Google

#来自英文googol。表示1后边带有100个零的阿拉伯数字。

指利用谷歌来搜索网络上的资料。


faggot

源自中古英語 fagot，源自古法語 fagot (“一捆棒子”)，其词源不详。不太可能源自古奧克語 fagot或意大利語 fagotto，因为它们的出现晚于古法语词。亦对比意大利語 fangotto和西班牙語 fajo (“捆，摞”)。可能源自通俗拉丁語 *facus的一指小词，其源自拉丁語 fascis (“一捆柴”)。亦对比古高地德語 fazza (“捆，摞，堆”)。fagotto 的同源對似詞。参见fag。
与人有关的义项可能源自“一捆棒子”，并得到了faygele的增补，其源自意第緒語 פֿייגעלע (feygele，“同性恋”，字面意思是“小鸟”)，其与英語 fowl有关。

faggots (third-person singular present)
faggoting (present participle)
faggoted (past participle)


boomerang

boomerangs (third-person singular present)
boomeranging (present participle)
boomeranged (past participle)


incinerate

/ɪnˈsɪnəɹət/


vagabond

源自古法語 vagabond，源自晚期拉丁語 vagābundus，源自拉丁語 vagari (“游荡”)。

vagabonds (third-person singular present)
vagabonding (present participle)
vagabonded (past participle)

(作为流浪者) 流浪，游荡


plight

源自中古英語 plight (“风险，危险”)，源自古英語 pliht (“风险，危险，损坏”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *plihti (“照料，责任，职责，使命”)。其一个带后缀形式出现于古英语pleoh (“风险，危险，伤害”，亦“责任”)和plēon (“使...危险，让...冒风险”)。与古英語 plihtan (“使...有风险”)有关。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 plicht (“责任”)、荷蘭語 plicht、低地德語 plicht (“使命”)、德語 Pflicht (“责任，使命”)、丹麥語 pligt (“使命”)、意第緒語 פֿליכט (flikht)。详见pledge。

plights (third-person singular present)
plighting (present participle)
plighted (past participle)

I ask what I have done to deserve it, one daughter hobnobbing with radicals and the other planning to plight herself to a criminal.

1992, Hilary Mantel, A Place of Greater Safety, Harper Perennial 2007, p. 226:


be

:(< 900) 中古英语 been < 古英語 beon < 原始印欧语 *bheu-（变成，出现）。不规则变位形式源于古英语复合动词 bēon-wesan。
:be來自根「成为，变得」，am、is、are均源自「存在」，was、were源自「停留，保持」。

is (third-person singular present)
being (present participle)
was (past)
been (past participle)

（用于描述情况、表达想法）

（与过去分词连用构成被动语态）

（与现在分词连用构成进行时）

（用于代替重复的动词或表语完整形式）

（表示不会或没有发生的事）


girl

源自中古英語 gerle、girle、gyrle (“任何性别的年轻人”)，之后的来源不详。可能是源自古英語 *gyrle、*gyrele，源自原始日耳曼語 *gurwilaz，原始日耳曼語 *gurwijaz的一个指小词形式（比较北弗里斯蘭語 gör (“女孩”)、低地德語 Gör、Göre (“任何性别的孩子”)、德語 Göre (“孩童”)、方言挪威語 gorre、方言瑞典語 garre、gurre (“小孩”)），源自原始印歐語 *ǵʰer- (“短的”)（对比古愛爾蘭語 gair (“短的”)、古希臘語 χρεώ (khreṓ，“需要”)、χρήσθαι (khrḗsthai，“需要”)、梵語 ह्रस्व (hrasva，“短的，小的”)）。

girls (third-person singular present)
girling (present participle)
girled (past participle)

女性化，将...当作女孩或女性

Quite different is the way in which the tomboy girled the rebel narrative. In recent years, queer theorists have taken a deep interest in the tomboy as a prefigure for the butch dyke.

2005，Leerom Medovoi，Rebels: Youth and the Cold War Origins of Identity，頁 293:

One can argue that the genre “yuppified” the popular romance novel or perhaps “girled” the not especially gender-specific concept of the young urban professional.

2011，Stephanie Harzewski，Chick Lit and Postfeminism:

给...配以女孩作为工作人员等

Making our way past a one-girl switchboard temporarily girled by two frantic operators, we found the victorious president, Elliott A. Bowles, barely visible behind a heap of telegrams …

Her first shock came when the ship on which she and her husband arrived was met by three boats “girled” by “great, splendid creatures, as tall as our millionaires' tallest daughters, and as strong-looking as any of our college-girl athletes,” ...

She and her Altrurian diplomat husband, arriving there by sea, are greeted by flower-laden boats, each not manned, but girled by six rowers, who pulled as true a stroke as I ever saw.

1986, Marcus Cunliffe, The Literature of the United States, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. : Penguin Books (ISBN 9780140225143):

To her disappointment, the chatty Carlene DuBois wasn't behind the desk; instead it was manned—or girled—by a frothy little blonde who barely looked old enough to be out of high school.

2009, Linda Howard, Night Moves: Dream Man/After the Night, Simon and Schuster (ISBN 9781439188002), page 220:


rain

源自中古英語 reyn、rein，源自古英語 reġn，源自原始西日耳曼語 *regn，源自原始日耳曼語 *regną（对比西弗里斯蘭語 rein、荷蘭語 regen、德語 Regen、丹麥語以及挪威語 regn），之后词源不详。可能源自先日耳曼语言 *Hréǵ-no-，源自原始印歐語 *Hreǵ- (“流”)（对比拉丁語 rigō (“湿的”)、立陶宛語 rõki (“毛毛雨”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 rrjedh (“流，滴”)），但辅音重建无法匹配。

rains (third-person singular present)
raining (present participle)
rained (past participle)

Judging by the black cloud, it will rain later today.

看天上的乌云，今天是要下雨了。

It will rain fire and brimstone at the end of days.

世界末日时会有火焰和硫磺像雨点般落下。

The rain it raineth every day.

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

Tears rained from her eyes.

Leaves rained from the tree.

很多树叶从树上飘落下来。

Bombs rained from the sky.

炸弹像雨点般从天上落下。

The boxer rained punches on his opponent's head.

拳击手反复密集地拳击对手的头部。


yellow

: < 中古英语 yelwe、yelou < 古英语 ġeolu、ġeolwe < 原始日耳曼语 *gelwaz——（见西弗里斯兰语 giel、荷兰语 geel、德语 gelb、瑞典语 gul） < 原始印欧语 *ĝʰel-（发光）——见爱尔兰语 geal（白，亮）、拉丁语 helvus（闷黄色）、古希腊语 chlóos（绿）；chlōrós（带绿的）、古教会斯拉夫语 žlŭtŭ（黄）、立陶宛语 žeĩvas、žaĩvas（带绿的）、阿维斯陀语 zari（黄）及梵语 háris（带黄色的）。


pig

源自中古英語 pigge (“小猪”)（原指小猪，年长猪是swyn），多半源自古英語 *picga（仅可考于picgbrēad (“猪饲料”)等复合词中），源自原始西日耳曼語 *piggō、*puggō (“小猪”)。对比中古荷蘭語 pogge、puggen、pigge、pegsken (“猪崽”)、中古低地德語 pugge、pûke (“猪崽”)。本词使用于体重快速增加的动物幼崽，所以其可能是源自动词“to big”，源自中古英語 biggen、byggen，源自古諾爾斯語 byggja、byggva (“建造”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *būwijaną (“建造”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰuH- (“成为，成长为”)。Pokorny认为词根与*bū-、*bew- (“肿，胀”)有关，以解释“pig”和“big”之间的互换关系。
有时有人指出其与早期现代荷蘭語 bigge（现代big (“猪崽”)）、西弗里斯蘭語 bigge (“猪崽”)和中古低地德語的相似词有关，但是“发音难以解释”。一些文献指出这些词“多半无关”，其他人认为这一联系“有可能，但无法确定”。
指“警察”的俚语义至晚自1785年起可考。

pigs (third-person singular present)
pigging (present participle)
pigged (past participle)

The black sow pigged at seven this morning.

They were pigging on the free food at the bar.

他们在酒吧大吃特吃免费食物。

"Wow, Doc. That's heavy." Denis sat there pigging on the joint as usual.

2009, Thomas Pynchon, Inherent Vice, Vintage 2010, page 349:

（像猪一样）挤、靠在一起


buffalo

:葡萄牙語 búfalo （“水牛”）。

buffaloes (third-person singular present)
buffaloing (present participle)
buffaloed (past participle)


crocodile

源自中古英語 cocodrill、cokadrill、cokedril，源自古法語 cocodril（现代形式法語 crocodile），源自中世紀拉丁語 cocodrillus，源自拉丁語 crocodilus，源自古希臘語 κροκόδειλος (krokódeilos)。这个词稍后根据拉丁语和希腊语形式进行了重整。krokodil 的同源對似詞。

crocodiles (third-person singular present)
crocodiling (present participle)
crocodiled (past participle)

[ˈkʰɹɑkədaɪɫ]

在说世界语的人群中说自己的母语


you

源自中古英語 you、yow、ȝow (ye的賓語)，源自古英語 ēow、īow (ġē的與格)，源自原始日耳曼語 *iwwiz (*jīz的與格)，*izwiz (*jūz的與格)的西部方言，源自原始印歐語 *yūs (“你們”)、*yū́。
與低地蘇格蘭語 you (“你”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 jou (“你”)、西弗里斯蘭語 jo (“你”)、低地德語 jo、joe、oe (“你”)、荷蘭語 jou、u (“你”)、中古高地德語 eu、iu (“你”，賓格代詞)、拉丁語 vōs (“你”)、阿維斯陀語 𐬬𐬋 (vō，“你”)、阿什昆語 iã (“你”)、卡姆卡塔-維利語 šo (“你”)、梵語 यूयम् (yūyám，“你”)同源。
參見使用注意章節。Ye、you 和 your分別與荷蘭語 jij/je、jou、jouw；低地德語 ji、jo/ju、jug，以及德語 ihr、euch、euer同源。ye也與瑞典語 I〈古〉同源。

yous (third-person singular present)
youing (present participle)
youed (past participle)
yu (alternative)

以代詞 you 來稱呼某人（如過去用 you 而不用 thou 稱呼，因為當時認為 you 更正式）

Youing consists in relating everything in the conversation to the person you wish to flatter, and introducing the word “you” into your speech as often as possible.

1930, Barrington Hall, Modern Conversation, Brewer & Warren, page 239:

Now even Princess Anne had dropped it. Sarah had heard her youing away on television the other night just like the inhabitants of her mother’s dominions beyond the seas.

1992, Barbara Anderson, Portrait of the Artist’s Wife, Victoria University Press, page 272:

But even having my very own personal pronoun was risky, because it’s pretty tough to keep stopped-hope stopped up when you are getting all youed up, when someone you really like keeps promising you scary, fun, exciting stuff—and even tougher for the of that moment to remain securely devoid of hope, to make smart, self-denying decisions with Dad you'''ing me—the long ooo of it broad and extended, like a hand.

2004, Ellen Miller, Brooklyn Noir, Akashic Books, "Practicing":


forgive

/fɔː(ɹ)ˈɡɪv/

音頻（美式，加利福尼亚）


encore

借自法語 encore (“再次”)，亦曾使用过该词义。

encores (third-person singular present)
encoring (present participle)
encored (past participle)

to encore a performer

to encore a song

They encored with a cover of the Beatles' “Blackbird,” “The Bigger You Love” in 1970, and “Ha Ha Ha” in early '71.

2011, Bill Dahl, Motown: The Golden Years: More than 100 rare photographs (page 304)

Truly unbelievable. Left us all gasping for breath, and wanting more. I think they encored twice, but twenty encores would have been too few.

2011, Smitty Herron, Music's Golden Frontier


dictionary

dictionaries (third-person singular present)
dictionarying (present participle)
dictionaried (past participle)

/ˈdɪkʃəˌnɛɹi/

音頻（美式，加利福尼亞）


say

says (third-person singular present)
saying (present participle)
said (past participle)


soap

源自中古英語 sope、sape，源自古英語 sāpe (“肥皂，药膏”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *saipā，源自原始日耳曼語 *saipǭ，源自原始印歐語 *seyb-、*seyp- (“倒出，滴，流，滤”)。
与下列词同源：低地蘇格蘭語 saip、sape (“肥皂”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Seepe (“肥皂”)、西弗里斯蘭語 sjippe (“肥皂”)、荷蘭語 zeep (“肥皂”)、德國低地德語 Seep (“肥皂”)、德語 Seife (“肥皂”)、丹麥語 sæbe (“肥皂”)、瑞典語 såpa (“肥皂”)、書面挪威語 såpe (“肥皂”)、新挪威語 såpe (“肥皂”)、法羅語 sápa (“肥皂”)、冰島語 sápa (“肥皂”)。亦与古英語 sāp (“琥珀，树脂，发油，药膏”)、拉丁語 sēbum (“油脂”)有关。参见seep。拉丁語 sāpō (“肥皂”)乃借自日耳曼语族。

soaps (third-person singular present)
soaping (present participle)
soaped (past participle)

Be sure to soap yourself well before rinsing.

Those kids soaped my windows!

那帮小孩把肥皂液弄到我窗上了！


stumble

源自原始日耳曼語 *stam- (“摔跤；结巴，口吃”)，从而与德語 stumm (“哑的”)、荷蘭語 stom (“笨的”)有关。stammer 的同源對似詞。

stumbles (third-person singular present)
stumbling (present participle)
stumbled (past participle)

He stumbled up the dark avenue.

他跌跌撞撞地走在漆黑的街上。

1820，沃尔特·司各特，艾凡赫，卷 (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC:

I stumbled along through the young pines and huckleberry bushes. Pretty soon I struck into a sort of path that, I cal'lated, might lead to the road I was hunting for.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 1, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

He stumbled over a rock.

I always stumble over verbs in Spanish.

我老是在西班牙语动词上出错。

意外碰到，偶然碰到（带on、upon或against）

Forth as she waddled in the brake, / A grey goose stumbled on a snake.


squander

最早的使用（16世纪末期）意指“肆无忌惮地花费”以及“散布到一个广阔的区域”。来源不详。可能是scatter + wander构成的混合词。
对比丹麥語 skvætte (罕用)/skvatte (“泼洒”)（主格化：skvæt）、冰島語 skvetta (“喷射”)、瑞典語 skvätta (“泼洒”)、書面挪威語 skvette。

squanders (third-person singular present)
squandering (present participle)
squandered (past participle)

squander暗指一开始拥有大量资源，然后把它们浪费在成果微不足道的地方。常用于如“squander an opportunity”或“squander an inheritance”之类的短语。也可以用在起步就没有多少资源的情况下，但一般用在如“squander what little he had”之类的句子内。

Dost thou love life? Then do not squander time, for that's the stuff life is made of.
你爱你的生命吗？那就不要浪费时间，因为生命就是由时间构成的。

1746, Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard's Almanac


show

:< 古英語 scēawian < 西日耳曼语 *skauwojanan。 同源词有：荷兰语 schouwen、德语 schauen。

shows (third-person singular present)
showing (present participle)
showed (past)
shew (past)
shown (past participle)
showed (past participle)

（对某人）表现出，对待，表示

标示，表明（信息、时间、计量）


sick

源自中古英語 sik、sike、seek、seke、seok，源自古英語 sēoc (“生病的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *seuk，源自原始日耳曼語 *seukaz（对比西弗里斯蘭語 siik、荷蘭語 ziek、德語 siech、書面挪威語 syk、新挪威語 sjuk、丹麥語 syg），源自原始印歐語 *sewg- (“困扰，悲”)，对比中古愛爾蘭語 socht (“沉默，抑郁”)、古典亞美尼亞語 հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim，“变弱”)。

sicks (third-person singular present)
sicking (present participle)
sicked (past participle)

I woke up at 4 am and sicked on the floor.

我早上4点醒过来，吐了一地。

Our great-grandsire, Edward, sick'd and died.

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

Old man to pickney, so wave unno hand if you with me /To see the sufferation sick me.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2005, Damian Marley, "Welcome to Jamrock", Welcome to Jamrock(album) https://genius.com/Damian-marley-welcome-to-jamrock-lyrics.


sick

sic的变体，其又是seek的变换形式。

"Wapi," she almost screamed, "go back! Sick 'em, Wapi—sick 'em—sick 'em—sick 'em!"

1920, James Oliver Curwood, "Back to God's Country"

When we were at work swabbing the deck, necessarily barelegged, Pelle would sick the dog on us; and it was an endless source of pleasure to him when the dog succeeded in fastening its teeth in our legs and making the blood run down our ankles.

1938, Eugene Gay-Tifft, translator, The Saga of Frank Dover by Johannes Buchholtz, 2005 Kessinger Publishing edition, ISBN 141915222X, page 125,

"...is just something God sicks on people who have the gall to accuse Him of having created an ugly world."

1957, J. D. Salinger, "Zooey", in, 1961, Franny and Zooey, 1991 LB Books edition, page 154,

Now they find a new entertainment: they sick the dog on us.

2001 (publication date), Anna Heilman, Never Far Away: The Auschwitz Chronicles of Anna Heilman, University of Calgary Press, ISBN 1552380408, page 82,


sex

:(1382) < 中古法語 sexe < 拉丁語 sexus （“性别”）。 拉丁词 sexus 可能与拉丁語 seco、secare （“分开，分割”）相关，即含义为“将人类划分开的标准”。 与英语 section 同源。英语 sex 用于指性交最早见于1929年 D.H. Lawrence 的作品。

sexes (third-person singular present)
sexing (present participle)
sexed (past participle)


hello

Hello（最早可考于1826年），源自holla、hollo（可考于1588年）。人们常认为这一hallo的变体是由托马斯·爱迪生为电话中使用造出的，但其在电话发明的几十年前就已经有书面使用。
最终源自古英语ēalā的变体，如hēlā，其类似于现在使用的hey和hi。因此等价于hey和lo构成的复合词。用来唤起别人的注意。
可能受到了古撒克遜語 halo!的影响，其为halōn (“喊，抓”)的命令式，为渡船船夫呼喊时使用，与古高地德語 hala、hola!有关，其为halōn、holōn (“抓取”)的命令式。详见hallo。

hellos (third-person singular present)
helloing (present participle)
helloed (past participle)

I had to traipse around somewhat, helloing people and being helloed, before I spotted my mother and my father, sharing shade and a spread blanket with Pete and Marie Reese and Toussaint Rennie near the back of the park.


alert

alerts (third-person singular present)
alerting (present participle)
alerted (past participle)


french

frenches (third-person singular present)
frenching (present participle)
frenched (past participle)


heavy

源自中古英語 hevy、heviȝ，源自古英語 hefiġ、hefeġ、hæfiġ (“重的，重要的，严重的，猛烈的，缓慢的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *habīg (“沉重的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *habīgaz (“沉重的”)，源自原始印歐語 *keh₂p- (“拿，取”)。
同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 hevy、havy、heavy (“沉重的”)、荷蘭語 hevig (“严重的，猛烈的”)、中古低地德語 hēvich (“严重的，猛烈的”)、德語 hebig（对比heftig (“严重的，猛烈的”)）、冰島語 höfugur (“沉重的，重要的”)、拉丁語 capāx (“大的，宽的，有能力的，能干的”)。

heavies (third-person singular present)
heavying (present participle)
heavied (past participle)

They piled their goods on the donkey's back, heavying up an already backbreaking load.

The union was well known for the methods it used to heavy many businesses.

[…]the Prime Minister sought to evade the simple fact that he heavied Mr Reid to get rid of Dr Armstrong.

1985，Australian House of Representatives，House of Representatives Weekly Hansard, Issue 11, Part 1, page 1570:

But he is on the wrong horse, heavying me. My phone′s tapped. Well, he won′t find anything.

2001, Finola Moorhead, Darkness More Visible, Spinifex Press, Australia, page 557,

But the next two days of the Conference also produced some very visible lobbying for the succession and apparent heavying of contenders like Brereton, Anderson and Mulock - much of it caught on television.

2005, David Clune, Ken Turner (editors), The Premiers of New South Wales, 1856-2005, Volume 3: 1901-2005, page 421,


drink

drinks (third-person singular present)
drinking (present participle)
drank (past)
drunk (past)
drinked (past)
drunk (past participle)
drunken (past participle)
drank (past participle)
drinked (past participle)
drinken (past participle)
dranken (past participle)

[d̠ɹ̠ ̝ʷɪŋk]


suck

:< 中古英语 souken、suken < 古英语 sūcan（吸） < 原始日耳曼语 *sūganan, *sūkanan（吸） < 原始印欧语 *seug-, *sug-, *suk-。 与古英语 sūgan（吸）、古高地德语 sūgan（吸）（现代德语 saugen）、古英语 socian（吸）（现代英语 soak）同源。

sucks (third-person singular present)
sucking (present participle)
sucked (past participle)

（~ 副/介）吮吸；吸；咂；啜

（~ 副/介）（以巨大的力量）吸，吸引，使卷入

（表示厌恶）很差，很爛，很遜，很差勁


live

en，標準英音，通用美式

en，標準英音，通用美式


die

源自中古英語 deyen，源自古英語 dīeġan和古諾爾斯語 deyja，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *dawjan (“死”)。取代了古英語 sweltan，其派生出现代英语 swelt。

dies (third-person singular present)
dying (present participle)
died (past participle)

死 后接of，一般用法，表示死因：

He died of malaria.

In 1971 or 72, Mom's sister Carolyn Weimer died of breast cancer.

2000，Stephen King，On Writing，Pocket Books, 出版於 2002，頁 85:

死 后接from，一般用法，表示死因，但更常用于医学语境或科学语境：

He died from heart failure.

She lived several weeks; but afterwards she died from epilepsy, to which malady she had been previously subject.

1865年March4日，British Medical Journal，頁 213:

"Or all of them will die from the plague. Even if most of the candidates succumb […]"

2007，Frank Herbert, Kevin J. Anderson，Sandworms of Dune，Tor, 出版於 2007，頁 191:

死 后接for，常表示因上下文中的动机而死，但有时还表示间接原因：

He died for the one he loved.

Englishmen are dying for England, Americans are dying for America, Germans are dying for Germany, Russians are dying for Russia. There are now fifty or sixty countries fighting in this war.

1961，Joseph Heller，Catch-22，Simon & Schuster, 出版於 1999，頁 232:

Less than three days later, Johnson lapsed into a coma in his jail cell and died for lack of insulin.

死 后接with，表示间接死因：

And there were some who died with fevers, which at some seasons of the year was very frequent in the land.

1830，Joseph Smith，The Book of Mormon，Richards, 出版於 1854，頁 337:

死 后接to表示间接或直接死因（类似from）：

I can't believe I just died to a turret!

Dr Thomas concluded she had died to a blow to the head, which led to a bleed on the brain, probably a fall and had hit her head hard on the wooden bedpost, as there was blood on the bedpost.

2014，S. J. Groves，The Darker Side to Dr Carter，頁 437:

死 后接with表示死亡的性质：

She died with dignity.

以...死亡（某种方式）

He died a hero's death.

They died a thousand deaths.

[…] he chose instead to suffer even greater personal pain, with unimaginable fortitude and resolve, albeit for a shorter time. Thus he died a small death, in order to benefit the living. Similarly, a small and voluntary death was died by Socrates.

2019，Lou Marinoff，On Human Conflict: The Philosophical Foundations of War and Peace，Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN，頁 452:

Of course, Nazis are not present in this game. Instead, we have animals that will try to cover you with dirt. As soon as you get too dirty, you will die.

1995，“Slobzone”, in Coming Soon! magazine (video game review):

Whenever my brother dies, he ragequits.

我哥一死，他就气得退游戏。

I'm dying for a packet of crisps.

I'm dying for a piss.

I could see that he was dying, dying for a cigarette, dying for a fix maybe, dying for a little bit of freedom, but trapped in a hospital bed and a sick body.

2004，Paul Joseph Draus，Consumed in the city: observing tuberculosis at century's end，頁 168:

被当做死了，被无视，被绝交

The day our sister eloped, she died to our mother.

我姐姐私奔以后，就被我们的妈妈当做死了。

"My dad […] beat us until we couldn't sit down." […] "What about your mother?" […] "She's alive. […] My aunt visits her once a year, but I don't ask about my mother. She died to me the day she chose my father over protecting us." Luke's voice hitched with emotion.

"You haven't been my son since you were ten years old. That boy died to me the day he ran away. I don't know you. You are merely a shell that resembles someone I used to know, but you are dead to me. You are the bringer of pain and death. Leave me be. Leave me with my son, Jyosh." "Mother..." Barlun pleaded.

2017，Mike Hoornstra，Descent into the Maelstrom，頁 366:

He died a little inside each time she refused to speak to him.

每次她拒绝和他说话，他的心就凉半截。

Do you know that I went down / To the ground / Landed on both my broken-hearted knees... / […]I didn't even cry / 'Cause pieces of me had already died

2011，Ingrid Michaelson （作曲作詞）, “Ghost”, in Human Again:

If anyone sees me wearing this ridiculous outfit, I'll die.

如果有人看到我穿这身奇装异服，我直接人没了。

When I found out my two favorite musicians would be recording an album together, I literally planned my own funeral arrangements and died.

当时我看到我最喜欢的两个歌手合作录新专，我直接死了。

...，我给自己安排了葬礼，然后死了。

I literally died when I saw that.

1976, an anchorman on Channel Five in California, quoted in Journal and Newsletter [of the] California Classical Association, Northern Section:

坏掉，出故障，抛锚； 没电

My car died in the middle of the freeway this morning.

今早我的车在高速路上抛锚了。

Sorry I couldn't call you. My phone died.

抱歉没给你打电话，我手机没电了。

My battery died and my charger was at home.

我电池没电了，充电器放家里了。

流产 （在一次立法会没能达到投票阶段就被丢弃）

The proposed gas tax died after the powerful rural senator refused to let it out of committee.

提出的燃油税因为权利很大的乡村参议员的阻止而流产了。

But it came to passe in the morning, when the wine was gone out of Nabal, and his wife had told him these things, that his heart died within him, and he became as a stone.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Samuel 25:37:

When the truth is found to be lies / And all the joy within you dies / Don't you want somebody to love? / Don't you need somebody to love?

1965，Darby Slick，“Somebody to Love”, in Surrealistic Pillow，演出者 Jefferson Airplane, 出版於 1967:

不再关心，对...漠不关心

to die to pleasure or to sin

不再感受到快乐，或，不再关心罪孽

逐渐被遮住 （比如线脚被斜面所遮住）

Then there was that time I died onstage in Montreal...

我在蒙特利尔台上冷场那次，...


die

Also no dyer shall die any cloth, except he die the cloth and the list with one colour, without tacking any bulrushes or such like thing upon the lists, upon pain to forfeit 40 s. for every cloth. And no person shall put to sale any cloth deceitfully dyed,

1739, John Cay, An abridgment of the publick statutes in force and use from Magna Charta, in the ninth year of King Henry III, to the eleventh year of his present Majesty King George II, inclusive, Drapery, XXVII. Sect. 16:

To die wool with madder, prepare a fresh liquor, and when the water is come to a heat to bear the hand, put in half a pound of the finest grape madder for each pound of wool;

1813，James Haigh，The Dier's Assistant in the Art of Dying Wool and Woollen Goods:

To die Wool and Woollen Cloths of a Blue Colour. One part of indigo, in four parts concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolved; then add one part of dry carbonate of potash, [...]

