英语起的非标准口语中就有出现。该现象与之后出现R音脱落不同，因为/ɹ/在能影响其前驱音之前就已经脱落。该现象影响到的其他词（部分词保留了两种形式且词义有所不同）有cuss←curse、gash←garsh、bass (“鲈鱼”)←barse、bust←burst、passel←parcel，参见:en:Category:English terms with assimilation of historic /ɹ/。

poontang

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

poon

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

punani

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

pussy

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

tail

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

tang

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

I'm going to go down to the bar and try to get me some ass.

我准备去酒吧找个屄来肏。

Acid, booze, and ass / Needles, guns, and grass

1971, Joni Mitchell （作曲作詞）, “Blue”, 出自 Blue:

讨厌的东西，差劲的东西，垃圾

I feel like ass today.

This room smells like ass.

What a bunch of ass.

家伙，人 （能指代自己。可指代身体，安全，或者比喻性地指代工作，将来等）

同類詞： face、hide

Get your lazy ass out of bed!

We risk our asses out there every day.

I'ma get medieval on your ass!


mirative

（不可数）意外语气，用于表达意料之外的情况或新信息

（可数）具有意外语气的词


rehab

（特指从消遣药物的）康复


heteronormativity

异性恋本位、异性恋正常主义。错译为“异性恋霸权”。


swipe

源自swip（短元音）< 中古英語 swippen, swipen (“暴力地移动”) < 古英語 swipian, sweopian, swippan (“祸害，摆，打，鞭挞”) < 原始日耳曼語 *swipōną, *swipjaną (“移动”) < 原始印歐語 *sweyb- (“弯曲，转向，转弯，摇摆，旋转，席卷”)。与德語 schwippen (“鞭打”), 丹麥語 svippe (“掌掴”), 冰島語 svipa (“鞭打；迅速移动”)同源。与sweep, swoop优化。

(可数) 抓，扫，滑（行为）

(可数) 通过滑或扫的行为进行打击（使用球拍或球棒）

(可数，非正式) 粗略的猜想，预计

(不可数) 差的啤酒，劣质的酒精饮料


MRT

mass rapid transit, mass rail transit, metro rail transit


anglicization

(美式, 牛津標準拼寫) 英国化；英语化


anglicisation

/ˌæŋ.ɡlɪ.səˈzeɪ.ʃən/

Dublin, the name of the capital of Ireland, is an anglicisation of the Gaelic name Dubh Linn.

愛爾蘭首都的名稱Dublin（都柏林），是蓋爾語名稱Dubh Linn的英語化。


dilawan

来自塔加洛語的dilawan。

自由主义、自由党或阿基诺政权的支持者


amaranthine

amaranth + -ine，源自古希臘語 ἀμάραντος (amárantos, “不變的，不褪色的”)。

amaranthine：


trimethylphosphine

In this work, phosphorous-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes have been synthesized by the thermal decomposition of trimethylphosphine using a high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition method.

2016, Georgina Ruiz-Soria, Toma Susi, Markus Sauer, Kazuhiro Yanagi, Thomas Pichler, Paola Ayala, “On the bonding environment of phosphorus in purified doped single-walled carbon nanotubes”, 出自 Carbon, 卷 81，頁號s 91-95:


butylammonium

丁铵，丁基铵，丁胺阳离子


uranocene

双(环辛四烯)合铀，二(环辛四烯)铀


bromosuccinimide

溴代丁二酰亚胺，溴代琥珀酰亚胺


culture shock

Having grown up in rural Arkansas, I experienced tremendous culture shock on moving to Harlem.

出生長大在阿肯色州鄉村的我，搬到哈林區之後，深深地感受到了文化衝擊。


repassage

（给未磨光的平面）重新上胶水


futanari

日語 二形/双成り/二成り/ふたなり (futanari)，“雌雄同体”，源自二つ (futa-tsu) + 形/態 (nari)，源自なる (naru, “成为”)。


cross-examination

盘问，诘问（法庭上对对方提出的证据进行质问）

When Horsley finished his testimony, Richardson began the cross-examination, which was to last for twenty-six hours over the course of an entire week.

