oxymoron

首次記錄於17世纪，名词用法见于5世纪拉丁語 oxymōrum (形容词)，oxymōrus (形容词)的中性主格形式，源自古希臘語 ὀξύμωρος (oxúmōros)，由下列成分构成的复合词：ὀξύς (oxús, “尖锐的，尖端的”)（英语oxy-，亦出现于oxygen (“氧气”)） + μωρός (mōrós, “愚蠢的”)（英语moron (“蠢货”)）。字面义为“尖锐愚蠢”。 – 这个词本身就是自相矛盾，因此是一种自描述词。对比sophomore (字面意思是“聪明笨蛋”)，其得到了相似的解释。复合词形式ὀξύμωρον (oxúmōron)在现在流传下来的古希腊语文献中不可考。

/ɒksɪˈmɔːɹɒn/

/ɑksɪˈmɔɹɑn/

For Theodor Adorno and his colleagues at the Frankfurt School who coined the term, "culture industry" was an oxymoron, intended to set up a critical contrast between the exploitative, repetitive mode of industrial mass production under capitalism and the associations of transformative power and aesthetico-moral transcendence that the concept of culture carried in the 1940s, when it still meant "high" culture.

1996, John Sinclair, “Culture and Trade: Some Theoretical and Practical Considerations”, 出自 Mass Media and Free Trade: NAFTA and the Cultural Industries, University of Texas Press:


odious

源自中古英語 odious，源自古法語 odieus，源自拉丁語 odiōsus，源自odium (“恨”)。

more odious (comparative)
most odious (superlative)

Scrubbing the toilets in the bar at the end of a Saturday night is an odious task.

You told a lie, an odious damned lie: / Upon my soul, a lie, a wicked lie!

约1603–1604年, 威廉·莎士比亚, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本), 伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]，第 179-80 行s:

I own no crime, unless it be a crime to've hindered you from perpetrating that which would have made you odious to mankind, at least the fairest half.

1750, “Theodora”, Thomas Morell 作詞, George Frideric Handel 作曲:

He looks upon study as an odious fetter; his time is spent in the open air, climbing the hills or rowing on the lake.

1818, Mary Shelley, 章號 6, 出自 Frankenstein，於2013-05-08歸檔自原頁面:


ominously

more ominously (comparative)
most ominously (superlative)


ours

来源于中古英語oures。相当于our + -s（有别于-'s）。


pareidolia

借自德語 Pareidolie，由古希臘語 παρα- (para-, “在...一边”) + εἴδωλον (eídōlon, “图像”) + -ία (-ía)构成。

This last is called by Dr. Kahlbaum, changing hallucination, partial hallucination, perception of secondary images, or pareidolia.

1868 July, John Sibbald, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 第 13 卷，第 238 頁:

Pareidolia underlies several forms of divination.

1993, Raymond Moody, Paul Perry, Reunions: Visionary Encounters with Departed Loved Ones, New York, N.Y.: Random House, →ISBN，第 13 頁:

Pareidolias aren't solely limited to images. When I was a youngster, I remember listening to The Beatles' song "Strawberry Fields" over and over to hear what seemed to be "I buried Paul."

2006, Steve W. Martin, “Choosing Your Battles”, 出自 Heavy Hitter Selling: How Successful Salespeople Use Language and Intuition to Persuade Customers to Buy, Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，第 150 頁:

Pareidolia is a state of mind where a vague or unclear image is perceived to be something recognizable, regardless of whether it's something you expect to see. The most famous example of pareidolia is the familiar face of the Man in the Moon.

2010, Rick Emmer, “Nessies of the New World”, 出自 Loch Ness Monster: Fact or Fiction? (Creature Scene Investigation), New York, N.Y.: Chelsea House Publishers, Infobase Publishing, →ISBN，第 81 頁:


poignant

源自中古英語 poynaunt、poynant，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 puignant、poynaunt等，poindre (“刺”)的现在分词，源自拉丁語 pungō (“刺”)。pungent 的同源對似詞。

more poignant (comparative)
most poignant (superlative)

distressing

感人的，动人的，让人感伤的

moving

感人的，动人的，让人感伤的

His siluer shield, now idle maisterlesse; / His poynant speare, that many made to bleed [...].

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book VII”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

有说服力的，准确的，利落的，直击要害的

A poignant reply will garner more credence than hours of blown smoke.

一针见血的回答比几个小时的胡诌更能赢得信任。

感人的，动人的，让人感伤的

Flipping through his high school yearbook evoked many a poignant memory of yesteryear.

翻了翻他的高中年鉴，很多人想起了去年那些动人的回忆。

A particularly poignant example of this is a child called Genie (see Curtiss 1977; Rymer 1993), who was deprived of speech input and kept locked up on her own in a room until age thirteen. When eventually taken into care and exposed to intensive language input, her vocabulary grew enormously, but her syntax never developed.

2004, Andrew Radford, Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the Structure of English, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, §1.4，第 13 頁:

Hanks shepherds the young girl to safety – first brusquely, and then with a sudden outburst of affection made all the more poignant for the way it is reserved previously. He once again reminds us, quite literally, that he is in many ways the ultimate dad.

2021年February9日, Christina Newland, “Is Tom Hanks part of a dying breed of genuine movie stars?”, 出自 BBC:

His comments were poignant and witty.


preposterous

源自拉丁語 praeposterus (“前后倒置的，颠倒的，扭曲的”)，源自prae (“前”) + posterus (“跟着的”)。

more preposterous (comparative)
most preposterous (superlative)

/pɹɪˈpɒstəɹəs/

/pɹəˈpɑstəɹəs/

荒谬的，违反常理的；离奇的，古怪的

[...] I did incounter that obſeene and moſt prepoſterous euent that draweth frõ my ſnowhite pen the ebon coloured Incke, which here thou vieweſt, beholdeſt, ſuruayeſt, or ſeeſt. [...] There did I ſee that low ſpirited Swaine, [...] hight Coſtard, (Clow[ne]. O mee) ſorted and conſorted contrary to thy eſtabliſhed proclaymed Edict and continent Cannon; Which with, o with, but with this I paſſion to ſay wherewith: / Clo[wne]. With a Wench.

c. 1595–1596, W. Shakespere [i.e., 威廉·莎士比亞], A Pleasant Conceited Comedie Called, Loues Labors Lost. […] (First Quarto), London: […] W[illiam] W[hite] for Cut[h]bert Burby, 出版於 1598, →OCLC; 再版為 Shakspere’s Loves Labours Lost (Shakspere-Quarto Facsimiles; no. 5), London: W[illiam] Griggs, […], [1880], →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

So I am to send Mrs. Churchill down to the very spot where a treasonable correspondence is most easily managed; and by the ease with which she gets out of a first scrape, give her all possible encouragement to get into another. Well, I was quite right in asking what preposterous request had you come here about!

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “An Audience”, 出自 Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], 第 II 卷, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，第 257 頁:

Leading the attack on the president's very citizenship is the professional vulgarian Donald Trump, who gets away with the kind of preposterous, race-based comments granted few black public figures.

2014年December4日, Timothy Egan, “A deficit of dignity”, 出自 The New York Times:

Democrats, too, must be criticised. While they have not made preposterous statements or been threatening or demagogic, they, all too often, have come up short, failing to propose new ideas that can help unwind conflicts raging across the Middle East.

2016年January30日, “America deserves more from presidential hopefuls”, 出自 The National, retrieved 2016-01-31:


pallid

源自拉丁語 pallidus。pale 的同源對似詞。

pallider (comparative)
pallidest (superlative)

The patient left the hospital but was very pallid.

病人离开了医院，但还是很苍白无力。


poinsettia

名取自弃用属名Poinsettia，取自乔尔·罗伯茨·波因塞特（一位19世纪美国驻墨西哥外交使节），等价于Poinsett + -ia。

/ˌpɔɪnˈsɛ.tɪə/

Masses of scarlet Poinsettias glowed bravely against the dark green background formed by broad-leafed plantains, whose great tattered leaves rustled with every gust of wind that reached them.

1887, Harriet W. Daly, Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia，第 22 頁:


parhelion

源自拉丁語 parelion，源自古希臘語 παρήλιον (parḗlion)，源自παρά (pará) + ἥλιος (hḗlios, “太阳”)。

The short (166 lines) Canto One, with all those amusing birds and parhelia, occupies thirteen cards.


pariah

源自泰米爾語 பறையர் (paṟaiyar)，源自பறையன் (paṟaiyaṉ, “鼓手”)，源自பறை (paṟai, “鼓”)或馬拉雅拉姆語 പറയർ (paṟayar)，源自പറയൻ (paṟayan, “鼓手”)，源自പറ (paṟa, “鼓”)。泰米尔语中的parai或马来语中的para指的是一种王要宣布消息时敲的大型鼓。专职敲parai的人称为paraiyar，在基于种姓的社会阶层中属较低等级，因此派生出了这个词。
或者，派生自梵語 पर (para, “遥远的；局外人”)。

outcast之同義詞：（尤指印度种姓社会中）被排挤的人，边缘人

I’m a pariah, outlawed from Time Lord society.

1985, Robert Holmes, “The Two Doctors”, 出自 Doctor Who, 第 22 季数, 第 4 集数:

[…] I went from being a much-feted author to a pariah, since one of the many problems of being trashed on the front page of the New York Times is that everyone is in the know.

2014, Sylvia Ann Hewlett, “Prologue”, 出自 Executive Presence, →ISBN:

As ecological conditions became unfavorable for pig raising, there was no alternative function which could redeem its existence. The creature became not only useless, but worse than useless—harmful, a curse to touch or merely to see—a pariah animal.

2013, Marvin Harris, “The Abominable Pig”, 出自 Food and Culture: A Reader, 3rd版, New York City, →ISBN，第 64–65 頁s:

This scenario could lead to war crimes the scale of which has not been seen in Europe since the Nazis — crimes that would make Vladimir Putin, his cronies and Russia as a country all global pariahs.

2022年March2日, Thomas L. Friedman, “I See Three Scenarios for How This War Ends”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

pariah dog的缩略形式：印度种的野狗


parking lot

Should we park in that parking lot, or in the garage up the street?

我们要停在停车场里，还是那条街下去的那个车库里？

They paved paradise and put up a parking lot.

1970, Joni Mitchell （作曲作詞）, “Big Yellow Taxi”:

The 101 was a parking lot again today.

101道上今天又堵成停车场了。


prerogative

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 prerogative (名词)，源自拉丁語 praerogātīva (“之前的裁决；特权”)，praerogātīvus (“有特权的，有最先发言权力的”)阴性单数的名词用法。

/pɹɪˈɹɒɡ.ə.tɪv/

/pɹəˈɹɑɡ.ə.tɪv/

/pəˈɹɑ.ɡə.tɪv/

（君主等的）裁决权，决定权；君权

Despite being a constitutional monarchy, the British sovereign still retain many royal prerogatives.

尽管英国属于君主立宪制政体，但英国君主仍保留了很多君主特权。

The military fame of a subject was considered as an insolent invasion of the Imperial prerogative; and it became the duty, as well as interest, of every Roman general, to guard the frontiers intrusted to his care, without aspiring to conquests which might have proved no less fatal to himself than to the vanquished barbarians.

1776, Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol I, ch 1-pt i:

Lord Avonleigh had decided on taking refuge in wounded dignity, when he was again addressed by the King. "The castle holds another prisoner, to whom I intend extending the best prerogative of my crown—mercy. Will you order Robert Evelyn to be brought before me?"

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XLII, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 第 III 卷, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，第 352 頁:

I hear my chair in the hall; and to keep Lord Marchmont waiting, when he has announced his intention of supping at home, far exceeds my prerogative; so good night, dearest, you will either see or hear from me to-morrow.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “Reminiscences”, 出自 Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], 第 II 卷, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，第 206 頁:

"Ah, that's your prerogative as an Intelligence officer, Jimmy. But it's been your prerogative for weeks, months, and nothing has happened, as I told you […]"

2002, Patrick Robinson, The Shark Mutiny，第 48 頁:

If you want to wear your hair a certain way, that's your prerogative. You don't have to check with all your friends to make sure it's okay.

2004, Joel Osteen, Your best life now: 7 steps to living at your full potential，第 92 頁:

If you choose another approach — that's your prerogative. But the problem is that parents often don't realize they're making the choice […]

2005, Tracy Hogg, Melinda Blau, Secrets of the Baby Whisperer: How to Calm, Connect, and Communicate，第 56 頁:

"I know what is important to Sadiq [Khan, London Mayor], and I know how to explain things to him in a way that maximises our chances of getting the right thing. If he chooses not to take my advice, that is absolutely his prerogative. But he gave me the job, and I intend to pay him back by delivering what he needs."

2020年December2日, Andy Byford talks to Paul Clifton, “I enjoy really big challenges...”, 出自 Rail，第 55 頁:


prerogative

more prerogative (comparative)
most prerogative (superlative)

/pɹɪˈɹɒɡ.ə.tɪv/

/pɹəˈɹɑɡ.ə.tɪv/

/pəˈɹɑ.ɡə.tɪv/

Law-eroding prerogative developments cannot only be witnessed in hybrid regimes, but also in democratic states, which resort to reflections and practices of an ‘enemy criminal law’, and in the European Union’s recent crisis politics.

2020, Jan Christoph Suntrup, “Between prerogative power and legality – reading Ernst Fraenkel’s The Dual State as an analytical tool for present authoritarian rule”, 出自 Jurisprudence, 第 11 卷, 第 3 期, →DOI，第 335–359 頁s:


palpable

more palpable (comparative)
most palpable (superlative)

The imagination shuns to reveal its workings, unless it can clothe them in some lovely and palpable shape, and create into existence the high romance, the mournful song, the animated canvass, or the carved marble;...

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XX, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 第 I 卷, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，第 227 頁:

I had felt that some palpable although invisible object had passed lightly by my person.

The next morning the fog had given way to a palpable, horizontally driving rain.

1894, Bret Harte, "The Heir of the McHulishes" in A Protegee of Jack Hamlin's and Other Stories:

Although the Celebrity was almost impervious to sarcasm, he was now beginning to exhibit visible signs of uneasiness,[…]。It was with a palpable relief that he heard the first warning notes of the figure.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年）, Winston Churchill, 章號 5, 出自 The Celebrity: An Episode, 紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Her voice, her palpable agitation, prepared us for something extraordinary.

1913, Sax Rohmer, The Insidious Dr. Fu Manchu chapter 24:

No use in raging, in reasoning, in arguing. No use in setting forth the facts, the palpable right and wrong.

1916, Kathleen Norris, The Heart of Rachael, chapter 7:

By Thursday, there was a palpable sense of frustration with the opposition’s strategy on the streets of Caracas, people in the capital said.

2019年May2日, Ana Vanessa Herrero, Rick Gladstone, “Maduro Speaks to Troops, Trying to Discredit Guaidó’s Call for Mutiny”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

Elena Remigi, of the In Limbo Project, which is documenting the experiences of EU citizens in the UK, said: “The anxiety among EU citizens is palpable. My inbox is full of messages of people asking for reassurance or guidance.[…]”

2021年June28日, Lisa O'Carroll, Amelia Gentleman, 引 Elena Remigi, “‘The anxiety is palpable’: EU citizens face looming settled status deadline”, 出自 The Guardian:


perjury

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 perjurie，源自拉丁語 perjurare (“虚假的发誓”)，源自per- + jūrāre。取代了本土词古英語 mānāþ (字面意思是“虚假的发誓”)。

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)dʒəɹi/

We declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct.

我们在伪证罪规定下宣誓前述事实真实无误。


ornery

ordinary的缩约形或方言读法。

ornerier (comparative)
orneriest (superlative)

Seemingly here was an intruder who was violating custom. Moreover, the partners had come to look upon this exceedingly rich district as their exclusive property. And so their indignation was extreme. / "The low-down, ornery cuss!" said Dobbs. "The nerve of him, crowdin' in on us, just as if there wasn't lots of other places for him to go!"

1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:

I ain't sayin' I don't share your sentiments, Buck, but you're a born fool. First place Luke would kill the Kid in a gun-fight. Second place if Luke did get shot he's got two brothers just as ornery as he is, and if Ike Plummer didn't kill the Kid then Hank Plummer would.

1939, Dudley Nichols, Stagecoach (motion picture), 角色 Marshal Curley Wilcox（George Bancroft）:

after a lifetime of being sweet as pie, once Grandpa died, she got kinda ornery.

2013, Richard Linklater、Julie Delpy and Ethan Hawke, Before Midnight (motion picture), 角色 Jesse（Ethan Hawke）:

But in many instances, the complainers are not just being ornery; they could have a condition called misophonia, in which one experiences strong negative feelings to specific sounds — like the proverbial nails on a chalkboard.

2020年May25日, Abby Ellin, “Couples Who Eat Together May Not Stay Together”, 出自 New York Times:


prescient

源自praesciēns (“预知的，预测的”)，拉丁語 praesciō (“预知”)的现在分词，源自prae- (“...之前”之意的前缀)（最终源自原始印歐語 *preh₂- (“在...之前”)）+ sciō (“知道”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *skey- (“解剖，分割”)）。与中古法語 prescient（现代形式法語 prescient (“有先见之明的”)）、意大利語 presciente (“有先见之明的”)同源。

more prescient (comparative)
most prescient (superlative)

clairvoyant

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

foreknowing

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

foreseeing

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

prescious

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

prescientific

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

prevoyant

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

unforeseeing

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

And if the præſcient Muſes guide my Lay, / Or, future Secrets, Phœbus can diſplay, / The Day ſhall ſhine diſtinguiſh'd from the reſt, / That Anna dignify'd, and Hymen bleſt; […]

1733–1734, Stephen Duck, A Poem on the Marriage of His Serene Highness the Prince of Orange with Ann Princess-royal of Great Britain. […], London: Printed for Weaver Bickerton […], →OCLC，第 7 頁:

Mean time the king, aſtoniſh'd at the ſign, / Haſtes to conſult his præſcient ſire divine.

1753, Virgil, Christopher Pitt, transl., “Virgil’s Æneid. The Seventh Book.”, 出自 [Joseph Warton] 編, The Works of Virgil, in Latin and English. […], 第 III 卷, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], →OCLC，第 283 頁，第 103–104 行s:

Benignant Heaven, præscient and kind, / Made man for toil, and left sweet Sleep behind, / To nerve the arm which labour had unstrung— […]

[1812], William Grisenthwaite, Sleep, a Poem in Two Books, with Other Miscellaneous Poems, […], Lynn: Printed for the author, by W. G. Whittingham, and sold by R. Baldwin, […], →OCLC, book I，第 5 頁，第 77–79 行s:

Members opposite seem to be prescient; they seem to know what I am going to say before I have said it.

1960年August24日, Roy Emile Jack, “Business of the House—Urgency”, 出自 Parliamentary Debates (Hansard): Fourth Session, Thirty-second Parliament: House of Representatives, 第 323 卷, Wellington: R. E. Owen, government printer, →OCLC，第 1740 頁:

[Neil] Warnock described City as the best team in Europe in the build-up to this match and joked that his players had been preparing for the game – and City's inevitable dominance – by training without a ball. It proved to be a prescient quip, as the home side had to toil for long periods, struggling to lay a glove on their stylish opponents.

2018年January28日, Dafydd Pritchard, “Cardiff City 1 – 1 Manchester City”, 出自 BBC Sport，於2018-03-17歸檔自原頁面:


propitiatory

源自拉丁語 propitiātōrius (“补偿的；和解的”)。

more propitiatory (comparative)
most propitiatory (superlative)

/pɹəʊˈpɪʃɪətəɹɪ/

/pɹəˈpɪʃi.əˌtɔɹi/

/pɹoʊˈpɪʃi.əˌtɔɹi/

安抚性的，追求和解、调解的

Hecatombs were early substituted for single victims; and, to render the worship still more propitiatory, these were soon exchanged for human sacrifices.

1831, Timothy Dwight, Theology Explained and Defended, in a Series of Sermons, page 493,

So that no words can be more propitiatory; and it is to be observed, that, while they are spoken, the Minister is holding the consecrated elements in his hand, tendering them at the same time to God, and to the communicants.

1838, Tracts for the Times, Volume 4: 1836-7, page 326,

"I beg your pardon, Sir," said Mr. Carker, riding up, with his most propitiatory smile. "I hope you are not hurt?”

1848, Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son, Volumes 1-20, 1848, page 224,

The weak branded those they feared evil, and praised the ‘propitiatory’ qualities natural to men like themselves who were incapable of aggression. […] Those who cultivate humility and the other propitiatory virtues to cloak their weakness nourish an envious resentment against those stronger than themselves.

1978, Philippa Foot, Nietzsche: The Revaluation of Values, in Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy, University of California Press, 1981, page 82,


propitious

源自盎格魯-諾曼語和古法語 propicius，源自拉丁語 propitius (“有利的，支持的，善良的”)。对比法語 propice、葡萄牙語 propício和西班牙語 propicio。

more propitious (comparative)
most propitious (superlative)

/pɹoʊˈpɪʃəs/

propitious weather

But counterrevolutions are reversible. Klein devotes much of her book to propitious signs that this can happen — indeed is happening.

2014年November6日, Rob Nixon, “Naomi Klein’s ‘This Changes Everything’”, 出自 New York Times:


paltry

源自中古低地德語 paltrig (“破旧的，劣质的，无价值的”)，源自palter、palte (“破布”)，源自古撒克遜語 *paltro、*palto (“布，破布”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *paltrô、*paltô (“碎屑，破布，补丁”)。 与低地德語 palterig (“破败的，破碎的”)、方言用词德語 palterig (“微不足道的”)同源。亦对比低地德語 palte (“破布”)、西弗里斯蘭語 palt (“破布”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Palte (“布条，袋子”)，德語方言Palter (“破布”)、丹麥語 pjalt (“破布，碎布”)、瑞典語 palta (“破布”)。另见palterly。

paltrier (comparative)
paltriest (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-paltry.wav

insignificant

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

unimportant

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

petty

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

trivial

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

This is indeed a paltry flyer about a silly product.

这就是一个愚蠢产品的垃圾传单。

She made some paltry excuse and left.

她找了点蹩脚的借口离开了。

There are a great many languages, like Eskimo and Nootka and, aside from paltry exceptions, the Semitic languages, that cannot compound radical elements.

1921, Edward Sapir, Language: An introduction to the study of speech:

Could someone hope to survive on such a paltry income?

能有人指望这丁点收入过活吗？

Student grants these days are paltry, and many students have to take out loans.

现在的助学金都没有几个钱，很多学生得去借贷款。

"An aged man is but a paltry thing, / A tattered coat upon a stick"

1928, William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium:

A paltry coward.


polis

*（名词一） < 古希腊语 πόλις（城邦）。
*（名词二） < 标准英语 police。对比低地苏格兰语 polis。也拼作 pollis。

By the end of the century, poleis had been established throughout the Hellenic world, all bearing a marked family resemblance.

2006, Karen Armstrong, The Great Transformation, Atlantic Books 2007, p. 161:


preservative

防腐剂，保鲜剂；保护剂；防腐药


preserve

:< (14世纪后期) 古法语 preserver < 中世纪拉丁语 preservare（保留，保存） < 后期拉丁语 praeservare（事前防范） < 拉丁语 prae（前）（见 pre-） + servare（保卫）。语义“用糖防腐的水果”出现于16世纪。语义“动植物的保护地”出现于1807年。preservationist 用作“文物保护者”最早见于1927年。

（某人或群体活动、工作等的）专门领域


parsimonious

more parsimonious (comparative)
most parsimonious (superlative)

penurious

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

niggardly

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

stingy

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

pennywise

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

tight-fisted

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

Our fathers would have an economical government, even if grand people called it a parsimonious one, and taxes should be no greater than were absolutely necessary to pay for such a government.

1898, William Graham Sumner, “The Conquest of the United States by Spain”, 出自 War and Other Essays, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 出版於 1911, →OCLC，第 333 頁:

The first three college-savings plans stand out for their parsimonious expenses […]

2002 January, “55 great personal-finance ideas”, 出自 Kiplinger's Personal Finance, 第 56 卷, 第 1 期, Washington, D.C.: Kiplinger Washington Editors, →ISSN, →OCLC，第 53, col. 3 頁:

Statistical methods offer the ability to enforce parsimonious selection of the most influential potential predictors of each gene's state.

2006, Richard Bonneau [et al.], “The Inferelator: An Algorithm for Learning Parsimonious Regulatory Networks from Systems-biology Data Sets de Novo”, 出自 Genome Biology, 第 7 卷, 第 5 期, London: BioMed Central, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, →PMCID，第 R36 頁:

They played like a team that was in a hurry to get back to the Premier League. Norwich City had dismantled the most parsimonious defence in the Championship inside the opening quarter of an hour and at the final whistle it was the yellow end, rather than Middlesbrough’s banks of red, where the euphoria could be found.

2015年May25日, Daniel Taylor, “Norwich reach Premier League after early blitz sees off Middlesbrough”, 出自 The Guardian, London，於2015-11-01歸檔自原頁面:


parsimony

源自中古英語 parcimonie，源自中古法語 parsimonie，源自拉丁語 parsimōnia (“节约，节俭”)，源自pars-，parcere (“节约”)的过去分词词干， + -monia (表示动作、状态或条件的后缀)。

Parsimony, and not industry, is the immediate cause of the increase of capital. Industry, indeed, provides the subject which parsimony accumulates. But whatever industry might acquire, if parsimony did not save and store up, the capital would never be the greater.

1776, Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations:

If mere parsimony could have made a man rich, Sir Pitt Crawley might have become very wealthy […]

1848, William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair, Chapter 9:

We used three search heuristics, Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony, to construct phylogenies from unique COI haplotypes and used default parameters for analyses unless otherwise noted.

2019年February15日, Boyd A. Mori et al., “A new species of Contarinia Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induces flower galls on canola (Brassicaceae) in the Canadian prairies”, 出自 Canadian Entomologist, 第 151 卷, →DOI，第 131-148 頁s:


polka

:< 捷克語 pulka （“半个”）。

波尔卡舞（一种轻快的波兰或捷克民间舞蹈）


polka

:< 捷克語 pulka （“半个”）。


puerile

源自拉丁語 puerīlis (“幼稚的”)，源自puer (“小孩，男孩”)。

more puerile (comparative)
most puerile (superlative)

The French have been notorious through generations for their puerile affectation of Roman forms, models, and historic precedents.

1850, Thomas De Quincey, French and English Manners (originally published in Hogg's Instructor

源自the table he had received the gout; from the alcove a tendency to convulsions; from the grandeeship a pride so vast and puerile that he seldom heard anything that was said to him and talked to the ceiling in a perpetual monologue; from the exile, oceans of boredom, a boredom so persuasive that it was like pain,—he woke up with it and spent the day with it, and it sat by his bed all night watching his sleep.

1927, Thornton Wilder, The Bridge of San Luis Rey, page 79:

[…] I have always found it hard that Hamlet, a character that I love and admire, is guilty of a puerile misogyny and, perhaps, more worryingly, of the unnecessary deaths of his old friends from university, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern。

2014年April12日, Simon Russell Beale, “Why Shakespeare always says something new: As the 450th anniversary of Shakespeare's birth approaches, the great Shakespearean actor Simon Russell Beale explains his secrets [print version: The king and I]”, 出自 The Daily Telegraph (Review), London，第 R7 頁:

Today we should welcome, and even study, every serious attempt to envisage the future of our race, not merely to grasp the very diverse and often tragic possibilities that confront us, but also that we may familiarize ourselves with the certainty that many of our cherished ideals would seem puerile to more developed minds.

1930 July, West Kirby, Last and First Men by Olaf Stapledon, Preface (page 9 of the Dover 1968 reprint of L&FM and Star Maker):


quay

来自古代北方法语 cai, 源自 古法语 chai (现代法语: quai).

码头，在可通航的水域设置来用于装卸船只的石头或水泥建筑物。


pression

===名词===
通常 〔可數〕/不可數 ﹝複數格： pressions ﹞
#〈舊〉壓力


Quebec

源自阿尔冈昆语 kepék （“变窄”），原指魁北克市附近的地区，在那里圣劳伦斯河变窄，形成一道悬崖。

魁北克省（加拿大东部省份）。

魁北克市（魁北克省的首府）。

国际无线电通话拼写字母中的字母Q。


outstanding

outstand 的現在時分詞和動名詞


outstanding

more outstanding (comparative)
most outstanding (superlative)

Charles S. Peirce, 1839 to 1914, was one of America's most outstanding intellects. Philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, he wrote profusely, the equivalent of almost 100,000 printed pages in all.

1978, Arthur Burks, The New Elements of Mathematics (review by Burks):

The Gunners captain demonstrated his importance to the team by taking his tally to an outstanding 28 goals in 27 Premier League games as Chelsea slumped again after their shock defeat at QPR last week.

2011年October29日, Phil McNulty, “Chelsea 3 - 5 Arsenal”, 出自 BBC Sport:

At a distance of about seven or eight miles to the northeastward of the landing, there is an outstanding group of mountains crowning a spur from the main chain of the Coast Range, whose highest point rises about eight thousand feet above the level of the sea;...

You must pay any outstanding corporate card balance immediately.

您必须立即支付所有尚欠的商务卡结欠款。

The distribution of the capital shall in the case of each loan be based on the capital amount outstanding at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty.

I kept account of every farthing I spent, and my expenses were carefully calculated. Every little item such as omnibus fares or postage or a couple of coppers spent on newspapers, would be entered, and the balance struck every evening before going to bed. That habit has stayed with me ever since, and I know that as a result, though I have had to handle public funds amounting to lakhs, I have succeeded in exercising strict economy in their disbursement, and instead of outstanding debts have had invariably a surplus balance in respect of all the movements I have led. Let every youth take a leaf out of my book and make it a point to account for everything that comes into and goes out of his pocket, and like me he is sure to be a gainer in the end.

1927-29, M.K. Gandhi, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, translated 1940 by Mahadev Desai, Part I, Chapter xvi:


pungent

借自拉丁語 pungens（词根：pungent-），pungo (“刺”)的现在分词。poignant 的同源對似詞。

more pungent (comparative)
most pungent (superlative)

I accidentally dropped the bottle of ammonia and after few seconds, a very pungent stench could be detected.

我不小心弄掉了一瓶氨水，过了几秒后就闻到了一股刺鼻的臭味。

I can almost smell the fir scent… resinous, pungent.

1991, Paul Chadwick, Concrete: American Christmas, Dark Horse Books:

刺激性的，强烈的 （一般指辛辣的东西）

The critic gave a pungent review.

评论家给出了一个很尖刻的评论。


pugnacious

借自拉丁語，派生自pugnāx，源自pugnō (“战斗”)，源自pugnus (“拳头”)。

more pugnacious (comparative)
most pugnacious (superlative)

Not that the doctor was a bully, or even pugnacious, in the usual sense of the word; he had no disposition to provoke a fight, no propense love of quarrelling.

1858, Anthony Trollope, 章號 3, 出自 Dr Thorne:

In the face of bad news Churchill normally became even more pugnacious, always wanting to respond to defeat by going on the attack.

2003, Ken Follett, Hornet Flight, →ISBN，第 249-250 頁s:

[I]n the 575 days since [Oscar] Pistorius shot dead his girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp, there has been an unseemly scramble to construct revisionist histories, to identify evidence beneath that placid exterior of a pugnacious, hair-trigger personality.

2014年October21日, Oliver Brown, “Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities: Bladerunner's punishment for killing Reeva Steenkamp is but a frippery when set against the burden that her bereft parents, June and Barry, must carry [print version: No room for sentimentality in this tragedy, 13 September 2014, p. S22]”, 出自 The Daily Telegraph (Sport):


puissant

源自中古英語 puissaunt，源自中古法語 puissant、poissant、盎格魯-諾曼語 puissant、古法語 pussant等，pooir (“可以，能够”)的现在分词，最终源自拉丁語 posse (“能够...的”)。

more puissant (comparative)
most puissant (superlative)

强大的，强力的，有权力的

Awake remembrance of these valiant dead, / And with your puissant arm renew their feats.

讓這些長眠在地下的勇士重又出現在回憶中吧，你統率著雄師，把他們的英雄偉業重新來一遍吧。

1599, William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

For who can yet believe, though after loss,
That all these puissant legions, whose exile
Hath emptied Heaven, shall fail to re-ascend,
Self-raised, and repossess their native seat?

然而，谁又能够相信，在遭受失败之后，
这些强大的军团，这些被逐而流落他乡，
使天庭空空如也的斗士，不会重新登天，
依靠自我的力量，夺回他们当然的职位？

1667, John Milton, “Book 1”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

In fact the titles could be anything-or (with some of the most puissant) no title at all...

1961 - Robert A. Heinlein, Stranger in a Strange Land


pandemonium

在《失乐园》一書中由约翰·弥尔顿造出 Pandæmonium 一詞，源自古希臘語 πᾶν (pân, “全”)（等价于英語 pan-） + 晚期拉丁語 daemonium (“恶魂，恶魔”)，源自古希臘語 δαιμόνιον (daimónion, “神祇”)。

pandemoniums (plural)
pandemonia (plural)

/ˌpændɪˈməʊnɪəm/

outburst

(尤指人群的) 激愤，混乱

uproar

(尤指人群的) 激愤，混乱

Whatever all this pandemonium means, I suppose the police station will help us.

無論這場騷動意味著甚麼，我認為警察局一定會幫助我們。

1908, 吉爾伯特·基思·卻斯特頓, The Man Who Was Thursday: A Nightmare, 布里斯托爾: J[ames] W[illiams] Arrowsmith， […]；倫敦：Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Company, →OCLC，第 259 頁:

Whenever you have violent pandemonium, there's the overwhelming possibility for panic and tragedy.

每當發生暴力騷動時，極有可能會造成恐慌和不幸。

(尤指人群的) 激愤，混乱

Riyad Mahrez flighted the free-kick that followed to the far post and Morgan, with not much finesse but plenty of desire, bundled the ball over the line. Cue pandemonium in the stands.

利雅德·馬赫雷斯將自由球射向遠門柱，摩根故不上調整策略，碰運氣將球踢出了門線。看臺下歡聲雷動。

2017年March14日, 史都華·詹姆斯, “Leicester stun Sevilla to reach last eight after Kasper Schmeichel save”, 出自 Katharine Viner 編, 衛報, 倫敦: 衛報媒體集團, →ISSN, →OCLC，2023-04-05歸檔自原頁面:


querulous

源自古法語 querelos，源自晚期拉丁語 querulōsus，源自拉丁語 querulus，源自queror (“抱怨”)。

more querulous (comparative)
most querulous (superlative)

爱抱怨的，爱发牢骚的；烦躁的，抱怨的

"But how am I to obtain such treaty?" asked Monsieur, in a querulous tone.

1834, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Francesca Carrara, 第 1 卷，第 101 頁:

The nights were now cold, gemmed with a multitude of bright stars, uncanny with the querulous wail of coyotes and the occasional deep voices of wolves.

1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:


personable

源自中古英語 personable、personabil，等价于person + -able。对比出现于13世纪末英国文献内的中世紀拉丁語 personabilis (“个人的”)。中古法语personable (“重要的”)在1528年前无记载。

more personable (comparative)
most personable (superlative)

friendly

友好的，友善的；优雅的，有风度的

amiable

友好的，友善的；优雅的，有风度的

I admit him a personable man, for I have seen him; and I will suppose him courteous and agreeable.

1822, Sir Walter Scott, 章號 19, 出自 The Fortunes of Nigel:

Barefoot, bare-chested, radiant and personable against the shadowy woods, he called: "Hullo, Miss Honeychurch! Hullo!"

1908, E. M. Forster, 章號 12, 出自 A Room With a View:

友好的，友善的；优雅的，有风度的

Wise, warlike, personable, curteous, and kind.

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book III, Canto IV”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 5:

I'm bound to admit that you're a personable young rascal, with the best manners I've met in a long time.

1919, Joseph A. Altsheler, 章號 5, 出自 The Sun Of Quebec:

Aside from being incredibly funny and personable he is generous, kind and is great fun to play catch with.

2009年October5日, Randy James, “2-Min. Bio: Stephanie Birkitt: Letterman's Lover?”, 出自 Time:

The Queen be by that name personable to plead

The demaundant was iudged personable to maintaine this action


quantitative

more quantitative (comparative)
most quantitative (superlative)


prosthetics

弥补术，医学的一个分支，用于人工修复缺失的身体部位。


purgatory

源自拉丁語 purgātōrium (“清洗的”)。与英語 purge同源。

/ˈpɝɡəˌtɔɹi/

Purgatory (“炼狱”)的大小寫替代形式

（尤指作为救赎的一部分所经历的）磨难，苦痛

[…] many Gods breedeth heathens miseries, many countries trauailers humors, many wiues mens purgatories, and many friends trustes ruine:

1605, Nicholas Breton, An Olde Mans Lesson, and a Young Mans Loue, London: Edward White,

I laid my rank and fortune at the fair one’s feet, and would have married instantly; but that Oldworth opposed my precipitancy, and insisted upon a probation of six months absence—It has been a purgatory!

1774, 约翰·伯戈因, The Maid of the Oaks, London: T. Becket, Act I, Scene 1, p. 6,

It might be […] that Ruth had worked her way through the deep purgatory of repentance up to something like purity again; God only knew!

1853, 伊丽莎白·盖斯凯尔, 《露丝》，章节25，

Later came midsummer, with the stifling heat, when the dingy killing beds of Durham’s became a very purgatory; one time, in a single day, three men fell dead from sunstroke.

1904, 厄普顿·辛克莱，《屠场》，章节10，

[…] that would mean he would be irrecoverably Afrikaans and would have to spend years in the purgatory of an Afrikaans boarding-school, as all farm-children do, before he would be allowed to come back to the farm.

1997, 约翰·马克斯维尔·库切，《男孩》，Penguin, Chapter 11, p. 100,


purgatory

源自拉丁語 purgātōrium (“清洗的”)。与英語 purge同源。

more purgatory (comparative)
most purgatory (superlative)

/ˈpɝɡəˌtɔɹi/

Last of all, the prodigie of Siracusa was expiat by a purgatory sacrifice, by direction from the soothsaiers to what gods, supplications and sacrifice should be made.

1600，Philemon Holland（译者），李维所著《罗马史》，London, Book 41, p. 1103,

This purgatory interval is not unfavourable to a faithless representative, who may be as good a canvasser as he was a bad governor.

1790，埃德蒙·伯克，《对法国大革命的反思》，London: J. Dodsley, p. 272,


quibbling

quibble的现在分词形式。


quick-witted

more quick-witted (comparative)
most quick-witted (superlative)


perspiration

借自晚期中古法語 perspiration，源自perspirer (“流汗”)，源自拉丁語 perspirare (“持续吹气或呼吸”)，源自per (“经过，通过”) + spirare (“呼吸，吹”)
就词形分析：perspire + -ation。

/ˌpɜːspəˈɹeɪʃən/

/ˌpɝspəˈɹeɪʃən/

genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration

The Cauſe may be Want of Perſpiration : For Much of the Matter of Haire, in the other Parts of the Body, goeth forth by Inſenſible Perſpiration ; And beſides, the Skull being of a more ſolide Subſtance, nouriſheth and aſſimilateth leſſe, and excerneth more.

1627, Francis Bacon, Sylva Sylvarum: or, A Naturall Historie, London: W. Lee, Cent. VII, section 680, page 170:

Genius is 1 per cent. inspiration and 99 per cent. perspiration.

1910, Frank Lewis Dyer, Thomas Commerford Martin, 引 Thomas Edison, Edison: His Life and Inventions, 第 II 卷, New York: Harper & Brothers，第 607 頁:


polygamous

/pəˈlɪɡəməs/

That Mormon community no longer practises polygamous relationships.

[…] declaring legitimate all children of LDS polygamous marriages […]

2001, Kathryn Daynes, More Wives Than One, p 177


rabble

首次出现于14世纪，源自中古英語 rablen (“漫步，信步；胡言”)，与中古荷蘭語 rabbelen (“说话”)、低地德語 rabbeln、robbeln (“聊天，漫谈”)。

胡言，说胡话，说含糊不清的话


rabble

源自中古英語 rabel，可能源自上方的动词。

plebs

下等人们，暴民们 （16世纪50年代起）

riffraff

下等人们，暴民们 （16世纪50年代起）

模糊不清的话，胡话，废话

乌合之众 （14世纪起）

下等人们，暴民们 （16世纪50年代起）


rabble

古法語 roable（现代法语râble），源自拉丁語 rutabulum (“拔火棍”)。


preternatural

源自拉丁語 preternātūrālis/praeternātūrālis，源自praeter nātūram，源自praeter (“超越”) + nātūra (“自然”)，对比supernatural。

more preternatural (comparative)
most preternatural (superlative)

I have employed cold air, and very often spongings with cold water, in order to moderate the preternatural heat of the skin, and to check the increased velocity of the circulation.

1815, William Shearman, New Medical and Physical Journal:

Doubtless there has been some exaggeration in the picturesque and fanciful relations of the almost preternatural skill and cunning of the Indian […]

1882, George Edward Ellis, The Red Man and the White Man in North America，第 152 頁:

"Villette! Villette! wrote George Eliot。"It is a still more wonderful book than Jane Eyre. There is something almost preternatural in its power."

2014年January4日, Lucy Hughes-Hallett, “The other Charlotte Brontë girl [online version (3 January 2014): Why Villette is better than Jane Eyre: Everybody knows Jane Eyre, but Charlotte Brontë's greatest and most original novel was her last, Villette]”, 出自 The Daily Telegraph, London，第 R14 頁:

D.B. Woodside as Amenadiel: "Something Charlotte said made me think. Maybe celestial beings and humans, Luci maybe they aren't that different."
Tom Ellis as Lucifer Morningstar: "What, are we talking in bed? 'Cause we know all know my skills are preternatural. But I suppose you on the other hand..."

2018, “Quintessential Deckerstar”, 出自 Lucifer:

Macbeth is like a record of a preternatural and tragical event.

1817, William Hazlitt, “Macbeth”, 出自 Characters of Shakespeare's Plays:

Not Leonore, in that preternatural midnight excursion with her phantom lover, was more terrified than poor Maggie in this entirely natural ride on a short-paced donkey, [...]

1860, George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss, Book 1, Chapter 11:

Vansittart Smith, fixing his eyes upon the fellow's skin, was conscious of a sudden impression that there was something inhuman and preternatural about its appearance.

1925, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Ring of Thoth:


pesky

peskier (comparative)
peskiest (superlative)


pushy

pushier (comparative)
pushiest (superlative)

Pushy parents 'ruin sports days'


pantomime

约17世纪，源自拉丁語 pantomīmus，源自古希臘語 παντόμιμος (pantómimos)，源自πᾶς (pâs, “全”) + μιμέομαι (miméomai, “模仿”)。

滑稽哑剧演员 （自17世纪）

[He] saw a pantomime perform so well that he could follow the performance from the action alone.

1865, Edward Burnett Tylor, Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization

一种面向儿童的童话剧 （自18世纪）

With the Stoke supporters jeering Ziv's every subsequent touch, the pantomime atmosphere created by the home crowd reached a crescendo when Ziv was shown a straight red shortly after the break in extraordinary circumstances.

2011年October20日, Michael da Silva, “Stoke 3 - 0 Macc Tel-Aviv”, 出自 BBC Sport:

滑稽哑剧 （自18世纪）

A staid, steadfast man, whose life for the most part was a telling pantomime of action, and not a tame chapter of sounds.

1851, Herman Melville, Moby Dick, chapter 26

In pantomime, Chief Joyi would fling his spear and creep along the veld as he narrated the victories and defeats.

1994, Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom, Abacus 2010, p. 26:


regale

源自法語 régaler (“取悦于，款待”)，源自古法語 regale、rigale，源自gale (“欢乐”)，可能源自日耳曼語族（参见古法語 galer）。受到了古法語 se rigoler (“开心，愉悦”)的影响，其词源不详。对比中古高地德語 begalen (“迷住”)、英語 gale (“唱歌；使...陶醉”)。亦对比英語 gala。

The noise from the servants' hall was rendered more acutely painful by her headach; for her aunt, partly with a view of annoying her niece, whom she disliked—as we always dislike those we have used ill—had left orders for a general regale.

1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 IX, 出自 Romance and Reality. […], 第 II 卷, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC，第 136 頁:


regale

使...愉快，使...开心，取悦于 （自17世纪）

You’ve Got Mail is certainly the basic model for the plot, which finds corporate candy shill Joel ([Paul] Rudd) and indie-sweetshop owner Molly ([Amy] Poehler) regaling their dinner companions with the very long, digressive story of how they met and fell in love.

2014年June26日, A. A. Dowd, “Paul Rudd and Amy Poehler Spoof Rom-com Clichés in They Came Together”, 出自 The A.V. Club，於2017-12-07歸檔自原頁面:

款待，招待 （自17世纪）

she hardly lets a Week pass without making the Lady Abbess and her Nuns a Visit, to regale with a Cup of burnt Brandy.

1723, Charles Walker, Memoirs of Sally Salisbury, V:

（使用故事等）取悦，使...满足

to regale the taste, the eye, or the ear


pestilence

源自中古英語，源自古法語，源自拉丁語 pestilentia (“瘟疫”)，源自pestilens (“感染的，不健康的，有害的”)。等价于pestilent + -ence。

Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by night; nor for the arrow that flieth by day;

1611, King James Translators, Psalms 91:5-6:

"Take it, Christian dogsǃ take the palaces, the gardens, the mosques, the abode of our fathers - take plague with them; pestilence is the enemy we fly; if she be your friend, hug her to your bosoms. The curse of Allah is on Stamboul, share ye her fateǃ"

1826, Mary Shelley, The Last Man, part 2, chapter 2

It was reserved for Christians to torture bread, the staff of life, bread for which children in whole districts wail, bread, the gift of pasture to the poor, bread, for want of which thousands of our fellow beings annually perish by famine; it was reserved for Christians to torture the material of bread by fire, to create a chemical and maddening poison, burning up the brain and brutalizing the soul, and producing evils to humanity, in comparison of which, war, pestilence, and famine, cease to be evils.

1831年July15日, “Of the Blood”, 出自 Western Journal of Health, 第 4 卷, 第 1 期, L. B. Lincoln，第 38 頁:

The snowshoe-rabbits build up through the years until they reach a climax when they seem to be everywhere; then with dramatic suddenness their pestilence falls upon them.

1949 - Bruce Kiskaddon, George R. Stewart, Earth Abides

道德败坏的东西，扰乱社会公序良俗的东西


prevarication

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 prevaricassion、中古法語 prevarication和其来源，拉丁語 praevāricātiō (“与对手串通；偏离正轨；欺瞒”)，源自praevāricor的词干。

/pɹɪˌvæɹɪˈkeɪʃən/

/pɹɪˌvæɹəˈkeɪʃən/

Prevarication became the order of the day in his government while truth was a stranger in those halls.

Mr Rajoy frustrates many with his prevarication over a fresh euro-zone bail-out, which now comes with a conditional promise from the European Central Bank (ECB) to help bring down Spain’s stifling borrowing costs.

2012年October6日, “Charlemagne: Mysterious Mariano”, 出自 The Economist:

（被告人和线人的）串通，勾结


babe

:< 中古英语 babe， 同早期中古英语 baban。 对比 mama、dada、papa。 另对比威尔士语 baban（婴儿）——maban 的变音词，构自 mab（儿子）。

婴儿，婴孩；小孩子或小动物。

具吸引力的人，特别是女人；美人，美女。


rare

:< 中古英語 rare < 拉丁語 rarus（“稀疏的，稀少的”）。取代了中古英語固有词 gesen（“稀少的”）（ < 古英語 gǣsne）、seld（“少见的”）（ < 古英語 selden）、seldsene（“少见的”）（ < 古諾爾斯語 sialdsēnn）。

rarer (comparative)
rarest (superlative)


rare

站立，直立，用后腿直立；向后


revue

借自法語 revue (字面意思是“评论”)。review 的同源對似詞，它的相关词义被本词取代。

舞台节目（包括小品，舞剧，戏剧等）


revulsion

The recent financial revulsion has revealed the feeble basis on which credit now stands[…]

1858, “Our Window”, 出自 Emerson's Magazine and Putnam's Monthly, 第 6 卷，第 329 頁:

突然的情感波动，突然的反应

We resolve, and our resolutions melt away with a word and a look: we are the toys of an emotion. And yet I think Norbourne was right in his sudden revulsion in favour of his uncle. We are rarely wrong when we act from impulse.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “The Result”, 出自 Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], 第 I 卷, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，第 234 頁:

A sudden and violent revulsion of feeling, both in the Parliament and the country, followed.

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, 章號 1, 出自 The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, 第 (please specify |volume=I to V) 卷, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:


petard

源自中古法語 petard，参见现代法語 pétard (“爆竹”)。

一种用于破门的小型帽状爆炸物


petard

源自中古法語 petarder（现代法語 pétarder），源自petard + -er (构成动词的后缀)。

使用上述爆炸物攻击或爆破


osprey

源自晚期中古英語 ospray，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 ospriet，源自中世紀拉丁語 avis prede (“猛禽”)，该一般词在古法语中形似ossifrage，因此被误当做特指这种鸟的词。

I will provide thee of a princely osprey.

1594, George Peele (attributed), The Battle of Alcazar

A pair of ospreys bred at a confidential nesting site in Co. Fermanagh in what has been described as like finding long-lost treasure.

2023年August24日, Mairead Sheehy, “'Like finding long-lost treasure': Ospreys breed in Ireland for first time in 200 years”, 出自 Irish Examiner:


babysit

临时照顾婴儿或小孩；代人照看孩子


recluse

源自古法語 reclus，reclure的过去分词，源自拉丁語 reclūdere，reclūdō (“公开，揭露；打开”)的现在主动不定式，源自re- + claudō (“关闭”)。

more recluse (comparative)
most recluse (superlative)

a recluse monk or hermit


recluse

The recluse in the fable kept a cat to keep off the rats, and then a cow to feed the cat with milk, and a man to keep the cow and so on. My ambitions also grew like the family of the recluse.

1927-29, M.K. Gandhi, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, translated 1940 by Mahadev Desai, Part I, Chapter xv:


requiem

源自中古英語 requiem，源自拉丁語 requiem，传统安魂弥撒的进堂咏的第一个词，拉丁語 requiēs (“休息”)的一种宾格形式，源自re- (“再”) + quiēs (“安静，安息”)。

镇魂曲，安魂曲 （尤指天主教的弥撒中使用的）


requiem

源自法語 requin，因上面的词源1产生联想而改变了词形。

巨型鲨鱼，尤指真鲨科下的物种

Any man-eater is called a requiem.

1973, Patrick Buchanan, A Requiem of Sharks:


required

require 的過去式和過去分詞


required

more required (comparative)
most required (superlative)


pathetic

more pathetic (comparative)
most pathetic (superlative)


raspberry

raspberry：


raspberry

舌头放在唇间发出的声音；呸声


ruffian

源自中古法語 rufian，源自意大利語 ruffiano (“皮条客”)。

rogue

恶徒，无赖，恶棍；狡诈的人；不可靠的人

scamp

恶徒，无赖，恶棍；狡诈的人；不可靠的人

恶徒，无赖，恶棍；狡诈的人；不可靠的人

He [her husband] is no sooner abroad than she is instantly at home, revelling with her ruffians.

1621, John Reynolds, The Triumphs of God's Revenge against the crying and execrable Sinne of Murther


ruffian

源自中古法語 rufian，源自意大利語 ruffiano (“皮条客”)。

Methinks the wind does speak aloud at land; A fuller blast ne'er shook our battlements. If it hath ruffianed so upon the sea.

约1603–1604年, 威廉·莎士比亚, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本), 伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:


ruffian

源自中古法語 rufian，源自意大利語 ruffiano (“皮条客”)。

more ruffian (comparative)
most ruffian (superlative)

残忍的，嗜血的，惨绝人寰的，滥杀的

ruffian rage


quizzical

more quizzical (comparative)
most quizzical (superlative)

But I did see things that aren't yet quite right, and at which I raised a quizzical eyebrow.

2022年July27日, Sir Michael Holden, “In praise of Crossrail 1... and in search of Crossrail 2”, 出自 RAIL, 第 962 期，第 34 頁:


ballerina

/ˌbæləɹˈiːnə/

芭蕾舞者 (无特指性别)

女芭蕾舞者，芭蕾舞女
prima ballerina (“（某团体里）最好的芭蕾舞者”)的缩略形式

ballerino (“男芭蕾舞者”)之同義詞


primeval

源自拉丁語 primaevus (“生命的初期阶段”) + -al，源自primus (“第一的”) + aevum (“阶段，时期”)，见prime和age。

more primeval (comparative)
most primeval (superlative)

A letter from Mr. [Brian Houghton] Hodgson to Mr. Bayley, was then read, giving an outline of the theocracy of the Buddha system of Nepal. […] According to the information now communicated, the northern Buddhas acknowledge four sets of divine beings, or of superhuman objects of veneration. The first of these is, contrary to the generally supposed atheistical tendency of the faith, one primæval and uncreated deity. This first Buddha manifested five of his attributes, as five secondary Buddhas; in one of whom, Amitabha, or the 'immeasurably splendid,' in Prakrit and Pali, Amitabo, we recognise the Amito of the Japanese.

1827 July, “Asiatic Society of Calcutta”, 出自 The Oriental Herald, and Journal of General Literature, 第 XIV 卷, 第 43 期, London: Printed for the editor, and sold by all booksellers [printed by J. R. Gordon, 147, Strand, →OCLC，第 147 頁:

But if life has a happiness over which the primeval curse has passed and harmed not, it is the early and long enduring affection of blood and habit.

1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 VI, 出自 Romance and Reality. […], 第 III 卷, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC，第 116 頁:

If their views were entrancing their sanitation was primeval; if they possessed stables they were also next to the gas-works; if their gardens were delightful there were odours suspicious of mice in the bedrooms.


regularly

more regularly (comparative)
most regularly (superlative)

有规律地，有规则地，定期地，例行地；一丝不苟地；正式地;经常


regurgitate

源自晚期拉丁語 regurgitatus，regurgitare的过去分词，re- (表示返回) + gurgitare (“吞食；涌动”)的结合形式，源自gurges (“旋涡，海湾，海洋，深渊”)。

/ɹɪˈɡɝd͡ʒəˌteɪt/

The young gulls were fed by their mother’s regurgitated food.

小海鸥吃它们妈妈反刍出来的食物。

机械地重复，枯燥乏味地重复

Food may regurgitate from the stomach into the mouth.


primogenitor

拉丁語 primus (“第一的”) + -o- + genitor（拉丁语genitor）。对比progenitor。:Template:etystub


rehash

重新将...切成小片，重新将...切碎 （见hash）

I never did care for Sunday joint that was served up cold on Monday, hashed on Tuesday, rissoled on Wednesday, and re-hashed on Thursday[.]

1942年July1日, The Newcastle and Maitland Catholic Sentinel, Newcastle, NSW，第 224 頁，第 2 列:

（无意义地，基本一样地） 重复；改头换面

Today's parliamentary session only rehashed last week's arguments.

今天的议会会议只是在重复上个星期的争辩。

The CEO of the company only rehashed a speech for the news conference.

公司的CEO只是在新闻发布会上重复了一次演讲。

The general rehashed plans for the war.

将军换汤不换药地定下了战争计划。

分析，回忆 （之前的争吵或不愉快的事）

Let's not rehash what we did last night.

我们别再提昨晚我们干的事了。

重新计算...的哈希，重新计算...的散列值 （如哈希表等数据结构）


rehash

改头换面的作品，换汤不换药的作品

He wrote a bad rehash of an earlier essay.

他把之前的论文改头换面写了一篇很差的论文。

重新计算哈希，重新计算散列值


petulant

源自中古法語，源自拉丁語 petulāns，与petere有关。

more petulant (comparative)
most petulant (superlative)

Lack of sleep is causing Dave's recent petulant behavior.

睡眠不足让Dave最近特别任性。

Former associates have described Musk as petty, cruel and petulant, particularly when frustrated or challenged.

December 13 2021, Molly Ball, Jeffrey Kluger and Alejandro de la Garza, “Elon Musk: Person of the Year 2021”, 出自 Time Magazine:

Who hath not like cause to complain, and is not so troubled, that shall fall into the mouths of such men? for many are of so petulant a spleen

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:


run-down

In the Seventies the system was run-down and demoralised. Road transport was the future, the Underground was being 'managed for decline', and the system was filthier than the streets above.

2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube, Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，第 xiii, Preface 頁:

Among its findings, the report says: "In recent years we have seen more stations transformed from run-down Victorian hulks, or spartan bus-sheltered platforms, into places that people can take pride in, feel comfortable in using, and which are fulfilling more of their wider potential.

2020年August26日, “Network News: Stations investment boosts regeneration, says report”, 出自 Rail，第 17 頁:


run-of-the-mill

1922年出现，源自磨坊（mill）每批次（run）产出来的东西都应该一致标准的说法。

more run-of-the-mill (comparative)
most run-of-the-mill (superlative)

普通的，平凡的，平平无奇的

This isn’t your run-of-the-mill refrigerator; you’ll find the extra features well worth the price.

这款不同于那种普普通通的冰箱，您会发现附加功能很值这个价。

The other had the most run-of-the-mill news which make some of my recent run-of-the-mill columns appear like the raciest escapist fare.

1971 November 30, Martin Lapidus, Class Notes: 62, Princeton Alumni Weekly, Volume 72, page 26,

For a deeper, less familiar philosophy, you have to listen to your more run-of-the-mill dossers, and they don't come more run-of-the-mill than Ratso.

In one side of the prestigious commissions, public and private, sacred and profane, which could make the name of an artist, there was a more run of the mill style of painting which already enjoyed a vast clientéle at all levels of society.

1995, Alain Mérot, French Painting in the Seventeenth Century, page 42,

Who the more run-of-the-mill victims were is unclear, since they are often not named or have no emblem glyphs attached to them.

1999, David Drew, The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings，第 284 頁:

Or even more run-of-the-mill murders which usually turn out to be family or business affairs and where someone's usually heard something or, in the case of the more professional killings, someone wants to do a deal.

2001, Gabrielle Lord, Death Delights, 2002, unnumbered page,


rundown

Could you give me the rundown on the new rules?

您能简单讲讲新的规定吗？

Comes post-time, and I am at the bookie joint listening the running descriptions and rundowns, […]

I would say this: If you are in a community where you do not have the rundown sheet on the horses in the race, do what they have done in Sacramento.

1960, American Trial Lawyers Association, Convention Proceedings (page 455)

Smith is caught in a rundown, but Jones will come around to score.

Smith被夹杀了，但是Jones会得分的。

一种加勒比地区的炖肉或炖鱼，辅以些许椰奶等

The rundown of LNER's Class 91/Mk 4 fleet continues, with two more locomotives sent for store at Doncaster and a rake of coaches moving to Worksop,

2020年May20日, “Fleet News: LNER sends more '91s' off-lease”, 出自 Rail，第 22 頁:


recount

源自古諾曼語和盎格魯-諾曼語 recunter，古法語 reconter的一个变体。


recount

The old man recounted the tale of how he caught the big fish.

老人讲述了他抓到那条大鱼的故事。

to recount one's blessings


pompous

源自中古英語 pompous，源自古法語 pompeux，源自晚期拉丁語 pomposus，源自拉丁語 pompa (“壮丽”)，源自古希臘語 πομπή (pompḗ, “派遣；庄重的队列；壮观，壮丽”)，源自πέμπω (pémpō, “派遣”)。pomposo 的同源對似詞。

more pompous (comparative)
most pompous (superlative)

自傲的，高傲的，浮夸的，华而不实的

"Not that the parting speech caused Amelia to philosophise, or that it armed her in any way with a calmness, the result of argument; but it was intolerably dull, pompous, and tedious; and having the fear of her schoolmistress greatly before her eyes, Miss Samuel did not venture, in her presence, to give way to any ebullitions of private grief."
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:
, Bantam Classics (1997), 16:


pristine

more pristine (comparative)
most pristine (superlative)

纯净的，纯洁的，未被弄脏的；崭新的

The beach back is in pristine condition after a council-led cleanup.

市政组织了一次清扫后，海滩又回到了干干净净的样子。


pristine

源自古希臘語 πρίστης (prístēs, “锯子”)。

This indicates that the present levels of genetic diversity in P. microdon are not unusually low, although the amount of diversity to be expected in pristine populations of coastal species of elasmobranch remains elusive because all populations investigated to date have suffered some degree of decline (e.g. Sandoval-Castillo et al. 2004, Keeney et al. 2005, Hoelzel et al. 2006, Stow et al. 2006, Lewallen et al. 2007).

2008, J.M. Whitty, N.M. Phillips, D.L. Morgan, J.A. Chaplin, D.C. Thorburn & S.C. Peverell, Habitat associations of Freshwater Sawfish (Pristis microdon)and Northern River Sharks (Glyphis sp. C): including genetic analysis of P. microdon across northern Australia https://web.archive.org/web/20120601194551/http://environment.gov.au/coasts/publications/pubs/freshwater-sawfish-northern-river-shark.pdf


banal

:< 法語 bannal < 中世紀拉丁語 bannalis < bannum （“命令”）。

more banal (comparative)
banaler (comparative)
most banal (superlative)
banalest (superlative)

平庸的，平淡乏味的，无关紧要的，陈腐的


ravenous

more ravenous (comparative)
most ravenous (superlative)

The most rapid and most seductive transition in all human nature is that which attends the palliation of a ravenous appetite. There is something humiliating about it.

1922, Ben Travers, 章號 5, 出自 A Cuckoo in the Nest:

Supply-and-demand? One begins to be weary of such work. Leave all to egoism, to ravenous greed of money, of pleasure, of applause: — it is the Gospel of Despair!

1843, 托马斯·卡莱尔，Past and Present，卷3，章节IX，Working Aristocracy

Mrs. Michael turned out to be a ravenous, fast-fading woman in a slashed skirt and a low blouse over an unappetising chest. While her husband did things in his shed, where he appeared to live, Pym inexpertly mixed the Yorkshire pudding and fought off her embraces...


phallic

A little later the phallic explanation of everything came into fashion. The deities were all polite names for the organs and powers of procreation.

1920, Edward Carpenter, Pagan and Christian Creeds, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 出版於 1921，第 10 頁:

The natural rhythm of the male is a phallic one of rise and fall, whether it involves towers, stock markets, or whole civilizations.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co.，第 128 頁:

My mother has a very phallic salt shaker.

我妈有个看起来特别像阴茎的盐罐。

For many first-time visitors, a common initial impression of the Washington Monument is that it is incredibly phallic.

1993, Joseph Downton, Washington D.C.: An Alternative Guide，第 T-221 頁:

The incinerator and a big smoke stack / It's a phallic symbol and it makes me laugh

Opposing the war in El Salvador and opposing the phallic aggression everywhere.

1990年April14日, Jeremy Grainger, Read Weaver, “You Don't Gotta!”, 出自 Gay Community News，第 8 頁:


paradox

源自中古法語 paradoxe，源自拉丁語 paradoxum，源自古希臘語 παράδοξος (parádoxos, “意外的，奇怪的”)。

"This sentence is false" is a paradox.

“这句话是假的”是悖论。

According to one version of an ancient paradox, an Athenian is supposed to say "I am a liar." It is then argued that if the statement is true, then he is telling the truth, and is therefore not a liar […]

1962, Abraham Wolf, Textbook of Logic，第 255 頁:

反常结果，意外结果，似非而是的事实

It is an interesting paradox that drinking a lot of water can often make you feel thirsty.

喝很多水会意外地让你很渴。

The most fundamental paradox is that if we're never to use force, we must be prepared to use it and to use it successfully.

1983年May21日, Ronald Reagan, Presidential Radio Address:

Not having a fashion is a fashion; that's a paradox.

不随时尚就是一种时尚，真是矛盾。

How quaint the ways of Paradox! / At common sense she gaily mocks! / Though counting in the usual way years twenty-one I've been alive, / Yet reck'ning by my natal day, / Yet reck'ning by my natal day, / I am a little boy of five!

1879, W. S. Gilbert, “The Pirates of Penzance”, 出自 The Complete Plays of Gilbert and Sullivan, 出版於 1941:

He is a paradox; you would not expect him in that political party.

他这个人真是矛盾，怎么就进了那个政党。

You are a paradox of bitch and angel.

1999, Virginia Henley, A Year and a Day, →ISBN，第 315 頁:

And only by dismantling our preconceptions of age can we be free to understand the paradox: How young are the old?

1994, James Joseph Pirkl, Transgenerational Design, →ISBN，第 3 頁:

Ay, truly; for the power of beauty will sooner / transform honesty from what it is to a bawd than the / force of honesty can translate beauty into his / likeness: this was sometime a paradox, but now the / time gives it proof.

1594, William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Act III:

they contended to make that Maxim, that there is no faith to be held with Infidels, a meere and absurd Paradox [...].

1615, Ralph Hamor, A True Discourse of the Present State of Virginia, Richmond, 出版於 1957，第 3 頁:

The need for paradox is no doubt rooted deep in the very nature of the use we make of language.

1906, Richard Holt Hutton, Brief Literary Criticisms，第 40 頁:

Thus, like modern disputants, they aimed either to confute the respondent or to land him in paradox.

1866, Edward Poste, Aristotle on Fallacies, Or, The Sophistici Elenchi, 根據Aristotle原著改編的翻譯作品，第 43 頁:

逆反心理指示 （心理治疗师给出的希望患者不遵从或无法遵从的指示）

Defiance-based paradox is employed so that the family will actively oppose and deliberately sabotage the prescription.

1988, Martin Lakin, Ethical Issues in the Psychotherapies, →ISBN，第 103 頁:


pooh-pooh

In England, until very late days, we have been accustomed rather to pooh-pooh national Orders, to vote ribbons and crosses tinsel gewgaws, foolish foreign ornaments, and so forth.

c.''' 1861, W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray, “On Ribbons”, 出自 Roundabout Papers, London: Smith, Elder & Co., 出版於 1863, →OCLC:

Pooh-poohing the IPCC's science has been one line of attack by [George W.] Bush's backers.

2001年June21日, Murray Sayle, “After George W. Bush, the deluge”, 出自 London Review of Books, 第 23 卷, 第 12 期，於2016-09-09歸檔自原頁面，第 3–9 頁s:

[Bill] Clinton haters will pooh-pooh all of these acknowledgements as the index of a compulsive sociability that knows no limits and upholds no standards, a psychic necessity we should not make into a moral virtue.

2004年September23日, David Simpson, “The kid who talked too much and became President”, 出自 London Review of Books, 第 26 卷, 第 18 期，於2016-03-18歸檔自原頁面，第 3–5 頁s:


peaceable

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pesible、peisible、中古法語 paisible，源自pais (“和平”) + -ible，后改为peace + -able。

more peaceable (comparative)
most peaceable (superlative)

热爱和平的，拒绝暴力的 （自14世纪）

But in the Muslim world we are dealing with regimes who have banished, imprisoned, silenced or neutralised all opposition, even where this is entirely peaceable.

1999年December29日, Faisal Bodi, The Guardian:

But if you talk to people here privately, they suggest there are three possible scenarios. The first (intended to sound incredible) is that Israel’s biggest neighbour will be transformed into a peaceable, pluralist democracy.

2011年February8日, ‘Feeling understandably twitchy’, The Economist:

Though unusual in the Dublin area he knew that it was not by any means unknown for desperadoes who had next to nothing to live on to be abroad waylaying and generally terrorising peaceable pedestrians by placing a pistol at their head ….

1922 February, James Joyce, Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:
, Episode 16:


befitting

more befitting (comparative)
most befitting (superlative)

适合的，相称的，配得上的

He moved with a befitting grace.


resound

（声音、噪音等）回响，回荡


resound

:< 中古英語 resownen < 古法語 resoner < 拉丁語 resonare （“声音回荡，回音”）。

（声音、噪音等）回荡，回响


bang

:與古諾爾斯語或冰島語 banga（“敲打、擊打、猛擊”）應該是同源關係，亦有可能源於後者；與丹麥語 banke（“打、擊”）、丹麥語 bengel 和德語 Bengel（“頑童”）很可能同源。最終來源可能是擬聲詞；對比朝鮮語 방아（banga，“碓、舂米用具”）。

感歎號(!)；:Template:數 階乘（因用n!表示而得名）


bang

發出砰的聲音；砰然重擊，碰擊；爆炸；砰然撞上（墻等）

（將知識）灌輸到…腦中，將…硬塞進


poppycock

借自荷蘭語 pappekak，源自中古荷蘭語 pappe (“软食”) + kak (“屎”)。


phantasmal

more phantasmal (comparative)
most phantasmal (superlative)

Phantasmal mirth, folded away: muskperfumed.

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 1]”, 出自 Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:


banger

源自bang + -er。香肠这么称呼的原因是因为它们水很多，但表皮不透水，因此如果在烹饪前不戳破的话很容易爆炸。

bang的施动者名词，任何做其主语的人或物

bangers and mash

He drives a little four-banger to work.

他开一辆四汽缸的小车去上班。

gangbanger 的截斷形式：帮派成员

Just as the gang peace movement desired to mainstream hardcore bangers into civic society, The Chronic wanted to drive hardcore rap into the popstream.

2011, Jeff Change, Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation (page 420)

节奏有活力的音乐，尤指舞曲

My frequencies are transient and resonate your eardrums / I make bangers, not anthems

2002, Mike Skinner （作曲作詞）, “Let's Push Things Forward”, 出自 Original Pirate Material, 演出者 The Streets:

Morris' melding of influences ranging from mid-'80s computer technology to Baltimore club bangers to the U.K. rave scene has cemented his reputation as one of London's most formidable DJs.

2008, Billboard (volume 120, number 32, page 44)

'lce Ice Baby' was an absolute banger, though, wasn't it? And knowing the history of that song, it had proper rap credentials.

2012, Mike Skinner, The Story of The Streets (page 31)

好的事物，令人愉快的事物


populace

The populace despised their ignorant leader.

民眾鄙視他們愚昧的領導者。

Throughout the 1500s, the populace roiled over a constellation of grievances of which the forest emerged as a key focal point. The popular late Middle Ages fictional character Robin Hood, dressed in green to symbolize the forest, dodged fines for forest offenses and stole from the rich to give to the poor. But his appeal was painfully real and embodied the struggle over wood.

2006, Edwin Black, 章號 2, 出自 Internal Combustion:

Thomas Brassey (1805-70) should be equally famous, yet he is unknown to swathes of the greater populace. His plaque is at Chester.

2021年December29日, Stephen Roberts, “Stories and facts behind railway plaques: Chester (1848)”, 出自 RAIL, 第 947 期，第 57 頁:


based

more based (comparative)
most based (superlative)

（一般用于结合形式）有（怎样的）根据的

That was a soundly based argument.


based

base 的過去式和過去分詞

来自...的，基于...的，根据...的

It's a new film based on a best-selling novel.

这是一部根据畅销小说改编的新电影。

base 的過去式和過去分詞

坐落于...的，落脚于...的

The ladder is based on the even sidewalk for stability.

梯子支撑在平坦的走道上来维持稳定。

base 的過去式和過去分詞

基地位于...的，总部位于...的

The company is based in New York.


based

指代精炼可卡因（freebase cocaine），经由basehead一词。由美国歌手Lil B所创来形容自己的生活方式。

unwoke

很棒的，值得赞赏的，令人钦佩的，中肯的

cringe

很棒的，值得赞赏的，令人钦佩的，中肯的

unbased

很棒的，值得赞赏的，令人钦佩的，中肯的

不在乎世俗眼光的，我行我素的

Based means being yourself. Not being scared of what people think about you. Not being afraid to do what you wanna do. Being positive. […] Based is positive.

You have to work as a human with empathy and love in your heart, staying positive and staying based and staying normal.

2012, Duncan Cooper, "Based Scripture: The Full Transcript of Lil B’s Lecture at NYU", The Fader, 12 April 2012:

很棒的，值得赞赏的，令人钦佩的，中肯的 （因反对政治正确或左翼价值观而）值得赞赏的

OP is based as fuck

Based and red pilled.

My last account got banned for being too based.

Those who are against Trump are not based at all. On February 16th, The Donald users comment on a “based” post in r/DankMemes which uses a classic Squidward sleeping meme to criticize those who are upset by Chris Pratt going to “church” (one which was purportedly anti-LGBT) but “ok” with sex predators in Hollywood: […]

2019, Kira Stalker, "The Fracturing of the Alt Right: Conflicting Online Discourses Of White Nationalist Communities", thesis submitted to George Mason University, page 139:

His [Brenton Tarrant's] meme-themed shooting greatly represents the spirit of the aussie people, in the sense of shitposting until their last moment, based and redpilled he is.

2019, anonymous, quoted in Cathrine Thorleifsson, "From cyberfascism to terrorism: On 4chan/pol/ culture and the transnational production of memetic violence", Nations and Nationalism, Volume 28, Issue 1, page 293:

Then, in the same month, noted feminist Christina Hoff Sommers was branded “white supremacy-adjacent” by feminist Roxane Gay. Her reasoning? That our beloved “Based Mom” once appeared at an event with Milo Yiannopoulos and didn't disavow him enough.

2020, David Rubin, Don't Burn This Book: Thinking for Yourself in an Age of Unreason，第 未標明 頁:


paragon

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 paragone、peragone、中古法語 paragon，源自意大利語 paragone (“对比”)或西班牙語 parangón，源自paragonare，源自古希臘語 παρακονάω (parakonáō, “削尖，研磨”)，源自παρά (pará) + ἀκόνη (akónē, “磨刀石”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₂eḱ- (“尖”)）。

榜样，模范 （自16世纪）

In the novel, Constanza is a paragon of virtue who would never compromise her reputation.

小说中，Constanza是一个永远不背弃自己声望的道德模范。

Yes, there were instances of grandstanding and obsessive behaviour, but many were concealed at the time to help protect an aggressively peddled narrative of [Oscar] Pistorius the paragon, the emblem, the trailblazer.

2014年October21日, Oliver Brown, “Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities”, 出自 The Daily Telegraph (Sport):

Liz Cheney and her father are positioning themselves as protectors of the old order, as paragons of truth and as defenders of our American norms.

2021年May6日, Charles M. Blow, “Liz Cheney, We Have a Memory. You’re No Hero.”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

旗鼓相当者，势均力敌者（16至19世纪）

Philoclea, who indeed had no paragon but her sister

a. 1587, Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney], “(please specify the page number)”, 出自 The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia], London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in Albert Feuillerat 編, The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC:

Nathlesse proud man himselfe the other deemed,
Having so peerlesse paragon ygot

1596, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book IV, Canto II”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

竞赛 （16至17世纪）

good by paragone / Of euill, may more notably be rad, / As white seemes fairer, macht with blacke attone […]。

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book III, Canto IX”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

20磅的活字字号 （自18世纪）

至少100克拉的无瑕钻石


paragon

for want of a bigger , to paragon the little one with Artesia's length

(我們能否查找並添加Edmund Spenser引用過本詞的語句？)

He hath achieved a maid / That paragons description and wild fame.

约1603–1604年, 威廉·莎士比亚, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本), 伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:


paragraphs

/ˈpɛɹəɡɹæfs/

/ˈpæɹəɡɹɑːfs/


bibelot

In her own eyes she was indeed living in a state approaching to penury, but the spectacle of her pictures, her furniture and her bibelots had impressed John with a very different idea.

1886, F. Marion Crawford, A Tale of a Lonely Parish, 2012, Project Gutenberg (Tredition Classics), unnumbered page,

Barbara's glance now falls on the bibelot, which she picks up. She catches sight of the curtain and, bibelot in hand, goes to align it. She suddenly becomes aware of the bibelot in her hand.

1960, Arthur Kober, George Oppenheimer, A Mighty Man is He, Dramatists Play Service，第 31 頁:

Excluded from the world of 'true,' high culture, women, it was claimed, loved books primarily as bibelots, like silks, lace, sconces, fans, or porcelain.

2008, Willa Z. Silverman, The New Bibliopolis: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914, University of Toronto Press，第 191 頁:


beguile

源自中古英語 begilen、begylen，等价于be- + guile。对比中古荷蘭語 begilen (“欺骗”)。bewile 的同源對似詞。

吸引，迷住，使...陶醉

I feel how weak and fruitless must be any words of mine which should attempt to beguile you from the grief of a loss so overwhelming.

1864 November 21, Abraham Lincoln (signed) or John Hay, letter to Mrs. Bixby in Boston

I will never touch The Orb, even though its mysterious glow seduces and beguiles

（因快乐等）让...过的更快 （时间）

We beguiled the hours away

我们在欢乐中很快度过了好几个小时。

They beguile the tedium of this enforced leisure by weaving baskets and playing on certain sacred flutes.

1911, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, 第 11 卷，第 241 頁:


behaviour

源自 behave + -iour，系仿效 havior, havour。 對比低地蘇格蘭語 havings （“行為”），源自 have （“表現，行動”）。


procrastinate

procrastination 的逆構詞，或源自拉丁語 prōcrastinātum，prōcrastinō (“推迟到明天”)的过去分词，源自prō (“为了”) + crāstinus (“明天的”)，源自crās (“明天”)。

He procrastinated until the last minute and had to stay up all night to finish.

他一直拖拖拉拉到最后时刻才开始，不得不熬夜才完成。

Hence It became manifest to the publishers of Webster, that some device must be resorted to, to induce apathy in the publick mind, and thereby procrastinate the inevitable crisis which they foresaw was approaching, the expulsion of his elementary works from our primary schools.

1816, John Pickering, A vocabulary; or, Collection of words and phrases，第 4 頁:


procrastination

源自中古法語 procrastination，源自拉丁語 prōcrāstinātiō，源自prōcrāstinō (“拖延”)，源自prō + crāstinus (“明日的”)，源自crās (“明日”)。

/pɹəʊ̆ˌkɹæstɪˈneɪʃə̆n/

（因怠惰或疏忽而造成的）推遲，拖延，耽擱，拖拖拉拉，拖延症

Procrastination is the thief of time; year after year it steals until all are fled.

1742, Edward Young, Night Thoughts on Life, Death and Immortality I, 1, 393


procrastination

/pɹəʊ̆ˌkɹæstɪˈneɪʃə̆n/


relish

变换自reles (“气味，味道，回味”)，源自古法語 relais、reles (“残留物”)，源自relaisser (“残留”)。

A Laplander or Negro has no notion of the relish of wine.

1748. David Hume. Enquiries concerning the human understanding and concerning the principles of moral. London: Oxford University Press, 1973. § 12.

Much pleasure we have lost while we abstained / From this delightful fruit, nor known till now / True relish, tasting.

每当我们有意避开这令人愉快的果子的时候，我们就在失去这样的享乐，如果不品尝，直到现在也不会知道真正的滋味。

1667, John Milton, “Book IX”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

One of the first acts which he was under the necessity of performing must have been painful to a man of so generous a nature, and of so keen a relish for whatever was excellent in arts and letters.

1849, Thomas Macaulay, History of England, Chapter 11:

I have a relish for moderate praise, because it bids fair to be judicious.

1785, William Cowper, letter to the Rev. John Newton (dated December 10, 1785)

Jews and Israel are not synonymous; nor is support for Palestine synonymous with anti-Semitism; nor is questioning the orthodoxy of the Republican party, which the majority of us do with relish, an insult to Jewry.

2019年July17日, Talia Lavin, “When Non-Jews Wield Anti-Semitism as Political Shield”, 出自 GQ:

（用蔬菜或水果制作的）佐料

Congressmen gleefully wolfed down every imaginable version of the hot dog – smoked kielbasas, jumbo grillers, Big & Juicy's, kosher dogs and spiced dogs – topped with every imaginable condiment – hot mustard, sweet mustard, jalapenos, spaghetti sauce, regular relish, corn relish, maple syrup salsa and the secret sauce of Rep. Jack Kingston (R-Ga.). ("If I told you the recipe," an aide explained, "I'd have to shoot you.")

1994年July21日, Faye Fiore, “Congress relishes another franking privilege: Meat lobby puts on the dog with exclusive luncheon for lawmakers – experts on pork”, 出自 Los Angeles Times:

在木制框架中，榫頭側面或周圍的凸起或肩部，位於榫頭上。


relish

品味，享受（某物的味道） （自16世纪起）

He relishes their time together.

他很享受他们在一起的时光。

I don't relish the idea of going out tonight.

He knows how to prize his advantages, and to relish the honours which he enjoys.

1706, Francis Atterbury, A sermon preached at the Guild-Hall Chapel, September 28, 1706

有...的味道，尝起来 （16到19世纪）

honourable enterprises are accompanied with dangers and damages, as experience evinceth; they will make the rest of thy life relish the better.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 3, member 3:

A theory, which, how much soever it may relish of wit and invention, hath no foundation in nature.

1695, John Woodward, An essay toward a natural history of the earth

给...调味，使...美味 （自16世纪）


raffe

raff (“三角帆”)的另一種寫法


baff

源自中古英語 baffen (“吠”)。同源词包括荷蘭語 baffen (“吠”)、低地德語 baffen (“吠”)、德語 baffen、bäfzen (“吠”)、丹麥語 bjæffe (“大喊”)、瑞典語 bjäbba (“大喊”)。对比buff、yaff。


baff

可能源自低地蘇格蘭語 baff、beff、bauf，可能源自西佛蘭德語 baf、baffe (“一击；一巴掌”)。亦对比古法語 baffe (“巴掌”)（现代法語 baffe），为拟声词。

（尤指用平或软的东西）击打

（用球杆的底部）刮地面打出


readout

（数字数据的）显示，读数

会议纪要 （常用于外交或政治语境）


redingote

:< 法語 redingote < 英語 riding-coat。 二次借用的典例。

/ˈɹɛdɪŋɡəʊt/


beleaguer

纠缠，缠住，困住；使（人）烦恼，烦扰


belie

源自中古英語 belyen、beliggen，源自古英語 beliċġan、biliċġan (“围绕，包围”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *biliggjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *biligjaną (“围绕”)。等价于be- (“周围”) + lie (“位于”)。


belie

源自中古英語 belyen、beleoȝen，源自古英語 belēogan (“欺骗”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *bileugan (“欺骗”)。等价于be- (“关于”) + lie (“欺骗”)。对比荷蘭語 beliegen (“说关于...的谎”)、德語 belügen (“欺骗，对...说谎”)。

slander

说关于...的谎 （自13世纪）

calumniate

说关于...的谎 （自13世纪）

misrepresent

歪曲，歪曲关于...的事实，错误代表

contradict

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

give lie to

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

give the lie to

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

说关于...的谎 （自13世纪）

歪曲，歪曲关于...的事实，错误代表

Should I do ſo I ſhould bely my thoughts, / Comfort's in heauen, and we are on the earth[…]

1595 December 9 (first known performance), [William Shakespeare], The Tragedie of King Richard the Second. […] (First Quarto), London: […] Valentine Simmes for Androw Wise, […], 出版於 1597, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

He found it by experience, and made good uſe of it in his owne perſon, if Plutarch bely him not[…]。

1638, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy. […], 5th版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed [by Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 2, member 6, subsection iv，第 198 頁:

Cambodia's apparent relative insignificance belied its geopolitical importance.

2013年April3日, Patrick Heenan, The Southeast Asia Handbook, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN，第 132 頁:

Opposite, the Loram site contains a real ragbag of yellow, blue or rust-streaked kit whose appearance belies their importance in keeping the railways running.

2020年November18日, Paul Bigland, “New infrastructure and new rolling stock”, 出自 Rail，第 49 頁:

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

Her obvious nervousness belied what she said.

她慌张的神态与她说的话相矛盾。

Early Chinese Buddhist travellers like O'Kong (AD 759-763) mention the use of kesar in Buddhist Viharas for various rituals, and also in making paint for Buddhist scrolls and thankas. This fact belies the earlier myth that would have us believe that kesar was not known prior to Lalitaditya's reign.

2001, Arun Kaul, “Kesar: The cultural geography of Kashmir”, 出自 The Human Landscape，第 227 頁:

In smooth RP tones that belie his German parentage, he explains that none of his hachet jobs were written out of personal animosity.

2016年April9日, Philip Oltermann, “Michael Hofmann: ‘English is basically a trap. It’s almost a language for spies’”, 出自 The Guardian, →ISSN:

指责...说谎 （自17世纪）

They haue belyed the Lord, and ſaid; It is not he, neither ſhall euill come vpon vs, neither ſhal we ſee ſwoꝛd noꝛ famine.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 5:12，第 1 列:

Three belied you, three betrayed you! One you betrayed was three times true! Lord Voryn Dagoth, Dagoth Ur, steadfast liegeman, faithful friend, bids you come and climb Red Mountain!

2002 May 1, Bethesda Softworks, The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind, →OCLC，Microsoft Windows，幕：Ashlander Informant:

His calm demeanor belied his inner sense of guilt.

他虽然淡定自若，心里却十分愧疚。

The rosy outlook belies a struggle to achieve statewide eradication that has persisted since the insect first crossed the border from Mexico around 1892.

2013年August31日, Elizabeth Koh, “Fighting Pest, Farmers Find Strange Ally: A Drought”, 出自 New York Times:

At NIE the virtually monolingual linguistic landscape basically belies a quite different multilingual reality.

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, 出自 Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，第 8 頁:

展示，暴露 （某种矛盾或出乎意料的事物）

A host of evidence is adduced by the accused, evidence whose sometimes self-contradictory nature belies a certain desperation

1993, Carol A. Mossman, Politics and Narratives of Birth: Gynocolonization from Rousseau to Zola, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，第 28 頁:

[…] a low, flat, boring building that belies its past as an IRS facility […]

2016年August3日, Jeanne Marie Laskas, “Inside the Federal Bureau Of Way Too Many Guns”, 出自 GQ Online:


portend

借自拉丁語 portendere (“预测，预知”)，源自por- (“向前”) + tendere (“伸展”)，tendo的现在主动不定式。

A kingdom they portend thee, but what kingdom, / Real or allegoric, I discern not; Nor when: eternal sure--as without end,

1671, John Milton, “The First Book”, 出自 Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, 倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，第 4 頁:

Let it be known that the Rapture portends the End of Days.

When the staccato, Neptunes-ian single “Boyfriend” was released in March, musical prognosticators were quick to peg the album it portended, Believe, as Justin Bieber’s Justified, a grown-and-sexy, R&B-centric departure that evolved millennial teenybopper Justin Timberlake into one of the unifying pop-music figures of the aughts.

2012年June26日, Genevieve Koski, “Music: Reviews: Justin Bieber: Believe”, 出自 The A.V. Club，於2020-08-06歸檔自原頁面:


ragtag

more ragtag (comparative)
most ragtag (superlative)

bedraggled

邋遢的，不整洁的，破烂的

decrepit

邋遢的，不整洁的，破烂的

motheaten

邋遢的，不整洁的，破烂的

tattered

邋遢的，不整洁的，破烂的

邋遢的，不整洁的，破烂的

He liked to wear an old ragtag coat that was so threadbare that he'd get sunburned through it.

他喜欢穿一件破旧的外套。那件外套都磨穿了，他穿着甚至会晒黑皮肤。

The guerrillas were a ragtag band of local thugs, former soldiers, displaced farmers, and political idealists.

那个游击队是一个当地流氓、退伍士兵、无家可归的农民和政治理想家组成的涣散的组织


ragtag

The small group of ragtags, who had followed him to the cave a day prior had arrived and kept a short distance away.

2013, Casper Parks, Ages Past: The Isolation，第 258 頁:


remedial

more remedial (comparative)
most remedial (superlative)

/ɹɪˈmiːdɪəl/

旨在解决问题的；补救的；纠正的

（为后进学生）补习的，辅导的


bidding

bid 的現在時分詞和動名詞


bidding

Do their biddings, and they will lead you to "whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report."

1868, Fulwar William Fowle, Sermons preached in the cathedral church of Salisbury，第 172 頁:

Their biddings forced existing owners into ruinous competition; they mortgaged their ancestral acres to buy up outlying properties or round off their boundaries.

1912, Rowland Prothero, 1st Baron Ernle, English Farming, Past and Present，第 322 頁:


rickshaw

借自日語 力車 (rikisha)，略自人力車 (jinrikisha)，源自中古漢語 人力 (nyin lik) + 車 (t͡ʃʰæ)（对比官話 人力車／人力车 (rénlìchē)）。


results

result的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


redresser

redress的施動者名詞。

A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser.

1846, Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado:


baignoire

Then enter Durien the sculptor, who had been presented with a baignoire at the Odéon to see "La Dame aux Camélias," and he invited Trilby and another lady to dine with him "au cabaret" and share his box.


bailiwick

:< bailie （“执达官”） + wick （“住所”） < 古英語 wīc。

市政官的辖区（或职权范围）


brutish

more brutish (comparative)
most brutish (superlative)


brethren

源自早期现代英语brethren，brother的复数，源自中古英語 brethren，源自中古英語 brethere、brether + -en (复数后缀)。 最终源自古英語 brōþor、brōþru (“兄弟们”)，受到了古英語 brēþer的影响，其为brōþor (“兄/弟”)的与格复数。等价于brother + -en 複。对比德語 Brüder (“兄弟们”)。详见brother。这种元音变化（自o到e）称为元音变音。


brethren

more brethren (comparative)
most brethren (superlative)

The principle still sounds good, but our astronomical knowledge is limited, and we haven't yet discovered any such brethren solar systems.

2009, Seth Shostak, Confessions of an Alien Hunter:


raindrop

源自中古英語 rein-drope、reyn-drope、reyn drope，源自古英語 reġndropa，源自原始日耳曼語 *regnadrupô。等价于rain + drop。同源词包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 Riendruppe、西弗里斯蘭語 reindrip、荷蘭語 regendroppel、regendruppel、德國低地德語 Regendrüpp、德語 Regentropfen、瑞典語 regndroppe、冰島語 regndropi。

It is all so fine and orderly that it would seem that not only had the clouds and streams been kept harmoniously busy in the making of it, but that every raindrop sent like a bullet to a mark had been the subject of a separate thought, so sure is the outcome of beauty through the stormy centuries.

1902, John Muir, "The Grand Cañon of the Colorado":

Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head


blather

源自中古英語 bletheren、bloderen，源自古諾爾斯語 blaðra (“说胡话”)。与低地蘇格蘭語 blether、bladder、bledder (“胡扯”)，德語方言bladdern (“说胡话”)、挪威語 bladra (“含糊不清地说”)、冰島語 blaðra (“说废话”)同源。

On and on he blathered, taking refuge in the one thing he felt lent him superiority: words.

2001, Richard Flanagan, “The Pot-Bellied Seahorse”, in Gould’s Book of Fish, New York, N.Y.: Grove Atlantic, 2014, section 5:

Then, just before the wedding, the old man feels he’s honor bound to tell his future son-in-law the secret of his past; so the damned idiot blathers the whole story of his killing the man and breaking jail!

1929, Eugene O’Neill, Dynamo, New York, N.Y.: Liveright, Act I, scene i, page 31:

[…] the church attitude has never been that a teacher should be allowed to blather anything that comes into his head without any accountability at all.

1974, Robert Pirsig, chapter 18, in Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, New York, N.Y.: William Morrow, part 3, page 214:


blather

That is the worst of being in an Irish regiment, nothing can be done widout ever so much blather;

1897, G. A. Henty, With Moore at Corunna, New York: Scribner, Chapter 1, p. 16,

Will you cease your blather of mutiny and treason and courts-martial?

1922, Rafael Sabatini, Captain Blood, New York: Grosset & Dunlap, Chapter 23, p. 265,

With years of proofreading under my belt, I knew exactly the blather and bluster favoured by professional politicians.

1995, Rohinton Mistry, A Fine Balance, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, Part 5, p. 280,


blather

[…] on Vlisses Circe did bestowe

1596, Charles Fitzgeoffrey, Sir Francis Drake His Honorable Lifes Commendation, and His Tragicall Deathes Lamentation, Oxford: Joseph Barnes,


brevity

两种可能：
* 来自拉丁语brevitatem
* 来自盎格鲁诺曼语brevite


burgeon

源自中古英語 burjon、burioun (“芽”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 burjun、burgeon、burgon（对比古法語 burjon (“苞”)），源自古古法蘭克語 *burjo (“芽；后代”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *burjô (“芽；后代”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *burjaną (“升起”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰer-。对比古高地德語 burjan、burien、burren (“升起”)、古英語 byrian (“出现，发生”)、古英語 byre (“子嗣，后代”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 buron (“萌芽”)。还见bear。
另有词源认为古法語 burjon (“芽”)源自通俗拉丁語 *burrionem，*burrio的，源自晚期拉丁語 burra (“绒毛”)（可能指盖在某些芽上的绒毛）。

/ˈbɜː.d͡ʒən/

/ˈbɝː.d͡ʒən/


burgeon

/ˈbɜː.d͡ʒən/

/ˈbɝː.d͡ʒən/

Gradually, the town burgeoned into a thriving city.

这座城镇渐渐地成长为繁荣的都市。


bubbly

bubblier (comparative)
bubbliest (superlative)

Whip the egg white into a bubbly froth.

将蛋清搅拌直到起大量泡沫。

She has a bubbly personality.

泡泡的，类似泡泡的，泡沫质的

The architecture of the conservatory was bubbly.

China’s economy is too bubbly and will soon slow down.

2011年July2日, Iana Dreyer, “China’s coming era of slower growth: Are western economies prepared?”, 出自 East Asia Forum:


bubbly

We're getting married–this calls for a bottle of bubbly!

我们要结婚啦！开一瓶香槟庆祝一下！

“[…] Maybe some bubbly for the ladies, since we just bought the house of life, and break camp . . . since they are very appreciative that things got wrapped up so fast.”

2007, L. A. Banks, The Cursed, St. Martin's Griffin, →ISBN:


blazer

源自blaze + -er。原指剑桥大学圣约翰学院一个赛艇俱乐部Lady Margaret Boat Club会员所穿的“炫目的”（blazing）猩红色夹克。对比古英語 blæsere、blasere (“炉膛，易燃物”, 字面意思是“燃烧物”)。

西装外套 （常作校服、制服等）

blaze的施動者名詞： 燃烧物，耀眼的东西

blaze的施動者名詞： 在树上留下记号的人

在烤锅灯上直接使用的碟子

blazers of crime

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book II, Canto IX”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 25:

运动俱乐部的资深成员 （暗指其观点老旧保守）

"What'd I tell you?" said Bill. "The old wolverine was tryin' to run a blazer on us. All he needed was to be showed we meant business. And he can't make no trouble for us when he gets out, 'cause our two words are better'n his."

1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate

These folks don't take kindly to no brash stranger comin' in here tryin' to run a blazer on 'em.

2004, Louis L'Amour, Utah Blaine: A Novel, →ISBN:

Bad, he doubtless was. But when he tried to run a blazer on this grim little cowman, Slaughter had run him.

2016, Eugene Cunningham, Triggernometry: A Gallery Of Gunfighters, →ISBN:


bleak

源自中古英語 bleke（亦bleche，→同源对似词bleach (“苍白的”)），和bleike（源自古诺尔斯语）及早期中古英語 blak、blac (“苍白的”)，源自古英語 blǣc、blǣċ、blāc (“苍白的，憔悴的，乌青的；明亮的，闪亮的，闪闪发光的”)和古諾爾斯語 bleikr (“苍白的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *blaikaz (“苍白的”)。同源词有荷蘭語 bleek (“苍白的”)、低地德語 blek (“苍白的”)、德語 bleich (“苍白的，蜡黄的”)、丹麥語 bleg (“苍白的”)、瑞典語 blek (“苍白的”)、書面挪威語 bleik、blek (“苍白的”)、新挪威語 bleik (“苍白的”)、法羅語 bleikur (“苍白的”)、冰島語 bleikur (“苍白的；粉色的”)。

bleaker (comparative)
bleakest (superlative)

a bleak and bare rock    a bleak, crater-pocked moonscape

一个孤零零的裸露的岩石   荒凉而坑坑洼洼的月球表面

They escaped across the bleak landscape.

他们逃跑时穿过了那片荒地。

We hiked across open meadows and climbed bleak mountains.

他们跋涉过开阔的草地，攀上荒凉的大山。

Wastes too bleak to rear / The common growth of earth, the foodful ear.

1793, William Wordsworth, Descriptive Sketches

不快的，不高兴的；悲怆的

Dany didn’t necessarily have to die, but letting her live would’ve been an assessment of humanity so bleak that even George R.R. Martin, it seems, wants to hope for something better.

2019年May19日, Alex McLevy, “The final Game Of Thrones brings a pensive but simple meditation about stories (newbies)”, 出自 The A.V. Club:

Downtown Albany felt bleak that February after the divorce.

A bleak future is in store for you.

The news is bleak.

The survey paints a bleak picture.

调查描绘出一副悲凉的光景。


bleak

源自中古英語 bleke (“小河鱼”)，可能变换自（因为英語 blǣc (“明亮的”)或古諾爾斯語 bleikja）古英語 blǣġe (“银鲤；虾虎鱼”)，或可能源自中古英語 *bleye的一个指小词，等价于blay + -ock或blay + -kin。见blay。


bleaker

bleak 的比較級形式。


bleakest

bleak的最高級形式。


piety

源自中古英語 piete，借自中古法語 pieté，源自拉丁語 pietās。参见同源对似词pietà和pity。

Colleen's piety led her to make sacrifices that most people would not have made.

Colleen的虔诚使她做出了大部分人不会做出的牺牲。

(对父母的) 孝顺；顾家；(对国家的) 忠诚

不假思索而产生的虔诚的观念


bemused

bemuse 的簡單過去時和過去時分詞


bemused

more bemused (comparative)
most bemused (superlative)


bouillon

首次可考于1656年，源自法語 bouillon，源自动词bouillir (“煮沸”)，源自古法語 boillir，源自拉丁語 bullīre，bulliō (“煮沸”)的现在主动不定式，源自bulla (“气泡”)。


righteous

源自早期形式rightuous、rightwose、rightwos、rightwise，源自中古英語 rightwise、rightwis，源自古英語 rihtwīs (“正直的，正义的”)，对应于right + -wise（第二个词素的发音被同化成了-ous），又或者right + wise (“方式”)。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 richtwis (“正直的”)、古高地德語 rehtwīsic (“正直的，正义的”)、冰島語 réttvíss (“正直的，正义的”)。亦对比thefteous、mighteous。

more righteous (comparative)
most righteous (superlative)

The wicked flee when no man pursueth: but the righteous are bolde as a lyon.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 28:1:

Human beings should take a righteous path, and so should art. We should promote kindness and beauty through art.

righteous indignation

The sportos, the motorheads, geeks, sluts, bloods, wastoids, dweebies, dickheads - they all adore him. They think he's a righteous dude.

1986, John Hughes, Ferris Bueller's Day Off (Motion Picture), 角色 Grace Wheelberg（Edie McClurg）:

He sold me a bulging paper sack full of Cambodian Red for two dolla' MPC. A strange experience, copping from a kid, but it was righteous weed.

1995, Norman L. Russell, Doug Grad, Suicide Charlie: A Vietnam War Story，第 191 頁:

Tonight the kids will go out and party down in a more righteous mode. Alcohol and not a few tabs of X will be ingested. Club music will throb through big speakers.

2008, Stephen King, Graduation Afternoon:

He found Richard in one piece near a large circular container, thankfully, staring at a righteous mess of blood and gore.

2021, G. S. Jennsen, Amaranthe V: Riven:


righteous

使...正当化； 赦免...的罪行

Thus for the purposes of being ‘righteoused’, the Law was irrelevant; yet Paul could not bear to see all the Law disappear.

2009, Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, Penguin, 出版於 2010，第 101 頁:


rights

right 的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


bounteous

more bounteous (comparative)
most bounteous (superlative)

Hail, univerſal Lord, be bounteous ſtill / To give us onely good; […]

1667, John Milton, “Book V”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

“Your Grace may be well assured,” said the Friar, “that, with the grace of Saint Dunstan, I shall find the way of multiplying your most bounteous gift.”

1820, 沃尔特·司各特, 章號 XL, 出自 艾凡赫, 第 III 卷, 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC，第 266 頁:

“I’d like to say it’s not just bounteous privilege, but it is. People like Boris Johnson, Rishi Sunak, they’re incredibly cut off from the world. […]

2023年March5日, Miranda Sawyer, 引 Jason Williamson, “Sleaford Mods: ‘The UK is like a crazy golf course – all we’ve got left are landmarks’”, 出自 The Guardian, →ISSN:


burrow

源自中古英語 borowe、borewe、borwȝ、burȝe、burh、burye (“动物的藏身处，洞穴”)，可能是中古英語 burgh (“加固了的住处，要塞，藏身处”)的一个变体（参见borough），因此源自古英語 burh，源自原始日耳曼語 *burgz (“要塞；城市”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰerǵʰ- (“高”)，但这个词义未出现于古英語 burh。但对比荷兰语同源词burcht，其意思相近。
可能与bury (“挖”)有关，这样的话即派生自原始印歐語 *bʰergʰ- (“保护，护卫，保全”)。

（尤指小动物挖的）洞穴，地洞

But very soon he grew to like it, for the Boy used to talk to him, and made nice tunnels for him under the bedclothes that he said were like the burrows the real rabbits lived in.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1922，Margery Williams，The Velveteen Rabbit

barrow的棄用形式。：土丘


burrow

（带方向状语）钻（在下方移动来寻找安全处）

The young girl burrowed into the bed.

The journalist burrowed into the origins of the mayor's corruption.

记者深入调查了市长腐败的源头。


batteries

电池（battery 的複數）


pigeons

pigeon 的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


peashooter

beanshooter

吹气以后射出小物体的管状玩具

bean-shooter

吹气以后射出小物体的管状玩具

吹气以后射出小物体的管状玩具

Compared to my forty-five, it's a toy. Christ, Thanet, why did you buy it in the first place? I would have given you one of mine, a real weapon, one with knock down power, compared to that peashooter on your hip.

2012, Wayne Greenough, The Ferguson Murder，第 41 頁:


piggery

养猪场，猪舍，猪圈；污秽的场所


rile

源自roil的方言发音。

Money problems rile the underpaid worker every day.

低薪工人每天都因为钱的问题不安宁。

Mosquitoes buzzing in my ear really rile me.

蚊子在我耳边嗡嗡叫，真是烦。

It riles me that she never closes the door after she leaves.

她每次走都不关门，真讨厌。

Riled by a decision that went against him, Ziv kicked his displaced boot at the assistant referee and, after a short consultation between the officials, he was given his marching orders and the loudest cheer of the night.

2011年October20日, Michael da Silva, “Stoke 3 - 0 Macc Tel-Aviv”, 出自 BBC Sport:


blighted

more blighted (comparative)
most blighted (superlative)


blighted

blight 的過去式和過去分詞


rambunctious

more rambunctious (comparative)
most rambunctious (superlative)

hyphy

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

robustious

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

rumbustious

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

shandy

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

unruly

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

wild

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

The kids are being especially rambunctious today.

"Bad cess may attend you, where are you scampering to, you rambunctious"—but she could go no farther; the tears burst from her, and she gave way, without farther resistance, to an explosion of grief.

1852 November, O’Hara Family, “Clough Fionn; or, The Stone of Destiny”, 出自 The Dublin University Magazine, a Literary and Political Journal, 第 XL 卷, 第 CCXXXIX 號, Dublin: James McGlashan, […]; London: W[illia]m S[omerville] Orr and Company, →OCLC, chapter XI，第 557 頁，第 1 列:

"Not as you knows on, you rambunctious wool grower," said the indignant Yankee.

1856 October, “About These Books”, 出自 J. Clement 編, The Western Literary Messenger […], 第 XXVII 卷, 第 II 期, Buffalo, N.Y.: Thomas & Lathrops, […], →OCLC，第 64 頁，第 1 列:

There was close by me a window, and, noiselessly as possible, I slid back a small piece, thereby rousing the light-sleeping mistress of the canary, who sharply requested it be closed again; [...] the other lady smiled despairingly, and signed me to obey, which I reluctantly did by closing the glass; but the shutter proved rumbunctious, and for no effort of mine would again move out of his groove; [...]

1862 January, “A Canal-boat Sketch”, 出自 Duffy’s Hibernian Magazine. […], 第 I (New Series) 卷, 第 1 期, Dublin, London: James Duffy, […], →OCLC，第 92 頁:

"I guess the governor'd be rambunxious, as usual, if I was to ask his permission," the dutiful son remarked; "but he's going away for a few days next week, and mother won't hinder me, I know."

1873 March, W[illia]m S. Walsh, “How We Watched the Grapes”, 出自 Our Young Folks. An Illustrated Magazine for Boys and Girls, 第 IX 卷, 第 III 期, Boston, Mass.: James R[ipley] Osgood and Company, […], →OCLC，第 181 頁:

It may sometimes appear that Canada is composed of nine complacent, cohesive English-speaking provinces and rambunctious Quebec. In fact, it is composed of ten provinces, each different and all occasionally rambunctious.

1979, “The Art of Government is the Art of Adjustment”, 出自 Canada Today = Canada d’aujourd’hui, 第 10 卷, 第 4 期, Washington, D.C.: Canadian Embassy, →ISSN, →OCLC，第 2 頁:

Eventually the two rambunctious wolves decided to race back towards the carcass, no doubt forgetting I was still there.

1990 March, L[ucyan] David Mech, “Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?”, 出自 Audubon, New York, N.Y.: National Audubon Society, →ISSN, →OCLC，第 82 頁，第 2 列; reprinted in “Appendix 15. Article—Wolf Attacks on Humans”, 出自 The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho: Final Environmental Impact Statement, Helena, Mont.: Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, May 1994, →OCLC，第 6-100 頁s:

Mrs. Tinkle, your son’s rambunctious behavior is quite common in children with unusually high intelligence levels.

2002年May1日, Jeffrey J. Rowland, Wigu Adventures，於2009-01-06歸檔自原頁面:

She was placid, stately and Juno-esque, soft-toned in her trance utterances, but she could become powerful in her office, an imposing presence. Sometimes a rumbunctious, chaffing persona emerged and was a little over the top for genteel spinsters to tolerate.

2015, Molly Whittington-Egan, “Preface: Into the Cabinet”, 出自 Mrs Guppy Takes a Flight: A Scandal of Victorian Spiritualism, [Castle Douglas, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland]: Neil Wilson Publishing, →ISBN，第 x 頁:

She does the same thing as any parent worth their salt, and gets rambunctious youngsters engaged in daily drudgeries by refashioning the quotidian as adventure.

2018年December12日, Charles Bramesco, “A Spoonful of Nostalgia Helps the Calculated Mary Poppins Returns Go Down”, 出自 The A.V. Club，於2019-05-24歸檔自原頁面:


pigheaded

more pigheaded (comparative)
most pigheaded (superlative)


bus

公共汽车，即运载多人的机动车。

（集成电路的）总线或汇流排。


bus

busses
buses
bussing
busing
bussed
bused

（及物）用公共汽车来运载。

（及物）用公共汽车搭载学生上学，特指美国种族混合的校车。


blistering

blister 的現在時分詞和動名詞