1827，John Shepard，The artist & tradesman's guide: embracing some leading facts:


split

splits (third-person singular present)
splitting (present participle)
split (past participle)


walk

walks (third-person singular present)
walking (present participle)
walked (past participle)

我通常步行上班。

你能替我遛狗嗎？

我會陪你走到門口。

我們一起在公園裡散步吧。


give

將﹝sth某物﹞给(sb某人﹞


wash

加拿大，紐約市，cot–caught 合併


water

waters (third-person singular present)
watering (present participle)
watered (past participle)

(说某人的嘴巴) 流口水

(说某人的眼睛) 流眼泪


swell

(土地等)隆起，(河水等)上漲


fog

fogs (third-person singular present)
fogging (present participle)
fogged (past participle)


wind

winds (third-person singular present)
winding (present participle)
winded (past participle)
wound (past participle)


wind

winds (third-person singular present)
winding (present participle)
wound (past participle)
winded (past participle)


snow

snows (third-person singular present)
snowing (present participle)
snowed (past participle)


warm

warms (third-person singular present)
warming (present participle)
warmed (past participle)

你能幫我把剩菜加熱一下嗎？

她在火堆旁烤手。

太陽會使地球變暖。


new

來自原始印歐語 *néwyos (“新的”) →原始日耳曼語 *niwjaz (“新的，新鲜的”) →古英語 nīwe →中古英語 newe。
关联词
與低地蘇格蘭語 new (“新的”), 西弗里斯蘭語 nij (“新的”), 荷蘭語 nieuw (“新的”), 低地德語 nee (“新的”), 德語 neu (“新的”), 丹麥語, 挪威語, 瑞典語 ny (“新的”), 冰島語 nýr (“新的”), 法羅語 nýggjur (“新的”), 拉丁語 nōvus (“新的”), 古希臘語 νέος (néos，“新的”), 威爾士語 newydd (“新的”), 俄語 но́вый (nóvyj，“新的”), 亞美尼亞語 նոր (nor，“新的”), 波斯語 نو (“現在”), 印地語 नया (nayā，“新的”), 吐火羅語B ñuwe (“新的”)同源。
参见古英語 nū (“现在”)。

news (third-person singular present)
newing (present participle)
newed (past participle)


dick

源自Dick，名字Richard的暱稱。最初意思是“普通人”、“凡夫俗子”，后来衍生出其他的含义。

dicks (third-person singular present)
dicking (present participle)
dicked (past participle)

Dude, don't let them dick you around like that!

老弟，別讓他們那麼捉弄你！

Listen, this old gal we going to see probably don't like liquor and drinking, so be cool. I'm just gon borrow a few bucks off her. I ain't never dicked her or nothing.


mutter

mutters (third-person singular present)
muttering (present participle)
muttered (past participle)

嘀咕；嘟囔，口齿不清地说


dies

die的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


bonus

:< 拉丁语 bonus（好的）。与 maximum、optimum、premium 等吸收进英语的拉丁语形容词中性形不同的是，此词为拉丁形容词的阳性词形。另见 bona fide。

bonuses (third-person singular present)
bonusses (third-person singular present)
bonusing (present participle)
bonussing (present participle)
bonused (past participle)
bonussed (past participle)


met

meet 的過去式和過去分詞


dull

源自中古英語 dull、dul（亦作dyll、dill、dwal），源自古英語 dol (“乏味的，愚蠢的，错误的，谬误的，自以为是的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *dol，源自原始日耳曼語 *dulaz，源自早期形式*dwulaz，*dwalaz (“震惊的，疯狂的，愚蠢的，被误导的”)的一个变体，源自原始印歐語 *dʰwel-、*dʰewel- (“使...暗淡，遮蔽，隐晦”)。
同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 dull、doll (“迟钝的，聋的”)、北弗里斯蘭語 dol (“鲁莽的，草率的，晕眩的，轻率的”)、荷蘭語 dol (“疯狂的，失智的”)、低地德語 dul、dol (“疯狂的，愚蠢的，愚昧的”)、德語 toll (“疯狂的，鲁莽的，荒诞的”)、丹麥語 dval (“荒唐的，愚蠢的”)、冰島語 dulur (“遮掩的，守口如瓶的”)，西弗拉芒方言 dul (“生气的”)。

dulls (third-person singular present)
dulling (present participle)
dulled (past participle)

Years of misuse have dulled the tools.

常年的错误使用让工具变钝了。

使...变弱，缓解；使...变迟钝，使...变愚蠢

He drinks to dull the pain.

Use and custom have so dulled our eyes.

1850，Richard Chenevix Trench，Notes on the Miracles of Our Lord:

A razor will dull with use.

使...黯淡，使...模糊


wile

源自中古英語 wile、wyle，源自古諾曼語 wile (“诡计，奸诈”)和古英語 wīl (“诡计，计谋”)和wiġle (“占卜”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wīlą (“欺骗”)（←原始印歐語 *wey- (“转，弯”)）和原始日耳曼語 *wigulą、*wihulą (“预言”)（←原始印歐語 *weyk- (“奉为神圣”)）。同源词有冰島語 vél、væl (“诡计，计谋”)、荷蘭語 wijle。

wiles (third-person singular present)
wiling (present participle)
wiled (past participle)

He was good to look on, brawly dressed, and with a tongue in his head that would have wiled the bird from the tree.

1902，John Buchan，The Outgoing of the Tide:


wile

表达无所事事浪费时间的短语是while away。while的形容词用法可追溯回古英语时期，还出现于whilend (“暂时的，短暂的”)内。但这个词出现过于频繁，已被一些词典收录。

while (“消磨时间”)的拼寫錯誤。

Here's a pleasant way to wile away the hours.


tan

動詞來自中古英語 tannen，來自後期古英語 tannian (“鞣皮革”)，來自拉丁語 tannare。

tans (third-person singular present)
tanning (present participle)
tanned (past participle)

（使其）晒成褐色，曬黑。

No matter how long I stay out in the sun, I never tan. though I do burn.

我的皮肤怎么晒也不黑，但是会晒伤。

鞣動物皮革和羽毛；製革。

"Well, go 'long and play; but mind you get back some time in a week, or I'll tan you."

1876, Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, ch. 3:


brother

:< 古英語 brōþor < 原始日耳曼语 *brōþēr（对比西弗里斯兰语 broer、荷兰语 broeder、德语 Bruder） < 原始印欧语 *bʰréh₂tēr（对比爱尔兰语 bráthair、吐火罗语A pracar、吐火罗语B procer、立陶宛语 brolis）。

brothers (third-person singular present)
brothering (present participle)
brothered (past participle)


crayon

crayons (third-person singular present)
crayoning (present participle)
crayonning (present participle)
crayoned (past participle)
crayonned (past participle)

美國，不常見，尤美国东北部，美國中西部

美國，不常見，尤美国东北部，美國中西部

美國，罕见，尤费城，新澤西，美国南方有时

美國，罕见，尤费城，新澤西，美国南方有时

美國，罕见，尤费城，新澤西，美国南方有时


change

changes (third-person singular present)
changing (present participle)
changed (past participle)

我需要换衣服，然後我們才能去吃晚飯。

I need to change my clothes before we go out to dinner.

天氣正在從夏季變成秋季。

The weather is starting to change from summer to autumn.


haver

havers (third-person singular present)
havering (present participle)
havered (past participle)


have

:中古英语 haven < 古英语 habban（有） < 原始日耳曼语 xaƀēnan（对比：西弗里斯兰语 ha、荷兰语 hebben、德语 haben、瑞典语 hava/ha），*xafjanan（举起）（现代英语：heave）的持续体。
:原始日耳曼语 *xafjanan < 原始印欧语 *kap-（对比：古爱尔兰语 cáin（规则、贡品）、cacht（犯人）；拉丁语 capiō（拿）；拉脱维亚语 kàmpt（夺）；阿尔巴尼亚语 kap（(我)抓）；古希腊语 κάπτω (káptō)（吞下）、κώπη (kṓpē)（柄））。

［及物］（表示动作）吃、喝、行动

［助动词］（与过去分词连用构成完成时，表示动作完成）做过…

［助动词］（have to，后接不定式）必须，要，应当

［及物，与不定式连用］要求…干某事，命令，使…，请求

［及物，与形容词或形容词短语补语连用］致使，导致，使得…，让…

［及物，与不定式连用］使处于…状态，遇上，碰到

［及物，与形容词或形容词短语补语连用］描述…，称…处于某种状态

［疑问助动词］（后接代词构成附加问句，见下面的用法说明）是吧？对吧？

［英］（在争斗中）战胜，打败


churn

churns (third-person singular present)
churning (present participle)
churned (past participle)


adiós

adióses (third-person singular present)
adiósing (present participle)
adiósed (past participle)

adios的另一種拼寫法。

Adiós, first-rate bagels and cream cheese and marmalade, fresh-squeezed juice and fresh-ground coffee, as we’ve adiósed already our fine firm king-size bed: […]

Apparently deciding there might be more to this gringo than he was willing to deal with, the man adiósed.

1996，Frances Williams，Unbroken Vows，Silhouette Books, →ISBN:

It was hard, but adiósing the drama-loving diva needed to be done.


cotton

cottons (third-person singular present)
cottoning (present participle)
cottoned (past participle)

與某人或某物相處；與某人建立良好的關係


high

源自中古英語 high、heigh、heih，源自古英語 hēah (“高的，高耸的，高级的，上层的，杰出的，高傲的，深邃的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hauh (“高”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hauhaz (“高”)，源自原始印歐語 *kewk- (“升”)。
与低地蘇格蘭語 heich (“高的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 hooch (“高的”)、西弗里斯蘭語 heech (“高的”)、荷蘭語 hoog (“高的”)、低地德語 hoog (“高的”)、德語 hoch (“高的”)、瑞典語 hög (“高的”)、挪威語 høy (“高的”)、冰島語 hár (“高的”)、立陶宛語 kaukas (“肿块，疮”)、俄語 ку́ча (kúča，“摞，沓”)同源。

highs (third-person singular present)
highing (present participle)
highed (past participle)

The sun higheth.


dawn

dawning 的逆構詞。可追溯至 原始日耳曼语 *dagaz （“天，日”）。

dawns (third-person singular present)
dawning (present participle)
dawned (past participle)

天亮，（一天或一个时期）开始


tell

tells (third-person singular present)
telling (present participle)
told (past participle)
telled (past participle nonstandard)


welcome

源自中古英語 welcome、wolcume、wulcume、wilcume，源自古英語 wilcuma （“受欢迎的宾客”，亦对比 wilcume (“欢迎！”，叹词)），源自原始西日耳曼語 *willjakwemō，源自原始日耳曼語 *wiljakwemô (“期望的现身或宾客”)，可能源自*wiljakwemaną (“受欢迎”)，等价于will (“希望”) + come (“到达，来临，光临”)。该词下半部分的“宾客”一意不再为人所理解后，其中的wil-被替换为了wel-，可能是受到了副词well的影响。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 walcome、西弗里斯蘭語 wolkom、荷蘭語 welkom（早期形式willecome）、德語 willkommen、德國低地德語 willkamen、丹麥語 velkommen、書面挪威語 velkommen、新挪威語 velkomen、velkommen、瑞典語 välkommen、冰島語 velkominn、法羅語 vælkomin和古法語 wilecome（→中古法語 willecomme (“欢迎”)），源自日耳曼语族。
动词繼承自中古英語 welcomen、wolcumen、wilcumen，源自古英語 wellcumian、wylcumian、wilcumian (“欢迎”)。
类似构式亦出现于罗曼语族内，例如意大利語 benvenuto、西班牙語 bienvenido, 法語 bienvenu、加泰羅尼亞語 benvingut、葡萄牙語 bem-vindo和羅馬尼亞語 bun venit，意为“[希望您经历了]顺利的[旅途]到达[这里]”。它们并非派生自古典拉丁语词根（因为拉丁语中找不到类似的构式），而考虑到历史上日耳曼王国取代了西罗马帝国，其应该是从某日耳曼语族语言仿译进入了原始罗曼语（通俗拉丁语，见拉丁語 *bene venūtus；至于历史上类似的仿译，对比*perdōnō和compāniō）。

welcomes (third-person singular present)
welcoming (present participle)
welcomed (past participle)

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

But Miss Thorn relieved the situation by laughing aloud,[…]。By the time we reached the house we were thanking our stars she had come. Mrs. Cooke came out from under the port-cochere to welcome her.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

We welcome suggestions for improvement.

CPS MerseyCheshire welcomes the jailing of Helen Dove who conned her friend into giving up her job for a dream post that never existed. Kimberley McDonnell lost around £50,000 because of the fraudster.

2020年January29日，“Woman jailed for conning her friend into giving up her job for a dream post that never existed”, in CPS Mersey-Cheshire，London: Crown Prosecution Service, retrieved 2020-04-02:

Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Lu Kang welcomed cooperation with South Korea.
#*::
 （美国）音频： (檔案)

2019, VOA Learning English (public domain)


milk

源自中古英語 milken，源自古英語 melcan，源自原始日耳曼語 *melkaną，最终源自原始印歐語 *h₂melǵ-，和上方名词相同的词干。对比荷蘭語和德語 melken、丹麥語 malke、挪威語 mjølke，以及拉丁語 mulgeō (“挤奶”)、古希臘語 ἀμέλγω (amélgō，“挤奶”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 mjel (“挤奶”)、俄語 молоко́ (molokó)、立陶宛語 mélžti、吐火羅語A mālk-。

milks (third-person singular present)
milking (present participle)
milked (past participle)

masturbate

榨精，尤指仅为自己的快感给男性行手淫

The farmer milked his cows.

I haue giuen Sucke, and know / How tender 'tis to loue the Babe that milkes me[…]

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene vii]，頁 135，列 2:

to milk wholesome milk from healthy cows

从...（任何生物）挤出（任何液体）

过度使用；压榨，榨取；趁机榨取

When the audience began laughing, the comedian milked the joke for more laughs.

观众开始笑时，喜剧演员想从笑话中强行获得更多笑声。

They [the lawyers] milk an unfortunate estate as regularly as a dairyman does his stock.

July 21, 1877, "The Block in the Courts" in The Spectator

If nothing else, José Mourinho can be grateful there was no mutiny. He still heard his name being sung and at the final whistle Old Trafford was not too unkind on the manager or his players. He milked it, too, marching over to the Stretford End to thank them for their generosity.

2018年August27日，Daniel Taylor，“Lucas Moura double for Spurs deepens gloom at Manchester United”, in The Guardian (London):

（充电最后阶段时）冒出气泡

榨精，尤指仅为自己的快感给男性行手淫

Controlled milking can actually establish and consolidate a mistress’ dominance over her sub rather than diminish it.

:Template:rfquote-sense


fusillade

借自法語 fusillade，源自fusiller (“射击”)，源自fusil (“枪械”)

fusillades (third-person singular present)
fusillading (present participle)
fusilladed (past participle)


gay

gays (third-person singular present)
gaying (present participle)
gayed (past participle)


page

pages (third-person singular present)
paging (present participle)
paged (past participle)


gorge

gorges (third-person singular present)
gorging (present participle)
gorged (past participle)

將喉嚨塞滿食物；大量、貪心地吃。[接 on]

They gorged themselves on chocolate and cake.


clave

cleave 的簡單過去時和過去時分詞

Sir Launcelot put his shield afore him, and put the stroke away of the one giant, and with his sword he clave his head asunder.