1999, Patrick J. Gallo, The American Paradox: Politics and Justice，頁號 62:


zethrene

一种有机化合物，IUPAC命名为二苯并[de,mn]并四苯


cryptocurrency

Bitcoin was the first decentralized cryptocurrency.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

Then there is bitcoin, the cryptocurrency that has been skyrocketing in value lately. Bitcoin is basically virtual cash — anonymous, untraceable currency stuffed into a mobile wallet.

2013 November 17, Nick Bilton, “Disruptions: A Digital Underworld Cloaked in Anonymity”, 出自 New York Times:


gorgonzola

源自意大利語 Gorgonzola，意大利北部的一个镇，这种奶酪起源于此。


scotch

源自中古英語 scocchen (“剪切”)，可能源自盎格魯-諾曼語 escocher (“砍，切”)，源自es- (程度加强前缀)（源自拉丁語 ex-）+ 古法語 coche (“切”)。与Scotch无关。

Scotch (“苏格兰威士忌”)的另一種寫法

A waiter brought his aperitif, which was a small scotch and soda, and as he sipped it gratefully he sighed.

1963, Margery Allingham, 章號 5, 出自 The China Governess:


éclat

借自法語 éclat，源自éclater (“迸发”)，源自中古法語 esclater (“毁坏”)，源自古法語 esclater (“从...分离”)（亦派生为古法語 esclat），源自古法蘭克語 *slaitan (“分开，毁坏”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *slaitijaną，*slītaną (“切碎”)的使役形。与古高地德語 sleizan (“撕碎”)、古英語 slītan (“分片”)有关。详见slice、slit。slate的同源對似詞。

The distressing explanation she had to make to Harriet, and all that poor Harriet would be suffering, with the awkwardness of future meetings, the difficulties of continuing or discontinuing the acquaintance, of subduing feelings, concealing resentment, and avoiding éclat, were enough to occupy her in most unmirthful reflections some time longer, and she went to bed at last with nothing settled but the conviction of her having blundered most dreadfully.

1815, Jane Austen, Emma, 卷 I, chapter 16:

"All she needs is a year or two at a fashionable finishing school, so that at eighteen she can come out with éclat," put in Aunt Clara.

1875, Louisa May Alcott, Eight Cousins, ch. 4,

Against this background, made mutable by T. J. Gerckens's ethereal lighting, simple props and gestures are used with startling visual éclat.

2002, Ben Brantley, "Theater Review," New York Times, 5 Mar., p. E1,


sanshool

*来自日語 山椒 (“山椒”)，加上-ol后缀。


tenure

源自中古英語 tenure，源自盎格魯-諾曼語，源自古法語 tenure，源自通俗拉丁語 *tenitura，源自*tenitus，源自拉丁語 tentus（←teneō） + -ura。

（财产的）所有；（职位、官职的）占有

（大学等教育机构内的）终身职位的占有

（封建制度的）土地所有权


servitude

源自中古法語 servitude，源自拉丁語 servitūs，源自拉丁語 servus (“奴隶”)。

to place in the servitude of somebody

In spite of the importance of this route it remained until a few years ago very insecure. Overhung almost its entire length by the inaccessible fastnesses of Lololand, the passing caravans dared journey only with convoy, and even then were frequently overwhelmed by raiders from the hills, who carried off both trader and goods into the mountains, the former to lifelong servitude.

1913, Elizabeth Kimball Kendall, A Wayfarer in China

The Enlightment worldview, which considered the order of "Nature" as a basis and, at the same time, the subject of explorations of scientific natural sciences, has, at the same time, considered this order as a criterion of the artistically-aesthetic qualities of art. From an "ideological" point of view, it liberated art from its feudal religious and courtly servitude.

1986, Theories of Ideology and Ideology of Theories, Rodopi, →ISBN, →ISSN，頁號 57:

地役权等独立于拥有权的权利

The usual routine of confections and pastry follows, after which a galore of fruits of all kinds, with a chassè of excellent Mocha, the immediate servitude of which, after good dining, is, I think, universally acknowledged to be a great exhiliration^([sic])。

1857, Journal of Australasia (volume 2, page 38)


bean curd

仿譯自漢語 豆腐，源自中古漢語 豆 (dòu) + 腐 (fǔ)。


star anise

八角茴香（Illicium verum）；其種子乾燥後可作香料。


ob-gyn

OB-GYN的大小寫替代形式


OB-GYN

ob-gyn, obgyn, ob/gyn, ObGyn, Ob-Gyn, Ob/Gyn, OBGYN, OB/GYN


populism

It is not crass populism or majoritanianism that ratifies the legitimacy of the polity or the administration.

2006, Prasanta Chakravarty, Like Parchment in the Fire (page 104)


Navidad

借自西班牙語 Navidad。最常見於菲律賓。

納維達德（城市名，位於智利）。


realisation

源自法語 réalisation，源自中古法語，等同於realise + -ation。

A widening of the M4 had long been mooted, and the Welsh Government had even earmarked most of the required £1.6bn funding for a new 14-mile, six-lane section around Newport. Then, in the face of opposition from environmentalists, came a realisation that similar road schemes across the world tend merely to encourage greater car use and therefore soon prove ineffective in solving the original problem.

2020 December 2, Christian Wolmar, “Wales offers us a glimpse of an integrated transport policy”, 出自 Rail，頁號 56:


putrescine

源自拉丁語 pūtrēscō (“腐爛”) + + -ine。


evocation

源自中古法語 évocation。


plastique

一種涉及關節旋轉的身體鍛煉


savoury

savory的另一種寫法


stirring

The reduction takes the central bank back to where it was in December 2005, when it began raising its key rate despite objections from some political figures and many economists about choking the early stirrings of a recovery in growth.

这次下调使欧元区的关键利率回到了2005年12月的水平，当时尽管一些政治人物和许多经济学家反对扼杀增长复苏的早期萌芽，欧洲央行依然开始提高关键利率。

2009 January 16, Carter Dougherty, “European Central Bank Cuts Key Rate [歐洲央行下調關鍵利率]”, 出自 New York Times:


contracting

the contractings of his muscles


spending

源自中古英語 spendyng、spendynge，源自古英語 spendung，等同於spend + -ing。與德語 Spendung (“貢獻，捐獻”)同源。

excessive spendings


Belarusian

/ˌbɛləˈɹʌʃən/

/ˌbɛləˈɹuːʃən/

Belorussian, Belarussian, Byelorussian, Bielorussian


Montenegrin

源自意大利語 montenegrino；等同於Montenegro + -ine。

/ˌmɒntɪˈniːɡɹɪn/


Turkmen

可能最初為Turkman的變體，受俄語 Туркме́н (Turkmén)，或可能土耳其語或土庫曼語 Türkmen的影響。

The conquest took 16 years and ended in 1885 in a battle with the Afghans on the banks of the Murghab. During this period, the Turkmens offered the Russians stubborn resistance […]

2005, Chahryar Adle, History of Civilizations of Central Asia (page 316)

Keimir-Ker, a Turkmen from the Tekke clan, led a rebellion against the Persians […]

2009, Barbara A. West, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania (page 841)


stronk

將stroke故意拼錯。

stroke 的故意錯拼。


ageism

age + -ism。於1969年由羅伯特·尼爾·巴特勒所造。


western hemisphere

仅按字面意思，并无比喻或俗语义；参见western、hemisphere。


eastern hemisphere

仅按字面意思，并无比喻或俗语义；参见eastern、hemisphere。


braking

the acceleratings and brakings of a vehicle


schnitzel

非同化借詞，源自德語 Schnitzel (“肉片，肉塊”)。


anglerfish

anglerfish (plural)
anglerfishes (plural)

/ˈæŋɡlɚˌfɪʃ/

/ˈæŋɡləˌfɪʃ/


piqué

借自法語 piqué、中古法語 piqué (“绗缝的”)，piquer (“扎，刺；把……縫到一起；給……塗豬油”)之過去分詞的名詞用法。


hardiment

But full of fire and greedy hardiment, / The youthfull knight could not for ought be staide […]

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book I, Canto I”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


dirigisme

借自法語 dirigisme，源自diriger (“帶領，引導；領導，指導”)，源自拉丁語 dirigere，dīrigō (“帶領，引導，指導”)的現在主動不定式。

/ˈdɪɹɪʒɪz(ə)m/

統制經濟（國家對經濟等方面進行強有力的控制） （自20世紀）

These agents, for the same distributional and paternalistic reasons that motivated many of the socialist experiments in economic dirigisme, may seek to use political authority to modify, at least in part, the results of the market system.

1991, James M. Buchanan, The Minimal Politics of Market Order, pp. 222, Cato Journal 11:2:

In the name of development, the reformed states adopted the dirigisme of colonial administration – forced labour re-emerged in them as well.

在发展的名义下，改革后的国家采用了殖民管理的统制经济思想——强迫劳动也在这些国家重新出现。

2011, Robert C. Allen, Global Economic History: A Very Short Introduction [全球经济史：非常简短的介绍]，頁號 113:


rechauffe

réchauffé的另一種拼寫法


washing-up liquid

I have to use a special washing-up liquid, because I have sensitive skin.

我必須用特製的洗潔精，因為我皮膚敏感。


fruit salad

將水果切碎、混合浸入糖漿中的罐裝蜜餞


iceberg lettuce

I wonder how many of the readers of AMERICAN GARDENING have tried the Iceberg lettuce.

我好奇《美國園藝》的讀者裡面有多少人試過種結球萵苣。


estradiol

/ˌɛ.stɹəˈdaɪˌɔl/

雌二醇（C₁₈H₂₄O₂）


estrone

雌酮（C₁₈H₂₂O₂）


silver foil

仅按字面意思，并无比喻或俗语义；参见silver、foil。


lanthanium

源自古希臘語 λανθάνω (lanthánō, “隱藏”) + -ium (化學元素後綴)。


alacrity

1500年至1510年间源自拉丁語 alacritās，源自alacer (“敏捷的”) + -itas (名词化后缀)。

Besides, a wealthy man, well at ease, may pray to God quietly and merrily with alacrity and great quietness of mind, whereas he who lieth groaning in his grief cannot endure to pray nor can he hardly think upon anything but his pain.

1553 (posth.), Thomas More, A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation, Book I, Chapter 19:

"I'll get into the clothes this minute, if they're here," said Sam, with great alacrity.

1837, Charles Dickens, 章號 12, 出自 The Pickwick Papers:

You have an overgrown alacrity

1920, Edward Arlington Robinson, The Three Taverns, "Tasker Norcross":

This evening, however, he was struck by the beaming alacrity of the aide-de-camp's greeting.

1922, Edith Wharton, 章號 24, 出自 The Glimpses of the Moon:

Yet this government never of itself furthered any enterprise, but by the alacrity with which it got out of its way.

1849, Henry David Thoreau, "On the Duty of Civil Disobedience":

Not just that, but if the inlet of a turbopump impeller runs dry, it would overspeed with blinding alacrity.


ferm

He let his land to ferm.

Out of her fleshly ferme fled to the place of paine..

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book III, Canto V”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


seppuku

借自日語 切腹 (seppuku)，源自中古漢語 切 (t͡set) + 腹 (pjuwk)。对比粵語 切腹 (tsit-fuk)、官話 切腹 (qiēfù)。


evasion

源自中古法語 évasion，源自晚期拉丁語 evasionem（evasio 的賓格）。

In these hunting scenes, as many critics have noted, the reversals, negotiations, lurkings, and evasions between hunter and prey mirror and frame the bedroom strategies of the Lady and Gawain.

2011, Christine Chism, Alliterative Revivals，頁號 99:

He complained to LNER but was told: "We have had an increase in fare evasion on certain services which has led to our locking toilet facilities where (people) usually hide to avoid payment. Although Aberdeen is a gated station, customers often purchase the cheapest ticket available and board our services."

2020 January 2, Barry Doe, “ScotRail suspending seat reservations is hardly a "recipe for disaster"”, 出自 Rail，頁號 62:


slaw

（1861年左右） 借自荷蘭語 sla，salade (“色拉；萵苣”)的縮略。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-slaw.wav

Barbecue is always served with slaw in North Carolina and always has been.

在北卡州，燒烤一直都會配上涼拌捲心菜。

1996, Jerry Bledsoe,, 編者Lee Harrison Child, Slaw Crazy, Close to Home: Revelations and Reminiscences by North Carolina Authors，頁號 66:

Slaws go well with grilled lean protein items and sandwiches.

涼拌捲心菜跟烤瘦肉和三明治很配。

2010, Judy Doherty, Salad Secrets: 100 of the Most Creative, Healthful Recipes [沙拉的秘密：100道最有創意的健康食譜]，頁號 103:


zak

源自南非語 zak (“袋子”)。sac和sack的同源對似詞。


shibah

shiva的另一種拼寫法


shivah

shiva的另一種拼寫法


shiva

希伯來語 שִׁבְעָה (shiv'á, “七”)。

坐七，為身邊最親近的親人進行七天的守喪


rakija

借自塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 rakija / ракија，源自鄂圖曼土耳其語 راقی (rakı)，一般認為源自阿拉伯語 عَرَق (ʕaraq, “汗；酒”)（因為酒蒸餾過程中的液滴很像汗水）。raki的同源對似詞。

拉基亞（巴爾幹半島特產的蒸餾酒）


rakia

rakija的另一種拼寫法


epluchage

從受感染的傷口上去除被污染的組織


pelure

一種硬而脆的薄紙，有時用來製作郵票


stubbornness

What is stubbornness? It is not only refusing to believe a crucial message, but also shunning or at least looking down on those, who stated or believed it in the first place.

也許只有這種人發現後悔已經來不及的時候，他們才會明白。

Perhaps only when it's found too late for regrets will that person understand.


saignée

借自法語 saignée。

桃紅葡萄酒的一種生產方法，將葡萄碾碎後，放出部分果汁

使用這種方法製造的葡萄酒


absent-mindedness

心不在焉 （最早見於19世紀晚期）

I don't mean to make mistakes; it's just absent-mindedness.

我不是故意要犯錯的；只是心不在焉。

For six years they had taken care of him and loved him—watched over his outgoings and his incomings and forgiven all his absent-mindednesses.

六年裡，他們一直照顧他、愛護他——望著他走、他去、他來、他往，原諒他所有的心不在焉。


breading

包裹在肉上的一層麵包屑、麵粉和蛋液（以備油炸）


spring cleaning

（尤指冬末春初的）大掃除

The Mole had been working very hard all the morning, spring-cleaning his little home. First with brooms, then with dusters; then on ladders and steps and chairs, with a brush and a pail of whitewash; till he had dust in his throat and eyes, and splashes of white-wash all over his black fur, and an aching back and weary arms.

整個早上，鼴鼠都在忙活著，給他的小窩做大掃除。他先是拿掃帚，接著用撣子；然後站上梯子、臺階和椅子，手裡拿著刷子和一桶石灰水；到最後，他的嘴裡眼裡都進了灰塵，黑色的毛髮上沾滿了白灰，腰酸背痛，手軟腳麻。

1908, Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows, London: Methuen，頁號 1:


tentation

源自古法語 tentation，源自拉丁語 tentatio，temptatio 的變體。參見 temptation。

通過反覆]試驗或實驗来調整或操作的一種模式


symbiogenesis

源自sym- + bio- + -genesis。在德语中由俄罗斯地衣学家Konstantin Mereschkowski，在一篇1910年题为“Theorie der zwei Plasmaarten als Grundlage der Symbiogenesis, einer neuen Lehre von der Entstehung der Organismen”的论文中造出。


perse

源自中古英語 pers，源自古法語，源自中世紀拉丁語 persus，逆構自 Persicus (“波斯人”)，源自古希臘語 Περσῐ́ς (Persís)。


health insurance

同類詞： dental insurance、health fund、health plan、life insurance


tamarind

源自晚期中古英語 thamarynde，源自古法語 tamarinde，源自中世紀拉丁語 tamarindus，源自阿拉伯語 تَمْر هِنْدِيّ (tamr hindiyy, 字面意思是“印度棗”)。

羅望子的果實，其果肉可用於部分亞洲菜及伍斯特醬中

其他類似的物種：
Diploglottis australis，澳大利亞東部的一種雨林樹種

其他類似的物種：
藤黃果（Garcinia gummi-gutta），原產印度尼西亞

其他類似的物種：
酸欖豆（Dialium spp.）

一種暗褐色，類似羅望子的果肉

tamarind：


marxism

Marxism的大小寫替代形式


junior high school

In California the term originally used was "intermediate high school," later shortened to "intermediate school," but the term "junior high school" is rapidly supplanting the others.

1919, Guy Vernon Bennett, The Junior High School, Warwick & York, page 1:


middle school

These authors argue that lists based on university-level reading material cannot be directly imported into contexts such as middle school since the lexical profiles of subjects and their vocabulary demands are different.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, 出自 Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 卷 35, →DOI，頁號 107:


secondary school

中學：為年齡在11-16或18歲之間學生提供教育的公立學校

One of the key roles played by the Whitby line is the transport of children from rural spots along the branch to secondary school in the coastal town.

2019 October, James Abbott, “Esk Valley revival”, 出自 Modern Railways，頁號 77:

高級中學：為年齡在14-18歲（9-12年級）之間學生提供教育的機構

中學（小學與大學之間的教育水平）

中學：為年齡在12-17歲（7-10年級）之間學生提供教育的機構


high school

源自中古英語 hyȝ scole (“提供更高級別教育的學校”)，等同於 high + school。與荷蘭語 hogeschool (“學院，大學，研究生院”)、德語 Hochschule (“學院，大學”) 同源。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/EN-AU ck1 high school.ogg

中學，任何提供中等教育的機構


saving grace

For all his treachery and deception, he had one saving grace: good manners.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

With Gambier Bay and Hoel sinking and Roberts not much longer for this world, the Johnston is now set upon by four cruisers and a number of destroyers. The ship's crew patch holes as fast as they can, but the ship is literally gradually being taken apart by repeated salvos. The fact that this particular set of Japanese ships is STILL using armor-piercing instead of high explosive is the only saving grace.

2019 February 27, Drachinifel, 片头起31:46, 出自 The Battle of Samar - Odds? What are those?，於2022-11-03歸檔自原頁面:


swish

（常指物体摩擦时发出的）嘎吱声

（物体快速拂过空气时发出的）嗖嗖声

（液体在容器中流动发出的）声音

空心球，空气球 （不碰篮筐、篮板的进球）

"Fairies, nances, swishes, fags, lezzes — call 'em what you please — should of course be permitted to earn honest livings […]

1992, Leigh W. Rutledge, The gay decades: from Stonewall to the present:

He got a little swish downriver.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）


amogus

Among Us的变体，其是Innersloth在2018年发行的一款社交推理游戏。因谜因在约2021年1月传播开来，最初形式为一个StoneToss漫画图中的台词被编辑成“amogus”，从而得到形式谬误的诙谐效果。

电子游戏《Among Us》中的船员或内鬼角色；阿莫古斯

Can I get a^([sic]) ipad,^([sic]) and pillow that looks like Amogus and a Baby Alive. Love, Kyleigh […] For Christmas, I would like an Among Us plushy^([sic]) because I love Among Us. […] Love, Jaxton

2021 December 15, “Santa Letters”, 出自 The Cadiz Record, 卷 138, 期 50，頁號 S5:

While the peak of Among Us memes has been comfortably left in 2021, there are still dark remnants of the past remaining in pop culture today. One has to look no further than a surprise "amogus" in LEGO Star Wars: The Skywalker Saga.

2022 April 13, Jamie Dunkin, “You can't escape 'Among Us' memes, even in 'LEGO Star Wars'”, 出自 We Got This Covered:

We reached out to Innersloth to hear the devs' thoughts on the popular amogus art template. Community director Victoria Tran sent over a brief comment.

2022 October 17, Austin Wood, “Among Us is now the best worst art tool, and the devs say it's "absolutely inspired"”, 出自 GamesRadar+:

For example, the Scholar’s Scavenge that spanned most of the first day sent randomised teams to the Siam Amazing Park to tick off a list of increasinbly bizarre ice-breaking prompts, including “film a singing duel between the best and worst singers”, “show a WSC staff member a wild amogus”, “Initiate a dinosaur-alpaca feud”, and many, many more.

2022 September 30, “Winning World Scholars at the Global Round!”, 出自 Patana News, 卷 25, 期 7, Bangkok Patana School，頁號 4:

:Template:seeMoreCites


cunny

主要用於anime和日本漫畫

主要用於anime和日本漫畫


herstory

her + history組成的混成詞，其将history前半部分解释为his (“他的”)，并将其替换为了her (“她的”)。

Nobody thought of it as history, herstory, my-story, your-story, or our-story.

1969?, “Thomas Lanigan-Schmidt, "1969 Mother Stonewall and the Golden Rats"”, 出自 The Stonewall Reader, Penguin Classics, 出版於 2019, →ISBN，頁號 107:

女性有关或女性创作的史料


trepidation

借自拉丁語 trepidātiō，源自trepidō (“不安”)。

I decided, with considerable trepidation, to let him drive my car without me.

我迟疑了好久，最后还是决定让他不带我开我的车走了。

She reached it soon after half-past two. She found its gloomy nineteenth-century façade, black with the smuts of ninety years, a little daunting, and mounted its broad steps in some trepidation. But she rang the bell hard and knocked firmly.

1915, Edgar Jepson, “The Reluctant Duke”, 出自 Happy Pollyooly: The Rich Little Poor Girl, Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC，頁號 135:

She opened the drawing-room door in trepidation. Would she find Esther drowned with her head in the goldfish bowl, or hanged from the chandelier by her stay-lace?

1929, M. Barnard Eldershaw, 章號 VII, 出自 A House is Built:

The Midlanders will hope the victory will kickstart a campaign that looked to have hit the buffers, but the sense of trepidation enveloping the Reebok Stadium heading into the new year underlines the seriousness of the predicament facing Owen Coyle's men.

2011 December 10, Marc Higginson, “Bolton 1 – 2 Aston Villa”, 出自 BBC Sport:


parasomnia

源自para- (“超越，在...之上；异常”) + 拉丁語 somnus (“睡眠”)。


turpitude

借自中古法語 turpitude，源自拉丁語 turpitūdō (“卑鄙”)，源自turpis (“下流的”)。

卑鄙，无耻，下流；邪恶，恶毒

As for the moral turpitude that man unveiled to me, even with tears of penitence, I cannot, even in memory, dwell on it without a start of horror.

1886, Robert Louis Stevenson, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde:


sunup

“Shagbark, that was risky on your part; even where it lies it is much closer than I like, for we shall all have to see it in the morning.”

“No, you won’t; it’ll be gone afore sunup.”

1909, Edward S. Ellis, Alden the Pony Express Rider:


sophism

源自中古英語 sophim，源自古法語 soffime、sofime、sofisme、sophisme，源自拉丁語 sophisma (“谬误，诡辩”)，源自古希臘語 σόφῐσμᾰ (sóphisma)，源自σοφίζω (sophízō) + -μα (-ma)。

Within the framework of democracy a new ideology, born of sophism, took root and proclaimed the rights of the individual in all spheres, political as well as moral.

1958, Sophie Trenkner, The Greek Novella in the Classical Period，頁號 15:

Empiricism has its roots in Greek and Roman sophism and skepticism, and continues through Kant and American pragmatism.

2003, Murray Leaf, “Ethnography and Pragmatism”, 出自 Alfonso Morales 編, Renascent Pragmatism: Studies in Law and Social Science, →ISBN，頁號 92:

Sophistic teachers did not, in general, consciously aim at corrupting the young or turning them against their parents, but the radical skepticism and moral relativism of later sophism indirectly achieved something like this.

2009, Richard M. Berthold, Dare to Struggle: The History and Society of Greece, →ISBN，頁號 75:

The hope of improvement is a quality at once so strong and so excellent in the human mind, that I, for one, disapprove of any sophism—or, if you will, argument—that tends to repress it.

1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XIX, 出自 Romance and Reality. […], 卷 I, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC，頁號 232:

What! No demonstration of the Being of God! No abstract arguments! No proofs a priori! Are these, which have hitherto been so much insisted on by philosophers, all fallacy, all sophism? Can we reach no further in this subject than experience and probability?

1779, David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion:


fiefdom

The duke's fiefdom had been greatly expanded as a reward for his dutiful military service on behalf of the king.

（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

"If you wish to offer any of my vassals fiefdoms or positions in your new kingdom, they have my leave to accept. I promised them that when they came with me."

1989, Robert Shea, The Saracen, The Holy War:

“[Bill Clinton] was just walking around, looking in all the offices, like he was surveying his fiefdom. He had a big grin on his face.”

2008, David Maraniss, First In His Class: A Biography Of Bill Clinton, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

Hollande told cheering supporters in his rural fiefdom of Corrèze in south-west France that he was best-placed to lead France towards change, saying the vote marked a "rejection" of Sarkozy and a "sanction" against his five years in office.

2012 April 23, Angelique Chrisafis, “François Hollande on top but far right scores record result in French election”, 出自 The Guardian:

Bankrupt cryptocurrency exchange FTX was run as the “personal fiefdom” of founder Sam Bankman-Fried, with one of the company’s units spending $300m on real estate in the Bahamas for the use of its executives, a court heard on Tuesday.

2022 November 22, Dominic Rushe, “FTX was run as ‘personal fiefdom’ of Sam Bankman-Fried, court hears”, 出自 The Guardian:


hypercalcemia

hyper- + calcemia = hyper- + calc- + -emia


hypocalcemia

hypo- + calcemia = hypo- + calc- + -emia


hypokalemia

hypo- + kalemia = hypo- + kal(ium) + -emia


VHS

Vertical Helical Scan的首字母缩略词，后被更改为Video Home System (“家用录像系统”)。

VHS录像带 （最初由日本公司JVC研制的视频录像带）

同類詞： Betamax、VCC、Video 2000

The curt take on VHS is that it is a dead format, a quaint and sham way to watch a movie. Regardless, to date, there are quantities of VHS titles not available on DVD, and that may never be.

2009, Jacques Boyreau, Portable Grindhouse: The Lost Art of the VHS Box，頁號 5:

There is, it turns out, much demand for these old VHS tapes, price tags notwithstanding, and despite post-2006 advancements in technology.

2021 February 20, Hannah Selinger, “Who Is Still Buying VHS Tapes?”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


sleight

源自中古英語 sleighte、sleyght、sleythe，源自古諾爾斯語 slœgð (“狡猾的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *slōgiþō，源自*slōgiz (“狡猾的”)（→英語 sly）。slöjd的同源對似詞/sloyd。

妙招；灵巧的表演，灵巧的手艺

If men have so many sleights to compass their matters, how can the compasser himself hold his fingers?

1866, Henry Smith, Thomas Fuller, The Sermons of Mr. Henry Smith，頁號 37:


sustenance

源自中古英語 sustenaunce，源自古法語 sustenance，源自sustenir + 后缀-ance，源自通俗拉丁語 *sustenire，源自拉丁語 sustinere。亦对比晚期拉丁語 sustinentia。

维持物，支持物；养分，养料

More than a mere source of Promethean sustenance to thwart the cold and cook one's meat, wood was quite simply mankind's first industrial and manufacturing fuel.

2006, Edwin Black, 章號 2, 出自 Internal Combustion: