cower

源自中古英語 couren、cowre，源自中古低地德語 kûren (“潜伏；游荡”)或北日耳曼語支（冰島語 kúra (“打盹”)）。同源词包括德語 kauern (“蹲伏”)、荷蘭語 koeren (“蹲守”)、塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 kutriti (“躺着缩成一团”)、瑞典語 kura (“蜷缩”)。与coward无关，其源自拉丁语。

cowers (third-person singular present)
cowering (present participle)
cowered (past participle)

He'd be useless in war. He'd just cower in his bunker until the enemy came in and shot him, or until the war was over.

打仗的时候他肯定没用，他肯定会缩在地堡里，一直到敌人进来把他枪毙了，或者战争打完。

Our dame sits cowering o'er a kitchen fire.

1700, John Dryden, "The Cock and the Fox", in Fables, Ancient and Modern, published March 1700:

Some sterner virtues o’er the mountain’s breast
May sit, like falcons, cowering on the nest

使...蜷缩；吓住，恐吓...并使其屈服

This done, their doubts will vanish, and they will stand confronted by an object lesson which must have the effect either to arouse them to a determination to banish despotism from the land, or cower them into submission and servitude.

1895，Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industry of Kansas:

My spirit will cower them and make them wish they had never risen up against me.

2007，DJ Birmingham，The Queen's Tale: The Struggle for the Survival of Ireland，頁 170:

A vicious Mafia threat intended to cower him—but the chief doesn't cower.


coy

源自中古英語 coy，源自古法語 coi，早期形式quei (“安静的”)，源自拉丁語 quiētus (“在休息的”)。quiet 的同源對似詞。

coys (third-person singular present)
coying (present participle)
coyed (past participle)

Come sit thee down upon this flowery bed, / While I thy amiable cheeks do coy.

c. 1595–1596，William Shakespeare，“A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

For now there are ſprung up a wiſer generation in this kind, who have the Art to coy the fonder ſort into their nets

1635，Edward Rainbowe，Labour Forbidden, and Commanded. A Sermon Preached at S^(t.) Pauls^([sic]) Church, September 28. 1634.，London: Nicholas Vavasour，頁 29:


conclude

源自拉丁语 conclūdere (“关上，停止”), conclūdō的现在主动不定式形式。

这个故事以一个寓意结束。

做出最后决定；得出结论。

From the evidence, I conclude that this man was murdered.

根据证据，我断定这个人是被谋杀的。

作出最后的决定或判断；判断；决定。

停止，阻碍，限制（常用被动）。

The defendant is concluded by his own plea.

A judgment concludes the introduction of further evidence.


concoct

源自拉丁語 concoctiō (“消化”)，源自con- (“一起”)和coquō (“烹煮”)。

concocts (third-person singular present)
concocting (present participle)
concocted (past participle)

[kʰəŋˈkʰɒkt]

to concoct a potion

to concoct a new dish

Their only regret was, that Mademoiselle Carrara would taste none of the conserves and the pastry they were so busily concocting.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 IX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 103:

Pecan shells make good fuel, and they are used by leather tanners to concoct their foul-smelling compounds, and sometimes we mix them with charcoal in hand-soap to make a really good scrubbing agent

2007，Cecilia Dart-Thornton，The Well of Tears: Book Two of The Crowthistle Chronicles，Tor Books, →ISBN:

The twelve include Jill (she used to be a chicken-and-potatoes girl, but now she's willing to try whatever I concoct), […]

2014, Lisa Howard, Healthier Gluten-Free, Fair Winds Press (MA) (ISBN 9781592335985), page 171:

to concoct a cunning plan

On the other hand, the finest argument ever concocted, the concentrated wisdom drawn from men and books, will fail to charm, like the hilarity of a dance, or the splendour of a gala, the young, gay girl, whose spirits are exuberant, and whose heart is untouched by care, and who, a dozen years afterwards, would, in calm cheerfulness, listen lovingly, and examine carefully, the pleaded reasons offered to her judgment.

1842，[anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon]，章號 XXVI, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 34:

He had two beautiful daughters who fell in love with men he approved of and he wanted to give them the most lavish double wedding he could concoct.

2005，Jean Ferris，Into the Wind: Part One，iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 161:

For the parts of an Embryo are nourished and encreased before it hath a Stomach to concoct any thing, and yet in a perfect Fœtus none can deny that the Stomach does concoct […]

1703, Thomas Gibson, The Anatomy of Humane Bodies Epitomized, page 297:


deadpan

deadpans (third-person singular present)
deadpanning (present participle)
deadpanned (past participle)

Kidd deadpanned it, stared glassily back at Maitland.


debilitate

拉丁語 debilitatus，debilitare (“使...变弱”)的过去分词，源自形容词debilis (“弱的”)，源自de- + habilis (“能够...的”)。

debilitates (third-person singular present)
debilitating (present participle)
debilitated (past participle)

enervate

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

enfeeble

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

weaken

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

The American Dream suffered a debilitating effect after the subprime crisis.

美国梦在次贷危机后经历了一次衰落。

Twice, they found themselves behind, seemingly on their way out, and on both occasions they absolutely refused to let their lack of numbers debilitate them.

2015年March12日，Daniel Taylor，“Chelsea out of Champions League after Thiago Silva sends 10-man PSG through on away goals”, in The Guardian (London):


dastard

源自中古英語 dastard (“愚人”)，可能由*dast得来，其为从古諾爾斯語 dæstr (“喘不过气的”) + -ard衍生而来的一个词干。 对比冰島語 dasaður (“筋疲力尽的”)，方言瑞典語 däst (“劳累的”)、中古荷蘭語 dasaert、daasaardt (“傻子”)、英語 dazed (“发呆的”)。

dastards (third-person singular present)
dastarding (present participle)
dastarded (past participle)

Would my short life had yet a shorter date! / I'm weary of this flesh which holds us here, / And dastards manly souls with hope and fear; / These heats and colds still in our breast make war, / Agues and fevers all our passions are.

1665, John Dryden, The Indian Emperour, or the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen, Act II, Scene 1, http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12166/pg12166-images.html


daunt

源自中古英語 daunten，源自古法語 danter，源自拉丁語 domitō (“驯服”，动词)，拉丁語 domō (“驯服，征服”，动词)的反复态，源自原始意大利語 *domaō，源自原始印歐語 *demh₂- (“驯”)。dompt 的同源對似詞。

daunts (third-person singular present)
daunting (present participle)
daunted (past participle)

吓倒，使...气馁，威吓

Death I'll meet, my soul no terrors daunting, / Take the life for which thy heart is panting, / Spare not thou, though he spare, his life granting, / Or let death end us both at a blow.

[1865?]，Eugène Scribe，譯者 Charles Lamb Kenney, L’Africaine. An Opera in Five Acts, […] The Music by Giacomo Meyerbeer. Translated into English […]，London: Published and sold by Chappell & Co., […], Boosey & Co., […], →OCLC, Act III，頁 34:

No, I shall not disgrace the Cause, I shall not grieve my comrades by weak surrender! I will fight and struggle, and not be daunted by threat or torture.

1912，Alexander Berkman，章號 17, in Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist:

Ah, I have changed, I do not know / Why lonely hours affect me so. / In days of yore, this were not wont, / No loneliness my soul could daunt.

1913，Paul Laurence Dunbar，“A Lost Dream”, in The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar:


daunting

daunt 的現在時分詞和動名詞


demean

demeans (third-person singular present)
demeaning (present participle)
demeaned (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-demean.wav

贬低身份，有损尊严；降低价值

People living in Wuhan didn't worry about being demeaned by wearing a face mask.

生活在武汉的人们并不担心因为带口罩而被别人贬低。


demented

dement的过去分词，源自拉丁語 dēmentāre。

dement 的過去式和過去分詞


demise

借自中古法語 démise，démettre的阴性单数过去分词，源自拉丁語 dēmissa，dēmittō的完成时被动分词的阴性单数形式。

demises (third-person singular present)
demising (present participle)
demised (past participle)


demote

demotes (third-person singular present)
demoting (present participle)
demoted (past participle)

James was demoted from branch manager to assistant manager due to his poor discipline.

James由于不守纪律，被从副经理降职成了分店经理。

In 1036, shortly after arriving at Yi-ling, Ou-yang Hsiu sent a lengthy letter to his friend, Yin Shu, who had been demoted at the same time as Ou-yang Hsiu and sent to Ying-chou (modern Chung-hsiang, Hupeh).

1984，Ronald C. Egan，The Literary Works of Ou-yang Hsiu (1007-72)，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 93:


denizen

源自中古英語 denisein，源自古法語 denzein，源自deinz (“内部”) + -ein，源自晚期拉丁語 deintus (“自内部”)，其衍生出法語 dans。

denizens (third-person singular present)
denizening (present participle)
denizened (past participle)

给...授予公民身份，归化

He was denizened to Ireland after fleeing his home country.

他逃离祖国后归化到了爱尔兰。

[The Horse-Chessnut] was first brought from Constantinople to Vienna, thence into Italy, and so France; but to Ʋs from the Levant more immediately, and flourishes so well, and grows so goodly a Tree in compe[te]nt time, that by this alone, we might have ample encouragement to Denizen other strangers amongst us.

1664, John Evelyn, Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber, London: 1670, Chapter 7, “Of the Chesnut,” p. 42,

Poor Refugies at first, they purchase here:

1693, John Dryden (translator), The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis, London: Jacob Tonson, The Third Satyr, p. 38,

There were a few islets in the sand […] 。 These were at once denizened by the Calotropis, Argemone, Tamarix, Gnaphalium luteoalbum and two other species […] 。

1849, Joseph Dalton Hooker, “Extracts from the Private Letters of Dr. J. D. Hooker, written during a Botanical Mission to India” in William Jackson Hooker (editor), Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany, London: Reeve, Benham and Reeve, Volume 1, p. 85,


deprave

源自中古英語 depraven，源自古法語 depraver，源自拉丁語 dēprāvāre (“扭曲的，腐败的”)，源自de- + pravus (“扭曲的，邪恶的”)。

depraves (third-person singular present)
depraving (present participle)
depraved (past participle)

使...恶化，使...腐败


dereference

dereferences (third-person singular present)
dereferencing (present participle)
dereferenced (past participle)

/dɪˈɹɛfɹəns/

follow

间接访问，间接存取（直接在符号链接指向的文件上执行操作）

resolve

间接访问，间接存取（直接在符号链接指向的文件上执行操作）

间接访问，间接存取，解引用，解参考（访问一个指针或类似数据类型的值所指向的内存中的值）

Attempting to dereference a null pointer often results in a crash.

试图间接引用空指针常会导致程序崩溃。

间接访问，间接存取（直接在符号链接指向的文件上执行操作）

With the find command, any symbolic links appearing after -follow will be dereferenced.

使用find命令后，-follow后接的符号链接将被间接访问。


deflower

来自中古英語 deflouren，来自古法語 desflorer（现代法語 déflorer），来自晚期拉丁語 deflōrāre。

deflowers (third-person singular present)
deflowering (present participle)
deflowered (past participle)


dejected

借自拉丁語 dēiciō。

deject 的過去式和過去分詞


despond

源自拉丁語 dēspondeō (“放弃”)，源自dē (“从，离”) + spondeō (“发誓”)。

desponds (third-person singular present)
desponding (present participle)
desponded (past participle)

Yet still despond not, but proceed
Along the path where fate may lead.

I should despair, or at least despond.

October 16, 1820, Thomas Scott, letter to the Rev. G. Knight, Harwell

We wish that […] desponding patriotism may turn its eyes hitherward, and be assured that foundations of our national power still stand strong.

June 17, 1825, Daniel Webster, Speech on the laying of the Corner Stone of the Bunker Hill Monument


dishevel

dishevels (third-person singular present)
disheveling (present participle)
dishevelling (present participle)
disheveled (past participle)
dishevelled (past participle)

使...凌乱，弄乱 （衣服，头发等）

With garments rent, and haire discheueled, / Wringing her hands, and making piteous mone;

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 12:

Like the fair flower dishevell'd in the wind.

[...] the natural finish seems much less likely to show up the stains of travel which might soon dishevel the golden ochre or dark blue—especially the latter—[...].

1964 April，G. Freeman Allen，“The BRB shows traders the Liner train prototypes”, in Modern Railways，頁 262:


disheveled

dishevel 的簡單過去時和過去時分詞


dishevelled

源自早期形式dishevely，源自古法語 deschevelé（现代法語 déchevelé和échevelé），源自des-, + chevel (“头发”)（现代法語 cheveu）。

dishevel 的簡單過去時和過去時分詞


disquieting

disquiet 的現在時分詞和動名詞。


dither

didder的变体，源自中古英語 dideren (“发抖”)。对比中古英語 bididren、bididdren (“诱导，误导”)，源自古英語 bedidrian、bedyderian (“诱导，误导”)。
另，可能与*titeren的表达性质的浊化有关，源自原始日耳曼語 *titrōną。若如此，它则是teeter 的同源對似詞，同源词有古高地德語 zittarōn（德語 zittern）和古諾爾斯語 titra（法羅語 titra、冰島語 titra）。或者可能是一个无关的叠词拟声词。

dithers (third-person singular present)
dithering (present participle)
dithered (past participle)

The dithering Mr Singh of recent times may worry that his reform proposals are already too bold. The reforming Mr Singh of yore would see them as just the start.

2012, The Economist, Sept. 22nd issue, Indian Reform: At Last

抖动 （用不同密度的点来模拟系统色域内不存在的灰度或颜色，以近似渲染出一张图）


divulge

拉丁語 divulgare，源自di- (“widely”) + vulgare (“公布，发行”)。

divulges (third-person singular present)
divulging (present participle)
divulged (past participle)

disclose

将...公之于众，将...泄露给

将...公之于众，将...泄露给

I will never divulge that secret to anyone.

我不会把那个秘密告诉其他人。

In an interview with The Economist last year, he insisted his attack on the CPP had nothing to do with his views on global warming, which he would not divulge.

2016, December 8, The Economist, The president-elect's EPA head may not believe in climate change

Here then is a letter from a young man whose name I must not reveal, but whom I will designate as D. F., and whose address I must not divulge, but will simply indicate as Q. Street, West.

1910, Stephen Leacock, Literary Lapses, "How to Avoid Getting Married"

God... marks The just man, and divulges him through heaven.

1671，John Milton，“The Third Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC:


dogged

dog 的過去式和過去分詞

At night proctors patrolled the street and dogged your steps if you tried to go into any haunt where the presence of vice was suspected.

They will replace the four five-car Class 180 Adelantes [...] that have been dogged by poor reliability.

2019年December4日，Richard Clinnick，“New Trains Special”, in Rail，頁 16:


dolt

在早期现代英语中首次作名词使用，源自英语方言词dold (“愚蠢的，困惑的”)，源自中古英語 dold，dulled、dult (“麻木的”)的变体，dullen、dollen (“使...愚蠢”)的过去分词，源自dull、dul、dwal (“愚蠢的”)。详见dull。

dolts (third-person singular present)
dolting (present participle)
dolted (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-dolt.wav


dilapidate

源自拉丁語 dilapidātus，dilapidō (“用石头摧毁”)的过去分词，源自dis- (程度加强前缀) + lapidō (“用石头砸”)，源自lapis (“石头”)。

dilapidates (third-person singular present)
dilapidating (present participle)
dilapidated (past participle)

In the last days of autumn he had whitewashed the chalet, painted the doors, windows, and veranda, repaired the roof and interior, and improved the place so much that the landlord had warned him that the rent would be raised at the expiration of his twelvemonth's tenancy, remarking that a tenant could not reasonably expect to have a pretty, rain-tight dwelling-house for the same money as a hardly habitable ruin. Smilash had immediately promised to dilapidate it to its former state at the end of the year.

1883, George Bernard Shaw, An Unsocial Socialist, chapter VI

The patrimony of the bishopric of Oxon was much dilapidated.


dilapidated

dilapidate 的簡單過去時和過去時分詞


dinghy

源自孟加拉語 ডিঙি (ḍiṅi)，可能源自梵語 द्रोण (droṇa，“木船”)。

dinghies (third-person singular present)
dinghying (present participle)
dinghied (past participle)

乘小船，小帆船或充气救生筏航行


dumbfound

dumbfounds (third-person singular present)
dumbfounding (present participle)
dumbfounded (past participle)

使...愣住，使...怔住


dunk

源自賓夕法尼亞德語 dunke，源自中古高地德語 dunken，源自古高地德語 dunkōn (“蘸，浸”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *þunkōn (“弄湿”)，可能源自原始日耳曼語 *þunkōną，源自原始印歐語 *teng- (“湿”)。
同源词包括德語 tunken (“浸”)、拉丁語 tingō (“弄湿”)、古希臘語 τέγγω (téngō，“弄湿”)。与taint、tincture、tint有关。

dunks (third-person singular present)
dunking (present participle)
dunked (past participle)

I like to dunk my donut in my apple cider.

我喜欢把甜甜圈蘸到苹果酒里。

Parents shouldn't just dunk their kids in front of the TV.

父母不应该随便把小孩丢在电视机前。

The center spun quickly and dunked the ball with authority.

中锋快速转身来了一记强势的灌篮。

（在社交媒体上）骂，贬低，黑 [接 on]


downtrodden

源自downtrod的过去分词。


disarming

disarm 的現在時分詞和動名詞


drudge

源自中古英語 druggen，可能与古英語 drēogan (“做；受苦”)有关。

drudges (third-person singular present)
drudging (present participle)
drudged (past participle)

Rise to our Toils and drudge away the day.


discombobulate

discombobulates (third-person singular present)
discombobulating (present participle)
discombobulated (past participle)

befuddle

迷惑，使...困惑，使...慌张，让...糊涂，让...摸不着头脑

perplex

迷惑，使...困惑，使...慌张，让...糊涂，让...摸不着头脑

confuse

迷惑，使...困惑，使...慌张，让...糊涂，让...摸不着头脑

迷惑，使...困惑，使...慌张，让...糊涂，让...摸不着头脑

Can't you and I pretend to quarrel? A personal assault by you on me will wake these people up and discombobulate Goldsmith. Say the word—only don't hit too hard.

1895，John Kendrick Bangs，“Story-tellers' Night”, in A House-Boat on the Styx，New York: Harper & Brothers, 出版於 1901，頁 132:

The notes zigzag in his pieces and discombobulate the ear, just as in 12-tone works.

1999年December13日，Anthony Tommasini，“MUSIC REVIEW; Plenty Of Zigzags, But Hold The Angst”, in The New York Times，頁 E3:

First, distract target. Then block his blind jab. Counter with cross to left cheek. Discombobulate. Dazed, he'll attempt wild haymaker. Employ elbow block.

2009年December25日，Michael Robert Johnson, Anthony Peckham, Simon Kinberg，片头起17:18, in Sherlock Holmes，spoken by Sherlock Holmes (Robert Downey Jr.):


encroach

源自中古英語 encrochen，源自古法語 encrochier (“占领”)，源自古法語 en- + croc (“钩子”)，源自日耳曼語族。详见crook。

encroaches (third-person singular present)
encroaching (present participle)
encroached (past participle)

占有，侵占，侵犯；蚕食，侵蚀

Now stands the Brere like a lord alone, / Puffed up with pryde and vaine pleasaunce. / But all this glee had no continuaunce: / For eftsones winter gan to approche; / The blustering Boreas did encroche, / And beate upon the solitarie Brere; / For nowe no succoure was seene him nere.

1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], The Shepheardes Calender: Conteyning Tvvelue Æglogues Proportionable to the Twelue Monethes. Entitled to the Noble and Vertuous Gentleman most Worthy of all Titles both of Learning and Cheualrie M. Philip Sidney, London: Printed by Hugh Singleton, dwelling in Creede Lane neere vnto Ludgate at the signe of the gylden Tunne, and are there to be solde, OCLC 606515406; republished in Francis J[ames] Child, editor, The Poetical Works of Edmund Spenser: The Text Carefully Revised, and Illustrated with Notes, Original and Selected by Francis J. Child: Five Volumes in Three, volume III, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company; The Riverside Press, Cambridge, published 1855, OCLC 793557671, page 406, lines 222–228:

Because change itself would absolutely stay-stable, and again, conversely, stability itself would change, if each of them encroached on the other.

2005，Plato，譯者 Lesley Brown, Sophist，頁 252d:

I won't encroach on your time any longer.

He never allows work to encroach upon his family life.

他从不让工作占领他和家人的时间。

Gradually the negative feelings encroached into her work.

负面情绪渐渐地侵蚀她的工作。


extol

借自拉丁語 extollō (“升起，升高”)。

extols (third-person singular present)
extolling (present participle)
extolled (past participle)

Behold, my servant shall deal prudently, he shall be exalted and extolled, and be very high.

我的僕人行事必有智慧，必被高舉上升，且成為至高。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 52:13:


engender

源自中古法語 engendrer，源自拉丁語 ingenerāre，源自in- + generāre (“产生”)。

engenders (third-person singular present)
engendering (present participle)
engendered (past participle)

成为...的父亲（指男性）；怀有，孕育（指女性） （14-19世纪）

产下，生下 （生物） （自14世纪）

Like all interesting literary figures, he is full of tacit as well as of uttered reference to the conditions that engendered him […]。

1891, Henry James, "James Russell Lowell", Essays in London and Elsewhere, p.60:

造成，导致；创造 （某种情况，结果，特质） （自14世纪）

Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart managed to engender "Better Be Good to Me" and "I Must Love You," but they were neither lyrically nor musically up to standards of their Garrick Gaieties or A Connecticut Yankee.

1928, "New Plays in Manhattan", Time, 8 Oct.:

Manufacturing is not simply about brute or emergency economics. It's also about a sense of involvement and achievement engendered by shaping and crafting useful, interesting, well-designed things.

2009, Jonathan Glancey, "The art of industry", The Guardian, 21 Dec.:

Thick Clouds are ſpread, and Storms engender there,
 And Thunders Voice, which wretched Mortals fear,
 And Winds that on their Wings, cold Winter bear.

a. 1700，John Dryden, transl.，“Ovid’s Metamorphoses”, in Poems on Various Occasions; and Translations from Several Authors，London: Jacob Tonson, 出版於 1701, book I，頁 147:

交媾 （15-19世纪）

But that the bodies of the Reprobate, who make the Kingdome of Satan, ſhall alſo be glorious, or ſpirituall bodies, or that they ſhall bee as the Angels of God, neither eating, nor, drinking, nor engendering[…], there is no place of Scripture to prove it[…]

1651，Thomas Hobbes，“Of the Kingdome of Darknesse”, in Leviathan, Or The Matter Forme, & Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill，London: Andrew Crooke，頁 343:

I fled, but he purſu’d (though more, it ſeems,
 Inflam’d with luſt then rage) and ſwifter far,
 Me overtook his mother all diſmaid,
 And in embraces forcible and foule
 Ingendring with me, of that rape begot
 Theſe yelling Monſters that with ceaſleſs cry
 Surround me, as thou ſawſt[…]

1667，John Milton，“Book II”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 790–800:


engender

给...赋予性别；强调...的性别 （自20世纪）

As such they are an important way of understanding both how texts are engendered (how they articulate particular sex or gender role) and how they engender their consumers.

1992，Anne Cranny-Francis，Engendered Fictions，頁 2:

I focus on […] the efforts of feminist critics of science to examine the engendered origins and implications of scientific rationality and modern epistemology.

1996，Steven C Ward，Reconfiguring Truth，頁 xviii:


enjoin

源自中古英語 enjoinen，源自古法語 enjoindre (“加入”)，源自拉丁語 iniungo (“依附”)，由in- (“进入，在...之上”)和iungo构成的复合词。

enjoins (third-person singular present)
enjoining (present participle)
enjoined (past participle)

to confirm these days of Purim in their times appointed, according as Mordecai the Jew and Esther the queen had enjoined them […]

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Esther 9:31:

At some landmark in the jungle the beater halted, pointed to the ground as a sign that this spot would do, and put his finger on his lips to enjoin silence.

1934，George Orwell，章號 14, in Burmese Days:

They [the Noahide laws] also enjoin the establishment of a just system of laws and courts.

2001，David L. Lieber, Jules Harlow，Etz Hayim: Torah and Commentary，頁 15:

In 1983, BLM was enjoined by court order from using any herbicides in its Medford, Oregon District. Subsequent court action in 1984 enjoined BLM from the use of herbicides throughout Oregon and the U.S. Forest Service was similarly enjoined throughout Region 6 (Pacific Northwest).

1989，U.S. Department of the Interior，章號 1, in Western Oregon Program-Management of Competing Vegetation: Proposed Record of Decision，Bureau of Land Management，頁 9:

the judicial power of the United States had no power to enjoin the executive branch of the government from the execution of a constitutional duty or of a constitutional law

1826，James Kent，Commentaries on American Law:


exude

拉丁語 exudare、exsudare (“流汗”)，源自ex- (“出”) + sudare (“流汗”)，源自sudor (“汗”)。

exudes (third-person singular present)
exuding (present participle)
exuded (past participle)

There are five hundred and fifty-five trees, and they exude the sweetest odours

1870, William Henry Wilkins, The Romance of Isabel

The molten glass exudes into the space outside the outer crucible, and a filament is pulled from the exudant to form a cored glass fiber.

2013, Vladimir G. Plekhanov, Applications of the Isotopic Effect in Solids (page 258)


enrapture

enraptures (third-person singular present)
enrapturing (present participle)
enraptured (past participle)

/ɪnˈɹæpt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

/ɛnˈɹæpt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

使...欣喜，使...陶醉

Her song enraptured the audience with vivid images of the Scandinavian landscapes.

她的歌曲让观众陶醉于斯堪的纳维亚的景色中。


enshrine

enshrines (third-person singular present)
enshrining (present participle)
enshrined (past participle)

A Phœnix, gaz'd by all, as that ſole Bird / When, to enſhrine his reliques in the Sun’s / Bright temple, to Ægyptian Theb's he flies.

1667，John Milton，“Book V”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 272–274:

At the centre of Muhammad's achievement was the extraordinary poetry which enshrined his revelations.

2009，Diarmaid MacCulloch，A History of Christianity，Penguin, 出版於 2010，頁 256:

Other measures, such as compensation for victims, will be enshrined in the proposed new law.

其他手段，比如补偿受害者，将出现于新法中。

The links were mostly to newspaper articles and public records, and Google refused to comply, but with the “right to be forgotten” enshrined as a key objective of the European Union’s 2011 data protection strategy, more and bigger cases are likely to follow.

2011年April19日，Sumit Paul-Choudhury，“Digital legacy: The fate of your online soul”, in NewScientist:

In total, it would have enshrined over 100 rights into Chile’s national charter, more than any other constitution in the world, including the right to housing, education, clean air, water, food, sanitation, internet access, retirement benefits, free legal advice and care “from birth to death.”

2022年September4日，Jack Nicas，“Chile Says ‘No’ to Left-Leaning Constitution After 3 Years of Debate”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


ensnare

ensnares (third-person singular present)
ensnaring (present participle)
ensnared (past participle)

When we were asked to what one should apply the name “what is not”, we were ensnared in total paradox. Remember?

2005: Plato, Sophist, Translation by Lesley Brown, 250d-e,

But electric vehicles and the batteries that made them run became ensnared in corporate scandals, fraud, and monopolistic corruption that shook the confidence of the nation and inspired automotive upstarts.

2006，Edwin Black，章號 1, in Internal Combustion:


egress

egresses (third-person singular present)
egressing (present participle)
egressed (past participle)


enthrall

enthralls (third-person singular present)
enthralling (present participle)
enthralled (past participle)

bewitch

迷住，吸引住，使...着迷

captivate

迷住，吸引住，使...着迷

charm

迷住，吸引住，使...着迷

enchant

迷住，吸引住，使...着迷

transfix

迷住，吸引住，使...着迷

enslave

使...屈服，使...成为奴隶

subjugate

使...屈服，使...成为奴隶

disenthrall

使...屈服，使...成为奴隶

迷住，吸引住，使...着迷

In the center of the circle of glittering black bodies he leaped and roared and shook his heavy spear in the same mad abandon that enthralled his fellow savages. The last remnant of his civilization was forgotten—he was a primitive man to the fullest now; reveling in the freedom of the fierce, wild life he loved, gloating in his kingship among these wild blacks.

1913，Edgar Rice Burroughs，章號 17, in The Return of Tarzan:

使...屈服，使...成为奴隶

[…] Who oft as undeservedly enthrall / His outward freedom: Tyranny must be;

1667，John Milton，“Book XII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


eh

自然的exclamation。首个书面记录见于16世纪中叶。可能是aye的无重音变体。
菲律宾相关义项可能受到了他加祿語 eh和/或西班牙語 eh的影响。

ehs (third-person singular present)
ehing (present participle)
ehed (past participle)


entrancing

entrance 的現在時分詞和動名詞


entrench

entrenches (third-person singular present)
entrenching (present participle)
entrenched (past participle)

/ɛnˈtɹɛnt͡ʃ/

将...用壕沟围起来，用壕沟防守

The army entrenched its camp, or entrenched itself.

军队用在军营周围挖了壕沟。 或 军队用壕沟进行防守。

Senator Cornpone was able to entrench by spending millions on each campaign.

Cornpone参议员在竞选活动上花了上百万以后才得以巩固自己的地位。

Given these entrenched ideological assumptions about the colonial order, it is no wonder that the state and those groups with an interest in the status quo viewed with suspicion and hostility any challenges to the fixed and "natural" boundaries between different sorts of people.

2009，Andrew B. Fisher, Matthew O'Hara，“Forward”, in Imperial Subjects: Race and Identity in Colonial Latin America，頁 4:

For London to have its own exclusive immigration policy would exacerbate the sense that immigration benefits only certain groups and disadvantages the rest. It would entrench the gap between London and the rest of the nation. And it would widen the breach between the public and the elite that has helped fuel anti-immigrant hostility.

2013年September28日，Kenan Malik，“London Is Special, but Not That Special”, in New York Times, retrieved 2013-09-28:

入侵；占领，抢占；擅闯 （常带on或upon）

His face
 Deep scars of thunder had entrenched.

1667，John Milton，“Book I”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


eke out

源自弃用词eke (“添加，使...增加”) + out。

ekes out (third-person singular present)
eking out (present participle)
eked out (past participle)

The old man eked out his pension by selling vegetables from his garden.

老人靠卖花园里的蔬菜来让自己的养老金多一些。

Now the reaſons why they teach the calves to drink ſo ſoon are various. [...] Secondly, the goodwife ſaves milk by this way of drinking, for ſhe quickly ekes out the milk with pottage, &c.

1694年September28日，John Houghton, compiler，“A Letter from a Lancashire Friend about Breeding Cattle. […]”, in Husbandry and Trade Improv’d: Being a Collection of Many Valuable Materials Relating to Corn, Cattle, Coals, Hops, Wool, &c. […] In Three Volumes，期 CXIII, London: Prin[t]ed for Woo[d]man and Lyon […], 出版於 1727, →OCLC，頁 303:

[T]he author [William Belsham] ekes out his volume with a great many extraneous details, which relate to a ſubſequent period; [...] The whole work is ſingularly confuſed and deſultory: and, indeed, the plan which the author adopts, is altogether incompatible with that unity and coherence which is eſſential to hiſtory.

1805 July，“Art. XIV. History of Great Britain. By William Belsham. Vol. XI. and XII. London, 1805. 8vo. [book review]”, in The Edinburgh Review, or Critical Journal，卷 VI, 期 XII, Edinburgh: Printed by D. Willison, […], for Archibald Constable & Co. […], and Longman Hurst Rees and Orme, […], →OCLC，頁 428:

He eked out a living selling vegetables from the garden.

他靠卖花园里的蔬菜勉强度日。

[…]stylistically raw work known as outsider art that was frequently made by Southern blacks and whites who eked out livings as farmers or repairmen.

2001年October23日，Roberta Smith，“Howard Finster, Folk Artist and Preacher, Dies at 84”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

But before too long, the rations that Parivash was ekeing out to feed them fell short and the tension that sprang from so many families piled in together overflowed.

2011，Kamin Mohammadi，“Displaced”, in The Cypress Tree: A Love Letter to Iran，London: Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN; 第paperback版, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, →ISBN，頁 197:

British tycoon Richard Branson stole the show here Wednesday, announcing that he and his family would be on Virgin Galactic's first trip into space, as Airbus and Boeing eked out more plane orders.

2012年July12日，Ben Perry，“Branson’s spaceship steals the spotlight at airshow”, in Yahoo! News，存檔自the original on 2020-04-26:

Her stomach growled at the prospect of eating roast rabbit for breakfast; the last time she had eaten meat had been three days ago. Since then, they had been ekeing out the last dusty contents of a sack of oats, watered down and cooked to make a sloppy gruel.

2013，Meriel Fuller，章號 1, in The Knight’s Fugitive Lady (Harlequin Historical; 370)，Don Mills, Ont.: Harlequin Enterprises, →ISBN，頁 7:


elope

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 aloper (“绑架；逃走”)，借自原始西日耳曼語 *andihlaupan (“逃走”)。等价于and- + lope和and- + leap（这两个词亦为同源对似词）。还见lope。

elopes (third-person singular present)
eloping (present participle)
eloped (past participle)

（与别人的未婚妻未婚夫）私奔；私下结婚（尤指很快的）

My younger sister has left all her friends-- has eloped; has thrown herself into the power of-- of Mr. Wickham.

Although Cecilia was the youngest of the surviving Thrale daughters, she had been the first to marry, eloping to Gretna Green in 1795 with John Meredith Mostyn of neighboring Llewesog Lodge. Both were underage.

1996，“Introduction”, in The Piozzi Letters: Correspondence of Hester Lynch Piozzi, 1784-1821 (formerly Mrs. Thrale), Volume 4, 1805-1810，Associated University Presses, →ISBN，頁 30:

"[Molly:] —It was the same last time [You-Know-Who] was powerful, people eloping left right and centre– —Including you and Dad, said Ginny slyly."

2005，J. K. Rowling，“An Excess of Phlegm” (章號 5), in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Harry Potter; 6)，Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, →ISBN，頁 92:

Although they had eloped in Vegas, she'd insisted he wear a tuxedo and she buy a wedding dress at one of the local stores.

2009，Jan Springer，Intimate Stranger，Ellora's Cave, 出版於 2009, →ISBN，頁 132:

They knew each other for maybe a month before they eloped in Vegas.

2012，Shirley Jump，One Day to Find a Husband，Harlequin, 出版於 2012, →ISBN，頁 136:

He had been intended by his father for trade, but his spirit, soaring above the occupation for which he was designed, from repining led him to resist, and from resisting, to rebel. He eloped from his friends, and contrived to enter the army.

If we'd been a bit quicker, we could have caught Gowan before he eloped

1931，Dorothy L. Sayers，The Five Red Herrings:


elude

源自拉丁語 ēlūdō (“逃过”)，源自ē (“外”，ex的短形式) + lūdō (“玩耍；欺骗”)。

eludes (third-person singular present)
eluding (present participle)
eluded (past participle)

（尤指用手段，技巧） 逃避，逃过

Thus the observation of human blindness and weakness is the result of all philosophy, and meets us at every turn, in spite of our endeavours to elude or avoid it.

1748，David Hume，Enquiries concerning the human understanding and concerning the principles of moral.，London: Oxford University Press, 出版於 1973, § 26:

It leaves City still searching for the Champions League, the trophy that has always eluded them

2021年May29日，Phil McNulty，“Manchester City 0-1 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport:

Podolski gave Walcott a chance to further embellish Arsenal's first-half performance when he eluded James Perch and slipped the ball through to the striker.

2012年December29日，Paul Doyle，“Arsenal's Theo Walcott hits hat-trick in thrilling victory over Newcastle”, in The Guardian:

不能被...理解，对...来说无法理解

I get algebra, but calculus eludes me.

我会代数，但不会微积分。

The solution of that brainteaser eludes me and the name of the author eludes my memory too.

那道谜题的答案我忘了，它的作者我也忘了。


emblazon

emblazons (third-person singular present)
emblazoning (present participle)
emblazoned (past participle)

The route passes over low-lying land, the only item of note being the Cerebos salt works at Greatham, where one may catch a glimpse of the smart black diesel locomotive emblazoned with the firm's name writ large.

1959 August，K. Hoole，“The Middlesbrough — Newcastle route of the N.E.R.”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 359:

在...上雕刻，在...上刻印

The benefactor's image is emblazoned on our memory.

恩人的样子刻在了我们的心中。

Welcome to QAnon, sometimes referred to as “the Storm.” It’s a conspiracy theory that’s swept social media and is starting to break into the mainstream, with Trump rally attendees in Florida on July 31 holding signs and wearing T-shirts emblazoned with “We are Q” and the conspiracy theory’s main catchphrase, “Where we go one, we go all.”

2018年August2日，Jane Coaston，“#QAnon, the scarily popular pro-Trump conspiracy theory, explained”, in Vox:


emcee

MC (“主持人”)的發音拼寫。

emcees (third-person singular present)
emceeing (present participle)
emceed (past participle)

担任...的主持人，主持

Alan Lomax was emceeing the blues workshop and was turned off by the Paul Butterfield Jug Band and implied as much on stage.

1965 August，Mississippi Phil Ochs，“The Newport Fuzz Festival”, in The Realist，期 61, retrieved 2022-11-13，頁 11:


yoke

来自中古英語 yok，ȝok，来自古英語 ġeoc，来自原始日耳曼語 *juką，来自原始印歐語 *yugóm。yuga 的同源對似詞。

yokes (third-person singular present)
yoking (present participle)
yoked (past participle)


wake

合併自兩個拼写和含義均相似的動詞：
* 中古英語 waken，古英語 wacan，来自原始日耳曼語 *wakaną。
* 中古英語 wakien，古英語 wacian，来自原始西日耳曼語 *wakēn，来自原始日耳曼語 *wakāną。

wakes (third-person singular present)
waking (present participle)
woke (past)
waked (past)
woken (past participle)
waked (past participle)
woke (past participle)

我通常在早上6點鐘醒來。

大聲的噪音把我吵醒了。

這次事故引起了人們對酒後駕駛的危險的認識。

The accident woke people up to the dangers of drinking and driving.


walls

wall的单数第三人称现在式。


whimper

源自方言词whimp (“惨叫”) + -er (反复态后缀)。对比德語 wimmern (“抽泣”)。

whimpers (third-person singular present)
whimpering (present participle)
whimpered (past participle)

The lonely puppy began to whimper as soon as we left the room.

我们离开房间以后，孤独的小狗狗开始抽泣起来。

“Master, please don’t punish me!” he whimpered.

“主人，不要惩罚我！”他呜咽道。

Stripped of all bravado, Cersei breaks, and shows the very scared, vulnerable woman who has kept her emotions at bay. “I don’t want to die,” she whimpers, “Not like this.” It’s all the more moving for coming from a character who built her identity on steely resolve and contempt for such hoary conceits as fear.

2019年May12日，Alex McLevy，“Westeros faces a disastrous final battle on the penultimate Game of Thrones (newbies)”, in The A.V. Club:


wince

源自中古英語 wincen、winchen，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 *wenchir、古諾曼語 *wenchier（对比古法語 guenchir），源自古法蘭克語 *wenkjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *wankjan。参见德語 winken。

winces (third-person singular present)
wincing (present participle)
winced (past participle)

（因疼痛，痛苦而）缩身子，畏缩

The two Gordon setters came obediently to heel. Sir Oswald Feiling winced as he turned to go home. He had felt a warning twinge of lumbago.

1935，Francis Beeding，“7/2”, in The Norwich Victims:

对...使用绞车 （如用来洗衣服，染染料等）

（因站不稳或不耐烦而）暴跳，乱跳，乱踢

A horse winces.


windscreen

windscreens (third-person singular present)
windscreening (present participle)
windscreened (past participle)


wayfaring

wayfare 的現在時分詞和動名詞


wobble

源自早期形式wabble，可能源自低地德語 wabbeln (“晃动”)。对比荷蘭語 wiebelen和wobbelen (“晃动”)、古諾爾斯語 vafla (“盘旋；踉跄”)。

wobbles (third-person singular present)
wobbling (present participle)
wobbled (past participle)

Investors face a quandary. Cash offers a return of virtually zero in many developed countries; government-bond yields may have risen in recent weeks but they are still unattractive. Equities have suffered two big bear markets since 2000 and are wobbling again. It is hardly surprising that pension funds, insurers and endowments are searching for new sources of return.

2013年July6日，“The rise of smart beta”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8843，頁 68:

the Earth wobbles slowly on its axis; the jelly wobbled on the plate

地球在其轴上缓缓地来回晃动。 果冻在盘子上晃来晃去

The soprano's voice wobbled alarmingly.

女高音歌手的颤抖让人不安。

I'm wobbling between the Liberals and the Greens.

我在自由党和绿党间犹豫不决。

The boy wobbled the girl's bike.

男孩让女孩的自行车摇来摇去。


wee-wee

wee的叠词，排尿的拟声词。

wee-wees (third-person singular present)
wee-weeing (present participle)
wee-weed (past participle)


woolgather

woolgathers (third-person singular present)
woolgathering (present participle)
woolgathered (past participle)

I had bad times after that—crying at night and woolgathering by day. For two terms I slackened and had bad reports.


wench

名词派生自中古英語 wench、wenche (“女婴；女孩（尤指未婚的）；少妇；女奴隶；女仆；亲爱的；妾；妓女”) [以及其他形式]，略自中古英語 wenchel (“女孩；女仆；小孩”)，源自古英語 wenċel、winċel (“小孩；侍者；奴隶”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wankilą，源自原始日耳曼語 *wankijaną (“摇，曳”)。英语词与古高地德語 wenken (“摇曳；投降”)、wankōn (“踉跄”)同源。
动词和形容词派生自名词。

wenches (third-person singular present)
wenching (present participle)
wenched (past participle)

This is ſure ſome hide-bound ſtudent, that proportions his expence by his penſion; and wencheth at Tottenham court for ſtewed prunes and cheeſcakes.

1638，Thomas Nabbes，The Bride, a Comedie. […]，London: Printed by R[ichard] H[odgkinson] for Laurence Blaikelocke […], 出版於 1640, →OCLC; republished in Playes, Maskes, Epigrams, Elegies, and Epithalamiums. […]，London: Printed by I. Dawson, […], 1639, →OCLC, Act II, scene iv:

He [a man under the influence of the planet Mars] hath a marke or ſcar in his face, is broad-ſhouldered, a ſturdy ſtrong body, being bold and proud, given to mocke, ſcorne, quarrell, drinke, game and wench: which you may eaſily know by the Signe he is in; if in the houſe of ♀ he wencheth, if in ☿s he ſteals, [...]

1647，William Lilly，“Another Briefe Description of the Shapes and Formes of the Planets”, in Christian Astrology Modestly Treated of in Three Books. […]，London: Printed by Tho[mas] Brudenell for John Partridge and Humph[rey] Blunden, […], →OCLC，頁 85:

In ſhort, Ned has drank, wenched, fought, and beggared himſelf, through an exalted ſolicitude for the general emolument, and is now cloſe pent up in one of our priſons, out of a pure and diſintereſted regard for the welfare of ſociety.

1767，[Hugh Kelly]，“Saturday, May 1”, in The Babler. Containing a Careful Selection from those Entertaining and Interesting Essays, which have Given the Public so much Satisfaction under that Title during a Course of Four Years, in Owen’s Weekly Chronicle，卷 II, 期 LXVI, London: Printed for J[ohn] Newbery, […]; L. Hawes, W. Clarke, and R. Collins, […]; and J. Harrison, […], →OCLC:

I know a clergyman who, having enjoyed for several years the world's good opinion, was turned off, through a ridiculous pique, by a young nobleman to whom he was preceptor. [...] He drank, wenched, and was so complete a gambler, that, had he kept his old situation much longer, he would have ruined the principles of his pupil.

1807 March，[Charles] Dibdin，“Dibdin’s Tour. [Letter 1 … Introductory.]”, in The Polyanthos，卷 IV, Boston, Mass.: Published by J[oseph] T[inker] Buckingham, […], →OCLC, footnote，頁 247:

Bundy's reasons for leaving the Cape are obscure. He drinks, but that doesn't dim his powers. He wenches. But so do we all.

1972，Philip K[indred] Dick，章號 1, in We Can Build You (DAW SF Books; no. 14)，New York, N.Y.: DAW Books, →OCLC; 再版 London: HarperVoyager, HarperCollins, 2008, →ISBN，頁 11:

Already, you see, I had begun to acquire a taste for rakery and wenching among the London debutantes.

1979 October，Roald Dahl，章號 1, in My Uncle Oswald，London: Michael Joseph, →ISBN; 再版 New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 2011, →ISBN:


whack

不详，原为苏格兰英语。可能是拟声词，但对比中古英語 thakken ← 古英語 þaccian（其因与本词异文合并而派生出thwack）。

whacks (third-person singular present)
whacking (present participle)
whacked (past participle)

The bat whacked the baseball.

Rodsmen were whacking their way through willow brakes.

Niko Bellic: So you want me to talk to him? / Jimmy Pegorino: I want you to whack him! And after that I want you to kill all the other rats I surround myself with...

2008年April29日，Rockstar，Grand Theft Auto 4，Take-Two Interactive，關卡/區域：Flatline:

to whack the spoils of a robbery

When the sewer-hunters consider they have searched long enough […] the gang […] count out the money they have picked up, and proceed to dispose of the old metal, bones, rope, &c.; this done, they then, as they term it, “whack” the whole lot; that is, they divide it equally among all hands.

1851, Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, London: G. Newbold, Volume 2, p. 152,

The fidgety Majors were whacked 9-1 by the Kitchener Panthers at Couch and now trail their rivals 2-0 in an increasingly uncomfortable best-of-seven Intercounty Baseball League first-round series.

2012, Ryan Pyette, Majors, Panthers play mind games, The London Free Press:

Recently I was over in Ireland, I love the place, proper fishing, can't whack it!


wreak

古英语 wrecan，来自德语的*wrek-，来自印欧语系的*wreg-。与荷兰语wreken、德语rächen、瑞典语vräka、拉丁语urgere同源，均来自同样的印欧词根。

wreaks (third-person singular present)
wreaking (present participle)
wreaked (past)
wrought (past)
wroke (past)
wreaked (past participle)
wrought (past participle)
wroken (past participle)

发泄或释放，特别在导致危害或伤害时。

Kill the foul thief, and wreak me for my son.

1856-1885 — Alfred Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette


vampire

源自法語 vampire，源自德語 Vampir，经由匈牙利语源自某斯拉夫語族单词，可能是塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 вампир (vàmpīr)，其为不可考词*upir的一个理论变体，源自原始斯拉夫語 *ǫpyrь，对比参考俄語 упы́рь (upýrʹ)、波蘭語 upiór、波蘭語 wąpierz等。oupire 的同源對似詞。

vampires (third-person singular present)
vampiring (present participle)
vampired (past participle)


vapor

:< 拉丁語 vapor （“蒸汽”）。

vapors (third-person singular present)
vaporing (present participle)
vapored (past participle)


vassal

源自中古英語 vassal，源自古法語 vassal，源自中世紀拉丁語 vassallus (“男仆，佣人”)，源自拉丁語 vassus (“佣人”)，源自高盧語 *wassos (“少年，乡绅”)，源自原始凱爾特語 *wastos (“佣人”)（对比古愛爾蘭語 foss和威爾士語 gwas）。

vassals (third-person singular present)
vassalling (present participle)
vassalled (past participle)

将...视为附庸；使...变成附庸；奴役

让...从属于，让...隶属于


vouchsafe

源自vouch + safe，中古英语和早期现代英语中写作两个词。

vouchsafes (third-person singular present)
vouchsafing (present participle)
vouchsafed (past participle)

vouch

（以很高的地位慷慨地）给予，赋予，赐予；告知，传达

（以很高的地位慷慨地）给予，赋予，赐予；告知，传达

If Brutus will vouchſafe that Antony / May ſafely come to him ...

1599?，William Shakespeare，Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, Julius Caesar, Act III, scene i，頁 119:

Wilt thou, whoſe will is large and ſpacious, / Not once vouchſafe to hide my will in thine?

1609，William Shakespeare，Shake-speares sonnets: Neuer before Imprinted，London: G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe], and are to be solde by William Aspley, →OCLC, sonnet 135:

Needless to say, we have been vouchsafed no idea of what this might cost the innocent victims, the ratepayers.

1964 July，“The mythology of monorails”, in Modern Railways，頁 57:

She vouchsafed to me that she regretted ever marrying him.

她和我说她后悔嫁给了他。

His predictions were at first to be guided by direct intimations vouchsafed to him by the god; […]

1879，F. D. Morice，Pindar，chapter 8，頁 129:


undoing

源自中古英語 undoynge、undoand，源自古英語 undōnde，源自原始日耳曼語 *andadōndz，*andadōną的现在分词。与荷蘭語 ontdoend同源。

undo 的現在時分詞和動名詞


undulate

借自晚期拉丁語 undulātus (“起伏的，荡漾的”)，源自不可考的*undula (“小波浪”)，拉丁語 unda (“波浪”)。

undulates (third-person singular present)
undulating (present participle)
undulated (past participle)

使...（像波浪一样）起伏，使...荡漾

（像波浪一样）起伏，荡漾


underhanded

underhand 的過去式和過去分詞


underpin

underpins (third-person singular present)
underpinning (present participle)
underpinned (past participle)

underlie

支持，支撑，是...的根本

corroborate

支持，支撑，是...的根本

You should underpin the mine roof to prevent further collapse.

你需要支撑矿井的顶部防止进一步塌方。

支持，支撑，是...的根本

Public confidence in politicians must underpin our democracy.

Since Rupert Murdoch famously bet the farm on Premier League football to rescue Sky TV in 1991, it has been the catnip that has underpinned subscriber loyalty and, even in a far more complicated media landscape, is seen as so vital as to be worth almost any price.

2016年October24日，Owen Gibson，“Is the unthinkable happening – are people finally switching the football off?”, in The Guardian，London:

The operator said the results were underpinned by a 16% increase in Q3 sales from North America.

2019年November6日，“Eurostar reports another increase in passengers”, in Rail，頁 25:


facsimile

源自拉丁語 fac simile (“使...像”)，源自fac (“使”)（facere (“使”)的命令形） + simile（similis (“像的”)的中性形式）。

facsimiles (third-person singular present)
facsimileing (present participle)
facsimiling (present participle)
facsimiled (past participle)
facsimilied (past participle)


factor

:< 拉丁語 factor （“工匠，工人”） < 完成被动分词 factus （“做了的”） < faciō （“做”）。

factors (third-person singular present)
factoring (present participle)
factored (past participle)


undertake

源自中古英語 undertaken，等价于under- + take（仿undernim）。

undertakes (third-person singular present)
undertaking (present participle)
undertook (past)
undertaken (past participle)

This said, he sat; and expectation held
His look suspense, awaiting who appeared
To second, or oppose, or undertake
The perilous attempt.

1667，John Milton，“Book 2”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 417-420:

He undertook to exercise more in future.

[…] if those Persons who are curious in collecting either Minerals, or the Shells, Teeth, or other Parts of Animal Bodies that have been buried in the Earth, do but search the Hills after Rains, and the Sea-Shores after Storms, I dare undertake they will not lose their Labour.

1695，John Woodward，An Essay towards a Natural History of the Earth and Terrestrial Bodies，London: Richard Wilkin, Part 4, pp. 222-223:

Quince. […] you must needs play Pyramus.
Bottom. Well, I will undertake it.

c. 1595–1596，William Shakespeare，“A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

Soo it happend in Spayne there was an Erles sone his name was Alphegus / and at a grete turnement in spayn this syre Vrre knyghte of Hongry and sir Alphegus of spayne encountred to gyders for veray enuy / and soo eyther vndertook other to the Vtteraunce.
"So it happened in Spain there was an earl’s son, his name was Alphegus, and at a great tournament in Spain this Sir Urre, knight of Hungary, and Sir Alphegus of Spain encountered together for very envy; and so either undertook other to the utterance."

1485，Thomas Malory，Le Morte Darthur Book XIX, Chapter x, leaf 394v:

Ne he his mouth would open unto wight,
Untill that Guyon selfe unto him spake,
And called Brigadore, (so was he hight,)
Whose voice so soone as he did undertake,
Eftsoones he stood as still as any stake,

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book V, Canto III”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC，頁 34:


fellows

fellow 的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


upfront

upfronts (third-person singular present)
upfronting (present participle)
upfronted (past participle)

What our analysis has, hopefully, upfronted is the importance to resuscitate the suppressed and silenced voices so as to show the powerful mechanisms of institutional "cases".

1997，Christopher Hall et al.，“Silent and silenced voices”, in Silence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, →ISBN，頁 204:


foment

源自中古英語 fomenten，借自古法語 fomenter，源自晚期拉丁語 fomentare，源自拉丁語 fōmentum (“润肤液”)，源自fovere (“加热；珍爱”)。

foments (third-person singular present)
fomenting (present participle)
fomented (past participle)

He was arrested for fomenting a riot; after all, it's bad enough being in a riot but starting one is much worse.

他因为煽动暴乱而被逮捕，毕竟参与暴乱已经够坏了，煽动暴乱则更甚。

Foreign governments have tried to foment unrest.

Boris Johnson and senior Conservative ministers have vigorously condemned the violence in Washington, but have largely steered clear of condemning Trump for fomenting it.

2021, Peter Walker, Tories urged to suspend politicians who likened US violence to anti-Brexit protests, in: The Guardian, January 7 2021

The maid had entered with us, and began once more to foment the bruise upon her mistress's brow.

1904, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Abbey Grange, Norton (2005), page 1178,


fresco

源自意大利語 fresco，源自中世紀拉丁語 friscus，源自原始日耳曼語 *friskaz。fresh 的同源對似詞。

frescoes (third-person singular present)
frescoing (present participle)
frescoed (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-fresco.wav


flattering

源自中古英語 flatering、flatrung (动名词)，等价于flatter + -ing。

flatter 的現在時分詞和動名詞


flaunt

源自北日耳曼語支。可能与挪威語 flanta (“炫耀，四处走”)、冰島語 flana (“四处走，匆匆忙忙”)和法語 flâner (“四处走，晃荡”)有关。
还有说法称，其可能与瑞典語 flankt (“松垮地”)（对比英語 flaunt-a-flaunt）有关，其源自flanka (“摇晃”)，其为flakka (“摇摆”)的鼻音化变体，与中古英語 flacken (“来回走，颤动”)有关。还见flack。

flaunts (third-person singular present)
flaunting (present participle)
flaunted (past participle)

The house came into sight, above the cedar grove beyond whose black interstices an apple orchard flaunted in the sunny afternoon.

1931，William Faulkner，Sanctuary，Library of America, 出版於 1985，頁 26:

She’s always flaunting her designer clothes.

Never one to miss an opportunity to flaunt his wealth, Khashoggi let his yacht be used for the 1983 Bond film Never Say Never Again.

2017年June7日，Adam Lusher，“Adnan Khashoggi: the 'whoremonger' whose arms deals funded a playboy life of decadence and 'pleasure wives'”, in The Independent，London:

（以穿着华丽等方式）炫耀

[T]he younger belles had begun to flaunt in the French fashions of flimsy muslins, shortwaisted— narrow-skirted.

1856，Dinah Craik，John Halifax, Chapter VI:


flaunt

flout (“嘲笑，轻视”)之同義詞

By that late date, however, the golden age of the lurid paperback book was pretty much over, and the sort of punishment meted out to Aday and Maxey for flaunting the sexual mores of a McCarthyite culture would soon be a thing of the past.

Wheeler said companies already are flaunting the rules by offering free or sponsored data services for some products.

2017年January20日，David Shepardson，“Outgoing FCC chair warns against overturning net neutrality”, in Reuters:


falter

源自中古英語 falteren (“蹒跚，踉跄”)，之后词源不详。可能源自某北日耳曼語支语言，比如古諾爾斯語 faltrask (“被妨碍”)。也可能是fold的反复态，但从d变换为t不寻常。

falters (third-person singular present)
faltering (present participle)
faltered (past participle)

He found his legs falter.

1672, Richard Wiseman, A Treatise of Wounds

Considering the results of the study, today John may be buoyed at the clear trend of increasing numbers of new “lishes” for each successive decade since the 1950s, and the fact that nothing in the data suggests this trend is likely to falter.

2018，James Lambert，“A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide，頁 18:

结巴地说，用颤抖的声音说，口齿不清地说

And here he faltered forth his last farewell.

1807, Lord Byron, Childish Recollections

With faltering speech and visage incomposed.

1667，John Milton，“Book 2”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

(指思考) 不清楚，不明晰，模糊

Ere her native king / Shall falter under foul rebellion's arms.

1595 December 9 (first known performance)，William Shakespeare，“The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:


fleeting

源自中古英語 fleten (“浮动”)，源自古英語 flēotan (“浮动”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fleutaną，源自原始印歐語 *plewd-。

fleet 的現在時分詞和動名詞


frolic

源自荷蘭語 vrolijk (“欢喜的”)，源自中古荷蘭語 vrolijc，源自古荷蘭語 frōlīk，源自原始日耳曼語 *frawalīkaz。对比德語 fröhlich (“开心的，快乐的”)。
前一个元素，最终源自原始日耳曼語 *frawaz并与中古英語 frow (“匆忙的”)同源；之后的元素，最终源自*-līkaz并与-ly、-like同源。

frolics (third-person singular present)
frolicking (present participle)
frolicked (past participle)

欢跃，欢闹，嬉戏 （自16世纪80年代）

We saw the lambs frolicking in the meadow.

我们看到羔羊在草地上嬉戏。


foreboding

源自中古英語 forbodyng、vorboding，等价于fore- + boding。对比德語 Vorbote (“预兆”)。

forebode 的現在時分詞和動名詞


foreshadow

foreshadows (third-person singular present)
foreshadowing (present participle)
foreshadowed (past participle)


forestall

源自中古英語 forestallen (“防止，阻碍，奇袭，堵截”)，源自forestalle (“阻碍，堵截”)，源自古英語 foresteall (“妨碍司法；奇袭”)，源自fore- (“前面”) + steall (“摆放，放置”)，等价于fore- + stall。

forestalls (third-person singular present)
forestalling (present participle)
forestalled (past participle)

Fred forestalled disaster by his prompt action.

Fred迅速行动防止了灾难发生。

In French, an aspirated h forestalls elision.

法语中，有嘘音h时不省略元音。

买断某商品全部存货来囤积居奇


foretell

约1300年，源自中古英語 foretellen，等价于fore- + tell。

foretells (third-person singular present)
foretelling (present participle)
foretold (past participle)

Prodigies, foretelling the future eminence and lustre of his character.

1741，Conyers Middleton，The Life of Cicero:

给...预言，告诉...预言

[…] there came to him a Person named Saul, whom Samuel had never before seen; but God made him know it was the same he had foretold him of.

1739，Edward Button，Rudiments of Ancient History:


fumble

晚期中古英語，源自低地德語 fommeln或者荷蘭語 fommelen。
或者可能源自某斯堪的纳维亚/北日耳曼語支语言，对比古諾爾斯語 fálma、瑞典語 fumla、丹麥語 fumle、德語 fummeln。
两者最终可能都是表示这一动作的拟声词。或者，源自原始印歐語 *pal- (“摇”)，参见拉丁語 palpo (“轻触”)，及原始西日耳曼語 *fōlijan (“感受”)。

fumbles (third-person singular present)
fumbling (present participle)
fumbled (past participle)

摸索，笨拙地擺弄，慌張地擺弄

Waiting for the interview, he fumbled with his tie.

等着面试时他在慌张地摆弄他的领带。

He fumbled the key into the lock.

他慌慌张张地把钥匙插到锁里。

He fumbled for his keys.

He fumbled his way to the light-switch.

to fumble for an excuse

My understanding stutters, and my memory fumbles.

1711年August12日，Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield，letter to Dr. Chevenix:

Alas! how he fumbles about the domains.

1800，Wordsworth，Written in Germany on one of the coldest days of the century:

He fumbled through his prepared speech.

他慌慌张张地念那篇准备好的讲稿。

Henderson's best strike on goal saw goalkeeper Kingson uncomfortably fumble his measured shot around the post.

2010年December28日，Owen Phillips，“Sunderland 0 - 2 Blackpool”, in BBC:

I saw him fumble with the sheets, and play with flowers.

1599，William Shakespeare，“The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii]:

性方面不尽人意 （16至18世纪）


flabbergast

不详，可能是一方言词（萨福克郡），源自flabby或flap (“打击”) + aghast。该词可能与苏格兰英語 flabrigast (“夸口”)或flabrigastit (“筋疲力竭”)有关。
名词派生自动词。

flabbergasts (third-person singular present)
flabbergasting (present participle)
flabbergasted (past)
flabbergasted (past participle)
flabbergast (past participle)

flabbergaster

使...震惊，使...大吃一惊，使...目瞪口呆 （自18世纪晚期起）

使...震惊，使...大吃一惊，使...目瞪口呆 （自18世纪晚期起）

He was flabbergasted to find that his work had been done for him before he began.

他发现他的活在他开始做之前就已经做好了的时候目瞪口呆。

Her stupidity flabbergasts me, and I have to force myself to keep a straight face while she explains her beliefs.

她的愚蠢真是惊到我了，她在解释她那些信念的时候我得憋着我的表情。

I love to flabbergast the little-minded by shattering their preconceptions about my nationality and gender.

我特别喜欢粉碎掉那些对我的民族和性别的偏见，让那些心胸狭隘的人大吃一惊。

The oddity of the situation was so flabbergasting I couldn’t react in time for anyone to see it.

反常的势态令我大吃一惊，让我没有时间作出反应让别人看到。

Now we are flabbergaſted and bored from morning to night—in the ſenate, at Cox's muſeum, at Ranelagh, and even at church.

1772，“Observator” [pseudonym]，“On New Words; from the Same [Town and Country Magazine]”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature，卷 XV, London: Printed for J[ames] Dodsley, […], 出版於 1773, →OCLC，頁 191，列 1:

They flabagast good manners and good morals, and only show that one of the parties is vex'd and disappinted.^([sic])

1834，Jack Downing [pseudonym; Seba Smith]，章號 XXV, in The Life of Andrew Jackson, President of the United States，Philadelphia, Pa.: Published by T. K. Greenbank, →OCLC，頁 183:

Now, there are assertions, not dissimilar in their power of benumbing and flabbergasting one, but yet within the bounds of sane and perfectly orderly plausibility, for which our language wants a name. Paradox is too hackneyed a term. They ought to be called Buckleisms. When a man makes an assertion clean in the teeth of all previous belief, and makes it coolly, fluently, without proof, and yet as if contradiction were impossible—that is a Buckleism.

1861 August，[David Masson]，“Mr. Buckle’s Doctrine as to the Scotch and Their History”, in Macmillan’s Magazine，卷 IV, 期 22, Cambridge, London: Macmillan and Co. […], →OCLC, part II (The Weasel-wars of Scotland and the Scottish Reformation)，頁 316，列 1:

Skates that are not quite a fit, my dear Smith, / May flabberghast even a chap of your pith.

1887年January29日，“The ‘Emergency-Man’”, in Punch, or The London Charivari，卷 XCII, London: Published at the office, 85, Fleet Street, →OCLC，頁 54，列 1:

At this I was rendered completely flabaghast—for, although the allegation was undeniably correct, I had confidently hoped that my friend Ram was unaware of the fact, or would at least have the ordinary mother-wit to refrain from blurting it out!

1896年August22日，[F. Anstey] [pseudonym; Thomas Anstey Guthrie]，“Jottings and Tittlings. (By Baboo Hurry Bungsho Jabberjee, B.A.) No. XXI. Mr. Jabberjee Halloos before He is Quite Out of the Woods”, in Punch, or The London Charivari，卷 CXI, London: Published at the office, 85, Fleet Street, →OCLC，頁s 88–89，列 2:

He [Franklin Delano Roosevelt] loved to flabbergast his associates by announcing some startling new policy without consulting any of them.

1956，John T[homas] Flynn，“The Rabbits Go Back in the Hat”, in The Roosevelt Myth，第revised版, New York, N.Y.: Devin-Adair Publishing Company, →OCLC; reprinted Auburn, Ala.: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2008, →OCLC, book 1 (Trial—and Error)，頁s 50–51:

The idea may surprise you, but I intend that it shall flabbergast the poor foolish Englishmen mured up behind those pine and redwood logs. Flabbergast 'em, I say!

2008，Harry Turtledove，The United States of Atlantis: A Novel of Alternate History，New York, N.Y.: Roc/New American Library, →ISBN，頁 240:

Then the most unbelievable thing happened, totally flabbergasting every student in the class.

2012，Tara M. Tamasi，Ms. O’Brien’s Class，[Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN，頁 226:


flout

可能是源自中古英語 flouten (“吹笛子”)，对比荷蘭語 fluiten。

flouts (third-person singular present)
flouting (present participle)
flouted (past participle)

嘲笑，轻视，违抗 （法律，规则等）

The manoeuvres of Microsoft and HP appear to comply with the letter of the regulations, even if they flout their spirit.

2012, The Economist, Sep 29th 2012 issue, Tax alchemy: Tech's avoidance


forlorn

源自中古英語 forlorn、forloren，源自古英語 forloren（forlēosan (“丢失”)的过去分词），源自原始日耳曼語 *fraluzanaz (“遗失的”)，原始日耳曼語 *fraleusaną (“丢失”)的过去分词，等价于for- + lorn。同源词有西弗里斯蘭語 ferlern (“丢失的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 ferlädden (“丢失的”)、荷蘭語 verloren (“丢失的”)、德國低地德語 verloren (“丢失的”)、德語 verloren (“丢失的”)、瑞典語 förlorad (“丢失的”)。还见lese/leese、lorn。

forlese 的過去時分詞。


flunk

变换自funk，或可能是flinch + funk 組成的混成詞。

flunks (third-person singular present)
flunking (present participle)
flunked (past participle)

He flunked math, again.

Unsatisfied with Fred's progress, the teacher flunked him.

老师不满意Fred的进展，给了他不及格。

退缩，逃避（一般作“flunk it”，其中“it”指那项任务，或者可以指生活态度）


fawn

源自中古英語 fawne, fowne, foun，源自古法語 faon, foon, feon，源自通俗拉丁語 *fētōnem，源自拉丁語 fētus (“后代”)，源自原始印歐語 *dʰeh₁(y)- (“哺”)。取代了原生词古英語 hindċealf (字面意思是“鹿崽”)。fetus 的同源對似詞。

fawns (third-person singular present)
fawning (present participle)
fawned (past participle)


fawn

源自中古英語 fawnen，源自古英語 fagnian，fæġnian (“庆祝”)的变换形式，其派生出中古英語 fainen、英語 fain。与古諾爾斯語 fagna同源。还见fain。

grovel

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

wheedle

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

soft-soap

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

toady

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

Thou with trembling fear, / Or like a fawning parasite, obeyest.

1671，John Milton，Paradise Regained，book 1:

courtiers who fawn on a master while they betray him

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 23, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

That the young Mr. Churchills liked—but they did not like him coming round of an evening and drinking weak whisky-and-water while he held forth on railway debentures and corporation loans. Mr. Barrett, however, by fawning and flattery, seemed to be able to make not only Mrs. Churchill but everyone else do what he desired.

1918，W. B. Maxwell，章號 2, in The Mirror and the Lamp:

（通过摇尾巴、舔舐等）乞怜


fickle

源自中古英語 fikelen，源自fikel (“浮躁的”)，见前文。与低地德語 fikkelen (“欺骗，奉承”)、德語 ficklen、ficheln (“欺骗，奉承”)同源。

fickles (third-person singular present)
fickling (present participle)
fickled (past participle)

使...困惑，使...迷惑


fluster

源自某斯堪的纳维亚（北日耳曼語支）语言，与冰島語 flaustra (“慌乱”)有关。

flusters (third-person singular present)
flustering (present participle)
flustered (past participle)

使...脸红，使...面部潮红

His practice of flustering himself daily with claret.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 20, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

He seemed to get flustered when speaking in front of too many people.

他在太多人面前发言，似乎乱了阵脚。


gaslight

源自英国戏剧家和小说家Patrick Hamilton (1904–1962)所著舞台剧《煤气灯下》及其在1940年和1944年的电影改编。剧中的丈夫通过改变生活环境的一些小细节，如煤气灯的亮度，来使其妻子和其他人认为其妻子丧失了心智。详见英语维基百科。

gaslights (third-person singular present)
gaslighting (present participle)
gaslighted (past participle)
gaslit (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gaslight.wav

head-game

利用煤气灯效应操纵，误导；PUA

该词较为模糊的用法包括形容无意的煤气灯效应，甚至广义的撒谎、误导、失之偏颇、奚落等，导致其原严格的词义失去了恶意色彩。详见英语维基百科文章中关于该词过度泛用的介绍。

利用煤气灯效应操纵，误导；PUA

Sylvia is a beautiful woman whose business-partner husband is "gaslighting" her. (That means he's trying to drive her crazy.)

1962, "The Journal Pre-Views Tonight's TV." Jersey Journal [Jersey City, NJ]. February 12, 1962: 12 col 6, describing the plot of the episode "Who Is Sylvia" of the television show Surfside 6:

[The men of McHale's Navy] decide to "gaslight" the already befuddled captain, to convince him he is going insane.

1963, "TV Scout." Daily Press [Utica, NY]. November 18, 1963: 24 col 2, describing the plot of the episode "The August Teahouse of Quint McHale" of McHale's Navy:

"You're gaslighting me, for chrissakes."

1964, in an argument between the characters Jenny and Charley in William Goldman's novel Boys and Girls Together, page 564:

I came home before he could gaslight me like Boyer did Bergman in the movie.

1967, Stan Freberg (comedian), on his "most excruciating experience with a producer" as interviewed in Humphrey, Hal. "'Dramatic' Role Played By Freberg." The Oregonian [Portland, OR]. February 11, 1967: II 3 col 3.

Just in the nick of time Rachel finds out the truth about her life from Martha. … This is how I wanted to show the gaslighting that had been going on Rachel's entire life.

2016, Tate Taylor (movie director), in the commentary version of The Girl on the Train (2016 film), discussing a train scene seventy-six minutes into the movie:

In fact, political scholars have written a great deal about Trump's gaslighting of the American people on various fronts. For example, Duca (2016) describes Trump's gaslighting as only beginning when he has initially lied or misled about issues—such as falsely claiming that the United States is the highest-taxed country in the world or that crime is on the rise. As Duca puts it: 'The gaslighting part comes in when the fictions are disputed by the media and Trump doubles down on his lies before painting himself as a victim […]'

2021年September28日，Alexander Brown，An Ethics of Political Communication，Routledge, →ISBN:


glancing

glance 的現在時分詞和動名詞


glaring

glare 的現在時分詞和動名詞


glean

源自中古英語 glenen，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 glener，源自晚期拉丁語 glen(n)ō (“收集”)，源自高盧語，可能源自原始凱爾特語 *glanos。

gleans (third-person singular present)
gleaning (present participle)
gleaned (past participle)

learn

（一点点地）收集，挑拣（有用信息）

容我往田間去，我蒙誰的恩，就在誰的身後拾取麥穗。

Let me now go to the field, and glean ears of corn after him in whose sight I shall find grace.

to glean a field

（一点点地）收集，挑拣（有用信息）

He said Iran was "well aware of what priceless technological information" could be gleaned from the aircraft.

8 December 2011, BBC News, Iran shows film of captured US drone, available in http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16098562 :

He [August Strindberg] gleaned a living from newspaper work for a few months, but in the summer went to a fishing village […] where […] he wrote his great historical drama Master Olof.

1912，Edith and Warner Oland，“Biographical Note”, in Three Plays By August Strindberg，頁 xi:


glee

源自中古英語 gleen、glewen，源自古英語 glēowian (“歌唱，弹奏，玩笑”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *glīwōn，源自原始日耳曼語 *glīwōną。同源词包括冰島語 glýja (“欢喜”)。

glees (third-person singular present)
gleeing (present participle)
gleed (past participle)


gecko

现代形式可能是由荷蘭語 gekko（1718年）借入英语和其他欧洲语言 (1718）。当时在英语中的形式为chacco（1711年）和jackoa（1724年）。之后的来源不详。一些文献提出了馬來語 gekok、gekoq或gekop，它们可能是仿自壁虎的叫声。其他理论认为源自亞齊語 gèh-gòh (“忙的”)。

geckos (third-person singular present)
geckoing (present participle)
geckoed (past participle)

像壁虎一样移动（贴在垂直或朝下的平面上）

An emergency handpad, geckoed to the expanding bulkhead, slid past to one side. Sarasti grabbed it and tapped commands.

2006 October，Peter Watts，Blindsight，New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, Tom Doherty Associates, →ISBN，頁 344:

And as Dave geckoed his way along the walls, he began seeing more and more skid marks left behind by Damien's Sewer Cruiser.

2009，Wendelin Van Draanen，The Gecko & Sticky: The Greatest Power，New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN，頁 33:

"H-h-here, boss!" Angelo called, and with that Dave kicked into gear, geckoing across the rest of the ceiling to the safety of the adjacent service room.

2010，Wendelin Van Draanen，The Gecko & Sticky: Sinister Substitute，New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN，頁 121:


grove

源自中古英語 grove、grave，源自古英語 grāf、grāfa (“树林，矮林”)，对比英語 groove。与古英語 grǣf、grǣfe (“矮林，树丛”)和古英語 grǣfa (“树丛”)有关。更多参见greave。

groves (third-person singular present)
groving (present participle)
groved (past participle)

It is called "Orchard Lake," from the fact, that near the centre is an island embracing an area of about fifty acres of land, well groved with different kinds of shrubbery; and near the centre of this island stand a number of aged apple-trees, planted, perhaps, a century since by the hand of some Indian.

1841, R, Sapp, Orchard Lake, in L. L. Hamline (editor), The Ladies Repository, Volume 1, page 165,

The trees and shrubs are not arranged after any particular system, but are scattered or groved together in various parts of the garden.

1822, Robert Chapman, The Topographical Picture of Glasgow in its Ancient and Modern State, 3rd Edition, page 195,

Virtually recognizable groving occurs in some A. aneura associations in the west. Further east some diffuse groving may occur, but is difficult to recognize without the benefit of aerial photographs.

1984, Queensland Botany Bulletin, Issue 3, Department of Primary Industries, page 82,

周期性收获来保持树的整齐并保证将来的收成

In Herefordshire, especially on the northern and eastern sides, Oak timber abounds; and in many of the woods it is usual to have felling at periods varying from sixteen to twenty years; the straightest and handsomest are left for timber, or, as it is called, groved; and they are from time to time thinned, and a regular distance kept between them. The effect produced on these groved trees is, that from being exposed to air and sun, the rapidity of their growth is increased in bulk, height, and quality; and in sixty or eighty years they become valuable timber.

1842 February 5, The Gardeners Chronicle, page 86,

Very frequently, however, to shorten the distance to the upper nurseries, where they^([the ants]) have to take the eggs, they project an arch of about ten inches in length, and half an inch in breadth, groved or worked into steps, on its upper surface, to allow of a more easy passage.

1823, Instinct, in "Sholto and Reuben Percy" (Thomas Byerley), The Percy Anecdotes: Original and Select, Volume 9: Instinct—Ingenuity, page 138,

The floor of first story and piazza to be laid with Georgia pine, in narrow courses planed, groved and tongued, and laid in the best manner.

1841, New York State Assembly, Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, Volume 2, page 14,


grovel

源自中古英語 *grovelen，源自古諾爾斯語 grufla、grœfla (“拜倒”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubilōną (“挖，潜入”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʰrebʰ‑ (“挖，挠”)，等价于古諾爾斯語 á grufu (“趴着”)（→古諾爾斯語 grúfa (“趴着”)）同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 grovel、gruvil (“拜倒”)、德語 grübeln (“思考”)、新挪威語 gruvla (“趴着”)。亦对比西弗里斯蘭語 groebeltsje (“弄乱，搞糟；逃学”)、荷蘭語 grobbelen (“挖出”)。

grovels (third-person singular present)
grovelling
groveling
grovelled
groveled

In the tube station, the old ones who were on the way out / Would dribble and vomit and grovel and shout

1985，Shane MacGowan （作曲作詞）, “The Old Main Drag”, in Rum Sodomy & the Lash，演出者 The Pogues:


gloat

源自中古英語 *gloten、glouten，源自古諾爾斯語 glotta (“讥笑”)或古英語 *glotian，两者源自原始日耳曼語 *glutōną (“盯”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʰel- (“闪”)，与方言词瑞典語 glotta、glutta (“偷看，瞄”)、中古高地德語 glutzen、glotzen (“盯”)、现代德語 glotzen (“瞪”)有关。

gloats (third-person singular present)
gloating (present participle)
gloated (past participle)

得意（地看着）； 幸灾乐祸（地看着）

You did well to win the game, but there's no need to gloat about it.

你发挥好赢了比赛，但没有必要那么得意洋洋。


grub

源自中古英語 grubben、grobben，源自古英語 *grubbian，源自原始西日耳曼語 *grubb-，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubb-（对比中古荷蘭語 grobben (“刮；爬；拿”)、古高地德語 grubilōn (“挖；搜”)、德語 grübeln (“思考，斟酌”)），源自原始日耳曼語 *grub- (“挖”)（对比*grabaną）。
“幼虫”一意源自中古英語 grub、grubbe、grobbe、crubbe，可能发展自将上面动词解读成“挖昆虫”的说法，或源自中古英語 grub (“矮子”)，其不确定是否与本词有关。对比西弗里斯蘭語 krobbe (“昆虫”)。俚语义“食物”首个记载见于1659年，被认为是与鸟吃幼虫产生联想而发展来的，或者可能与bub (“饮料”)产生了联想。

grubs (third-person singular present)
grubbing (present participle)
grubbed (past participle)

挖；将...连根挖起 （常后接up）

to grub up trees, rushes, or sedge

连根挖起树，灌木丛或莎草

They do not attempt to grub up the root of sin.

1846，Julius Hare，The Mission of the Comforter:


gruel

gruels (third-person singular present)
gruelling (present participle)
grueling (present participle)
gruelled (past participle)
grueled (past participle)

使...筋疲力竭，用尽，用坏


guff

guffs (third-person singular present)
guffing (present participle)
guffed (past participle)

"Let me see if I get you. You can't bear to help convict Ashe of murder because you doubt if he's guilty, so you're scooting. Right?"
[…]"That's close enough," Wolfe said.
"Not close enough for me. If you expect me to[…] invite a stiff fine for running out on a subpoena[…], don't try to guff me. Say we doubt if Ashe is guilty, but we think he may get tagged because we know Mandelbaum wouldn't go to trial without a good case. Say also our bank account needs a shot in the arm, which is true. So we decide to see if we can[…]"

1955 October，Rex Stout，“The Next Witness”, in Three Witnesses，Bantam, 出版於 1994, →ISBN，頁 14:


guffaw

guffaws (third-person singular present)
guffawing (present participle)
guffawed (past participle)

He guffawed at his adversaries.

1891，Oscar Wilde，章號 15, in The Picture of Dorian Gray:

Peter, on the contrary, threw back his head and guffawed thunderously.


guillotine

借自法語 guillotiner (“用断头台处刑”)，源自guillotine（见词源1） + -er (构成一类变位动词不定式的后缀)。

guillotines (third-person singular present)
guillotining (present participle)
guillotined (past participle)

/ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-guillotine.wav

对...使用断头台或其他器械

Many counterrevolutionaries were guillotined during the French Revolution.

很多反革命者在法国大革命期间被用断头台处死。

对...使用断头台或其他器械

使用器械切除 （某个身体部位）


guitar

源自西班牙語 guitarra，源自阿拉伯語 قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra)，源自拉丁語 cithara，源自古希臘語 κιθάρα (kithára)。cithara、cither和zither 的同源對似詞。

guitars (third-person singular present)
guitaring (present participle)
guitared (past participle)

We guitared and drummed and head banged and pianoed.

我們彈著吉他，拍著鼓，敲著鋼琴，搖頭晃腦。


gutter

源自中古英語 gutter、guttur、goter，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 guttere，源自古法語 goutiere（法語 gouttière），最终源自拉丁語 gutta (“滴”)。

gutters (third-person singular present)
guttering (present participle)
guttered (past participle)

形成沟渠 （自14世纪末）

淌蜡 （自18世纪初叶）

The light in his eyes guttered like a candle in a mighty wind and finally went out. She had no time to grieve[…]

2020年November16日，Emma Castle，Devastate Me: A Next-door Neighbor Romance，Lauren Smith, →ISBN:

Alex's eyes gutter, and his face goes cold. He stands there mutely through my apology, stiff and frozen. I want to touch him, but I'm scared he'll flinch away.

2023年October10日，Clare Gilmore，Love Interest: A Novel，St. Martin's Griffin, →ISBN:

把...滑到沟里（保龄球）

给...配备排水沟，沟渠等

The gutter'd-Rockes, and Congregated Sands,

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act 2, scene 1]:

使...恶化；强调...变差

The students' performance guttered after the school event.

The patient's state would soon gutter.


goad

源自中古英語 gode，源自古英語 gād (“驱赶牲口的棒子”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *gaidō（对比古諾爾斯語 gedda (“梭子鱼”)、古倫巴底語 gaida (“矛”)），源自原始印歐語 *ǵʰey-（对比古愛爾蘭語 gath (“矛”)、梵語 हिन्वति (hinvati)、हिनोति (hinoti，“催促；扔”)、हेति (heti，“投掷物”)）。

goads (third-person singular present)
goading (present participle)
goaded (past participle)

goading a boy to fight


gyp

可能源自gypsy (“吉普赛人”)，出自对吉普赛人总是是骗子的刻板印象。对比jew (“诈骗”)，源自Jew (“犹太人”)，以及welsh (“赖账”)，源自Welsh (“威尔士人”)。

gyps (third-person singular present)
gypping (present participle)
gypped (past participle)

参见前文名词的用法说明。

The cab driver gypped me out of ten bucks by taking the longer route.

出租车司机绕远路坑了我10块钱。

You better watch out; they'll try to gyp you if you don't know what you're doing.

你最好小心。你不明白自己干什么的话他们会想坑你的。


hark

源自中古英語 herken、herkien，源自古英語 *hercian、*heorcian、*hiercian，最终源自原始日耳曼語 *hauzijaną (“听”) + 程度加强-k（另见相关词hīeran，其派生出英語 hear）。等价于hear + -k。与低地蘇格蘭語 herk (“倾听”)、北弗里斯蘭語 harke (“倾听”)、西弗里斯蘭語 harkje (“听”)、现已弃用的荷蘭語 horken (“听”)、中古低地德語 horken (“倾听”)、德語 horchen (“倾听”)同源。

harks (third-person singular present)
harking (present participle)
harked (past participle)

Hark! the herald angels sing / Glory to the new born King

1739，Charles Wesley，George Whitefield，“Hymn for Christmas-Day”, in Hymns and Sacred Poems:

"Hark! The thunder becomes less muttering. It is nearing us, and nearing the earth, too. Hark! One crammed crash! All the vibrations made one by nearness. Another flash. Hold."

1856，Herman Melville，The Lightning Rod Man:

Loud voices and a renewed uproar were raised in front of the boarding-house[…] "'Tis Missis Murphy's voice," said Mrs. McCaskey, harking.

1906，O. Henry，“Between Rounds”, in The Four Million:

Hark! The Herald Tribune sings, / Advertising wondrous things!

1959，Tom Lehrer （作曲作詞）, “A Christmas Carol”:


huddle

源自中古英語 *hudelen，变化自（因 hudels、hidels (“藏匿处”)，见hiddle）*huderen、hoderen (“盖住；压在一起；簇拥”)，中古英語 huden、hiden (“藏起”)的重复态，等价于hide + -le和/或hide + -er。对比低地德語 huderken (“育雏；养育；照料；哄孩子睡觉”)。

huddles (third-person singular present)
huddling (present participle)
huddled (past participle)

During all these operations the apes who had entered sat huddled near the door watching their chief, while those outside strained and crowded to catch a glimpse of what transpired within.

1912: Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tarzan of the Apes, Chapter 4

The sheep huddled together seeking warmth.

George Hirsch, chairman of the board of Road Runners, said officials huddled all day Friday, hoping to devise an alternate race. They considered replacing the marathon with a race that would comprise the final 10 miles of marathon, starting at the base of the Queensboro 59th Street Bridge on the Manhattan side. But that was not deemed plausible, Mr. Hirsch said.

2012 November 2, Ken Belson, "http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/03/sports/new-york-city-marathon-will-not-be-held-sunday.html?hp&_r=0," New York Times (retrieved 2 November 2012):

杂乱无章地将...混起来

Huddle up a peace.

1845, John Henry Newman, Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine

This resolution she accordingly executed; and the next morning before the sun, she huddled on her cloaths, and at a very unfashionable, unseasonable, unvisitable hour, went to Lady Bellaston […]

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling:


hulking

hulk 的現在時分詞和動名詞


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。

hurls (third-person singular present)
hurling (present participle)
hurled (past participle)

I was standing on the edge of the conning-tower, when a heavy palm suddenly struck me between the shoulders and hurled me forward into space. The drop to the triangular deck forward of the conning-tower might easily have broken a leg for me, or I might have slipped off onto the deck and rolled overboard; but fate was upon my side, as I was only slightly bruised.

1918，Edgar Rice Burroughs，The Land That Time Forgot, Chapter IV:

The Tottenham wing was causing havoc down the right and when he broke past the bemused Sasa Balic once again, Bellamy was millimetres from connecting with his cross as the Liverpool striker hurled himself at the ball.

2011年September2日，“Wales 2-1 Montenegro”, in BBC:

说出 （尖锐或贬低的话）

The gangs hurled abuse at each other.

Tarzan on his part never lost an opportunity to show that he fully reciprocated his foster father's sentiments, and whenever he could safely annoy him or make faces at him or hurl insults upon him from the safety of his mother's arms, or the slender branches of the higher trees, he did so.

1912，Edgar Rice Burroughs，Tarzan of the Apes, Chapter 5:

Those who passed by hurled insults at him, shaking their heads and saying, “So! You who are going to destroy the temple and build it in three days, come down from the cross and save yourself!"

1984，New International Version of the Bible, Mark 15:29-30:

It is Boxing Day in a football ground, and all we can do is sprawl over the plastic, hurling instructions and vague encouragement.

2016，Daniel Gray，Saturday, 3pm: 50 Eternal Delights of Modern Football:

Their cause was helped after the senior footballers were unexpectedly dumped out of the running for the Sam Maguire, meaning Aidan Walsh is available to hurl full-time with the young Rebels -- Walsh scored 1-1 in the semi-final victory over reigning All-Ireland champions Tipperary.

2011年August3日，Donnchadh Boyle，“Egan targets Rebel success to rescue poor season”, in Irish Independent:

Pass me the bucket; I've got to hurl.

On Nicias a philosopher having his shoes stolen from him, may they, said he, fit his feet that took them away. A wish at the first view very harmless, but there was that in it which poisoned his charity into a malicious revenge. For he himself had hurled or crooked feet, so that in effect he wished the thief to be lame.

1645，Thomas Fuller，Good Thoughts in Bad Times:


hurtle

动词派生自中古英語 hurtelen、hurtlen (“掷，投；冲向；垮塌；伤害；击倒；推动；冲刺；跌倒”) [以及其他形式]，源自hurten (“伤害（肉体或比喻义）；损害；羞辱，伤害...的情感；受伤；撞上；推动；跌倒”)（还见英語 hurt (动词)） + -el-、-elen (反复态后缀)。英语词可作hurt (“（弃用）敲打，击打”) + -le (反复态后缀)分析。
名词派生自动词。

hurtles (third-person singular present)
hurtling (present participle)
hurtled (past participle)

fling

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

hurl

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

He hurtled the wad of paper angrily at the trash can and missed by a mile.

他生气地朝垃圾桶丢了一捆纸，但是丢偏了很远。

Soone as thoſe glitterand armes he did eſpye, / That vvith their brightneſſe made that darknes light, / His harmefull club he gan to hurtle hye, / And threaten batteill to the Faery knight; […]

[1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 42，頁 283:

Away, thou east wind, snarling like a scold! / […] / Now, like sheep-shearer, from some mountain fold, / Thou hurtlest air with twisting, fleecy flakes / Of martial snow, that like a tyrant bold, / His pleasure in his neighbour's vineyard takes, / Nor careth for the wreck that everywhere he makes.

1882，Charles Miller，“The Delaying Spring”, in The Three Scholars and Other Poems，Edinburgh: Andrew Elliot, […], →OCLC，頁 58:

（尤指吵闹地） 冲刺；横冲直撞

The car hurtled down the hill at 90 miles per hour.

那辆汽车以145公里的时速呼啸驶下山丘。

Pieces of broken glass hurtled through the air.

His gorgeous ryder from her loftie ſted / VVould haue caſt dovvne, and trodd in durty myre, / Had not the Gyaunt ſoone her ſuccoured; / VVho all enrag'd vvith ſmart and frantick yre, / Came hurtling in full fiers, and forſt the knight retyre.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto VIII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 17，頁 119:

发出撞击声，发出哐当声；哐哐当当地移动

The greater number abandon their untenable position of hardihood, and seek a shelter when the terrible storm hurtleth in the heavens, and they see its dismal preparation.

1823，Edward Irving，“Of Judgment to Come. Part IX. The Review of the Whole Argument, with an Endeavour to Bring It home to the Sons of Men.”, in For the Oracles of God, Four Orations. For Judgment to Come, an Argument, in Nine Parts，第2nd版, London: […] T. Hamilton, […], →OCLC，頁 535:


hid

Foꝛ nothing is ſecret, that ſhall not be made manifeſt: neither any thing hid, that ſhall not be knowen, and come abꝛoad.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 8:17:

To dark is still used in Swaledale (Yorkshire) in the sense of to lie hid, as, 'Te rattens [rats] mun ha bin darkin whel nu [till now]; we hannot heerd tem tis last fortnith'.

1873，Richard Morris, Walter William Skeat，“Glossarial Index”, in Specimens of Early English，卷s II: 源自Robert of Gloucester to Gower, A.D. 1298—A.D. 1393, Oxford: Clarendon Press，頁 490:


hide

源自中古英語 hiden、huden，源自古英語 hȳdan (“隐藏，保留”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdijan (“隐藏”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdijaną (“藏匿”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)kewdʰ- (“盖，包”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)kewH- (“盖”)。
动词原为弱变化。钦定版圣经中，过去分词使用了hid和hidden。
同源词包括荷蘭語 huiden、低地德語 (ver)hüden、(ver)hüen (“隐藏，掩盖”)、威爾士語 cuddio (“隐藏”)、拉丁語 custōs、古希臘語 κεύθω (keúthō，“隐藏，掩盖”)、梵語 कुहरम् (kuharam，“洞穴”)。与hut和sky有关。

hides (third-person singular present)
hiding (present participle)
hid (past)
hidden (past participle)
hid (past participle)

The blind man, whom he had not been able to cure with the pomade, had gone back to the hill of Bois-Guillaume, where he told the travellers of the vain attempt of the druggist, to such an extent, that Homais when he went to town hid himself behind the curtains of the "Hirondelle" to avoid meeting him.

1856, Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Part III Chapter XI, translated by Eleanor Marx-Aveling

Hidden behind thickets of acronyms and gorse bushes of detail, a new great game is under way across the globe. Some call it geoeconomics, but it's geopolitics too. The current power play consists of an extraordinary range of countries simultaneously sitting down to negotiate big free trade and investment agreements.

2013年July19日，Timothy Garton Ash，“Where Dr Pangloss meets Machiavelli”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 6，頁 18:

He hides his magazines under the bed.

他把他的杂志藏在床底下。

The politicians were accused of keeping information hidden from the public.

政治家被指责对公众隐瞒信息。

Nonetheless, some insect prey take advantage of clutter by hiding in it. Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close (less than half a meter) above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them.

2013 May-June，William E. Conner，“An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁s 206–7:


hide

源自古英語 hȳd，源自日耳曼語族，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdi，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdiz，源自原始印歐語 *kéw(H)tis (“皮，皮肤”)（对比拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤，皮”)），源自原始印歐語 *(s)kew(H)- (“盖”)，最终与上面的词源词根相同。还见sky。
参见西弗里斯蘭語 hûd、荷蘭語 huid、德語 Haut、威爾士語 cwd (“阴囊”)、拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤”)、立陶宛語 kutys (“钱包”)、古希臘語 κύτος (kútos，“浅容器”)、σκῦτος (skûtos，“掩盖”)。

hides (third-person singular present)
hiding (present participle)
hided (past participle)

He ran last week, and he was hided, and he was out on the day before yesterday, and here he is once more, and he knows he's got to run and to be hided again.

1891，Robert Weir, J. Moray Brown，Riding:


hiding

参见hide（词源1）。

hide 的現在時分詞和動名詞


hand-me-down

hand-me-downs (third-person singular present)
hand-me-downing (present participle)
hand-me-downed (past participle)

“See into life, don’t just look at it” is her [Anne Baxter’s] creditable credo, hand-me-downed from her famous architect grandfather, the late Frank Lloyd Wright。

1963，Celebrity Register: An Irreverent Compendium of American Quotable Notables，Harper & Row，頁 40:

The carpet was a montage of fade and unfade indicating that when new it had been used in another office—probably Mr. Barlowe’s—and then hand-me-downed when the decorators had cut loose.

1966，Mike Cohen，The Bright Young Man，J. B. Lippincott Company，頁 27:

The traditional family was poorly adapted to consumption: its raison d’être was rooted in sharing, hand-me-downing, and cooperative endeavor.

1990，Jan E. Dizard，Howard Gadlin，The Minimal Family，The University of Massachusetts Press, →ISBN，頁 41:

He had scraped together the funds to traipse off to the latest Bonanza camp, to buy speculative stocks, liquor and fine Sacramento meals for his boomer friends and fancy women, while my mother cut pieces of cardboard and canvas into soles to stuff inside our shoes to stop the holes, and hand-me-downed our clothes.

1998，Oakley M. Hall，Ambrose Bierce and the Queen of Spades: A Mystery Novel，Berkeley, Calif., Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, →ISBN，頁 124:

The first thing Gabe saw as they pulled close was the flashing lights of Ruleton’s two police cruisers parked off to the side of the road—the new one Sheriff Dodd’s, the humble other the battered black-and-white that he’d hand-me-downed to his deputy, Ralph Simpson.

2006，Tom Bailey，Cotton Song，Shaye Areheart Books, →ISBN，頁 283:

He could not change the past but he was determined that he would not follow in the grand family hand-me-downed legacy.

2012，Lee Beck，From a Dark Place，AuthorHouse, →ISBN，頁 442:

Instead I changed into a blue skirt and a white blouse with a scalloped collar, hand-me-downs from Marie Dowd that she had gotten hand-me-downed from cousins in Brooklyn who went to Catholic school.

2017，Carol Zoref，Barren Island，New Issues Poetry & Prose, →ISBN，頁 157:

He wore a white dress shirt that was buttoned uncomfortably tight around his neck, a black tie, and an oversized blazer that had been hand-me-downed from one of his older cousins.

2018，Ty Marshall，“Love Seldom. Trust Never.”, in Goodfellas，Urban Books, →ISBN, chapter one (The Early Years):


handball

handballs (third-person singular present)
handballing (present participle)
handballed (past participle)

handle

非守門員的球員手觸碰到足球（而犯規）

手动装载或卸载集装箱、拖车，或以其他方式将散装货物（通常在托盘上）从一种运输容器移至另一种运输容器。

非守門員的球員手觸碰到足球（而犯規）

If the defender handballs in the penalty area, a penalty is awarded.

如果后卫在禁区内手球，将被判罚。

Meanwhile, you can introduce the basic concept of Aussie rules through a game like lineball, a lead-up game introduced in the basketball section of chapter 10, but with the ball handballed, not thrown.

2001, Jerry R. Thomas, Alan G. Launder, Jack K. Nelson, Play Practice: The Games Approach to Teaching and Coaching Sports, page 111,

An obvious way in which football has changed over the last decade or two has been in the use of handballing.

2005, Andrew McLeod, Trevor D. Jaques, Australian Football: Steps to Success, page 9,

On only 8 occasions during the entire match did players who had marked the ball decide not to walk slowly and purposefully back and take their kick, but instead play on by handballing to a team mate.

2009, John P. Devaney, Full Points Footy: Encyclopedia of Australian Football Clubs, page 246,


hillbilly

源自hill + billy (“家伙”)。对比低地蘇格蘭語 chapman billie (“旅行商人”)。

hillbillies (third-person singular present)
hillbillying (present participle)
hillbillied (past participle)

展现自己乡下的出身；散发乡下人的气质

Hillbillying troubadors, the bohemians of a new world, not cafe society but more like the poor white origins of an Elvis Presley.

1991，The Commonwealth Review - Volume 3，頁 189:

Like Ken Lay, [Rebecca] Mark came from a small town in Missouri, one of four children in a farm family with deep fundamentalist beliefs. Her conversational style has been polished in Texas, and she is a master of “hillbillying,” the trick of playing up one’s humble origins.

2002年April1日，Marie Brenner，“The Enron Wars”, in Vanity Fair:

And Kerry doesn’t know how to hillbilly. And it is not a Texas thing, by the way. John F. Kennedy used to hillbilly us. And that meant that he flirted with us. He had a twinkle. Bill Clinton hillbillied us. And Kerry has got to learn how to do that. He has got to dial back and show some relaxed affability.

2004年April30日，Lesley Stahl，“Hardball”, in MSNBC:

将...刻画为乡巴佬；表现为乡巴佬

I think that 20 to 30 years ago nonfundamentalists in America did make a great mistake by typing them, by hillbillying and backwoodsing and holy-rollering them.

2001，The New York Times Biographical Service, Volume 32，頁 1540:

God damned mother fuckin son of a bitch cock suckin' asshole, who the fuck does he think he is, that dumb ass, half-brained, hillbillied redneck, given me that Jew shit when he's coppin' money and nobody's got the balls to stand up to him and they're gonna let me take the rap?

2006，Laurel Snyder，Half/life: Jew-ish Tales from Interfaith Homes, →ISBN，頁 25:

The Warner Bros. cartoons, after having hillbillied themselves nearly to death during the 1930s, did not return to the trend during the late 1940s.

2008，Tim Hollis，Ain't That a Knee-Slapper, →ISBN，頁 125:


hankering

hanker 的現在時分詞和動名詞

"[…] You don't mean," Mr. Osborne continued, gathering wrath and astonishment as the thought now first came upon him; "you don't mean that he's such a d—— fool as to be still hankering after that swindling old bankrupt's daughter? […]"

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 24, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

[T]here is a clear sense that Britain is hankering for a change at the top.

2008年May23日，James Graff，“Lost: Labour's Love for Brown”, in Time:


harass

动词派生自中古法語、古法語 harasser (“使...力竭；折磨，烦扰”)（现代法語 harasser (“使...力竭”)），可能源自古法語 harer (“放狗追”)，源自古法蘭克語 *hara (“此处，到这里”，命令狗攻击的指令)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hē₂r (“这里”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *ḱe (“这里；这个”) + *ís (“那个，那位”) + *-r。
名词派生自动词。

harasses (third-person singular present)
harassing (present participle)
harassed (past participle)

don't ask, don't tell, don't harass, don't pursue

烦扰，骚扰，纠缠 （法律上的）频繁，再三地骚扰

For it is a stout calf, ripe for the temples and altar [to be sacrificed], and to be sprinkled with wine; who is now ashamed to draw the dugs of his mother, and who harasseth the oaks with his budding horn.

1829，Juvenal，“Satire XII”, in William Smart（譯者）, Juvenal and Persius, Literally Translated for the Use of Students，London: […] [Richard Gilbert] for Whittaker, Treacher, & Co. […], →OCLC，頁 125:

Some who dwell in wildernesses, / who seek and occupy, by their own wills, homes in dark caverns, these await / the heavenly dwelling-place; he who grudgeth them life, / oft bringeth hateful terror upon them; / sometimes he showeth them horror, sometimes vain glory; / the wily murderer hath power of both, / and harasseth these lonely-dwellers; […]

1895，“Saint Guthlac. A.”, in The Exeter Book, an Anthology of Anglo-Saxon Poetry […]，part I (Poems I–VIII), London: [F]or the Early English Text Society, by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., […], →OCLC, part I，頁 109，行s 81–88:

给...负担，使...紧张

To harass good people is no different than speaking ill of them.

The ſoul that dies this death, is like a loving wife matched with a rigorous huſband: ſhe does what ſhe can to pleaſe him, yet he is never pleaſed; but toſſeth, haraſſeth, and beats her, till ſhe break her heart, and death ſets her free: […]

1761，Thomas Boston，“State II. Namely, the State of Nature or of Entire Depravation. Head I. The Sinfulness of Man’s Natural State. [Of the Corruption of the Will.]”, in Human Nature in Its Four-fold State […]，第12th版, Edinburgh: […] David Gray […], →OCLC，頁 80:

He, who harasseth his household, shall inherit the wind; / And the fool shall be the servant of the wise in heart.

1831，William French and George Skinner（譯者）, A New Translation of the Proverbs of Solomon from the Original Hebrew […]，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] J. Smith printer to the University; London: John Murray […], →OCLC, Proverbs XI:29，頁 37:

Zeal without judgment is an evil, though it be zeal unto good; / […] / By a shoulder to the wheel downhill harasseth the labouring beast, / And where an obstruction were needed, will harm by an ill judged thrusting-on.

1839，Martin F[arquhar] Tupper，“Of Discretion”, in Proverbial Philosophy: A Book of Thoughts and Arguments, Originally Treated，第3rd版, London: Joseph Rickerby, […], →OCLC，頁s 147–148:

The tradition of this Yoga has now for a long time been broken here, O Arjuna, who harassest thy foes, like the sun, by the heat of thy prowess.

1897，“Fourth Discourse. Jnana-Yoga.”, in Alladi Mahadeva Sastry（譯者）, The Bhagavad Gita with the Commentary of Sri Sankaracharya […]，第7th版, Madras, Tamil Nadu: Samata Books, 出版於 1977, →OCLC，頁 119:

使...筋疲力竭，使...劳累不堪

As the waters wear to pieces the stones, / As their overflowings sweep the soil from the land,— / So consumest thou the hope of man; / Thou harassest him continually till he perish; / Thou weariest out his frame, and despatchest him.

1812，John Mason Good，“Part II. First Series of Controversy.”, in The Book of Job, Literally Translated from the Original Hebrew, and Restored to Its Natural Arrangement: […]，London: […] [F]or Black, Parry, and Co. […], by R. Watts, Broxbourn Press, →OCLC, Job XIV:19–20:

'[T]is true, that he neither harasseth his vassals from morn to eve by hard labour and exaction, nor committeth them to the dungeon, when they can no longer work nor pay. But to knights of our calling, Monsieur Robichon, he is as ill disposed as the worst of them:— […]

1825，Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym]，“Substance of Some Traditions Respecting Grimmfer the Wizard”, in New Landlord’s Tales; or, Jedediah in the South. […]，卷 II, London: […] [S. Gosnell] for T[homas] Hookham, […], →OCLC, chapter I，頁s 126–127:


hitch

可能源自中古英語 hicchen、hytchen、icchen (“猛地移动”)，词源不详，其他语言中难以找到同源词。对比itch、hike。

hitches (third-person singular present)
hitching (present participle)
hitched (past participle)

She hitched her jeans up and then tightened her belt.

她把牛仔裤一把扯上来，然后系上皮带。

He hitched the bedroll to his backpack and went camping.

他把铺盖卷固定到背包上，然后去露营了。

Philander went into the next room, which was just a lean-to hitched on to the end of the shanty, and came back with a salt mackerel that dripped brine like a rainstorm. Then he put the coffee pot on the stove and rummaged out a loaf of dry bread and some hardtack.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 8, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

The company has hitched its future to artificial intelligence — whether with its voice-enabled digital assistant or its automated placement of advertising for marketers — as the breakthrough technology to make the next generation of services and devices smarter and more capable.

2020年December3日，Cade Metz，Daisuke Wakabayashi，“Google Researcher Says She Was Fired Over Paper Highlighting Bias in A.I.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

hitchhike 的截斷形式，搭便车

to hitch a ride

Frank’s breath hitched in his throat when he saw the knife being pointed at him.

Frank看到刀对着他的时候，他的呼吸在喉咙中开始变得不畅。

绊到 （指马走路时双腿撞到）

Stolen[…]A brown Gelding[…]all his paces, and hitches a little in his pace.