hobnob

源自hob and nob、hob or nob (干杯时所喊出的一个短语，可能意为give and take，指轮流干杯或轮流买酒，现已古旧)，源自方言词hab nab (“有或没有，指去喝酒的邀请”)，源自古英語 habban (“拥有”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *keh₂p- (“拿，掠”)） + nabban (“没有”)（源自ne（最终源自原始印歐語 *ne (“不，否”)） + habban）。

hobnobs (third-person singular present)
hobnobbing (present participle)
hobnobbed (past participle)

Many a glass of wine have we all of us drank, I have very little doubt, hob-and-nobbing with the hospitable giver, and wondering how the deuce he paid for it.

[1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，“How to Live Well on Nothing a-Year”, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC，頁 322:

When the dinner was a little forward, and time for wine came, the Emperor fills his own cup—fills the Empress's—fills St. Martin [of Tours]'s,—affectionately hobnobs with St. Martin. […] St. Martin looks round, first, deliberately;—becomes aware of a tatterdemalion and thirsty-looking soul of a beggar at his chair side, who has managed to get his cup filled somehow, also—by a charitable lacquey. St. Martin turns his back on the Empress, and hobnobs with him!

1884，John Ruskin，“By the Rivers of Waters”, in “Our Fathers Have Told Us.”: Sketches of the History of Christendom for Boys and Girls who have been Held at Its Fonts，part I (The Bible of Amiens), Orpington, Kent: George Allen, →OCLC，頁s 30–31:

巴结，与...亲近 （有权势的人）

The ambitious young student hobnobbed with the faculty at the prestigious college he hoped to attend.

那位野心勃勃的年轻学生巴结上了他想上的名牌大学的老师。

His favorite spot in the club was the bar, where he could hobnob with the big-wigs.

Here, over fiery "monaghahela," Jean Batiste, the sallow half-breed voyageur from the north—and who, deserting the service of the "North West" (the Hudson's Bay Company), has come down the Mississippi, from the "Falls," to try the sweets and the liberty of "free" trapping—hobnobs with a stalwart leather-clad "boy," just returned from trapping on the waters of Grand River, on the western side the mountains, who interlards his mountain jargon with Spanish words picked up in Taos and California.

1849，George Frederick Ruxton，章號 III, in Life in the Far West (Plains and Rockies; 175)，Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC，頁 71:

Well, you know all about how we dine, and assume, as you may, that we never ate more heartily, hob[-]nobbed more cordially, or interchanged with more frankness and sincerity all the affectionate social amenities which flow from a community of feeling amongst men who are bound together by the great bond of intellectual citizenship, members of the great "mysteries" of knowledge.

1853 October，Jonathan Freke Slingsby [pseudonym; John Francis Waller]，“A Night with the Mystics”, in The Dublin University Magazine, a Literary and Political Journal，卷 XLII, 號 CCL, Dublin: James McGlashan, 50 Upper Sackville-Street; London: W[illia]m S[omerville] Orr and Company, →OCLC，頁 495:

A man who never misused his time here; a Fellow of his Colleges, M.A., Lecturer, Don; […] my name, alas is not upon the board—my poverty, indeed, not will, prevented it, and so beneath his wing I dine at the "high table" with the reverend deans, and hobnob with professors.

1855，“Back at Trinity”, in Household Words. A Weekly Journal，卷 XI, 期 22 (275 overall), New York, N.Y.: J. A. Dix, publisher, office, No. 10, Park Place, →OCLC，頁 521，列 1:

But it must be in solitude. I do not need or desire to hobnob artificially with other old men in order to revisit them in their salad days, and to renew my own.

1952 May，George Santayana，“I Like to Be a Stranger”, in The Atlantic:

We are Sanctified Brethren, […] whom God has chosen to place in Lake Wobegon, Minnesota, a town of about twelve hundred in the center of the state, populated by German Catholics and Norwegian Lutherans, whom Scripture tells us to keep clear of, holding fast to the Principle of Separation[…], which is not such a big problem for my people, because we are standoffish by nature and not given to hobnobbing with strangers. Separation is the exact right Principle for us.

2001，Garrison Keillor，“A Summer Night”, in Lake Wobegon Summer 1956，New York, N.Y.: Viking Press, →ISBN:

[A] club that has earned the right to aspire to hobnobbing with European competitors could find itself brawling against relegation.

2017年October14日，Paul Doyle，“Mauricio Pellegrino yet to find attacking solution for stuttering Southampton: Nothing so far this season suggests the Argentinian will be more successful than Claude Puel in finding the answer to the club’s continuing lack of firepower”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2017-11-10:

He is knight dubb'd with vnhatche'd Rapier, and on carpet conſideration, but he is a diuell in priuate brall, soules and bodies hath he diuorc'd three, and his incenſement at this moment is ſo implacable, that ſatisfaction can be none, but by pangs of death and ſepulcher: Hob, nob, is his word: giu't or take't.

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]，頁 269:

互相碰杯 （自19世纪初叶）

I have frequently heard one gentleman, in company, say to another, will you hob-nob with me? When this challenge was accepted, the glasses were instantly filled, and then they made the glasses touch or kiss each other. This gentle striking of the drinking vessels I always supposed explained the term hob-nob.

1828，[William Carr]，“[A Glossary of the Craven Dialect.] HOB-NOB”, in The Dialect of Craven, in the West-riding of the County of York, with a Copious Glossary, Illustrated by Authorities from Ancient English and Scotting Writers, and Exemplified by Two Familiar Dialogues. By a Native of Craven. In Two Volumes，第2nd much enlarged版, 卷 I, London: Printed for W[illia]m Crofts, 59, Carley-Street, Lincoln's Inn; Leeds: Robinson and Hernaman, →OCLC，頁 229:


holler

hollers (third-person singular present)
hollering (present participle)
hollered (past participle)

You can holler at your computer as much as you want, but it won't help anything.

你对电脑喊破嗓子，也不会有一点用的。


hoodwink

动词派生自hood (“兜帽，风帽”) + wink (“闭眼”)。
名词派生自动词。

hoodwinks (third-person singular present)
hoodwinking (present participle)
hoodwinked (past participle)

用兜帽等盖住...的眼睛；蒙住...的眼睛 （自16世纪中叶）

For, (having many times torne the vaile of modestie) it seemed, for a laste delight, that she delighted in infamy: which often she had used to her husbands shame, filling all mens eares (but his) with reproch; while he (hoodwinkt with kindnes) lest of all mẽ [men] knew who strake him.

c. 1580，Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney]，“[The Second Booke] Chapter 20”, in The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia]，London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC，頁s 278–279:

The earth is given over into the hand of the Wicked One, / Who hoodwinketh the faces of its judges. / If this be not so, where, who is HE?

1871，“Reply of Job to the First Speech of Bildad”, in John Noble Coleman（譯者）, The Poem of Job: The Most Ancient Book in the Universe: The First Written Revelation which God Vouchsafed to Man. […]，第2nd版, […] [T[homas] and A[rchibald] Constable at the Edinburgh University Press] for private circulation, →OCLC, chapter IX, verse 24，頁 27:

[L]ocal prophecy declares on Merlin's authority that when the tree falls Carmarthen will fall with it. Perhaps through an unconscious desire on the part of some patriotic citizens of averting the calamity by inducing the tree-spirit to transfer its abode, or else by otherwise hoodwinking the tree-spirit into forgetting that Merlin's Oak is dead, a vigorous and now flourishing young oak has been planted so directly beside it that its foliage embraces it.

1911，W[alter] Y[eeling] Evans-Wentz，“The Testimony of Paganism”, in The Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries，London, New York, N.Y.: Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press, →OCLC, section III (The Cult of Gods, Spirits, Fairies, and the Dead)，頁 435:

Ex-King Constantine would be regarded as an apt disciple so long as he succeeded in his purpose of hoodwinking the Allies.

1917年September21日，“The Greek White Book”, in The Near East: A Weekly Review of Oriental Politics, Literature, Finance, and Commerce，卷 XIII, 期 333, London: The Near East Editorial and Publishing Offices, →OCLC，頁 410，列 1:

Can't the New York myth be exploded before Mr. De Sapio [i.e, Carmine DeSapio] hoodwinks Mr. [William Averell] Harriman and the Democratic Party?

1955年November7日，Russell C. Stroup，“Native Sons [letter]”, in Time，卷 LXVI, 期 19, New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 10，列 2:

Is it funny in the novel [The Horse’s Mouth (1944) by Joyce Cary] to hear Gulley tell about hoodwinking his former or prospective rich patrons with absurd pranks?

1959 January，Parker Tyler，“Has the Horse’s Mouth a Gold Tooth?”, in ARTnews，卷 57, 期 9, New York, N.Y.: Art Foundation Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 38，列 2:

As his correspondence with successive aristocratic First Lords of the Admiralty reveals, he was both unctuously deferential in his dealings with his official and social superiors, and capable sometimes of hoodwinking them.

2007，Linda Colley，“Out of the Caribbean”, in The Ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh: How a Remarkable Woman Crossed Seas and Empires to Become a Part of World History，London: Harper Perennial, 出版於 2008, →ISBN，頁 39:

In the absence of enforcement, many liurai decided to sell the coffee beans and to pocket the profits. To claw back the money, the Portuguese hired the warriors of a nearby liurai as tax collectors. This itself proved hardly a fail-safe strategy as, on many occasions, the liurai who were sent out to get the money hoodwinked the Portuguese and also kept the stash.

2013，Gordon [Patrick] Peake，“The Portuguese Monument”, in Beloved Land: Stories, Struggles, and Secrets from Timor-Leste，Brunswick, Vic., London: Scribe Publications, →ISBN，頁 21:

The time was not yet come when eloquence was to be gagged, and reason to be hoodwinked—when the harp of the poet was to be hung on the willows of Arno, and the right hand of the painter to forget its cunning.

1827 March，[Thomas Babington Macaulay]，“Art. I. Œuvres complétes de Machiavel, traduites par J. V. Perier. Paris, 1825. [book review]”, in The Edinburgh Review, or Critical Journal，卷 XLV, 期 XC, Edinburgh: […] [T]he heirs of D. Willison, for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, […]; and Adam Black, […], →OCLC，頁 285:


islands

island的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


instigate

源自拉丁語 īnstīgātus，īnstīgāre (“促使；煽动”)的过去分词，源自前缀in- (“...里”) + *stigare，与stinguere (“推动，刺激”)有关。对比德語 stechen (“戳，扎”)、英語 stick。

instigates (third-person singular present)
instigating (present participle)
instigated (past participle)

to instigate a riot

If the man perceives that his partner has arousal or orgasmic difficulties, this is likely to influence his desire to instigate sexual activity and/or his enjoyment and pleasure in being sexual with his partner.

2017, Desa Markovic, Working with Sexual Issues in Psychotherapy

to instigate someone to a crime

he might instigate them to swear against the law of God

1678, Robert Barclay, An Apology for the True Christian Divinity


impending

impend 的現在時分詞和動名詞

The hurricane is impending.


indemnify

indemnifies (third-person singular present)
indemnifying (present participle)
indemnified (past participle)

保障，给...保险，保证赔偿

The states must at last engage to the merchants here that they will indemnify them from all that shall fall out.

1670, Sir William Temple, letter to Lord Arlington, in The Works of Sir William Temple, page 101:

The lender of a thing for use must indemnify the borrower for damage caused by defects or vices in it, which he knew at the time of lending, and concealed from the borrower.

1906，Civil Code of the State of California，頁 405:


indemnify

源自in- (“里”) + damnify (“伤害，亏待”)，被同化入indemn和indemnify (“保障，保险；补偿”)。


ingrain

繼承自中古英語 engreynen，源自法語短语en grain，并得到了短语(dyed) in grain的增补。见grain。

ingrains (third-person singular present)
ingraining (present participle)
ingrained (past participle)

将...染色 （用速效或持久的染料）

The dirt was deeply ingrained in the carpet.

The lessons I learned at school were firmly ingrained in my mind.

我在学校学的课已经深深刻入我的脑海。


impugn

借自中古法語 impugner，源自拉丁語 impugnō，源自im- + pugnō (“打斗”)，源自pugnus (“拳头”)，即英语中的pugilism (“用拳头打架”)。

impugns (third-person singular present)
impugning (present participle)
impugned (past participle)

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:impugn。


indoctrinate

indoctrinates (third-person singular present)
indoctrinating (present participle)
indoctrinated (past participle)

灌输，教化，给...洗脑


intricate

和形容词一样，或与extricate类比而得来。

intricates (third-person singular present)
intricating (present participle)
intricated (past participle)

[…] washes off easily, without sticking or intricating into the wound.

1864 October 18, J.E. Freund, “How to Avoid the Use of Lint”, letter to the editor, in The New York Times (1864 October 23):

将...卷入，使...混入

But the British and French won't hear of that; they want to get their troops extricated and our ground troops intricated.

1994 December 12, William Safire, “Avoid Dunkirk II” (essay), in The New York Times:


incarcerate

源自中世紀拉丁語 incarcerātus，incarcerō (“囚禁”)的过去分词，源自拉丁語 in- (“里，内”) + carcer (“牢房”)，即“放入牢房”。与cancel (“用线划掉”)和chancel (“格栅，栅栏后的地方”)有关。
还见carcerate和cancer。

incarcerates (third-person singular present)
incarcerating (present participle)
incarcerated (past participle)

/ɪnˈkɑː.səˌɹeɪt/

/ɪnˈkɑɹ.səˌɹeɪt/

其作为拉丁语由来词，相对于imprison有较为正式的色彩。但是在美国，该词即使在非正式场合也频繁使用。

（尤指因犯罪而）关押，监禁

Tolokonnikova has also been an effective public speaker even while incarcerated, but she has spoken out on politics and freedom in general rather than prisoners’ rights.

2013年September23日，Masha Gessen，“Life in a Russian Prison”, in New York Times, retrieved 2013-09-24:


incarcerated

incarcerate 的簡單過去時和過去時分詞


jaded

源自jade (“老马”)，可能源自古諾爾斯語 jalda (“母驴”)。其中的jade是一个自1560年起用来骂女性的话。

jade 的過去式和過去分詞


jaywalk

jaywalks (third-person singular present)
jaywalking (present participle)
jaywalked (past participle)

（违反行人交通规则）乱穿马路


jetty

源自法語 jetée (“码头，堤道”)，源自jeter。对比jet、jutty。

jetties (third-person singular present)
jettying (present participle)
jettied (past participle)

ADENTELLARE […] It is properly to jetty out, or indent stones or timber of any unfinished building, that another may the easier be joyned unto, or that finished.

1598，John Florio，A Worlde of Wordes, or Dictionarie of the Italian and English tongues:


jibe

不详，可能源自古法語 giber (“嬉戏打闹”)。对比英語 jib (“（马）停下不愿继续走”)、古諾爾斯語 geipa (“胡说”)。
名词派生自动词。

jibes (third-person singular present)
jibing (present participle)
jibed (past participle)

We could hardly speak before for fear of our Taskmasters; but we dare now Nose those Villains that used to gibe us.

1714，John Arbuthnot，A Farther Continuation of the History of the Crown-Inn: Part III. Containing the Present State of the Inn, and Other Particulars，第2nd版, London: Printed for J. Moor, […], →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2019-03-10，頁 15:

How I want thee, hum'rous Hogarth! / Thou, I hear, a pleaſant Rogue art; / […] / Draw the Beaſts as I deſcribe them, / From their Features, while I gibe them.

a. 1746，[Jonathan] Swift，“A Character, Panegyrick, and Description of the Legion Club”, in Miscellanies，第5th版, 卷 X, London: Printed for T. Woodward, C. Davis, C. Bathurst, and W[illiam] Bowyer, 出版於 1751, →OCLC，頁s 227–228:

Why thats the way to choake a gibing ſpirrit, / Whoſe influence is begot of that looſe grace, / Which ſhallow laughing hearers giue to fooles, […]

c. 1595–1596，W. Shakespere [i.e., 威廉·莎士比亞]，A Pleasant Conceited Comedie Called, Loues Labors Lost. […] (First Quarto)，London: […] W[illiam] W[hite] for Cut[h]bert Burby, 出版於 1598, →OCLC; 再版為 Shakspere’s Loves Labours Lost (Shakspere-Quarto Facsimiles; no. 5)，London: W[illiam] Griggs, […], [1880], →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii]:

Thus with talents well endu'd / To be ſcurrilous and rude; / When you pertly raiſe your ſnout, / Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout; […]

1730，Jonathan Swift，“To Betty the Grizete”, in The Poetical Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. […]，Edinburgh: Printed by Mundell and Son, […], 出版於 1794, →OCLC; republished in The Works of the British Poets. […]，卷 IX, London: Printed for John & Arthur Arch; and for Bell & Bradfute, and J. Mundell & Co. Edinburgh, 1795, →OCLC，頁 128，列 2:

But now her mother was speaking again: 'And this – read this and tell me if you wrote it, or if that man's lying.' And Stephen must read her own misery jibing at her from those pages in Ralph Crossby's stiff and clerical handwriting.

1928，Radclyffe Hall，章號 27, in The Well of Loneliness，London: Jonathan Cape, →OCLC; 再版 Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 2005, →ISBN, book 2, section I，頁 182:

"What's the matter with you?" the woman jibed. She called after him as he walked away: "Nuts, that's what you are!"

1953，James Hilton，“Paris III”, in Time and Time Again (An Atlantic Monthly Press Book)，Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, →OCLC，頁 216:


jibe

不详，可能与chime (“使...合唱”)有关。

本词和jive在美国均能指“一致”。虽然有一本现代词典收录了jive的这种用法，但是多数文献认为这种用法是错误的。

That explanation doesn’t jibe with the facts.

[T]here is something wrong with your figures. They do not jibe with experience. They do not jibe with prices. They do not jibe with what we know.

1926年May13日，Henry H. Glassie (witness)，“Statement of Henry H. Glassie, Member of United States Tariff Commission”, in Investigation of the Tariff Commission: Hearings before the Select Committee on Investigation of the Tariff Commission, United States Senate, Sixty-ninth Congress, First Session […] Part 1 […]，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 529:

This did not jibe with the objectivist view that metaphor is of only peripheral interest in an account of meaning and truth and that it plays at best a marginal role in understanding.

1980，George Lakoff, Mark Johnson，章號 27, in Metaphors We Live By:


jilt

低地蘇格蘭語 jillet (“轻佻女性”)的缩约形。

jilts (third-person singular present)
jilting (present participle)
jilted (past participle)

将...无情抛弃，甩 (爱人)；（在恋爱中）欺骗

The humor of my proposition appealed more strongly to Miss Trevor than I had looked for, and from that time forward she became her old self again; for, even after she had conquered her love for the Celebrity, the mortification of having been jilted by him remained.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 8, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:


juxtapose

借自法語 juxtaposer，对应英语中juxta- + pose，派生自拉丁語 iuxtā (“在...旁”) + pōnō (“放置”)。

juxtaposes (third-person singular present)
juxtaposing (present participle)
juxtaposed (past participle)

将……并列放置（尤指用于对比等）

"In juxtaposing the youth athletes of our grandparents' generation with those of the modern era, we're essentially comparing Volkswagen Beetles to Hummers."

2006, Scarnati, Chris, "We should follow New Jersey's lead on this one", YourCranberry:


kerchief

源自中古英語 coverchef及其他形式，源自古法語 couvrechief，源自couvrir (“盖住”) + chief (“头”)。

kerchiefs (third-person singular present)
kerchiefing (present participle)
kerchiefed (past participle)


lavender

源自中古英語 lavendre，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 lavendre（法語 lavande），源自中世紀拉丁語 lavendula，可能源自拉丁語 lividus (“浅蓝的”)，但因薰衣草常用于洗衣，而受到了lavō (“洗”)的影响。

lavenders (third-person singular present)
lavendering (present participle)
lavendered (past participle)

用薰衣草装饰或给...予薰衣草香

Short shafts of dying sunlight mingled with the deepening grey, lavendering the horizon, and all nature seemed to hush as though waiting to welcome the night.

1986，Katherine Gibson Fougera，With Custer's Cavalry，頁 47:


lookup

look up的拼寫錯誤。


loom

源自古諾爾斯語 ljóma (“发光”)。

looms (third-person singular present)
looming (present participle)
loomed (past participle)

The clouds loomed over the mountains.

逼近，将至；（想法等）笼罩（在心头）

With no extra-time to be played and penalties looming, the Portuguese winger pounced on some hesitant City defending to run on to a Wayne Rooney clearance, round Joe Hart and slot home.

2011年August7日，Chris Bevan，“Man City 2 - 3 Man Utd”, in BBC Sport:

In the meantime, SWR staff have warned privately that an acute shortage of rolling stock is looming, because the new trains are not ready.

2021年November3日，Paul Clifton，“Network News: Rolling stock concerns as '701s' "not fit for purpose"”, in RAIL，期 943，頁 21:

On no occasion does he [Paul] loom so high, and shine so gloriously, as in the context.

1822，John M. Mason，The Evangelical Ministry Exemplified in the Apostle Paul:


kibosh

名词词源不详，有下列说法：
* kurbash (“鞭打，抽打”)的无R音变体，源自阿拉伯語 كُرْبَاج (kurbāj，“鞭打，抽打”)，或源自这个词的词源鄂圖曼土耳其語 قرباچ (kırbaç，“鞭打，抽打”)（派生出 土耳其語 kırbaç (“鞭打”)）。
* 源自愛爾蘭語 caidhp bháis (字面意思是“死帽”)，据称其可指英国法官宣判死刑时所戴的黑帽子、死囚被处以绞刑前穿的兜帽、以及一种叫做pitchcapping的酷刑。但是，似乎没有证据证明该词使用于这些义项。
* 源自某意第绪语单词（对比希伯來語 כָּבַשׁ (kavásh，“征服”)），但是没有找到具体何词。
* 源自中古英語 cabochen (“砍掉（头，尤指鹿头），砍头”)，源自中古法語 cabocher (“砍掉（头）”)，源自caboche (“头”，法国北部，非正式)（派生出中古英語 caboche (“卷心菜菜包”)），源自意大利語 capocchia (“脑袋”，贬义)，最终源自拉丁語 caput (“头”)。中古英语词据称同化自伦敦俚语。
* 鞋匠俚语kibosh (“一英尺长的铁条，加热后用来熨烫皮革”)。
动词派生自名词

kiboshes (third-person singular present)
kiboshing (present participle)
kiboshed (past participle)

Philly Kiboshes Blackout Tutoring [title] […] Plan of the Pennsylvania State Council of Defense to ring in a State-wide network of 45 stations for an "educational" blackout test, was nixed by the Office of Censorship after it was okayed by the Third Service Command of the army. Skedded for Thursday (8), purpose of the broadcast was to educate public with air raid warning signals and all Pennsylvanians were urged to listen to instructions as broadcast.

1943年July17日，“Philly Kiboshes Blackout Tutoring”, in The Billboard: The World’s Foremost Amusement Weekly，卷 55, 期 29, Cincinnati, Oh.: Roger S. Littleford Jr.; William D. Littleford, →OCLC，頁 6，列 1:

Deal for network star Henry Morgan to sign a Majestic contract for two albums has fallen thru, with Paul Baron, newly-named artist and repertoire topper at the diskery, kiboshing a deal that virtually had been consummated between his predecessors and Music Corporation of America (MCA).

1947年September6日，“Paul Baron Nixes 2 Morgan Albums”, in The Billboard: The World’s Foremost Amusement Weekly，卷 59, 期 35, Cincinnati, Oh.: Roger S. Littleford Jr.; William D. Littleford, →OCLC，頁 14，列 3:

His second book is full of spirited advice on how to do business deals. According to [Mark] McCormack, this often amounts to keeping lawyers from kiboshing the deal.

1987年December1日，Peter Megargee Brown，“We Have Met the Enemy: The Terrible Truth about Lawyers by Mark H. McCormack, William Morrow, New York, N.Y., 260 pages; $17.95 [book review]”, in ABA Journal: The Lawyer’s Magazine，Chicago, Ill.: American Bar Association, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 127:

But this discovery, as cheering as it was, also kiboshed the hypothesis about different-colored varieties of H. simus in different reasons, because the dozen animals at Kianjavato were charcoal gray, just as [Patricia] Wright had originally expected.

1996，David Quammen，“So Huge a Bignes”, in The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions，New York, N.Y.: Scribner, 出版於 2004, →ISBN，頁 239:

At which point, Mrs Arbuthnot enters to kibosh her son's prospects, only to be told, when the family facts emerge, that she should marry the high-born roué who has ruined her.

2003年September17日，Michael Billington，“Theatre: A Woman of No Importance, Haymarket Theatre, London [review]”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2022-05-17:

It appears some chump at Revenue and Customs has, against all rules, put a disc or discs containing 25 million child benefit records – names, addresses, National Insurance numbers, bank account details, the lot – in the post and inevitably it has gone missing. […] As several people pointed out, with particular reference to ID cards, this kiboshes any notion that confidential information is safe in government hands.

2007 November 20 (date written)，Chris Mullin，章號 2007, in Decline and Fall: Diaries 2005–2010，London: Profile Books, 出版於 2010, →ISBN，頁s 213–214:

Fortunately the FA [Football Association], in a rare moment of decisiveness, stepped in to kibosh the plan.

2010年May15日，Andrew Anthony，“Yes, the Capello Index wasn’t a good move, but remember Glenn?”, in The Observer，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2022-10-11:

Extensive highlights from Glastonbury, an Allied mission to kibosh the German A-bomb and a homage to Arthur Ashe。

2015年June26日，Ali Catterall, Julia Raeside, John Robinson, David Stubbs，“Friday’s best TV”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2022-05-17, subtitle:

Superman bashed Bavarians and kiboshed Krauts with a mix of solemn consecration, righteous anger and cathartic glee.

2021，Roy Schwartz，“The Galactic Golem”, in Is Superman Circumcised?: The Complete Jewish History of the World’s Greatest Hero，Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, →ISBN, part III (Mensch of Steel: Fulfilling Jewish Fantasy and Faith)，頁 166:


limp

源自中古英語 limpen (“缺憾”)，源自古英語 limpan，源自原始日耳曼語 *limpaną (“吊着”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)lemb-、*(s)lembʰ- (“松垮地垂”)。与低地德語 lumpen (“跛脚”)、中古高地德語 limpfen (“蹒跚”)，德語方言词lampen (“松垮地垂”)、冰島語 limpa (“软，弱”)同源。

limps (third-person singular present)
limping (present participle)
limped (past participle)

Dirk Kuyt sandwiched a goal in between Carroll's double as City endured a night of total misery, with captain Carlos Tevez limping off early on with a hamstring strain that puts a serious question mark over his participation in Saturday's FA Cup semi-final against Manchester United at Wembley.

2011年April11日，Phil McNulty，“Liverpool 3 - 0 Man City”, in BBC Sport:

The bomber limped home on one engine.

轰炸机靠着一个引擎艰难地返航了。

limping verses

The business limped through the recession.

生意颠颠簸簸地撑过了经济萧条。


limp

源自中古英語 *limp、*lemp，源自古英語 *lemp（仅可考于复合词lemphealt (“一瘸一拐”)内），源自原始日耳曼語 *limpaną (“挂着”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)lemb-、*(s)lembʰ- (“松垮地垂”)。与德語 lampecht (“松弛的”)、冰島語 lempinn、lempiligur (“柔韧的”)同源。见前文。


limp

源自中古英語 limpen，源自古英語 limpan (“发生；存在；属于；适合；有关于”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *limpaną (“滑动，适合”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)lemb-、*(s)lembʰ- (“松垮地垂”)。与低地蘇格蘭語 limp (“发生”)、中古荷蘭語 limpen (“发生”)、中古低地德語 gelimpen (“缓和”)、中古高地德語 limfen (“合适；成为”)同源。

limps (third-person singular present)
limping (present participle)
lamp (past)
limped (past)
lump (past participle)
limped (past participle)


leer

不详，可能源自动词*leer (“做鬼脸”)，源自leer (“脸”)。

leers (third-person singular present)
leering (present participle)
leered (past participle)

（不及物）（尤指色眯眯或有敌意地）斜视，斜眼看（+at）

To gild a face with smiles; and leer a man to ruin.


leer

源自中古英語 leren，源自古英語 lǣran (“教育，指导，教导，说服，指示，命令，说教”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *laizijaną (“教”)，源自原始印歐語 *leis- (“足迹，痕迹，车辙”)。与荷蘭語 leren (“教”)、德語 lehren (“教”)、瑞典語 lära (“教”)同源。与古英語 lār (“学问，见闻，教育方法，研究，教义，建议，历史，故事，诡诈”)相关。


lambaste

1637年首次可考。可能是lam (“打”) + baste (“打”)构成的复合词。

lambastes (third-person singular present)
lambasting (present participle)
lambasted (past participle)

The sergeant lambasted the new recruits daily.

Her first novel was well and truly lambasted by the critics.

他的第一本小说被书评猛烈批评。

Indeed, part of the problem was that Armstrong was rowing back on so much previous behaviour and years of aggressive lambasting of reporters, officials and team-mates who had claimed he was doping. "I don't forgive Lance Armstrong, who lied to me in two interviews. And I suspect most of America won't, either," Kurtz wrote.

2013年January19日，Paul Harris，“Lance Armstrong faces multi-million dollar legal challenges after confession”, in The Guardian:

Labour frontbencher Louise Haigh (Shadow Transport Secretary for heaven's sake!) initially lambasted TOCs before the handful of specialist rail commentators fell on her tweets and she changed her tune, refocusing her fire on Government.

2023年August9日，Nigel Harris，“Comment: Disinterested and dishonest”, in RAIL，期 989，頁 3:


lullaby

源自中古英語 lullen (“使...镇静”) + bye。首次可考于约1560年。对比古英語 bī, bī (叹词)。

lullabies (third-person singular present)
lullabying (present participle)
lullabied (past participle)


lumbago

名词借自晚期拉丁語 lumbāgō (“腰部疼痛”)，源自晚期拉丁語 lumbus (“腰部的”)、拉丁語 lumbus (“腰部”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *lendʰ- (“腰部”)） + -āgō (构成描述物体、动物和植物的名词的后缀)。
动词直接衍生自名词。

lumbagos (third-person singular present)
lumbagoing (present participle)
lumbagoed (past participle)

/lʌmˈbeɪɡəʊ/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-lumbago.wav

/ˌlʌmˈbeɪˌɡoʊ/


lurch

原为航海用语，借自法語 lâcher (“放开”)。

lurches (third-person singular present)
lurching (present participle)
lurched (past participle)


lurch

源自拉丁語 lurcāre。

Too far off from great cities, which may hinder business; too near them, which lurcheth all provisions, and maketh everything dear.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Building”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:


lurch

源自中古英語 *lurche（由lurching推测出），源自古法語 lourche (“被骗的；尴尬的；一种游戏”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *lort (“左；左撇子的；扭曲的；弯曲的；变形的；狡诈的；跛脚的”)。与英語 lirt同源。

And in the brunt of seventeen battles since / He lurched all swords of the garland.

c. 1608–1609，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:


lithe

源自中古英語 lithen，源自古英語 līþan (“走，旅行，航行，失去”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *līþaną (“走，离开，遭受”)，源自原始印歐語 *leyt- (“走，启程，死”)。与北弗里斯蘭語 lyen、lije (“遭受”)、荷蘭語 lijden (“遭受，忍耐，停留”)、德語 leiden (“遭受，忍受，允许”)同源。参见lode、lead。

lithes (third-person singular present)
lithing (present participle)
lithed (past)
lode (past)
lithed (past participle)
lidden (past participle)


lithe

源自中古英語 lithen，源自古英語 līþian、līþiġian (“使...软，使...宁静，使...缓和，安抚”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *linþijaną (“使...软”)，源自原始印歐語 *lento- (“有弹性的”)。与德語 lindern (“减轻，缓和”)同源。

使...软，使...平静，缓和，减轻

England.. hath now suppled, lithed and stretched their throats.

a. 1652, Thomas Adams, Physic from Heaven

Give me also faith, Lord,.. to lithe, to form, and to accommodate my spirit and members.

1642, Daniel Rogers, Naaman the Syrian: His Disease and Cure


lithe

源自中古英語 lithen，源自古諾爾斯語 hlýða (“听”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hliuþijaną (“听”)，源自原始印歐語 *ḱlewe- (“听见”)。与丹麥語 lytte (“听”)同源。与古英語 hlēoþor (“声音，声响，嗓音，歌声”)、古英語 hlūd (“吵闹的，洪亮的”)有关。其他见loud。

lithes (third-person singular present)
lithing (present participle)
lithed (past participle)


maraud

源自法語 marauder，派生自maraud (“无赖，流浪者”)，源自中古法語 maraud (“无赖”)，源自古法語 *marault (“乞丐，流浪者”)，源自marir、marrir (“烦扰，迷失，迷路”)，源自古法蘭克語 *marrijan (“疏漏；妨碍”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *marzijaną (“疏漏；妨碍；破坏”)，源自原始印歐語 *mers- (“迷；不知道，忘”) + 古法語后缀-ault、-aud。同源词有古高地德語 marrjan、marren (“妨碍”)、古撒克遜語 merrian (“妨碍；浪费”)、哥特語 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (marzjan，“冒犯”)。与mar有关。

marauds (third-person singular present)
marauding (present participle)
marauded (past participle)

a marauding band

Peace Plunder, Peace, you Rogue; no Moroding now i we'll burn, rob, demolish and murder another time together : This is a Bus'ness must be done with decency.

1684，Thomas Otway，The Works of Mr. Thomas Otway，卷 2, London: Richard, James, and Bethel Wellington, 出版於 1728, The Atheist; or the Second Part of the Soldier's Fortune，頁 88:

[…] in one of which they met with a party of French that had been marauding, and made them all prisoners at discretion.

1711，Joseph Addison，The Spectator, no. 90-505，卷 3, London: Thomas Tickell, 出版於 1721，頁 115:

A flea out of a blanket shaken, A bloody-minded sinner, Upon a taylor's neck was taken, Marauding for a dinner.

1770，“Fables for Grown Gentlemen”, in The Critical Review: Or, Annals of Literature，卷 29, London: A. Hamilton，頁 73:

As the tract of country they intended to maraud was far in the Moorish territories near the coast of the Mediterranean, they did not arrive until late in the following day.

1829，Washington Irving，A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada: In Two Volumes，卷 1, Paris: Baudry, at the Foreign Library，頁s 118-9:


morrow

源自中古英語 morwe、morwen，源自古英語 morgen，源自原始西日耳曼語 *morgan、*morgin，源自原始日耳曼語 *murganaz、*murginaz，对比荷蘭語 morgen和德語 Morgen。
morgen和morn 的同源對似詞。morn和morrow均派生自早期中古英语morwen（前者派生自早期的缩约形，后者则是规则的-en脱落）。

morrows (third-person singular present)
morrowing (present participle)
morrowed (past participle)

[…] he did her bidding but hardly touched food; after which he lay at full length on his bed all the night through in cogitation deep until morning morrowed.

1885，Sir Richard Burton，Aladdin and the Magic Lamp:


nauseated

nauseate 的過去式和過去分詞


mortify

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 mortifier、中古法語 mortifier，源自晚期拉丁語 mortificō (“使...死亡”)，源自拉丁語 mors (“死亡”) + -ficō (“化”)。

mortifies (third-person singular present)
mortifying (present participle)
mortified (past participle)

使...节制，使...节欲 （身体、食欲等） （自15世纪）

Some people seek sainthood by mortifying the body.

一些人为了追求成为圣人而节欲。

With fasting mortify'd, worn out with tears.

1767，Walter Harte，Eulogius: Or, The Charitable Mason:

Mortify thy learned lust.

Mortify, therefore, your members which are upon the earth.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Colossians 3:5:

使...窘迫，使...难堪，使...屈辱，使...丢人，羞辱 （自17世纪）

I was so mortified I could have died right there; instead I fainted, but I swore I'd never let that happen to me again.

我在那都快要丢人死了，然后我昏倒了，但是我发誓我绝对不会让这种事有第二次。

Then we relapsed into a discomfited silence, and wished we were anywhere else. But Miss Thorn relieved the situation by laughing aloud, and with such a hearty enjoyment that instead of getting angry and more mortified we began to laugh ourselves, and instantly felt better.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

杀害 （14-17世纪）

扼杀，废止 （14-18世纪）

Quicksilver is mortified with turpentine.

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

使...坏死 （活体组织等） （15-18世纪）

使...沮丧，使...懊恼，烦扰

the news of the fatal battle of Worcester, which exceedingly mortified our expectations

22 September 1651 (date in diary), 1818 (first published), John Evelyn, John Evelyn's Diary

the schoolmasters of Ayr were paid out of the mills mortified by Queen Mary

1876 James Grant, History of the Burgh and Parish Schools of Scotland, Part II, Chapter 14, p.453 (PDF 2.7 MB):


mortifying

mortify 的現在時分詞和動名詞


nickname

:中古英语 nekename（同义），系由 an（定冠词） ekename（绰号）的错误划词而产生。 ekename 源自 eke（另外，附加的）与 name（名字）。 对比古诺斯语词汇 aukanafn（绰号）。
:通过这种方法产生的英语语汇还有 apron、newt、orange、umpire、daffodil 等。


marmalade

借自中古法語 marmelade，源自葡萄牙語 marmelada (“榅桲酱”)，源自marmelo (“榅桲”)，源自拉丁語 melimēlum (“甜苹果”)，源自古希臘語 μελίμηλον (melímēlon)，源自μέλι (méli，“蜜”) + μῆλον (mêlon，“苹果”)。

marmalades (third-person singular present)
marmalading (present participle)
marmaladed (past participle)


nigger

可能直接源自法語 nègre或西班牙語和葡萄牙語 negro (“非洲黑人”)，最终源自拉丁語 niger (“黑色的”)。比较丹麥語 nigger、瑞典語 nigger、德語 Nigger、荷蘭語 nikker。negro和noir 的同源對似詞。

niggers (third-person singular present)
niggering (present participle)
niggered (past participle)

做出黑人刻板印象中的行径

His father said, “Niggering, I was niggering about. You knew that surely.”

1989，Reynolds Price，The surface of earth，Ballantine Books，頁 120:

Forrest’s rediscovery of his father coincides with his discovery that old Robinson’s “niggering around” produced at least one child of mixed race.

2007，George Hovis，Vale of Humility: Plain Folk in Contemporary North Carolina Fiction，Univ of South Carolina Press，頁 86:

I mean he was niggering. Niggering out, grabbing at my leg and microphone cord. I said, ‘Stop that you damn nigger!’ and that takes guts!

2008，Joe Ambrose，Gimme Danger: The Story Of Iggy Pop，Music Sales Group:

The gated community is a powerful tool in the systematic and sustained niggering of local 3rd-world communities - namely, in the book, the Hispanic (mostly wetbacK^([sic])) community

1997年January18日，Joe Frisch，“Anglo-US relations under a Blair Government”, in uk.org.mensa (Usenet):

> He is on TV saying that he was "abused" by the police and treated like a nigger.

1999年December3日，Jeff Welch，“Who is McGuyver and why was he "niggered?”, in seattle.general, December 3 (Usenet):

Why would many Paletinians want to return to a land where they would be "niggered" for the benefit of the Israelis as the present Palestinian population is

2003年July16日，“Mob Attacks Palestinian Pollsters Who Told The Truth”, in soc.retirement (Usenet):


nimble

源自中古英語 nymyl、nemel、nemyll、nymell (“敏捷的，迅捷的；准备就绪的；有能的”)，古英語 nǣmel (“善于学习的”)和古英語 numol (“能够拿稳的”)的合并形式，两者均源自niman (“拿，取”) + -el、-ol (联想后缀)，等价于nim + -le。对比德語 nehmen、哥特語 𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (niman)、古諾爾斯語 nema (“拿”)。详见nim。

nimbles (third-person singular present)
nimbling (present participle)
nimbled (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-nimble.wav

Their teeth are regularly and assiduously cleaned by shrimp that nimble in and out of the moray's mouth like ballet dancers in the jaws of a mechanical stage dragon.

2012，Caspar Henderson，The Book of Barely Imagined Beings，頁 72:


neighbor

neighbors (third-person singular present)
neighboring (present participle)
neighbored (past participle)


muddled

muddle 的過去式和過去分詞


no-show

no-shows (third-person singular present)
no-showing (present participle)
no-showed (past participle)


neuter

:< 拉丁語——ne （“不”） + uter （“哪个”）； 对比英语 whether、neither。

neuters (third-person singular present)
neutering (present participle)
neutered (past participle)


nosy

nosies (third-person singular present)
nosying (present participle)
nosied (past participle)

My brother always nosies into my diary.

我哥哥老是偷看我的日记。


murder

源自中古英語 murder、murdre、mourdre，变化自早期形式murthre (“谋杀”)（参见murther），源自古英語 morþor (“暗杀，非法杀害”)和古英語 myrþra (“谋杀，他杀”)，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *murþrą (“死，杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mr̥tro- (“杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mer-、*mor-、*mr̥- (“死”)。与哥特語 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂 (maurþr，“谋杀”)、古高地德語 mord (“谋杀”)、古諾爾斯語 morð (“谋杀”)、古英語 myrþrian (“谋杀”)和morþ有关。
中古英語词形内的-d-可能部分受到盎格魯-諾曼語 murdre的影响，后者源自古法語 murdre，源自中世紀拉丁語 murdrum（亦派生出同源对似词murdrum），源自古法蘭克語 *morþr、*murþr (“谋杀”)，源自同样的日耳曼語族词根，虽然也有可能是完全内部发展的结果（对比burden，其源自burthen）。

murders (third-person singular present)
murdering (present participle)
murdered (past participle)

The woman found dead in her kitchen was murdered by her husband.

被发现死在厨房的女性是被其丈夫杀害的。

Our team is going to murder them.

我们队必打得他们找不着北。

He's torn my best shirt. When I see him, I'll murder him!

他把我最好的衬衫撕坏了，让我看到他不把他打死。

Dr. Caius, the Frenchman in the play, and Evans the Welshman, "Gallia et Guallia," succeed pretty well in their efforts to murder the language.

1892，William Shepard Walsh，Handy-book of Literary Curiosities，頁 293:

I could murder a hamburger right now.


meek

源自中古英語 meek、meke、meoc，其词源不详，可能与古英語 smēag (“微妙的，等等”)和smūgan有关并可能借自古諾爾斯語 mjúkr (“软的，柔和的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *meukaz、*mūkaz (“软的，柔软的”)，源自原始印歐語 *mewg-、*mewk- (“滑”)。
同源词包括瑞典語和新挪威語 mjuk (“软的”)、書面挪威語 myk (“软的”)、丹麥語 myg (“柔软的”)、荷蘭語 muik (“软的，过熟的”)，方言德語 mauch (“干枯的，腐烂的”)、Mauche。亦对比威爾士語 mwyth (“软的，弱的”)、拉丁語 ēmungō (“擤鼻子”)、吐火羅語A muk- (“放弃”)、立陶宛語 mùkti (“从...滑走”)、古教會斯拉夫語 мъчати (mŭčati，“追逐”)、古希臘語 μύσσομαι (mússomai，“擤鼻子”)、梵語 मुञ्चति (muñcati，“释放”)。

meeks (third-person singular present)
meeking (present participle)
meeked (past participle)


misbegotten

/ˌmɪsbɪˈɡɒtn̩/

/ˌmɪsbɪˈɡɑtn̩/


simmer

方言词simper的变换形式，源自中古英語 simperen (“炖”)，可能是拟声词。最早记录是不及物动词。名词源自动词。首次記錄於15世纪末叶

simmers (third-person singular present)
simmering (present participle)
simmered (past participle)

煨，炖 （自17世纪中叶）

The soup simmered on the stove.

The locomotive was the now inevitable American 2-8-0, No. 2623. There she stood, effectively blocking the level crossing, simmering gently, massively inert. It was almost dark, and one's final sight was of her high, firelit cab, the enginemen nonchalantly leaning out, waiting for the right-away, while impatient road convoys piled up on both sides of the crossing.

1945 January and February，“Notes and News: American Locomotives in France”, in Railway Magazine，頁 46:

That way, the heat can circulate under the meat and prevent it from simmering in its juices.

2004，Susan Westmoreland，The Good Housekeeping Cookbook，Hearst Books, →ISBN，頁 89:

同類詞：bake、sauté

Simmer the soup for five minutes, then serve.

There are other easy ways you can bake and simmer and sauté wild game without qualifying as a gourmet cook.

1981，Phyllis Hobson，Easy Game Cookery，Storey Publishing, →ISBN，頁 2:

快要发火，在发火的边缘，激动 （自18世纪60年代）

Maybe that really did happen, and Robin's anger at his wife had simmered for this long?

2006，Earl Ganz，The Taos Truth Game，UNM Press, →ISBN:

（尤指一系列解决问题的努力没有结果后）记仇，怀恨在心，心怀芥蒂

I tried to get through to him; all that's left for me to do is simmer.

我本来试着解释给他的，现在我除了恼火已经束手无策了。

The idea for The Sims was one that had been simmering in Wright's mind for quite some time, and was initially conceived as an architecture simulation.

2003，Mark H. Walker，Games That Sell!，Wordware Publishing, Inc., →ISBN，頁 162:


bite off more than one can chew

bites off more than one can chew (third-person singular present)
biting off more than one can chew (present participle)
bit off more than one could chew (past)
bitten off more than one could chew (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-au-bite off more than one can chew.ogg

常用作忠告“don't bite off more than you can chew”。

I think I bit off more than I could chew when I agreed to paint this house by myself.

我觉得我同意一个人给这个房子上漆的时候有点不自量力了。


protonated

protonate的过去时和过去分词形式


ostracize

源自古希臘語 ὀστρακίζω (ostrakízō，“通过陶片放逐法放逐”)，源自ὄστρᾰκον (óstrăkon，“陶片”) + -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō，构成动词的后缀)。英语词与法語 ostraciser同源。

ostracizes (third-person singular present)
ostracizing (present participle)
ostracized (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ostracize.wav

blackball

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

cut someone dead

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

give someone the cold shoulder

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

send to Coventry

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

leper

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

以陶片放逐法放逐（五或十年） （自19世纪中叶）

Republics have been accused of being ungrateful. Aristides was ostracised for being called the Just, and Themistocles banished, after saving his country from desolation.

1836年December15日，Eleazer Wheelock Ripley，“The President’s Message”, in Register of Debates in Congress, Comprising the Leading Debates and Incidents of the Second Session of the Twenty-fourth Congress: […] (United States House of Representatives)，卷 XIII, Washington, D.C.: Printed and published by Gales and Seaton, 出版於 1837, →OCLC，列 1097:

[T]he person who was ostracised was obliged to leave Athens within ten days after the sentence, and unless a vote of the people recalled him before the expiration of that time, to stay in exile for ten years.

1840，“OSTRACISM”, in The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge，卷s XVII (Organ–Pertinax), London: Charles Knight and Co., […], →OCLC，頁 55，列 2:

The Athenian Hyperbolus, who had been ostracized some years before by the coalition of Nikias and Alkibiades, together with their respective partisans—ostracized (as Thucydides tells us) not from any fear of his power and over-transcendent influence, but from his bad character and from his being a disgrace to the city—and thus ostracized by an abuse of the institution—was now resident at Samos.

[1849]，George Grote，“Twenty-first Year of the War.—Oligarchy of Four Hundred at Athens.”, in A History of Greece from the Earliest Period to the Close of the Generation Contemporary with Alexander the Great。[...] In Four Volumes，第2nd版, 卷 III, New York, N.Y.: W. L. Allison Co., publishers, →OCLC, part II (Continuation of Historical Greece)，頁 203:

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

You then moſt Noble Equivocations and Alluſions, whom Rhetorick would Oſtraciſe, ſeek Revenge for your Baniſhment; [...]

1704，[Antoine Furetière]，“Bombast’s Speech to His Army”, in The Rebellion: Or, An Account of the Late Civil-wars, in the Kingdom of Eloquence，London: Printed [for John Nutt ...], →OCLC，頁 48:

The inflexible advocate[s] of the people's rights, were either expelled the Senate Chamber, ostracised, or immolated on the reeking altars of patriotism, by the encrimsoned sword of slaughtering persecution.

1811年July4日，Henry A[lexander] S[cammell] Dearborn，An Oration, Pronounced at Boston, on the Fourth Day of July, 1811, before the Supreme Executive and in the Presence of the Bunker-Hill Association，Boston, Mass.: Printed by Munroe & French, printer to the state, →OCLC，頁s 4–5:

[O]thers may wonder at the mawkish taste of a community which, instead of ostracising such a palpable charlatan at once, attended and praised all that he had to say!

1841，Anthony Grumbler [pseudonym; David Hoffman]，章號 VII, in Miscellaneous Thoughts on Men, Manners, and Things，Baltimore, Md.: Published by Plaskitt & Cugle, →OCLC，頁 179:

No party worthy of the name will submit, permanently, to any regime which ostracises its best men and selects the worst, which has become an epidemic condition of party politics, and may take off most of what is worth recognizing in the pride of our boasted institutions.

1852 August，“Death of Henry Clay: The Convention System”, in Democratic Review，卷 II, 期 II (New Series; volume XXXI, number CLXX, overall), New York, N.Y.: Published at the office of the Democratic Review, […], →OCLC，頁 151，列 1:

Fashion not only sustains bad writers, but ostracizes and banishes good ones. [William] Shakespeare's writings were popular while he lived, but almost forgotten for two centuries after his death.

1860 January，“Art IX.—Ancient and Modern Art and Literature.”, in De Bow’s Review and Industrial Resources, Statistics, etc.: […]，卷 III (New Series; volume XXVIII overall), 期 I, New Orleans, La., Washington, D.C.: [J. D. B. De Bow], →OCLC，頁 83:

Q. Have you any knowledge aside from your own case of their socially ostracizing a man?—A. There are almost a dozen in this room, I guess, that I know of; perhaps a dozen.

1877年January13日，[Francis] Kernan (questioner), Edward Howard (witness)，Mississippi. Testimony as to Denial of Elective Franchise in Mississippi, at the Elections of 1875 and 1876, […] (The Miscellaneous Documents of the Senate of the United States for the Second Session of the Forty-forth Congress; volume III, number 45)，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 22:

Our honest and conservative financiers should frown upon and ostracize these black sheep, whether they are cornering the wheat market or manipulating prices on the Stock Exchange by wash sales and otherwise, or promoting a Shipyard Trust, or playing profitably with the surplus funds of a life insurance company.

1905年May4日，“Financials: The Fall of [F. G.] Bigelow”, in The Independent，卷 LVIII, 期 2944, New York, N.Y.: The Independent, […], →OCLC，頁 1030，列 2:

I long to be one with the birds and trees and with the green earth. The call comes to me from the air to sing, but, wretched creature that I am, I lecture—and by doing it, I ostracise myself from this great world of songs to which I was born.

1921年March18日，Rabindranath Tagore，“New York, March 18, 1921”, in Letters from Abroad，Madras, Tamil Nadu: S. Ganesan publisher, […], 出版於 1924, →OCLC，頁 86:

[T]raditions such as the bouquet toss and the "singles" table at the wedding reception often marginalize and ostracize lesbians and gays in attendance.

2003，Cele C. Otnes, Elizabeth Hafkin Pleck，“Romance, Magic, Memory, and Perfection”, in Cinderella Dreams: The Allure of the Lavish Wedding (Life Passages)，Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif., London: University of California Press, →ISBN，頁 22:

Ostracism can be observed from an early age, and continues throughout the life-cycle. Children ostracize other children in the playground, choosing carefully who they wish to play with. Adults ostracize other adults, such as marriage partners using the silent treatment.

2007，Kipling D. Williams, Jonathan Gerber，“Ostracism: The Making of the Ignored and Excluded Mind”, in Making Minds: The Shaping of Human Minds through Social Context (Benjamins Current Topics; 4)，Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, →ISSN，頁 132:

[A] traditional chief attended our Human Rights Defenders Forum in Atlanta and then returned home to discover that a local soldier had raped a fourteen-year-old girl. The chief personally found the soldier, tied him to a chair, and waited for the police to arrive and arrest him. He then used his influence to prevent anyone from condemning or ostracizing the girl. The benefits from this kind of bold action have been proven in Malawi, Senegal, Liberia, Ghana, and other African countries.

2015 March，Jimmy Carter，“The Road to Progress”, in A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power，New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, →ISBN，頁 195:

A common practice by established parties in liberal democracies that often accompanies delegitimisation efforts is ostracising a challenger party. In this book's first chapter we have defined ostracising a party as systematically ruling out all political cooperation with that party [...].

2018，Joost van Spanje，“Pariah Parties: Established Parties’ Systematic Boycotting of Other Parties”, in Controlling the Electoral Marketplace: How Established Parties Ward off Competition (Political Campaigning and Communication)，Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan、Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN，頁s 37–38:


ogle

可能源自
* 荷蘭語，源自中古荷蘭語 *ooghelen、oeghelen (“盯着”)，oogen (“看”)的反复态，源自oge (“眼睛”)，
* 或源自低地德語 oegeln，oegen (“看”)的反复态，源自Oog (“眼睛”)。
对比德語 äugeln (“盯着”)。详见eye、-le。

ogles (third-person singular present)
ogling (present participle)
ogled (past participle)

盯着，凝视 （尤指不礼貌地，深情地或贪婪地）


overstay

overstays (third-person singular present)
overstaying (present participle)
overstayed (past participle)

Thailand’s Constitutional Court ruled Wednesday that Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha must suspend his active duties while the court decides whether he has overstayed his legal term in office.

2022年August24日，Tassanee Vejpongsa & Grant Peck，“Thai court suspends PM Prayuth pending ruling on term limit”, in The Washington Post, retrieved 2022-08-24:

overstay one's visa


overtake

overtakes (third-person singular present)
overtaking (present participle)
overtook (past)
overtaken (past participle)


plummet

源自中古英語 plommet (“铅球，摆锤”)，自1382年有书面记录，源自古法語 plommet或者plomet，plom、plum (“测深锤”)的指小词，源自拉丁語 plumbum (“铅”)。动词最早记录见于1626年，表示“测量，测深”，其源自名词。

plummets (third-person singular present)
plummeting (present participle)
plummetting (present participle)
plummeted (past participle)
plummetted (past participle)

重重地，快速地跌落；暴跌，骤降

After its ascent, the arrow plummeted to earth.

箭上升以后，快速地射向地面。

Some speculated Twitter’s stock would plummet, while another said the company would not have to be owned by “a moron,” using an expletive to refer to Mr. Musk.

2022年October4日，Kate Conger，Lauren Hirsch，“Elon Musk Suggests Buying Twitter at His Original Price”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Passenger numbers had been rising sharply. But the replacement of the services by buses, which take far longer because of the number of stations in out-of-the-way villages on the route, will ensure they plummet again.

2022年December14日，Christian Wolmar，“No Marston Vale line trains... and no one in charge seems to 'give a damn'”, in RAIL，期 972，頁 46:


profiteer

profiteers (third-person singular present)
profiteering (present participle)
profiteered (past participle)

/ˌpɹɒfɪˈtɪə(ɹ)/


pageant

14世纪末叶作中古英語 pagent，源自中世紀拉丁語 pagina (“奥迹剧”)，多半源自拉丁語 pāgina (“页”)。

pageants (third-person singular present)
pageanting (present participle)
pageanted (past participle)


prowl

源自中古英語 prollen，其词源不详。

prowls (third-person singular present)
prowling (present participle)
prowled (past participle)

鬼鬼祟祟地四处徘徊； 觅食或寻找猎物

He prowls each place, still in new colours decked.

a. 1587，Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney]，“(please specify the page number)”, in The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia]，London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC:

Watch the lioness prowling in the shrubbery for zebras.

看那只母狮子在灌木丛里狩猎斑马。

It's easy to sneak vandalism into Wiktionary as there are few other users prowling the Recent Changes page.

维基词典很容易就会被人偷偷破坏，因为没有多少用户盯着“最近更改”页面。

While McCarthy prowled the touchline barking orders, his opposite number watched on motionless and expressionless and, with 25 minutes to go, decided to throw on Nicolas Anelka for Kalou。

2011年January5日，Mark Ashenden，“Wolverhampton 1 - 0 Chelsea”, in BBC:

That dandy has nothing better to do than prowl around town all day in his pinstripe suit.

那个男的没别的事干，整天就穿着件细条纹西装在镇上无所事事地晃来晃去。

to prowl money


ordain

源自中古英語 ordeynen，源自古法語 ordiner，源自拉丁語 ordinare (“命令”)，源自ordo (“命令”)。ordinate 的同源對似詞。

ordains (third-person singular present)
ordaining (present participle)
ordained (past participle)

On once more we swung, bumping uneasily along in the antique narrow-gauge coach, with gloomy woods and gathering night outside, shouts and songs (and quacks) inside—this was not at all the sort of train ordained by the logical strategists in Paris—then grinding to a stop at a mysterious halt which was no more than a nameboard in the pinewoods, without even a footpath leading to it, but nevertheless with a solitary passenger stolidly waiting.

1961 November，H. G. Ellison and P. G. Barlow，“Journey through France: Part One”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 668:

授予...圣职（如祭司、主教等）


outdo

outdoes (third-person singular present)
outdoing (present participle)
outdid (past)
outdone (past participle)


preserve

:< (14世纪后期) 古法语 preserver < 中世纪拉丁语 preservare（保留，保存） < 后期拉丁语 praeservare（事前防范） < 拉丁语 prae（前）（见 pre-） + servare（保卫）。语义“用糖防腐的水果”出现于16世纪。语义“动植物的保护地”出现于1807年。preservationist 用作“文物保护者”最早见于1927年。

preserves (third-person singular present)
preserving (present participle)
preserved (past participle)


polka

:< 捷克語 pulka （“半个”）。

polkas (third-person singular present)
polkaing (present participle)
polkaed (past participle)


outstanding

outstand 的現在時分詞和動名詞


quell

源自中古英語 quellen，源自古英語 cwellan (“杀死”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *kwalljan，源自原始日耳曼語 *kwaljaną (“杀死”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *gʷelH-。同源词有德語 quälen (“折磨”)、瑞典語 kvälja (“折磨”)、冰島語 kvelja (“折磨”)。亦对比古典亞美尼亞語 կեղ (keł，“疮，溃疡”)、古教會斯拉夫語 жаль (žalĭ，“痛”)。参见kill。它可能是本词的同源对似词。

quells (third-person singular present)
quelling (present participle)
quelled (past participle)

镇压，压制 （10世纪起）

The nation obeyed the call, rallied round the sovereign, and enabled him to quell the disaffected minority.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 1, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

终止，消灭 （14世纪起）

to quell grief

to quell the tumult of the soul

However, after quelling Burnley's threat, Southampton failed to build on their growing danger culminating in Tadic's missed penalty.

2014年December13日，Mandeep Sanghera，“Burnley 1-0 Southampton”, in BBC Sport:

Well prov'd in that same day, when Jove those gyants quelled.

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book V”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

减弱，平息 （16-17世纪）

Yet he did quake and quaver, like to quell.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


quibbling

quibble的现在分词形式。


rabble

首次出现于14世纪，源自中古英語 rablen (“漫步，信步；胡言”)，与中古荷蘭語 rabbelen (“说话”)、低地德語 rabbeln、robbeln (“聊天，漫谈”)。

rabbles (third-person singular present)
rabbling (present participle)
rabbled (past participle)

胡言，说胡话，说含糊不清的话


rabble

古法語 roable（现代法语râble），源自拉丁語 rutabulum (“拔火棍”)。


pantomime

约17世纪，源自拉丁語 pantomīmus，源自古希臘語 παντόμιμος (pantómimos)，源自πᾶς (pâs，“全”) + μιμέομαι (miméomai，“模仿”)。

pantomimes (third-person singular present)
pantomiming (present participle)
pantomimed (past participle)


regale

源自法語 régaler (“取悦于，款待”)，源自古法語 regale、rigale，源自gale (“欢乐”)，可能源自日耳曼語族（参见古法語 galer）。受到了古法語 se rigoler (“开心，愉悦”)的影响，其词源不详。对比中古高地德語 begalen (“迷住”)、英語 gale (“唱歌；使...陶醉”)。亦对比英語 gala。

regales (third-person singular present)
regaling (present participle)
regaled (past participle)

使...愉快，使...开心，取悦于 （自17世纪）

You’ve Got Mail is certainly the basic model for the plot, which finds corporate candy shill Joel ([Paul] Rudd) and indie-sweetshop owner Molly ([Amy] Poehler) regaling their dinner companions with the very long, digressive story of how they met and fell in love.

2014年June26日，A. A. Dowd，“Paul Rudd and Amy Poehler Spoof Rom-com Clichés in They Came Together”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2017-12-07:

款待，招待 （自17世纪）

she hardly lets a Week pass without making the Lady Abbess and her Nuns a Visit, to regale with a Cup of burnt Brandy.

1723, Charles Walker, Memoirs of Sally Salisbury, V:

（使用故事等）取悦，使...满足

to regale the taste, the eye, or the ear


rare

rares (third-person singular present)
raring (present participle)
rared (past participle)

站立，直立，用后腿直立；向后


petard

源自中古法語 petarder（现代法語 pétarder），源自petard + -er (构成动词的后缀)。

petards (third-person singular present)
petarding (present participle)
petarded (past participle)

使用上述爆炸物攻击或爆破


babysit

babysits (third-person singular present)
babysitting (present participle)
babysat (past participle)

临时照顾婴儿或小孩；代人照看孩子


recluse

源自古法語 reclus，reclure的过去分词，源自拉丁語 reclūdere，reclūdō (“公开，揭露；打开”)的现在主动不定式，源自re- + claudō (“关闭”)。

recluses (third-person singular present)
reclusing (present participle)
reclused (past participle)


ruffian

源自中古法語 rufian，源自意大利語 ruffiano (“皮条客”)。

ruffians (third-person singular present)
ruffianing (present participle)
ruffianed (past participle)

Methinks the wind does speak aloud at land; A fuller blast ne'er shook our battlements. If it hath ruffianed so upon the sea.

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:


regurgitate

源自晚期拉丁語 regurgitatus，regurgitare的过去分词，re- (表示返回) + gurgitare (“吞食；涌动”)的结合形式，源自gurges (“旋涡，海湾，海洋，深渊”)。

regurgitates (third-person singular present)
regurgitating (present participle)
regurgitated (past participle)

/ɹɪˈɡɝd͡ʒəˌteɪt/

The young gulls were fed by their mother’s regurgitated food.

小海鸥吃它们妈妈反刍出来的食物。

机械地重复，枯燥乏味地重复

Food may regurgitate from the stomach into the mouth.


rehash

rehashes (third-person singular present)
rehashing (present participle)
rehashed (past participle)

重新将...切成小片，重新将...切碎 （见hash）

I never did care for Sunday joint that was served up cold on Monday, hashed on Tuesday, rissoled on Wednesday, and re-hashed on Thursday[.]

1942年July1日，The Newcastle and Maitland Catholic Sentinel，Newcastle, NSW，頁 224，列 2:

（无意义地，基本一样地） 重复；改头换面

Today's parliamentary session only rehashed last week's arguments.

今天的议会会议只是在重复上个星期的争辩。

The CEO of the company only rehashed a speech for the news conference.

公司的CEO只是在新闻发布会上重复了一次演讲。

The general rehashed plans for the war.

将军换汤不换药地定下了战争计划。

分析，回忆 （之前的争吵或不愉快的事）

Let's not rehash what we did last night.

我们别再提昨晚我们干的事了。

重新计算...的哈希，重新计算...的散列值 （如哈希表等数据结构）


recount

源自古諾曼語和盎格魯-諾曼語 recunter，古法語 reconter的一个变体。

recounts (third-person singular present)
recounting (present participle)
recounted (past participle)

The old man recounted the tale of how he caught the big fish.

老人讲述了他抓到那条大鱼的故事。

to recount one's blessings


pooh-pooh

pooh-poohs (third-person singular present)
pooh-poohing (present participle)
pooh-poohed (past participle)

In England, until very late days, we have been accustomed rather to pooh-pooh national Orders, to vote ribbons and crosses tinsel gewgaws, foolish foreign ornaments, and so forth.

c.''' 1861，W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray，“On Ribbons”, in Roundabout Papers，London: Smith, Elder & Co., 出版於 1863, →OCLC:

Pooh-poohing the IPCC's science has been one line of attack by [George W.] Bush's backers.

2001年June21日，Murray Sayle，“After George W. Bush, the deluge”, in London Review of Books，卷 23, 期 12，存檔自the original on 2016-09-09，頁s 3–9:

[Bill] Clinton haters will pooh-pooh all of these acknowledgements as the index of a compulsive sociability that knows no limits and upholds no standards, a psychic necessity we should not make into a moral virtue.

2004年September23日，David Simpson，“The kid who talked too much and became President”, in London Review of Books，卷 26, 期 18，存檔自the original on 2016-03-18，頁s 3–5:


resound

resounds (third-person singular present)
resounding (present participle)
resounded (past participle)

（声音、噪音等）回响，回荡


resound

:< 中古英語 resownen < 古法語 resoner < 拉丁語 resonare （“声音回荡，回音”）。

（声音、噪音等）回荡，回响


bang

:與古諾爾斯語或冰島語 banga（“敲打、擊打、猛擊”）應該是同源關係，亦有可能源於後者；與丹麥語 banke（“打、擊”）、丹麥語 bengel 和德語 Bengel（“頑童”）很可能同源。最終來源可能是擬聲詞；對比朝鮮語 방아（banga，“碓、舂米用具”）。

bangs (third-person singular present)
banging (present participle)
banged (past participle)

發出砰的聲音；砰然重擊，碰擊；爆炸；砰然撞上（墻等）

（將知識）灌輸到…腦中，將…硬塞進


based

base 的過去式和過去分詞

来自...的，基于...的，根据...的

It's a new film based on a best-selling novel.

这是一部根据畅销小说改编的新电影。

base 的過去式和過去分詞

坐落于...的，落脚于...的

The ladder is based on the even sidewalk for stability.

梯子支撑在平坦的走道上来维持稳定。

base 的過去式和過去分詞

基地位于...的，总部位于...的

The company is based in New York.


paragon

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 paragone、peragone、中古法語 paragon，源自意大利語 paragone (“对比”)或西班牙語 parangón，源自paragonare，源自古希臘語 παρακονάω (parakonáō，“削尖，研磨”)，源自παρά (pará) + ἀκόνη (akónē，“磨刀石”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₂eḱ- (“尖”)）。

paragons (third-person singular present)
paragoning (present participle)
paragoned (past participle)

for want of a bigger , to paragon the little one with Artesia's length

(我們能否查找並添加Edmund Spenser引用過本詞的語句？)

He hath achieved a maid / That paragons description and wild fame.


beguile

源自中古英語 begilen、begylen，等价于be- + guile。对比中古荷蘭語 begilen (“欺骗”)。bewile 的同源對似詞。

beguiles (third-person singular present)
beguiling (present participle)
beguiled (past participle)

吸引，迷住，使...陶醉

I feel how weak and fruitless must be any words of mine which should attempt to beguile you from the grief of a loss so overwhelming.

1864 November 21, Abraham Lincoln (signed) or John Hay, letter to Mrs. Bixby in Boston

I will never touch The Orb, even though its mysterious glow seduces and beguiles

（因快乐等）让...过的更快 （时间）

We beguiled the hours away

我们在欢乐中很快度过了好几个小时。

They beguile the tedium of this enforced leisure by weaving baskets and playing on certain sacred flutes.

1911，James George Frazer，The Golden Bough，卷 11，頁 241:


redden

reddens (third-person singular present)
reddening (present participle)
reddened (past participle)


procrastinate

procrastination 的逆構詞，或源自拉丁語 prōcrastinātum，prōcrastinō (“推迟到明天”)的过去分词，源自prō (“为了”) + crāstinus (“明天的”)，源自crās (“明天”)。

procrastinates (third-person singular present)
procrastinating (present participle)
procrastinated (past participle)

He procrastinated until the last minute and had to stay up all night to finish.

他一直拖拖拉拉到最后时刻才开始，不得不熬夜才完成。

Hence It became manifest to the publishers of Webster, that some device must be resorted to, to induce apathy in the publick mind, and thereby procrastinate the inevitable crisis which they foresaw was approaching, the expulsion of his elementary works from our primary schools.

1816，John Pickering，A vocabulary; or, Collection of words and phrases，頁 4:


relish

变换自reles (“气味，味道，回味”)，源自古法語 relais、reles (“残留物”)，源自relaisser (“残留”)。

relishes (third-person singular present)
relishing (present participle)
relished (past participle)

品味，享受（某物的味道） （自16世纪起）

He relishes their time together.

他很享受他们在一起的时光。

I don't relish the idea of going out tonight.

He knows how to prize his advantages, and to relish the honours which he enjoys.

1706, Francis Atterbury, A sermon preached at the Guild-Hall Chapel, September 28, 1706

有...的味道，尝起来 （16到19世纪）

honourable enterprises are accompanied with dangers and damages, as experience evinceth; they will make the rest of thy life relish the better.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 3, member 3:

A theory, which, how much soever it may relish of wit and invention, hath no foundation in nature.

1695, John Woodward, An essay toward a natural history of the earth

给...调味，使...美味 （自16世纪）


baff

源自中古英語 baffen (“吠”)。同源词包括荷蘭語 baffen (“吠”)、低地德語 baffen (“吠”)、德語 baffen、bäfzen (“吠”)、丹麥語 bjæffe (“大喊”)、瑞典語 bjäbba (“大喊”)。对比buff、yaff。

baffs (third-person singular present)
baffing (present participle)
baffed (past participle)


baff

可能源自低地蘇格蘭語 baff、beff、bauf，可能源自西佛蘭德語 baf、baffe (“一击；一巴掌”)。亦对比古法語 baffe (“巴掌”)（现代法語 baffe），为拟声词。

（尤指用平或软的东西）击打

（用球杆的底部）刮地面打出


pickpocket

pickpockets (third-person singular present)
pickpocketing (present participle)
pickpocketed (past participle)


beleaguer

beleaguers (third-person singular present)
beleaguering (present participle)
beleaguered (past participle)

纠缠，缠住，困住；使（人）烦恼，烦扰


belie

源自中古英語 belyen、beliggen，源自古英語 beliċġan、biliċġan (“围绕，包围”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *biliggjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *biligjaną (“围绕”)。等价于be- (“周围”) + lie (“位于”)。

belies (third-person singular present)
belying (present participle)
belay (past)
belain (past participle)


belie

源自中古英語 belyen、beleoȝen，源自古英語 belēogan (“欺骗”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *bileugan (“欺骗”)。等价于be- (“关于”) + lie (“欺骗”)。对比荷蘭語 beliegen (“说关于...的谎”)、德語 belügen (“欺骗，对...说谎”)。

belies (third-person singular present)
belying (present participle)
belied (past participle)

slander

说关于...的谎 （自13世纪）

calumniate

说关于...的谎 （自13世纪）

misrepresent

歪曲，歪曲关于...的事实，错误代表

contradict

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

give lie to

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

give the lie to

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

说关于...的谎 （自13世纪）

歪曲，歪曲关于...的事实，错误代表

Should I do ſo I ſhould bely my thoughts, / Comfort's in heauen, and we are on the earth[…]

1595 December 9 (first known performance)，[William Shakespeare]，The Tragedie of King Richard the Second. […] (First Quarto)，London: […] Valentine Simmes for Androw Wise, […], 出版於 1597, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

He found it by experience, and made good uſe of it in his owne perſon, if Plutarch bely him not[…]。

1638，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy. […]，第5th版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed [by Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 2, member 6, subsection iv，頁 198:

Cambodia's apparent relative insignificance belied its geopolitical importance.

2013年April3日，Patrick Heenan，The Southeast Asia Handbook，Taylor & Francis, →ISBN，頁 132:

Opposite, the Loram site contains a real ragbag of yellow, blue or rust-streaked kit whose appearance belies their importance in keeping the railways running.

2020年November18日，Paul Bigland，“New infrastructure and new rolling stock”, in Rail，頁 49:

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

Her obvious nervousness belied what she said.

她慌张的神态与她说的话相矛盾。

Early Chinese Buddhist travellers like O'Kong (AD 759-763) mention the use of kesar in Buddhist Viharas for various rituals, and also in making paint for Buddhist scrolls and thankas. This fact belies the earlier myth that would have us believe that kesar was not known prior to Lalitaditya's reign.

2001，Arun Kaul，“Kesar: The cultural geography of Kashmir”, in The Human Landscape，頁 227:

In smooth RP tones that belie his German parentage, he explains that none of his hachet jobs were written out of personal animosity.

2016年April9日，Philip Oltermann，“Michael Hofmann: ‘English is basically a trap. It’s almost a language for spies’”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

指责...说谎 （自17世纪）

They haue belyed the Lord, and ſaid; It is not he, neither ſhall euill come vpon vs, neither ſhal we ſee ſwoꝛd noꝛ famine.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 5:12，列 1:

Three belied you, three betrayed you! One you betrayed was three times true! Lord Voryn Dagoth, Dagoth Ur, steadfast liegeman, faithful friend, bids you come and climb Red Mountain!

2002年May1日，Bethesda Softworks，The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind, →OCLC, Microsoft Windows，幕：Ashlander Informant:

His calm demeanor belied his inner sense of guilt.

他虽然淡定自若，心里却十分愧疚。

The rosy outlook belies a struggle to achieve statewide eradication that has persisted since the insect first crossed the border from Mexico around 1892.

2013年August31日，Elizabeth Koh，“Fighting Pest, Farmers Find Strange Ally: A Drought”, in New York Times:

At NIE the virtually monolingual linguistic landscape basically belies a quite different multilingual reality.

2019，Li Huang, James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 8:

展示，暴露 （某种矛盾或出乎意料的事物）

A host of evidence is adduced by the accused, evidence whose sometimes self-contradictory nature belies a certain desperation

1993，Carol A. Mossman，Politics and Narratives of Birth: Gynocolonization from Rousseau to Zola，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 28:

[…] a low, flat, boring building that belies its past as an IRS facility […]

2016年August3日，Jeanne Marie Laskas，“Inside the Federal Bureau Of Way Too Many Guns”, in GQ Online:


portend

借自拉丁語 portendere (“预测，预知”)，源自por- (“向前”) + tendere (“伸展”)，tendo的现在主动不定式。

portends (third-person singular present)
portending (present participle)
portended (past participle)

A kingdom they portend thee, but what kingdom, / Real or allegoric, I discern not; Nor when: eternal sure--as without end,

1671，John Milton，“The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 4:

Let it be known that the Rapture portends the End of Days.

When the staccato, Neptunes-ian single “Boyfriend” was released in March, musical prognosticators were quick to peg the album it portended, Believe, as Justin Bieber’s Justified, a grown-and-sexy, R&B-centric departure that evolved millennial teenybopper Justin Timberlake into one of the unifying pop-music figures of the aughts.

2012年June26日，Genevieve Koski，“Music: Reviews: Justin Bieber: Believe”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2020-08-06:


bidding

bid 的現在時分詞和動名詞


rickshaw

借自日語 力車 (rikisha)，略自人力車 (jinrikisha)，源自中古漢語 人力 (nyin lik) + 車 (t͡ʃʰæ)（对比官話 人力車／人力车 (rénlìchē)）。

rickshaws (third-person singular present)
rickshawing (present participle)
rickshawed (past participle)


results

result的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


blather

源自中古英語 bletheren、bloderen，源自古諾爾斯語 blaðra (“说胡话”)。与低地蘇格蘭語 blether、bladder、bledder (“胡扯”)，德語方言bladdern (“说胡话”)、挪威語 bladra (“含糊不清地说”)、冰島語 blaðra (“说废话”)同源。

blathers (third-person singular present)
blathering (present participle)
blathered (past participle)

On and on he blathered, taking refuge in the one thing he felt lent him superiority: words.

2001, Richard Flanagan, “The Pot-Bellied Seahorse”, in Gould’s Book of Fish, New York, N.Y.: Grove Atlantic, 2014, section 5:

Then, just before the wedding, the old man feels he’s honor bound to tell his future son-in-law the secret of his past; so the damned idiot blathers the whole story of his killing the man and breaking jail!

1929, Eugene O’Neill, Dynamo, New York, N.Y.: Liveright, Act I, scene i, page 31:

[…] the church attitude has never been that a teacher should be allowed to blather anything that comes into his head without any accountability at all.

1974, Robert Pirsig, chapter 18, in Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, New York, N.Y.: William Morrow, part 3, page 214:


burgeon

源自中古英語 burjon、burioun (“芽”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 burjun、burgeon、burgon（对比古法語 burjon (“苞”)），源自古古法蘭克語 *burjo (“芽；后代”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *burjô (“芽；后代”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *burjaną (“升起”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰer-。对比古高地德語 burjan、burien、burren (“升起”)、古英語 byrian (“出现，发生”)、古英語 byre (“子嗣，后代”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 buron (“萌芽”)。还见bear。
另有词源认为古法語 burjon (“芽”)源自通俗拉丁語 *burrionem，*burrio的，源自晚期拉丁語 burra (“绒毛”)（可能指盖在某些芽上的绒毛）。

burgeons (third-person singular present)
burgeoning (present participle)
burgeoned (past participle)

/ˈbɜː.d͡ʒən/

/ˈbɝː.d͡ʒən/

Gradually, the town burgeoned into a thriving city.

这座城镇渐渐地成长为繁荣的都市。


bemused

bemuse 的簡單過去時和過去時分詞


righteous

源自早期形式rightuous、rightwose、rightwos、rightwise，源自中古英語 rightwise、rightwis，源自古英語 rihtwīs (“正直的，正义的”)，对应于right + -wise（第二个词素的发音被同化成了-ous），又或者right + wise (“方式”)。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 richtwis (“正直的”)、古高地德語 rehtwīsic (“正直的，正义的”)、冰島語 réttvíss (“正直的，正义的”)。亦对比thefteous、mighteous。

righteouses (third-person singular present)
righteousing (present participle)
righteoused (past participle)

使...正当化； 赦免...的罪行

Thus for the purposes of being ‘righteoused’, the Law was irrelevant; yet Paul could not bear to see all the Law disappear.

2009，Diarmaid MacCulloch，A History of Christianity，Penguin, 出版於 2010，頁 101:


rights

right 的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


burrow

源自中古英語 borowe、borewe、borwȝ、burȝe、burh、burye (“动物的藏身处，洞穴”)，可能是中古英語 burgh (“加固了的住处，要塞，藏身处”)的一个变体（参见borough），因此源自古英語 burh，源自原始日耳曼語 *burgz (“要塞；城市”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰerǵʰ- (“高”)，但这个词义未出现于古英語 burh。但对比荷兰语同源词burcht，其意思相近。
可能与bury (“挖”)有关，这样的话即派生自原始印歐語 *bʰergʰ- (“保护，护卫，保全”)。

burrows (third-person singular present)
burrowing (present participle)
burrowed (past participle)

（带方向状语）钻（在下方移动来寻找安全处）

The young girl burrowed into the bed.

The journalist burrowed into the origins of the mayor's corruption.

记者深入调查了市长腐败的源头。


pigeons

pigeon 的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


rile

源自roil的方言发音。

riles (third-person singular present)
riling (present participle)
riled (past participle)

Money problems rile the underpaid worker every day.

低薪工人每天都因为钱的问题不安宁。

Mosquitoes buzzing in my ear really rile me.

蚊子在我耳边嗡嗡叫，真是烦。

It riles me that she never closes the door after she leaves.

她每次走都不关门，真讨厌。

Riled by a decision that went against him, Ziv kicked his displaced boot at the assistant referee and, after a short consultation between the officials, he was given his marching orders and the loudest cheer of the night.

2011年October20日，Michael da Silva，“Stoke 3 - 0 Macc Tel-Aviv”, in BBC Sport:


blighted

blight 的過去式和過去分詞


bus

busses (third-person singular present)
buses (third-person singular present)
bussing (present participle)
busing (present participle)
bussed (past participle)
bused (past participle)

（及物）用公共汽车来运载。

（及物）用公共汽车搭载学生上学，特指美国种族混合的校车。


blistering

blister 的現在時分詞和動名詞


renown

* 来自古法語 renon，自re- + non (“名字，名称”)。

renowns (third-person singular present)
renowning (present participle)
renowned (past participle)


ramshackle

首次可考于1830年，是ramshackled 的逆構詞，源自ransackled，ransackle (“洗劫”)的过去式，中古英語 ransaken (“掠夺”)的反复态。

ramshackles (third-person singular present)
ramshackling (present participle)
ramshackled (past participle)

/ˈɹæmˌʃæk.əl/


pilfer

源自中古英語 pilfre (“战利品”)，源自古法語 pelfre (“赃物，掠夺物”)，其词源不详。对比pelf。

pilfers (third-person singular present)
pilfering (present participle)
pilfered (past participle)

偷窃 （尤指不值钱的，无足轻重的东西）


peddle

peddles (third-person singular present)
peddling (present participle)
peddled (past participle)

My hopes wa'n't disappointed. I never saw clams thicker than they was along them inshore flats. I filled my dreener in no time, and then it come to me that 'twouldn't be a bad idee to get a lot more, take 'em with me to Wellmouth, and peddle 'em out. Clams was fairly scarce over that side of the bay and ought to fetch a fair price.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 3, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

- How much you think this stuff is worth?
- Yeah, there must be a million bucks' worth.
- Think we could peddle it?
- Oh, you can always get rid of it.

Christine walked a dangerous line, peddling gossip about her detested son-in-law.

2009，Michael John Beashel，Unshackled，頁 166:

Roberts was a drug dealer, nicknamed 'King Krud', who peddled death and misery.

Yes, there were instances of grandstanding and obsessive behaviour, but many were concealed at the time to help protect an aggressively peddled narrative of [Oscar] Pistorius the paragon, the emblem, the trailblazer.

2014年October21日，Oliver Brown，“Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities: Bladerunner's punishment for killing Reeva Steenkamp is but a frippery when set against the burden that her bereft parents, June and Barry, must carry [print version: No room for sentimentality in this tragedy, 13 September 2014, p. S22]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Sport):

As for the IRP, Secretary of State Grant Shapps continues to peddle snake oil, smoke and mirrors. His reaction to near-universal IRP condemnation from politicians, local and national media, and all but a few rail specialists was to dismiss the lot of us (in the condescending and patronising tone we have now come to expect) as "critics and naysayers".

2022年January12日，Nigel Harris，“Comment: Unhappy start to 2022”, in RAIL，期 948，頁 3:


bullshit

bullshits (third-person singular present)
bullshitting (present participle)
bullshitted (past participle)
bullshit (past participle)
bullshat (past participle)

I think you're bullshitting. Let’s just call your office and see if you even came in.

我觉得你在放屁。要不我们给你办公室打个电话看看你有没有去过。

You’re bullshitting me. I called your office and you never even came in.

放你妈的屁，我给你办公室打了电话，你根本都没有去过。

I will probably just go and bullshit with Joe for a while.

我估计准备去和Joe吹会儿牛屄。

We just went on stage and bullshitted the whole concert because we didn't know any songs.

我们就上台，然后糊弄过了整个音乐会，因为我们一首歌都不会。


blossom

源自中古英語 blosme，源自古英語 blostm、blostma，源自原始日耳曼語 *blōsmaz（对比西弗里斯蘭語 blossem、荷蘭語 bloesem），*blōstaz（对比德語 Blust）的加长形式，源自原始印歐語 *bʰleh₃-s- (“花”)，源自*bʰleh₃- (“绽，盛开”)。同源词有阿爾巴尼亞語 bleron (“绽放，繁盛”)、拉丁語 flōs (“花”)、Flōra (“植物之神”)。详见blow的词源4。

blossoms (third-person singular present)
blossoming (present participle)
blossomed (past participle)

The Utricularia vulgaris or bladder-wort, a yellow pea-like flower, has blossomed in stagnant pools.

1851年June22日，Henry D[avid] Thoreau，Summer: From the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau，London: T. Fisher Unwin, 26 Paternoster Square E.C., 出版於 1884，頁 210:

Since I came back from Pomona I have done many drawings to illustrate the Inferno of Dante [Alighieri] and I find my old Italian love blossoming all over again for this greatest of all master poets, bar none.

1961年January30日，Rico Lebrun，“New Haven · Capri · Rome (1958–1960) [To David Lebrun from Los Angeles, January 30, 1961]”, in In the Meridian of the Heart: Selected Letters of Rico Lebrun，Boston, Mass.: David R. Godine, Publisher, 出版於 2000, →ISBN，頁 66:


refined

refine 的過去式和過去分詞

The raw petroleum was refined into kerosene.


bearing

源自中古英語 beringe、berynge、berende、berande、berand，源自古英語 berende (“结果实的”)（亦作古英語 bǣrende的同义词），源自原始日耳曼語 *berandz，原始日耳曼語 *beraną (“承载，拿着”)的现在分词，等价于bear + -ing。

bear 的現在時分詞和動名詞


rape

:< 拉丁語 rapiō （“抓住；抢劫，掳掠”）。

rapes (third-person singular present)
raping (present participle)
raped (past participle)

破坏，蹂躏；弄乱；掳掠，抢劫


bungle

动词词源不详，有可能：
* 最终是拟声词（对比bumble (“笨手笨脚；犯错，出错”)、fumble (“笨拙地摸索；犯错”)）；或
* 源自古諾爾斯語，对比古瑞典語 bunga (“击打”)，方言瑞典語 bangla (“做无用功”)。
名词派生自动词。
同源词
* 德語 Bengel (“棍棒；粗鲁的人”)
* 中古高地德語 bungen (“敲”)

bungles (third-person singular present)
bungling (present participle)
bungled (past participle)

blunder

笨手笨脚，失误连连；搞砸

（笨手笨脚，不熟练地）做；（因为不熟练，没有能力而）搞砸，弄糟

I always had an idea that it would be bungled; but was willing to hope, and am still so. Whatever I can do by money, means, or person, I will venture freely for their freedom; and have so repeated to them (some of the Chiefs here) half an hour ago.

1821年February24日，Lord Byron，“Extracts from a Diary of Lord Byron, 1821”, in Letters and Journals of Lord Byron: […]，Frankfurt am Main: […] H. L. Brönner, 出版於 1830, →OCLC，頁 468，列 1:

笨手笨脚，失误连连；搞砸


berries

berry的单数第三人称现在式。


beseech

源自中古英語 besechen、bisechen，古英語 sēċan (“寻求；询问”)的带前缀形式。同源词有薩特弗里斯蘭語 besäike (“拜访”)、荷蘭語 bezoeken (“拜访，参与”)、德語 besuchen (“拜访，参与”)、瑞典語 besöka (“拜访”)。

beseeches (third-person singular present)
beseeching (present participle)
beseeched (past participle)
besought (past participle)

Moost noble crysten Quene I byseche yow as ye haue ben euer my specyal good lady and I at al tymes your true poure knyghte vnto my power and as I neuer fayled yow in ryghte nor in wrong sythen the fyrst day kynge Arthur made me knyghte that ye wylle praye for my soule yf that I here be slayne;
"Most noble Christian queen, I beseech you as ye have been ever my special good lady, and I at all times your true poor knight unto my power, and as I never failed you in right nor in wrong sithen the first day King Arthur made me knight, that ye will pray for my soul if that I here be slain;"

1485，Thomas Malory，Le Morte Darthur Book XX, Chapter iii, leaf 401r:

after what manner, I beseech you, must the mind proceed in this operation?

1748，David Hume，Enquiries concerning the human understanding and concerning the principles of moral，London: Oxford University Press, 出版於 1973, § 25:

She besought him, for his Soul's sake to speak the truth.

1888，Rudyard Kipling，“Watches of the Night”, in Plain Tales from the Hills，Folio, 出版於 2005，頁 61:

[King Knight defeats the Troupple King.] / Troupple Acolyte: 'HALT! I BESEECH THEE! PLEASE, NO MORE!'

2019年December10日，Yacht Club Games，Shovel Knight: King of Cards，經由 Nintendo 3DS，關卡/區域：Royal Pond:

要求，请求 （某件事物）

[…]the tickets had all been given out, begged, besought long ago.

1990，Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky（譯者）, The Brothers Karamazov，San Francisco, North Point Press, →ISBN，頁 657:


beckon

源自中古英語 bekenen、beknen、becnen、beknien，源自古英語 bēacnian、bēcnian、bīecnan (“示意”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *bauknōn、*bauknijan (“示意”)，源自*baukn (“信号；烽火”)。与古撒克遜語 bōknian、古高地德語 bouhnen、古諾爾斯語 bákna同源。详见beacon。

beckons (third-person singular present)
beckoning (present participle)
beckoned (past participle)

示意...过来，示意...靠近，招呼


beshrew

源自中古英語 beschrewen (“诅咒”)，等价于be- + shrew。

beshrews (third-person singular present)
beshrewing (present participle)
beshrewed (past participle)

（用于祈使句表示感叹性质的咒骂。）

Beshrew your heart, fair daughter!

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii]:

"Now, beshrew his heart," quoth jolly Robin, "that would deny a butcher. And, moreover, I will go dine with you all, my sweet lads, and that as fast as I can hie." Whereupon, having sold all his meat, he closed his stall and went with them to the great Guild Hall.

1883，Howard Pyle，章號 V, in The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood of Great Renown, in Nottinghamshire，New York, N.Y.: […] Charles Scribner’s Sons […], →OCLC:


besmirch

besmirches (third-person singular present)
besmirching (present participle)
besmirched (past participle)

debase

玷污（...的名声），诋毁，丑化

smear

玷污（...的名声），诋毁，丑化

slander

玷污（...的名声），诋毁，丑化

玷污（...的名声），诋毁，丑化

The newspaper was on a campaign to besmirch the actor.


revere

源自法語 révérer，最终源自拉丁語 revereor，源自re- + vereor (“畏惧”)。

reveres (third-person singular present)
revering (present participle)
revered (past participle)


reprieve

1571年，意为“带回监狱”，源自中古英語 repryen (“扣押，羁押”)（1494年），可能源自中古法語 repris，reprendre (“拿回”)的一个变位形式，与reprise同源。其词义已被泛化，但还暗含监狱或处刑的色彩。名词用法自1598年可考。对比拉丁語 privare。

reprieves (third-person singular present)
reprieving (present participle)
reprieved (past participle)

给...予缓刑；撤销...的刑罚 （尤指死囚）

将...押回监狱 （而不处死）

推迟，延迟，暂缓 （撤销、废除某物的计划）

At the time of writing the halts have been reprieved due to doubts as to the legality of the withdrawal of services. It is feared that this reprieve may not outlast the summer timetable which, on the section in question, provides only a skeleton of the former service.

1960 August，L. Hyland，“The Irish Scene”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 468:


bravado

源自法語 bravade (“自夸”)，源自意大利語 bravata，源自动词bravare (“自夸”)，源自bravo。

bravados (third-person singular present)
bravadoing (present participle)
bravadoed (past participle)

/bɹɑːˈvɑːdoʊ/

/bɹəˈvɑːdoʊ/


brazen

源自中古英語 brasen，源自古英語 bræsen (“黄铜的”)，等价于brass + -en（对比golden）。
原意为“黄铜的”，动词的比喻义（brazen it out (“放肆”)）追溯至16世纪50年代（可能源自“脸像黄铜一样不见羞耻”），形容词义“厚颜无耻的”源自16世纪70年代。对比bold as brass。

brazens (third-person singular present)
brazening (present participle)
brazened (past participle)

[...] the meadows roughen, grow gutteral / with goldenrod, milkweed's late-summer lilac, / cat-tails, the wild lily brazening, / dooryards overflowing in late, rough-headed bloom: [...]

1986，Quarterly Journal of Ideology: QJI，卷 10, [Tahlequah, Okla.]: QJI Editorial Board, →ISSN，頁 93:

厚着脸皮做 （自16世纪50年代）

And though the word doth eat up all they can ſay, as Moſes rod did: yet they harden their hearts with Pharaoh, they brazen their brows with him in the text, that ſaid I will not: Nay ſaid the Iſraelites, but we will have a King. [Commentary on Matthew 21:29.]

1656，John Trapp，“A Commentary or Exposition upon the Gospel According to St. Matthew”, in A Commentary or Exposition upon All the Books of the New Testament. […]，第2nd enlarged版, London: Printed by R. W. and are to be sold by Nath. Ekins, […], →OCLC，頁 274:

His impudence is only less than his ignorance, in referring his questioner to [John] Milton, in proof of the scriptural angels being celestial women. That gentleman mildly remarks, "Milton's angels are not Ladies." Instead of blushing, he brazens it out, and replies, "No—but some scriptural angels are Ladies—I believe"—shewing that he is as ignorant of his Bible as of Milton.

1832 November，“Noctes Ambrosianæ. No. LXIV.”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine，卷 XXXII, 期 CCI, Edinburgh: William Blackwood, […]; and T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC，頁 870:

[T]he historically minded modernist poet is uncertain whether there is any excuse at all for the existence of poets. He brazens out the dilemma by making cruel jokes at his own expense—jokes which he expects no one to see or to laugh at if seen.

1949，Robert Graves，“Modernist Poetry (with Laura Riding, 1926)”, in The Common Asphodel, Collected Essays on Poetry, 1922–1949，London: Hamish Hamilton, →OCLC，頁 151:

[...] I've come to rely on a mental technique that I call powering through. [...] It's equivalent to brazening out an awkward social situation—accidentally squeezing the butt of a stranger wearing the same costume as your boyfriend at a Halloween party, say. Powering through or brazening out is almost always what I end up doing, but only after stifling my initial impulse to surrender or sink through the floor.

2007，Jennifer Brice，“Blue Storm”, in Unlearning to Fly，Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, →ISBN，頁 169:

The drivers of the 507s Lost Convoy knew they were in a world of deep fecal matter. Could they brazen a path through the city once more and pick up Route Blue on the other side? Or would this morning's chain of unfortunate events finally catch up with them?

2008，Charles W. Sasser，God in the Foxhole: Inspiring True Stories of Miracles on the Battlefield，New York, N.Y.: Threshold Editions、Simon & Schuster, →ISBN:


boggle

变化或派生自bogle，可能与bug同源。

boggles (third-person singular present)
boggling (present participle)
boggled (past participle)

（使...）僵住，（使...）定住，（使...）退缩

The dogs went on, but the horse boggled at the sudden appearance of the strange beast.

那群狗继续向前冲，但是马看到突然出现的奇怪野兽僵住了。

The horror of the deed and its consequences boggle the imagination.

这种行为和它后果的可怕让想象停了下来。

He boggled at arranging for bread to be left daily at some place within easy walking distance, but let that go.

1938，Norman Lindsay，Age of Consent，Sydney: Ure Smith, 出版於 1962，頁 18:

He boggled at the surprising news.

他听到了这个让人吃惊的消息愣住了。

The mind boggles.

[…] we start and boggle at what is unusual: and like the Fox in the fable at his first view of the Lyon, we cannot endure the sight of the Bug-bear, Novelty.

1661, Joseph Glanvill, The Vanity of Dogmatizing, London: Henry Eversden, Chapter 14, p. 131,

They are best qualified to thrive in [this world] […] whose designs all tend to their own private advantage, without any regard to the publick, or to the good of others; who can use any means conducible to such designs, bogling at nothing which serveth their purpose […]

1685, Isaac Barrow, Of Contentment, Patience and Resignation to the Will of God. Several Sermons, London: Brabazon Aylmer, Sermon 4, pp. 127-128,

From the tenour of your last letter however, I am led to imagine, that you have formed some new attachment.—If it be so, let me earnestly request you to see me once more, and immediately. This is the only proof I require of the friendship you profess for me. I will then decide, since you boggle about a mere form.

1795, Mary Wollstonecraft, letter to Gilbert Imlay dated 4 October, 1795, in Mary Wollstonecraft: Letters to Imlay, London: Kegan Paul, 1879, p. 182,

My imagination boggled at the punishment I would deserve […]

1969, Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, New York: Bantam, 1971, Chapter 15, p. 82,

使...困惑，使...迷惑

The vastness of space really boggles the mind.

宽敞的空间让人难以置信。

The oddities of quantum mechanics can boggle the minds of students and experienced physicists alike.

量子力学的奇异让学生们，也让经验丰富的物理学家们摸不着头脑。

使...无从下手；含糊其辞；出错，出糗

I would be loth to exchange consciences with them, and boggle so with God Almighty; but these men by a new kind of Metaphysick have found out a way to abstract the Person of the King from his Office to make his Soveraigntie a kinde of Platonick Idea hovering in the aire, while they visibly attempt to assail and destroy his person […]

1643, James Howell, The True Informer, London, p. 32,


postfix

postfixes (third-person singular present)
postfixing (present participle)
postfixed (past participle)

Verbs with י for the first radical, often drop it in the future, imperative, and infinitive of Kal, to which last they postfix ת (לקח to take, follows this form), and in Niph. and Hiph. they change י into ו.

1762, John Parkhurst, An Hebrew and English Lexicon: Without Points


bitch

:< 中古英語 biche、bicche < 古英語 bicce < 原始日耳曼语 *ƀekwjōn（对比古冰岛语 bikkja、bikkjuna （“母狗”）、古丹麦语 bikke） < *ƀekwjenan（对比古诺尔斯语 bikkja （“跳入水中”）、荷兰语 bikken （“弄坏，损毁”）。 另见 bicker。

bitches (third-person singular present)
bitching (present participle)
bitched (past participle)

（后接 about）贬低，贬斥

（后接 about）批评，挑剔，指责，埋怨，抱怨


potshot

potshots (third-person singular present)
potshotting (present participle)
potshotted (past participle)

（随意地或朝简单目标）射击


power

源自中古英語 power、poer，源自古法語 poeir，源自通俗拉丁語 *potēre，源自拉丁語 possum、posse (“能够”)，见potent。对比法語 pouvoir。取代了古英語原生词汇anweald。

powers (third-person singular present)
powering (present participle)
powered (past participle)

This CD player is powered by batteries.

这台CD播放器是由电池供电的。

United keeper Edwin van der Sar was the unlikely provider as his clearance found Rooney, who had got ahead of last defender Richard Dunne, and the forward brilliantly controlled a ball coming from over his shoulder before powering a shot past Brad Friedel.

2011年February1日，Mandeep Sanghera，“Man Utd 3 - 1 Aston Villa”, in BBC:

Abdul Sattar Edhi came to Karachi as a poor man from an Indian village in 1947. Starting with a small pharmacy tent, his work rapidly expanded, powered by donations from ordinary citizens.

2017年April6日，Samira Shackle，“On the frontline with Karachi’s ambulance drivers”, in the Guardian:


tart

tarts (third-person singular present)
tarting (present participle)
tarted (past participle)

（尤指女人）打扮得花枝招展，浓妆艳抹。


jacuzzi

专有商标名Jacuzzi的通用用法。Jacob和James 的同源對似詞。

jacuzzis (third-person singular present)
jacuzziing (present participle)
jacuzzied (past participle)

The suite was jacuzzied.

They jacuzzied after a late dinner.

他们吃晚饭吃到很晚，之后去用按摩浴缸了。

He jacuzzied his sore muscles.

他用按摩浴缸来按摩他酸痛的肌肉。


busses

bus的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式, buses的另一種拼寫法

buss的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


bussed

bus 的過去式和過去分詞

buss 的過去式和過去分詞


yiff

(網路厘語)網路性交(cybersex)　指文字上的你來我往，可能是角色扮演遊戲的一環

(網路厘語)在網路聊天室聊天


sissy

多半是拟声词，可能与法語 pipi (“尿”)有关。对比piss; wee-wee。

sissies (third-person singular present)
sissying (present participle)
sissied (past participle)

Joan recognized her as the girl whose son had sissied on her pants. She was still dabbing at her pantleg with a damp paper towel.

1979，Rhea Kohan，Save Me a Seat, →ISBN，頁 25:


luv

luvz (third-person singular present)
luvs (third-person singular present)
luving (present participle)
luvving (present participle)
luvd (past participle)
luved (past participle)
luvved (past participle)

love（爱）的另一种拼写（故意拼错）


squirm

最早记录见于17世纪末叶，词源不详。可能是拟声词，或与worm (“蠕动”)或swarm有关。

squirms (third-person singular present)
squirming (present participle)
squirmed (past participle)

fidget

（因尴尬或羞耻而）扭动身子

The prisoner managed to squirm out of the straitjacket.

囚犯扭来扭去，最后把拘束衣挣脱开了。

The Dutchman then missed a retaken second spot-kick, before the Trotters hit back when Daniel Sturridge's shot squirmed under Heurelho Gomes.

2011年February5日，Michael Kevin Darling，“Tottenham 2 - 1 Bolton”, in BBC:

（因尴尬或羞耻而）扭动身子

I recounted the embarrassing story in detail just to watch him squirm.

我一五一十地讲了那件尴尬的事，结果他（尴尬得）坐立不安。

MARIGOLD: Should I tell them I know?

2010, Jeph Jacques, Questionable Content 1686: Twist in the Wind

回避 (可否为此义项增加一个例句？)


eat one's words

eats one's words (third-person singular present)
eating one's words (present participle)
ate one's words (past)
eaten one's words (past participle)

后悔说过的话，承认说过的话是错的

He didn't think I could do it, but I proved him wrong and made him eat his words.

他觉得我做不到，但我证明他错了，让他收回了自己的话。

This time, you have to eat your words, because, like it or not, you lost.

这次你说错了，因为不管你服不服气，你输了。

"Better retract that," she advised, "hadn't you?" "Why should I?" "Because if you're stupid enough to remain in Bombay, I'll make you eat your words one day."

1936，F.J. Thwaites，章號 II, in The Redemption，Sydney: H. John Edwards，頁 16:


beef up

原为大学俚语，源自beef (“肌肉力量”)。

beefs up (third-person singular present)
beefing up (present participle)
beefed up (past participle)

强化，加强，加固 （1941年）

We need to beef up security around the airport.

我们必须加强机场周围的安保。


adhere

adheres (third-person singular present)
adhering (present participle)
adhered (past participle)

動詞是不及物動詞，但經常帶介詞“to”。


etch

源自荷蘭語 etsen (“蚀刻”)，源自德語 ätzen (“蚀刻”)，源自古高地德語 azzon (“使...咬或吃”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *atjaną，*etaną (“吃”)（派生出eat）的使役形式。

etches (third-person singular present)
etching (present participle)
etched (past participle)

刻，给...留下深刻印象

The memory of 9/11 is etched into my mind.

911的记忆刻到了我的心里。


spurs

spur 的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


stipend

由中古法語 stipende借入中古英語，源自拉丁語 stipendium (“薪资，薪水”)。

stipends (third-person singular present)
stipending (present participle)
stipended (past participle)

给...提供薪水，津贴等[自15世纪]

As well as enjoying links in the royal court, he was said to stipend some 200 individuals in the city of Paris to spread favourable news stories about himself.

2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin 2003, p. 122:


save as

saves as (third-person singular present)
saving as (present participle)
saved as (past participle)


calls

call第三人称单数一般现在时形式。


holes

hole的第三人称单数一般现在时形式。


slosh

sloshes (third-person singular present)
sloshing (present participle)
sloshed (past participle)

The water in his bottle sloshed back and forth as he ran.

他跑步时瓶中的水晃来晃去。

The boy sloshed water over the edge of the bath.

男孩把水晃出了浴缸的边缘。

They were so completely soaked that they sloshed when he walked.

他们浑身湿透，走路都发出啪啦啪啦的声音。

（大声地）倾倒，哗啦哗啦地倒（指液体）

The coffee was nice and hot, so she sloshed some into a cup and went back to her desk.

咖啡做得很好，还很热，她哗啦地倒进一个杯子里，回到她的桌子那。

He really sloshed on the sauce- they were a bit strong for my taste.

The streets were flooded, but they still managed to slosh their way to school.

街上发大水，但他们还是想办法到达了学校。

She greeted me with a bright smile, and said: “Back already? Did you find it?” With a strong effort I mastered my emotion and replied curtly but civilly that the answer was in the negative. “No,” I said, “I did not find it.” “You can't have looked properly.” Again I was compelled to pause and remind myself that an English gentleman does not slosh a sitting redhead, no matter what the provocation.

1960，P. G. Wodehouse，Jeeves in the Offing, chapter VIII:


check out

checks out (third-person singular present)
checking out (present participle)
checked out (past participle)

"Relax," said the night man / "We are programmed to receive / You can check out any time you like / But you can never leave!"

1977，“Hotel California”, in Don Henley, Glenn Frey 作詞, Don Felder 作曲, Hotel California，演出者 The Eagles:

Be sure to check out of the hotel before noon.

I'm done shopping, so I'll go check out now.

我选好东西了，我要去结账了。

（通过手续留下记录并）借出，取出，领取

He checked his favorite mystery out for the twenty-third time.

这是他第23次[从图书馆]借出他最喜欢的悬疑小说。

The desk clerk checked out the family that had been staying in room 322.

接待员给留在322号房的一家人退房了。

The library assistant was checking people out.

At 9:30 am, 12 inmates were checked out to the dispensary.

2010, Peterson's, Master the Corrections Officer Exam, Peterson's (ISBN 9780768930306), page 9:

检查，打量；核实，观察，调查

He was hanging out at the beach, checking out the young women in bikinis.

他在海滩看穿着比基尼的年轻女性。

He checked out the rumor, and managed to verify that it was true

他调查了那些流言，最后证实了。

Check it out! Best prices in town.

走过路过不要错过！全城最低价。

Check this out! They just arrested the Mayor!

看这个！他们把市长抓了！

获取，检出 （从仓库获取源代码或其他材料，以便修改并交回（check in））

（因失去兴趣而）冷漠地离开，走掉，不再参与，不再合作

The purpose of this exercise was to ignite reactions from students, but over the few years I used it, it backfired, culminating in a situation where I lost a significant number of the white students, who just "checked out" for the rest of the semester.

2010，S. Greggory Johnson III，The Black Professoriat: Negotiating a Habitable Space in the Academy，頁 189:

（因紧张等而）僵住，呆住

Even during those years, there would be a lot of times she just checked out. She would be sitting there looking at her nails and she'd just be gone.

2007 Susan Nathiel, Daughters of Madness: Growing Up and Older With a Mentally Ill Mother, p. 42:

Steve: (referring to his girlfriend attempting suicide in front of both of them) Look, I was just an observer.
 Bishop: You haven't answered my question.
 Steve: Well, what do you think?
 Bishop: We'll never know, will we?
 Steve: Well, say I just sat there—or we just sat there—and watched her check out. Think that would have been crazy?

1972, The Mechanic (1972 film), Charles Bronson (as Mr. Bishop), Jan-Michael Vincent (as Steve):

With a bottle full of sleeping pills and a long list of sins

2012, Gwen Sebastian, "Met Him In a Motel Room":

The first two leads check out; I'll assume the third one is also valid.

前两个线索没问题，我认为第三个应该也没问题。

Their stories checked out.

A comparison test was made with this weapon in laboratory. It definitely checks out as the murder gun.

1960，“The Case of the Ill-Fated Faker”, in Perry Mason，季数 4, 集数 3:

MySQL checks the validity of the account name and password, and checks whether the connection is coming from a host that's allowed to connect …. If everything checks out, MySQL accepts the connection.

2013, Steve Suehring, Janet Valade, PHP, MySQL, JavaScript & HTML5 All-in-One For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons (ISBN 9781118231340), page 459:


sandpaper

sandpapers (third-person singular present)
sandpapering (present participle)
sandpapered (past participle)


speaks

speak的第三人称单数一般现在时形式。