expound

源自中古英語 expounden，源自古法語 espondre，源自拉丁語 exponere。expose 的同源對似詞。

expounds (third-person singular present)
expounding (present participle)
expounded (past participle)

spell out

详细解释，阐释，阐述，详述

详细解释，阐释，阐述，详述

发表声明，说明 （一般指很长的声明）

He expounded often on the dangers of the imperial presidency.

他经常讲述帝王总统的危险性。

Fowler was also interested in metallurgy and the use of new materials that could withstand greater stresses, something he expounded on when giving his presidential address to the new Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1927.

2021年December29日，Stephen Roberts，“Stories and facts behind railway plaques: Evesham (1870)”, in RAIL，期 947，頁 59:


fabricate

:< 拉丁語 fabricātus——fabricor 的完成被动分词、fabricō （“建造”） < fabrica （“建筑”）。 另见 fabric、forge 及法语 fabrique。

fabricates (third-person singular present)
fabricating (present participle)
fabricated (past participle)


feeble

源自中古英語 feble，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 feble (“弱的”)（对比法語 faible），源自拉丁語 flēbilis (“哭泣的，哀伤的”)。foible 的同源對似詞。

feebles (third-person singular present)
feebling (present participle)
feebled (past participle)


formulate

用公式表示；把．．．化成公式；系统地阐述
或提出
* 正體: 寫成公式[電子計算機]


fulminate

源自拉丁語 fulminātus，fulminō (“照亮，（雷电）劈”)的过去分词，源自fulmen (“引起着火的雷电”)，源自早期形式*fulgmen、*fulgimen，源自fulgeō、fulgō (“闪，照亮”)。fulmine 的同源對似詞。详见fulgent。

fulminates (third-person singular present)
fulminating (present participle)
fulminated (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-fulminate.wav

以...斥责，以...责备，以...批评，以...谴责

In short, the criticism which the great lexicographer fulminated against an unfortunate author, seems to have been adopted by the profession as applicable to everything under the sun […]

1855, William Neilson, Mesmerism in its relation to health and disease (page 46)

the present owners couldn't afford the electric bills anymore, several amateur gaffers, sad to say, having already been fulminated trying to bootleg power in off the municipal lines.

2009, Thomas Pynchon, Inherent Vice, Vintage 2010, p. 235:


furnace

源自中古英語 forneys，源自古法語 fornais（法語 fournaise），源自拉丁語 fornāx。

furnaces (third-person singular present)
furnacing (present participle)
furnaced (past participle)


galaxy

源自中古英語 galaxye、galaxie，源自古法語 galaxie，源自拉丁語 galaxias，源自古希臘語 γαλαξίας (galaxías，“银河系”)，源自γάλα (gála，“奶”)。

galaxies (third-person singular present)
galaxying (present participle)
galaxied (past participle)

给...布置星系，使...充满星系

[…] how he struggled at one time like a desperate man fiercly ^([sic]) grappling with his mortal foe, and at another like a sanguine lover and noble minded youth, as the cliffy rocks impeded his progress, or dimmed the view he had caught of an aperture, through which the galaxied firmament was seen in its purity and holiness glowing with diamonds and saphires; […]

1836, anonymous, “The Victim Bride: A Tale of Monadnock” in The Philadelphia Visiter, volume 1, number 14, page 53:

In dazzling light expands the mighty Dome:
Mirror of Heaven,—but Heaven when she doth wear
All galaxied with Stars her flashing hair!

1838, John Edmund Reade, Italy: a poem, in six parts, page 138:

To be dwarfed in a galaxied sky,
doming, arcing, and revolving over
The little space I briefly occupy.

2018, Adrian G. R. Scott, “A Canticle to Creatureliness” in A Night Sea Journey:

Let all their Vertues then be Galaxied into this one indiſtinct Luſtre, they were Faithful Servants of Chriſt, and Sufferers for their being ſo.

1702, Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, book 3, part 4 (“Remains: or, Shorter Accounts of Sundry Divines”), chapter 1 (“Remains of the Firſt Claſſis”), page 213:

The brilliancies on one page of Lalla Roohk ^([sic]) would have sufficed to establish that very reputation which has been in a great measure self-dimned by the galaxied lustre of the entire book.

1841, Edgar Allan Poe, “Review of New Books” in Graham’s Magazine, volume 18, number 5, page 249:

How dazzling must their brightness be when they are galaxied in a single bosom!

1844, Horace Smith, Arthur Arundel: A Tale of the English Revolution, volume 1, page 172:


germinate

germinates (third-person singular present)
germinating (present participle)
germinated (past participle)

the Chalcites, which hath a Spirit that will put forth and germinate

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

Orchids rely on fungi to reproduce. Their tiny seeds don't have any on-board nutrients (like beans and apples) and will not germinate until they are infected by a symbiotic fungus which supplies them with food. Known as a protocorm, this tiny orchid-fungus ball grows, turns green and eventually starts to photosynthesise.

2014年April5日，“Quite interesting: A quietly intriguing column from the brains behind QI, the BBC quiz show. This week; QI orchids you not”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend)，頁 W22:

[…] The flesh [of the mistletoe berry] is sticky, and forms strings and ribbons between my thumb and forefinger. For the mistletoe, this viscous goop – and by the way, viscous comes to English from viscum – is crucial. The stickiness means that, after eating the berries, birds often regurgitate the seeds and then wipe their bills on twigs – leading to the seeds' getting glued to the tree, where they can germinate and begin the cycle anew.

2014年December23日，Olivia Judson，“The hemiparasite season [print version: Under the hemiparasite, International New York Times, 24–25 December 2014, page 7]”, in The New York Times，存檔自the original on 2014-12-23:

These were business hours, and a feeling of loneliness crept over him, perhaps germinated by his sight of the illustrated papers, and accentuated by an attempted perusal of them.

1913，Robert Barr，章號 5, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:


graze

源自古英語 grasian (“吃草”)，源自græs (“草”)。

grazes (third-person singular present)
grazing (present participle)
grazed (past participle)

Although it is perfectly good meadowland, none of the villagers has ever grazed animals on the meadow on the other side of the wall.

Cattle graze in the meadows.

The bird [Canada goose] is more often found on land than other waterfowl because of its love for seeds and grains. The long neck is well adapted for grazing.

1993，John Montroll，Origami Inside-Out，頁 41:

吃零食，（不在餐点时）[随便]]吃点

同類詞：snack

Furthermore, people who take the time to sit down to proper meals find their food more satisfying than people who graze throughout the day. If you skip meals, you will inevitably end up snacking on more high-fat high-sugar foods.

2008，Mohgah Elsheikh, Caroline Murphy，Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:

Many people, however, snack and graze from roughly the time they wake up until shortly before they go to bed.

2018年July24日，Anahad O’Connor，“When We Eat, or Don’t Eat, May Be Critical for Health”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Grazing refers to customers who consume food items before paying for them, for example, a customer bags one and a half pounds of grapes in the produce department, eats some as she continues her shopping […]

Had the Grievant attempted to pay for the Mylanta or actually paid for it, then she would not be guilty of grazing or shoplifting.

2001，Labor Arbitration Information System，卷 2，頁 59:

the bullet grazed the wall

to graze one's knee

The sewers must be kept so as the water may not stay too long in the spring; for then the ground continueth the wet, whereby it will never graze to purpose that year.


grope

源自中古英語 gropien，源自古英語 grāpian，与grīpan有关（其派生出英語 gripe），亦对比grip。

gropes (third-person singular present)
groping (present participle)
groped (past participle)

摸黑寻找，（指盲人）用手寻找

to grope about a little longer among the miseries and sensualities of a worldly life

a. 1812. Joseph Stevens Buckminster, sermon

Yet there was no time to be lost if I was ever to get out alive, and so I groped with my hands against the side of the grave until I made out the bottom edge of the slab, and then fell to grubbing beneath it with my fingers. But the earth, which the day before had looked light and loamy to the eye, was stiff and hard enough when one came to tackle it with naked hands, and in an hour's time I had done little more than further weary myself and bruise my fingers.

Turning back, then, toward the basement staircase, she began to grope her way through blinding darkness, but had taken only a few uncertain steps when, of a sudden, she stopped short and for a little stood like a stricken thing, quite motionless save that she quaked to her very marrow in the grasp of a great and enervating fear.

1914，Louis Joseph Vance，章號 III, in Nobody，New York, N.Y.: George H[enry] Doran Company, 出版於 1915, →OCLC:

We've been together two weeks, and have just been kissing and groping, but no sex yet.

我们在一起两个星期了，就亲了亲嘴，互相爱抚，但是还没有做爱。

That old man groped that girl on the train!

那个老头在火车上猥亵了那个女孩！

(我們能否查找並添加Chaucer引用過本詞的語句？)

Felix gropeth him, thinking to have a bribe.


haul

hauls (third-person singular present)
hauling (present participle)
hauled (past participle)


hazard

:< 古法語 hasard （“骰子游戏”） (名词)、hasarder (动词)，可能源自 阿拉伯語 الزّهر (az-zahr)（“骰子”）。

hazards (third-person singular present)
hazarding (present participle)
hazarded (past participle)


heed

源自中古英語 hēden，源自古英語 hēdan (“注意，关心，观察，负责，占有，接受”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hōdijan (“注意，保卫”)，源自原始印歐語 *kadʰ- (“注意，保护”)。与西弗里斯蘭語 hoedje (“留心，注意”)、荷蘭語 hoeden (“留心，注意”)、德語 hüten (“留心，注意”)同源。

heeds (third-person singular present)
heeding (present participle)
heeded (past participle)

With pleasure Argus the musician heeds.

1567, John Dryden translating Ovid, Metamorphoses Book 1

"It comes back to me that I wanted to say something to the driver and that I couldn't make him heed me."

1913，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Poison Belt:

Tolokonnikova not only tried to adjust to life in the penal colony but she even tried to heed the criticism levied at her by colony representatives during a parole hearing.

2013 September 23, Masha Gessen, "Life in a Russian Prison," New York Times （获取于2013年9月24日）:

Barker's proposal to try out new equipment before mass introduction should also have been heeded, because traction components bought without trialling for the Glasgow and Great Eastern schemes gave trouble.

2020年July29日，David Clough，“AC/DC: the big switch in power supply”, in Rail，頁 65:


husk

源自中古英語 huske。可能源自古英語 *husuc, *hosuc (“很小的覆盖物”)，hosu (“壳，皮”)的指小词，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hosā，源自原始日耳曼語 *husǭ、*hausaz (“覆盖物，壳，裹腿”)，源自原始印歐語 *kawəs- / kawes- (“盖”)。若如此，等价于hose + -ock。
另可能源自中古低地德語 hūske(n) (“小房子，保护套”)、中古荷蘭語 hūskijn (“小房子，果核，盒子”)，hūs (“房子”)的指小词。对比荷蘭語 huisje、德語 Häuschen，两者均可指“蜗牛壳”。

husks (third-person singular present)
husking (present participle)
husked (past participle)

给...去皮，给...剥壳


husk

部分是拟声词，部分源自上方的词源1，受到了husky的影响。

Back on the veranda he said to Lace gravely, "I do believe that poor child's in the family way." Lace, tracing the pattern of the matting with his boot, husked, and murmured, "Yes — I think so.

1938，Xavier Herbert，章號 XI, in Capricornia，New York: D. Appleton-Century, 出版於 1943，頁 181:

The French captain did not immediately respond; he looked at his men with a miserable expression [...]; still he hesitated, drooped, and finally husked, "Je me rends," with a look still more wretched.

2006，Naomi Novik，His Majesty's Dragon，Del Rey Books，頁 5:


impair

Guidelines and HOWTOs/Snap - KDE Community Wiki

You are always on your own and unrelated changes rarely if ever can impair your snap


incense

源自中古英語 encens，源自古法語 encens (“气味香甜的物质”)，源自晚期拉丁語 incensum (“熏香”，字面意思是“焚烧的东西”)，incendō (“将...点燃”)的中性过去分词。对比incendiary。同源词包括西班牙語 encender和incienso。

incenses (third-person singular present)
incensing (present participle)
incensed (past participle)

I think it would incense him to learn the truth.

我觉得他知道真相以后会勃然大怒。

使...变香 （尤指熏香的香）

Neither, for the future, shall any man or woman, self-styled noble, be incensed,—foolishly fumigated with incense, in Church; as the wont has been.

1837，Thomas Carlyle，The French Revolution: A History […]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, (please specify the book or page number):


intensify

加强，加剧；强化；剧化
* 正體: 增強[電子計算機]


lament

源自法語 lamenter，源自拉丁語 lāmentor (“哀嚎，恸哭”)，源自lāmenta (“哀嚎，恸哭”)，带构词要素-mentum，源自词根*la-，可能最终是拟声词。参见latrare。

laments (third-person singular present)
lamenting (present participle)
lamented (past participle)

Euston is so traditionally a part of the London scene that many will lament the passing of the old station when rebuilding is complete in readiness for the new electric service, which will probably be by multiple-units between Euston and Wolverhampton.

1960 February，R. C. Riley，“The London-Birmingham services - Past, Present and Future”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 99:

By the end, Sunderland were lucky to lose by the same scoreline Northampton Town suffered against Southampton, in 1921. The Sunderland manager, Gus Poyet, lamented that it was “the most embarrassed I’ve ever been on a football pitch, without a doubt”.

2014年October18日，Paul Doyle，“Southampton hammer eight past hapless Sunderland in barmy encounter”, in The Guardian:


lull

使安静，哄(小孩)睡觉；变平静


maximize

把…增加到最大限度；充分重视；作尽量广
义的解释
* 正體: 最大化[自由軟體]
* 简体: 最大化[自由软体]
* 正體: 最大化[電子計算機]


option

源自法語 option，源自拉丁語 optiō (“选择”)，源自optō (“选择”)。等价于opt + -ion。

options (third-person singular present)
optioning (present participle)
optioned (past participle)

The new novel was optioned by the film studio, but they'll probably never decide to make a movie from it.