1868，Thomas Malory，章號 11, in Le Morte D'Arthur:

Suddenly a peal of thunder, resonant even above the din of the swinish revelry, clave the very roof and laid a hush of feat upon the boisterous company.


clave

claves (third-person singular present)
claving (present participle)
claved (past participle)


typhoon

有英语文献在至晚16世纪50年代将typhon、tiphon记载为希腊语词，意为“旋风”，指的是古希臘語 τυφῶν (tuphôn)、τυφώς (tuphṓs，“旋风”)（后者自埃斯库罗斯起可考）、Τυφῶν (Tuphôn，“堤丰，风之父”)。（法語 typhon (“旋风”)自1504年起可考。)）
然而，其作为英语词首次用来指代“旋风”、“风暴”可追溯到1588年，作Touffon，特指“太平洋的大型风暴”。该词义在16世纪中叶首次出现于欧洲，为葡萄牙語 tufão（至晚1560年起可考），由此进入英语。葡萄牙水手们多半从阿拉伯語 طُوفَان (ṭūfān)学来该词（对比波斯語 طوفان (tufân)、印地語 तूफ़ान (tūfān)），且部分该词的英语词形（如tufan）似乎直接派生自该阿拉伯语词。
有说法认为阿拉伯语词源自漢語族 大風／大风（官話 dàfēng、粵語 daai6 fung1 /taːi̯²² fʊŋ⁵⁵/、客家語 thai-fûng /tʰai̯⁵⁵ fuŋ²⁴/），一些诸如tyfoong, tyfung的英语词形源自汉语或受到了其影响。然而，阿拉伯语词可能是完全的纯闪米特语族词，源自原生词干ط و ف (ṭ w f)，指旋转的风，或者可能其派生自希腊语。（部分文献甚至认为其源自希腊语，经由阿拉伯语进入汉语，再回借回阿拉伯语，再回到欧洲。）该词多年来受到了希腊语词的影响。

typhoons (third-person singular present)
typhooning (present participle)
typhooned (past participle)


piano

pianoforte的缩短形式，源自意大利語 pianoforte，源自piano (“柔的”) + forte (“强的”)。与以大键琴为代表的早期键盘乐器不同，钢琴能够按音符发出范围很宽的响度，故名。llano、plain和plane 的同源對似詞。

pianos (third-person singular present)
pianoing (present participle)
pianoed (past participle)

Anyhow I pianoed to my own ear, and had no thought at that time for an audience.

1967，Harry F. Chaplin，A McCrae Miscellany，頁 41:

Who comforted me with Madeleines and lime tea, with whipped cream in my cocoa in far off Ann Arbor while others selfishly fiddled, bassooned, pianoed only for their own ugly self-advancement!

1978，Bertha Harris，Confessions of Cherubino，頁 96:

John Ashbery, Kenneth Koch, Arnold Weinstein, and others came to the house, taping their poems as I pianoed and zithered and drummed away.

2008，John Gruen，Callas Kissed Me...Lenny Too!，頁 138:

We guitared and drummed and head banged and pianoed.

像弹钢琴一样快速上下移动手指

He just stared at her, leaned back in his chair and pianoed his fingers along the tablecloth.

2013，Ann Blair Kloman，A Diamond to Die For，頁 29:

“Jean, it ain't right how you separated those two,” he said, and pianoed the little coffin with his fingers, tapping out his grievance.

2017，Kim Michele Richardson，The Sisters of Glass Ferry:

The superintendent pianoed his fingers on the surface of a nearby desk.

Holly pianoed her fingers over her throat.

Other buildings will also be erected and pianoed by the same architect.

1889，The Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer，頁 128:

A tabernacle has been built, burnt, rebuilt, electric lighted, organed, pianoed, and frequently filled — all during the last two years.

1892，The Japan Daily Mail - Volume 18，頁 772:


piano

源自意大利語 piano。

“You know, Mrs. Wrigglechops,” pianoed Miss Drucilla , even more meekly and mildly than before, "the ace is either one or eleven."

1839，Rosina Doyle Bulwer afterwards Bulwer Lytton (Baroness Lytton.)，Cheveley; Or, The Man of Honour，頁 385:

His tone pianoed on intimacy.

2000，David R. Beasley，Aspects of Love: Three novellas，頁 83:

A day pianoed, swelled acutest, pianoed.

2009，David Lau，Virgil and the Mountain Cat，頁 61:


abstract

abstracts (third-person singular present)
abstracting (present participle)
abstracted (past participle)


blurring

模糊
* [简体]:(图像)模糊，混淆，斑点增多[通信]
* [正體]:(信號)模糊[通訊]
* 正體: ［信號］模糊[通訊工程]
* 正體: 模糊[電子計算機]


conjugate

:< 拉丁语 coniugare（联合），构自 con-（共同）与 jugum（轭）。

conjugates (third-person singular present)
conjugating (present participle)
conjugated (past participle)

〈语法〉（动词）变位；（根据数、人称、时态等）列举动词的变化形式

〈语法〉（动词）（表示数、人称、时态等）有词形变化形式


hemorrhage

源自拉丁語 haemorrhagia，源自古希臘語 αἱμορραγία (haimorrhagía，“大量出血”)，源自αἱμορραγής (haimorrhagḗs，“大量出血”)，源自αἷμα (haîma，“血”) + -ραγία (-ragía)，源自ῥηγνύναι (rhēgnúnai，“喷出”)。

hemorrhages (third-person singular present)
hemorrhaging (present participle)
hemorrhaged (past participle)

/ˈhɛm(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/

He's hemorrhaging!

The company hemorrhaged money until eventually it went bankrupt.

公司损失了大量的钱，最终破产。


exacerbated

exacerbate 的簡單過去時和過去時分詞


rumour

rumours (third-person singular present)
rumouring (present participle)
rumoured (past participle)

rumor的另一種拼寫法


hoarse

源自中古英語 hors、hos，源自古英語 hās、*hārs，源自原始日耳曼語 *haisaz、*haisraz，与 古諾爾斯語 háss（北诺尔斯）heiss（东诺尔斯）（→冰島語 hás、新挪威語 hås、書面挪威語 hes以及瑞典語 hes）同源。

hoarses (third-person singular present)
hoarsing (present participle)
hoarsed (past participle)

"[...] Madame! Is—that—your—horse?!"
"Ain't no horse!" she hoarses. "Thassa thuruly bred Great Dane!" The thuruly bred Great Dane's balls shine like big , bald onions as he squeezes to deposit 4 1⁄2 pounds of vitamin - enriched apcray near the lamp-post.

1980，Leo Rosten，King Silky!，HarperCollins Children's Books:

"See anything, mum?" she hoarsed. “No—I think it's lower down. Go back to bed, Jane. I'm sure there's nothing to worry about. Someone's forgotten something, that's all.” She wanted to get rid of Jane without knowing exactly.

2022年August1日，J. Jefferson Farjeon，Back to Victoria，DigiCat:

"Helene," he croaked, reaching out his arms—his voice tensed with the infinity of his desire. "Back," she iced. And then, "Why have you come here?" she hoarsed. "What business have you here?"


milestone

milestones (third-person singular present)
milestoning (present participle)
milestoned (past participle)


clench

源自中古英語 clenchen，源自古英語 clenċan (“紧握”)，古英語 clenġan (“附着；残留”)的变体，源自原始日耳曼語 *klangijaną，*klinganą (“黏着”)的宾格。与英語 cling有关。

clenches (third-person singular present)
clenching (present participle)
clenched (past participle)

He clenched his fist in anger.


impinge

impinges (third-person singular present)
impinging (present participle)
impinged (past participle)

正體: 投碰[電機工程]

正體: 撞擊[電子計算機]


sum

來自中古英語 summe，來自古法語 summe，來自拉丁語 summa，summus (“高的”)陰性。

sums (third-person singular present)
summing (present participle)
summed (past participle)
som (alternative)
soum (alternative)

when you say that stability and change are, it's because you're summing them up together as embraced by it, and taking note of the communion each of them has with being.

2005, Plato, Sophist. Translation by Lesley Brown. 250b.


desolate

源自中古英語 desolate，源自拉丁語 dēsōlātus，dēsōlāre (“离开，使...孤独，蹂躏，使...人迹罕至”)的过去分词，源自sōlus (“独自的”)。

desolates (third-person singular present)
desolating (present participle)
desolated (past participle)

使...荒芜，使...人迹罕至

If you consider well of the People of the West-Indies, it is very probable, that they are a newer or younger People, than the People of the old World. And it is much more likely, that the destruction that hath heretofore been there, was not by Earthquakes, […] but rather, it was Desolated by a particular Deluge: For Earthquakes are seldom in those Parts.

1625, Francis Bacon, “Of Vicissitude of Things” in Essays, London: H. Herringman et al., 1691, p. 204,

O Righteous Themis, if the Pow’rs above

1717, John Dryden (translator), Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Dublin: G. Risk et al., 1727, Volume I, Book I, p. 16,

York was so desolated just before the survey that it is not easy to estimate its ordinary population […]

1891, Charles Creighton, A History of Epidemics in Britain, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 1, p. 23,

摧毁，蹂躏，使...荒芜

Then Moath pointed where a cloud

1801, Robert Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees & Orme, 2nd edition, 1809, Volume I, Book 3, p. 118,

But in Utopia there will be wide stretches of cheerless or unhealthy or toilsome or dangerous land with never a household; there will be regions of mining and smelting, black with the smoke of furnaces and gashed and desolated by mines, with a sort of weird inhospitable grandeur of industrial desolation, and the men will come thither and work for a spell and return to civilisation again, washing and changing their attire in the swift gliding train.

1905, H. G. Wells, A Modern Utopia, Chapter 2, § 3,

It is not to be supposed that when Cush left Armenia, he left it desolate, and that a rich and long settled country was abandoned altogether; for it would be an absurd way of founding an universal empire, to desolate one country in order to people another.

1828，Algernon Herbert，Nimrod: A Discourse on Certain Passages of History and Fable:

This completion of the Temple and attack upon Christians is the event that marks the apostasy that causes desolation, the detestable act that causes God to desolate (abandon) and destroy the Temple for the last time.

2007，James B. Jordan，The Handwriting on the Wall: A Commentary on the Book of Daniel, →ISBN:

Combining widowed, separated, and divorced elders into a single group ("desolated"), the data indicated that desolated elders were slightly more lonely than either married or never-married older people (although this trend was not statistically significant at the conventional .05 level).

2013，Tracey A. Revenson，“Debunking the Myth of Lonelines in Late Life”, in Redefining Social Problems, →ISBN，頁 126:

It is not altogether uncommon to hear a reader whose heart has been desolated by the poignancy of a narrative complain that the writer is unemotional.

1914, Arnold Bennett, The Author’s Craft, London: Hodder & Stoughton, Part II, p. 44,

Kumalo stood shocked at the frightening and desolating words.

1948, Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, New York: Scribner, Chapter 36, p. 271,


abject

繼承自中古英語 abjecten，派生自形容詞形式。

abjects (third-person singular present)
abjecting (present participle)
abjected (past participle)


debug

debugs (third-person singular present)
debugging (present participle)
debugged (past participle)

（美国，计算机科学义）音频

It ranged from the pre-design development of essential components, through the stage of type test and flight test and "debugging" right through to later development of the engine to higher powers and efficiency.

1945，The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society，卷 49，頁 183:

It debugs all program errors, including those that are hardware initiated.

1970，Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation，卷 2，頁 36:

Additionally, it's up to you to remember to remove this cron entry when you've debugged the firewall.

2015，Steve Suehring，Linux Firewalls: Enhancing Security with nftables and Beyond，頁 140:

从...移除窃听装置等隐藏监控设备

Typical fees: $75 to check a particular telephone, $125 to debug one room, $500 to debug a suite of offices— all plus expenses and transportation.

1969，John Millar Carroll，The Third Listener: Personal Electronic Espionage，頁 30:

It conducts background investigations of new CIA employees and CIA contractors, administers polygraph tests to employees and agents, debugs offices at Langley and overseas stations, patrols the buildings and grounds, protects the director and other key CIA officials, and investigates security problems.

2012，Ronald Kessler，Inside the CIA，頁 172:

It is good to acquire information about how to perform the debugging operation and the type of tools that will be used，源自which you may already have an idea of the technical and instrumental skills, having acquired a plenty of technical information after reading this chapter.

2013，F. Garzia，Handbook of Communications Security，頁 620:

从...除虫，尤指除虱子

Mr. Moses started out his garden this year with only two toads. As they were differently marked, they soon became known as "Henry" and "Frank." Henry was strong in the pursuit of "ants." Every morning he is seen perched on his favorite hill "anting" for breakfast. Frank's occupation is that of debugging the roses and beating up the paths for miscellaneous insects.

1905年June15日，A. J. R.，“With the Long Bow”, in The Minneapolis Journal，Minneapolis, Minn., retrieved 2017-02-15，頁 14:

You can debug yourself at home with various over-the- counter medications.

1999，Stephen E. Goldstone，The Ins and Outs of Gay Sex: A Medical Handbook for Men，頁 59:

If you find nits, it's time for some serious debugging.

2011，Jay Heinrichs，Home Remedies from a Country Doctor:

Before we moved into our new quarters we, and our belongings, had to be deloused and debugged.

2013，Peter Jackson，Sacrifice, Captivity and Escape: The Remarkable Memoirs of a Japanese POW，頁 165:


template

templet变换而来，可能源自法語 templet，temple (“织布工的担架”)的指小词，其原形为tempe的变换形式，源自拉丁語 tempora (“寺庙”)。第二个音节的变换是因为与plate的类比。与法羅語 tamba (“伸展，放松”)、冰島語 þamb (“大肚子”)同源。

templates (third-person singular present)
templating (present participle)
templated (past participle)

Only that part of the floor timber that bears on the planking and keel need be templated; […]

1994，Howard I. Chapelle，Boatbuilding, →ISBN，頁 368:

Metal phosphates that are templated by transition-metal complexes are rare.

2003，Yu Wang et al.，“Synthesis and characterization of a new layered gallium phosphate templated by cobalt complex”, in Journal of Solid State Chemistry，卷 170, 期 1, →DOI:


able

:< 古法语 habile < 拉丁语 habilis < 拉丁语 habeō。

ables (third-person singular present)
abling (present participle)
abled (past participle)

使能够，使可能，使有能力


process

processes (third-person singular present)
processing (present participle)
processed (past participle)


fax

facsimile 的截斷形式，首次可考于1979年。

faxes (third-person singular present)
faxxes (third-person singular present)
faxing (present participle)
faxxing (present participle)
faxed (past participle)
faxxed (past participle)

Hands trembling with excitement and impatience, I faxxed my credit history to Jerry Raskin, the real estate agent listed, and received an appointment to view the place.

1990，Isaac Asimov’s Science Fiction Magazine，卷 14，頁 82:

Plaintiff contented that in a game show in London, England, in January of 1988, Mr. Steinberg entered into an oral agreement with Atari representatives to become the exclusive distributor of Atari Games’ products; that the proposed agreement was dictated at this meeting; and that within two days Mr. Steinberg sent defendant a faxxed confirmation of this oral arrangement reached at the London trade show.

SENATOR BAUCUS, IT IS THE THIRD STATEMENT, YOUR CHALLENGE, THAT HAS LED TO THE MOST FRUSTRATION FOR THE PEOPLE I AM REPRESENTING TODAY. WE TOOK YOU AT YOUR WORD AND HAVE RALLIED AND CONVOYED TO MAKE YOU AWARE OF US, TELEPHONED, WRITTEN LETTERS, FAXXED YOU, AND SPOKE WITH YOU PERSONALLY TO LET YOU KNOW HOW WE FEEL.

1992，Montana National Forest Management Act of 1991: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Public Lands, National Parks and Forests of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, First Session on S. 1696; October 22, 1991，Washington: United States Government Publishing Office, →ISBN，頁s 140–141:

A few of the corporations involved have frankly acknowledged the roadblock: their own fear of the POW/MIA movement. Some companies scheduled for a trade mission to Vietnam dropped out after receiving a faxxed message from the National P.O.W. Strike Force summed up by its leader: “We will go out of our way to destroy your company because you want to do business with filthy Communists who are holding American prisoners.”

1993，H. Bruce Franklin，M.I.A., or, Mythmaking in America，第revised and expanded paperback版, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN，頁 194:

Thanks to Franz Amador and Tony Barrett for helpful discussions. We gratefully acknowledge Oren Etzioni’s emergency faxxing service. This research was funded in part by National Science Foundation Grant IRI-8957302, Office of Naval Research Grant 90-J-1904, and a grant from the Xerox corporation.

1993，Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence，Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, →ISBN，頁 737，列 1:

His logistic: to dress in the skin of the worker, / the technician, the programmer, / infiltrating himself in their milieu, / their offices, their plants, & their boards, / a bug in their systems, / crossing up the controls and the panels, / the wiring, the wave lengths, / the faxxing of messages, the spy-satellites / & their receptors, / changing their conceptions, their charts.

1994，Olga Elena Mattei，“Part One: Poetry [§] The Angel of the Millennium (Accident at the Nuclear Plant)”, in In Other Words: Literature by Latinas of the United States，Houston, Texas: Arte Público Press, →ISBN，頁 139:

He already has the copy of the other fingerprints that Leo faxxed to him for comparison.

1995，Lucha Corpi，Cactus Blood: A Mystery Novel，Houston, Texas: Arte Público Press, →ISBN，頁 151:

On May 12, 1995, Julie Hirshen (GAO) faxxed a draft portion of the GAO Cooperative Threat Reduction report dealing with MPCA.

1995年May17日，Ken Luongo，“Comments on GAO Report on CTR Program Concerning MPCA (note to Ken Sanders)”, in Weapons of Mass Destruction: Reducing the Threat 源自the Former Soviet Union: An Update (United States General Accounting Office, Report to Congressional Requesters)，出版於 June 1995, “Background”，頁 76:

[162] / Faxxing from Israel / 03-695-0132 / [163] / Calling from abroad / 972-3-695-6868 / Faxxing from abroad / 972-3-695-0132

1996，Middle East Peace Process: Hearing Before the Committee on International Relations House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session; September 20, 1995，Washington: United States Government Publishing Office, →ISBN，頁 25:

Please advise how one faxxes from the Pilot Pro. Faxxing would greatly enhance my use of the Pilot. / Thanks!

1997年May18日，Mike Story，“Confirmed....Pilot Modem Has FAX capability!!”, in alt.comp.sys.palmtops.pilot (Usenet):

Please have Georgia Dixon of Sen Craig’s office have a current copy of the Canadian Endangered Species list faxxed to her from Ottawa, Canada.

1999，Appendix E: Response to Public Comments: Final Environmental Impact Statement For Open Road and Open Motorized Trail Analysis (Motorized Road and Trail Travel Plan):


chase

借自盎格鲁-诺曼语 chacer → 古法语 chacier → 拉丁语 captiāre, captiō → captō, capiō。义同catch。

chases (third-person singular present)
chasing (present participle)
chased (past participle)


coast

源自中古英語 costeien (“在一个边界上移动；沿着...走；陪同；穿越，穿过；邻接于”) [以及其他形式]，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 [具體何詞?]、古法語 costoier (“靠在，与...邻接”) […]（现代法語 côtoyer (“划过，经过；擦肩”)），源自拉丁語 costicāre，源自拉丁語 costa (“肋骨；边”)，还见词源 1。

coasts (third-person singular present)
coasting (present participle)
coasted (past participle)

（指车等不依靠引擎动力）滑行

When I ran out of gas, fortunately I managed to coast into a nearby gas station.

我没油了，还好我想办法把车推到了附近的一家加油站。

We steamed easily across the first part of the Tay Bridge, and then after passing over the long spans in mid-stream we coasted smoothly down the 1 in 114 gradient, and around the sweeping curve through Esplanade Station.

1947 January and February，O. S. Nock，“"The Aberdonian" in Wartime”, in Railway Magazine，頁 7:

Avanti West Coast has introduced the use of coasting with its Pendolino fleet, in an effort to keep disruption during overhead line equipment failures to a minimum. [...] The Class 390s coasted for three miles without power between Harrow & Wealdstone and Wembley Central, running under damaged OLE.

2020年September23日，“Network News: AWC employs coasting to minimise disruption”, in Rail，頁 26:

不出力，不费力，不花心思

Yet the truth is that City would probably have been coasting by that point if the referee, Michael Oliver, had not turned down three separate penalties, at least two of which could be accurately described as certainties.

November 2 2014, Daniel Taylor, "Sergio Agüero strike wins derby for Manchester City against 10-man United," guardian.co.uk


crash

:< 中古英语 crasschen（碎裂）。更古的词源未知。可能为拟声词。

crashes (third-person singular present)
crashing (present participle)
crashed (past participle)

碰撞；撞击；（飞机）坠落，坠毁

（价格、业务、股票等）（突然）贬值，倒闭，失败；暴跌

入睡；（在不常睡觉的地方）睡觉


diet

源自中古英語 dieten、dyeten、diȝeten，源自古法語 dïeter以及中世紀拉丁語 diētāre。

diets (third-person singular present)
dieting (present participle)
dieted (past participle)

When all signs of effusion, dulness, pain, œgophony, and cough had disappeared he was dieted, stimulated, and tonicked.

1887，Medical Press and Circular，卷 94，頁 461:

As illustrating the belief that the Baptism by Blood was accompanied by a real regeneration of the devotee, Frazer quotes an ancient writer who says that for some time after the ceremony the fiction of a new birth was kept up by dieting the devotee on milk, like a new-born babe.

1920，Edward Carpenter，Pagan and Christian Creeds，New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 出版於 1921，頁 45:

I've been dieting for six months, and have lost some weight.

我已经节食了六个月，并减轻了一些体重。

Let him[…]diet in such places, where there is good company of the nation, where he travelleth.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Travel”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

But partly led to diet my revenge […]。

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (请用大写罗马数字指定剧本幕号，并用小写罗马数字指定剧本场号):


drown

源自中古英語 drownen、drounen、drunen (“溺死”)，其词源不详。
《牛津英语词典》提出一个不可考的古英语形式*drūnian。 Harper 2001指出古英语druncnian、ġedruncnian（→中古英語 drunknen、dronknen (“溺死”)），它们“可能受到了古諾爾斯語 drukkna的影响”（对比冰島語 drukkna、丹麥語 drukne (“溺死”)）。Funk & Wagnalls认为词源不详。有理论指出（如ODS）其可能直接借自古諾爾斯語 drukkna，但《牛津词典》认为在“发音和各种原因上解释不通”，除非引入不可考变体古諾爾斯語 *drunkna的可能性。

drowns (third-person singular present)
drowning (present participle)
drowned (past participle)

[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷaʊn]

用比喻义指掩盖其他事物的声音时，现在常用形式drown out。

When I was a baby, I nearly drowned in the bathtub.

我很小的时候差点在浴缸里淹死。

The car thief fought with an officer and tried to drown a police dog before being shot while escaping.

汽车窃贼和一名警官斗殴以后，试图将一只警犬溺死，然后在逃跑时被枪打中。

We are drowning in information but starving for wisdom.

我们淹没在信息的海洋中，却仍希求智慧。

Penny Guy: Bloody hell, Rog, whadda you want? / Roger O'Neill: To drown in your arms and hide in yer eyes, darlin'.

He drowns his sorrows in buckets of chocolate ice cream.

他靠大桶巧克力冰淇淋来消愁。

Though most men being in sensuall pleasures drownd, / It seemes their Soules but in the Senses are.

1599，John Davies，Nosce Teipsum，London: John Standish，頁 19:

Unluckily that worthy Officer having, in a literal Sense, taken his Fill of Liquor, had been some Time retired to his Bolster, where he was snoaring so loud, that it was not easy to convey a Noise in at his Ears capable of drowning that which issued from his Nostrils.

1749，Henry Fielding，章號 XIV, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 II, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book VII，頁s 71–72:

使...淹没（于其他物品中）

The answers intelligence services seek are often drowned in the flood of information they can now gather.


flee

源自古英語 flēon，源自原始日耳曼語 *fleuhaną，源自原始印歐語 *plewk-、*plew- (“飞；流；跑”)。
同源词包括荷蘭語 vlieden、德語 fliehen、冰島語 flýja、瑞典語 fly、哥特語 𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þliuhan)。英语内与fly有关，还与flow有较远的关系。

flees (third-person singular present)
fleeing (present participle)
fled (past participle)

The prisoner tried to flee, but was caught by the guards.

囚犯企图逃跑，但是被看守抓住了。

The wicked flee when no man pursueth: but the righteous are bolde as a lyon.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 28:1:

As they turned into Hertford Street they startled a robin from the poet's head on a barren fountain, and he fled away with a cameo note.

1922，Michael Arlen，“Ep./4/2”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

When, however, the plant spirits were not strong enough in themselves, then the family called in the Medicine Man. He appeared, a "monster of so frightful mien", with noise making apparatus which produced such a terrifying din that even the hardiest demon was likely to flee.

1940，Rosetta E. Clarkson，Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens，The Macmillan Company，頁 254:

Many people fled the country as war loomed.

战争将至，很多人都逃出了国外。

Thousands of people moved northward trying to flee the drought.

几千人为了逃离干旱而北迁。

The Government, having lit the fuse, is not going to be allowed to flee the explosion.

1962 October，“Talking of Trains: Passed to you, Mr. Macmillan”, in Modern Railways，頁 220:

Ethereal products flee once freely exposed to air.

乙醚制品暴露在空气中后会挥发。


halt

halts (third-person singular present)
halting (present participle)
halted (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-halt.wav


intervene

intervenes (third-person singular present)
intervening (present participle)
intervened (past participle)


kidnap

kidnaps (third-person singular present)
kidnapping (present participle)
kidnaping (present participle)
kidnapped (past participle)
kidnaped (past participle)

Hello, ladies. How’s the Big Apple?
Rotten, Jerry. Clover’s been kidnapped.
Oh dear. That’s the second time this month.

2002年September6日，Michelle and Robert Lamoreaux，“Model Citizens”, in Totally Spies!，季数 1, 集数 9, spoken by Alexandra “Alex” (Jess Harnell as Jerry and Katie Leigh), Marathon Media, 經由 Teletoon:


labour

源自中古英語 labouren ← 古法語 laborer ← 拉丁語 laborare (“(intransitive) to labor, strive, exert oneself, suffer, be in distress, (transitive) to work out, elaborate”) ← labor (“labor, toil, work, exertion”)；参见robur (“力量”)。

labours (third-person singular present)
labouring (present participle)
laboured (past participle)


opinion

:源自中古英語 opinion, opinioun，源自盎格魯-諾曼語、中古法語 opinion，源自拉丁語 opinio，源自 opinari，opinor （“認為”）的不定式。

opinions (third-person singular present)
opinioning (present participle)
opinioned (past participle)


oust

ousts (third-person singular present)
ousting (present participle)
ousted (past participle)

The protesters became so noisy that they were finally ousted from the meeting.

抗議者因為太嘈吵，最後被逐出會議。

The CEO was ousted by the board of directors.


propose

提议，建议；推荐；打算;求婚
參見：proposal


unite

借自拉丁語 ūnītus，ūniō的完成被動分詞。

unites (third-person singular present)
uniting (present participle)
united (past participle)

将不同的东西合并为一个东西的过程


starve

源自中古英語 sterven，源自古英語 steorfan (“死”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *sterbaną (“僵硬；死”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)terp- (“弱，麻”)，或原始印歐語 *sterbʰ- (“僵硬”)，源自*ster- (“僵”)，或者上述词的异文合并。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 sterve (“死，消失”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 stjerwa (“死”)、西弗里斯蘭語 stjerre (“死”)、荷蘭語 sterven (“死”)、德國低地德語 starven (“死”)、德語 sterben (“死”)、冰島語 stirfinn (“脾气差的；刚愎的”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 shterp (“贫瘠的；贫瘠的土地”)。

starves (third-person singular present)
starving (present participle)
starved (past)
starved (past participle)
starven (past participle)

famish

（尤指通过断粮）摧毁，使...屈服；使...饿死

while the grass grows, the steed starves

During the Cultural Revolution I was exiled to Xincai County in Henan Province. There, 36 percent of the people starved to death in the early 1960s.

1990，Chen Yizi (陳一諮)（被引）, Children of the Dragon: The Story of Tiananmen Square, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 48:

"When all of you starve to death, Shasta, don't come crying to me, that's all."

2007，Lisa Wingate，A Thousand Voices，頁 76:

Hey, ma, I'm starving! What's for dinner?

喂，老妈，我要饿死了！晚饭吃啥？

（尤指通过断粮）摧毁，使...屈服；使...饿死

剥夺 （粮食或必需物品）

The uncaring parents starved the child of love.

冷漠的父母剥夺了孩子应得的爱。

The patient's brain was starved of oxygen.

（因缺乏某物而）恶化，情况变差

I was half starved waiting out in that wind.

我在那风里等人，被冻了个半死。

Wheniver he wor starved, he used to get th' seck o' coils ov his back, an' walk raand th' haase till he gat warm agean.

1869 February，John Hartley，The original illuminated clock almanack:

One i' th' morning an' me starv'd to th' death wi' waitin' up.

1886，A Queer Supper，John Heywood, section 8:

Sometimes he remarks, “ ’Tis these dreadful frostis that spiles everything. ’Tis enough to sterve anybody.”

1898，J. Arthur Gibbs，“When the May-Fly is Up”, in A Cotswold village; or, Country Life & Pursuits in Gloucestershire，London: John Murray, →OCLC，頁 164:

死亡；（晚期用法中指）慢慢死去

Seuen moneths he ſo her kept in bitter ſmart, / Becauſe his ſinfull luſt ſhe would not ſerue, / Vntill ſuch time as noble Britomart / Releaſed her, that elſe was like to ſterue / Through cruell knife that her deare heart did kerue.

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book IV, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），第II部分 (卷 IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 4，頁 6:


suffer

源自中古英語 suffren，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 suffrir，源自拉丁語 sufferō (“献上，支撑，承受，遭受”)，源自sub- (“下”) + ferō (“撑着”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰer- (“负，持”)。取代了原生词古英語 þrōwian。

suffers (third-person singular present)
suffering (present participle)
suffered (past participle)

Many artists suffer before becoming famous.

很多艺术家在成名前都吃过很多苦。

At least he didn't suffer when he died in the car crash.

至少他死在交通事故里之前没有痛苦。

If you keep partying like this, your school-work will suffer.

你老是天天去聚会的话，你成绩会变差的。

Our correspondent found that timekeeping had suffered following the substitution of Class 5 4-6-0s on these workings.

1961 October，“Motive Power Miscellany: Scottish Region”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 638:

I've been suffering your insults for years.

我忍受你的侮辱已经很多年了。

We hope you never have to suffer the same pain.

我们希望你不用吃一样的苦。

Investors face a quandary. Cash offers a return of virtually zero in many developed countries; government-bond yields may have risen in recent weeks but they are still unattractive. Equities have suffered two big bear markets since 2000 and are wobbling again. It is hardly surprising that pension funds, insurers and endowments are searching for new sources of return.

2013年July6日，“The rise of smart beta”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8843，頁 68:

Thou shalt not suffer a witch to liue.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:18:

But Iesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not to come vnto me: for of such is þe kingdome of heauen.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 19:14:

"Employ" includes to suffer or permit to work.

1938, The U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 203:

[…] it shall be unlawful for any person to cause, allow, permit or suffer any vehicle to be parked […] beyond the period of time established by the duration of the parking meter […]

1978, Section 31-36 of the Code of Montgomery County, Maryland:


recognize

/ˈɹɛkəɡnaɪz/


ruin

ruins (third-person singular present)
ruining (present participle)
ruined (past participle)
ruint (past participle)


doctor

:< 中古英語 doctor、doctour（“专家、权威”） < 盎格魯-諾曼語 doctour < 拉丁語 doctor （“教师”） < doceō （“教授”）。 取代了中古英语固有词 lerare（“教师”）（ < 中古英语 leren（“教授”） < 古英语 lǣran、lēran（“教授、指导”））。 对比古英语 lārēow（“教师、大师”）。

doctors (third-person singular present)
doctoring (present participle)
doctored (past participle)

改变有生命物体的生长速度或行为


box out

抢篮板球挡人
* 正體: 盒狀放射[自由軟體]
* 简体: 盒状放射[自由软体]


fall in

投进
* 正體: 進入同步[電子計算機]


adventure

源自中古英語 aventuren, auntren ← 古法語 aventurer ← aventure。

adventures (third-person singular present)
adventuring (present participle)
adventured (past participle)

/ədˈvɛnt͡ʃɚ/

/ædˈvɛnt͡ʃɚ/

/ədˈvɛnt͡ʃə/


abandon

:< 古法语 abandoner——à + bandon（管辖，控制） < 中古拉丁语 bannum（宣告）< （日耳曼语源）—— 法兰克语 *ban < 原始日耳曼语 *bannan（宣告，命令）（对比现代英语 ban） < 原始印欧语 *bha-（说）。 法语借词替换了中古英语固有词 forleten（放弃）（ < 古英语 forlǣtan, anforlǣtan）与中古英语词 forleven（抛弃）（ < 古英语 forlǣfan）。

abandons (third-person singular present)
abandoning (present participle)
abandoned (past participle)

（~ sb. (to sth.)）（不顾责任、义务等）离弃，遗弃，抛弃

The baby had been abandoned by its mother.

People often simply abandon their pets when they go abroad.

人们出国时常常丢下宠物不管，一走了之。

The study showed a deep fear among the elderly of being abandoned to the care of strangers.

研究表明，老人十分害怕被丢给陌生人照管。

Snow forced many drivers to abandon their vehicles.

大雪迫使许多驾驶者弃车步行。

They had to abandon their lands and property to the invading forces.

他们不得不放弃土地和财产，让侵略军占领。

He gave the order to abandon ship ( to leave the ship because it was sinking).

他下令弃船（因船快要沉没）。

停止（支持或帮助）；放弃（信念）

The country abandoned its political leaders after the war.

战后该国人民不再拥护他们的政治领袖。

By 1930 he had abandoned his Marxist principles.

1930年时他已放弃了马克思主义信念。

They had to abandon the match because of rain.

因为下雨，他们只好中止比赛。

I have abandoned hope of any reconciliation.

我已对任何和解都不再抱希望。

（~ oneself to sth.） 陷入，沉湎于（某种情感）

He abandoned himself to despair.


dom

doms (third-person singular present)
domming (present participle)
dommed (past participle)

（dominate 的简称）占领，支配


radio

:< 拉丁語 radius （“光线”）。

radios (third-person singular present)
radioing (present participle)
radioed (past participle)


zero

源自法語 zéro，源自意大利語 zero，源自中世紀拉丁語 zephirum，源自 阿拉伯語 صِفْر (ṣifr，“什么都没有, 暗号”)。

zeroes (third-person singular present)
zeros (third-person singular present)
zeroing (present participle)
zeroed (past participle)


cajole

借自法語 cajoler，可能是中古法語 cageoler (“松鸦鸣叫”)（源自gajole，geai (“松鸦”)的方言指小词） + 古法語 gaioler (“诱至笼中”)的混成词，后者源自中世紀拉丁語 gabiola，源自晚期拉丁語 caveola（其衍生出英語 caveola），拉丁語 cavea (“笼子，畜栏”)的指小词。详见cage、cave、cavum和cavus。

cajoles (third-person singular present)
cajoling (present participle)
cajoled (past participle)

Then he cajoled with his brother, and persuaded him what service he had done him.

1722, Daniel Defoe, Moll Flanders, ch. 12:

If you are cajoled by the cunning arguments of a trumpeter of heresy, or the praises of a puritanic old woman, is not that womanish?

1820, Sir Walter Scott, The Abbot, ch. 27:

He had tried bullying, and without success. He would try cajoling and temptation.

1894, Horatio Alger, Only An Irish Boy, ch. 19:

[W]ith eloquent arts he had cajoled a young girl into a secret marriage.

1898, Gilbert Parker, The Battle Of The Strong, ch. 37:

Schulman, general manager of the "G. F. C.," had been sending out messengers to hunt for him, and finally had got him in his office, arguing and pleading, cajoling and denouncing him by turns.

For weeks, the White House, the Pentagon and Senate Democrats have been working overtime to cajole, convince and placate Republicans.

2010 August 4, Michael Scherer, "NonSTARTer? Obama's Troubled Nuclear Treaty," Time:

But the wife was visibly unimpressed by Ms. Baskin’s half-furnished home (they had just moved in) and thrown-together spaghetti dinner. “It was basically clear that his wife had been cajoled into attending,” said Ms. Baskin, 33. “She settled on to our rickety Ikea kitchen chairs like she was lowering herself into a coal mine.”

2012年July13日，Alex Williams，“Why Is It Hard to Make Friends Over 30?”, in New York Times:


calendar

源自中古英語 kalender，源自古法語 calendier，源自拉丁語 calendarium (“账簿”)，源自kalendae (“一个月的第一天”)，源自calō (“严肃发表，召集”)，源自原始印歐語 *kelh₁-。

calendars (third-person singular present)
calendaring (present participle)
calendared (past participle)

The judge agreed to calendar a hearing for pretrial motions for the week of May 15, but did not agree to calendar the trial itself on a specific date.

法官同意在5月15日那一周安排一场审前动议听证会，但是没有同意给判决安排确切日期。


abrade

派生自拉丁語 abrādō (“刮掉”)，源自ab (“從；遠離”) + rādō (“刮”)。首次記錄於1677年。

abrades (third-person singular present)
abrading (present participle)
abraded (past participle)


abrade

abraid的已棄用拼寫


accent

派生自中古法語 accenter，派生自古法語 accenter，派生自拉丁語 accentō，源自accentus。

accents (third-person singular present)
accenting (present participle)
accented (past participle)


acknowledge

acknowledges (third-person singular present)
acknowledging (present participle)
acknowledged (past participle)

[əkˈnɑːlədʒ]

[ɨkˈnɑːlɨdʒ]

[əɡˈnɑːlədʒ]

[ɨɡˈnɑːlɨdʒ]


acquaint

来自中古英語 aqueinten，acointen，来自古法語 acointier，来自晚期拉丁語 accognitāre，来自拉丁語 ad + cognitus，cognoscere (“知道”)的過去分詞，来自con- + noscere (“知道”)。见quaint、know。

acquaints (third-person singular present)
acquainting (present participle)
acquainted (past participle)

I think you should acquaint him with the realities of the situation.

我認為你應該讓他了解實際情況。


admonish

源自中古英語 admonesten、admonissen，源自古法語 amonester（现代法语admonester），源自一不可考的晚期拉丁語或通俗拉丁語词*admonestrāre，源自拉丁語 admoneō (“提醒，警告”)，源自ad + moneō (“警告，忠告”)。见premonition。

admonishes (third-person singular present)
admonishing (present participle)
admonished (past participle)

reprimand

告诫，训诫；（不严重地）呵责

chide

告诫，训诫；（不严重地）呵责

告诫，训诫；（不严重地）呵责

Better is a poore and a wise child, then an old and foolish king who will no more be admonished.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ecclesiastes 4:13:

And further, by these, my sonne, be admonished: of making many bookes there is no end, and much studie is a wearinesse of the flesh.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ecclesiastes 12:12:

[…] But then things take a turn, the men starting to keel over as Walder seems to admonish them for leaving certain threads hanging. […]

2017年July16日，Brandon Nowalk，“Chickens and dragons come home to roost on Game Of Thrones (newbies)”, in The Onion AV Club:


affiliate

affiliates (third-person singular present)
affiliating (present participle)
affiliated (past participle)


agitate

:< 拉丁語 agitatus——agitare 的过去分词 < agere （“移动”）。 对比法语 agiter、英语 act、agent。

agitates (third-person singular present)
agitating (present participle)
agitated (past participle)

（尤指为法律、社会状况的改变而）激烈争论，鼓动，煽动


articulate

articulates (third-person singular present)
articulating (present participle)
articulated (past participle)

清晰地發音，字正腔圓地說話

解釋，說明白，清楚地表達

以關節相連，以活節相連，掛鉤，鉸鏈接合


attenuate

* 来自拉丁語 attenuāre，at-（= ad-） + tenuāre（变细）。


avenge

avenges (third-person singular present)
avenging (present participle)
avenged (past participle)


baffle

不详。可能与法語 bafouer (“藐视”)或已弃用的法語 befer (“嘲笑”)有关，经由苏格兰语bauchle (“羞辱”)。

baffles (third-person singular present)
baffling (present participle)
baffled (past participle)

hoodwink

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

deceive

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

使...困惑，使...不解，迷惑 （自17世纪）

I am baffled by the contradictions and omissions in the instructions.

指示里的自相矛盾和疏漏让我一头雾水。

无谓地挣扎 （19世纪）

A ship baffles with the winds.

制止，阻止，挫败 （自17世纪）

the art that baffles time's tyrannic claim

1798，William Cowper，On the Receipt of My Mother's Picture:

It may have been the failure of Christianity to emancipate itself from expiatory theories of moral responsibility, guilt, innocence, reward, punishment, and the rest of it, that baffled its intention of changing the world.

1898，George Bernard Shaw，Caesar and Cleopatra:

So they had to search the world again for a sphinx. And still there was none. But they were not men that it is easy to baffle, and at last they found a sphinx in a desert at evening watching a ruined temple whose gods she had eaten hundreds of years ago when her hunger was on her.

1915，Edward Plunkett, Lord Dunsany，Fifty-One Tales:

当众羞辱 （尤指骑士） （16-17世纪）

He by the heeles him hung upon a tree, / And baffuld so, that all which passed by / The picture of his punishment might see […].

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book VI, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

pretences to baffle with his goodness

a. 1678 (date written)，Isaac Barrow，“(please specify the chapter name or sermon number). The Duty of Prayer”, in The Works of Dr. Isaac Barrow. […]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VII), London: A[braham] J[ohn] Valpy, […], 出版於 1830–1831, →OCLC:


brim

源自中古英語 brim、brem、brimme (“河边，岸边，湖边，海边”)，可能源自中古英語 brim (“海，海浪，海滨”)。见上文。同源词包括荷蘭語 berm (“岸，河岸”)、巴伐利亞語 Bräm (“边界”)、德語 Bräme、Brame (“边界”)、丹麥語 bræmme (“边界，边缘”)、瑞典語 bräm (“边界”)、冰島語 barmur (“边界，边缘”)。与berm有关。

brims (third-person singular present)
brimming (present participle)
brimmed (past participle)

The room brimmed with people.

It was a hint of life in a place that still brims with memories of death, a reminder that even five years later, the attacks are not so very distant.

Djokovic, brimming with energy and confidence, needed little encouragement and came haring in to chase down a drop shot in the next game, angling away the backhand to break before turning to his supporters to celebrate.

2011年July3日，Piers Newbury，“Wimbledon 2011: Novak Djokovic beats Rafael Nadal in final”, in BBC Sport:


brim

源自breme，或直接源自古英語 bremman (“咆哮”)（然而在中古英语内不可考）。


bumble

不靈巧或困惑的行為或動作；笨手笨腳；犯錯。

以困惑或難懂的方式說話。


carbonate

carbonates (third-person singular present)
carbonating (present participle)
carbonated (past participle)


caries

借自拉丁語 caries。

cary 的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


cleft

源自中古英語 clift，源自古英語 ġeclyft，源自原始西日耳曼語 *klufti，源自原始日耳曼語 *kluftiz，等价于cleave + -t。对比荷蘭語 klucht (“直白喜剧”)、瑞典語 klyft (“洞”)、德語 Kluft。还见cleave。

clefts (third-person singular present)
clefting (present participle)
clefted (past participle)

将...单独提取出来并强调（指从句子中）

This may be so because in most languages the most natural clefting involves NP's, and it is in fact hard in most languages to cleft the verb, although some — notably Kwa languages in West-Africa — allow such clefting.

1983，Switch-reference and Universal Grammar: Proceedings of a Symposium on Switch Reference and Universal Grammar, Winnipeg, May 1981:

When the affected object is clefted, the clefted constituent may be assigned a contrastive reading on the event denoted by the clause, as is shown in (62).

2002，Claire Lefebvre，A Grammar of Fongbe，頁 521:

The strategy the language employs is to cleft the clause containing the wh-phrase, as exemplified in (3) […]

2013，Katharina Hartmann，Cleft Structures，頁 270:


cleft

cleave 的簡單過去時和過去時分詞


collapse

collapses (third-person singular present)
collapsing (present participle)
collapsed (past participle)

A balloon collapses when the gas escapes from it.

1843, Samuel Maunder, The Scientific and Literary Treasury

Pyramid schemes tend to generate profits for a while and then collapse.

传销会产生一时的收益，然后就会崩溃。

使...倒塌，使...坍塌；折叠

Hurry up and collapse the tent so we can get moving.

快把帐篷收了我们好出发。

The exhausted singer collapsed on stage and had to be taken to the hospital.

筋疲力竭的歌手倒在了舞台上，被送往医院。


complexion

源自中古英語 complexion (“气质，性格”)，源自古法語 complexion（法語 complexion），源自中世紀拉丁語 complexiō (“气质，性格”)，源自complector，complexus (“缠绕，围绕”)的过去分词。

complexions (third-person singular present)
complexioning (present participle)
complexioned (past participle)

给...某种颜色，给...上色

源自the pale refinement of her genteel heroine to the sallow complexioning of poor white trash, Stowe colors her narrative with the hues of the body.

2003，Leland Krauth，Mark Twain & Company: Six Literary Relations，頁 118:


conquer

借自古法語 conquerre，源自晚期拉丁語 conquaerere (“擊打、搜尋、取得”)，源自拉丁語 con- + quaerere (“寻找，获得”)。

conquers (third-person singular present)
conquering (present participle)
conquered (past participle)


cottage

晚期中古英語，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cotage和中世紀拉丁語 cotagium，源自古諾曼語 cot、cote (“小屋，村舍”) + -age (“地产周边”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kutan、*kuta- (“棚屋”)，可能源自印欧语系以外，但也可能借自烏拉爾語系，对比芬蘭語 kota (“小屋，房子”)和匈牙利語 ház (“房子”)，两者均源自原始芬蘭-烏戈爾語/原始烏拉爾語 *kota。但亦对比荷兰语和英語 hut。
古北方法语cote可能是源自古諾爾斯語 kot (“小屋”)，与亦来自原始日耳曼語的古英語 cot同源。
俚语义“公厕”自19世纪，由于两者外观相似。

cottages (third-person singular present)
cottaging (present participle)
cottaged (past participle)


coward

源自中古英語 coward，源自古法語 coart、cuard（→法語 couard），源自coue、coe (“尾巴”) + -ard (贬义施动者名词后缀)。其中，coue、coe，源自拉丁語 cauda。可能指的是动物“转尾巴的方向或夹着尾巴（逃跑）”，尤其是狗。与英語 cower无关。取代了本土词古英語 earg。

cowards (third-person singular present)
cowarding (present participle)
cowarded (past participle)

The first he coped with was their captain, whom / His sword sent headless to seek out a tomb. / This cowarded the valour of the rest, […]

1820，John Chalkhill，Thealma and Clearchus:


destitute

源自中古英語 destituten，源自前文的形容词。

destitutes (third-person singular present)
destituting (present participle)
destituted (past participle)

剥夺...的财产，资源等，使...一贫如洗


deteriorate

/dɪˈtɪəɹɪəɹeɪt/


detoxify

解毒，除去…毒物,去除…放射性沾染


dilute

源自拉丁語 dīlūtus，源自dīluere (“冲掉，溶解，使...融化，冲淡”)，源自dī-、dis- (“离，走”) + luere (“洗”)。参见lave，对比deluge。

dilutes (third-person singular present)
diluting (present participle)
diluted (past participle)

Mix their watery store / With the chyle's current, and dilute it more.

1712，Richard Blackmore，Creation: A Philosophical Poem:

冲淡，淡化；（通过添加异物）削弱

发行股票而使股票价格贬值

It dilutes easily.


dip

源自中古英語 dippen，源自古英語 dyppan，源自原始西日耳曼語 *duppjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *dupjaną，见*daupijaną。与deep有关。

dips (third-person singular present)
dipping (present participle)
dipped (past participle)

dip me in honey and throw me to the lesbians

Dip your biscuit into your tea.

He dipped the end of a towel in cold water and with it began to flick him on the face, his wife all the while holding her face between her hands and sobbing in a way that was heart breaking to hear.

1897，Bram Stoker，章號 21, in Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:

Dip your lights as you meet an oncoming car.

有来车时要把远光灯换成近光灯。

将...降至一半高度 （旗帜，尤指国旗，来表示投降或还礼，称为点旗礼）

The sailor rushed to the flag hoist to dip the flag in return.

The farmer is going to dip the cattle today.

new dipt Sectaries

(Can we date this quote?)，Thomas Fuller，The Appeal of Iniured Innocence:

[…] during the reigns of King James and King Charles I, there were but very few children dipped in the font.

c. 1722，Charles Wheatly，A rational illustration of the Book of Common Prayer:

A cold shuddering dew / Dips me all o'er.

1646 (indicated as 1645)，John Milton，“Comus”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […]，London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], →OCLC:

to dip water from a boiler; to dip out water

Strata of rock dip.

The tunnel dips approximately 15 metres below Regents Canal and has a rising gradient at its northern end of 1-in-107.

2021年June16日，Dr David Turner，“The latest face of Gasworks Tunnel”, in RAIL，期 933，頁 34, photo caption:

做跟舞者身体重心倾斜由领舞者支撑的动作（一般领舞者做主语）

（短暂）弯腿 （尤指唱歌跳舞时的动作）

He dipped out of the room so fast.

Remember on my first lick, got lost in a house / Had to dip, bro, quick, before the dogs came out

2020年April7日，“Did Alotta”, Kai Bandz 作詞，1:07:

I assured him that I'd been birding long enough to know that there were no guarantees with birds and I wouldn't have held it against him if I'd dipped.

2005，Sean Dooley，The Big Twitch，Sydney: Allen and Unwin，頁 124:


dissect

dissects (third-person singular present)
dissecting (present participle)
dissected (past participle)


drill

:< 中古荷蘭語 drillen（"bore, move in a cirle"；“孔(?)；在圓圈內移動”）。

drills (third-person singular present)
drilling (present participle)
drilled (past participle)

（進行）培訓，訓練；演習，操練

反復訓練…，向…反復灌輸

進一步研究，進一步分析；換個層面去分析

（用力）將陰莖插入陰道進行性交；肏


drizzle

drizzles (third-person singular present)
drizzling (present participle)
drizzled (past participle)


autopsy

源自新拉丁語 autopsia，源自古希臘語 αὐτοψῐ́ᾱ (autopsĭ́ā，“亲眼看”)。

autopsies (third-person singular present)
autopsying (present participle)
autopsied (past participle)

对...进行事故原因分析

The user may define his own errors, and use DUMPAL to autopsy the system for him.

1977, National Science Foundation (U.S.), Washington State University. Computer Science Dept, Proceedings of Conference on Computers in the Undergraduate Curricula (issue 8)


ecstasy

源自古法語 estaise (“狂喜”)，源自拉丁語 ecstasis，源自古希臘語 ἔκστασις (ékstasis)，源自ἐξίστημι (exístēmi，“取代”)，源自ἐκ (ek，“出，外”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi，“站”)。

ecstasies (third-person singular present)
ecstasying (present participle)
ecstasied (past participle)

Ali Agha jumped up, seized the visitor by the shoulder, compelled him to sit down, and, ecstasied by the old man's horror at the scene, filled a tumbler, and with the usual grotesque grimaces insisted upon his drinking it.

2011，Richard Francis Burton，Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah, →ISBN:


ejaculate

借自拉丁語 ēiaculātus，ēiaculor (“投掷，射出”)的完成时被动过去分词，源自ē (“出”) + iaculor (“扔，抛”)，源自iaculum (“投射物”)，源自iaciō (“丢出，掷出”)。

ejaculates (third-person singular present)
ejaculating (present participle)
ejaculated (past participle)

The mighty Magnet from the Center darts / This ſtrong, tho' ſubtile Force, thro' all the Parts: / Its active Rays ejaculated thence, / Irradiate all the wide Circumference.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1712年，Richard Blackmore, Creation: A Philosophical Poem. Demonstrating the Existence and Providence of a God. In Seven Books, book I, London: Printed for S. Buckley, at the Dolphin in Little-Britain; and J[acob] Tonson, at Shakespear's Head over-against Catherine-Street in the Strand, OCLC 731619916; 5th edition, Dublin: Printed by S. Powell, for G. Risk, G. Ewing, and W. Smith, in Dame's-street, 1727, OCLC 728300884, page 7:

Vigors almost bounded on the pavement at the mention of the name; and he ejaculated, "It is he of whom I am in search ! But why do you ask? Is it possible that—"

1857，George W[illiam] M[acArthur] Reynolds，The Empress Eugenie's Boudoir，London: Published, for the proprietor, by John Dicks, No. 7, Wellington Street North, Strand，頁 52:

Lady Feng was at the moment having a little goodhumoured raillery with Yüan Yang, and was taken so much off her guard, that she was quite startled out of her senses. "Aiyah!" she ejaculated.

1892–1893，Cao Xueqin with H. Bencraft Joly, transl., Hung Lou Mêng; or, The Dream of the Red Chamber; a Chinese Novel，Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh, →OCLC:

—Half a crown, Stephen responded. I daresay he needs it to sleep somewhere.
—Needs! Mr Bloom ejaculated, professing not the least surprise at the intelligence, I can quite credit the assertion and I guarantee he invariably does.

1922 February，James Joyce，“[Episode 16]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

"We're not going to use magic?" Ron ejaculated loudly.

2003，J. K. Rowling，Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix:

The spermatophores begin to ejaculate immediately after leaving the penis and the whole process is completed in a very few seconds. Pulling the filament attached to the ejaculatory end of a spermatophore is all that is needed to start its ejaculation.

1910年June20日，Gilman A. Drew，“Sexual Activities of the Squid, Loligo pealii (Les.). I. Copulation, Egg-laying and Fertilization”, in Journal of Morphology，卷 22, 期 2, Philadelphia, Pa.: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 出版於 1911，頁 334:

（男性或雄性哺乳动物）射（精）；（女性或雌性哺乳动物）潮射，潮吹

Men can ejaculate between 0.1 and 10 milliliters of semen on average.

男性平均可射出0.1到10毫升精液。

With a groan, he ejaculated on his abdomen.

一声呻吟后，他射到了他的腹部上。

[I]n controlled studies some men have been observed to ejaculate but not have orgasm or have orgasm but are unable to ejaculate.

1994，Vern L. Bullough with Bonnie Bullough, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia [Garland Reference Library of Social Science; 685]，New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, →ISBN，頁 180:

The knowledge that some women ejaculate at the moment of orgasm was, like many other important aspects of sexuality, buried by Puritanism and patriarchy.

2003，Deborah Sundahl，“Foreword”, in Female Ejaculation and the G-spot，Alameda, Calif.: Hunter House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 ix:

However, it would be highly useful if the ejaculated spermatozoa could be successfully cryopreserved and the frozen-thawed spermatozoa used for in vitro fertilization, since this would allow the genetically valuable rats to be maintained alive rather than sacrificed.

2012，Germ Cells – Advances in Research and Application，Atlanta, Ga.: ScholarlyEditions, →ISBN，頁 38:

Bulls, rams and boars have the biggest testes among the larger domestic animals, so they would be expected to produce and ejaculate more sperms than others with smaller testes.

2012，Tim Glover，Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 78:

Rather, these men prefer an erotic exhibition – an uninhibited display of ejaculating semen onto themselves or someone else.

2012，Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Work，Farnham, Surrey, Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, →ISBN，頁s 90–91:


elicit

elicits (third-person singular present)
eliciting (present participle)
elicited (past participle)

激起，引起，诱导出 （情绪，感觉，回答等）；得到 （某种回答，回应）

Shouts of laughter were elicited, smart biddings drawn out, from the whispers of a timid miss, to the stentorian voice of a fox-hunting squire, and not a few fracas from parties either contending for a supposed prize, or disclaiming their chance for it,...

1842，[anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon]，“(please specify the page)”, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁s 223–224:

Fred wished to elicit the time of the meeting from Jane.

Fred本来想从Jane那里打听到会议的时间。

Did you elicit a response?

He visited three department stores in New York and asked the attendant a question that would elicit the answer fourth floor; for example, he might have asked Excuse me, where are women's shoes?

2009，William B. McGregor，Linguistics: An Introduction Answer Key:


elucidate

古典借詞，源自晚期拉丁語 ēlūcidātus (“照亮的；被照亮过的；（比喻义）得到启发的”) + 英語 -ate (表示以某种方式行动的后缀)。ēlūcidātus是ēlūcidō (“照亮；（比喻义）启发”)的完成时被动分词，源自拉丁語 ē-（ex- (表示“出，离”的前缀)的变体）+ lūcidus (“明亮的；闪耀的；清澈的；（比喻义）明晰的，清楚的”)（源自lūceō (“照；（比喻义）明显，显然”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *lewk- (“明；看；闪”)） + -ō (构成第一类变位动词不定式的后缀)。

elucidates (third-person singular present)
elucidating (present participle)
elucidated (past participle)

使...明亮，照亮；使...清澈，使...透明

Another appendix elucidates the S.E.C.R. headcode system.

1961 July，“New Reading on Railways: The Locomotives of the South Eastern & Chatham Railway, by D. L. Bradley”, in Trains Illustrated，London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 vii:

O Lord! somewhere Thou elucidatest the traits of song and sound and somewhere Thou art the treasure of dancing and painting.

2005，Guru Gobind Singh，“Akal Ustat: Eulogy of the Non-temporal Lord”, in Surindar Singh Kohli（譯者）, The Dasam Granth = ਸ੍ਰੀ ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ [Shrī Dasama Grantha Sāhiba]: The Second Scripture of the Sikhs，New Delhi: Ashok Jain for Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 出版於 2020, →ISBN，頁 39，列 2:


endow

源自晚期中古英語 endowen、endouen、enduen、indouen、indw (“给...钱财，生计或特权；授予；（比喻义）有利于；赋予”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 endouer，源自古法語 en- (“进入”之意的后缀) + douer (“授予”)（源自拉丁語 dōtāre（dōtō (“授予”)的现在主动不定式），现代法語 douer）。 dōtō又源自dōs (“彩礼；捐赠，赠礼”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *deh₃- (“给”)） + -ō (构成规则第一类变位动词的后缀)。

endows (third-person singular present)
endowing (present participle)
endowed (past participle)

Men began to build Churches on their own Grounds, at their own Charges, and to endow theſe; and they were naturally the Maſters, and in the true Signification of the Roman word, the Patrons of them.

1713，Gilbert Lord Bishop of Sarum [i.e., Gilbert Burnet]，“The Additional Chapter. Chap. X. Of Presentations to Benefices, and Simony”, in The New Preface and Additional Chapter to the Third Edition of the Pastoral Care. […]，London: Printed for D. Midwinter […], and B. Cowse […]; [a]nd sold by A. Baldwin […], →OCLC，頁s 27–28:

Finding her quite incorrigible in this respect, Emma suffered her to depart; but not before she had confided to her that important and never-sufficiently-to-be-taken-care-of answer, and endowed her moreover with a pretty little bracelet as a keepsake.

1841 February–November，Charles Dickens，“Barnaby Rudge”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock，卷 III, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, chapter 20，頁 46:

The blessing of private initiative for public affairs is destined to be appreciated more deeply. Empty government coffers and a regular exchange of views with experts from all over the world add impetus, even if concepts developed indigenously sometimes still lack a realistic approach to the vital issue of endowing and funding new foundations.

1999，Rupert Graf Strachwitz，“Foundations in Germany and Their Revival in East Germany after 1989”, in Private Funds, Public Purpose: Philanthropic Foundations in International Perspective (Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies)，New York, N.Y.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, →ISBN，頁 232:

Wherby we bith lerned þat it shalnot only be goode to owre prince, but also to vs selff, that he be well indowed; ffor ellis the patriarke wolde not haue made such a trety.

Whereby we have learned that it shall not only be good to our prince, but also to ourselves, that he be well endowed; for else the patriarch would not have made such a treaty.

[c. 1471，John Fortescue，“Here is Shewid, What off the Kynges Livelod Geven awey, mey Beste be Taken a Geyn”, in The Governance of England: Otherwise Called The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy […] (語言：中古英語), London: Oxford University Press; Humphrey Milford, 出版於 1885 (1926 printing), →OCLC，頁 135:

Vpon her eyelids many Graces ſate, / Vnder the ſhadow of her euen browes, / VVorking belgardes [beautiful looks], and amorous retrate [portrait], / And euerie one her with a grace endowes: […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto III”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 25，頁 225:

Father Omnipotent, our Lord and only Redeemer, / […] with thy grace my ſpirit endow: […]

1599，The First Booke of the Preservation of King Henry the Vij. when He was but Earle of Richmond, Grandfather to the Queenes Maiesty: […]，imprinted at London: By R. B. […], →OCLC; 再版為 The First Booke of the Preservation of King Henry the Vij. […] (Illustrations of Old English Literature; no. 11)，[London?: s.n.], 1866, →OCLC，頁 31:

Firſt, it is needfull that we be indowed with humility of ſpirit, that denying our owne ſelves and carnall reaſon, wee may ſubmit to take ſuch ſence and meaning of the Scripture, as it of it ſelfe affords, with the aſſiſtance of the helps of the Church; and not to impoſe upon it any ſenſe of our owne making; […]

1637，John Sym，“The Self-murderers Motives to Kill Themselves”, in Lifes Preservative against Self-killing. Or, A Vsefvl Treatise Concerning Life and Self-murder; […]，London: Printed by M[iles] Flesher, for R[obert] Dawlman, and L[uke] Fawne, […], →OCLC, §4 (Of Misunderstood Scripture Perverting the Iudgement; and the Remedy thereof)，頁 199:

[A]midst so many vicissitudes of fortune to which I have been exposed, amongst all the goods and evils, the joyful and gloomy, the pleasing and disagreeable circumstances of life, thou [God] endowest me with an equal, constant, manly, and superior spirit on every occasion.

1811，Benjamin Stillingfleet，章號 VIII, in Literary Life and Select Works of Benjamin Stillingfleet, […]，卷 I (Literary Life), London: Printed by J[ames] Nichols and Son, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […], →OCLC，頁 119:

Thus was he [John Boyle O'Reilly] fitted to fulfill worthily the vocation of a poet. For it is not aimlessly that Divine Providence endows a human being with qualities so exceptional and exalted.

1890年October13日，James Gibbons，“Introduction”, in James Jeffrey Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, […] Together with His Complete Poems and Speeches，New York, N.Y.: Cassell Publishing Company, […], 出版於 1891, →OCLC，頁 vi:

[P]roper use of sensory feedback is required to grant the industrial robot the required sensing capabilities and to endow it with the intelligence needed for detecting and adjusting to environmental disturbances.

1993，H. Zghal，D. R. Strong，“A Perspective on the Use of Sensors in Robot Materials Handling”, in Information Control Problems in Manufacturing Technology 1992: Selected Papers from the 7th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IMACS/ISPE Symposium, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 25–28 May 1992 (IFAC Symposia Series)，Oxford, Oxfordshire: Published for the International Federation of Automatic Control by Pergamon Press, →ISBN，頁 129，列 2:

General relativity endows spacetime with a causal structure described by observer-invariant light cones. […] Points inside a light cone are causally connected with its vertex, while points outside the same light cone are out-of-causal contact with its vertex.

2005，Maurice H. P. M. van Putten，“Superluminal Motion in the Quasar 3C273”, in Gravitational Radiation, Luminous Black Holes, and Gamma-ray Burst Supernovae，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 1:

Just as we may endow people with physical properties, so we sometimes endow physical objects with human-like personalities or subjective states. Perhaps because of their capacity for interior accommodation, cars, ships, airplanes and even houses are often given female characteristics or referred to as 'she'.

2015，Michael C[harles] Corballis，“Wandering into Other Minds”, in The Wandering Mind: What the Brain Does when You’re Not Looking，Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, →DOI, →ISBN，頁 77:

It's bulging with giant confidence and packed with outbursts of that mysterious epiphanic grandeur, like moments of sunlight breaking through cloud-cover, with which [Jacques] Audiard endows apparently normal sequences and everyday details.

2016年April7日，Peter Bradshaw，“Dheepan review – a crime drama packed with epiphanic grandeur”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2018-12-30:

Historic England explained the listing: "The station's unique design employs a high level of sophistication and innovation through its use of conoid shells supported on a cruck-like frame, which not only create a dramatic aesthetic form, but endow the building with a light and spacious interior."

2023年March22日，Philip Haigh，“Five configuration stages to boost Manchester rail capacity”, in RAIL，期 979，頁 31:

She was endowed with a beautiful voice.

And thus shal the aged Courtier, although he exercise not the qualities that he is indowed withal, comebye his ende at length, to instructe well hys Prince.

1561，Baldassare Castiglione，“The Fourth Booke of the Courtyer of Count Baldessar Castilio unto Maister Alphonsus Aristo”, in Thomas Hoby（譯者）, The Book of the Courtier: From the Italian of Count Baldassare Castiglione: Done into English (The Tudor Translations; XXIII)，London: Published by David Nutt […], 出版於 1900, →OCLC，頁s 337–338:

[T]he late Monſ. Du Faye [i.e., Charles François de Cisternay du Fay] obſerv'd, that there were two Sorts of Electricity, and that Bodies which are endow'd with one Sort of Electricity attract thoſe which are endow'd with the other Sort of Electricity, whilſt they repel thoſe which have the ſame Electricity.

1744，J[ohn] T[heophilus] Desaguliers，“Lecture X. Hydrostaticks.”, in A Course of Experimental Philosophy，卷 II, London: Printed for W. Innys, […]; M. Senex, […]; and T[homas] Longman, […], →OCLC，頁 349:

He [Richard Watson] produced many chemical, phyſical, and metaphyſical reaſons, which ſeem to render the ſuppoſition not altogether indefenſible, that vegetables are endowed with the faculty of perception.

1787 December，“Art. XI. Chemical Essays. By R. Watson, […] Vol. V. 12mo. 4s. sewed. Evans. 1787. [book review]”, in The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged，卷 LXXVII, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, […], 出版於 1794, →OCLC，頁 469:

A young violinist, thirteen years old—Mischa Elman—made his first appearance in Paris on April 2nd, in his own concert at the Salle de Agriculteurs. […] Mischa Elman, indeed, is endowed with most precious gifts, for his art combines the legendary virtuosity of [Niccolò] Paganini with the fulness of sound, the purity of style, and the nobility of expression of [Joseph] Joachim.

1905年June1日，“Letter from Paris”, in The Monthly Musical Record，卷 XXXV, 期 414, London: Augener Limited, […], →OCLC，頁 113，列 1:

给...逝世丈夫的遗产 （寡妇）；给...嫁妆 （新娘） （参见dower和dowry）

And if a man entice a maide that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he ſhall ſurely endow her to be his wife. If her father utterly refuſe to giue her vnto him, he ſhall pay money according to the dowrie of virgins.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:16–17，列 1:

A widow may be endowed of all her husband's lands, tenements, and hereditaments, corporeal or incorporeal, under the restrictions before-mentioned, unless there be some special reason to the contrary. Thus, a woman shall not be endowed of a castle built for defence of the realm, because it ought not to be divided. But of a castle that is only for the private use and habitation of the owner, a woman shall be endowed.

1823，Peter Lovelass，Niel Gow，“Of the Descent of Real Estates, or Estates of Inheritance. […]”, in The Law’s Disposal of a Person’s Estate who Dies without Will or Testament. […]，第11th版, London: Printed for R. Pheney, Charles Hunter, J. and W. T. Clarke, and H[enry] Butterworth, →OCLC, section II (How the Law Disposes of a Wife’s Real Estate; […])，頁 125:


epoch

源自中世紀拉丁語 epocha，源自古希臘語 ἐποχή (epokhḗ，“停止，中止，暂停；行星达到最高点时的停顿；历史的时期”)，源自ἐπέχω (epékhō，“压抑，停止”)，源自ἐπι- (epi-，“之上”) + ἔχω (ékhō，“有，拿着”)。

epochs (third-person singular present)
epoching (present participle)
epoched (past participle)

根据时间将...划分为小段

The continuous data were epoched into segments of 1500 ms (starting 500 ms before visual stimulus onset), time-locked to stimulus onset (0 ms) and sorted according to experimental conditions.

2015年July6日，“Stronger Neural Modulation by Visual Motion Intensity in Autism Spectrum Disorders”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


errand

源自中古英語 erande、erende，源自古英語 ǣrende，源自原始西日耳曼語 *ārundī (“消息，口信”)。

errands (third-person singular present)
erranding (present participle)
erranded (past participle)

All the servants were on holiday or erranded out of the house.

所有佣人要不是在休假，要不是被派去办事情不在家里。

She spent an enjoyable afternoon erranding in the city.

她下午在城市里办事时过得很愉快。


exacerbate

源自拉丁語 exacerbo (“激怒；加劇”)；ex (“出”) + acerbo (“使更加痛苦或恶化”)。

exacerbates (third-person singular present)
exacerbating (present participle)
exacerbated (past participle)

/ɪɡˈzæsɚˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsɚˌbeɪt/

The proposed shutdown would exacerbate unemployment problems.

建议中的关闭将加剧失业问题。

Sino-Soviet relations were exacerbated by a border incident on May 9. Beijing charged that thirty Soviet troops, supported by a helicopter and navy boats, crossed the Ussuri River into the Hulin area of Heilongjiang province.

五月九日的边界事件使中苏关系恶化。北京指控三十名苏联士兵在直升机和海军舰艇的支援下越过乌苏里江进入黑龙江省虎林地区。

1986，Peter P. Cheng，“1978: The Four Modernizations on the March [1978：四个现代化正在进行中]”, in Chronology of The People's Republic of China, 1970-1979 [中华人民共和国大事记，1970-1979]，Scarecrow Press, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 395:

Liz: It's just with Ed here, it's no wonder I always bring my flat-mates out and then that only exacerbates things.
Shaun: What do you mean?
Liz: Well you guys hardly get on, do you?
Shaun: No, what does "exacerbate" mean?

2004，Simon Pegg, Edgar Wright，Shaun of the Dead [活人甡吃]:

The reasons for this growing disconnect are myriad and complex but the situation is exacerbated by the reality that those English players who do smash through our game's "glass ceiling" command radically inflated transfer fees.

造成这种差距扩大的原因是多种多样且复杂的，但现实情况是，那些突破了英格兰足球“玻璃天花板”的球员需要支付高昂的转会费，这让情况更加恶化。

2013年August20日，Louise Taylor，“English talent gets left behind as Premier League keeps importing [英超联赛不断引进球员，英格兰球员人才被抛在后面]”, in The Guardian:


exasperate

自拉丁語 exasperō；ex (“出于、彻底”) + asperō (“使粗野，使粗鲁”)，asper (“粗鲁”)。

exasperates (third-person singular present)
exasperating (present participle)
exasperated (past participle)

/ɪɡˈzɑːspəɹeɪt/

消耗人的耐心，使人生气，使人沮丧，使人烦恼，激怒、使人恼怒。

And this report

大約1611 William Shakespeare, Macbeth, act 3, scene 6: