encore

借自法語 encore (“再次”)，亦曾使用过该词义。

Encore, attachments thwarted by circumstance, or such as died the natural death of absence—these would be not a few; to say nothing of some half-dozen grand passions.

1831，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Romance and Reality，卷 2，頁 181:


heavy

源自中古英語 hevy、heviȝ，源自古英語 hefiġ、hefeġ、hæfiġ (“重的，重要的，严重的，猛烈的，缓慢的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *habīg (“沉重的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *habīgaz (“沉重的”)，源自原始印歐語 *keh₂p- (“拿，取”)。
同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 hevy、havy、heavy (“沉重的”)、荷蘭語 hevig (“严重的，猛烈的”)、中古低地德語 hēvich (“严重的，猛烈的”)、德語 hebig（对比heftig (“严重的，猛烈的”)）、冰島語 höfugur (“沉重的，重要的”)、拉丁語 capāx (“大的，宽的，有能力的，能干的”)。

more heavy (comparative)
most heavy (superlative)

heavy laden with their sins

Olive: What was it - booze? Barney: Yeh. Been hitting it pretty heavy.

1957，Ray Lawler，Summer of the Seventeenth Doll，Sydney: Fontana Books, 出版於 1974，頁 35:


far

farther (comparative)
further (comparative)
farthest (superlative)
furthest (superlative)

（与比较级连用）非常，很大程度上，远远，大大


in

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大，澳大利亞

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大，澳大利亞

通用美式，加拿大，澳大利亞

通用美式，加拿大，澳大利亞


large

源自中古英語 large，源自古法語 large，源自拉丁語 larga，largus (“富余的，大量的，大的，多的”)的阴性形式，最终词源不详。很大程度上取代了中古英語 stoor, stour (“大的”)（源自古英語 stōr）和muchel (“大的”)（源自古英語 myċel）。


high

源自中古英語 high、heigh、heih，源自古英語 hēah (“高的，高耸的，高级的，上层的，杰出的，高傲的，深邃的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hauh (“高”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hauhaz (“高”)，源自原始印歐語 *kewk- (“升”)。
与低地蘇格蘭語 heich (“高的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 hooch (“高的”)、西弗里斯蘭語 heech (“高的”)、荷蘭語 hoog (“高的”)、低地德語 hoog (“高的”)、德語 hoch (“高的”)、瑞典語 hög (“高的”)、挪威語 høy (“高的”)、冰島語 hár (“高的”)、立陶宛語 kaukas (“肿块，疮”)、俄語 ку́ча (kúča，“摞，沓”)同源。

higher (comparative)
highest (superlative)

副词high和highly不能混淆He hung the picture high on the wall. ― 他把照片高高地挂在墙上。 As a politician, he isn't esteemed too highly. ― 作为政治家他没有被尊重得很多。

How high above land did you fly?

你飞到了离地面多高的地方？

Costs have grown higher this year again.

I certainly can't sing that high.


gratis

借自拉丁语gratis。


piano

源自意大利語 piano。

轻奏地，轻柔地（活页乐谱中略作“p.”）（自17世纪）


nowhere

源自中古英語 nowher，再自古英語 nōhwēr、nāhwǣr，即 nā- + hwǣr，相當於現代英語的 no + where。

Nowhere did the rules say anything about popcorn.

規定中沒有任何地方提到爆米花。

We sat in traffic, going nowhere.

我們坐在車陣中，無處可去。


most

:< 古英语 mǣst，为日耳曼词汇。 与荷兰语 meest、德语 meist、瑞典语 mest 同源。

（前加定冠词，构成一些形容词和副词的最高级形。一般限于两个或两个以上音节的形容词或副词。否则用 -est/-st 的方法构成最高级。）最…


notwithstanding

源自中古英語 notwithstandinge、notwithstondyng、natwithstandyng，等价于not + withstanding。对比近义且构成类似的中古英語 notgainstonding、not aȝenstondynge。

He, notwithstanding, persisted in his inquiries.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

1789，United States Contitution，Supremacy Clause，(請指定書籍名或刊物名):

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:notwithstanding。


plump

源自中古英語 plumpen，与中古荷蘭語 plompen、中古低地德語 plumpen、德語 plumpfen有关。


precious

源自中古英語 precious，借自古法語 precios (“珍贵的，昂贵的，宝贝的，至爱的；做作的”)，源自拉丁語 pretiōsus (“珍贵的，昂贵的”)，源自pretium (“价值，价格”)，参见price。

通常前接于few和little，用于slight、small、scant相当少见。且无论如何均用于修饰与“少，小，稀少”有关的词。

非常 （语气加强，参见用法说明）

There is precious little we can do.

Precious few pictures of him exist.


nearby

more nearby (comparative)
most nearby (superlative)

部份英國人用「near by」（分開二字）作為副詞，而單字「nearby」作為形容詞；但美式英語中副詞和形容詞都是寫作單字。


blind

源自中古英語 blynd，源自古英語 blind，源自原始西日耳曼語 *blind，源自原始日耳曼語 *blindaz。

more blind (comparative)
most blind (superlative)

to swear blind


asunder

原为两个词，源自古英語 on (介词，等同于a) sundran (“分开的位置”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *sunder、*sundraz。同源词包括丹麥語 sønder、瑞典語 sönder、荷蘭語 zonder、德語 sonder、冰島語 sundur、法羅語 sundur和挪威語 sunder/sønder，与哥特語 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 (sundrō)有关。

more asunder (comparative)
most asunder (superlative)

apart

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

in twain

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

Lest anyone find her treasure, she tore the map asunder and cast its pieces into the wind.

她将地图撕碎撒向风中，以防有人找到她的宝藏。

Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 2:3:

On both of those occasions, he came back to the fire with the inexplicable air upon him which I had remarked, without being able to define, when we were so far asunder.

You don't want to hurt me, but see how deep the bullet lies. Unaware that I'm tearing you asunder. There is thunder in our hearts.

1985，Kate Bush （作曲作詞）, “Running Up That Hill”:


fast

標準英音，澳大利亞，新西蘭，南非

標準英音，澳大利亞，新西蘭，南非


bright

源自中古英語 brighte (“明亮地；（比喻义）极佳地，辉煌地；（指颜色）鲜艳的，清晰地；洪亮地，大声地”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 breohte、beorhte (西萨克逊) [以及其他形式]，最终源自原始日耳曼語 *berhtaz (“明亮的”)，详见词源 1。

more bright (comparative)
most bright (superlative)


a fortiori

/ˈɑː fɔːɹtɪˈoʊɹiː/

/ˈeɪ fɔɹʃˈjɔˑɹaɪ/


ablaze

more ablaze (comparative)
most ablaze (superlative)

燃烧着 （19世纪初叶）

[…] with the spontaneous combustion the house smouldered ablaze.

1969，Ray Bradbury，“The Haunting of the New”, in I Sing the Body Electric!，New York: Knopf，頁 143:


ab intra

/ˌæb ˈɪn.tɹə/


ab ovo

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 ab ōvō (字面意思是“从蛋开始”)。

自始以來，一直 （最早出现于16世纪晚期）


crescendo

/kɹɪˈʃɛn.dəʊ/

/kɹəˈʃɛn.dəʊ/


chop-chop

源自洋涇浜英語，源自粵語 速速 (cuk1 cuk1)。

‘And another beer! But cold this time, hear that, boy? Muchee coldee, and bring it chop chop.’

1977, John Le Carré, The Honourable Schoolboy, Folio Society 2010, p. 13:


certifiably

more certifiably (comparative)
most certifiably (superlative)

能够得到认证地，能够得到证明地

Was the accused at the time of the commission of the act with which he is charged, and before that time, laboring under such mental disease as to render him certifiably insane? […] He goes on to ask, How is a jury to determine whether a man is " certifiably insane?" How is any man to attach a definite meaning to "certifiably insane?" "The phrase can only mean that a couple of doctors can be found to certify that in their opinion the man is insane."

1894，The Medical and Surgical Reporter，卷 71，頁 583:

Must such a neighborhood or district maintain a certain percentage of certifiably ethnic residents to maintain its eligibility?

1997，Robert E. Stipe, Antoinette Josephine Lee，The American Mosaic: Preserving a Nation's Heritage，頁 277:

One or two were hurriedly fetching ropes and yelling contradictory orders，源自which I deduced that Mr. Brown had indeed fallen into the gorge, but was not yet certifiably dead.

2007，Diana Gabaldon，A Breath of Snow and Ashes，頁 320:

Further, the infrastructure core software, the Plugin modules and configuration information are all designed to be certifiably intact and secure.

2012，Mike Hinchey, Lorcan Coyle，Conquering Complexity，頁 384:

The main purpose for California Certified Organic Farmers is to certify that the products that growers are selling are certifiably organic

1990 June，Orange Coast Magazine，卷 16, 號 6，頁 114:

He is certifiably nuts.

Due mostly to his latest creation, the whacked-out Guggenheim branch that opened this fall in Bilbao, Spain, the 68-year-old Gehry has gone from being tagged the scary cousin in architecture's dysfunctional family to being certifiably huge.

I don't think the numbers are quite that high today; still, we're glad to be up, up and away and soon over the top— headed for the North Face, Mount Snow's hidden cache of bumped-up, certifiably scary steeps.

2002 November，“Ski”, in (請指定書籍名或刊物名)，卷 67, 號 3，頁 191:

It is brought up when we gather, often voiced by some of the most physically attractive men there, many of whom are objectively gorgeous, certifiably buff.

2003，David Nimmons，The Soul Beneath the Skin:

The Tofu Cheesecake Bake-Off, which ten daring bakers had entered, was a special event held mid-week. It was, certifiably, the world's first such tofu pie contest

1981 December，Vegetarian Times，號 52，頁 74:

You can get a long way into the Presley or Lennon mythology before you have to worry about the way these certifiably electric personalities dealt with the vocal problems of a particular phrase

1981年February23日，New York Magazine，卷 14, 號 8，頁 47:

Besides that, Mir was certifiably loaded ... she didn't need my Mom to buy her squat ... but apparently Mom had insisted.

2007，Mitch Reed，Blessings of the Father: Book One，頁 44:

Now that you're certifiably — albeit temporarily — unemployed, you can explore places you've never before had the time, or the inclination, to explore.

2008，Nicholas J. Nigro，No Job? No Prob!:


deadpan

more deadpan (comparative)
most deadpan (superlative)

A city-hired consultant from a firm called Urban Futures was booed repeatedly by the agitated homeowners as he talked deadpan, in bureaucratese, about his firm's "evidentiary record" pointing to blight in the neighborhood.

2004，Steven Greenhut，Abuse of Power: How the Government Misuses Eminent Domain，頁 46:


devilish

源自中古英語 develissh、develyssh，等价于devil + -ish。同源词包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 düvelsk、düüwelsk (“恶魔般的”)、西弗里斯蘭語 duvelsk (“恶魔般的”)、荷蘭語 duivels (“恶魔般的”)、德國低地德語 düvelsk (“恶魔般的”)、德語 teuflisch (“恶魔般的”)、丹麥語 djævelsk (“恶魔般的”)、瑞典語 djävulsk (“恶魔般的”)、挪威語 djevelsk (“恶魔般的”)。

more devilish (comparative)
most devilish (superlative)

It was devilish hot outside today.


devilishly

more devilishly (comparative)
most devilishly (superlative)


dogged

源自中古英語 dogged、doggid、doggyd (“像狗一样的性格”)，等价于dog + -ed。

"I'm afraid I've given him a heap of trouble. You see," he explained, looking at Paul critically, "I never thought of eating before I left town, and one gets so dogged hungry, you know walking. I say it is a long tramp, isn't it?"


disadvantageously

more disadvantageously (comparative)
most disadvantageously (superlative)


discourteously

more discourteously (comparative)
most discourteously (superlative)


exteriorly

more exteriorly (comparative)
most exteriorly (superlative)


what

:< 中古英語 < 古英語 hwæt < 原始日耳曼语 *hwat < 原始印欧语 *kʷos、*kʷod（产生于此词根的还有：who）。有大量的印欧同源词，例如：法语 quoi （“什么”）、俄语 кто （“谁”）。

（多接 with）用某种方式，在某种程度上，部分地

同 why。为何，为什么。

连接并列性质的短语，…与…


willy-nilly

源自will I, nill I（有时亦用ye或he代替I），意为“如果我希望，如果我不希望”，即“无论我希不希望”。参见will (“想要，希望”)、nill (“（弃用）不想，不愿，不希望”)。

more willy-nilly (comparative)
most willy-nilly (superlative)

nilly-willy

无论（别人）想不想要；不管三七二十一；随意，随心所欲，轻易，只管

nolens volens

无论（别人）想不想要；不管三七二十一；随意，随心所欲，轻易，只管

无论（别人）想不想要；不管三七二十一；随意，随心所欲，轻易，只管

Some writers chasing money churn out novels willy-nilly.

一些只想着钱的作家就一股脑地写一堆[劣质]小说。

Whenever I see a long handsome neck, willy nilly, the thought will come uppermost—What a capital neck for carving! Those cursed executions! One can't rid one's mind of them.

1868，[Johann Wolfgang von] Goethe，譯者 Arthur Duke Coleridge, Egmont. A Tragedy. […]，London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, Act II，頁 40:

I'll own I'm very glad he's come— / To hide my feelings would be silly— / You see I'm not so shy as some, / My thoughts will come out "willy-nilly."

1869年April1日，A. A. D.，“Twelve Scenes in a Young Lady’s Life. No. IV. A Spring Ramble.”, in The Young Englishwoman. A Volume of Pure Literature, New Fashions, and Pretty Needlework Patterns，卷 III, London: Ward, Lock, and Tyler, […], →OCLC, stanza 1，頁 220，列 1:

He says he shall come for me willy-nilly, and father and mother say I must have him! But I don't want to—because—because—I love you best!

1895 January，Thomas Hardy，“Hearts Insurgent”, in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine，卷 XC, 期 DXXXVI, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC, chapter VIII，頁 194，列 2:

The outer world is what we wake up to every morning of our lives, is the place where, willy-nilly, we must try to make our living.

1954，Aldous Huxley，The Doors of Perception，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC，頁 36:

The novel Alice in Wonderland describes a place where things happen willy-nilly.

小说《爱丽丝梦游仙境》写了一个有很多怪事发生的地方。


wherefore

源自中古英語 wherfor、wherfore、hwarfore，等价于where- (“什么”) + for。 对比荷蘭語 waarvoor (“为何”)、德語 wofür (“为何”)、丹麥語和挪威語 hvorfor (“为何”)、瑞典語 varför (“为何”)。详见where、for。

/ˈʍeə(ɹ)ˌfɔː(ɹ)/

将“wherefore”解读为“where”是常见的误解，这种误读有时会出现在莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的复述中，且常是为了喜剧效果。在《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中“Wherefore art thou Romeo?”（第2幕第2场第33句台词）意思不是“你在哪，罗密欧”，而是“为什么是你，罗密欧？”（“为什么你属于蒙塔古家族？”，即和朱丽叶的家族有世仇的一个家族）。

Wherefore doe the wicked liue, become old, yea, are mightie in power?

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 21:7，列 1:

"Good morning, Mrs. Denny," he said. "Wherefore this worried look on your face? Has that reprobate James been misbehaving himself?"

1920, Herman Cyril McNeile, chapter 1, in Bulldog Drummond:

Wherefore, Judge G. Thomas Porteous, Jr., is guilty of high crimes and misdemeanors and should be removed from office.

2010年March17日，House of the United States，House Resolution 1031:


underhanded

more underhanded (comparative)
most underhanded (superlative)

手臂从下方地；卑鄙地；挖苦地；悄悄地；在人手不足的情况下

Bonino required each of us to shoot our free throws underhanded.

2009，Patrick M. Sheridan，How Come Nothing Ever Kills Granddad?, →ISBN:

The 3fz one-hand-only shooting mechanism allows players to shoot the basketball up-handed by pronating palm (down) and uplifting the arm, as well as underhanded by supinating palm (up) and low-hand Unishots.

2011，Xiaoxing Chen，Three-Finger Zen: A Basketball Revolution, →ISBN，頁 54:


unwittingly

more unwittingly (comparative)
most unwittingly (superlative)

She realized to her horror that she had unwittingly helped those people she most despised.

她惊恐地意识到，她在不经意间帮了她最憎恶的那群人。

[O]nly now it remained that I inquire whether I have right to enter the city of refuge: so I found, that he must not, who lay in wait to shed blood: It was not the wilful murderer, but he who unwittingly did it, he who did it unawares; not out of spite, or grudge, or malice, he that shed it unwittingly: even he who did not hate his neighbour before. Wherefore, […] I thought verily I was the man that must enter, because I had smitten my neighbour unwittingly, and hated Him not aforetime.

1666，John Bunyan，Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners: […]，London: Printed by George Larkin, →OCLC; 再版為 Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners in a Faithful Account of the Life and Death of John Bunyan: […]，London: The Religious Tract Society, […], [1905], →OCLC, paragraphs 218–219，頁 123:

I have had a deep sense of the sad consequences of mistakes, in things capital; and their impossibility of recovering when compleated; and what grief of heart it brings to a tender conscience, to have been unwittingly encouraging of the sufferings of the innocent.

1697，John Hale，“The Preface”, in A Modest Enquiry into the Nature of Witchcraft, […]，Boston, Mass.: Printed by B[artholomew] Green, and J[ohn] Allen, for Benjamin Eliot […], 出版於 1702, →OCLC，頁 11; reprinted in “Memoir of the Rev. John Hale”, in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society，卷 VII (Third Series), Boston, Mass.: Charles C[offin] Little and James Brown, 1838, →OCLC，頁 264:

Of course those ministers who did support this did so unwittingly in most instances, did they not? By unwittingly I mean not knowing that the whole program was controlled and dominated and instigated by the Communist Party.

1955年June27日，Gordon H[arry] Scherer (questioner)，“Testimony of Mrs. Anita Bell Schneider”, in Investigation of Communist Activities in the Los Angeles, Calif., Area—Part 1: Hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, Eighty-fourth Congress, First Session, June 27 and 28, 1955: […]，Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 1507:

In the fall of 2016, [Hugh] Hefner was the subject of rumors about his health. As per his wishes, he was to be buried in a crypt next to that of Marilyn Monroe, who'd unwittingly helped launch Playboy into the multi-million-dollar business it became.

2017年September27日，David Browne，“Hugh Hefner, ‘Playboy’ Founder, Dead at 91: Legendary Magazine Editor Helped Spark the Sexual Revolution”, in Rolling Stone，存檔自the original on 2018-03-15:

"She had asked at Paddington for a return to Lympstone on the Exmouth branch, where her son was due to pass out as a Royal Marine that afternoon, at the local training camp.
"Presumably, the booking clerk had misheard her and sold her a ticket to Leominster, and other helpful staff had unwittingly helped her on her way.

2022年July13日，“Stop & Examine”, in RAIL，期 961，頁 71:


upfront

He's a poor defender, so we always play him upfront.

他防守很差，所以我们都让他进攻。


upstairs

further upstairs (comparative)
furthest upstairs (superlative)

I’ll take my shoes and put them away the next time I go upstairs.

我上楼的时候我就把我鞋子拿走放起来。

I hate the people who live upstairs, and I especially hate their piano.

我讨厌住我楼上的人，而且特别讨厌他们的钢琴。

There was more dancing and singing up stairs, more wit and conversation below; all were at liberty, and all stayed late; and all talked so much of the happiness they had enjoyed, that Lady Anne felt herself exceedingly tempted to give another party before the season finally closed.

1838 (date written)，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XX, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 I, London: Henry Colburn, […], 出版於 1842, →OCLC，頁 255:

Marsha, let’s go upstairs!
#*::
 （美国）音频： (檔案)

2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

On arrival at Birmingham New Street, I make my way upstairs to the mezzanine to get shots of an almost deserted concourse, polka-dotted with social distancing circles like some strange board-game.

2020年December2日，Paul Bigland，“My weirdest and wackiest Rover yet”, in Rail，頁 68:

After Joe did a hula dance on the kitchen table, his friends wondered if he didn’t have a lot going on upstairs.

那次Joe在厨房桌子上跳了呼拉舞以后，他的朋友就怀疑他脑子是不是有什么问题。

Are you sure you're alright upstairs?


firsthand

Hell and tarnations, I've known them for muddleheads and blockheads half my life, and firsthand, but I sure didn't expect them to take leave of their senses, insulting our office of President, making our Party into a white demagogue's party, slapping the Negro vote in the face.

In the course of three intensive days in and around Guiyu's four villages, the small investigative team witnessed firsthand what passes for recycling of e-waste in Asia.

2002，Jim Puckett，片头起5:35, in Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia，spoken by Mary Ryan, Basel Action Network, →OCLC:

However, the romantic subjective approach persisted, allowing the nontraveling reader the illusion of experiencing the region at firsthand, […]

2003, Katherine Edgar, “Levant”, in Jennifer Speake, Literature of Travel and Exploration: G to P

He wasn't a gabber, nor a squawker not a ratfink nor a snitch. He wasn't a whistleblower. He wasn't a gossip. He didn't talk about someone behind their back. Banks knew that firsthand because he had tried on several occasions to get Quinley to talk about other people, and Quinley would never do it. He'd laugh and change the subject.

2007，Ichabauk Rum，“Handra Delamore”, in Ill: A Novel: Book One，Lincoln, Neb.: iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 63:

In 2000 America witnessed the bare-knuckle tactics of the GOP firsthand in Florida — tactics that included intimidation of black voters, phony felon lists, hired thugs sent by Tom DeLay to stop the recount, a secretary of state who did all that could be done to push the election in Bush's favor, and so on.

2007，Elliot D. Cohen, Bruce W. Fraser，The Last Days of Democracy: How Big Media and Power-hungry Government are Turning America into a Dictatorship, →ISBN，頁 278:

Howard Davidowitz, who has studied consumer habits firsthand for decades, said that in the last three years he has seen more cash purchases at luxury boutiques like Louis Vuitton and semiluxury chains like Coach. Mr. Davidowitz, chairman of Davidowitz & Associates, a retail consulting firm, suspects now that $2,000 handbags and $700 shoes are commonplace, more women pay in fresh bills from the A.T.M. to cover their tracks.

2007年January14日，Shivani Vora，“Money Doesn’t Talk”, in New York Times:

On my first trip to China after normalization, I saw firsthand the possibility of leveraging Deng Xiaoping’s very real fear of the Soviets to gain specific intelligence aid from the People’s Republic of China.

2007，Joe Biden，“This Can't Hurt Us”, in Promises to Keep，New York: Random House, 出版於 2008, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 143:

The other girls were frumpier, more sturdy and heavily made up. These boys must have thought this little darling on my lap a perfect vixen, but I knew firsthand the master of vixenry, and was only lightly impressed by the affections of one of her fairy minions.

The point man is the only one besides the Shooter who could verify the kill shots firsthand, and he did just that to another SEAL I spoke with.

2013年February11日，Phil Bronstein，“The Man Who Killed Osama bin Laden… Is Screwed”, in Esquire Magazine:

“Ladies, look with your eyes, not just your iPhones,” Reddick said. “I know everything is Facebookable, but sometimes you have to experience things firsthand.”

2013年August14日，Matt DeBow，“Bug Chicks invade library”, in Lebanon Express，126 years, 期 26，頁 A4:

[…] I witness firsthand the difficult "downstream" outcomes (Grusky 2014) of social class stratification in a university setting where approximately 3,400 undergraduates (13% of the undergraduate population) are first in their families to attend and/or graduate from college (first-gens).

2016，Dwight Lang，“Witnessing Social Class in the Academy”, in Working in Class: Recognizing How Social Class Shapes Our Academic Work，Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, part 2 (Teaching)，頁 102:

The growing popularity of dark tourism suggests more and more people are resisting vacations that promise escapism, choosing instead to witness firsthand the sites of suffering they have only read about, said Gareth Johnson, a founder of Young Pioneer Tours, which organized trips for Ms. Joyce and Mr. Faarlund.

2022年October28日，Maria Cramer，“Beaches? Cruises? ‘Dark’ Tourists Prefer the Gloomy and Macabre”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


forthwith

源自中古英語 forth-with、fourth-with、furþ-with (“马上，立刻”)，部分源自短语forth with (something)，部分源自forth-with-al、furth-with-al (“马上；和...一起”)（派生出forthwithal）。

forthwithal

马上，立即，立刻 （自14世纪初叶）

马上，立即，立刻 （自14世纪初叶）

Let ther be Light, ſaid God, and forthwith Light, / Ethereal, firſt of things, quinteſſence pure, / Sprung from the Deep, [...]

要有光，上帝说，顷刻之间，天光跃出深渊，万物的开端，纯粹的第五种基本物质，…

1667，John Milton，“Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 243–245:

And no doubt the dry'd Dirt, and Slime of which we were ſpeaking, would have imbib'd ſome Portion of the Humidity, the Day before the Nile overflow'd, had it not been kept ſo cloſe: but being once releas'd from that Cuſtody, it forthwith ruſhes into the Embraces of the deſir'd Moiſture, following the natural Propenſity of dry Bodies to wet.

1714，T[itus] Lucretius Carus，“Of the Annual Inundation of the River Nile”, in Thomas Creech（譯者）, Of the Nature of Things. Translated into English Verse […]，卷s II (Containing the Fifth and Sixth Books), London: Printed by John Matthews, for George Sawbridge, […], →OCLC，頁 703:

The task was the harder in that the restored service had not only to start forthwith but also to last for several months pending modifications to the multiple-unit electric stock, and this called for organisation on a semi-permanent basis.

1961 July，“Glasgow emergency – the restoration of Clydeside steam suburban services”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 431:

[Hans] Jonas emphasized years ago that the prospect of genetic control, though cloning and other means, "raises ethical questions of a wholly new kind," for which we are profoundly unprepared. [...] Is it defensible in any sense, for instance, to set out forthwith to create "grade A individuals", "kids made to order," whether designed as privileged deciders of policy or merely dumb drones for the duller humdrum chores of life?

1998，Richard M. Zaner，“Surprise! You’re Just Like Me!: Reflections on Cloning, Eugenics, and Other Utopias”, in Human Cloning (Biomedical Ethics Reviews)，New York, N.Y.: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN，頁 114:

[W]hen the Board announced in March 1940, that after a certain date in May no Customs staff aged 23 or over would be allowed to join the Armed Forces it made our minds up for us. We were both 23! We forthwith applied for permission to enlist in the RAF.

2010，Martin W. Bowman，“Dam Buster – Dudley Heal”, in Bombs Away!: Dramatic First-hand Accounts of British and Commonwealth Bomber Aircrew in WWII，Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Aviation, Pen & Sword Books, →ISBN，頁 133:


gingerly

副词可能派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 gençur和古法語 gençor、gensor (“更美丽的，更礼貌的”) [以及其他形式] + 英語 -ly (副词构成后缀)。gençor是gent (“美丽的，英俊的；贵族的，高贵的；礼貌的，彬彬有礼的；流利的；礼貌地；高雅地”)的比较级，源自晚期拉丁語 *gentus，拉丁語 genitus (“出身（好）的”)的变体，gignō (“结，成为...之父；导致，产生”)的被动完成时分词， 最终源自原始印歐語 *ǵenh₁- (“使...诞生；产生”)。
《牛津英语词典》指出，盎格鲁-诺曼语和古法语的12世纪的文献，以及13世纪以后才可考的现代法语词之间存在一个几个世纪的缺口。因而若现代英语词源自盎格鲁-诺曼语和古法语词，则必须是经由口头或已失传的文献传入的（可能是作为舞蹈界的术语）。
形容词派生自副词，可能是因为-ly亦是一个形容词构成后缀。

more gingerly (comparative)
most gingerly (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚli/

He placed the glass jar gingerly on the concrete step.

他小心翼翼地将玻璃瓶放在水泥台阶上。

Purchasing a snowplow transforms Homer [Simpson] into a new man. Mr. Burns' laziest employee suddenly becomes an ambitious self-starter who buys ad time on local television at 3:17 A.M (prime viewing hours, Homer gingerly volunteers, for everyone from alcoholics to the unemployable to garden-variety angry loners) and makes a homemade commercial costarring his family.

2012年June3日，Nathan Rabin，“The Simpsons (Classic): ‘Mr. Plow’”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2020-10-27:

[Martin Luther] King [Jr.] was later said to have been within a sneeze or a jolt of extinction. Were it not for the pair of cops who gingerly carried him from Blumstein’s department store and the pair of surgeons who performed lifesaving surgery at Harlem Hospital there would have been no "I Have a Dream" speech and likely no national holiday honoring him.

2014年January20日，Michael Daly，“The Black and White Men who Saved Martin Luther King’s Life”, in The Daily Beast，出版於 14 April 2017 (update)，存檔自the original on 2021-01-18:

步伐小地，优美地；装腔作势地


grisly

源自grisle (“恐怖”) + -ly，对比中古荷蘭語 griselike、中古低地德語 grislike。

more grisly (comparative)
most grisly (superlative)

[A] very fair young gentlewoman [Sir Roger Wentworth's daughter], of twelve years of age, in marvellous manner vexed and tormented by our ghostly enemy, the devil, her mind alienated and raving, with despising and blaspheming of God, and hatred of all hallowed things, […] finally being brought and laid before the image of our blessed lady, was there, in the sight of many worshipful people, so grievously tormented, and in face, eyes, look, and countenance, so grisly changed, with her mouth drawn aside, and her eyes laid out upon her cheeks, that it was a terrible sight to behold. And after many marvellous things, […] restored to their good state, perfectly cured and suddenly.

1850，William Tyndale，引 Thomas More, “[The Solutions and Answers unto M. More’s First Book.] The Sixteenth Chapter”, in An Answer to Sir Thomas More’s Dialogue, The Supper of the Lord after the True Meaning of John VI. and 1 Cor. XI. and Wm. Tracy’s Testament Expounded. By William Tyndale, Martyr, 1536. Edited for the Parker Society, by the Rev. Henry Walter, B.D. F.R.S. [...]，Cambridge: Printed at the University Press, →OCLC，頁 90, footnote:

A valiant Captain of great prowess, as fierce as a fox assaulting a goose, was so hardy to give the first stroke: then got they so grisly together, that great was the activity that day to be seen there on both sides: the one very eager for purchase of prey, the other utterly stout for redemption of liberty: thus, quarrel enflamed the fury on both sides: twice the Danes had the better, but at the last conflict, beaten down, overcome, and many led captive for triumph by our English women.

1870，George Adlard，“A Letter: Whearin Part of the Entertainment unto the Queen’s Majesty at Killingworth Castl in Warwiksheer in this Somers Progress—1575 is Signified: 源自a Freend Officer Attendant in the Court unto His Freend a Citizen and Merchaunt of London. [...] With Explanatory Notes.”, in Amye Robsart and the Earl of Leycester; a Critical Inquiry into the Authenticity of the Various Statements in Relation to the Death of Amye Robsart, and of the Libels on the Earl of Leycester, with a Vindication of the Earl by His Nephew Sir Philip Sydney. And a History of Kenilworth Castle, including an Account of the Splendid Entertainment Given to Queen Elizabeth by the Earl of Leycester, in 1575，源自the Works of Robert Laneham and George Gascoigne; together with Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir Robert Dudley, Son of the Earl of Leycester，London: John Russell Smith, 36 Soho Square, →OCLC，頁 142:


grossly

grossly inflated expectations

grossly enlarged hepatic lobes, evident on palpation

明显肥大的肝叶，通过触诊非常明显

Third-class carriages are grossly overcrowded, with passengers lying on the luggage racks, standing between the benches, and occasionally even riding on the footboards and clinging to the outsides of the coaches for short distances.

1950 February，W. Dendy，“Impressions of the Indian Railways—3”, in Railway Magazine，頁 120:

Barker believed that evidence was emerging that a "solid proportion" of operations were "grossly uneconomic", and that no amount of improvement in equipment would make them viable. He suggested that "while the superstructure of the report is correct, the foundations require radical re-examination".

2023年March8日，David Clough，“The long road that led to Beeching”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 42:

grossly misjudged

grossly inflamed

A draft deal to cut global fossil fuel production is “grossly insufficient” and “incoherent” and will not stop the world from facing dangerous climate breakdown, according to delegates at the UN’s Cop28 summit.

2023年December11日，Fiona Harvey，Patrick Greenfield，Nina Lakhani，Adam Morton，Damian Carrington，“Cop28 draft climate deal criticised as ‘grossly insufficient’ and ‘incoherent’”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

同類詞：grotesquely

The men were talking grossly about their sexual conquests.

那帮男人在讨论性征服话题，令人作呕。


ghastly

源自古英語 gǣstan (“惊吓，折磨”)的衍生词 + -lic与ghostly（中古英语中亦作“gastlich”）的异文合并。等价于ghast/gast + -ly。16世纪时因异文合并，带“gh”的拼写发展起来。

Johnathan's lips moved ghastly before his voice would come. "So I'm crazy, am I? And if I choose to murder you, what would you do?"

1921, William Dudley Pelley, The Fog: A Novel, page 196:


henceforth

源自中古英語 hennes forth、hens-forþ、hennes-forþ，等价于hence (“从这里”) + forth (“往前”)。

My thanes and kinsmen,/Henceforth be earls, the first that ever Scotland /In such an honour named

1606, William Shakespeare, Macbeth, Act I, scene II:

I will try to do a better job, henceforth, now that I know the proper technique!

Henceforth, you shall be known as Darth...Vader.

2005, George Lucas, Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith


heavenward

源自中古英語 hevenward、heveneward、hefneward，等价于heaven + -ward。


happy-go-lucky

more happy-go-lucky (comparative)
most happy-go-lucky (superlative)

You have nothing to fear ; you have your twenty guineas in your pocket for helping me into my service, and if I get into Mrs. Martha's quarters, you have a hundred more ; if into the widow's, fifty : — happy go lucky !

1731，William Wycherley，Plays Written by Mr. William Wycherley:


hitherto

[ˈhɪðəˌtʰuː]

[ˌhɪðəˈtʰuː]

The exhaustless conjecturings of that evening's full conversation, made such of the small party, as had hitherto been strangers, well acquainted with each other's turn of mind[…]

1830，Anna Maria Porter，The Barony，卷 3，頁 460:

The results of this study argue for a greater endonormativity in Indian English than has hitherto been recognised.

2014，James Lambert，“Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes，頁 124:

North of Tain [...], the line reaches the southern shore of Dornoch Firth. Here, the railway and the A9 trunk road, which have hitherto run close together, diverge.

2021年October20日，Paul Stephen，“Leisure and pleasure on the Far North Line”, in RAIL，期 942，頁 49:


hobnob

源自hob and nob、hob or nob (干杯时所喊出的一个短语，可能意为give and take，指轮流干杯或轮流买酒，现已古旧)，源自方言词hab nab (“有或没有，指去喝酒的邀请”)，源自古英語 habban (“拥有”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *keh₂p- (“拿，掠”)） + nabban (“没有”)（源自ne（最终源自原始印歐語 *ne (“不，否”)） + habban）。

随机地，随便地，碰运气地


heretofore

源自中古英語 heretoforn，等价于here (“这里”) + toforn (“之前”)，源自古英語 toforan (“之前”)。还见here、tofore。

/ˌhɪətəˈfɔː/

/ˌhɪətʊˈfɔː/

/ˌhɪətəˈfɔə/

/ˌhɪətʊˈfɔə/

We now make available these works which were heretofore unpublished.

我们将发布这些迄今都未出版过的作品。

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:heretofore。

The Permanent Way: Britain's Railroads in the Making. By Horace Greenleaf and G. Tyers. […]There is no doubt that the permanent way has failed heretofore to attract popular interest to an extent comparable with its importance, but possibly the publicity given recently to various forms of experiment is tending to change this.

1948 September and October，“Railway Literature”, in Railway Magazine，頁 351:

同類詞：hereinelsewhere

heretofore referred to as

heretofore mentioned


hell-bent

源自hell (“拼命，不顾一切，非常”) + bent (“固执的，执着的”)。

more hell-bent (comparative)
most hell-bent (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-hell-bent.wav


honourably

more honourably (comparative)
most honourably (superlative)


intently

more intently (comparative)
most intently (superlative)

专心地，专注地，心无旁骛地


incidentally

more incidentally (comparative)
most incidentally (superlative)

The book discussed the subject, but only incidentally.

这本书讨论了这个主题，但只是顺带说了一下。

Incidentally, did you hear anything new from your brother yesterday?

对了，你有没有从你哥哥那里听来什么新消息？


literally

more literally (comparative)
most literally (superlative)

actually

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

really

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

unfiguratively

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

unmetaphorically

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

virtually

简直，几乎，可以说 （用于加强比喻义的程度，而非否定比喻义）

merely

仅仅，不过 （用作广义弱化修饰词）

overliterally

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

figuratively

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

idiomatically

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

metaphorically

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

virtually

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

Literally是figuratively的反义词，因此很多官方机构反对将literally用作比喻用法的语气加强词，比如“you literally become the ball”，不带任何比喻义的话，就是指“你变成了球”，而这是不可能的，但是实际上，这是说话人在使用literally作为语气加强词，来强调比喻义的程度。这种用法在非正式口语中很常见（“she was literally in floods of tears”）。

字面意义上的，没有比喻的

同類詞：etymonically

When I saw on the news that there would be no school tomorrow because of the snowstorm, I literally jumped for joy, and hit my head on the ceiling fan.

我看到新闻说明天学校因为暴风雪停课时，我高兴得真的跳了起来，然后头撞到了吊扇。

[…] Men In Black 3 finagles its way out of this predicament by literally resetting the clock with a time-travel premise that makes Will Smith both a contemporary intergalactic cop in the late 1960s and a stranger to Josh Brolin, who plays the younger version of Smith’s stone-faced future partner, Tommy Lee Jones.

2012年May24日，Nathan Rabin，“Film: Reviews: Men In Black 3”, in The Onion AV Club:

As lawmakers and staff rushed out, aides snatched the boxes containing the Electoral College certificates, making sure that the vandals could not literally steal the results of the election.

2021年January7日，Luke Broadwater, Emily Cochrane，“Inside the Capitol, the Sound of the Mob Came First”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

简直，几乎，可以说 （用于加强比喻义的程度，而非否定比喻义）

He was so surprised, he literally jumped twenty feet in the air.

My daughter's pet rabbit had babies, and now we've literally got rabbits coming out of our ears.

我女儿的宠物兔子生宝宝了，现在我们家可以说到处都是兔子。

On 9/11 people were literally glued to their TV sets.

9/11事件时大家时时刻刻都盯着电视。

The house was literally electrified; and it was only from witnessing the effects of her genius that he could guess to what a pitch theatrical excellence could be carried.

1827，Sir Walter Scott，“Appendix to Introduction”, in Chronicles of the Canongate，存檔自the original on 2021-06-15:

You literally become the ball in a tennis match, you become the report that you are working on […]

[O]ne can assume that the millions or billions of ringgit spent on the war against drugs have gone down the drain, literally.

2017年April22日，New Straits Times，Malaysia，頁 20:

真的 （增强非比喻义词的语气）

I had no idea, so I was literally guessing.

我不懂，我真的就只是在猜。

I was literally having breakfast when she arrived.

她来的时候我真的就在吃早餐。

She was literally like, "What?", and I was literally like, "Yeah".

她就说了句，“哈？”然后我也回了句，“对。”

Literally who is this?

Pearl: Steven, we are not like the No Home Boys. We are literally standing in your home right now.

仅仅，不过 （用作广义弱化修饰词）

It's not even hard to make—you literally just put it in the microwave for five minutes and it's done.

这根本就不难做——你就把它放进微波炉热了五分钟就做好了。

It won't take me long to get back, cause the store's literally two blocks away.

我回来用不了多久的，因为那个商店就隔了两个街区。


lately

源自中古英語 lately、latly，等价于late + -ly。对比古英語 lætīċe (“慢慢地”)。

latelier (comparative)
more lately (comparative)
lateliest (superlative)
most lately (superlative)

formerly

（用于英国贵族）原 （“曾经是”，引出旧称呼）

I'd lately returned from Japan.

It's only lately that I've been well enough to get out of bed.

我到最近才发现我身体已经康复到能够下床了。

Don't try to come lately and change your answer now after you've heard everyone else's response.

别想着晚到能听到大家的答案以后再改自己的答案。

（用于英国贵族）原 （“曾经是”，引出旧称呼）

David George Philip Cholmondeley, The Marquess of CHOLMONDELEY, K.C.V.O., lately Lord Great Chamberlain, Royal Household.

2023，“Honours list on the demise of HM Queen Elizabeth II”, in London Gazette，號 64008，頁 D2:

The ¼th of the manor of Dunterdon is held of the king by knight's service as of his honour of Okehampton, now in the king's hands by reason of the atteinture of Henry lately Marquis of Exeter for high treason, and is worth 55s 6d yearly.

1545，Inquisition post mortem of John Arundell of Lanherne knight's lands in Devon:


perchance

源自中古英語 parchaunce，源自古法語 par cheance (“碰巧”)。

A great black bird, Apollyon's bosom-friend, / Sailed past, nor beat his wide wing dragon-penned / That brushed my cap—perchance the guide I sought.

1855, Robert Browning, “Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came”, XXVII:


paramour

源自中古英語 paramour、paramoure、peramour、paramur，源自古法語 par amor (“为了爱”)。

/ˈpæ.ɹə.mʊə/

/ˈpæ.ɹə.mɔː/

devotedly

（爱情等）激情地，出于性欲地 （自14世纪起）

passionately

（爱情等）激情地，出于性欲地 （自14世纪起）

（爱情等）激情地，出于性欲地 （自14世纪起）

Is this trouthe said Palomydes / Thenne shall we hastely here of sire Tristram / And as for to say that I loue la Beale Isoud peramours I dare make good that I doo / and that she hath my seruyse aboue alle other ladyes / and shalle haue the terme of my lyf


oft

ofter (comparative)
oftest (superlative)

（多见于诗歌或方言）（= often） 常常，时常，经常


ominously

more ominously (comparative)
most ominously (superlative)


regularly

more regularly (comparative)
most regularly (superlative)

有规律地，有规则地，定期地，例行地；一丝不苟地；正式地;经常


posthaste

源自信件上的指示‘haste, post, haste’（尽快派送），后解读为post + haste的复合词。

It is imperative that you finish your task posthaste.

你需要赶紧完成你的任务。

"Sasi cannot last through the night." These words from his physician, and the spectacle of my friend, now reduced almost to a skeleton, sent me posthaste to Serampore.

1946 — Paramahansa Yogananda, Autobiography of a Yogi, Ch. 17


anyway

反正，总之。用来解释某种声明或支持之前的声明。参见anyhow。


ago

:< 中古英语 ago、agon（已过去的）——agon（离，逃，通过）的过去分词 < 古英语 āgān（走开，出去） < 原始日耳曼语 *uz-（出）、*gēnan（走）。 等同于 a- + gone。 同源词有：德语 ergehen（出去，发生，经历）。 另对比古萨克森语 āgangan（路过）、哥特语 (usgaggan)（出去）。


fucking

You've never seen a bunch of guys more fucking shocked to lose

2004，Tommy Lee with Anthony Bozza, Tommy Land，頁 79:

A bit young to be so cynical and so superior, you may think. My reply is that you should fucking well have been there, and felt it for yourself.

2010, Christopher Hitchens, Hitch-22, Atlantic 2011, p. 81:


askance

（扫视） 不赞成地；怀疑地

The scandal of opposition died down, and the stone-carver himself, though the town-folk continued to eye him askance, was able to secure other work through the favor of discriminating patrons.

1932 — Clark Ashton Smith, The Maker of Gargoyles

I glanced askance at this strange creature, and found him watching me with his queer, restless eyes.

1896 — H. G. Wells, The Island of Doctor Moreau, chapter 8

...the head-stones in the grave-yard beneath seemed to be holding themselves askance to keep it out of their faces.

1878 — Henry James, The Europeans, chapter 1


bigtime

This was the first test for that message -- and it failed bigtime.

2018年March15日，Bill Press，“‘Lamb the Sham’ beats ‘Trump the Chump’”, in Chicago Tribune:


big time

more big time (comparative)
most big time (superlative)

A Wheel of Fortune contestant was about to win a shot at the million dollar grand prize when he bumbled his answer and lost out big time.

2013年September18日，“Wheel of Fortune contestant loses chance at $1 million after mispronouncing a word”, in Daily Mail:

“American doesn’t hedge,” said Seth Kaplan, managing partner for the trade publication Airlines Weekly. “So, they have won big time.”

2015年January28日，Hugo Martin，“American Airlines’ fuel-buying bet pays off in record profit”, in Los Angeles Times:

North Vancouver condo buyers ‘won big time playing the long game’ [title]

2019年December6日，Kerry Gold，“North Vancouver condo buyers ‘won big time playing the long game’”, in The Globe and Mail (Vancouver):

Peterborough United almost missed out on signing star man Ivan Toney, but now they are set to cash in big-time [title]

2020年June22日，Alan Swann，“Peterborough United almost missed out on signing star man Ivan Toney, but now they are set to cash in big-time”, in Peterborough Telegraph:

But on other fronts there’s a clear case for optimism. Science has come to our rescue, big time, with the miraculously fast development of vaccines against the coronavirus.

2021年January1日，Paul Krugman，“Things Will Get Better. Seriously.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


sideways

He builds houses sideways, with the front door on the side.

他把房子侧着建了。房子的前门在侧面。

A bishop moves only diagonally; a rook, only sideways, forward, and back.

象只能斜着走；车只能侧着，朝前或者朝后走。

He looked sideways at the new arrival, wondering who she was.

他侧脸看向新来的人，好奇她是谁。

The economy has been moving sideways for several months now.

经济好几个月了都不好不坏。

We realized the project could go sideways very quickly if we didn't get the sales and marketing people on our side.

我们意识到，如果不拉拢好市场营销那边的人，项目很快就会泡汤。

As we walked deeper into the darkness, we both knew this could go sideways in a heartbeat. We were sitting ducks. Birds on a wire. Canaries in a coalmine.

2011，D. P. Lyle，章號 78, in Hot Lights, Cold Steel, →ISBN，頁 340:

It feels like the probability of something going sideways here is higher.

2023年May20日，Tabby Kinder, George Hammond，引 Ivan Matkovic, “So long, San Francisco”, in FT Weekend, Life & Arts，頁 1:


über

:源自德語 über。亦写作 uber。


stark

源自中古英語 stark、starc，源自古英語 stearc、starc (“僵硬的；不屈的，固执的；强大的；猛烈的，凶猛的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *stark，源自原始日耳曼語 *starkuz (“强大的”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)terg- (“僵硬”)。
同源词包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 sterc (“强的”)、荷蘭語 sterk (“强的”)、低地德語 sterk (“强的”)、德語 stark (“强的”)、丹麥語 stærk (“强的”)、瑞典語 stark (“强的”)、挪威語 sterk (“强的”)、冰島語 sterkur (“强的”)。与starch有关。
短语stark naked实际上变换自中古英語 stert naked，源自stert (“尾巴”)，字面上等价于butt naked。

现代标准英语中，副词基本上仅用于“stark naked”，以及表示“发狂”意的短语，如“stark raving mad”。

He's gone stark, staring mad.

She was just standing there, stark naked.

“… That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh. Her own father recognised it when he bereft her of all power in the great business he founded. …”

1913，Robert Barr，章號 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:


fuck

源自中古英語 *fukken，可能源自日耳曼語族：源自古英語 *fuccian或古諾爾斯語 *fukka，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *fukkōną，源自原始印歐語 *pewǵ- (“击，打，刺”)。对比windfucker及其有争议的词源。
可能在772年时可考于一提到了一处地名Fuccerham的章程内，其可能意为“肏者之家”或“肏者之牧场”；1278年时出现于某记录中的“John le Fucker”可能不过为“Fulcher”的变体，类似“Fucher”、“Foker”等形式。在英语的所有发展阶段中，本词最早明确使用于与性有关的语境内可能是英国柴郡的一个1310年12月8日的法庭文件内，其提到了一个叫做“Roger Fuckebythenavel”的男子（可能是半开玩笑，或者暗指其有淫乱行为）。本词1598年首次出现在词典内。 低地蘇格蘭語 fuk/fuck可考记录出现较早，可能进一步佐证了其源自北日耳曼/斯堪的纳维亚的词源理论。进入16世纪后，本词开始被频繁使用，接替了jape和sard并广泛取代了swive。
大量基于民间词源理论的逆构词，比如fornication under consent of the king和for unlawful carnal knowledge，均不实。
义项10源自相关词义feck。

hell

用来加强“yes”或“no”的语气。

god

用来加强“yes”或“no”的语气。

shit

用来加强“yes”或“no”的语气。

heck

用来加强“yes”或“no”的语气。

the fucking you get isn't worth the fucking you get

用来加强“yes”或“no”的语气。

Do you censor your swearing? – Fuck no.

你会删减你的脏话吗？ — 删个卵。


arbitrarily

任意地，武断地，反复无常地

肆意地，专横地，独断独行地


bona fide

源自拉丁語 bonā fidē (“以善意”)，bona fidēs (“善意”)的斜格。

Let thinking people, then, judge what must be the fate of a church, whose fundamental doctrines are disbelieved by men of sense and inquiry, whose articles are well known not to be subscribed bonâ fide by those who officiate in it […]。

1791，Joseph Priestley，Letters to Burke, section XII:


straddle

作动词时，自16世纪60年代起可考。很可能是方言词striddle的变换形式。名词自17世纪10年代起可考。


amiss

We shall not do amiss to notice, also, that in ordinary conversation, a few words are used as Turkish singulars, which are, in reality, Arabic plurals; but this is not correct in writing.

1856，J. W. Redhouse，An English and Turkish Dictionary，頁 xxvi:

Then Hrefna said she would coif herself with it, and Thurid said she had better, and Hrefna did so. When Kalf saw that he gave her to understand that she had done amiss; and bade her take it off at her swiftest. "For that is the one thing that we, Kjartan and I, do not own in common."

1899, The Laxdaela Saga (translated by Muriel A. C. Press) Chapter 44


all-around

an all-around better player than me

Vacation with pay, annual passes, and all around better working conditions.

1911，The Railroad Telegrapher，卷 28，頁 1730:

In addition, be sure to reinforce - as persistently as possible - that addressing questionable behavior makes for an all-around better organization.

2005，Christopher Bauer，Better Ethics Now: How to Avoid the Ethics Disaster You Never Saw Coming:

He graduated from the Police Academy in 1957 winning the Police Commissioner's Trophy for all around highest scores-academically, physically, and for firearm proficiency.

2010，Anne T. Romano，Italian Americans in Law Enforcement，頁 84:

Collectively, the three sections in this chapter are intended to add to what has gone before regarding personal behavior and to serve as additional food for thought for those attempting to be all-around better people.

2013，Holland E. Bynam，On Being a Better You，頁 26:


sine die

:源自拉丁語 sine （“無…”） + diē——diēs （“日，天”）的奪格單數。字面含義為“沒有一日”。


à gogo

此词常在流行文化中使用，尤其是音乐和舞蹈方面。尽管这个短语的早期用法意思是“给人以世界主义的感觉”，现代用法更倾向于表示一种讽刺意味的、装模作样的吸引力。


à la carte

借自法語 à la carte (“菜單上的；卡片上的”)。

/ˌæ.ləˈkɑːt/

/ˌæ.læˈkɑːt/

/ˌɑ.ləˈkɑɹt/

/ˌɑ.lɑˈkɑɹt/


electrochemically

Copper acetate can be produced electrochemically.

乙酸铜可以通过电化学方法制得。


vulnerably

more vulnerably (comparative)
most vulnerably (superlative)


in petto

借自意大利語 in petto (“在胸口”)。


slower

slow 的比較級形式。


unacceptably

more unacceptably (comparative)
most unacceptably (superlative)


selectively

more selectively (comparative)
most selectively (superlative)


advantageously

more advantageously (comparative)
most advantageously (superlative)


ab urbe condita

借自拉丁語 ab Urbe conditā (“從[羅馬]城建成之日起”)。

自罗马城建立之时（公元前753年）算起；AUC的另一種寫法


JSYK

just so you know (“和你说一下；为了让你知道一下”)之首字母縮略詞。


deadass

he deadass kissed her


AKA

That man by the bar is Frank, AKA "the lady killer."

酒吧旁邊那個男的叫弗蘭克，又名“婦女殺手”。


ag

more ag (comparative)
most ag (superlative)


winters

They ski winters in the Laurentians.

他們冬季在洛朗蒂德山脈滑雪。


the other day

day 可以用 night、evening、afternoon、morning代替。用 week 和 month 則比較少。

I was in San Francisco just the other day.


ONG

That was a great movie, ONG.

我保證，那部電影真的超級好看。


appallingly

more appallingly (comparative)
most appallingly (superlative)


to-day

[Alice:] Dear, dear! How queer everything is to-day!

1866, Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 2 (ISBN 0-333-48224-7, p. 17):


to-night

[Alice:] Dinah'll miss me very much to-night, I should think!

1866, Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 1 (ISBN 0-333-48224-7, p. 5):


sculpturally

The artist expressed his ideas sculpturally.

這名藝術家通過雕塑來表達他的想法。


on the sly

This diversion was enjoyed on the sly, and unknown to the ladies of the house.

1857, William Makepeace Thackeray, The Virginians, ch. 16:


toilsomely

more toilsomely (comparative)
most toilsomely (superlative)


eer

ever 未加標點的縮約形。


in flagrante delicto

借自中世紀拉丁語 in flagrante delicto (字面意思是“当犯罪正在燃烧时”)，源自in + flāgrō (“燃烧”) + dēlictō，dēlictum (“犯罪，不当行为”)的变格形式。

亦作缩略形式in flagrante，其尤用于与性交有关时，如“to be caught in flagrante”.

当场，以现行犯 （在某人犯罪时当场）

He would be caught in flagrante delicto, and, with a heavy sentence hovering over him, he would probably be induced to name his accomplice.

1908，Baroness Orczy，章號 V, in The Old Man in the Corner:

当场 （在某人正在性交时当场）

We've already established that you were one of Miss Scarlet's clients. That's why you were so desperate to get your hands on those negatives. Photographs of you and Yvette in flagrante delicto, remember?

1985，Jonathan Lynn，Clue，spoken by Colonel Mustard (Martin Mull):

I would add to that the fact that, if we are happy to be caught in flagrante delicto in a picturesque setting, there would be something almost humiliating about being caught somewhere as ugly as that.

2002，Adriana Hunter，The Sexual Life of Catherine M.，根據Catherine MilletLa Vie Sexuelle de Catherine M.改編的翻譯作品，頁 146:

When his housemates, two men and a woman, found them in flagrante delicto, one reported, “She said she didn’t want us to think of her as ‘that girl.’ ”

2015年February8日，Naomi Schaefer Riley，“Columbia mattress rape case is not justice — it’s shaming without proof”, in New York Post:


atomically

an atomically powered locomotive


helder

源自古諾爾斯語 heldr。與丹麥語 heller同源。


suant

源自中古英語 suant，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 suant，源自古法語 suiant、sivant，sivre (“跟隨”) 的現在分詞，源自拉丁語 sequor。

more suant (comparative)
most suant (superlative)

Peter and his wife did not get on very "suant" together.

彼得和他老婆的生活過得不是很“順利”。

1899，Sabine Baring-Gould，Book of the West，頁 252:


alight

动词可能另派生自其他词：
* 源自中古英語 alighten (“点燃；开始燃烧；变明亮；激起，唤起；（比喻义）启迪，启发”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 ālīhtan、ālȳhtan (“点亮”)（可能仿拉丁語 illūmināre，illūminō (“照亮”)的现在主动不定式），源自ā- (表示“离，出，走”的前缀) + līhtan、līehtan (“闪亮，照耀；照亮”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *lewk- (“看；闪；亮”)）；和
* 源自中古英語 onlighten (“使...发光；（比喻义）启迪，启发”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 onlīhtan，inlīhtan (“照亮；使...发光；发光；（比喻义）使...醍醐灌顶，启发”)的一个变体，源自原始日耳曼語 *inliuhtijaną (“照亮”)，源自*in (“进”) + *liuhtijaną (“照亮”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *lewk-，见上）；和
* alight (形容词)的晚期用法。
英语中，作a- (表示“离，出，走”的前缀) + light (“点（火）；点燃；燃起来；照亮；照路”)分析。
形容词和副词派生自晚期中古英語 alight (形容词) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 ālīht、ālȳht，古英語 ālīhtan、ālȳhtan (动词，见上)的过去分词形式；但随后亦被解读为a- (表示“到，上，于”的前缀，用来表示条件、状态或方式) + light (“明亮的，清晰的”)。
同源词
* 德語 erleuchten (“照亮”)


at all

whatsoever

表示比零更大的程度、数量或频率：最小程度上、用任何方法、在任何时间或在任何情况下。

You mustn't speak to her at all.

Can you see anyone at all?

Are you at all bothered by the noise?

Let me know if you are at all concerned.

如果您有任何顧慮，請告訴我。

Were you angry that he was laughing too hard, or that he was laughing at all?

你是为他笑得太厉害而生气，还是就为他在笑而生气？

I'm glad that she didn't stay long, but sorry that she came at all.

我很高兴她没有呆很久，但对她的到来感到遗憾。

This is the only one of the issues for which I am at all responsible.

这是唯一一个由我负责的问题。


frustratingly

more frustratingly (comparative)
most frustratingly (superlative)


unbeknownst

He went home early, unbeknownst to his mother.

他在不让母亲知道的情况下提早回了家。

Theon’s redemption scene convincingly threatens to kill him right there on the beaches of Dragonstone, dying for a good cause unbeknownst to anyone but the rapscallions who watched him die, but at last it swerves into something genuinely heroic.

2017年August27日，Brandon Nowalk，“Game Of Thrones slows down for the longest, and best, episode of the season (newbies)”, in The Onion AV Club:


astronomically

more astronomically (comparative)
most astronomically (superlative)

The calculated answer was astronomically large.

計算出來的結果猶如天文數字。


purportedly

In addition, none of the purportedly more common terms of these pairs appear to be especially frequent in modern Indian English.

2014，James Lambert，“Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes，頁 120:


that is to say

One of the best things about works of music is that they are repeatable, that is to say that one can listen to the same work over and over without becoming tired of it.

音乐作品最好的地方之一就是它们是可重复的，也就是说，人们可以一遍又一遍地听同一部作品而不会厌倦。


afoot

"The dogs were no sooner let loose, than the hare was afoot.

1886，Peter Christen Asbjørnsen，譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，頁 77:

There's funny bussiness afoot.

In San Francisco and in New Jersey, to quote two other examples, plans are afoot to subsidise new commuter line construction or existing operations out of toll revenue from state highways or bridges.

1959 October，“Talking of Trains: Paying for the commuters”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 458:


tongue-in-cheek

该短语暗指了将自己的舌头伸出搭到自己脸上的面部表情。首个书面引文见于1828年，但是已经不清楚它指的是字面意思还是现在的意思。较晚出现的Richard Barham的引文中的这个词的意思则很清楚。

He portrayed them tongue-in-cheek as great lawgivers, as Solons.

他将他们讽刺性地刻画为伟大的法学家梭伦。


forrad

forrard的另一種拼寫法。


all the more

all the more亦可用来强调与理所当然或设想的事物相反，如：

You might think that my boss' rudeness to me would make me respect her/him more; actually, it just makes me hate her/him all the more.
你可能会觉得我老板对我粗鲁无礼会让我更尊敬他/她，事实上，我越发地讨厌他/她了。

Lytle’s progress as a boxer is all the more remarkable when taking into account his unique circumstances.

考虑到他的特殊情况，Lytle在拳击手上的进步更加值得肯定。

I had to work all the harder with two people off sick.

两个人请了病假，我得干更多的活。

If your crush likes football, that's all the more reason for coming with us to the game tomorrow night!

你喜欢的人喜欢足球的话，你就更应该明晚跟我们去看比赛！

Stripped of all bravado, Cersei breaks, and shows the very scared, vulnerable woman who has kept her emotions at bay. “I don’t want to die,” she whimpers, “Not like this.” It’s all the more moving for coming from a character who built her identity on steely resolve and contempt for such hoary conceits as fear.

2019年May12日，Alex McLevy，“Westeros faces a disastrous final battle on the penultimate Game of Thrones (newbies)”, in The A.V. Club:


all the while

the while

与此同时 （常指较长的时间）

通常用来暗示这一时间段背后隐瞒的事。

与此同时 （常指较长的时间）

The good fortune which attended him throughout life may have been partly owing to this cause as well as to his undoubted valour, for though he never lost a battle, nothing is more astounding than his imprudence and the easy confidence with which he trusted Somerset, Warwick, Montague, and others, all the while they were betraying him.

1889，Leslie Stephen，Dictionary of National Biography，頁 82:

Sulla, encamped near Scipio, and amusing him with caresses under pretence of an approaching peace, was all the while corrupting his troops.

And all with that vital piece of evidence burning a hole in his pocket the while!

1986，Michael Dibdin，A Rich Full Death，頁 60:

All the while, my intention was to amuse her, and divert her out of her hellish thoughts, and show to her the wide world of which she could now be a part.


then and there

When this conversation was repeated in detail within the hearing of the young woman in question, and undoubtedly for his benefit, Mr. Trevor threw shame to the winds and scandalized the Misses Brewster then and there by proclaiming his father to have been a country storekeeper.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

'Well, I soon saw to that, I told him to bolt it then and there[.]'

1934，Agatha Christie，章號 4, in Murder on the Orient Express，London: HarperCollins, 出版於 2017，頁 99:


thusly

thus + -ly，可追溯回19世纪，可能是教育水平高的写作家为了嘲讽假装斯文但没文化的人而造的词，主要是嘲讽认为thus并非副词的错误观念。

虽然thusly已经渗透到了大众使用中，但一些人可能会认为这是错误用词。其可以使用thus、this way等词代替。其起源于美国东部，且相比英式英语，在美式英语中更加常见，其“常用来取乐或表达讽刺反语”（“often used for amusement or to make an ironic point”）

Ar, tell me it is not so thusly as this thusness wouldst seem!

1865，Hingston (ed.)，Artemus Ward (His Travels) Among the Mormons:

His course can only be akkounted for thusly:

1866, Petroleum V. Nasby, Life of Androo Johnson

He had an attack of catarrh not long ago, and it happened, as J. Billings would say, "thusly:"

Stories never lose anything in the recital, and consequently this one grew thusly.

1893，Isabel Burton，The Life of Captain Sir Richard F. Burton KCMG, FRGS，卷 II:

The history of the Universe has been summed up thusly: "Hydrogen is a light, odorless gas, which, given enough time, turns into people."

1995 December, John P. Wiley Jr, quoting Edward R. Harrison, Smithsonian Magazine:

Going thusly, unwillingly at the bell,

1996，Charles Harding，High Rise Dwelling:


afresh

源自中古英語 a-fresche，等价于a- + fresh。对比古英語 afersċean (“使...清爽；变清爽”)。

more afresh (comparative)
most afresh (superlative)

We ditched the original design, and decided to start afresh.

我们放弃了原来的设计，决定从头开始。


rain or shine

无论如何；不管下不下雨，不管天气怎么样

同類詞：come what may、hell or high water、no matter what

The game will be held on Saturday rain or shine.

不管天气怎么样，比赛都会在周六举行。

He always showed up right on time, rain or shine.

无论如何他都总是按时到。

This very morning we begin rebuilding the windmill, and we will build all through the winter, rain or shine.

1945年August17日，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 6, in Animal Farm […]，London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:


me three

将me too诙谐性地解读为me two的双关语。还可以后接me four、me five等。

我也是 （用来在某人说“me too”以后表示同意，还可以后接me four、me five等。）

“...Come if you can—he’d like that a lot.” / “Me, too.” / “Me, three.” She gave a girlish giggle and unlocked her door.

1982, Richard Kluger, Un-American Activities, Doubleday Publishing, page 524

“I hate saying good-bye,” Lulu said sadly. / “Me too,” Pam said. / “Me three,” Anna said.

1995，Jeanne Betancourt，Give Me Back My Pony，Scholastic Paperbacks,, →ISBN，頁 16:

Perhaps a first worker complained about an aspect of their work environment, and others chimed in—Me too, me three!

2006, Michelle Murphy, Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty: Environmental Politics, Technoscience, and Women Workers, Duke University Press, ISBN 0822336715, page 1


indeedy

indeed (“的确，没错”)之同義詞

Yes, indeedy!


honest to God

对比swear to God。原用作短句副词或叹词，来修饰整个从句或表达方式，honest用法类似于“Honest, I had no idea! (“说实话，我真不知道”)”。

真的，千真万确地 （用来表示强调）

Honest to God, I thought you already knew!

我说真的，我以为你已经知道了。

She is honest to God brilliant.


honest-to-God

She is honest-to-God brilliant.


under-handed

more under-handed (comparative)
most under-handed (superlative)


raw dog

來自raw (“沒有保險套”) + dog out (“以性慾來接近某人”)。

I advise against going raw dog unless you are in a committed relationship and somewhat certain she is not screwing other guys, but if you do it raw then make sure you never ejaculate inside her, even if she is on the pill.
我建议不要无套做爱，除非你的恋爱关系已经稳定，并且确定她没有和其他男人鬼混，但如果确实无套了，那么请确保你永远不会在她体内射精，即使她服用了避孕药。

And she lets me fuck her raw dog now, and cum all up in her until her ears pop.

2009，Omar Tyree，Dirty Old Men (And Other Stories)，Strebor Books, 出版於 2009, →ISBN，頁 254:

[…] When you were eating my pussy and going raw dog in me, you wanted to hear every little thing I had to say. . . "

[…] 当你舔我的屄、无套插我的时候，你想听我说的每句话…”

2010，Cydney Rax，Brothers and Wives，Three Rivers Press, 出版於 2010, →ISBN，頁 23:


as fuck

得不得了，得一屄，得要死

It was hot as fuck outside today.


smack-dab

正正地，不偏不倚地；（尤指）在正中

I tossed the water balloon and it landed smack-dab on the top of his head.

我把水气球丢了出去，正中他的脑门。

Things build and build, and it becomes clearer and clearer that a battle is about to take place. In “Stormborn,” a bang above deck is all the warning we get, and suddenly the Yara Greyjoy fleet is smack dab in the middle of Euron’s Iron Fleet, and the party begins.

2017年July23日，Brandon Nowalk，“The great game begins with a bang on Game Of Thrones (newbies)”, in The Onion AV Club:


to wit

The directors of the company, to wit, Fred Smith and Albert Jones, inform us that…

The defendant is charged with possession of a controlled substance, to wit, cocaine…

被告人被控持有管制药物——可卡因...

Thus, I had so long suffered in this quest,
Heard failure prophesied so oft, been writ
So many times among "The Band"─to wit,
The knights who to the Dark Tower's search addressed
Their steps - that just to fail as they, seemed best,
And all the doubt was now—should I be fit?

1855，Robert Browning，Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came, section VII:

Though the animation code above demonstrates how a thread could be included as part of an object while still making that object be serializable, there is a major problem with it if we recall how Java creates objects. To wit, when we create an object with the new keyword, the object’s constructor is called only when a new instance of a class is created.

July 2000, Todd Greanier, Discover the secrets of the Java Serialization API


nonwithstanding

该讹误非常常见，出现在横跨数个世纪的书面出版物内。尽管可能可以将其视作该词的另一种形式，但它仍然还是一个错误用法。


'ow

“’Ow do we know you ain’t the filth?”

2015，L.J. Oliver，The Humbug Murders，Pocket Books, →ISBN，頁 134:


ad nauseam

非同化借詞，源自拉丁語 ad nauseam，源自ad (“到”) + nauseam (“晕船，恶心”)，nausea的宾格。

A drunk person was repeating the same old story ad nauseam.

一个醉鬼一直在讲同一个故事，大家都听烦了。

The Feelings album flew off the shelves, and Albert became a pop sensation - until, thanks to airplay ad nauseam, radio listeners grew weary of his sentiments.

1990，Wayne Jancik，The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders, →ISBN，頁 325:


ad nauseum

源自ad nauseam，受到了常见拉丁语词尾-um的影响。

If Miss McFlimsey has neat ankles, she can wear short dresses: if she has clumsy ones she can wear a trail; if she is inclined to be (pardon the word) “scrawny,” she can indulge in expensive skirts and protuberant “panniers;” if inclined to embonpoint, she can discard these and “gore” her robes; if her neck and arms are exquisitely moulded, she can undrape their dazzling charms; if bone predominates over plumpitude, she can cover them from the gaze of flying eyes; if she has a disease of the spine, she need not sport “the Grecian bend;” if she is unfortunately healthy, she can call in the aid of that modern deformity—and so on, ad infinitum and ad nauseum.

1869年January10日，“The Dress Question”, in Daily Missouri Republican，卷 XLVII, 期 9, St. Louis, Mo.，頁 [2]，列 3:


far cry

指的是在苏格兰宗族之间互送的使者和传话人。

a far cry taller


fair and square

more fair and square (comparative)
most fair and square (superlative)

We won the game fair and square.

我们光明正大地赢了那场比赛。

He said they give licenses now to steal — steal folks'es senses away, and then they would steal every thing else, and murder, and tear round into every kind of wickedness. But he didn't ask that. He wanted things done fair and square: he jest wanted to steal horses. He was goin' West, and he thought he could do a good business, and lay up something. If he had a license, he shouldn't be afraid of bein' shot up, or shot.

1885，Marietta Holley，Sweet Cicely; or, Josiah Allen as a politician，頁 177:

They had crawled in and staked the land and stood ready to shoot those of us who came in, fair and square, in the Run.

For the "Most Accurate Assessment of an International Situation" the unanimous winner is the Republican U.S. Senate hopeful from California, S.E. Hayakawa. He said, "Of course we should keep the Panama Canal, we stole it fair and square."

1976年October28日，Charlie Waters，引 S. I. Hayakawa, “First biennial Harold Stassen Awards”, in The Prescott Courier:


pro hac vice

基本上只用于指仅临时批准某个律师参与某次开庭。

仅限此开庭中；仅限此诉讼中


aboutes

abouts的另一種寫法


how so

缩约自“how is that so?”，且亦继承中古英語 how-so、hou-so、hu se (“无论如何”)，等价于how + so。对比西弗里斯蘭語 hoesa (“为什么”)、荷蘭語 hoezo (“为什么”)、德國低地德語 woso (“为什么”)、德語 wieso (“为什么”)、瑞典語 hurså (“为什么”)。

But how so thys money was lent or gyded, at thys daye the cheste remayneth in the chamber of London, wythout money or pledges for the same.

1809，The Literary Panorama, and National Register，頁 1179:

But we have groaned over this experience, an O ! dear ! with every breath, and wished ourselves out of it, someway, somehow, no matter what way or how so we were rid of it.

1897，Ursula Newell Gestefeld，How We Master Our Fate，頁 62:

Of every wit somewhat he can Out-take that him lacketh rule, His own estate to guide and rule; How so it stood of his speaking, He was not wise in his doing;

Yet how so ere I love, I must be wife.

1598，Robert Greene，The Scottish Historie of James the Fourth:

That picture wasn't much to look at, being so old and all, but Mrs. Oaks made like it looked so nice; or, that's what she said as she stared at it, looking back and forth at the picture and me like it wasn't so. Only, she just didn't know how so it wasn't. It wasn't me at all.

2013，Earlene Jernigan-Carter，When Life Just Happens: A Book of Short Stories, →ISBN，頁 70:

My reflection in you warbled, because you see only hints, of what I see to beacon of me. Who am I who is reflecting from you? How so do I identify my soul in you?

2014，Eve Chilicas，Supernatural: Sci-Fi Poetry, →ISBN，頁 24:

The king shall joy in thy strength, O Lord ; and in thy salvation how so shall he rejoice!

How so we love thee! Even UNIVAC and IBM Could never count the way.

2012，H. Bundy Shaw，Play On Words: Poems, Lyrics, and Other Writings of H. Bundy Shaw, →ISBN:

I wished my voice would carry him through eternity, keeping us in a moment that nothing could part, oh, and how so I wanted to follow his lead, and how so to death I was determined not to concede, and how so, how so many wonderful things;

2014，Daniel C. Joneikies，Vampyre's Pyre, →ISBN，頁 105:


drop-dead

My date was drop-dead gorgeous!

我对象非常漂亮/帅气！（一般用于像这样搭配gorgeous）

最终地，不能更改地，定死地

drop-dead date

The intruding investor (VC #2) makes an offer at a pre-money valuation of $15 million, subject to due diligence, and the expiration of the "drop dead" date, meaning the date in the initial investor's term sheet when exclusivity expires.

2003，Joseph W. Bartlett, Ross Barrett, Michael Butler，Advanced Private Equity Term Sheets and Series A Documents:

As the drop-dead date approaches, my mind becomes more focused.

2010，Richard L. Daft，The Executive and the Elephant，頁 96:

If the assets [of a steel mill] were not sold by a fixed date, […]the “drop-dead” provision of the settlement agreement would take effect. Under that provision, the mills would be closed, the stay would be lifted, and the secured creditors would take possession. Probably neither the debtor nor the secured creditors believed that a sale could be completed before the drop-dead date.

2019，Lynn M. LoPucki, Elizabeth Warren, Robert M. Lawless，Secured Transactions: A Systems Approach，頁 107:


royally

more royally (comparative)
most royally (superlative)

Unless it was decreed royally, it never got done.

只有王室颁布才会有人实行。

He will be royally annoyed if you change his work.

你让他干别的活的话他会非常生气。


just saying

I'm just saying (“我说说而已；我说着玩的”) 的缩略形式。

用于推卸说了伤人话语的责任。