那个制片厂买了新小说的期权，但是他们可能永远不会用它来改编电影。

The device that is to echo the characters should be optioned for echoplexing.


patrol

源自法語 patrouiller，源自古法語 patrouiller (“蹚水；四处走；巡逻”)，源自patte (“爪子”)。

patrols (third-person singular present)
patrolling (present participle)
patrolled (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-patrol.wav

to patrol a frontier

to patrol a beat

Whether attempting to keep the peace in Bosnia, evacuating American citizens from Albania, or patrolling the world's seas and skies, our service men and women risk capture by unfriendly foreign forces.

April 8 1997, Bill Clinton, Proclamation 6983


personify

拟(某物)为人;使人格化；表现；体现


philosophy

源自中古英語 philosophie、古法語 philosophie以及两者词源拉丁語 philosophia，源自古希臘語 φιλοσοφία (philosophía)，源自φίλος (phílos，“爱...的”) + σοφία (sophía，“智慧”)。可作philo- + -sophy分析。取代英语本土词古英語 ūþwitegung。

philosophies (third-person singular present)
philosophying (present participle)
philosophied (past participle)

Plato hath (in my seeming) loved this manner of Philosophying, Dialogue wise in good earnest, that therby he might more decently place in sundry mouthes the diversity and variation of his owne conceits.

1603，Michel de Montaigne，章號 12, in John Florio（譯者）, The Essayes […]，book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:


plead

pleads (third-person singular present)
pleading (present participle)
pleaded
pled
plead


plump

源自中古英語 plump、plompe，借自中古荷蘭語 plomp或中古低地德語 plump。

plumps (third-person singular present)
plumping (present participle)
plumped (past participle)

Her cheeks have plumped.

使...变胖，使...变圆，充满；常与up连用

to plump oysters or scallops by placing them in fresh or brackish water

将牡蛎或扇贝放到淡水或咸水里使其变大

to plump a stone into water

(及物带 for) 赞成，支持

A recent poll by the New York Times found that although most Brazilians plump for arch-rival Argentina as the team they most want to lose, the second-biggest group want Brazil itself to stumble.

2014，“Brazil in a nutshell”, in The Economist:


plump

源自中古英語 plumpen，与中古荷蘭語 plompen、中古低地德語 plumpen、德語 plumpfen有关。

Dulcissa plumps into a chair.

September 24, 1712, The Spectator No. 492, letter from a prude


poll

polls (third-person singular present)
polling (present participle)
polled (past participle)


congee

源自晚期中古英語 congie，源自古法語 congié、congiet（现代法語 congé），源自拉丁語 commeātus (“通行许可，批准离开”)，源自commeō (“来和去”)，源自con- + meō (“走，通过”)。比喻义借自法語 congé中的词义演化。

congees (third-person singular present)
congeeing (present participle)
congeed (past participle)

给...前文名词词义代表的事物 (尤指：)

给...前文名词词义代表的事物 (尤指：)
批准，许可

做屈膝礼，鞠躬等礼貌动作； 顺从，遵命；尊敬


potentiate

加强；使更有效力(尤指药物)


pox

源自中古英語 pocke的复数形式。见pock。

poxes (third-person singular present)
poxing (present participle)
poxed (past participle)

Jack had a moſt ſcandalous tongue, and perſuaded Peg that all mankind, beſides himſelf, were pox'd by that ſcarlet-faced whore, †Signiora Bubonia. “As for his brother Lord Peter, the tokens were evident on him, blotches, ſcabs, and the corona. […]”

[1750?]，Dr. [John] Arbuthnot，“The History of John Bull: Part II, Chapter III”, in The History of John Bull [by Dr. Arbuthnot]. And Poems on ſeveral Occasions by Dr. Jonathan Swift, with Several Miſcellaneous Pieces, by Dr. Swift and Mr. Pope，London: D. Midwinter, A. Tonson，頁 60:


prelude

源自中古法語 prélude (“测试性地演奏乐器”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 preludium，源自拉丁語 praelūdere。

preludes (third-person singular present)
preluding (present participle)
preluded (past participle)

将...作为序曲、序章等引入

We are preluding too largely, and must come at once to the point.

1829, Francis Jeffrey, "Heman's Poems", in The Edinburgh Review October 1829


procession

源自中古英語 processioun，借自古法語 pourciession，源自拉丁語 prōcessiō (“行进，前进；（晚期拉丁语）宗教队伍”)，源自prōcēdere，prōcessus (“前行，前进”)的过去分词，详见proceed。

processions (third-person singular present)
processioning (present participle)
processioned (past participle)

To procession the lands of such persons as desire it.

1856，Alexander Mansfield Burrill，A Law Dictionary and Glossary, PROCESSIONING:


rear

来自中古英語 reren (“抬升、提升”)，古英語 rǣran (“抬升、竖立、促进、提升、创立、激发、唤醒、唤起、煽动”)，原始日耳曼語 *raizijaną、*raisijaną (“使上升”)，原始印歐語 *h₁rey- (“抬起某物本身、上升”)。
与低地蘇格蘭語 rere (“构建、建设”)，冰島語 reisa (“使提升”)，哥特語 𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (raisjan，“使上升、抬起、建立”)，德語 reisen (“旅行”，字面意思是“起身离开”)同源，且是raise 的同源對似詞。另请参见rise。
与rise（上升）和raise（提升）有关，两个词曾用于rear现在的几个古老或过时的意义，以及用于rear目前在英语其他方言中更常见的一些意义。

rears (third-person singular present)
rearing (present participle)
reared (past participle)

抚养成熟某物，如后代；教育；指导；培养。

He wants a father to protect his youth, and rear him up to virtue.
#*:: 他希望有一个父亲来保护他的青春，培养他的美德。

1694, Thomas Southerne, Isabella: Or The Fatal Marriage

The family has been rearing cattle for 200 years.

这家人在200年中一直饲养牛。

The horse was shocked, and thus reared.

这匹马受到了惊吓，于是用后腿站了起来。

物理上或比喻上升高；抬出；使上升，抬升。

贫困露出了它的丑陋面目。

Poverty reared its ugly head. （出现了，开始了，开始有效果了）

怪物慢慢地抬起头来。

建造防御或房子。

在一个政府的废墟上建立另一个政府。

to rear one government on the ruins of another.


reckon

数，计数；看作，认为
參見：reckoning


recondition

修理，修复，修整；改革，改善


relapse

源自拉丁語 relapsus，relabi (“向后滑，掉回”)的过去分词，源自re- (“反，往后”) + labi (“滑，落”)。

relapses (third-person singular present)
relapsing (present participle)
relapsed (past participle)

倒退回，恢复，回到 （某种状态或行为）

Then we relapsed into a discomfited silence, and wished we were anywhere else. But Miss Thorn relieved the situation by laughing aloud, and with such a hearty enjoyment that instead of getting angry and more mortified we began to laugh ourselves, and instantly felt better.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

He has improved recently but keeps relapsing into states of utter confusion.

他近来情况有所好转，但是总是有混乱状态复发。

to relapse into a stupor, into vice, or into barbarism

重新陷入神志不清的状态，重新走上犯罪道路，重回野蛮

to relapse into slumber after being disturbed

反复，复发，恶化 （在好转一段时间后）

指戒除自残、酗酒、吸毒等之后又

relapsed after 5 months of being clean

戒酒/戒毒等5个月后又开始饮酒/吸毒


resume

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 resumer，中古法語 resumer，源自拉丁語 resumere，源自 re- + sumere。

resumes (third-person singular present)
resuming (present participle)
resumed (past participle)

重新开始做已经暂停或停止的事情


roll

rolls (third-person singular present)
rolling (present participle)
rolled (past participle)


rumor

rumors (third-person singular present)
rumoring (present participle)
rumored (past participle)

〈及物，多用于被动〉传播传言；传播流言


scavenge

scavenges (third-person singular present)
scavenging (present participle)
scavenged (past participle)


screw

:< 中古法语 escroue（槽）（> 现代法语 écrou） < 拉丁语 scrofa（母猪）。指类似螺钉形的野猪阴茎龟头。


seep

sipe的变体，其源自中古英語 *sipen，源自古英語 sipian，源自原始日耳曼語 *sipōną，派生自*sīpaną（对比中古荷蘭語 sīpen (“滴”)、德國低地德語 siepern (“渗透”)，古旧德語 seifen (“滴血”)），源自原始印歐語 *seyb-、*sib- (“倒出，滴”)（对比拉丁語 sēbum (“板油”)、古希臘語 εἴβω (eíbō，“滴”)。参见soap。

seeps (third-person singular present)
seeping (present participle)
seeped (past participle)

Water has seeped through the roof.

The water steadily seeped in through the thirl.

水不断地从钻孔渗透进来。

Woe seeped through her heart thinking of what had befallen their ethnic group.

想到自己的种族的遭遇，她的心中充满了悲痛。

Fear began to seep into the local community over the contamination of their fishpond.

害怕鱼塘被污染的恐惧开始在当地群众间传播。

The resistance movement against the invaders had slowly seeped away.

反抗侵略者的抵抗活动已经慢慢平息下来。

The crack is seeping water.

If the crack is seeping water, the foam totally stops the leakage.

Just when I thought I was done checking it over, I smelled coolant....remove the engine cover and bam! 1 inch crack is seeping coolant!


shift

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大


shriek

源自弃用词shrick（1567年）、shreke，早期形式screak、skricke的变体（1500年代前），源自中古英語 scrycke，源自某北日耳曼語支/斯堪的纳维亚语言（对比瑞典語 skrika、丹麥語 skrige、冰島語 skríkja），源自原始日耳曼語 *skrīkijaną、*skrik-（对比英語 screech）。还见screech。

shrieks (third-person singular present)
shrieking (present participle)
shrieked (past participle)

Feebly ſhe ſhriekt, but ſo feebly indeed / That Britomart heard not the ſhrilling ſound.

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book IV, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 4，頁 95:

It was the owl that shrieked.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

"[O]h, yes! the loon does shriek dreadfully - particularly when there's fine rain[.]"

1886，Peter Christen Asbjørnsen，譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，頁 286:

The ghostly owl, shrieking his baleful note.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto IX”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 33:

She shrieked his name to the dark woods.


slander

源自中古英語 slaundre、sclaundre，源自古法語 esclandre，源自教會拉丁語 scandalum (“绊脚物，诱惑”)，源自古希臘語 σκάνδαλον (skándalon，“丑闻”)。scandal 的同源對似詞。

slanders (third-person singular present)
slandering (present participle)
slandered (past participle)


sneer

可能与中古高地德語 snerren (“讲八卦”)有关。

sneers (third-person singular present)
sneering (present participle)
sneered (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-sneer.wav

So General Oakfield's friends taunted him with having been beaten, and Blackeston's friends sneered at him for not having called the general out. Blackeston, a studious and sensitive man, felt the taunts of his friends as only a student can.

1890，Henry Kingsley，Old Margaret: And Other Stories，頁 393:

to sneer fulsome lies at a person

There was a quick scuffle within the cabin. "Leave me alone, I say, and git!" cried the cook. "Can't I be friendly without you hollerin?" sneered the miner. "You wouldn't have been 'lowed to stay round here if it hadn't been for me."


specialise

特加指明；列举；使专门；专门研究；专攻


stall

古英语的steall, "standing place", "position"。参阅荷兰文的stal, "cattle shed", 德文的Stall, "cattle shed", 古挪威语的Old Norse stallr。与"stand"同源。

stalls (third-person singular present)
stalling (present participle)
stalled (past participle)

（航空技术）加大机翼的迎角，从而导致飞行器下降。


stall

使用拖延策略来抵抗某人；


stethoscope

借自法語 stéthoscope，由听诊器发明者，雷奈克医生所造，等价于stetho- + -scope。

stethoscopes (third-person singular present)
stethoscoping (present participle)
stethoscoped (past participle)

you wish me to submit to be stethoscoped; if so, you shall be gratified, although the prospect of undergoing that, or any other operation at Mr. Pigwidgeon's hands, is not the most agreeable

1852, Marmion Wilme Savage, Reuben Medlicott; or, the Coming Man


stifle

动词派生自晚期中古英語 stuflen (“因炎热而难以呼吸；淹水，因呛水窒息”) [以及其他形式]，之后词源不详，可能源自stuffen (“通过窒息杀死；因闷热窒息；压制，灭杀；剥夺植物的生长条件”) + -el- (动词的衍生性中缀，可能意指指小，程度增强或反复性动作和事件)。 stuffen派生自古法語 estofer、estouffer (“使...窒息，勒死；（比喻义）压制，抑制”) [以及其他形式]（现代法語 étouffer），变换自estoper、estuper (“阻塞；绷紧，使...变厚”)（现代法語 étouper (“填补”)），受到了estofer (“给...装垫子”)（现代法語 étoffer）的影响。estoper派生自通俗拉丁語 *stuppāre，源自拉丁語 stuppa (“粗亚麻”)（作为填塞材料，源自古希臘語 στύπη (stúpē)、στύππη (stúppē)（对比στυππεῖον (stuppeîon)），可能源自前希臘時期的底層語言）+ -āre。据《牛津英语词典》，其派生自古諾爾斯語 stífla (“筑坝；阻塞”)的说法“在词形和词义方面难有说服力”。
名词派生自动词。

stifles (third-person singular present)
stifling (present participle)
stifled (past participle)

smother

使...窒息；将...闷死

suffocate

使...窒息；将...闷死

使...窒息；将...闷死

I took my leave, being half stifled with the closeness of the room.

1708，Jonathan Swift，Accomplishment of the First Prediction:

The heat was stifling the children.

The army stifled the rebellion.

I desire only to have things fairly represented as they really are; no evidence smothered or stifled.

1723，Daniel Waterland，A Second Vindication of Christ's Divinity:

In fact, there was no suggestion of that, although Wolves deployed men behind the ball to stifle the league leaders in a first-half that proved very frustrating for City.

2011年October29日，Neil Johnston，“Norwich 3-3 Blackburn”, in BBC Sport:

Two firemen tragically stifled in yesterday’s fire when trying to rescue an old lady from her bedroom.

两名消防员在试图将一位老太太从卧室中营救出来时因窒息壮烈牺牲。

The heat felt stifling.


stifle

The stifle (sense 1) is indicated as number 27 in this drawing of a horse.
A dog’s stifle (sense 1) is indicated as number 12 in the above illustration.
名词派生自中古英語 stifle (“四足动物的股骨和胫骨之间的关节”) [以及其他形式]，之后词源不详，可能派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 estive (“腿”)及古法語 estive (“腿”)（对比古法語 estival (“靴，鞋”)）。
动词派生自名词。

使...的后腿膝关节挫伤，脱臼等 （动物）


strain

盡力睜大(眼睛)，竭力喊叫


streamline

流线；流线型
* 简体: 流线[大气]
* 正體: 流線[氣象]
* 简体: 流线[航海科技]
* 正體: 流線[海事]


suffocate

源自拉丁語 suffōcāre，源自sub- (“在...之下”) + fōx (“喉咙”)

suffocates (third-person singular present)
suffocating (present participle)
suffocated (past participle)

（使...）窒息，（使...）缺氧

Open the hatch, he is suffocating in the airlock!

打开舱口！他在气闸室里要窒息了！

It is because of freedom, one netizen replied: Like air, you may not realize its importance, but when suffocating, you would know how precious it is.

2020年November2日，Jiu Xiao，“Chinese Communist Party Officials Push Anti-U.S. Propaganda While Sending Families to Live in the U.S.”, in Minghui:

He suffocated his wife by holding a pillow over her head.

他用枕头盖住妻子的头使她窒息而死。

Let not hemp his windpipe suffocate.

1599，William Shakespeare，“The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene vi]:

（使...）窒息，（使...）喘不过气，压倒

I'm suffocating under this huge workload.

这一大堆工作让我喘不过气来。

If the trend to private cars continues, the more quickly will the road traffic suffocate itself, [...].

1962 April，“London Airport rail link”, in Modern Railways，頁 222:

to suffocate fire


taper

源自中古英語 taper，源自古英語 tapor (“蜡烛，灯芯”)，其词源不详。可能源自拉丁語 papyrus (“纸莎草”，中世纪时指“蜡烛芯”)。若如此，则是papyrus和paper 的同源對似詞。另可能源自凱爾特語族中某个与愛爾蘭語 tapar、威爾士語 tampr (“火把”)有关的词，亦对比梵語 तपती (tápati，“温暖，发热”)。还见tepid。

tapers (third-person singular present)
tapering (present participle)
tapered (past participle)

使...的末端变细或变窄


throng

源自中古英語 throng、thrang，源自古英語 þrang、ġeþrang (“挤压，人群，吵嚷”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *þrangwą、*þrangwō (“人群”)，源自*þrangwaz (“挤压”)，源自原始印歐語 *trenkʷ- (“殴打，击打；砍劈；按压”)。与荷蘭語 drang、德語 Drang同源。亦对比德語 Gedränge (“人群”)。

throngs (third-person singular present)
thronging (present participle)
thronged (past participle)

By one o'clock the place was choc-a-bloc. […] The restaurant was packed, and the promenade between the two main courts and the subsidiary courts was thronged with healthy-looking youngish people, drawn to the Mecca of tennis from all parts of the country.

1935，George Goodchild，章號 5, in Death on the Centre Court:

[…] I have seen the dumb men throng to see him and / The blind to bear him speak: […]
#*:: […] 我看见聋子围拢来瞧他，瞎子围拢去听他讲话； […]

大約1608 William Shakespeare, Coriolanus, Act II scene i:

有一大群人跟隨耶穌，並擁擠他。

Much people followed him, and thronged him.


trance

源自中古英語 traunce，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 transe (“对邪恶降临的恐惧；从生到死的过程”)，源自transir (“因恐惧而僵住；死亡”)，源自拉丁語 trānseō (“穿过”)。

trances (third-person singular present)
trancing (present participle)
tranced (past participle)

entrance

使...昏迷，使...出神

使...昏迷，使...出神

The Horned Toad (kɛŋkak) tranced the rivers into being. A bakɔh bird tranced the mountains. The Scrub Bulbul (ˀɛsˀããs) drilled fire into existence with its beak. And, finally, the Bronzed Black Drongo (tɛrhɛɛh) tranced the year […]

2014, Geoffrey Benjamin, Temiar Religion, 1964-2012, page 64:

What is interesting for us here is that Chingkai and her familiars dreamed and tranced the Temiar world into being. […]

1995, Sue Jennings, Kevin Jennings, Theatre, Ritual, and Transformation: The Senoi Temiars, page 111:


trance

动词派生自中古英語 traunce、trauncen、trancen (“四处移动(?)；蹦跳(?);踏地”)（派生出现代英語 trounce，同义，参见该词条）。动词应该派生自名词。

trounce

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 踏着沉重的步子走

trounce

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 穿过

trounce

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 快速地穿过，快速地走过

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 踏着沉重的步子走

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 穿过

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 快速地穿过，快速地走过


warehouse

货栈,仓库
* 正體: 倉庫[電子計算機]


zinc

来自德語 Zink，与Zinke有关，来自中古高地德語 zinke，来自古高地德語 zinko，与zint有关，来自原始日耳曼語 *tindaz，来自原始印歐語 *(e)dont-。与古英語 tind、中古低地德語 tinde、冰島語 tindur (“尖刺，耙齒，尖峰，尖顶，城垛”)同源。另见荷蘭語 tinne (“城垛”)、德語 Zinne (“尖顶，城垛”)、丹麥語 tinde (“尖顶，城垛”)、瑞典語 tinne (“耙齒”)，更多词语可见tine。zincum 的同源對似詞。

zincs (third-person singular present)
zincing (present participle)
zinking (present participle)
zincking (present participle)
zinced (past participle)
zinked (past participle)
zincked (past participle)


xerox

来自Xerox (“複印機”)（原为商标），来自xerography，来自古希臘語 ξηρός (xērós，“干的”)和γραφή (graphḗ，“书写”)。

xeroxes (third-person singular present)
xeroxing (present participle)
xeroxed (past participle)


yacht

yachts (third-person singular present)
yachting (present participle)
yachted (past participle)


yearn

yearns (third-person singular present)
yearning (present participle)
yearned (past participle)


wrinkle

wrinkles (third-person singular present)
wrinkling (present participle)
wrinkled (past participle)


wrath

来自中古英語 wraththe，wreththe，来自古英語 wrǣþþu，来自原始西日耳曼語 *wraiþiþu，等价于wroth + -th。对比荷蘭語 wreedte (“殘酷”)、丹麥語 vrede、瑞典語 vrede、冰島語 reiði。详见wroth。

wraths (third-person singular present)
wrathing (present participle)
wrathed (past participle)


convent

借自古法语covent, 源自拉丁语conventus, convenio的完全分词形式, 另见con-, venio。 与convene, convention有关。

（过时用法）召集（法官或司法机关）

（过时用法）使方便；服务。


deluge

deluges (third-person singular present)
deluging (present participle)
deluged (past participle)


kiln

源自中古英語 kilne，源自古英語 cylene或cyline (“大炉子”)，源自拉丁語 culīna (“厨房，厨房火炉”)。

kilns (third-person singular present)
kilning (present participle)
kilned (past participle)

When making pottery we need to allow the bisque to dry before we kiln it.


azure

源自中古英語 asure，源自古法語 azur，派生自阿拉伯語 لَازَوَرْد (lāzaward，“青金石”)，l 被误解为法语冠词 l' 而被删去。阿拉伯语词源自古典波斯語 لاجورد (lājward，“青金石”)，源自巴达克山处Lajward地区的名字。
对比意大利語 azzurro及西班牙語 azul。

azures (third-person singular present)
azuring (present participle)
azured (past participle)

Our readers are aware that much of the sugar sold in many countries goes through an azuring treatment; blue is added to granulated sugar with the view of making it appear whiter than it actually is.


bristle

源自中古英語 bristil、bristel、brustel，源自古英語 bristl、*brystl、*byrstel，源自原始西日耳曼語 *burstilu，原始西日耳曼語 *bursti的指小词，源自原始日耳曼語 *burstiz（对比荷蘭語 borstel、德語 Borste (“野猪的鬓毛”)、冰島語 burst），源自原始印歐語 *bʰr̥stís（对比中古愛爾蘭語 brostaid (“招惹”)、拉丁語 fastīgium (“顶部的”)、波蘭語 barszcz (“猪草”)），等价于brust + -le。

bristles (third-person singular present)
bristling (present participle)
bristled (past participle)

過時，新英格兰和纽约上州农村口音

He sat down with his elbows upon the desk, his gorilla hands clasped together, his beard bristling forward, and his big grey eyes, half-covered by his drooping lids, fixed benignly upon me.

1929，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Disintegration Machine:

the hill of La Haye Sainte bristling with ten thousand bayonets

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 5, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

ports bristling with thousands of masts

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 2, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

Kieran Tierney did not want to risk a challenge on Pulisic, who darted on to the ball with far greater purpose, and the dink over Emi Martínez bristled with composure.

2020年August1日，David Hytner，“Aubameyang at the double as Arsenal turn tables on Chelsea to win FA Cup”, in The Guardian:

（带at）警惕，警觉，惧怕

The employees bristled at the prospect of working through the holidays.

员工们害怕整个假期都要工作。

Private-equity nabobs bristle at being dubbed mere financiers. Piling debt onto companies’ balance-sheets is only a small part of what leveraged buy-outs are about, they insist. Improving the workings of the businesses they take over is just as core to their calling, if not more so. Much of their pleading is public-relations bluster.

2013年June22日，“Engineers of a different kind”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 70:

If only the industry could be honest and explain why it has been forced, owing to government policies, to increase fares over the quarter century since privatisation. Instead, it is defensive and clearly bristles with annoyance when someone merely states the facts.

2021年May5日，Barry Doe，“The Independent has a better grasp than GWR's spokesman”, in RAIL，期 930，頁 58:

to bristle a thread


cave in

caves in (third-person singular present)
caving in (present participle)
caved in (past participle)

cave

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

break

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

crush

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

give way

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

stave

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

stave in

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

The roof caved in under the weight of the snow.

屋顶承受不住雪的重量塌下来了。

He caved-in the side of the barrel with a single well-placed kick.

他一脚精确地踢到桶的侧面，让它凹了下去。

cave in to someone's threats

After he asked me a few times, I finally caved in and had a slice of cake.

他问了我好几次，我拗不过去就吃了一块蛋糕。

Eventually the NUR overplayed its hands with an all-out strike. And when Peter Parker, the then-chairman of BR, who was well regarded among his staff, called their bluff by threatening to close down the entire network, they caved in.

2022年December14日，Christian Wolmar，“Productivity should play no part in pay negotiations”, in RAIL，期 972，頁 46:


pace

借自盎格魯-諾曼語 pas、 古法語 pas，它们皆源自 拉丁語 passus。與pas 同源，参见 pass。对比西班牙语 pasear。

paces (third-person singular present)
pacing (present participle)
paced (past participle)


thanksgiving

/ˌθæŋksˈɡɪv.ɪŋ/

/ˈθæŋksˌɡɪv.ɪŋ/


Christmas

专有名词派生自中古英語 Cristemasse、Criste-mas (“圣诞节；圣诞季节；圣诞节庆祝活动”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 Cristes mæsse (“圣诞节”，字面意思是“基督的弥撒”)，源自Crist (“基督”) + -es (属格标记词) + mæsse (“弥撒”)。英语词作Christ + -mas (表示节日或神圣的日子的后缀)分析。
名词、形容词和动词均派生自专有名词。
形容词词义指传统上与圣诞节联想起来的颜色。

Christmases (third-person singular present)
Christmasses (third-person singular present)
Christmasing (present participle)
Christmassing (present participle)
Christmased (past participle)
Christmassed (past participle)

(Moving to the holly boughs.) Come on; let's finish Christmassing the place.

1966，James Goldman，The Lion in Winter: A Comedy in Two Acts，New York, N.Y., Hollywood, Los Angeles, Calif.: Samuel French, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii，頁 17:

Haddonfield was completely Christmased deep in December. It was lovely to see the beautifully decorated shops. Huge bows adorned the streetlamps, aerosol snow framed the windows, and people bundled up were moving in and out of the shops as the aroma of spice and clove from holiday candles scented the air.

2012，Robin S. Shapiro，“It’s Never too Late to Play the Violin”, in Touchstones: Essays on Spirituality and Healing，[Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN，頁 27:

The 2016 campaign via TBWA Sydney asks the question, ‘How do Australians Christmas?’ with a film to be launched today featuring global superstar and style icon, Cate Blanchett.

2016年November3日，Ricki Green，“David Jones asks ‘How do Australians Christmas?’ in new campaign via TBWA Sydney”, in Campaign Brief，存檔自the original on 2023-12-24:

I've Christmased since those palmy days / In many a varied spot, / And suffered many a weary phase / Of Christmas cold and hot.

1878，“Ironbark” [pseudonym; George Herbert Gibson]，“Christmas in Australia”, in Southerly Busters，Sydney, N.S.W.: John Sands, […], →OCLC，頁 73:

I have spent Christmas on the Severn, at Sharpness Point; in Paris, under siege, and among scenes of heartrending distress; among the Scotch hills, with Presbyterian severity, and I have Christmased in Normandy, where every tree seems green with mistletoe.

1878 December，Horace L. Nicholson，“Baulked by a Berry”, in The St. James’s Magazine and United Empire Review，卷 XXXIV, London: Charing Cross Publishing Company, […], 出版於 1879, →OCLC，頁 1107:

Prince Albert Victor on arrival in India will land at Bombay, and travel through Southern India, proceeding from Madras by sea to Calcutta. He will Christmas at Calcutta, and then make a tour through Bengal, and pay a visit to the frontier.

1889年July6日，“Facts and Fancies”, in St. Stephen’s Review，期 330, London: The Publishing Company, →OCLC，頁 9，列 1:

André Maurois will be one of the spearheads of the Harold R[eginald] Peat list for the coming season, a result of Mr. Peat’s holiday visit to England, where he Christmassed with H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells.

1938 January，Program: A Magazine for Program and Entertainment Committees，卷 4, 期 4, New York, N.Y.: Program Company, →OCLC，頁 7:

Christmasing in Khartoum, writing in his Cairo study about the Al Azhar University, overseeing the publication of learned articles about Moslem medievalism, attending conferences and tea parties hosted by his former AUB students, feted constantly in many an Arab capital, and filling up his diary with descriptions of the bazaars of Lucknow and the exotic birds of Asia, [Bayard] Dodge was reaping the bounty of a life devoted to the Arabs and Moslem culture.

1993，Robert D[avid] Kaplan，“End of the Rainbow”, in The Arabists: The Romance of an American Elite，New York, N.Y.: The Free Press, →ISBN, part I (Dream)，頁 80:

In particular, please keep my brother in your prayers as he Christmases in Afghanistan.

2012年October26日，Lorrene Desbien，“December 22”, in Losing Sarah: A Mother’s Journey to Peace，Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse, →ISBN，頁 64:


shine

shines (third-person singular present)
shining (present participle)
shone (past participle)
shined (past participle)


understand

understands (third-person singular present)
understanding (present participle)
understood (past participle)

[ˌʌɾ̃ɚˈstænd]

[ˌʌɾ̃ɚˈsteə̯nd]


answer

/æ/音舌位抬升，有 r 音

/æ/音舌位抬升，無 r 音


call

calls (third-person singular present)
calling (present participle)
called (past participle)
call'd (past participle)

稱呼 例句： The vigin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and they will call him Immanuel. 必有童女懷孕生子，人要稱他的名為<u>以馬內利</u>。

叫 例句： Everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. 凡求告主名的，就必得救。

呼召 例句： By faith Abraham, when called to go to a place he would later receive as his inheritance, obeyed and went, even though he did not know where he was going. <u>亞伯拉罕</u>因著信，蒙召的時候，就遵命出去，往將來要得為業的地方去；出去的時候，還不知往哪裡去。


question

中古英語 question, questioun, questiun < 盎格魯-諾曼語 questiun < 古法語 question < 拉丁語 quaestiōnem

/ˈkwɛʃt͡ʃən/


fig

源自中古英語 fige、fygge（←fyke，源自古英語 fīc，见fike），借自盎格魯-諾曼語 figue，借自古法語 figue，源自古奧克語 figa，源自通俗拉丁語 *fīca (“无花果”)，源自拉丁語 fīcus (“无花果树”)，源自某先印欧语系语言，可能是腓尼基語 𐤐𐤂 (pg，字面意思是“成熟无花果”)（对比聖經希伯來語 פַּגָּה (paggâ，“掉下来的新鲜无花果”)、古典敘利亞語 ܦܓܐ (paggāʾ)，方言阿拉伯語 فَجّ (fajj)、فِجّ (fijj)）。（另一閃米特語族词根（对比阿卡德語 𒈠 (tīʾu，字面意思是“无花果”)）被借入古希臘語，作σῦκον (sûkon)（→英語 sycophant；皮奥夏τῦκον (tûkon)）以及亞美尼亞語中作թուզ (tʻuz)。）肥皂制造相关义项的出现是因为肥皂上的颗粒类似无花果上的。fico 的同源對似詞。

figs (third-person singular present)
figging (present participle)
figged (past participle)

认为...无意义，侮辱说...是无意义的

When Pistol lies, do this, and fig me like / The bragging Spaniard.

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:

使...出现白色颗粒 （肥皂） （19世纪中叶至20世纪中叶）

For filling figged soaps silicate of potash is best adapted, as soda prevents in a measure the proper crystallization. [...] Artificially figged soap [...makes] a very close imitation of the naturally figged soap.

1893，Henry Gathmann，American Soaps，頁 204:

Figging is usually considered to indicate a good quality of soft soap, but such is really not the case. A first-class soft soap can be made which will not fig, while, on the other hand, a poor soap can be produced which will fig.

In the cold soaps, the water soluble color is added in liquid form after saponification has started. In figged soaps, the color is crutched in after saponification is completed.

1938，Harry Bennett，The Standard Book of Formulas:


fig

（以某种方式）着装，打扮


fig

Ginger, a showy, fast horse — as if he had been figged with ginger under his tail; a red-haired man.

1874，The Slang Dictionary: Etymological, Historical, and Anecdotal，頁 176:

He must be "figged." Figging consists in pushing a piece of crushed ginger into the return of the wretched creature — a practice which is now illegal, and of which information should be given to the R.S.P.C.A. whenever detected.

“Is something amiss with the horse, Parr?” His gaze left the horse for a second as he glanced at Grace. “Yes, the horse has been figged. Now I just need to figure out who the culprit is.”

2015，Becky Lower，The Cotillion Ball Saga，Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:


crevasse

crevasses (third-person singular present)
crevassing (present participle)
crevassed (past participle)


cook

:< 古英語 cōc < 拉丁語 cocus。 其他大陆日耳曼语中的类似词汇，如德語 Koch，是早前词汇借用的结果。

cooks (third-person singular present)
cooking (present participle)
cooked (past participle)


train

[t̠ɹ̠ ̝ʷeɪn]


do

:< 中古英語 don （“做”） < 古英語 dōn （“做”） < 原始日耳曼语 *dōnan （“做”） < 原始印欧语 *dʰeH₁-、*dhe- （“放，置，做”）。
:同源词有：荷兰语 doen （“做”）、低地德語 doon （“做”）、德语 tun （“做”）、西弗里斯蘭語 dwaan （“做”）、法语 faire （“做”）、西班牙语 hacer （“做”）、拉丁语 facio （“做”）、希腊语 θέτω （“放，置”）、古希腊语 τίθημι (tithēmi)、梵语 दधाति (dádhāti)、立陶宛语 deti （“放”）、捷克语 diti （“藏”）、波兰语 dziać （“发生”）、俄语 деть （“放，置”）、俄语 делать （“做”）。

does (third-person singular present)
doing (present participle)
did (past)
done (past participle)

（助动词） （用于实义动词前构成否定句和疑问句）

（助动词） （句中无其他助动词时，用以加强语气）

（助动词） （代替实义动词以避免重复）

够，足以，足够，可以，适合

（与名词连用，表示打扫、洗刷、整理、修补等）

从事（工作），进行（活动），执行（任务）


meander

源自拉丁語 Maeander，源自古希臘語 Μαίανδρος (Maíandros)，小亚细亚地区（现位于土耳其）的一条蜿蜒曲折的河流（现代土耳其語 Menderes）。

meanders (third-person singular present)
meandering (present participle)
meandered (past participle)

The stream meandered through the valley.

Instead of a rivulet meandering downwards, there was a foaming brown torrent racing over the ledge, carrying down great loose stones with it and falling with a loud roar far down into the unseen chasm below.

1881，Edwin Lester Arnold，On the Indian Hills:

I'd forgotten how scenic parts of the line are - the railway crosses a host of streams while meandering through meadows or skirting woodland.

2020年November18日，Paul Bigland，“New infrastructure and new rolling stock”, in Rail，頁 51:

His speech meandered through various topics.

他的演讲泛泛地谈过很多主题。

使...缠绕，使...弯弯曲曲


remember

源自中古英語 remembren，源自古法語 remembrer，源自晚期拉丁語 rememorari (“想起，回想起”)，源自re- + memor (“留心的”)，源自原始印歐語 *mer-、*(s)mer- (“想，留心，记”)。同源词包括古英語 mimorian、mymerian (“记忆”)、古英語 māmorian (“权衡，思量，策划”)。还见mammer。
古法语的继承因该与现存日耳曼词的发音词义相近而得到推动：古英語 mimorian、mymerian (“记忆”)←原始日耳曼語 *mimrōną、*mīmrōną (“记得，留心”)，源自同一印欧语词源，且与薩特弗里斯蘭語 mīmerje (“考量”)、中古低地德語 mimeren (“考量，思索”)、中古荷蘭語 mimeren (“考量”)（荷蘭語 mijmeren (“沉思，深思”)）、古英語 mimor (“留心的”)、古諾爾斯語 Mímir、Mim (“斯堪的纳维亚的记忆之神”)、古英語 māmrian (“想起；策划”)有亲缘关系。与mourn有关。
取代了本土词中古英語 ȝemuneȝen (“记忆”)，源自古英語 ġemynegian (“记忆；提醒”); 中古英語 minnen (“记得”)，源自古諾爾斯語 minna (“提醒”); 中古英語 munden、ȝemunden (“留意，记得”)，源自古英語 ġemynd (“记忆力”)、中古英語 ithenchen、ȝethenchen (“回想；记得”)，源自古英語 ġeþencan、中古英語 manien (“提醒，提到，记忆”)，源自古英語 manian (“劝诫，提醒，提到”)。

remembers (third-person singular present)
remembering (present participle)
remembered (past participle)

义项1中，本词是搭配动名词形式的链接动词。 义项3中，本词是搭配to不定式的链接动词。

In the lightness of my heart I sang catches of songs as my horse gayly bore me along the well-remembered road.

1852，Mrs M.A. Thompson，“The Tutor's Daughter”, in Graham's American Monthly Magazine of Literature, Art, and Fashion，頁 266:

[…] I remember a lady coming to inspect St. Mary's Home where I was brought up and seeing us all in our lovely Elizabethan uniforms we were so proud of, and bursting into tears all over us because “it was wicked to dress us like charity children”.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 6, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

A man's vision reflects his memories. As I looked out on the nation from the President's Oval Office, my reflections included images burned deep in my mind for over a half a century. I remembered my father's concern for the tenant farmer and for the workers' need for collective bargaining. I remembered my mother's deep faith in the value of education. I remembered the pinched and hopeless look of poverty I saw on the faces of the Mexican-American children I had taught. I remembered the army of jobless and ragged men who rode grimy boxcars across our country during the Depression. These and a hundred other separate recollections of struggle and hope were all part of my heritage. They formed a portion of the background against which I developed the programs I felt America wanted and needed.

1971，Lyndon Johnson，The Vantage Point，Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 104:

Remember me? I live in your building.
#*::
 音頻 (美國)： (檔案)

2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

To heal, we must remember. It's hard sometimes to remember, but that's how we heal. It's important to do that as a nation.

Please remember this formula!

Remember what I've said.

Remember to lock the door when you go out.

Please remember me to your brother.

帮我跟你哥哥/弟弟道声好。

She asks to be remembered to you all.

But soon, remembering her how brief the whole
Of joy, which its own hours annihilate,
Her set gaze gathered

1870，Dante Gabriel Rossetti，Secret Parting，行s 5–7:

You don't have to remind him; he remembers very well.

你不用提醒他，他记忆力很好。

My aunt remembered me in her will, leaving me several thousand pounds.

我姨妈在遗嘱里写了我的名字，给了我几千英镑。

Waitresses, mail carriers, and teachers were often remembered on Boxing Day.

2003，Little Visits 365 Family Devotions: Building Faith for a Lifetime，Concordia Publishing House:

Today we remember and honour those who have served.

今天我们谨此怀念服役过的人，向他们致以崇高的敬意。


remember

knit 'this scattered corn into one mutual sheaf, / these broken limbs again into one body' - in other words, how to resurrect the dismembered god, to remember Osiris. Yet the only body made whole in these expert, lowering poems is the body of this death.

According to these mysteries, the rites of fashioning or remembering Osiris came to be interpreted as remembering Egypt. Egypt was the body of Osiris, dismembered and scattered across the land.

2008，Jan Assmann，Of God and Gods: Egypt, Israel, and the Rise of Monotheism，頁 42:

She remembered Osiris by putting his pieces back together and mating with him one last time, conceiving Horus, who eventually avenged his father's death.

2010，Sandra Ingerman，Medicine for the Earth，頁 100:

To dismember is to tear apart; / To re-member is to put back together. / The old must be dismembered / So that which was prior to it / May be remembered. / Therefore, to re-mind is / To dismember and then re-member.

2012，Roy Melvyn，The Lost Writings of Wu Hsin: Pointers to Non Duality in Five Volumes，Lulu Press, Inc, →ISBN:


spoken

speak 的過去時分詞


could

源自中古英語 coude、couthe、cuthe，源自古英語 cūþe，cunnan (“能够”)（对比相关词cūþ，派生出couth）的直陈过去式或虚拟式。受到与should和would类比的影响，“L”在16世纪初叶引入，两词的“L”常被错误略去的现象（产生了shudd和wode等词形）可能也起到了推动作用。

一些使用者认为不能用could指许可，而应用might，类似指许可时使用may来替换can。

Before I was blind, I could see very well.

can 的條件式
用来表示过去虚拟式，表示与现实相对的假设。

I think he could do it if he really wanted to.

我觉得他要是想肯定会做的。

I wish I could fly!

can 的條件式
用来礼貌地请求许可。

Could I borrow your coat?

我可以借一下你的外套吗？

can 的條件式
用来礼貌地请求别人做某事。

Could you proofread this email?

您可以帮我校对一下这封邮件吗？

can 的條件式
用来表示某事可能会发生。

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013年June29日，“Travels and travails”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁 55:

We could rearrange the time if you like.

您希望的话我们可以重新安排一下日程。

can 的條件式
用来表示建议。

You could try adding more salt to the soup.

I haven't could sleep.

1981，Anthony Warner，English Auxiliaries: Structure and History，出版於 1993, →ISBN，頁 222:


were

源自中古英語 were、中古英語 weren，源自古英語 wǣre、古英語 wǣron、古英語 wǣren，源自原始日耳曼語 *wēz-，源自原始印歐語 *h₂wes-。参见was。


hate

源自中古英語 hate (名词)，可能源自古英語 hatian (“恨”，动词)和/或古諾爾斯語 hatr (“恨”，名词)。与中古英語 hete、hæte、heate (“恨”)产生合并，它们源自古英語 hete，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz (“仇恨”)，源自原始印歐語 *keh₂d- (“强烈情感”)。同源词包括西弗里斯蘭語 haat、荷蘭語 haat、德語 Hass、挪威語及瑞典語 hat。
动词源自中古英語 haten，源自古英語 hatian (“恨，仇视”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hatēn，源自原始日耳曼語 *hatāną (“恨”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz，源自上面的同一词根。

hates (third-person singular present)
hating (present participle)
hated (past participle)

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

一般作状态动词，罕用进行时态。见:Category:英語狀態動詞。

People who hate broccoli may have super-sensitive taste buds.

使用于动词短语：hate on。

I put ranch dressing on pizza. Please don't hate on me.

我喜欢在披萨上加牧场沙拉酱，请不要瞧不起我。


wait

源自中古英語 waiten，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 waiter、waitier（对比法語 guetter←古法語 gaitier、guaitier)，源自古法蘭克語 *wahtwēn (“看守，守卫”)，派生自古法蘭克語 *wahtu (“看守”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wahtwō (“看守”)，源自原始印歐語 *weǵ- (“鲜，快乐”)。同源词有古高地德語 wahtēn (“看守，守卫”)、德國低地德語 wachten (“等”)、荷蘭語 wachten (“等”)、法語 guetter (“守候”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 wachtje (“等”)、西弗里斯蘭語 wachtsje (“等”)、北弗里斯蘭語 wachtjen (“待命”)。详见watch。
很大程度上取代了本土词古英語 bīdan。

waits (third-person singular present)
waiting (present participle)
waited (past participle)

await

等待；期待 （现在多用wait for）

等待；期待 （现在多用wait for）

to wait one’s turn

The Court had assembled, to wait events, in the huge antechamber known as the Œil de Boeuf.

1992，Hilary Mantel，A Place of Greater Safety，Harper Perennial, 出版於 2007，頁 30:

Wait here until your car arrives.

No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or otherwise his man would be there with a message to say that his master would shortly join me if I would kindly wait.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC，頁 46:

The South London tramway replacement will have to wait, possibly five years, because of the slowing down of bus manufacture due to national requirements.

1948 March and April，“Notes and News: London Transport Plans”, in Railway Magazine，頁 132:

She used to wait in this joint.

她以前在这家店当服务员。

Remorse and heaviness of heart shall wait thee, / And everlasting anguish be thy portion.

1714，Nicholas Rowe，The Tragedy of Jane Shore:

Montague Thorold, who impatiently watched her wherever she went, came to tell her that his mother waited breakfast for her.

1791，Charlotte Smith，Celestina，Broadview, 出版於 2004，頁 185:

等待，盼望 （自己的伴侣长时间离开后归来）

She did not question him. Before leaving, she asked only, "When will I see you again?" He answered, "I don't know. Don't wait for me, Dagny. Next time we meet, you will not want to see me."

1957，Dagny Taggart, Francisco d'Anconia, Ayn Rand's，Atlas Shrugged:

I will wait / Even if it takes forever / I will wait / Even if it takes a lifetime


gift

:< 古諾爾斯語 gipt。 与古英语 ġift 同源。

gifts (third-person singular present)
gifting (present participle)
gifted (past participle)


blind

源自中古英語 blynd，源自古英語 blind，源自原始西日耳曼語 *blind，源自原始日耳曼語 *blindaz。

blinds (third-person singular present)
blinding (present participle)
blinded (past participle)

The light was so bright that for a moment he was blinded.

光太亮，一下子晃住了他的眼。

Don't wave that pencil in my face - do you want to blind me?

别拿着那铅笔在我面前晃，想让我瞎吗？

A blind guide is certainly a great mischief; but a guide that blinds those whom he should lead is […] a much greater.

May 9, 1686 (date of preaching), Robert South, The Fatal Imposture and Force of Words (sermon)

If you're cast for fatigue by a sergeant unkind,
 Don't grouse like a woman, nor crack on, nor blind;
 Be handy and civil, and then you will find
 That it's beer for the young British soldier.

1890, Rudyard Kipling, The Young British Soldier

The state of the controversy between us he endeavored, with all his art, to blind and confound.

1676, Edward Stillingfleet, A Defence of the Discourse Concerning the Idolatry Practised in the Church of Rome


funnel

源自中古英語 funell、fonel，可能经由古法語 *founel（对比中古法語 fonel、古奧克語 fonilh、enfounilh），源自拉丁語 fundibulum、infundibulum (“漏斗”)，源自infundere (“倒入”)；in (“内”) + fundere (“倾倒”)，对比布列塔尼語 founilh (“漏斗”)、威爾士語 ffynel (“气孔，烟囱”)。参见fuse。

funnels (third-person singular present)
funnelling (present participle)
funneling (present participle)
funnelled (past participle)
funneled (past participle)

穿过 （穿过像漏斗、烟囱一般狭窄的地方）

Expect delays where the traffic funnels down to one lane.

车流都挤到一条车道上了，所以可能会晚。

A line of clocks in our cheap hotel displays the time in Lagos, Bucharest, Kiev: the capitals of pilgrims who come to kneel at the birthplace of Christ. In reality the entire world funnels through the Church of the Nativity.

2014, Paul Salopek, Blessed. Cursed. Claimed., National Geographic (December 2014)https://web.archive.org/web/20150212214621/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/12/pilgrim-roads/salopek-text

导向，引导到 （资金，资源，感情等）

Our taxes are being funnelled into pointless government initiatives.

Like so many others, I was awestruck by the first season, which captured a moment in time and successfully funnelled its rage outwards at a world in which women are indeed silenced, controlled and killed by men.

2018年June16日，Fiona Sturges，“Cattleprods! Severed tongues! Torture porn! Why I’ve stopped watching the Handmaid’s Tale”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2020-02-05:

用漏斗喝 （常指聚会上活跃氛围的活动）

The first time he did it was to this freshman Kevin Ryers and we all just burst out laughing, watching Kevin try to funnel a beer.

2013，Jonathan Caren，The Recommendation，頁 31:


glower

源自glore的一个（可能是苏格兰语的）变体，源自中古英語 glōren、glouren (“照耀；瞪着”)，或原子glow (“盯着”，弃用)，最终源自某斯堪的纳维亚（北日耳曼语支）语言。同源词有低地德語 gloren (“闪烁；发微光”)、中古荷蘭語 gloren、冰島語 glóra。还见glare。

glowers (third-person singular present)
glowering (present participle)
glowered (past participle)

怒视 （自15世纪末叶）

[...] Last Morning I was unco airly out, / Upon a Dyke I lean'd and glowr'd about; / I ſaw my Meg come linkan o'er the Lee, / I ſaw my Meg, but Maggie ſaw na me: [...]

[1720?]，[Allan Ramsay]，Patie and Roger: A Pastoral Inscribed to Josiah Burchet Esq; Secretary of the Admiralty，[Edinburgh?: Thomas Ruddiman for the author?], →OCLC，頁 9:

Here the Neapolitan appeared at the door, glouring at us both. Velvet-Hood was back in her place in an instant. Said he, in his snarling way, his black eyes shooting out sparkles. "What is this hole and corner work? These confidences when I am gone—speak?"

1858年May1日，[Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald]，“By Night Express”, in Household Words. A Weekly Journal，卷 XVII, 期 423, London: Published at the office, 16, Wellington Street North, Strand; printed by Bradbury & Evans, Whitefriars, London, →OCLC，頁 479:

Andersonville, to-day, presents a striking contrast to the Andersonville of the "Confederacy." [...] No bayonet gleams from the sentry-boxes on the stockade or the dark red earthworks; no frowning muzzle of field artillery glowers from the embrasures of the battery, overlooking town and prison; [...]

1868，S. H. M. Byers，“Appendix. Andersonville as It Was and Is. [From the Boston Transcript.]”, in What I Saw in Dixie; or Sixteen Months in Rebel Prisons，Dansville, N.Y.: Robbins & Poore, printers, Express Printing House, →OCLC，頁 92:

This soothed the irascible fellow somewhat. Still glowering, he spraddled out of the cabin with the boys after him, and presently indicated one of the small temporary cabins with a jerk of his thumb.

1917，T[homas] S[igismund] Stribling，“The Dry Dock”, in The Cruise of the Dry Dock，Chicago, Ill.: The Reilly & Britton Co., →OCLC，頁s 20–21:

She glowered at me; nothing would quiet her.

1974，Algernon D. Black，“Marriage”, in Without Burnt Offerings: Ceremonies of Humanism，New York, N.Y.: Viking Press, →ISBN，頁 107:

[Charles Francis] Harding was a kindly, quiet man, though he seemed to glower through his pince nez spectacles.

1988，Robert W. Topping，“Growth under Edward C. Elliott”, in A Century and Beyond: The History of Purdue University，West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, →ISBN，頁 227:

[A] less interesting character here than in the previous two films, Caesar glowers through the movie, as though aware that he has been condemned to a script that is rushing to clear the stage for the straightforward Planet Of The Apes remake first teased in Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes.

2017年July7日，Ignatiy Vishnevetsky，“The Ambitious War For The Planet Of The Apes Ends Up Surrendering to Formula”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2017-11-27:


kibble

不详，约1790年出现动词用法，系什罗普郡方言。可能是chip的变体或派生自词源2。

kibbles (third-person singular present)
kibbling (present participle)
kibbled (past participle)

kibbled oats


aah

(表示愉悅、滿足、驚訝)啊


grief

源自中古英語 greef、gref，源自古法語 grief (“严重的，重的，痛苦的，悲伤的”)，源自拉丁語 gravis (“重的，痛苦的，悲伤的”)。grave 的同源對似詞。

griefs (third-person singular present)
griefing (present participle)
griefed (past participle)

本词一般使用动名词分词形式griefing，及派生动词griefer。

骚扰，故意破坏，捣乱 （自20世纪90年代末）

While ban and his pals stand squarely in this tradition, they also stand for something new: the rise of organized griefing, grounded in online message-board communities and thick with in-jokes, code words, taboos, and an increasingly articulate sense of purpose. No longer just an isolated pathology, griefing has developed a full-fledged culture.

2008年January18日，Julian Dibbell，“Mutilated Furries, Flying Phalluses: Put the Blame on Griefers, the Sociopaths of the Virtual World”, in Wired:


legend

源自中古英語 legende，源自古法語 legende，源自中世紀拉丁語 legenda (“传说，故事，尤指圣人的故事”)，源自拉丁語 legenda (“应该一读的东西”)，源自lego (“阅读”)。

legends (third-person singular present)
legending (present participle)
legended (past participle)

(我們能否查找並添加Bishop Hall引用過本詞的語句？)


level

源自中古英語 level，源自古法語 livel、liveau m（后作nivel）、niveau，源自拉丁語 libella f (“平衡，水平”)，libra f (“平衡，水平”)的指小词。参见libra、librate。libella和niveau 的同源對似詞。
动词源自中古英語 levelen，其派生自名词。

levels (third-person singular present)
leveling
levelling
leveled
levelled

You can level the table by turning the pads that screw into the feet.

调整桌角上用螺丝固定的垫子可以把它调平。

This pitfall, beginning in February and finishing in May, resulted in a drop of about 3 ft. in the platform level; during this period it was necessary to level the track three times weekly, and impose a service slack of 15 m.p.h. The subsidence appears now to have finished, and normal speed is once again permitted.

1939 June，“Pertinent Paragraphs: Pitfalls”, in Railway Magazine，頁 456:

The work involved a complete rewiring of the system, while the addition of four higher-capacity Mechan jacks and the increased length of the new train meant the entire floor (the length of four train carriages) had to be dug up, levelled and strengthened to meet tolerance requirements.

2020年August12日，“Network News: Four new jacks at Clacton depot”, in Rail，頁 18:

The hurricane leveled the forest.

I levelled after defeating the dragon.

我把龙打败以后就升级了。

将...对准，将...瞄准，使...针对于

He levelled an accusation of fraud at the directors.  The hunter levels the gun before taking a shot.

Bertram de Gordon, standing on the castle wall, levelled a quarrel out of a crossbow.

The force of her horror must have been palpable in the air, because Jorge's eyes opened as she raised the bayonet up. \"Fina?\"

2023年October12日，HarryBlank，“Fire in the Hole”, in SCP Foundation，存檔自the original on 2024-05-22:

对...施加 （惩罚等）

If the right of killing salmon belong exclusively to the King, and consequently to his donatories, why has not the Legislature secured the right by levelling penalties against such as should encroach upon it … ?

1809, William Ross (Jr.), Abridgement of the laws of Scotland relating to hunting [etc], page 60:

How can the Minister reconcile the first statement with the clause, when he is in fact levelling punishment at the woman and not at the errant father … ?

1978, Parliamentary Debates of the New Zealand House of Representatives, page 4955:

There is no purpose in levelling fines because they would be merely paid from the £1.8 billion which the BBC collects.

1995，The Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) of the [Great British] House of Lords:

Ultimately, Ms. Kroes [European Union Antitrust Commissioner] could level a fine and order Intel to change its business practices.

2007, Mary Jacoby, EU investigators endorse charges against Intel, Wall Street Journal Europe, 17 January, page 32, column 5:

Holt was furious referee Michael Oliver refused to then award him a penalty after Ledley King appeared to pull his shirt and his anger was compounded when Spurs immediately levelled.

2012年April9日，Mandeep Sanghera，“Tottenham 1-2 Norwich”, in BBC Sport:

to level all the ranks and conditions of men

将...调整（至某个水平）

to level remarks to the capacity of children

把话说得小孩子也能听明白

Sean, I'll level with you. This could get ugly. Do you have a gun?

2010，James William Jones，Triple Crossed:


windshield

windshields (third-person singular present)
windshielding (present participle)
windshielded (past participle)


ooze

* （名词） 中古英語 wose (“汁，液”)，源自古英語 wōs (“汁，液，沫”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wōsą（对比中古低地德語 wose (“渣滓”)、古高地德語 wasal (“雨”)、古瑞典語 os, oos），源自原始印歐語 *wóseh₂ (“汁，液”)（对比梵語 वसा (vásā，“油脂”)）。
* （动词） 中古英語 wosen，源自古英語 wōsan，见上。

oozes (third-person singular present)
oozing (present participle)
oozed (past participle)

I promised him I would keep silence, but the story gradually oozed out, and the Cronsons left the country.

1868，Charlotte Riddell，A Strange Christmas Game:

Pale slime oozed through all the surfaces; some of it dripped from the ceiling and burned Dennis as badly as the blazing sparks had done a moment before.

1988，David Drake，The Sea Hag，Baen Publishing Enterprises, 出版於 2003, →ISBN:

He was hard to understand because he spoke softly, and his Vermont accent was as thick as maple syrup oozing down a pile of pancakes.

1994，Madeleine May Kunin，Living a Political Life，Vintage Books, 出版於 1995, →ISBN:

Her heart constricted when she saw thick blood oozing from a wide gash in his forehead.

2011，Karen Mahoney，The Iron Witch，Flux, →ISBN，頁 278:

散发，显露 （某种特质）

"Good servants are so hard to find," Chesna said, oozing arrogance.

1989，Robert R. McCammon，The Wolf's Hour，Open Road Integrated Media, 出版於 2011, →ISBN:

There are no two ways about it: a Berardi dress oozes sex appeal from its very seams.

1999，Tamsin Blanchard，Antonio Berardi: Sex and Sensibility，Watson-Guptill Publications, →ISBN，頁 16:

Newcastle had failed to penetrate a typically organised Stoke backline in the opening stages but, once Cabaye and then Cisse breached their defence, Newcastle oozed confidence and controlled the game with a swagger expected of a top-four team.

2012年April21日，Jonathan Jurejko，“Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, in BBC Sport:


peak

早期形式peake、peek、peke，源自中古英語 *peke、*pek（可考作peked，是piked的变体），变换自pike、pyke、pyk (“尖端”)，源自古英語 pīc、piic (“针，尖刺，顶端，锥”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *pīkaz (“顶”)。同源词有荷蘭語 piek (“顶峰”)、丹麥語 pik (“矛，尖端”)、瑞典語 pik (“矛，尖端”)、挪威語 pik (“尖端，顶峰”)。还见pike。

peaks (third-person singular present)
peaking (present participle)
peaked (past participle)

将...拉至垂直 （挽钩）

Historians argue about when the Roman Empire began to peak and ultimately decay.

史学家们对罗马帝国达到顶峰，最终走向灭亡的时刻争论不休。

使...接受性别批判主义或排跨基女观点（略自peak trans）

I came to this via sport but the thing that really peaked me was this.

My friend peaked me last year, at the GRA [Gender Recognition Act] consultation.

Solidarity from Spain, @jk_rowling. Thank you for peaking so many people all over the world.

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:peak。


peak

Dwindle, peak, and pine.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:


poise

源自中古英語 poys、poyse，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pois、中古法語 pois (“重量”)和盎格魯-諾曼語 poise、中古法語 poise (一种重量单位)，源自拉丁語 pēnsāre (“衡量，斟酌，思考”)。

poises (third-person singular present)
poising (present participle)
poised (past participle)

one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

to poise with solid sense a sprightly wit

1699, John Dryden, Epistle to John Dryden

重 （重量为...） （14-17世纪）

给...加重负荷 （16-18世纪）

Every man poiseth [譯 poise] upon his fellowes sinne, and elevates his owne.

1603，Michel de Montaigne，章號 2, in John Florio（譯者）, The Essayes […]，book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:

使...平衡，握着...使其保持平衡 （自16世纪）

（以平衡的姿态）握着，拿着，举着（不动）；使...平衡，使...稳定 （自16世纪）

I poised the crowbar in my hand, and waited.

我将撬棍握紧在手里，然后等着。

to poise the scales of a balance

（托着或压着）让天平刻度平衡

维持...的平衡，顶着...使其不动 （自17世纪）

The rock was poised precariously on the edge of the cliff.

岩石悬停在山崖边摇摇欲坠。


staggering

stagger 的現在時分詞和動名詞


engulf

engulfs (third-person singular present)
engulfing (present participle)
engulfed (past participle)

Desperation engulfed her after her daughter's death.

她女儿死后，她陷入了绝望中。

Shaken by the biggest challenge to their authority in years, Brazil’s leaders made conciliatory gestures on Tuesday to try to defuse the protests engulfing the nation’s cities.

2013年June18日，Simon Romero，“Protests Widen as Brazilians Chide Leaders”, in New York Times, retrieved 2013-06-21:

The blank spaces of Mallarmé, the silence of Maesterlinck, the inaniloquous repetitive babblings of Gertrude Stein are the abyss which threatens to engulf creative effort if it continues in this direction.

Only Noah and his family survived when the Flood engulfed the world.

大洪水吞噬整个世界时，只有诺亚和他的家庭存活下来了。


pulley

源自中古英語 puly、poley，源自古法語 poulie、polie (“滑轮”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 polidia，该复数形式被错误当作中性词polidium的阴性形式，源自古希臘語 πολίδιον (polídion，“小支点”)，πόλος (pólos，“支点，轴”)的指小词，源自原始印歐語 *kʷel- (“转”)。民间词源理论将其与pull (“拉”，动词)错误地关联起来。

pulleys (third-person singular present)
pulleying (present participle)
pulleyed (past participle)


fast

標準英音，澳大利亞，新西蘭，南非

標準英音，澳大利亞，新西蘭，南非


bright

源自中古英語 brighten (“照亮；变亮；破晓；（比喻义）净化，纯化；解释，阐明”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 beorhtian (“照亮，照耀；发声清晰洪亮”) [以及其他形式]，可能源自beorht (“明亮的”，形容词)（详见词源 1） + -ian (从形容词和名词构成动词的后缀)。该词之后的使用可能亦直接派生自形容词。

brights (third-person singular present)
brighting (present participle)
brighted (past participle)

embrighten

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

enliven

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

delight

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

gladden

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

please

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

brighten

（变得符合形容词的多个义项）

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

Toward Mid-day he [the Sun] brighteth the Air into a chearful Saphir, and guildeth the Borders of the very Clouds with a coſtly limbus.

1686，J[ohn] Goad，“The Sun, the Great Light, Justly Admired. […]”, in Astro-meteorologica, or, Aphorisms and Large Significant Discourses of the Natures and Influences of the Cœlestial Bodies; […]，第2nd版, London: […] O[badiah] B[lagrave] and sold by John Sprint, […], 出版於 1699, →OCLC, book I, § 2，頁 14:

（变得符合形容词的多个义项）

Day brighteth at the smile o' her and yea, He hath aplanted full o' seed for harvesting by thy loving.

1915，The Patience Worth Record，卷 I, [Morrisville, N.C.]: Lulu.com, 出版於 2008, →ISBN，頁 238:


chaperon

/ˈʃæ.pəˌɹoʊn/

/ˈʃæ.pəˌɹəʊn/


music

源自中古英語 musik、musike，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 musik、musike、古法語 musique，及它们的来源拉丁語 mūsica，源自古希臘語 μουσική (mousikḗ)，源自古希臘語 Μοῦσα (Moûsa，“缪斯”)，古希腊的艺术女神。词形分析作muse + -ic (“与...有关的”)。取代了日耳曼语系本土词古英語 drēam，其与英語 dream同源。

musics (third-person singular present)
musicking (present participle)
musicked (past participle)


price

prices (third-person singular present)
pricing (present participle)
priced (past participle)


absent

:< 古法語 absenter < 晚期拉丁語 absentare （“远离，离开”）。

absents (third-person singular present)
absenting (present participle)
absented (past participle)

（后接反身代词）离开，远离


zany

源自中古法語 zani、zanni，源自意大利語 zanni (“戴面具的丑角”)，源自Zanni，Giovanni的方言形式。

zanies (third-person singular present)
zanying (present participle)
zanied (past participle)


accolade

借自 法語 accolade，派生自奧克語 acolada (“擁抱（名詞）”)、acolar (“擁抱（動詞）”)，派生自意大利語 accollato，派生自通俗拉丁語 accolāre (“摟著脖子”)，派生自拉丁語 ad- + collum (“脖子”)（英語 collar）。

accolades (third-person singular present)
accolading (present participle)
accoladed (past participle)


accord

* 首见于13世纪晚期。
* 来自中古英語 accorden，acorden，借自古法語 acorder（对比现代法语accord和accorder），来自通俗拉丁語 *accordō, accordāre (“心連心”)，来自拉丁語 ad + cor (“心”)。相當於ac- + -cord-。
* 动词首见于12世纪早期。

accords (third-person singular present)
according (present participle)
accorded (past participle)


acquit

acquits (third-person singular present)
acquitting (present participle)
acquitted (past)
acquitted (past participle)
acquit (past participle)


crescendo

crescendoes (third-person singular present)
crescendoing (present participle)
crescendoed (past participle)

/kɹɪˈʃɛn.dəʊ/

/kɹəˈʃɛn.dəʊ/

The band crescendoed and then suddenly went silent.

乐队一开始渐强，然后突然安静下来。


slump

可能源自，对比丹麥語 slumpe (“碰巧遇到”)、挪威語 slumpe (“碰巧发生”)、瑞典語 slumpa (“变卖”)。亦对比德語 schlumpen (“跟踪；拖湿；马虎”)。

slumps (third-person singular present)
slumping (present participle)
slumped (past participle)

Exhausted, he slumped down onto the sofa.

筋疲力竭的他重重地瘫倒在沙发上。

Real estate prices slumped during the recession.

经济萧条期间地产价格锐减。

The Gunners captain demonstrated his importance to the team by taking his tally to an outstanding 28 goals in 27 Premier League games as Chelsea slumped again after their shock defeat at QPR last week.

2011年October29日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 3-5 Arsenal”, in BBC Sport:


sod

源自中古英語 sod、sodde 首次記錄於15世纪中叶，源自中古荷蘭語 zoden (“草皮”)或中古低地德語 sôde、soede (“草皮”)，两者与荷蘭語 zode (“草皮”)、德語 Sode (“草皮”)、古弗里斯蘭語 sātha (“草皮”)有关。上述词最终词源不详。

sods (third-person singular present)
sodding (present participle)
sodded (past participle)

He sodded the worn areas twice a year.


sod

Sod him!, Sod it!, Sod that bastard!

他那个混蛋！，我肏！，让那个杂种去死！


sod

源自古英语复数过去式，或逆構詞自过去分词sodden。

seethe 的簡單過去時


veneer

源自德語 Furnier，源自furnieren (“覆盖”)，源自法語 fournir (“布置；达成”)，源自中古法語 fornir，源自古法語 fornir、furnir (“布置”)，源自早期古法蘭克語 frumjan (“提供”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *frumjaną (“使...更进一步”)。同源词有古高地德語 frumjan、frummen (“达成，执行，提供”)、古英語 fremian (“执行”)。详见furnish。

veneers (third-person singular present)
veneering (present participle)
veneered (past participle)

to veneer a piece of furniture with mahogany

The stateroom walls are veneered with finely figured English chestnut with the skirting and mouldings in English walnut.

1947 January and February，“South African Royal Train”, in Railway Magazine，頁 36:


wall

:< 中古英語 wallen < 古英語 weallian （“泡，煮”） < 原始日耳曼语 *wallōnan、*wellōnan （“烧开，流”） < 原始印欧语 *welǝn-、*welǝm- （“波”）。 同源词有：中古荷蘭語 wallen （“煮，泡”）、荷蘭語 wellen （“焊”）、德語 wellen （“使起浪”）、丹麥語 vælde （“充溢”）、瑞典語 välla （“涌”）。 另见 well。

walls (third-person singular present)
walling (present participle)
walled (past participle)


wall

:< 中古英語 < 古英語 weall （“墙，堤，垒，崖，坝”） < 原始日耳曼语 *wallaz、*wallan （“墙，壕”） < 拉丁語 vallum （“墙，壕，栅”） < 原始印欧语 *wel- （“转，卷”）。 同源词有：北弗里斯蘭語 wal （“墙”）、荷蘭語 wal （“墙，堤，垒”）、德語 Wall （“堤，堆，垒”）、瑞典語 vall （“丘，墙，岸”）。 另见 wallow、walk。


madam

源自中古英語 madame，源自古法語 madame，源自ma (“我的”) + dame (“贵妇；夫人”)，源自晚期古典拉丁語 mea domina。Madonna 的同源對似詞。

madams (third-person singular present)
madaming (present participle)
madamed (past participle)

Don’t madam me, — I can’t bear none of your lip service. I’m a plain-spoken woman, that’s what I am, and I like other people’s tongues to be as plain as mine.

He bowed to me, he madamed me, he was throughout as gentlemanlike and respectful as I had ever found him when we met at Old Harbour House or in Old Harbour Town.

1905，William Clark Russell，The Yarn of Old Harbour Town，頁 208:

"I don't care," she said. "They'll be dead in a few minutes if you'll just do your job. Stop madaming me and get to work."

1988，Gahan Wilson，Eddy Deco's Last Caper，頁 123:


chauffer

chauffers (third-person singular present)
chauffering (present participle)
chauffered (past participle)


cheat

escheat （“歸屬土地於領主”） 的詞首音脫落形式，源自古法語 escheoit——eschoir （“落”）的過去分詞。源自通俗拉丁語 *excadō，源自拉丁語 ex + cadō （“落，跌”）。

cheats (third-person singular present)
cheating (present participle)
cheated (past participle)

（to ~ on sb.）（瞞著配偶、男女朋友）出軌，紅杏出牆


camouflage

借自法語 camouflage，源自camoufler (“掩盖，伪装”)，（因camouflet (“扑到脸上的烟”)）变换自意大利語 camuffare (“裹住头”)，源自ca-（源自意大利語 capo (“头”)）+ muffare (“蒙住，裹住”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 muffula, muffla (“暖手筒”)。该中世纪拉丁语词亦派生出英語 muffle。其源自古法蘭克語 *molfell (“皮制软衣物”)，源自*mol (“软化的，穿旧的”)（与古高地德語 molawēn (“软化”)、中古高地德語 molwic (“软的”)同源）+ *fell (“皮”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“皮，羊毛”)；或者，另一词源理论追溯回古法蘭克語 *muffël (“暖手筒，包裹物”)，其为由*mauwa (“袖子，包裹物”)←原始日耳曼語 *mawwō (“袖子”) + *fell (“皮”)←原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“皮，羊毛”)构成的复合词。

camouflages (third-person singular present)
camouflaging (present participle)
camouflaged (past participle)

/ˈkæ.məˌflɑːʒ/

THE CONCISE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF WORLD RAILWAY LOCOMOTIVES. Edited by P. Ransome-Wallis. Hutchinson. 50s.
A gaudy jacket, remarkably out of keeping with the contents, camouflages the weightiest and meatiest work on a railway topic since the war.

1960 January，“New reading on railways”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 26:

Elegant brick and stone buildings, with iron and glass canopies and decorative wooden scalloping and fencing—all evidencing care on the part of the architect to produce a pleasing, well-planned building—were submerged beneath a profusion of ill-conceived additions and camouflaged by vulgar paint schemes; and the original conception was lost.

1962 October，Brian Haresnape，“Focus on B.R. passenger stations”, in Modern Railways，頁s 250-251:


cancan

cancans (third-person singular present)
cancanning (present participle)
cancanned (past participle)


chisel

源自中古英語 chisel、chesel，源自古諾曼語 chisel, cisel，源自cisoir（后缀改变），源自晚期拉丁語 cīsōrium (“裁切工具”)，源自拉丁語 caedere (“剪”)。

chisels (third-person singular present)
chiseling (present participle)
chiselling (present participle)
chiseled (past participle)
chiselled (past participle)

She chiselled a sculpture out of the block of wood.

她把一块木头凿成了一个雕像。

从...骗得，从...骗到


catapult

源自中古法語 catapulte，源自拉丁語 catapulta，源自古希臘語 καταπέλτης (katapéltēs)，源自κατά (katá，“（向下）朝，向”) + πάλλω (pállō，“在投掷物丢出前使其偏向”)。

catapults (third-person singular present)
catapulting (present participle)
catapulted (past participle)

The candidate selection for running mate has catapulted her to the national scene.

竞选伙伴的候选人提名使她一跃站上了国家级别的舞台。

England will not be catapulted among the favourites for Euro 2012 as a result of this win, but no victory against Spain is earned easily and it is right they take great heart from their efforts as they now prepare to play Sweden at Wembley on Tuesday.

2011年November12日，“International friendly: England 1-0 Spain”, in BBC Sport:

She catapulted to the national scene following her selection by the candidate.

候选人选择她以后，她一跃站上了国家级别的舞台。


changes

change的单数第三人称现在式。


centred

centre 的簡單過去時和過去時分詞


claret

源自中古英語 claret，源自中古法語 claret，源自中世紀拉丁語 claratum vīnum，源自clārus。
对比tent (“西班牙红酒”)，其亦派生自颜色名。

clarets (third-person singular present)
clareting (present participle)
clareted (past participle)

We clareted and champagned till two—then supped, and finished with a kind of regency punch composed of madeira, brandy, and green tea, no real water being admitted therein. There was a night for you!

By night, again, we miss the bright cafe, the brilliantly illuminated offices, and the fringe of guests smoking and clareting […]

1869，Andrew Wynter，Subtle Brains and Lissom Fingers:


confection

源自中古英語 confescioun，借自古法語 confeccion（现代法语confection），源自拉丁語 cōnfectiōnem（主格cōnfectiō），源自confectus，conficere (“准备”)的过去分词，源自com- (“与，和”) + facere (“制作”)。原为“使用原材料制作”，意项“糖果蜜饯”自16世纪初叶起占主导地位。

confections (third-person singular present)
confectioning (present participle)
confectioned (past participle)


confide

源自中古蘇格蘭語 confide、confyde (“相信”)，源自拉丁語 confīdere (“相信，信任”)，，源自con- (“一起”) + fidēre (“信任”)。17世纪初叶首次出现于英语中。faith和fidelity 的同源對似詞。

confides (third-person singular present)
confiding (present participle)
confided (past participle)

"Be calm, lovely Antonia!" he replied; "no danger in near you: confide in my protection."

1796，Matthew Lewis，The Monk，Folio Society, 出版於 1985，頁 269:

In thy protection I confide.

I confide this mission to you alone.

I could no longer keep this secret alone; I decided to confide in my brother.

我一个人保守不了这个秘密了，我决定告诉我哥。

After several drinks, I confided my problems to the barman.

酒过三巡，我把我的秘密告诉了酒吧店员。

She confided that her marriage had been in trouble for some time.

她透露说她的婚姻已经出问题挺久了。

One student had been so afraid to come out to our meetings that he would secretly meet me in the bookshelves of the library and confide about the miseries of being gay, closeted, and a a virgin.

1977年December10日，Mark N. Silber，“Gays On Campus — One Story”, in Gay Community News，卷 5, 號 23，頁 15:


confound

源自中古英語 confounden (“摧毁；迷惑”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cunfundre和古法語 confondre，源自拉丁語 confundō (“混合，搅混”)。与found (“冶炼”)（与found (“创始”)和find无关）、fusion有关。

confounds (third-person singular present)
confounding (present participle)
confounded (past participle)

And the brother of Jared being a large and mighty man, and a man highly favored of the Lord, Jared, his brother, said unto him: Cry unto the Lord, that he will not confound us that we may not understand our words.

1830，Joseph Smith, Jr.，Book of Mormon: Ether, i, 34:

The fightback when it came was in the [Roger] Federer fashion: unfussy, filled with classy strokes from the back with perfectly timed interventions at the net that confounded his opponent. The third set passed in a bit of a blur, the fourth, which led to the second tie-break, was the most dramatic of the match.

2012年June29日，Kevin Mitchell，“Roger Federer back from Wimbledon 2012 brink to beat Julien Benneteau”, in The Guardian，存檔自the original on 2016-11-15:

Hey who lesse seriously consider the force of words, doe sometimes confound Law with Counsell, sometimes with Covenant, sometimes with Right. They confound Law with Counsell, who think, that it is the duty of Monarchs not onely to give ear to their Counsellours, but also to obey them, as though it were in vaine to take Counsell, unlesse it were also followed.

1651 (Latin edition 1642), Thomas Hobbes, De Cive (Latin title) Philosophicall Rudiments Concerning Government and Society (English),

Don't confound the situation by yelling.

While she had obeyed him, smiling sweetly all the time, she had nursed a growing resentment of what she called his "Latin American macho attitude." To confound the problem, his mother, who lived with them on and off, was described by the wife as being as domineering as her son.

1983，Carol M. Anderson, Susan Stewart，Mastering Resistance: A Practical Guide to Family Therapy:

There the freſh and ſalt water would meete and be confounded together, […]

His actions confounded the skeptics.

他的行为让怀疑他的人羞愧不已。

But God hath choſen the fooliſh things of the woꝛld, to confound the wiſe: and God hath choſen the weake things of the woꝛld, to confound the things which are mighty:

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Corinthians 1:27:

O Lord our God ariſe, / Scatter his enemies, / And make them fall: / Confound their politics, / Fruſtrate their knaviſh tricks, / On him our hopes we fix, / O ſave us all.

a. 1745，unknown author，“God Save the King”, in The Gentleman's Magazine，卷 15，頁 552:

I am now, in order the better to confound your politics, going to give you a true account of the means we intend to use, and of the rules, signs, and pass-words of our new United Irish Society Lodge A. 1.—They are so simple that you will never believe them.

1848 February 12, John Mitchel, The United Irishman, Letter to Lord Clarendon,

诅咒 （语气较轻的骂人话）

Confound you!

Confound the lady!

"Number 43 is no better, Doctor," said the head-warder, in a slightly reproachful accent, looking in round the corner of my door.
"Confound 43!" I responded from behind the pages of the Australian Sketcher.

1882，Arthur Conan Doyle，“My Friend the Murderer”, in The Gully of Bluemansdyke and Other Stories:

To mortal men, he with his horrid crew / Lay vanquiſht, rowling in the fiery Gulfe / Confounded though immortal: But his doom[…]

1667，John Milton，“Book I”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 51–53:


clout

源自中古英語 clout，源自古英語 clūt，源自原始日耳曼語 *klūtaz，源自原始印歐語 *gelewdos，源自原始印歐語 *gel- (“积”)。词义“（尤指政治上的）影响力”源自芝加哥方言，后传播普及。
同源词包括古諾爾斯語 klútr (“方头巾”)、瑞典語 klut、丹麥語 klud、中古高地德語 klōz (“块”)，其派生出德語 Kloß，及俄语方言глуда (gluda)。参见cleat。

clouts (third-person singular present)
clouting (present participle)
clouted (past participle)

A wizard? Him? How could he possibly be? He'd spent his life being clouted by Dudley, and bullied by Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon; if he was really a wizard, why hadn't they been turned into warty toads every time they'd tried to lock him in his cupboard?

1997，J. K. Rowling，Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone，New York: Arthur A. Levine Books, 出版於 1998，頁 57:

用布、皮革等盖；用该等物品修补

Paul, yea, and Peter, too, had more skill in mending an old net, and in clouting an old tent than to teach lawyers what diligence they should use in the expedition of matters.

1549，Hugh Latimer，“[The Second Sermon of Master Hugh Latimer, which He Preached before the King’s Majesty, within His Grace’s Palace at Westminster, the Fifteenth Day of March, 1549.] To the Reader.”, in Sermons by Hugh Latimer, Sometime Bishop of Worcester, Martyr, 1555 (The Works of Hugh Latimer; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] University Press, 出版於 1844, →OCLC，頁 110:

if fond Bavius vent his clouted song

1633，Phineas Fletcher，The Purple Island:


clout

He tells us how to butter eggs, boil eels, clout cream, stew capons, how to make a fine cake, an almond pudding and a raspberry conserve, […]


connive

源自法語 conniver (“默许而成为共犯”)或直接源自其词源拉丁語 connīvēre、cōnīvēre，connīveō、cōnīveō (“闭眼，眯眼，使眼色；忽视，不管”)（可能和两个一起私下阴谋做某事的人相互使眼色有关）的复数第三人称主动完成时直陈式，源自con- (表示使几个物体在一起的后缀) + *nīvēre（与nictō (“眨眼，使眼色”)有关，源自原始印歐語 *kneygʷʰ- (“弯，垂”)）。

connives (third-person singular present)
conniving (present participle)
connived (past participle)

私下共谋，私下阴谋（自17世纪中叶）

This very Law of Libel provides that "if any one connives with a guilty man and alleges him to be innocent, he renders himself liable to punishment."

1876年June24日，“The Law of Libel”, in The Japan Mail. A Fortnightly Summary of Intelligence from Japan, for Transmission to Europe and the United States, via Suez and San Francisco，卷 VII, 期 13, Yokohama: [H. Collins], →OCLC，頁 358:

The Christchurch City Council has connived with the Government to take over all the surrounding local bodies, and it is not without comment that none of the Labour members from Christchurch has spoken on the Bill.

1985年March22日，Philip Ralph Burdon，“Local Government Amendment Bill (No. 2)”, in Parliamentary Debates (Hansard): First Session, Forty-first Parliament (House of Representatives)，卷 462, Wellington: V. R. Ward, government printer, →OCLC，頁 3947:

While some of Joe [Kennedy]'s classmates had connived to get into battle, joining the French Foreign Legion or the Canadian forces, Joe connived to get out.

2001，Laurence Leamer，“Aristocratic Instincts”, in The Kennedy Men: 1901–1963: The Laws of the Father，第1st Perennial版, New York, N.Y.: Perennial, HarperCollins Publishers, 出版於 2002, →ISBN, book 2，頁 33:

This species [...] differs from other species of this genus in the upper pinnæ being contracted, which are sinuously lobed, each lacinæ and lobe bearing a sorus, furnished with a nearly orbicular indusium, the free exterior margin of which connives with the margin of the lobe, [...]

1875，John Smith，“118.—Nephrolepis, Schott. (1834).: Hook Sp. Fil.”, in Historia Filicum; an Exposition on the Nature, Number, and Organography of Ferns, […]，London: Macmillan & Co., →OCLC, part 2 (General Arrangement and Characteristics of Tribes and Genera, […])，頁 227:

For ſince the affairs of the world have in them the varieties and perplexities beſides, it happens that in ſome caſes men know not how to govern by the ſtricteſt meaſures of religion, becauſe all men will not do their duty upon that account; and therefore laws are not made [...] with exact and pureſt meaſures, but in compliance and by neceſſity, not always as well as they ſhould, but as well as they may: and therefore the Civil power is forc'd ſometimes to connive at what it does not approve.

1659，Jeremy Taylor，Ductor Dubitantium，第2nd版, London: Printed by Roger Norton, for Richard Royston, […], 出版於 1671, →OCLC, Question V. Whether is to be Obeyed, the Prince or the Bishop, if They Happen to Command Contrary Things?，頁 571:

Though all this Good be found in thee, I an offended that thou ſo conniveſt at the Hereſie of the falſe Teachers, as to permit ſome of them in your Communion, [...]

1695，Richard Baxter，“The Revelation of St. John the Divine, chapter 2, verse 14”, in A Paraphrase on the New Testament, with Notes, Doctrinal and Practical. […]，第2nd corrected版, London: Printed for T. Parkhurst, […]; S. Spring, […]; J. Taylor, […], and J. Wyat, […], →OCLC，列 1:

Nor can we reaſonably think, that Chriſt ſo waſhed us from our Sins in his own Blood, that we might wallow more ſecurely in them; or that he freeth us from the Guilt and Puniſhment, and conniveth at the Filth and Practice of them.

1711，Thomas Rawbone，“The Efficient Cause of Our Sanctification [marginal note]”, in The Path to Liberty: Or, The Method of Man’s Redemption by Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. In Two Parts. […]，London: Printed for W[illiam] Taylor, […], →OCLC, part II，頁 115:

That the evils in India have solely arisen from the court of proprietors is grossly false. In many of these, the directors were heartily concurring; in most of them, they were encouraging, and sometimes commanding; in all they were conniving.

1783年December1日，Edmund Burke，“Debate in the Commons on the Motion for Going into a Committee on Mr. [Charles James] Fox’s India Bill”, in The Parliamentary History of England，源自the Earliest Period to the Year 1803. […]，卷 XXIII, London: Printed by T[homas] C[urson] Hansard, […] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown; [et al.], 出版於 1814, →OCLC，列 1375:

A nation of hardy archers and spearmen might, with small risk to its liberties, connive at some illegal acts on the part of a prince whose general administration was good, and whose throne was not defended by a single company of regular soldiers.

1849，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 I, in The History of England from the Accession of James II，卷 I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 36:


cringe

动词派生自中古英語 crengen (“高傲地俯身，屈尊”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 *crenċan、*crenċġan、*crengan (“使...倒下，使翻转”)，crinċġan (“屈服；畏缩；倒下；死亡”)的使役动词，源自原始日耳曼語 *krangijaną (“使倒下”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kringaną、*krinkaną (“倒下；翻转；屈服”)（源自原始印歐語 *grenǵʰ- (“翻转”)）+ *-janą (从强变化动词构成“导致某人某物做某事”一意的使役动词)。英语词与丹麥語 krænge (“翻出内侧，使...外翻”)、荷蘭語 krengen (“猛然转向”)、低地蘇格蘭語 crenge、creenge、creinge、crienge (“畏缩，耸肩”)、瑞典語 kränga (“猛然转向；猛然前倾；掷”)和西弗里斯蘭語 kringe (“捏；戳；推；坚持，催促”)同源，且是crinkle 的同源對似詞。
名词和形容词派生自动词。

cringes (third-person singular present)
cringing (present participle)
cringed (past participle)

He cringed as the bird collided with the window.

那只鸟撞到窗子上，让他[吓得]缩了一下身子。

Here the angel ceased, and frowning, / Hurled his heavy gauntlet at him; / Hurled, as best he could, the creature, / Cringing as the Serpent cringeth, / Coiled, and with his crest uplifted; / And then prone upon his belly, / Crawled away upon his belly, [...]

1860，[John B. Newman]，“The Combat”, in Wa-Wa-Wanda: A Legend of Old Orange，New York, N.Y.: Rudd & Carleton, […], →OCLC，頁 28:

畏惧，恐惧，恶心；十分尴尬

（卑微地）躬身或蹲伏，卑躬屈膝

[I]f they keepe their wits, yet they are accompted fooles by reaſon of their carriage, becauſe they cannot ride a horſe, which euery Clowne can doe; ſalute and court a Gentlewoman, carue at table, cringe and make congies, which euery common ſwaſher can doe, [...]

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，“Loue of Learning; or Ouer-much Study. With a Digression of the Misery of Schollers, and Why the Muses are Melancholy.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 1, section 2, member 3, subsection 15，頁 113:

And thou ſly hypocrite, who now wouldſt ſeem / Patron of liberty, who more then thou / Once fawn'd,and cring'd, and ſervilly ador'd / Heav'ns awful Monarch?

1667，John Milton，“Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 958–961:

Lady, receive a tributary lay / 源自one who cringeth not to titled state / Conventional, and lacking will to prate / Of comeliness— [...]

1846，Thomas Cooper，“To the Countess of Blessington”, in The Baron’s Yule Feast: A Christmas-rhyme，London: Jeremiah How, […], →OCLC:

Humbly thou cringest that with nod of head / Couldst fling me seaward from they steepest cliffs!

1891，Edgar Fawcett，“How a Queen Loved”, in Songs of Doubt and Dream: (Poems)，New York, N.Y., Toronto, Ont.: Funk & Wagnalls, →OCLC, stanza I，頁 155:

Here the beggar accoſts me; had I appeared as himſelf, he had aſked nothing: but now he uncovers, he cringeth, he cries for relief.

1782，John Brown，“The Christian Journal of a Summer-day”, in The Christian Journal; or, Common Incidents, Spiritual Instructors. […]，第4th版, Edinburgh: […] Gavin Alston; [s]old by William Coke, […], →OCLC，頁 119:

Their [the clergy's] chief business, during a quarter of a century, had been to teach the people to cringe and the prince to domineer.

1851，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 XI, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 III, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 105:

Even to the present day the Arabs consider treating a Hutaymi as unmanly as to strike a woman. When a Felláh says to another, "Tat'hattim" (= Tat'maskin, or Tat'zallí), he means, "Thou cringest, thou makest thyself contemptible (as a Hutaymi)."

1880年June23日，Richard F[rancis] Burton，“The Ethnology of Modern Midian”, in Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom，卷 XII (Second Series), London: John Murray, […]; Trübner and Co., […], 出版於 1882, →OCLC, part I (Notices of the Tribes of Midian, …)，頁 286:

将...拉近(身体部位)；皱起(脸)

对...点头哈腰；（点头哈腰地）陪同


consist

源自中古法語 consister，源自拉丁語 consistō (“站在一起；停下；变硬，固化；同意；继续；存在”)，源自com- (“一起”) + sistō (“站立；使...站立”)。

consists (third-person singular present)
consisting (present participle)
consisted (past participle)

本动词主要为状态动词，基本上不用进行时。参见:Category:英語狀態動詞

District number twenty-five (25) shall consist the counties of Tompkins, Seneca and Yates.

1846，District School Journal for the State of New-York - Volume 7，頁 183:

First, because it is granted by all divines, that hypothetical necessity, or necessity upon a supposition, may consist with liberty.

1841，“The” Questions Concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance:

All things do not consist by Christ today, and all the way back to Adam all things have not consisted by Christ.

2010，Michael O'Buck，Eternal Life: A Question of Honor, →ISBN:

It is that contact between the mind and things does not consist, at any level, in perceptions of simple data or in associations of such unities, but always consists in apprehensions of more or less “structured” complexes.

1953，Jean Piaget，Origin of Intelligence in the Child，出版於 2013:

由...构成，由...组成，包含

The greeting package consists of some brochures, a pen, and a notepad.

欢迎礼包里有几本小册子，一支钢笔和一本笔记本。

The men resided in a huge bunk house, which consisted of one room only, with a shack outside where the cooking was done. In the large room were a dozen bunks ; half of them in a very dishevelled state,[…]。

1913，Robert Barr，章號 6, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

Hidden behind thickets of acronyms and gorse bushes of detail, a new great game is under way across the globe. Some call it geoeconomics, but it's geopolitics too. The current power play consists of an extraordinary range of countries simultaneously sitting down to negotiate big free trade and investment agreements.

2013年July19日，Timothy Garton Ash，“Where Dr Pangloss meets Machiavelli”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 6，頁 18:


conspiracy

源自中古英語 conspiracie，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 conspiracie，源自拉丁語 cōnspīrātiō。conspiration 的同源對似詞。

conspiracies (third-person singular present)
conspiracying (present participle)
conspiracied (past participle)

He knew I would come for him when I discovered what he did, so he, he conspiracied to put me in prison.

2007，Brian Francis Slattery，Spaceman Blues: A Love Song，頁 45:

“What are you two conspiracying about up here?” asked Kira, walking up next to me.

2019，Vincent Trigili，Rise of the Goblin King:

Promoters of the CrowdStrike theory often claim that CrowdStrike co-founder Dmitri Alperovitch is Ukrainian, which they see as “proof” of his willingness to conspiracy with the Ukrainian government and Democrats against Putin and Trump in 2016.

2019年November21日，Alex Henderson，“The looney CrowdStrike conspiracy claims debunked by Fiona Hill during her bombshell impeachment testimony”, in AlterNet:


crud

源自中古英語 crud、crudde (“凝结的牛奶；污物；凝结的物质；糟粕”)，源自古英語 crūdan (“压”)。curd 的同源對似詞。

cruds (third-person singular present)
crudding (present participle)
crudded (past participle)

The covered cardboard boxes held and the packings in the crates suffered no further crudding.

2011，Henry Z. Kister，Distillation Troubleshooting，頁 203:


convene

借自中古法語 convenir，源自拉丁語 convenio、convenire (“集合”)。

convenes (third-person singular present)
convening (present participle)
convened (past participle)

The Parliament of Scotland now convened.

1670, Richard Baker, A Chronicle of the Kings of England from the Time of the Romans Government unto the Death of King James


culminate

自1647年起可考，源自中世紀拉丁語 culminatus，culminare (“给...加冕”)的过去分词，源自拉丁語 culmen (“顶点”)，早期形式columen (“顶峰”)，源自原始意大利語 *kolamen，源自原始印歐語词根*kol-, *kelH- (“展现；顶”)，其亦派生出英語 hill和holm。

culminates (third-person singular present)
culminating (present participle)
culminated (past participle)

peak

登顶，达到顶峰 （可指物理上的顶峰，也可指比喻义）

登顶，达到顶峰 （可指物理上的顶峰，也可指比喻义）

As when his beams at noon / Culminate from the equator.

1667，John Milton，“Book 3”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The type of Cycads culminated in the Mesozoic

1875，James Dwight Dana，Manual of Geology:

This culminates in a timetable change in December 2020, at which point EMR will introduce a sixth train each hour out of St Pancras.

2019 October，Tony Miles and Philip Sherratt，“EMR kicks off new era”, in Modern Railways，頁 53:

达到高潮，达到关键点，（尤指）结果，告终，收场

Mr. Bush has been marking the fifth anniversary of Sept. 11 with a series of speeches about terrorism that culminated with his televised address last night.

2006年September12日，“President Bush’s Reality”, in New York Times:

Their messy breakup culminated in a restraining order.

他们闹的一场分手最后以限制令收场。

The class will culminate with a rigorous examination.

这堂课最后会有一场严格的考试。

Approaching from the south on foot, elements of the CG battalion were first to come into contact and their attack culminated because the rate and accuracy of the VC small arms fire. The CG battalions attempted two assaults to penetrate[…]

2014年August15日，Major Kevin R. Kilbride，Military Assistance Advisory Group-Vietnam (1954-1963): The Battle Of Ap Bac，Pickle Partners Publishing, →ISBN:

As a result, the attack culminated the first day without additional artillery support. The towns of Eclisfontaine and Epinonville were not held on the first day as originally directed in the Corps plan.

2014年August15日，Major Bryan L. Woodcock，91st Infantry In World War I--Analysis Of An AEF Division's Efforts To Achieve Battlefield Success [Illustrated Edition]，Pickle Partners Publishing, →ISBN，頁 33:

以...告终，以...收场

The announcement by Tony Windsor and Rob Oakeshott in Canberra culminated more than a fortnight of intensive political horse-trading.

2010年September7日，“By the skin of her teeth”, in The Economist:


coiffeur

借自法語 coiffeur，源自coiffer，源自古法語 coife，源自晚期拉丁語 cofia。

coiffeurs (third-person singular present)
coiffeuring (present participle)
coiffeured (past participle)


collude

colludes (third-person singular present)
colluding (present participle)
colluded (past participle)

William understood Diana more but idealized her less. He was privy to her volatile love life. He knew the tabloids made her life hell, but he also knew she colluded with them.

April 5 2022，Tina Brown，“How Princess Diana’s Dance With the Media Impacted William and Harry”, in Vanity Fair:


commensurate

源自拉丁語 com- (表示一起的前缀) + mēnsūrō。

commensurates (third-person singular present)
commensurating (present participle)
commensurated (past participle)

/kəˈmɛnʃəɹət/

/kəˈmɛnʃəɹət/

The rare temper and proportion, which the Church of England useth in commensurating the Forms of Absolution to the degrees of preparation and necessity, is to be observed

1679, Timothy Puller, The moderation of the Church of England considered as useful for allaying the present distempers which the indisposition of the time hath contracted


commute

借自拉丁語 commūtō。

commutes (third-person singular present)
commuting (present participle)
commuted (past participle)

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

to commute tithes into rentcharges for a sum

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium

to commute daily fares for a season ticket

to commute the daily toll for a year's pass

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium

His prison sentence was commuted to probation.

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium

（指某种操作）可交换，可适用交换律

A pair of matrices share the same set of eigenvectors if and only if they commute.

两个矩阵有相同的特征值，当且仅当它们可交换。


commute

源自commutation ticket，即用于铁路，有轨电车等的，一次性支付能够使用一段时间的通行券。

I commute from Brooklyn to Manhattan by bicycle.

我在布鲁克林和曼哈顿之间用自行车通勤。

By one estimate, vultures either residing in or commuting into the Serengeti ecosystem during the annual migration—when 1.3 million white-bearded wildebeests shuffle between Kenya and Tanzania—historically consumed more meat than all mammalian carnivores in the Serengeti combined.

2015, Elizabeth Royte, Vultures Are Revolting. Here’s Why We Need to Save Them., National Geographic (December 2015)https://web.archive.org/web/20151213095110/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2016/01/vultures-text:


compliment

借自法語 compliment，借自意大利語 complimento，借自西班牙語 cumplimiento，源自cumplir (“顺从，遵守，完成”)。complement 的同源對似詞。取代了本土的古英語词ġeswǣsnes。

compliments (third-person singular present)
complimenting (present participle)
complimented (past participle)