flabbergast

When I saw my house on fire, the flabbergast overcame me and I just stood and stared, too shocked to comprehend what I was seeing.

我看到我房子着火的时候，惊讶得呆呆地站在那看着，吃惊得无法理解我看到的景象。

His flabbergast was so great he couldn’t even come up with a plausible answer.

他惊讶得没法组织出合理的回答。

Her foibles were flattery, fine feeling, and flabergast; and if not old enough to be his mother, sufficiently so to be a young aunt.

1852 October, “Adventures of Tom Honeycomb—No. I”, 出自 Yankee Notions, 第 2 卷, 第 10 期, New York, N.Y.: Published by T. W. Strong, […], →OCLC，第 297 頁:

Then quit your flabbergast, and talk in plain English.

1868年February22日, Oliver Optic [pseudonym; William Taylor Adams], “Freaks of Fortune; or, Half Round the World”, 出自 Oliver Optic 編, Oliver Optic’s Magazine. Our Boys and Girls, 第 III 卷, 第 60 期, Boston, Mass.: Published by Lee and Shepard, […], →OCLC, chapter XVI (Pistols for Two)，第 117 頁，第 2 列:

Bob's big-eyed flabbergast struck him as comic and he laughed and said, "Lying sack, hey?"

1998, James Carlos Blake, Red Grass River: A Legend, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN; 1st Perennial版, New York, N.Y.: Harper Perennial, 2000, →ISBN，第 52 頁:


flout

可能是源自中古英語 flouten (“吹笛子”)，对比荷蘭語 fluiten。

嘲笑，轻视，违抗 （法律，规则等）

The manoeuvres of Microsoft and HP appear to comply with the letter of the regulations, even if they flout their spirit.

2012, The Economist, Sep 29th 2012 issue, Tax alchemy: Tech's avoidance


flout

违抗，触犯，轻视 （法律等）

A flout is when someone deliberately and ostentatiously contravenes a maxim.

2012, John Flowerdew, Discourse in English Language Education (page 97)


fatuous

源自拉丁語 fatuus (“愚蠢的”)。

more fatuous (comparative)
most fatuous (superlative)

A fatuous love affair can easily result in a fatuous marriage. A couple who hardly know each other and, indeed, may not even really like each other, make a commitment that has little chance of being honoured.

2004, Frank Tallis, Love Sick: Love as a Mental Illness，第 46 頁:

While much publicity is given to fatuous 'reversing Beeching' ideas, the reality is that the real investment is focused on expanding the road network - [...].

2020年December2日, Christian Wolmar, “Wales offers us glimpse of an integrated transport policy”, 出自 Rail，第 56 頁:


forlorn

源自中古英語 forlorn、forloren，源自古英語 forloren（forlēosan (“丢失”)的过去分词），源自原始日耳曼語 *fraluzanaz (“遗失的”)，原始日耳曼語 *fraleusaną (“丢失”)的过去分词，等价于for- + lorn。同源词有西弗里斯蘭語 ferlern (“丢失的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 ferlädden (“丢失的”)、荷蘭語 verloren (“丢失的”)、德國低地德語 verloren (“丢失的”)、德語 verloren (“丢失的”)、瑞典語 förlorad (“丢失的”)。还见lese/leese、lorn。

forlorner (comparative)
more forlorn (comparative)
forlornest (superlative)
most forlorn (superlative)

forsaken

可悲的，（尤指因被遗弃而）可怜的

For miſerie doth braueſt mindes abate, / And make them ſeeke for that they wont to ſcorne, / Of fortune and of hope at once forlorne.

1578–1579, Ed[mund] Sp[enser], “Prosopopoia. Or Mother Hubberds Tale. [...] Dedicated to the Right Honorable the Ladie Compton and Mountegle”, 出自 Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. Whereof the Next Page Maketh Mention, London: Imprinted for VVilliam Ponsonbie, dwelling in Paules Churchyard at the signe of the Bishops head, 出版於 1591, →OCLC:

More join us at Colwall and at the lovely station at Great Malvern, although the place is in need of some TLC nowadays. The ornate canopy supports are overdue a repaint, and the closed cafe gives the place a forlorn air.

2020年December2日, Paul Bigland, “My weirdest and wackiest Rover yet”, 出自 Rail，第 67 頁:

可悲的，（尤指因被遗弃而）可怜的

This is the Maiden all forlorn, That milked the Cow with the crumpled Horn[.]

The condition of the besieged, in the mean time, was forlorn in the extreme; not so much from want of food, though their supplies were scanty, as from excessive toil and exposure.

1857, William H[ickling] Prescott, “War with France. 1557.”, 出自 History of the Reign of Philip the Second, King of Spain, new版, 第 I 卷, London: G[eorge] Routledge & Co., Farringdon Street，第 125 頁:

Sweet are familiar songs, tho' Music dips / Her hollow shell in Thought's forlornest wells: / And sweet, tho' sad, the sound of midnight bells, / When the oped casement with the night-rain drips.

1859, Owen Meredith [pseudonym; en:Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton], “The Wanderer”, 出自 Poems by Owen Meredith. The Wanderer and Clytemnestra, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC, prologue, part I, stanza 1，第 17 頁:

Sophia broke down here. Even at this moment she was subconsciously comparing her rendering of the part of the forlorn bride with Miss Marie Lohr's.

1921, Ben Travers, A Cuckoo in the Nest, London: The Bodley Head, →OCLC; 再版 Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1925, →OCLC，第 67 頁:

绝望的，无望的，希望渺茫的

To begin therefore with Traditions, which is your forlorn hope that in the first place we are to set upon: this must I needs tell you before we begin, that you much mistake the matter, if you think that traditions of all sorts promiscuously are struck at by our religion.

1625, James Ussher, “Of Traditions”, 出自 An Ansvver to a Challenge Made by a Iesuite in Ireland. Wherein the Iudgment of Antiquity in the Points Questioned, is Truly Delivered, and the Noveltie of the Now Romish Doctrine Plainely Discovered by Iames Vssher bishop of Meath. Whereunto is Added a Sermon Preached before His Majesty at Wansted, by the Same Author, London: Printed [by Humphrey Lownes] for the Society of Stationers, →OCLC; republished in C[harles] R[ichard] Elrington 編, The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. Lord Archbishop of Armagh, and Primate of All Ireland, 第 III 卷, Dublin: Hodges & Smith; London: Whittaker & Co., [1831], →OCLC，第 41 頁:

Mrs. Blair had lost her husband, who was a cavalry officer, in Cabool, at the memorable Khyber Pass; but as no precise tidings of his death had every been received, she cherished the forlorn hope that he was still living in captivity among the Affghans, and that some day it would be her happiness yet to be reunited with him, even on earth.

1859, Mowbray Thomson, 章號 VII, 出自 The Story of Cawnpore, London: Richard Bentley, New Burlington Street, publisher in ordinary to Her Majesty, →OCLC，第 119–120 頁s:

Now he rushed to the platform edge carrying a full fire bucket, in a forlorn attempt to douse the flames as the now brightly burning wagon rolled past.

2022年January12日, Benedict le Vay, “The heroes of Soham...”, 出自 RAIL, 第 948 期，第 42 頁:


forlorn

The Regiment being drawn up into the former Figure, they may proceed to Firings upon it, firſt let the Forlorns fire five or six times over, being commanded by the eldeſt Captains Lieutenant, who is to be aſſiſted by a couple of able Serjeants; after let him wheel off to the right and left, and bring them down in the Reer of the Pikes. Then let the ſecond Captains Lieutenant being aſſiſted by two Serjeants lead up the reſerves by the out-ſide of the Pikes, at ſuch time when the Forlorns begin to come off, […]

1659, Richard Elton, “Severall Firings to be Performed upon the Former Figure, and how to be Mannaged by the Severall Officers”, 出自 The Compleat Body of the Art Military: Exactly Compiled, and Gradually Composed for the Foot, in the Best Refined Manner, According to the Practice of the Modern Times. [...], 2nd版, London: Printed by R[obert] and W[illiam] Leybourn, in Monkswel-Street, in Lambes Chappel neer Criplegate, →OCLC, book III，第 152 頁:

[…] I ordered the forlorns to advance and to march, at their open order, towards the upland, and by this time the tide was upon the ground wee ſtood on: The forlorn were no ſooner advanced a few rods, before there was firing on both ſides; […]

1765, [Thomas] Hutchinson, “[Appendix.] Number XXI. Major Walley’s Journal in the Expedition against Canada in 1692. A Narrative of the Proceedings to Canada, soe far as Concerned the Land Army.”, 出自 The History of the Colony of Massachuset’s Bay，源自the First Settlement thereof in 1628, until Its Incorporation with the Colony of Plimouth, Province of Main, &c. by the Charter of King William and Queen Mary, in 1691, 2nd版, London: Printed for M. Richardson, in Pater-noster Row, →OCLC，第 556 頁:

I was this day in the van, and our forlorn having entered Huntingdon without any great reſiſtance till they came to the bridge, finding it barricaded, they ſent me word; I cauſed the troops to halt, and rode up to the forlorn, to view the countenance of the enemy, and found by the poſture they had put themſelves in, that they reſolved to ſell us the paſſage as dear as they could.

1782, “a Shropshire gentleman” [i.e., Daniel Defoe], “Memoirs of a Cavalier, &c. Part Second.”, 出自 E. Staveley 編, The History of the Civil Wars in Germany, from the Year 1630 to 1635: Also Genuine Memoirs of the Wars of England, in the Unhappy Reign of Charles the First; Containing the Whole History of Those Miserable Times; until the King Lost His Head on the Scaffold, in the Memorable Year 1648, Newark, Nottinghamshire: Printed by James Tomlinson, for the publisher, →OCLC，第 339 頁:

The garrison, taken by surprise, had the first intelligence of the assault in the "forlorns plunging into the canal."

1861, Evert A[ugustus] Duyckinck, “Henry Lee”, 出自 National Portrait Gallery of Eminent Americans: Including Orators, Statesmen, Naval and Military Heroes, Jurists, Authors, etc., etc., from the Original Full Length Paintings by Alonzo Chappel。With Biographical and Historical Narratives, [...] In Two Volumes, 第 I 卷, New York, N.Y.: Johnson, Fry & Company, 27 Beekman Street, →OCLC，第 236 頁:


forlorn

forlese 的過去時分詞。


flunk

变换自funk，或可能是flinch + funk 組成的混成詞。

He flunked math, again.

Unsatisfied with Fred's progress, the teacher flunked him.

老师不满意Fred的进展，给了他不及格。

退缩，逃避（一般作“flunk it”，其中“it”指那项任务，或者可以指生活态度）


fawn

源自中古英語 fawne, fowne, foun，源自古法語 faon, foon, feon，源自通俗拉丁語 *fētōnem，源自拉丁語 fētus (“后代”)，源自原始印歐語 *dʰeh₁(y)- (“哺”)。取代了原生词古英語 hindċealf (字面意思是“鹿崽”)。fetus 的同源對似詞。

浅黄褐色 （类似小鹿的颜色）

fawn：


fawn

源自中古英語 fawnen，源自古英語 fagnian，fæġnian (“庆祝”)的变换形式，其派生出中古英語 fainen、英語 fain。与古諾爾斯語 fagna同源。还见fain。

grovel

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

wheedle

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

soft-soap

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

toady

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

Thou with trembling fear, / Or like a fawning parasite, obeyest.

1671, John Milton, Paradise Regained, book 1:

courtiers who fawn on a master while they betray him

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, 章號 23, 出自 The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, 第 (please specify |volume=I to V) 卷, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

That the young Mr. Churchills liked—but they did not like him coming round of an evening and drinking weak whisky-and-water while he held forth on railway debentures and corporation loans. Mr. Barrett, however, by fawning and flattery, seemed to be able to make not only Mrs. Churchill but everyone else do what he desired.

1918, W. B. Maxwell, 章號 2, 出自 The Mirror and the Lamp:

（通过摇尾巴、舔舐等）乞怜


fickle

源自中古英語 fikil、fikel，源自古英語 ficol (“浮躁的，不忠的，狡诈的”)，等价于fike + -le。详见fike。

fickler (comparative)
more fickle (comparative)
ficklest (superlative)
most fickle (superlative)

不坚持的，浮躁的，无常的；不忠的，不可靠的

As night has such a local ring / And love and rock are fickle things

2010, James Murphy （作曲作詞）, “Home”, 出自 This Is Happening, 演出者 LCD Soundsystem:

To the south, the vast geometrical deserts of Arabian nomads, a redoubt of feral movement, of fickle winds, of open space, of saddle leather—home to the wild Bedouin tribes.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2014, Paul Salopek, Blessed. Cursed. Claimed., National Geographic (December 2014)https://web.archive.org/web/20150212214621/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2014/12/pilgrim-roads/salopek-text


fickle

源自中古英語 fikelen，源自fikel (“浮躁的”)，见前文。与低地德語 fikkelen (“欺骗，奉承”)、德語 ficklen、ficheln (“欺骗，奉承”)同源。

使...困惑，使...迷惑


forthwith

源自中古英語 forth-with、fourth-with、furþ-with (“马上，立刻”)，部分源自短语forth with (something)，部分源自forth-with-al、furth-with-al (“马上；和...一起”)（派生出forthwithal）。

forthwithal

马上，立即，立刻 （自14世纪初叶）

马上，立即，立刻 （自14世纪初叶）

Let ther be Light, ſaid God, and forthwith Light, / Ethereal, firſt of things, quinteſſence pure, / Sprung from the Deep, [...]

要有光，上帝说，顷刻之间，天光跃出深渊，万物的开端，纯粹的第五种基本物质，…

1667, John Milton, “Book VII”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，第 243–245 行s:

And no doubt the dry'd Dirt, and Slime of which we were ſpeaking, would have imbib'd ſome Portion of the Humidity, the Day before the Nile overflow'd, had it not been kept ſo cloſe: but being once releas'd from that Cuſtody, it forthwith ruſhes into the Embraces of the deſir'd Moiſture, following the natural Propenſity of dry Bodies to wet.

1714, T[itus] Lucretius Carus, “Of the Annual Inundation of the River Nile”, 出自 Thomas Creech（譯者）, Of the Nature of Things. Translated into English Verse […], 第 II (Containing the Fifth and Sixth Books) 卷s, London: Printed by John Matthews, for George Sawbridge, […], →OCLC，第 703 頁:

The task was the harder in that the restored service had not only to start forthwith but also to last for several months pending modifications to the multiple-unit electric stock, and this called for organisation on a semi-permanent basis.

1961 July, “Glasgow emergency – the restoration of Clydeside steam suburban services”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，第 431 頁:

[Hans] Jonas emphasized years ago that the prospect of genetic control, though cloning and other means, "raises ethical questions of a wholly new kind," for which we are profoundly unprepared. [...] Is it defensible in any sense, for instance, to set out forthwith to create "grade A individuals", "kids made to order," whether designed as privileged deciders of policy or merely dumb drones for the duller humdrum chores of life?

1998, Richard M. Zaner, “Surprise! You’re Just Like Me!: Reflections on Cloning, Eugenics, and Other Utopias”, 出自 Human Cloning (Biomedical Ethics Reviews), New York, N.Y.: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN，第 114 頁:

[W]hen the Board announced in March 1940, that after a certain date in May no Customs staff aged 23 or over would be allowed to join the Armed Forces it made our minds up for us. We were both 23! We forthwith applied for permission to enlist in the RAF.

2010, Martin W. Bowman, “Dam Buster – Dudley Heal”, 出自 Bombs Away!: Dramatic First-hand Accounts of British and Commonwealth Bomber Aircrew in WWII, Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Aviation, Pen & Sword Books, →ISBN，第 133 頁:


fluster

源自某斯堪的纳维亚（北日耳曼語支）语言，与冰島語 flaustra (“慌乱”)有关。

使...脸红，使...面部潮红

His practice of flustering himself daily with claret.

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, 章號 20, 出自 The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, 第 (please specify |volume=I to V) 卷, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

He seemed to get flustered when speaking in front of too many people.

他在太多人面前发言，似乎乱了阵脚。


foudroyant

more foudroyant (comparative)
most foudroyant (superlative)

[…] As makers go, / compared with Pindar or any / of the great foudroyant masters who don't ever / amend, we are, for all our polish, of little / stature […]

1968, W. H. Auden, “The Horatians”, 出自 Collected Poems, Modern Library, 出版於 2007，第 773 頁:


foundation

源自拉丁語 fundātiō。

The foundation of his institute has been wrought with difficulty.

他研究所的设立遇到了重重阻碍。

Since the launch early last year of […] two Silicon Valley start-ups offering free education through MOOCs, massive open online courses, the ivory towers of academia have been shaken to their foundations. University brands built in some cases over centuries have been forced to contemplate the possibility that information technology will rapidly make their existing business model obsolete.

2013年July20日, “The attack of the MOOCs”, 出自 The Economist, 第 408 卷, 第 8845 期:

The implication is that the Gandhian model of growth is possible, now that Nehru's investment strategy had already laid a strong foundation for economic growth.

2006, K P Yadav, Economic Planning And Restructuring, Sarup & Sons ISBN 9788176256285, page 44

“Marge Gets A Job” opens with the foundation of the Simpson house tilting perilously to one side, making the family homestead look like the suburban equivalent of the Leaning Tower Of Pisa.

2012年May20日, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Marge Gets A Job” (season 4, episode 7; originally aired 11/05/1992)”, 出自 The Onion AV Club:

The foundations of this construction have been laid out.

这次施工的地基已经打好了。

（设立慈善机构等的）基金

The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. is the parent organization of the Wiktionary collaborative project.

维基媒体基金会公司是维基词典协作项目的上层组织。


fractious

more fractious (comparative)
most fractious (superlative)

That brief moment after the election four years ago, when many Americans thought Mr. Obama’s election would presage a new, less fractious political era, now seems very much a thing of the past.

2012年November7日, Matt Bai, “Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, 出自 New York Times:

Flair and invention were very much at a premium, suffocated by the relentless pace and often fractious nature of proceedings. The absence of James Morrison from the centre of Scotland’s midfield, the West Brom man ruled out on the morning of the game by illness, had already diminished the creative capacity of the home side in that department.

2014年November14日, Stephen Halliday, “Scotland 1-0 Republic of Ireland: Maloney the hero”, 出自 The Scotsman:

COP stands for conference of the parties under the UNFCCC, and the annual meetings have swung between fractious and soporific, interspersed with moments of high drama and the occasional triumph (the Paris agreement in 2015) and disaster (Copenhagen in 2009).

2019年December2日, Fiona Harvey, “Climate crisis: what is COP and can it save the world?”, 出自 The Guardian:

With his twin notes, Mr. Musk waded directly into a fractious debate over the right way for corporations to bring workers back to the office during the coronavirus pandemic.

2022年June1日, Ryan Mac, “Elon Musk to Workers: Spend 40 Hours in the Office, or Else”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

After a fractious party conference and dire opinion polls for the Tories, the prime minister attempted to speak directly to the public, saying: “I want what you want.”

2022年October5日, Rowena Mason, “Liz Truss promises ‘growth, growth and growth’ in protest-hit speech”, 出自 The Guardian:


garish

不详，可能源自弃用词中古英語 gawren (“盯着”)，其词源也不详，但可能源自古諾爾斯語 gá (“看”)或gaurr (“粗人”)（原始印歐語 *gʰow-rós，源自*gʰew- (“怒”)）。对比英語 gaw。

more garish (comparative)
most garish (superlative)

花里胡哨的，浮夸的 （自16世纪40年代）

The dress fits her well, but the pattern is rather garish.

她穿这件连衣裙很搭，但是裙子的图案太花哨了。

Leela: He gave me mechanical ears / Effective though just a bit garish.

2003年August10日, Ken Keeler, “The Devil's Hands are Idle Playthings”, 出自 Futurama, 第 5 季数, 第 16 集数 (television production), Fox Broadcasting Company:

She also said that Thameslink trains were deliberately garish, so as to lure drivers stuck on the M1, which runs alongside the line around Radlett.

2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube, Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，第 57 頁:


goings-on

She sent a long letter detailing all the recent goings-on in her life.

她寄了一封详细描述她生活里发生的各种事的长信。

Enkidu is appalled at such goings-on and rises immediately to go to Uruk.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co.，第 191 頁:

Phoenix's finest watch the goings-on with jaws agape. Machines on thick metal legs with big jangling teeth.

1996 July, Bruce Sterling, “Is Phoenix Burning”, 出自 Wired, →ISSN:

The_Donald wasn’t a place to debate the presidential election, or discuss the latest goings-on with their preferred candidate. “What I’m interested in is letting Donald Trump supporters speak among themselves,” a moderator of the subreddit told me in early 2016.

2021年January29日, John Herrman, “Everything’s a Joke Until It’s Not”, 出自 The New York Times:


garrulous

借自拉丁語 garrulus (“多嘴的”)，源自动词garriō (“唠叨”)。

more garrulous (comparative)
most garrulous (superlative)

/ˈɡæɹ.ʊ.ləs/

/ˈɡɛɹ.ə.ləs/

/ˈɡæɹ.ə.ləs/

She lingered for a few moments, and was garrulous over some detail of the household.

1891, Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray:

Crammed with gossip, anecdotes, and confessions . . ., his garrulous, untidy narratives read like a good novel.

1984, "A Modern Whitman," by James Atlas. The Atlantic, Dec 1984.


gingerly

副词可能派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 gençur和古法語 gençor、gensor (“更美丽的，更礼貌的”) [以及其他形式] + 英語 -ly (副词构成后缀)。gençor是gent (“美丽的，英俊的；贵族的，高贵的；礼貌的，彬彬有礼的；流利的；礼貌地；高雅地”)的比较级，源自晚期拉丁語 *gentus，拉丁語 genitus (“出身（好）的”)的变体，gignō (“结，成为...之父；导致，产生”)的被动完成时分词， 最终源自原始印歐語 *ǵenh₁- (“使...诞生；产生”)。
《牛津英语词典》指出，盎格鲁-诺曼语和古法语的12世纪的文献，以及13世纪以后才可考的现代法语词之间存在一个几个世纪的缺口。因而若现代英语词源自盎格鲁-诺曼语和古法语词，则必须是经由口头或已失传的文献传入的（可能是作为舞蹈界的术语）。
形容词派生自副词，可能是因为-ly亦是一个形容词构成后缀。

more gingerly (comparative)
most gingerly (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚli/

He placed the glass jar gingerly on the concrete step.

他小心翼翼地将玻璃瓶放在水泥台阶上。

Purchasing a snowplow transforms Homer [Simpson] into a new man. Mr. Burns' laziest employee suddenly becomes an ambitious self-starter who buys ad time on local television at 3:17 A.M (prime viewing hours, Homer gingerly volunteers, for everyone from alcoholics to the unemployable to garden-variety angry loners) and makes a homemade commercial costarring his family.

2012年June3日, Nathan Rabin, “The Simpsons (Classic): ‘Mr. Plow’”, 出自 The A.V. Club，於2020-10-27歸檔自原頁面:

[Martin Luther] King [Jr.] was later said to have been within a sneeze or a jolt of extinction. Were it not for the pair of cops who gingerly carried him from Blumstein’s department store and the pair of surgeons who performed lifesaving surgery at Harlem Hospital there would have been no "I Have a Dream" speech and likely no national holiday honoring him.

2014年January20日, Michael Daly, “The Black and White Men who Saved Martin Luther King’s Life”, 出自 The Daily Beast, 出版於 14 April 2017 (update)，於2021-01-18歸檔自原頁面:

步伐小地，优美地；装腔作势地


gingerly

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚli/

But, ther's somethin' in the very look and voice of Jeems Strebling, even in his gingerly walk, that riles all the black drop in me.

1867, R[ebecca] H[arding] Davis, “The Valley of the Shadow”, 出自 Waiting for the Verdict, New York, N.Y.: Sheldon & Company, 出版於 1868, →OCLC，第 174 頁:

The down "Atlantic Coast Express", headed by Pacific No. 35020 Bibby Line, passes the scene of operations at a gingerly 10 m.p.h.

1961 March, Trains Illustrated, London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC, image caption，第 185 頁:

Several gingerly taps on her console fired clusters of modified probes into the maelstrom of the gas giant’s atmosphere.

2012, David [Alan] Mack, 章號 28, 出自 Persistence of Memory (Star Trek: The Next Generation; Cold Equations; book 1), New York, N.Y.: Pocket Books, →ISBN, part 3 (Elegy):

步伐小的，优美的；装腔作势的


gaslight

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gaslight.wav

Open the windows once in awhile and give the air a chance to circulate in and out. In the evening, do not forget that the lamps and gaslights are using up a goodly supply of oxygen also—so freshen things up a little, once in awhile.

1904, Yogi Ramacharaka [pseudonym; William Walker Atkinson], “Fresh Air”, 出自 Hatha Yoga: Or The Yogi Philosophy of Physical Well-being […], Chicago, Ill.: Yogi Publication Society […], →OCLC，第 222 頁:

A year since I strained my eyes very severely, and have never dared to use them much since by gaslight.

1887, Horatio Alger, Jr., “An Unexpected Engagement”, 出自 Frank Fowler, the Cash Boy (The Alger Series for Boys), New York, N.Y.: A[lbert] L[evi] Burt, →OCLC，第 86 頁:


gaslight

源自英国戏剧家和小说家Patrick Hamilton (1904–1962)所著舞台剧《煤气灯下》及其在1940年和1944年的电影改编。剧中的丈夫通过改变生活环境的一些小细节，如煤气灯的亮度，来使其妻子和其他人认为其妻子丧失了心智。详见英语维基百科。

head-game

利用煤气灯效应操纵，误导；PUA

利用煤气灯效应操纵，误导；PUA

Sylvia is a beautiful woman whose business-partner husband is "gaslighting" her. (That means he's trying to drive her crazy.)

1962, "The Journal Pre-Views Tonight's TV." Jersey Journal [Jersey City, NJ]. February 12, 1962: 12 col 6, describing the plot of the episode "Who Is Sylvia" of the television show Surfside 6:

[The men of McHale's Navy] decide to "gaslight" the already befuddled captain, to convince him he is going insane.

1963, "TV Scout." Daily Press [Utica, NY]. November 18, 1963: 24 col 2, describing the plot of the episode "The August Teahouse of Quint McHale" of McHale's Navy:

"You're gaslighting me, for chrissakes."

1964, in an argument between the characters Jenny and Charley in William Goldman's novel Boys and Girls Together, page 564:

I came home before he could gaslight me like Boyer did Bergman in the movie.

1967, Stan Freberg (comedian), on his "most excruciating experience with a producer" as interviewed in Humphrey, Hal. "'Dramatic' Role Played By Freberg." The Oregonian [Portland, OR]. February 11, 1967: II 3 col 3.

Just in the nick of time Rachel finds out the truth about her life from Martha. … This is how I wanted to show the gaslighting that had been going on Rachel's entire life.

2016, Tate Taylor (movie director), in the commentary version of The Girl on the Train (2016 film), discussing a train scene seventy-six minutes into the movie:

In fact, political scholars have written a great deal about Trump's gaslighting of the American people on various fronts. For example, Duca (2016) describes Trump's gaslighting as only beginning when he has initially lied or misled about issues—such as falsely claiming that the United States is the highest-taxed country in the world or that crime is on the rise. As Duca puts it: 'The gaslighting part comes in when the fictions are disputed by the media and Trump doubles down on his lies before painting himself as a victim […]'

2021年September28日, Alexander Brown, An Ethics of Political Communication, Routledge, →ISBN:


giraffe

源自法語 giraffe（现作girafe），源自阿拉伯語 زَرَافَة (zarāfa, “长颈鹿”)，最终源自波斯語 زُرنَاپَا (zurnāpā)，زُرنَا (zurnā, “长笛”) + پَا (pā, “腿”)的复合词。

长颈鹿独轮车，一种很高的独轮车

Are you having a giraffe?!


girasole

girasol （火蛋白石）的另一写法。


girlie

色情杂志，小黄书 （面向成年男性的有裸体或半裸女性的杂志）

When Grandma came to visit, the boy hid the girlies in his dresser so she wouldn't see them.

奶奶过来看小男孩时，他把小黄书藏到自己的梳妆台里不让奶奶看到。


girlie

girlier (comparative)
girliest (superlative)

色情的 （面向成年男性的有裸体或半裸女性的）

He said he wasn't paying good money for girlie hair — that's what he called it anytime we wanted to go into town to have a real haircut.

2005, Victoria Pade, Tales From Elk Creek (page 76)


gonorrhea

源自新拉丁語，源自晚期拉丁語 gonorrhoea，源自古希臘語 γονόρροια (gonórrhoia)，源自γόνος (gónos, “种子，精子”) + ῥοία (rhoía, “流”)（约1526年）。字面分析等同於 gono- + -rrhea。

/ˌɡɒn.əˈɹiː.ə/

/ˌɡɑn.əˈɹi.ə/


gremlin

不详，有这几种理论：
* goblin的变体。
* 源自愛爾蘭語 gruaimín (“阴郁而矮小的人”)或荷蘭語 gremmelen (“弄脏；使...腐败”)，或griemelen、grimmelen (“（弃用）充满，满是”)，然而根据《牛津英语词典》，这一理论缺乏证据。
本词因1943年出版的《小顽皮》（英国作家罗尔德·达尔著）而普及开来（尤其在美国），其中这种小精灵为了报复英国皇家空军摧毁了他们的森林家园而破坏了他们的飞机，之后他们又与英国合力与纳粹战斗。

bug

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

glitch

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

hitch

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

grem

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

gremmie

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

gremmy

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

grommet

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

（自20世纪20年代） 讨厌可鄙的人

（自20世纪20年代） 一种会破坏机械运转的小精灵

Like Abominable Snowmen, gremlins have never actually been seen; but nobody who works with electronic gear doubts the existence of these mischievous and elusive entities. There are too many malfunctions and failures that can have no other explanation.

1963, Arthur C Clarke, 章號 8, 出自 Glidepath, New York: Simon and Schuster，第 72-73 頁s:

Crucial time was saved by the fact Nexus didn't require a Transport & Works Act. Nevertheless, other gremlins kept raising their heads.

2023年November29日, Richard Foster, “Tyne & Wear Metro goes with the flow”, 出自 RAIL, 第 997 期，第 34 頁:

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

We rechecked everything, and we suspect gremlins in the database.

我们检查了所有地方，现在认为是数据库有毛病。

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）


gooey

gooier (comparative)
gooiest (superlative)

gooey liquid


gorgeous

源自中古英語 gorgeouse，借自中古法語 gorgias (“雅致的，时尚的”)，源自古法語 gourgias、gorgias (“华丽的；花哨的，炫耀的；精致的”)，其词源不详，但可能与古法語 gorgias (“护喉”)有关，其源自古法語 gorge (“胸部；喉咙”)。参见gorge。词义发展可能是“因自豪而挺胸”→“得意，招摇”。

more gorgeous (comparative)
most gorgeous (superlative)

(指人、地方或景色) 非常漂亮的，华丽的

All the contest judges agreed that Brigitt was absolutely gorgeous.

所有比赛评委都同意Brigitt确实非常漂亮。

The sunsets in Hawaii are gorgeous.

非常令人愉快的；非常美味的，等

Hummus is absolutely gorgeous.


gastronomy

源自法語 gastronomie，源自古希臘語 γαστρονομία (gastronomía)，源自γαστήρ (gastḗr, “胃”) + νόμος (nómos, “知识，律法”)，可作gastro- (“烹饪”) + -nomy (“某领域的知识或律法”)分析。


glancing

glance 的現在時分詞和動名詞


glancing

more glancing (comparative)
most glancing (superlative)

His fist caught a glancing blow to my jaw.

She looked with a grudging eye on this waste of life and beauty—there was none for him; and the sight of the coffin, with its deep black pall borne slowly along the glancing path, was a contrast of unutterable misery. It was a relief to change the cheerful meadow for the dark umbrage of the forest which they now entered.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Francesca Carrara. […], 第 II 卷, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，第 324–325 頁s:


glancing

No doubt, sometimes there are comprehensive glancings at, and interminglings of different future eras of prophecy.

1856, David Brown, Christ's second coming: will it be pre-millennial?:


grindings

/ˈɡɹaɪndɪŋz/


glaring

more glaring (comparative)
most glaring (superlative)

显眼的，扎眼的，显而易见的

How could you miss this glaring error? It's right on page one!

那么明显的错误都没看到？就在第一页！


glaring

glare 的現在時分詞和動名詞


glaring

Leonard: You’re clearly upset about Amy being gone, and you’re trying to replace her with a bunch of cats.

2010, Chuck Lorre et al., The Big Bang Theory, episode “The Zazzy Substitution”


gothic

more gothic (comparative)
most gothic (superlative)

同Gothic（大小写不同）。


grisly

源自中古英語 grisely、grysly、grissliȝ、griselich、grislich，源自古英語 grisliċ (“恐怖的，骇人的”)，源自grīsan (“使...因惧怕而战栗；颤抖，恐惧；使...颤抖，使...害怕”) （不直接可考，但āgrīsan暗示其存在） + -lic (构成形容词的后缀，表示“像...的，与...有关的”)。
其还可能是古英語 ongrislic、agrisenliċ的词首非重音形式，其为agrīsan (“使...因惧怕而战栗”, 派生出agrise)的过去分词。
对比丹麥語 grusom、瑞典語 gräslig、中古荷蘭語 grezelijc（现代荷蘭語 griezelig）、中古高地德語 grisenlich（现代德語 grässlich、grausen）。

grislier (comparative)
grisliest (superlative)

The photographs of the killings depict a grisly scene.

杀人现场的相片惨不忍睹。

Then clad in cloake of mistie fogges the darke night vp did come, / And with grim grislie looke did seeme to bid me get me home; […]

1610, Richard Niccols, “The Indvction”, 出自 A Winter Nights Vision; being an Addition of such Princes Especially Famous, who were Exempted in the Former Historie, part IV, London: Felix Kyngston, →OCLC; 再版為 Joseph Haslewood 編, Mirror for Magistrates, 第 II, part II 卷, London: Printed for Lackington, Allen, and Co. Finsbury Square; and Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orms, and Brown, Paternoster Row, 1815, →OCLC，第 548 頁:

It was sore travelling for horse and man under the blazing sun, with no food nor water save what he pressed from the pith of the palms, and even these were growing scarce. The only life on the plains was the hard and dusty scrub. Every hour brought a more hopeless and grislier desolation.

1878, John Boyle O'Reilly, “On the Trail”, 出自 Moondyne: A Story from the Under-world, London: George Routledge and Sons, 出版於 1879, →OCLC; 再版為 Moondyne: A Story of Convict Life in Australia, London: George Routledge & Sons, Limited, Broadway House, Ludgate Hill, [1880s], →OCLC, book first，第 23–24 頁s:

We know too well the bestial assault you are making upon the Russian people, to whom our hearts go out in their valiant struggle. We will have no truce or parley with you, or the grisly gang who work your wicked will. You do your worst and we will do our best.

1941, Winston Churchill, The Unrelenting Struggle:

In his [Galway Kinnell's] new book, Body Rags, he has brought this style to a kind of perfection, especially in two poems about the killing of animals, "The Porcupine" and "The Bear." These are the grisliest poems I have ever read.

1968 summer, Hayden Carruth, “Making It New”, 出自 The Hudson Review, 第 XXI 卷, 第 2 期, New York, N.Y.: Hudson Review, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC; reprinted as “From ‘Making It New’ [Body Rags]”, 出自 Howard Nelson 編, On the Poetry of Galway Kinnell: The Wages of Dying (Under Discussion), Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1987, →ISBN，第 75 頁:

Perhaps you have to have seen the first film to like this one; to feel, like the young fans of Harry Potter, that without knowing or wanting it, you have grown up with its grisly protagonists.

2017年January19日, Peter Bradshaw, “T2 Trainspotting review – choose a sequel that doesn’t disappoint”, 出自 The Guardian, London，於2017-01-20歸檔自原頁面:

old squirrels that turn grisly

1631, Francis [Bacon], “(please specify |century=I to X)”, 出自 Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], 3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

The animals found in this province are, deer, elk, buffalo, cabrie, the grisly black bear, and wild horses.

1830, Josiah Conder, The Modern Traveller: Mexico (continued), Guatemala (page 84)


grisly

grizzly (“棕熊”)的棄用形式。


grisly

源自grisle (“恐怖”) + -ly，对比中古荷蘭語 griselike、中古低地德語 grislike。

more grisly (comparative)
most grisly (superlative)

[A] very fair young gentlewoman [Sir Roger Wentworth's daughter], of twelve years of age, in marvellous manner vexed and tormented by our ghostly enemy, the devil, her mind alienated and raving, with despising and blaspheming of God, and hatred of all hallowed things, […] finally being brought and laid before the image of our blessed lady, was there, in the sight of many worshipful people, so grievously tormented, and in face, eyes, look, and countenance, so grisly changed, with her mouth drawn aside, and her eyes laid out upon her cheeks, that it was a terrible sight to behold. And after many marvellous things, […] restored to their good state, perfectly cured and suddenly.

1850, William Tyndale, 引 Thomas More, “[The Solutions and Answers unto M. More’s First Book.] The Sixteenth Chapter”, 出自 Henry Walter 編, An Answer to Sir Thomas More’s Dialogue, The Supper of the Lord after the True Meaning of John VI. and 1 Cor. XI. and Wm. Tracy’s Testament Expounded. By William Tyndale, Martyr, 1536. Edited for the Parker Society, by the Rev. Henry Walter, B.D. F.R.S. [...], Cambridge: Printed at the University Press, →OCLC，第 90, footnote 頁:

A valiant Captain of great prowess, as fierce as a fox assaulting a goose, was so hardy to give the first stroke: then got they so grisly together, that great was the activity that day to be seen there on both sides: the one very eager for purchase of prey, the other utterly stout for redemption of liberty: thus, quarrel enflamed the fury on both sides: twice the Danes had the better, but at the last conflict, beaten down, overcome, and many led captive for triumph by our English women.

1870, George Adlard, “A Letter: Whearin Part of the Entertainment unto the Queen’s Majesty at Killingworth Castl in Warwiksheer in this Somers Progress—1575 is Signified: 源自a Freend Officer Attendant in the Court unto His Freend a Citizen and Merchaunt of London. [...] With Explanatory Notes.”, 出自 Amye Robsart and the Earl of Leycester; a Critical Inquiry into the Authenticity of the Various Statements in Relation to the Death of Amye Robsart, and of the Libels on the Earl of Leycester, with a Vindication of the Earl by His Nephew Sir Philip Sydney. And a History of Kenilworth Castle, including an Account of the Splendid Entertainment Given to Queen Elizabeth by the Earl of Leycester, in 1575，源自the Works of Robert Laneham and George Gascoigne; together with Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir Robert Dudley, Son of the Earl of Leycester, London: John Russell Smith, 36 Soho Square, →OCLC，第 142 頁:


groggy

groggier (comparative)
groggiest (superlative)

（因酒醉、疲惫等而）昏昏沉沉的，无力的

The medicine made him groggy and irritable.

药让他昏昏沉沉的，脾气还很差。

（指马）完全用蹄后部走的


glean

源自中古英語 glenen，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 glener，源自晚期拉丁語 glen(n)ō (“收集”)，源自高盧語，可能源自原始凱爾特語 *glanos。

learn

（一点点地）收集，挑拣（有用信息）

容我往田間去，我蒙誰的恩，就在誰的身後拾取麥穗。

Let me now go to the field, and glean ears of corn after him in whose sight I shall find grace.

to glean a field

（一点点地）收集，挑拣（有用信息）

He said Iran was "well aware of what priceless technological information" could be gleaned from the aircraft.

8 December 2011, BBC News, Iran shows film of captured US drone, available in http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16098562 :

He [August Strindberg] gleaned a living from newspaper work for a few months, but in the summer went to a fishing village […] where […] he wrote his great historical drama Master Olof.

1912, Edith and Warner Oland, “Biographical Note”, 出自 Three Plays By August Strindberg，第 xi 頁:


glee

源自中古英語 gle，源自古英語 glēo、glīġ、glēow、glīw (“开心，欢乐，愉悦，玩乐；音乐；嘲弄”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *glīwą (“欢乐”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʰlew- (“开玩笑，享”)。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 gle、glie、glew (“游戏，玩耍，运动，欢乐，开心，娱乐，音乐，旋律”)、冰島語 glý (“开心，欢乐”)、古希臘語 χλεύη (khleúē, “玩笑，笑话，蔑视”)。中古英语中为诗歌用词，16世纪时被弃用，18世纪被重新起用。

merriment

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

mirth

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

gaiety

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

gloat

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

I watched with glee while your kings and queens fought for ten decades for the gods they made.

1968, “Sympathy for the Devil”, 出自 The Rolling Stones 作曲, Beggars Banquet:

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013年June29日, “Travels and travails”, 出自 The Economist, 第 407 卷, 第 8842 期，第 55 頁:

3人以上独唱的无伴奏歌曲 （不一定曲调欢快）


glee

源自中古英語 gleen、glewen，源自古英語 glēowian (“歌唱，弹奏，玩笑”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *glīwōn，源自原始日耳曼語 *glīwōną。同源词包括冰島語 glýja (“欢喜”)。


gleeful

more gleeful (comparative)
most gleeful (superlative)

During [Tucker] Carlson’s keynote, he wedged sneers at his critics for crying “racist!” in between racist remarks about [Ilhan] Omar, jeremiads against the media (“I know there’s a bunch of reporters here, so . . . screw you”), and an attack on Elizabeth Warren and her donors (“She’s a tragedy, because she’s now obsessed with racism, which is why the finance world supports her”)—all to gleeful applause.

2019年July24日, David Austin Walsh, “Flirting With Fascism”, 出自 Jewish Currents:


gaunt

源自中古英語 gawnt、gawnte (“瘦的”)，源自古法語 [具體何詞?]，可能源自斯堪的纳维亚或北日耳曼語支源头，与古諾爾斯語 gandr (“魔杖，棍”)有关，源自原始日耳曼語 *gandaz (“棍”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʷʰen- (“打，驱使”)。
与冰島語 gandur (“魔杖”)、挪威語 gand (“高而尖的棒子；又高又瘦的人”)、丹麥語 gand、gan、挪威語 gana (“修剪的树枝”)、巴伐利亞語 Gunten (“一种楔或钉”)。亦与古英語 gūþ (“战斗”)、拉丁語 dēfendō (“抵挡，避开，防御”)有关。亦对比瑞典語方言用词gank (“瘦马”)。

gaunter (comparative)
gauntest (superlative)

Hanging from the beam,
 Slowly swaying (such the law),
Gaunt the shadow on your green,
 Shenandoah!

1866, Herman Melville, Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War, The Portent:

A gaunt Wolf was almost dead with hunger when he happened to meet a House-dog who was passing by.

1894, Joseph Jacobs, 章號 1, 出自 The Fables of Aesop:

Far away I saw a gaunt cat slink crouchingly along a wall, but traces of men there were none.

1898, H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, London: William Heinemann，第 239 頁:

In the dim light of a foggy November day the sick room was a gloomy spot, but it was that gaunt, wasted face staring at me from the bed which sent a chill to my heart.

1917, Arthur Conan Doyle, 章號 5, 出自 His Last Bow:

The present stage of progress in Christian Science presents two opposite aspects, — a full-orbed promise, and a gaunt want.

1896, Mary Baker Eddy, “The Way”, 出自 Miscellaneous Writings 1883-1896，第 355 頁:

Behind me, rose up, to an extraordinary height, gaunt, black cliffs.

1908, William Hope Hodgson, 章號 14, 出自 The House on the Borderland:


groovy

groovier (comparative)
grooviest (superlative)

沟槽的，与沟槽有关的；有沟槽的

The back of the tile was groovy so that it could hold the adhesive compound.

地砖背面有很多沟槽来容纳粘性物质。

习惯根深蒂固的，一成不变的

She'd give anything to be able to believe it, but she's a hard woman, and brooding along certain lines makes one groovy.

1909, Rudyard Kipling, The House Surgeon


groovy

源自短语in the groove，原指代早期留声机唱片的沟槽。

时髦的，炫酷的 （20世纪40年代、60-70年代流行）

When you move me, everything is groovy.

2012, Pat Monahan (Train), Drive By (song lyrics):

Men In Black 3 lacks the novelty of the first film, and its take on the late ’60s feels an awful lot like a psychedelic dress-up party, all broad caricatures and groovy vibes.

2012年May24日, Nathan Rabin, “Film: Reviews: Men In Black 3”, 出自 The Onion AV Club:

Well, I love it! Move really fast, reverse time, save everyone? That sounds groovy! I’m gonna have to try that some day!

2015年February12日, Tina Alexander and Daniel Baxter, “How X-Men: Days of Future Past Should Have Ended”, 出自 How It Should Have Ended, 第 7 季数, 第 3 集数, 角色 Superman（Daniel Baxter）, How It Should Have Ended, 經由 YouTube:


groovy

源自短语in the groove，原指代早期留声机唱片的沟槽。


grossly

grossly inflated expectations

grossly enlarged hepatic lobes, evident on palpation

明显肥大的肝叶，通过触诊非常明显

Third-class carriages are grossly overcrowded, with passengers lying on the luggage racks, standing between the benches, and occasionally even riding on the footboards and clinging to the outsides of the coaches for short distances.

1950 February, W. Dendy, “Impressions of the Indian Railways—3”, 出自 Railway Magazine，第 120 頁:

Barker believed that evidence was emerging that a "solid proportion" of operations were "grossly uneconomic", and that no amount of improvement in equipment would make them viable. He suggested that "while the superstructure of the report is correct, the foundations require radical re-examination".

2023年March8日, David Clough, “The long road that led to Beeching”, 出自 RAIL, 第 978 期，第 42 頁:

grossly misjudged
严重误判

grossly inflamed

A draft deal to cut global fossil fuel production is “grossly insufficient” and “incoherent” and will not stop the world from facing dangerous climate breakdown, according to delegates at the UN’s Cop28 summit.

2023年December11日, Fiona Harvey, Patrick Greenfield, Nina Lakhani, Adam Morton, Damian Carrington, “Cop28 draft climate deal criticised as ‘grossly insufficient’ and ‘incoherent’”, 出自 The Guardian, →ISSN:

同類詞：grotesquely

The men were talking grossly about their sexual conquests.

那帮男人在讨论性征服话题，令人作呕。


gecko

现代形式可能是由荷蘭語 gekko（1718年）借入英语和其他欧洲语言 (1718）。当时在英语中的形式为chacco（1711年）和jackoa（1724年）。之后的来源不详。一些文献提出了馬來語 gekok、gekoq或gekop，它们可能是仿自壁虎的叫声。其他理论认为源自亞齊語 gèh-gòh (“忙的”)。

Order II. Sauria. […] The heart has two auricles. The body is covered with scales, and there are three or four feet. The lungs are large, and extend along the back. The mouth is armed with teeth, and the toes with claws. The tail is long, and often thick at the base. […] Geckotida—geco

1839, William Rhind, “Reptiles”, 出自 Elements of Zoology; Embracing a View of Life as Manifested in the Various Gradations of Organized Beings, Edinburgh: Fraser & Crawford; John Anderson, Junior; and Maclachlan & Stewart; Smith, Elder, & Co. and H. Washbourne, London; W. Curry, Junior, & Co. Dublin, →OCLC，第 85–86 頁s:

Leishmania infantum in Experimental Animals.—Experiments were carried out with geckoes, white mice, field mice (Microtus güntheri) and hamsters (Cricetus auratus and Cricetulus griseus).

1931, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences, 第 108 卷, London: Royal Society of London, →OCLC，第 456 頁:

GECKOES constitute a family of lizards remarkable for the large number of species it contains. They are also remarkable for a number of other features: for the readiness with which they have taken to living in houses, for their voices, the structure of their feet, the variation in the shape of the tail and for their eyes. […] As with the more familiar lizards, geckoes have the ability to cast the tail, and counts show that in some species two out of every five individuals have cast the tail and regenerated a new one.

1962, Maurice Burton, “Geckoes”, 出自 The Illustrated London News, 第 CCXL 卷, 第 II 期, London: Illustrated London News & Sketch Ltd., →OCLC，第 548 頁:

Family Gekkonidae (gekkos). In gekkos the skull is short and flat; the upper temporal bone arch is missing; the post-orbital and lacrimal bones are absent; and the jugal bone is very reduced.

1971, Victorian Year Book, Melbourne, Vic.: Government Printer, →OCLC，第 23 頁:

Many lizards, including the British common and sand lizards of the family Lacertidae, clamber over rocks with great agility; none matches the geckoes, some of which can run up, down, or across vertical glass as easily as most beasts run on the flat, and indeed can happily traverse ceilings.

1975年September27日, Colin Tudge, “How Gekko gecko defies gravity: A careful anatomical study of geckoes, those extremely agile climbing lizards, reveals an extraordinary degree of adaptation of the foot bones and muscles”, 出自 New Scientist, 第 67 卷, 第 968 期, London: New Science Publications, →OCLC，第 696 頁:

Other reptiles found in the district are the chamaeleon, geco and monitor lizard, the last getting extinct due to netting and shooting. It is now protected by law.

1988, Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Aligarh, 第 20 卷, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: Government of Uttar Pradesh, →OCLC，第 15 頁:

The marvelous ability of geckos to run down trees, surefooted and head first, was first noted by Aristotle over two thousand years ago. However, Aristotle was not able to see the tiny hairs, called setae, that cover the toes of geckos and empower this feat. The setae are part of an adhesive system that allows geckos to maneuver on a wide variety of substrates, to run upside-down, and to arrest their falls. Geckos can run vertically at over 1 m/s and can carry over twice their body weight up smooth, vertical surfaces.

2009 January, Ginel Corina Hill, “Introduction”, 出自 Dual-axis MEMS Force Sensors for Gecko Adhesion Studies (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation), Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University, →OCLC，第 1 頁:

The potential uses for gecko-inspired adhesive products are nearly endless. People have found possible uses for them from sports and robotics, to medicine and home improvement.

2014, Wil Mara, From Gecko Feet to Adhesive Tape (Innovations from Nature), Ann Arbor, Mich.: Cherry Lake Publishing, →ISBN，第 21–22 頁s:

By day, Golden-tailed Geckoes rest under curls of bark, the underside of branches, or in tree hollows but they seem to be fond of heat so these geckoes may even be in a situation where the sun shines on their daytime retreat all day. The Golden-tailed Gecko is an invertebrate-eater and by night its adhesive toe pads allow it to prowl the branches of Brigalow trees with ease, looking for small insects and spiders to capture.

2016, Martyn Robinson, Australian Wildlife after Dark, Clayton, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing, →ISBN:


gecko

像壁虎一样移动（贴在垂直或朝下的平面上）

An emergency handpad, geckoed to the expanding bulkhead, slid past to one side. Sarasti grabbed it and tapped commands.

2006 October, Peter Watts, Blindsight, New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, Tom Doherty Associates, →ISBN，第 344 頁:

And as Dave geckoed his way along the walls, he began seeing more and more skid marks left behind by Damien's Sewer Cruiser.

2009, Wendelin Van Draanen, The Gecko & Sticky: The Greatest Power, New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN，第 33 頁:

"H-h-here, boss!" Angelo called, and with that Dave kicked into gear, geckoing across the rest of the ceiling to the safety of the adjacent service room.

2010, Wendelin Van Draanen, The Gecko & Sticky: Sinister Substitute, New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN，第 121 頁:


gecko

get-go的拼寫錯誤。


grove

源自中古英語 grove、grave，源自古英語 grāf、grāfa (“树林，矮林”)，对比英語 groove。与古英語 grǣf、grǣfe (“矮林，树丛”)和古英語 grǣfa (“树丛”)有关。更多参见greave。

Religious sodomy was practised by male prostitutes in the Hebrew temple groves, which was one of the abominations of Israel that Josiah cleared away.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long，第 160 頁:


grove

It is called "Orchard Lake," from the fact, that near the centre is an island embracing an area of about fifty acres of land, well groved with different kinds of shrubbery; and near the centre of this island stand a number of aged apple-trees, planted, perhaps, a century since by the hand of some Indian.

1841, R, Sapp, Orchard Lake, in L. L. Hamline (editor), The Ladies Repository, Volume 1, page 165,

The trees and shrubs are not arranged after any particular system, but are scattered or groved together in various parts of the garden.

1822, Robert Chapman, The Topographical Picture of Glasgow in its Ancient and Modern State, 3rd Edition, page 195,

Virtually recognizable groving occurs in some A. aneura associations in the west. Further east some diffuse groving may occur, but is difficult to recognize without the benefit of aerial photographs.

1984, Queensland Botany Bulletin, Issue 3, Department of Primary Industries, page 82,

周期性收获来保持树的整齐并保证将来的收成

In Herefordshire, especially on the northern and eastern sides, Oak timber abounds; and in many of the woods it is usual to have felling at periods varying from sixteen to twenty years; the straightest and handsomest are left for timber, or, as it is called, groved; and they are from time to time thinned, and a regular distance kept between them. The effect produced on these groved trees is, that from being exposed to air and sun, the rapidity of their growth is increased in bulk, height, and quality; and in sixty or eighty years they become valuable timber.

1842 February 5, The Gardeners Chronicle, page 86,

Very frequently, however, to shorten the distance to the upper nurseries, where they^([the ants]) have to take the eggs, they project an arch of about ten inches in length, and half an inch in breadth, groved or worked into steps, on its upper surface, to allow of a more easy passage.

1823, Instinct, in "Sholto and Reuben Percy" (Thomas Byerley), The Percy Anecdotes: Original and Select, Volume 9: Instinct—Ingenuity, page 138,

The floor of first story and piazza to be laid with Georgia pine, in narrow courses planed, groved and tongued, and laid in the best manner.

1841, New York State Assembly, Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, Volume 2, page 14,


grovel

源自中古英語 *grovelen，源自古諾爾斯語 grufla、grœfla (“拜倒”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubilōną (“挖，潜入”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʰrebʰ‑ (“挖，挠”)，等价于古諾爾斯語 á grufu (“趴着”)（→古諾爾斯語 grúfa (“趴着”)）同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 grovel、gruvil (“拜倒”)、德語 grübeln (“思考”)、新挪威語 gruvla (“趴着”)。亦对比西弗里斯蘭語 groebeltsje (“弄乱，搞糟；逃学”)、荷蘭語 grobbelen (“挖出”)。

grovels
grovelling
groveling
grovelled
groveled

In the tube station, the old ones who were on the way out / Would dribble and vomit and grovel and shout

1985, Shane MacGowan （作曲作詞）, “The Old Main Drag”, 出自 Rum Sodomy & the Lash, 演出者 The Pogues:


gloat

源自中古英語 *gloten、glouten，源自古諾爾斯語 glotta (“讥笑”)或古英語 *glotian，两者源自原始日耳曼語 *glutōną (“盯”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʰel- (“闪”)，与方言词瑞典語 glotta、glutta (“偷看，瞄”)、中古高地德語 glutzen、glotzen (“盯”)、现代德語 glotzen (“瞪”)有关。

得意（地看着）； 幸灾乐祸（地看着）

You did well to win the game, but there's no need to gloat about it.

你发挥好赢了比赛，但没有必要那么得意洋洋。


grub

源自中古英語 grubben、grobben，源自古英語 *grubbian，源自原始西日耳曼語 *grubb-，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubb-（对比中古荷蘭語 grobben (“刮；爬；拿”)、古高地德語 grubilōn (“挖；搜”)、德語 grübeln (“思考，斟酌”)），源自原始日耳曼語 *grub- (“挖”)（对比*grabaną）。
“幼虫”一意源自中古英語 grub、grubbe、grobbe、crubbe，可能发展自将上面动词解读成“挖昆虫”的说法，或源自中古英語 grub (“矮子”)，其不确定是否与本词有关。对比西弗里斯蘭語 krobbe (“昆虫”)。俚语义“食物”首个记载见于1659年，被认为是与鸟吃幼虫产生联想而发展来的，或者可能与bub (“饮料”)产生了联想。

pub grub

"The rice ration's down to nearly damn-all in the kampongs, but we keep finding dumps of grub in the forest."

1958, Anthony Burgess, The Enemy in the Blanket (The Malayan Trilogy), 出版於 1972，第 298 頁:


grub

挖；将...连根挖起 （常后接up）

to grub up trees, rushes, or sedge

连根挖起树，灌木丛或莎草

They do not attempt to grub up the root of sin.

1846, Julius Hare, The Mission of the Comforter:


gruel

源自中古英語 gruel、gruwel、greuel、growel (“用扁豆等制成的谷物粗粉”)，源自古法語 gruel (“谷物粗粉”→ 法語 gruau)，源自中世紀拉丁語 grutellum，中世紀拉丁語 grutum (“面粉；谷物粗粉”)的指小词，源自某日耳曼語族语言，多半是古英語 grūt (“面粉；谷物粗粉”)或可能是古法蘭克語 *grūt，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *grūtiz (“砂砾”)。对比荷蘭語 gruit、中古低地德語 grūt、中古高地德語 grūz、德語 Grütze (“谷物”)。亦与英語 groats、grit有关。

同類詞：congee、oatmeal、porridge

thin gruel


gruel

gruels
gruelling
grueling
gruelled
grueled

使...筋疲力竭，用尽，用坏


ghastly

源自古英語 gǣstan (“惊吓，折磨”)的衍生词 + -lic与ghostly（中古英语中亦作“gastlich”）的异文合并。等价于ghast/gast + -ly。16世纪时因异文合并，带“gh”的拼写发展起来。

ghastlier (comparative)
ghastliest (superlative)

苍白的，阴沉的，死气沉沉的

His face was so ghastly that it could scarcely be recognized.

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, 章號 11, 出自 The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, 第 (please specify |volume=I to V) 卷, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

恐怖的，骇人的，惨不忍睹的

Mangled with ghastly wounds through plate and mail.

遭到乱刀砍穿铠甲头盔，身负重伤。

1667, John Milton, “Book 6”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The play was simply ghastly.


ghastly

Johnathan's lips moved ghastly before his voice would come. "So I'm crazy, am I? And if I choose to murder you, what would you do?"

1921, William Dudley Pelley, The Fog: A Novel, page 196:


generalissimo

generalissimos (plural)
generalissimi (plural)

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəɹəˈliːsɪməʊ/

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəɹəˈlɪsɪməʊ/

Where stands Marshal Chiang Kai-shek in this conflict of opinion concerning the tactics which China should adopt towards the aggressor? Chiang Kai-shek, according to officials who know his mind with whom I have talked, is all for resistance—as soon as he thinks he can win! “It is a fatal mistake for the Japanese to imagine that I will not fight under any circumstances,” he has said. But the Chinese Generalissimo is too well versed in the philosophy of his country not to recollect that it is foolish to fight with the certainty of defeat.

1936, H. Hessell Tiltman, The Far East Comes Nearer, Jarrolds，第 249 頁:


guff

“… That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh.[…]If she had her way, she’d ruin the company inside a year with her hare-brained schemes ; love of the people, and that sort of guff.”

1913, Robert Barr, 章號 4, 出自 Lord Stranleigh Abroad:


guff

"Let me see if I get you. You can't bear to help convict Ashe of murder because you doubt if he's guilty, so you're scooting. Right?"
[…]"That's close enough," Wolfe said.
"Not close enough for me. If you expect me to[…] invite a stiff fine for running out on a subpoena[…], don't try to guff me. Say we doubt if Ashe is guilty, but we think he may get tagged because we know Mandelbaum wouldn't go to trial without a good case. Say also our bank account needs a shot in the arm, which is true. So we decide to see if we can[…]"

1955 October, Rex Stout, “The Next Witness”, 出自 Three Witnesses, Bantam, 出版於 1994, →ISBN，第 14 頁:


guffaw

He walked to the edge and they heard his hoarse guffaw of laughter as the arrows clanged and clattered against his impenetrable mail.

1906, Arthur Conan Doyle, 章號 XX, 出自 Sir Nigel:

He heaved up with a sulfurous curse, braced his legs and glared about him, with a burst of coarse guffaws in his ears and the reek of unwashed bodies in his nostrils.

1936, Robert E. Howard, 章號 15, 出自 The Hour of the Dragon:


guffaw

He guffawed at his adversaries.

1891, Oscar Wilde, 章號 15, 出自 The Picture of Dorian Gray:

Peter, on the contrary, threw back his head and guffawed thunderously.


guillotine

借自法語 guillotine，以法国医师Joseph-Ignace Guillotin（1738–1814）命名，其提出了使用该器械来执行死刑。

/ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-guillotine.wav

断头台；使用断头台执行的死刑

For two-and-twenty years he [Joseph-Ignace Guillotin], unguillotined, shall hear nothing but guillotine, see nothing but guillotine; then dying, shall through long centuries wander, as it were, a disconsolate ghost, on the wrong side of Styx and Lethe; his name like to outlive [Julius] Cæsar’s.

1837, Thomas Carlyle, “The Procession”, 出自 The French Revolution: A History […], 第 I (The Bastille) 卷, London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, book IV (States-General)，第 143–144 頁s:

裁切器械 剪纸机，裁切机

裁切器械
组织切除器械 （如切除扁桃体、悬雍垂等使用的）

The right hon. Gentleman is making a great stooshie about time in relation to this Bill, but was it not the case that, when the SNP [Scottish National Party] Scottish Government introduced their continuity Bill in the Scottish Parliament, they operated a ruthless guillotine to prevent proper scrutiny of it? That is the case; they ran a guillotine on that Bill, and there was a very limited amount of time allowed for debate and scrutiny, yet he complains about that happening here.

2019年October22日, Stephen Kerr, Member of Parliament for Stirling, “Second Reading of the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill”, 出自 House of Commons Debates (House of Commons)^(https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000813/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-10-22/debates/277C5A20-456D-469B-A415-D04AFFD83248/EuropeanUnion(WithdrawalAgreement)Bill), 第 666 卷，於2019-10-24歸檔自原頁面，第 860 列:


guillotine

借自法語 guillotiner (“用断头台处刑”)，源自guillotine（见词源1） + -er (构成一类变位动词不定式的后缀)。

/ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/

对...使用断头台或其他器械

Many counterrevolutionaries were guillotined during the French Revolution.

很多反革命者在法国大革命期间被用断头台处死。

对...使用断头台或其他器械

使用器械切除 （某个身体部位）


guitar

源自西班牙語 guitarra，源自阿拉伯語 قِيثَارَة (qīṯāra)，源自拉丁語 cithara，源自古希臘語 κιθάρα (kithára)。cithara、cither、 和 zither 的同源對似詞。

Learning to strum the guitar rhythmically is essential.

学会有节奏地弹奏吉他是必不可少的。

She was carrying her guitar in a fancily-decorated case.

她把吉他放到一个精致的盒子里带着。

The band is looking for a new guitar player.

这个乐队在招一个新的吉他手。


guitar

We guitared and drummed and head banged and pianoed.

我們彈著吉他，拍著鼓，敲著鋼琴，搖頭晃腦。


gluttonous

源自中古英語 glotenose、glotenouse、glotonos、glotonous、glotounius、glotynous，源自中古法語 glotonos，等价于glutton + -ous。

more gluttonous (comparative)
most gluttonous (superlative)

Behold a man gluttonous, and a winebibber, a friend of publicans and sinners.

人又說他是貪食好酒的人，是稅吏和罪人的朋友。

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 11:19:

Look your last on your dearest ones,
Brothers and husbands, fathers, sons:
Swift they go to the ravenous guns, / The gluttonous guns of War.

One day the mail-man found no village there, / Nor were its folk or houses seen again; / People came out from Aylesbury to stare – / Yet they all told the mail-man it was plain / That he was mad for saying he had spied / The great hill's gluttonous eyes, and jaws stretched wide.

1929, H.P. Lovecraft, Fungi from Yuggoth:


gluttony

古法語 glutonie，源自gloton + -ie ← 拉丁語 glutio。

The most rapid and most seductive transition in all human nature is that which attends the palliation of a ravenous appetite.[…]Can those harmless but refined fellow-diners be the selfish cads whose gluttony and personal appearance so raised your contemptuous wrath on your arrival?

1922, Ben Travers, 章號 5, 出自 A Cuckoo in the Nest:


gunman

"I've known a heap of gun fighters in my day. An' Jean Isbel don't ran true to class. Shore there never was a gunman who'd risk cripplin' his right hand by sluggin' anybody."

1921, Zane Grey, 章號 5, 出自 To The Last Man:


gusto

:< 意大利語 gusto < 拉丁語 gustus （“尝味”）。

（做某事的）热情，兴致，精力


gutter

源自中古英語 gutter、guttur、goter，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 guttere，源自古法語 goutiere（法語 gouttière），最终源自拉丁語 gutta (“滴”)。

They a not so clean as they might be, since the water [is] carried off by only one gutter, in the centre of t[he] street

1836, Charles F. Partington, “Paris”, 出自 The British Cyclopaedia of Literature, History, Geography, Law and Politics，第 202 頁:

In nearly all of the towns the gutters are filled with vegetation, or have been neglected for so long a time that the roadway becomes its own drainage bed.

1902, Massachusetts Highway Commission, Annual Report of the Massachusetts Highway Commission, 第 9 卷:

‘Children crawled over each other like little grey worms in the gutters,’ he said. ‘The only red things about them were their buttocks and they were raw. Their faces looked as if snails had slimed on them and their mothers were like great sick beasts whose byres had never been cleared.[…]’

1963, Margery Allingham, 章號 7, 出自 The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

As Mike parked the vehicle, its right wheels sank into an unpaved gutter gradually worn irregular and deep by the rush of rainwater flowing down the street.

Gutters separated the sidewalk from the road on both sides and flowed with muddy water.

2008, Khaled Hosseini, A Thousand Splendid Suns:

Meltwater gathered in the icy ruts of the unpaved road, the pressure wearing thin channels in the packed snow. Along the gutter the rivulets of spring runoff cut a course to the storm sewer

The gutters must be cleared of leaves a few times a year.

每年都需要清理几次天沟里的叶子。

You can decide to use the bumpers to avoid the ball going down the gutter every time.

（牲口棚后部收集排泄物的）槽

（各种坏事发生的）地方，窝点

肮脏，粗俗，低俗 （尤指色情有关）

Get your mind out of the gutter.

别想那些不三不四的东西。

What kind of gutter language is that? I ought to wash your mouth out with soap.

怎么能说出这种脏话？嘴巴也太不干净了。


gutter

形成沟渠 （自14世纪末）

淌蜡 （自18世纪初叶）

The light in his eyes guttered like a candle in a mighty wind and finally went out. She had no time to grieve[…]

2020年November16日, Emma Castle, Devastate Me: A Next-door Neighbor Romance, Lauren Smith, →ISBN:

Alex's eyes gutter, and his face goes cold. He stands there mutely through my apology, stiff and frozen. I want to touch him, but I'm scared he'll flinch away.

2023年October10日, Clare Gilmore, Love Interest: A Novel, St. Martin's Griffin, →ISBN:

把...滑到沟里（保龄球）

给...配备排水沟，沟渠等

The gutter'd-Rockes, and Congregated Sands,

约1603–1604年, 威廉·莎士比亚, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本), 伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act 2, scene 1]:

使...恶化；强调...变差

The students' performance guttered after the school event.

The patient's state would soon gutter.


gutter

A Galilean Rabbi? When did this Province of diggers in dirt and gutters of fish send forth Rabbis? Thou makest a jest.

1921, Bernie Babcock, The Coming of the King，第 151 頁:

An old, rusty coat hanger made a rudimentary fish-gutter.

2013, Don Keith, Shelley Stewart, Mattie C.'s Boy: The Shelley Stewart Story，第 34 頁:


gnarly

gnarl (“木结”) + -y。俚语义在20世纪70年代在美国冲浪文化的影响下普及开来。

gnarlier (comparative)
gnarliest (superlative)

Out of one window I can see the garden, those mysterious deep-shaded arbors, the riotous old-fashioned flowers, and bushes and gnarly trees.

1892 January, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wall Paper, Boston, Mass.: Small, Maynard & Company, 出版於 1901, →OCLC，第 13 頁:

极佳的，很棒的，吸引人的

There ain't nothing gnarlier (apparently) than slapping on some brightly coloured sunblock to ward off the blinding spectre of dangerous, snow-reflected sunlight.

2000年January16日, Sunday Herald, Glasgow:

a gnarly problem

When the swell struck, the North Shore got gnarly, and the wise ones hit the outer islands where the energy was just as juicy but a bit more organized.

Work that makes you unhappy is what I mean by "a gnarly problem." The trouble is, the market pays for solutions to gnarly problems, not solutions to easy problems. As the Yorkshire lads say, "Where there's muck, there's brass."

2008, [Avram] Joel Spolsky, More Joel on Software: Further Thoughts on Diverse and Occasionally Related Matters that will Prove of Interest to Software Developers, Designers, and Managers, and to Those who, whether by Good Fortune or Ill Luck, Work with Them in Some Capacity, Berkeley, Calif.: Apress, →ISBN，第 152 頁:

差劲的，讨厌的，难看的 刺耳的，难听的

We're not talking about a lame chick and a gnarly guy. We're talking about a couple of far-out dudes.

1981, Dan Jenkins, Baja Oklahoma, New York, N.Y.: Atheneum Books, ISBN 978-0-689-11173-0; reprinted New York, N.Y.: Pocket Books, 1982, ISBN 978-0-671-45163-9, page 269:

Funky Kong: 'Those Snowmads are a gnarly bunch! I hear they're enjoyin' your island. Go get 'em, DK!'

2014 February, Retro Studios, Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze, Nintendo，關卡/區域：Funky's Fly 'n' Buy:

[She] displays the same love of gnarly fuzztones and shout-it-out-loud choruses that began back in her daze^([sic]) with local all-girl rockers the Runaways.


go-getter

He's a promising young go-getter, but he needs to learn some things about office politics.

他是个前途光明，积极向上的年轻人，但是他在办公室政治方面还要多学习学习。

Tom Pitella is a go-getter and does not rely on others to prove things in the field of mathematics to him.

Tom Pitella是一个积极主动的人，不依靠别的数学领域的人向他证明东西。

I must get it from my dad. Can't be from Mom, the world-class go-getter, hand shaker, and baby kisser.”

2008, Ellen Hopkins, Identical, →ISBN，第 31 頁:


goad

源自中古英語 gode，源自古英語 gād (“驱赶牲口的棒子”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *gaidō（对比古諾爾斯語 gedda (“梭子鱼”)、古倫巴底語 gaida (“矛”)），源自原始印歐語 *ǵʰey-（对比古愛爾蘭語 gath (“矛”)、梵語 हिन्वति (hinvati)、हिनोति (hinoti, “催促；扔”)、हेति (heti, “投掷物”)）。


goad

goading a boy to fight


gyp

可能源自gypsy (“吉普赛人”)，出自对吉普赛人总是是骗子的刻板印象。对比jew (“诈骗”)，源自Jew (“犹太人”)，以及welsh (“赖账”)，源自Welsh (“威尔士人”)。

Why do we have to buy this new edition of the textbook when there’s almost no difference between it and the previous one? What a gyp!

为什么我们要买这教科书的新版？新版和旧版几乎没差。真是骗钱玩意。

gypsy (“行列舞舞步”)之同義詞


gyp

The cab driver gypped me out of ten bucks by taking the longer route.

出租车司机绕远路坑了我10块钱。

You better watch out; they'll try to gyp you if you don't know what you're doing.

你最好小心。你不明白自己干什么的话他们会想坑你的。


gyp

可能和词源1一样。早期理论认为其派生自古希臘語 γύψ (gúps, “秃鹫”)（/ɡýps/，对比希臘語 γύπας (gýpas) /ˈʝi.pas/），“指仆人偷东西的习惯”（由此派生出词源1），但这一理论无法解释发音。

All was neglect. The outer door of this room, which was open, was nearly on a level with the Quadrangle — some coats and trousers and boots were upon the ebony table and a "gyp" was brushing away at them just within the door — in wet weather he performed these functions entirely within the library, as innocent of the incongruity of his position as my guide himself.

1880, William Blades, The Enemies of Books，第 40 頁:

'Why, what is the matter with you, John?' I asked of the gyp who waited on Vincey and myself.

1887, H. Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, 1919, Longmans, page 15,

Had he acted discourteously to his bedmaker or his gyp, he would have minded just as much … .

1907, E.M. Forster, The Longest Journey, Part I, I [Uniform ed., p. 14]:

同類詞：porter、bedder


gyp

My back's giving me gyp.


goblin

源自中古英語 gobelyn，源自古諾曼語 gobelin（对比諾曼語 goubelin、瓦隆語 gobelin），可能是由古荷蘭語 *kobeholdo (“哥布林”)（对比荷蘭語 kabouter、德語 Kobold）及晚期拉丁語 cobalus (“山妖”)构成的混成词，源自古希臘語 κόβαλος (kóbalos, “无赖”)。取代了本土词古英語 pūca。

From yͤ hagg & hungry Goblin,
yͭ into raggs would rend yee,
& yͤ spirit yͭ stand’s by yͤ naked man,
in yͤ booke of moones defend yee

1620世紀, anonymous, “Tom o’ Bedlam’s Song” in Giles Earle his Booke (British Museum, Additional MSS. 24, 665):

"[…]If he had struck a stroke more to the side just here," said the goblin, tapping the very stone, as it seemed to Curdie, against which his head lay, "he would have been through; but he's a couple of yards past it now, and if he follow the lode it will be a week before it leads him in.[…]"

1872, George MacDonald, The Princess and the Goblin，第 50 頁:

At last the goblins had a chance to rid themselves of one of the troublesome defenders, and two goblin warriors snatched the opportunity.

2006, Charlotte Bishop, Norty: The Chosen Ones，第 187 頁:

The goblin shifted the two younger ones closer to him. It looked like he was hiding behind them, using them as a shield.
The goblin looked pure evil. His eyes were brown.

2010, Thom L. Nichols, War: Return of the Elves, Part 1, page 37:

I shall send another entourage of goblins back here to Desput with the goblins’ new ally the Pixy! These creatures deserve the same respect as any other goblin.

2010, D. S. Macleod, The Middle Times: Rise of the Goblin King，第 229 頁:

Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins. For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you.

2013年June22日, “Snakes and ladders”, 出自 The Economist, 第 407 卷, 第 8841 期，第 76 頁:


hubris

源自古希臘語 ὕβρις (húbris, “傲慢；荒淫无度”)。

[ˈçju̟ːbɹ̠ʷɪs]

One would have thought that even Trump, despite all his hubris and egotism, would know better than to jump feet first into America’s most sensitive issue: racial division.

2017年August20日, “The Observer view on Donald Trump’s presidency”, 出自 The Observer:


hark

源自中古英語 herken、herkien，源自古英語 *hercian、*heorcian、*hiercian，最终源自原始日耳曼語 *hauzijaną (“听”) + 程度加强-k（另见相关词hīeran，其派生出英語 hear）。等价于hear + -k。与低地蘇格蘭語 herk (“倾听”)、北弗里斯蘭語 harke (“倾听”)、西弗里斯蘭語 harkje (“听”)、现已弃用的荷蘭語 horken (“听”)、中古低地德語 horken (“倾听”)、德語 horchen (“倾听”)同源。

Hark! the herald angels sing / Glory to the new born King

1739, Charles Wesley, George Whitefield, “Hymn for Christmas-Day”, 出自 Hymns and Sacred Poems:

"Hark! The thunder becomes less muttering. It is nearing us, and nearing the earth, too. Hark! One crammed crash! All the vibrations made one by nearness. Another flash. Hold."

1856, Herman Melville, The Lightning Rod Man:

Loud voices and a renewed uproar were raised in front of the boarding-house[…] "'Tis Missis Murphy's voice," said Mrs. McCaskey, harking.

1906, O. Henry, “Between Rounds”, 出自 The Four Million:

Hark! The Herald Tribune sings, / Advertising wondrous things!

1959, Tom Lehrer （作曲作詞）, “A Christmas Carol”:


huddle

源自中古英語 *hudelen，变化自（因 hudels、hidels (“藏匿处”)，见hiddle）*huderen、hoderen (“盖住；压在一起；簇拥”)，中古英語 huden、hiden (“藏起”)的重复态，等价于hide + -le和/或hide + -er。对比低地德語 huderken (“育雏；养育；照料；哄孩子睡觉”)。

出牌前犹豫（考虑下一步）


huddle

During all these operations the apes who had entered sat huddled near the door watching their chief, while those outside strained and crowded to catch a glimpse of what transpired within.

1912: Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tarzan of the Apes, Chapter 4

The sheep huddled together seeking warmth.

George Hirsch, chairman of the board of Road Runners, said officials huddled all day Friday, hoping to devise an alternate race. They considered replacing the marathon with a race that would comprise the final 10 miles of marathon, starting at the base of the Queensboro 59th Street Bridge on the Manhattan side. But that was not deemed plausible, Mr. Hirsch said.

2012 November 2, Ken Belson, "http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/03/sports/new-york-city-marathon-will-not-be-held-sunday.html?hp&_r=0," New York Times (retrieved 2 November 2012):

杂乱无章地将...混起来

Huddle up a peace.

1845, John Henry Newman, Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine

This resolution she accordingly executed; and the next morning before the sun, she huddled on her cloaths, and at a very unfashionable, unseasonable, unvisitable hour, went to Lady Bellaston […]

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling:


huddle

more huddle (comparative)
most huddle (superlative)

Gowan snored, each respiration chocking to a huddle fall, as though he would never breathe again.

1931, William Faulkner, Sanctuary, Library of America, 1985, p.51:


hulking

A hulking shape burst through the doorway and hurtled down the corridor, leaving a maelstrom of air currents in his wake.

2001, Eoin Colfer, Artemis Fowl，第 212 頁:


hulking

hulk 的現在時分詞和動名詞


hulking

The sand-hills have permanently disappeared from many parts of the coast and have been replaced by clay embankments, timber hulkings, and, during the pre-war years, by mass-concrete stepwork.

1953, The Institution of Civil Engineers, Proceedings (volume 2, part 2, page 513)


harridan

可能变换自法語 haridelle (“老太婆”)。

Why is that tattling old harridan, Peggy O'Dowd, to make free with my name at her d—d supper-table, and advertise my engagement over the three kingdoms?

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, 章號 13, 出自 Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:


halation

She was, as you know, to the west-ward of us, and the sunset was making a great flame of red light to the back of her, so that she showed a little blurred and indistinct by reason of the halation of the light, which almost defeated the eye in any attempt to see her rotting spars and standing rigging, submerged, as they were, in the fiery glory of the sunset.

1912, William Hope Hodgson, The Derelict:

照片底片或电视屏幕上的轮状光晕

As the result of a series of experiments on halation carried out with backed and unbacked plates, ordinary film and stripping film, Ernest Marriage concludes that there are two varieties of halation, one due to reflection from the support and the other due to spreading of the light in the film.

1901, E. & H.T. Anthony & Co., Anthony's photographic bulletin for ..., 第 32 卷，第 358 頁:

Halation, properly speaking, is the reflection and diffusion, within the film，源自the lighter areas to the adjacent darker ones.

1917, Photographers' Association of California, Camera craft, 第 24 卷，第 81 頁:

Among other interesting and weighty opinions, which were in general agreement with our contentions, was one by Mr. H. A. Staddon of Goodmayes, a gentleman who had made a particular hobby of fakes in photography. His report is too long and too technical for inclusion, but, under the various headings of composition, dress, development, density, lighting, poise, texture, plate, atmosphere, focus, halation, he goes very completely into the evidence, coming to the final conclusion that when tried by all these tests the chances are not less than 80 per cent. in favour of authenticity.

1922, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Coming of the Fairies:

Halation can be prevented or diminished by using an absorbing layer between the sensitive emulsion and the support (anti-halo undercoat) or on the back of the support (anti-halo backing).

1954, Photography, Theory and Practice, Pitman, page 173,


halcyon

繼承自中古英語 Alceoun，源自拉丁語 halcyōn、alcyōn (“翠鸟”)，源自古希臘語 ἀλκυών (alkuṓn)。

翠鸟，太平鸟 （指传统神话中，筑巢在海边，使神明把风和海浪变小的翠鸟）
（都铎王朝时代用来作风标的）翠鸟尸体

And, by the way, during those halcyon days (the halcyon was there, too, chattering above every creek, as he is all over the world) we fought another battle.


halcyon

more halcyon (comparative)
most halcyon (superlative)

Reflections of this kind may have trifling weight with men who hope to see realized in America the halcyon scenes of the poetic or fabulous age.

1787, Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Papers No. 30:

Deep, halcyon repose.

I had wander’d in rapture beneath them, and bask’d in the Halcyon clime.

The huge square box, parquet-floored and high-ceilinged, had been arranged to display a suite of bedroom furniture designed and made in the halcyon days of the last quarter of the nineteenth century, when modish taste was just due to go clean out of fashion for the best part of the next hundred years.

1963, Margery Allingham, 章號 1, 出自 The China Governess:


haughtiness

源自中古英語 hauteynesse、hautenesse，源自中古英語 hautein (“高傲的”)，源自古法語 hautain + 中古英語 -nesse。现代英语中可作haughty + -ness分析。


haughty

源自早期形式hauty、haultic，仿照英語 naughty与英語 high调整了拼写，源自中古英語 hautein、hautain（-ein、-ain经由代表*hauteinnesse的词形hautenesse变为了-y，参见haughtiness），源自中古英語 haute (“高傲的”)，源自古法語 haut、hault (“高耸的”)，源自古法蘭克語 *hauh、*hōh (“高耸的；自傲的”)和拉丁語 altus (“高的，深的”)。详见high、old。

haughtier (comparative)
haughtiest (superlative)

高傲的，不屑的，高高在上的，目中无人的

How meek and shrunken did that haughty Tarmac become as it slunk by the wide circle of asphalt of the yellow sort, that was loosely strewn before the great iron gates of Lady Hall as a forerunner of the consideration that awaited the guests of Rupert, Earl of Kare, […]。

1922, Michael Arlen, “3/1/1”, 出自 “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。

I was standing on the edge of the conning-tower, when a heavy palm suddenly struck me between the shoulders and hurled me forward into space. The drop to the triangular deck forward of the conning-tower might easily have broken a leg for me, or I might have slipped off onto the deck and rolled overboard; but fate was upon my side, as I was only slightly bruised.

1918, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Land That Time Forgot, Chapter IV:

The Tottenham wing was causing havoc down the right and when he broke past the bemused Sasa Balic once again, Bellamy was millimetres from connecting with his cross as the Liverpool striker hurled himself at the ball.

2011年September2日, “Wales 2-1 Montenegro”, 出自 BBC:

说出 （尖锐或贬低的话）

The gangs hurled abuse at each other.

Tarzan on his part never lost an opportunity to show that he fully reciprocated his foster father's sentiments, and whenever he could safely annoy him or make faces at him or hurl insults upon him from the safety of his mother's arms, or the slender branches of the higher trees, he did so.

1912, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tarzan of the Apes, Chapter 5:

Those who passed by hurled insults at him, shaking their heads and saying, “So! You who are going to destroy the temple and build it in three days, come down from the cross and save yourself!"

1984, New International Version of the Bible, Mark 15:29-30:

It is Boxing Day in a football ground, and all we can do is sprawl over the plastic, hurling instructions and vague encouragement.

2016, Daniel Gray, Saturday, 3pm: 50 Eternal Delights of Modern Football:

Their cause was helped after the senior footballers were unexpectedly dumped out of the running for the Sam Maguire, meaning Aidan Walsh is available to hurl full-time with the young Rebels -- Walsh scored 1-1 in the semi-final victory over reigning All-Ireland champions Tipperary.

2011年August3日, Donnchadh Boyle, “Egan targets Rebel success to rescue poor season”, 出自 Irish Independent:

Pass me the bucket; I've got to hurl.

On Nicias a philosopher having his shoes stolen from him, may they, said he, fit his feet that took them away. A wish at the first view very harmless, but there was that in it which poisoned his charity into a malicious revenge. For he himself had hurled or crooked feet, so that in effect he wished the thief to be lame.

1645, Thomas Fuller, Good Thoughts in Bad Times:


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。

He managed a hurl of 50.3 metres.

The Gods, with horror and amaze, look’d down,
Beholding rocks from their firm basis rent;
Mountain on mountain thrown,
With threatening hurl, that shook th’ aethereal [var.: aerial] firmament!

1695, William Congreve, “To the King, on the Taking of Namure. Irregular Ode.”, 出自 Poems Upon Several Occasions, Glasgow, 出版於 1752，第 16 頁:

I laid down this law with all the girls and expected to receive a hurl of abuse back.

Benjamin W. Evans, Tales 源自The Kerb (page 25)

Open the window! I've gotta take a hurl.

WAYNE: What I'd really like to do is something extraordinary. Something big. […] But I'll probably end up working at Great America, mopping up hurl and lung butter.

Maybe you can give me a hurl in the Bentley one day, when you're in the vicinity.

2022, Liam McIlvanney, The Heretic，第 413 頁:


hurtle

动词派生自中古英語 hurtelen、hurtlen (“掷，投；冲向；垮塌；伤害；击倒；推动；冲刺；跌倒”) [以及其他形式]，源自hurten (“伤害（肉体或比喻义）；损害；羞辱，伤害...的情感；受伤；撞上；推动；跌倒”)（还见英語 hurt (动词)） + -el-、-elen (反复态后缀)。英语词可作hurt (“（弃用）敲打，击打”) + -le (反复态后缀)分析。
名词派生自动词。

fling

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

hurl

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

He hurtled the wad of paper angrily at the trash can and missed by a mile.

他生气地朝垃圾桶丢了一捆纸，但是丢偏了很远。

Soone as thoſe glitterand armes he did eſpye, / That vvith their brightneſſe made that darknes light, / His harmefull club he gan to hurtle hye, / And threaten batteill to the Faery knight; […]

[1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book II, Canto VII”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 42，第 283 頁:

Away, thou east wind, snarling like a scold! / […] / Now, like sheep-shearer, from some mountain fold, / Thou hurtlest air with twisting, fleecy flakes / Of martial snow, that like a tyrant bold, / His pleasure in his neighbour's vineyard takes, / Nor careth for the wreck that everywhere he makes.

1882, Charles Miller, “The Delaying Spring”, 出自 The Three Scholars and Other Poems, Edinburgh: Andrew Elliot, […], →OCLC，第 58 頁:

（尤指吵闹地） 冲刺；横冲直撞

The car hurtled down the hill at 90 miles per hour.

那辆汽车以145公里的时速呼啸驶下山丘。

Pieces of broken glass hurtled through the air.

His gorgeous ryder from her loftie ſted / VVould haue caſt dovvne, and trodd in durty myre, / Had not the Gyaunt ſoone her ſuccoured; / VVho all enrag'd vvith ſmart and frantick yre, / Came hurtling in full fiers, and forſt the knight retyre.

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book I, Canto VIII”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 17，第 119 頁:

发出撞击声，发出哐当声；哐哐当当地移动

The greater number abandon their untenable position of hardihood, and seek a shelter when the terrible storm hurtleth in the heavens, and they see its dismal preparation.

1823, Edward Irving, “Of Judgment to Come. Part IX. The Review of the Whole Argument, with an Endeavour to Bring It home to the Sons of Men.”, 出自 For the Oracles of God, Four Orations. For Judgment to Come, an Argument, in Nine Parts, 2nd版, London: […] T. Hamilton, […], →OCLC，第 535 頁:


hurtle

[T]he war woke me up, I began to move left, and recent events have accelerated that move until it is now a hurtle.

1975, William Howard Gass（被引）, “GASS, WILLIAM H(OWARD)”, 出自 John Wakeman 編, World Authors 1950–1970 […] (Authors Series), New York, N.Y.: The H[alsey] W[illiam] Wilson Company, →ISBN，第 538 頁，第 1 列:

Jamba has removed from [Christopher] Marlowe's Doctor Faustus all but the barest of essentials – even half its title, leaving us with an 80-minute hurtle through Faustus's four and twenty borrowed years on earth.

2005年June20日, “(請註明文章標題)”, 出自 Alan Rusbridger 編, 衛報, 倫敦: 衛報媒體集團, →ISSN, →OCLC:

There came a hurtle of wings, a flash of bright feathers, and a great pigeon with slate-grey plumage and a neck bright as an opal, lit on a swaying finial.

1913, Eden Phillpotts, 章號 IV, 出自 Widecombe Fair, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC，第 26 頁:


hurtle

可能是hurtleberry 的截斷形式，源自中古英語 hurtil-beri (“欧洲越橘（Vaccinium myrtillus）（果实或植物）”);之后词源不详，对比中古英語 horten、hurten (“欧洲越橘（Vaccinium myrtillus）”)及古英語 horte (“欧洲越橘（Vaccinium myrtillus）”)。


hid

Foꝛ nothing is ſecret, that ſhall not be made manifeſt: neither any thing hid, that ſhall not be knowen, and come abꝛoad.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 8:17:

To dark is still used in Swaledale (Yorkshire) in the sense of to lie hid, as, 'Te rattens [rats] mun ha bin darkin whel nu [till now]; we hannot heerd tem tis last fortnith'.

1873, Richard Morris, Walter William Skeat, “Glossarial Index”, 出自 Specimens of Early English, 第 II: 源自Robert of Gloucester to Gower, A.D. 1298—A.D. 1393 卷s, Oxford: Clarendon Press，第 490 頁:


hidden

more hidden (comparative)
most hidden (superlative)

hidden treasure; hidden talents

隐藏的宝藏；不为人知的天才

It was the Lost Oasis, the Oasis of the vision in the sand. […] Deep-hidden in the hollow, beneath the cliffs, it lay; and round it the happy verdure spread for many a rood.

1892, James Yoxall, The Lonely Pyramid, chapter 7:

One of the hidden glories of Victorian engineering is proper drains. Isolating a city’s effluent and shipping it away in underground sewers has probably saved more lives than any medical procedure except vaccination.

2014年June14日, “It's a gas”, 出自 The Economist, 第 411 卷, 第 8891 期:


hide

源自中古英語 hiden、huden，源自古英語 hȳdan (“隐藏，保留”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdijan (“隐藏”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdijaną (“藏匿”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)kewdʰ- (“盖，包”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)kewH- (“盖”)。
动词原为弱变化。钦定版圣经中，过去分词使用了hid和hidden。
同源词包括荷蘭語 huiden、低地德語 (ver)hüden、(ver)hüen (“隐藏，掩盖”)、威爾士語 cuddio (“隐藏”)、拉丁語 custōs、古希臘語 κεύθω (keúthō, “隐藏，掩盖”)、梵語 कुहरम् (kuharam, “洞穴”)。与hut和sky有关。

The blind man, whom he had not been able to cure with the pomade, had gone back to the hill of Bois-Guillaume, where he told the travellers of the vain attempt of the druggist, to such an extent, that Homais when he went to town hid himself behind the curtains of the "Hirondelle" to avoid meeting him.

1856, Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Part III Chapter XI, translated by Eleanor Marx-Aveling

Hidden behind thickets of acronyms and gorse bushes of detail, a new great game is under way across the globe. Some call it geoeconomics, but it's geopolitics too. The current power play consists of an extraordinary range of countries simultaneously sitting down to negotiate big free trade and investment agreements.

2013年July19日, Timothy Garton Ash, “Where Dr Pangloss meets Machiavelli”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 第 189 卷, 第 6 期，第 18 頁:

He hides his magazines under the bed.

他把他的杂志藏在床底下。

The politicians were accused of keeping information hidden from the public.

政治家被指责对公众隐瞒信息。

Nonetheless, some insect prey take advantage of clutter by hiding in it. Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close (less than half a meter) above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them.

2013 May-June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, 出自 American Scientist, 第 101 卷, 第 3 期，第 206–7 頁s:


hide

源自古英語 hȳd，源自日耳曼語族，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdi，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdiz，源自原始印歐語 *kéw(H)tis (“皮，皮肤”)（对比拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤，皮”)），源自原始印歐語 *(s)kew(H)- (“盖”)，最终与上面的词源词根相同。还见sky。
参见西弗里斯蘭語 hûd、荷蘭語 huid、德語 Haut、威爾士語 cwd (“阴囊”)、拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤”)、立陶宛語 kutys (“钱包”)、古希臘語 κύτος (kútos, “浅容器”)、σκῦτος (skûtos, “掩盖”)。

人本身 （尤其在关乎其安全时使用）

to save his own hide

better watch his hide

同類詞：ass

The rotter who simpers that he sees no difference between the power of money and the power of the whip, ought to learn the difference on his own hide—as I think he will.

1957, Ayn Rand, Francisco d'Anconia's speech in Atlas Shrugged:

（用来藏身或藏贵重物品的）隐蔽房间，秘密房间

In the early days of American settlement, hides were built into houses to provide protection from the Indians and to conceal merchandise from the threat of taxation or thievery.

1980, Robert M. Jones 編, Walls and Ceilings, Time-Life Books, →ISBN，第 125 頁:


hide

He ran last week, and he was hided, and he was out on the day before yesterday, and here he is once more, and he knows he's got to run and to be hided again.

1891, Robert Weir, J. Moray Brown, Riding:


hide

源自中古英語 hide，源自古英語 hīd、hȳd、hīġed、hīġid (“一种土地丈量单位”)，早期形式*hīwid (“一户人家的土地”)，派生自原始日耳曼語 *hīwaz、*hīwō (“亲戚，亲人”)，源自原始印歐語 *ḱey- (“储藏，熟悉”)。与古英語 hīwisc (“一海得土地，人家”)、古英語 hīwan (“家人，家庭”)有关。还见hewe、hind。

carucate

海得 （英国旧时的土地丈量单位） （自九世纪）

海得 （英国旧时的土地丈量单位） （自九世纪）

The exact size of hides varied with soil quality, but each one generally encompassed 24 to 26 hectares.

2016, Peter H. Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, Penguin, 出版於 2017，第 488 頁:


hiding

参见hide（词源1）。

hide 的現在時分詞和動名詞


hiding

参见hide（词源1）。

After the leaked scandalous stories about his personal life, the celebrity remained in hiding for a few weeks.

在他私生活的丑闻曝光以后，这位明星销声匿迹了几个星期。


hiding

参见hide（词源2）。


haywire

hay + wire。原指像用软而有弹性的铁丝捆起来一般“容易混乱地缠起来的”或者“容易散开的”。约1905年在新英格兰的伐木场，“haywire outfit”开始用来指粗制的伐木工具。 后to go haywire词义发展成指代“散开”或者“行为失控”，就像拉紧的工厂线轴在抽走一个零件以后因弹性松散开乱成一团。


haywire

more haywire (comparative)
most haywire (superlative)

粗制滥造的，粗糙的，简易的

失控的，失常的 （一般带动词go）

It was working fine until it went haywire and wouldn't stop printing blank sheets.

它本来没问题的，然后突然间就坏了，开始不停地打印出来空白的纸。

Those kids go haywire when they don't get what they want.

那些小孩得不到想要的东西就开始耍脾气了。

The engineer who makes of his calling a burden, who sees nothing but the wrong, or imposition as he may term it, who fancies perhaps that the whole world has conspired against him, who commences to damn things as soon as he appears upon the scene of his labors, and continues to damn everything, including his train crew, the engine, the officers, and almost everything, animate and inanimate, while making the round trip, is working out his own destiny, and it is but charitable to say of such a man that he is not well, his digestion has gone " hay wire " as it were.

1905年May10日, J. W. Reading, “Engine Failures”, 出自 Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Monthly Journal, 第 XXXIX 卷, 第 5 期，第 423 頁:

Temperatures soared—the seas warmed by as much as eighteen degrees—and the chemistry of the oceans went haywire, as if in an out-of-control aquarium.

2014, Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Picador, →ISBN，第 103 頁:


ham-handed

more ham-handed (comparative)
most ham-handed (superlative)

ham-fisted

笨拙的，笨手笨脚的；不细致的，随便的

heavy-handed

笨拙的，笨手笨脚的；不细致的，随便的

笨拙的，笨手笨脚的；不细致的，随便的

Some of the dishes arrived damaged after their ham-handed moving efforts.

他们搬碟子的时候不懂轻拿轻放，导致运过来的一些碟子都碎了。

The result, disappointingly, is a scattershot work that is, by turns, entertaining and wearisome, energetic and hokey, delightfully evocative and cheaply sensational; dead-on in its conjuring of zeitgeist-y atmospherics, but often slow-footed and ham-handed in its orchestration of social details.

2013年September10日, Michiko Kakutani, “A Calamity Tailor-Made for Internet Conspiracy Theories”, 出自 New York Times:


hand-me-down

（因长大以后穿不下而传给更年轻的人的）旧衣服


hand-me-down

And what costume shall the poor girl wear / To all tomorrow's parties? / A hand-me-down dress from who knows where

1967, Lou Reed （作曲作詞）, “All Tomorrow's Parties”, 出自 The Velvet Underground & Nico, 演出者 The Velvet Underground:

I don't want America's recovery and security to be sacrificed on an altar of discredited hand-me-down theories. And if you'll help us, they won't be.

1983, 19th of March, Presidential Radio Address by Ronald Reagan

The old Pacers have vanished, replaced by a mix of hand-me-down fleets.

2022年November2日, Paul Bigland, “New trains, old trains, and splendid scenery”, 出自 RAIL, 第 969 期，第 58 頁:


hand-me-down

“See into life, don’t just look at it” is her [Anne Baxter’s] creditable credo, hand-me-downed from her famous architect grandfather, the late Frank Lloyd Wright。

1963, Celebrity Register: An Irreverent Compendium of American Quotable Notables, Harper & Row，第 40 頁:

The carpet was a montage of fade and unfade indicating that when new it had been used in another office—probably Mr. Barlowe’s—and then hand-me-downed when the decorators had cut loose.

1966, Mike Cohen, The Bright Young Man, J. B. Lippincott Company，第 27 頁:

The traditional family was poorly adapted to consumption: its raison d’être was rooted in sharing, hand-me-downing, and cooperative endeavor.

1990, Jan E. Dizard, Howard Gadlin, The Minimal Family, The University of Massachusetts Press, →ISBN，第 41 頁:

He had scraped together the funds to traipse off to the latest Bonanza camp, to buy speculative stocks, liquor and fine Sacramento meals for his boomer friends and fancy women, while my mother cut pieces of cardboard and canvas into soles to stuff inside our shoes to stop the holes, and hand-me-downed our clothes.

1998, Oakley M. Hall, Ambrose Bierce and the Queen of Spades: A Mystery Novel, Berkeley, Calif., Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, →ISBN，第 124 頁:

The first thing Gabe saw as they pulled close was the flashing lights of Ruleton’s two police cruisers parked off to the side of the road—the new one Sheriff Dodd’s, the humble other the battered black-and-white that he’d hand-me-downed to his deputy, Ralph Simpson.

2006, Tom Bailey, Cotton Song, Shaye Areheart Books, →ISBN，第 283 頁:

He could not change the past but he was determined that he would not follow in the grand family hand-me-downed legacy.

2012, Lee Beck, From a Dark Place, AuthorHouse, →ISBN，第 442 頁:

Instead I changed into a blue skirt and a white blouse with a scalloped collar, hand-me-downs from Marie Dowd that she had gotten hand-me-downed from cousins in Brooklyn who went to Catholic school.

2017, Carol Zoref, Barren Island, New Issues Poetry & Prose, →ISBN，第 157 頁:

He wore a white dress shirt that was buttoned uncomfortably tight around his neck, a black tie, and an oversized blazer that had been hand-me-downed from one of his older cousins.

2018, Ty Marshall, “Love Seldom. Trust Never.”, 出自 Goodfellas, Urban Books, →ISBN, chapter one (The Early Years):


headstrong

more headstrong (comparative)
most headstrong (superlative)

He was in that headstrong teenage phase when he felt like he knew everything.

他当时处于青春期那种任性的时期，觉得自己啥都知道。


handball

It was a dramatic finish to an absorbing, fast-paced game but Blackburn will be deeply unhappy with referee Anthony Taylor as Nzonzi's handball was harsh.

2011年October29日, Neil Johnston, “Norwich 3 - 3 Blackburn”, 出自 BBC Sport:

一種各人用手交替將球排向牆的運動

一手持球，一手傳球的動作

一種校園遊戲，用手將網球打向地面（臨時的瀝青或石板場地）


handball

handle

非守門員的球員手觸碰到足球（而犯規）

手动装载或卸载集装箱、拖车，或以其他方式将散装货物（通常在托盘上）从一种运输容器移至另一种运输容器。

非守門員的球員手觸碰到足球（而犯規）

If the defender handballs in the penalty area, a penalty is awarded.

如果后卫在禁区内手球，将被判罚。

Meanwhile, you can introduce the basic concept of Aussie rules through a game like lineball, a lead-up game introduced in the basketball section of chapter 10, but with the ball handballed, not thrown.

2001, Jerry R. Thomas, Alan G. Launder, Jack K. Nelson, Play Practice: The Games Approach to Teaching and Coaching Sports, page 111,

An obvious way in which football has changed over the last decade or two has been in the use of handballing.

2005, Andrew McLeod, Trevor D. Jaques, Australian Football: Steps to Success, page 9,

On only 8 occasions during the entire match did players who had marked the ball decide not to walk slowly and purposefully back and take their kick, but instead play on by handballing to a team mate.

2009, John P. Devaney, Full Points Footy: Encyclopedia of Australian Football Clubs, page 246,


handful

源自中古英語 handful、hondful，源自古英語 handfull (“一手，一抓”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *handufullō、*handufulliz (“满手，一手”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *handuz (“手”) + *fullaz (“满的”)，等价于hand + full (“满...的东西”)或hand + -ful。同源词包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 Hondful (“满手，一手”)、西弗里斯蘭語 hânfol (“满手，一手”)、荷蘭語 handvol (“满手，一手”)、德語 Handvoll (“满手，一手”)、丹麥語 håndfuld (“满手，一手”)、瑞典語 handfull (“满手，一手”)、冰島語 handfylli (“满手，一手”)。

I put two or three corns in my mouth, liked it, stole a handful, went into my chamber, chewed it, and for two months after never failed taking toll of every pennyworth of oatmeal that came into the house. - Joseph Addison, The Spectator, Vol. VI

我放了两三粒到嘴巴里，觉得很喜欢，便偷了一把，回到房间嚼着吃，然后两个月内我都在给收到家里的每一批燕麦片收通行费。

Knap the tongs together about a handful from the bottom.

1631, Francis [Bacon], “(please specify |century=I to X)”, 出自 Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], 3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

The names of a number of the most famous North American railroads could be found in the north-east; Pennsylvania, New York Central, Baltimore & Ohio, Chesapeake & Ohio, and the Norfolk & Western, to name but a handful.

1985, Rodger Bradley, Amtrak: The US National Railroad Passenger Corporation, Blandford Press，第 92 頁:

But, aunt, she must have had some kind of education, her accent was so pure, her English so unfaulty. The other girl dropped her h's by handfuls, and made some very wild confusion in her native etymology.

1866, Emma Jane Worboise, Sir Julian's Wife，第 89 頁:

难缠的人或事物，麻烦的人或事物

Those twins are a real handful to look after.

The Southern acquired them because the little Class "B4" 0-4-0 tanks were finding heavy modern rolling stock more and more of a handful, and at war's end the railway had nothing of suitable power but short wheelbase on its books to take their place on the more tortuous of the dock lines.

1959 February, G. Freeman Allen, “Southampton—Gateway to the Ocean”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，第 91 頁:

Many times dogs are surrendered for reasons such as changes in the family unit, a death in the family, no time to care for a dog, or because that cute little puppy is now a 100 lb untrained handful.

2008, Dog Fancy (volume 39, issue 11, page 76)


hilarity

源自拉丁語 hilaritas (“开心”)，形容词hilaris，最终源自古希腊语 + 状态名词后缀-tas。

The duck escaped into the children's party, and hilarity ensued.

Think it not curious if we don't seem to be as sidesplittingly impressed with the hilarities in this picture as its promotion might lead you to expect. Hilarity is in it—hilarity at its best—as would be almost mandatory in any film with Miss Holliday.

1999, Vincent Canby, Janet Maslin, Peter M. Nichols, The New York times guide to the best 1000 movies ever made:

Many other Latin imports have become staples of our diet, like the burrito, which in Spanish means "little donkey." What other food-related hilarities are we missing out on?

2005, Library journal, 第 130 卷, 第 8-13 期s，第 122 頁:


hillbilly

源自hill + billy (“家伙”)。对比低地蘇格蘭語 chapman billie (“旅行商人”)。

美国南部，尤其是东南部乡村的白人


hillbilly

展现自己乡下的出身；散发乡下人的气质

Hillbillying troubadors, the bohemians of a new world, not cafe society but more like the poor white origins of an Elvis Presley.

1991, The Commonwealth Review - Volume 3，第 189 頁:

Like Ken Lay, [Rebecca] Mark came from a small town in Missouri, one of four children in a farm family with deep fundamentalist beliefs. Her conversational style has been polished in Texas, and she is a master of “hillbillying,” the trick of playing up one’s humble origins.

2002年April1日, Marie Brenner, “The Enron Wars”, 出自 Vanity Fair:

And Kerry doesn’t know how to hillbilly. And it is not a Texas thing, by the way. John F. Kennedy used to hillbilly us. And that meant that he flirted with us. He had a twinkle. Bill Clinton hillbillied us. And Kerry has got to learn how to do that. He has got to dial back and show some relaxed affability.

2004年April30日, Lesley Stahl, “Hardball”, 出自 MSNBC:

将...刻画为乡巴佬；表现为乡巴佬

I think that 20 to 30 years ago nonfundamentalists in America did make a great mistake by typing them, by hillbillying and backwoodsing and holy-rollering them.

2001, The New York Times Biographical Service, Volume 32，第 1540 頁:

God damned mother fuckin son of a bitch cock suckin' asshole, who the fuck does he think he is, that dumb ass, half-brained, hillbillied redneck, given me that Jew shit when he's coppin' money and nobody's got the balls to stand up to him and they're gonna let me take the rap?

2006, Laurel Snyder, Half/life: Jew-ish Tales from Interfaith Homes, →ISBN，第 25 頁:

The Warner Bros. cartoons, after having hillbillied themselves nearly to death during the 1930s, did not return to the trend during the late 1940s.

2008, Tim Hollis, Ain't That a Knee-Slapper, →ISBN，第 125 頁:


hearsay

源自中古英語 hyere-zigginge（1340年）、here sey（约1438年），源自短语heren seien (“听[人]说，听说”)。对比同样古老的中古高地德語 hœrsagen（14世纪），其派生出现代Hörensagen。


henceforth

源自中古英語 hennes forth、hens-forþ、hennes-forþ，等价于hence (“从这里”) + forth (“往前”)。

My thanes and kinsmen,/Henceforth be earls, the first that ever Scotland /In such an honour named

1606, William Shakespeare, Macbeth, Act I, scene II:

I will try to do a better job, henceforth, now that I know the proper technique!

Henceforth, you shall be known as Darth...Vader.

2005, George Lucas, Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith


heatstroke

“Youʼre having a heatstroke, do you understand? Weʼve got to get you cooled down.”

2021, Rivers Solomon, Sorrowland, #Merky Books，第 170 頁:


hankering

hanker 的現在時分詞和動名詞

"[…] You don't mean," Mr. Osborne continued, gathering wrath and astonishment as the thought now first came upon him; "you don't mean that he's such a d—— fool as to be still hankering after that swindling old bankrupt's daughter? […]"

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, 章號 24, 出自 Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

[T]here is a clear sense that Britain is hankering for a change at the top.

2008年May23日, James Graff, “Lost: Labour's Love for Brown”, 出自 Time: