brilliant

光辉的；卓越的；光明的；燦爛的；輝煌的，金刚石


brim

源自中古英語 brim，源自古英語 brim (“海浪，洪流，波浪，海洋，水，岸”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *brimą (“骚乱；海浪”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *bremaną (“咆哮”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰrem-、*bʰerem-、*bʰrem(e)-、*breme- (“嗡，发声”)。同源词包括冰島語 brim (“海，海浪”)、古英語 brymm、brym (“海浪”)、古英語 bremman (“怒吼，咆哮”)、荷蘭語 brommen (“吱声”)、德語 brummen (“嗡嗡响”)、拉丁語 fremō (“咆哮”, 动词)、古希臘語 βρέμω (brémō, “咆哮，海洋一般咆哮”, 动词)。


brim

源自中古英語 brim、brem、brimme (“河边，岸边，湖边，海边”)，可能源自中古英語 brim (“海，海浪，海滨”)。见上文。同源词包括荷蘭語 berm (“岸，河岸”)、巴伐利亞語 Bräm (“边界”)、德語 Bräme、Brame (“边界”)、丹麥語 bræmme (“边界，边缘”)、瑞典語 bräm (“边界”)、冰島語 barmur (“边界，边缘”)。与berm有关。

边界，边缘 （原特指水体、海的边缘：即海边，海岸）

A primrose by a river ' s brim

(容器的) 顶部位置，口

The toy box was filled to the brim with stuffed animals.

玩具盒装的填充动物玩具满到了顶部。

He turned the back of his brim up stylishly.

他为了时髦把帽檐戴反在后面。


brim

The room brimmed with people.

It was a hint of life in a place that still brims with memories of death, a reminder that even five years later, the attacks are not so very distant.

Djokovic, brimming with energy and confidence, needed little encouragement and came haring in to chase down a drop shot in the next game, angling away the backhand to break before turning to his supporters to celebrate.

2011年July3日, Piers Newbury, “Wimbledon 2011: Novak Djokovic beats Rafael Nadal in final”, 出自 BBC Sport:


brim

源自breme，或直接源自古英語 bremman (“咆哮”)（然而在中古英语内不可考）。


brim

more brim (comparative)
most brim (superlative)


bumble

不靈巧或困惑的行為或動作；笨手笨腳；犯錯。

以困惑或難懂的方式說話。


calcium

钙（化學元素，元素符號為Ca）


callous

源自拉丁語 callōsus (“皮肤硬的”)，源自callum (“硬的皮肤”) + -ōsus。

more callous (comparative)
most callous (superlative)

冷淡的，无情的，铁石心肠的

She was so callous that she could criticise a cancer patient for wearing a wig.

她无情到会因为癌症病人戴假发而责备他。

Re-watching some of the audition rounds of these shows now, you're struck by how callous the judges' comments often were, and how they presented a cruel spectacle in which the audience were set up to laugh at the "deluded" members of the public who believed they could sing.

2021年September15日, Laura Martin, “How talent shows became TV's most bizarre programmes”, 出自 BBC:


callous

callus的另一種寫法


candid

源自拉丁語 candidus (“白色的”)。

candider (comparative)
candidest (superlative)

He knew not where to look for faithful advice, efficient aid, or candid judgement.

1884, Washington Irving, The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus:

Asked about the Brexit vote, the candid president told Marr: «I am not the one to judge or comment on the decision of your people.»

21 January 2018, Oli Smith, in The Sunday Express

My candid opinion was that it was all rubbish!

1871, unknown translator, Jules Verne (original), A Journey To The Center Of The Earth

没有演习过的，未事先筹划的（照片等）

Will the introduction of supplementary flash or flood intrude on a candid picture situation or ruin the mood?


candid

源自拉丁語 candidus (“白色的”)。


capillary

源自拉丁語 capillāris (“与毛发有关的”)，源自capillus (“头发”)，源自caput (“头”)。

more capillary (comparative)
most capillary (superlative)

/ˈkæpɪˌlɛɹi/

/ˈkæpɪˌlɛɹi/

表面张力的，与表面张力有关的

毛细血管的，与毛细血管有关的


capillary

/ˈkæpɪˌlɛɹi/

/ˈkæpɪˌlɛɹi/


carcinogen

/kɑɹˈsɪnədʒən/


caries

借自拉丁語 caries。


cartilage

借自法語 cartilage，源自拉丁語 cartilāgō。部分取代了本土词gristle，源自古英語 gristel。


casual

more casual (comparative)
most casual (superlative)


catalog

编目
* 正體: 目錄；編目[電子計算機]


caustic

源自拉丁語 causticus (“腐蚀性的”)，源自καυστικός (kaustikós, “腐蚀性的”)。

more caustic (comparative)
most caustic (superlative)

"How now!" said Scrooge, caustic and cold as ever.

1843, Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol:

The bargain was not concluded as easily as might have been expected though, for Scadder was caustic and ill-humoured, and cast much unnecessary opposition in the way

1843, Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit:

Madame Beck esteemed me learned and blue; Miss Fanshawe, caustic, ironic, and cynical

The Secretary and the Assistant-Secretaries would say little caustic things about him to the senior clerks, and seemed somewhat to begrudge him his new honours.

1857, Anthony Trollope, The Three Clerks:

this set of worthies, who were only too prone to shut up their emotions with caustic words.

1886, Thomas Hardy, The Mayor of Casterbridge:

The humor of my proposition appealed more strongly to Miss Trevor than I had looked for, and from that time forward she became her old self again;[…]。 Our table in the dining-room became again the abode of scintillating wit and caustic repartee, Farrar bracing up to his old standard, and the demand for seats in the vicinity rose to an animated competition.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年）, Winston Churchill, 章號 8, 出自 The Celebrity: An Episode, 紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

though he came too late / To join the martyrs, there was still a place / Among the tempters for a caustic tongue / / To test the resolution of the young / With tales of the small failings of the great


centigrade

Earth is one degree Centigrade hotter today than in pre-industrial times.
#*:: 和工業革命之前的時代相比，如今的地區要熱上1攝氏度。

2018, VOA Learning English > China's Melting Glacier Brings Visitors, Adds to Climate Concerns

a temperature of 34 centigrades

角度單位，相對於四分儀的百分之一。符號為 gon。


cholera

源自拉丁语 cholera (“胆汁病”) ←古希腊语 χολή (kholḗ, “胆汁”)。

霍乱，人类和家畜的急性传染病，由霍乱弧菌通过摄入受污染的水或食物引起。通常表现为严重的胃肠道症状，如腹泻、腹部绞痛、恶心、呕吐和脱水。


cleft

源自中古英語 clift，源自古英語 ġeclyft，源自原始西日耳曼語 *klufti，源自原始日耳曼語 *kluftiz，等价于cleave + -t。对比荷蘭語 klucht (“直白喜剧”)、瑞典語 klyft (“洞”)、德語 Kluft。还见cleave。

Then came some palsied oak, a cleft in him / Like a distorted mouth that splits its rim / Gaping at death, and dies while it recoils.

1855, Robert Browning, Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came, section XXVI:

a cleft of wood


cleft

将...单独提取出来并强调（指从句子中）

This may be so because in most languages the most natural clefting involves NP's, and it is in fact hard in most languages to cleft the verb, although some — notably Kwa languages in West-Africa — allow such clefting.

1983, Switch-reference and Universal Grammar: Proceedings of a Symposium on Switch Reference and Universal Grammar, Winnipeg, May 1981:

When the affected object is clefted, the clefted constituent may be assigned a contrastive reading on the event denoted by the clause, as is shown in (62).

2002, Claire Lefebvre, A Grammar of Fongbe，第 521 頁:

The strategy the language employs is to cleft the clause containing the wh-phrase, as exemplified in (3) […]

2013, Katharina Hartmann, Cleft Structures，第 270 頁:


cleft

cleave 的簡單過去時和過去時分詞


collapse

A balloon collapses when the gas escapes from it.

1843, Samuel Maunder, The Scientific and Literary Treasury

Pyramid schemes tend to generate profits for a while and then collapse.

传销会产生一时的收益，然后就会崩溃。

使...倒塌，使...坍塌；折叠

Hurry up and collapse the tent so we can get moving.

快把帐篷收了我们好出发。

The exhausted singer collapsed on stage and had to be taken to the hospital.

筋疲力竭的歌手倒在了舞台上，被送往医院。


collapse

She suffered a terrible collapse after slipping on the wet floor.

她在湿地板上滑倒后昏迷不醒。

The top six are assured of continental competition and after making a statement of intent against Stoke, it would take a dramatic collapse for Newcastle to surrender their place.

2012年April21日, Jonathan Jurejko, “Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, 出自 BBC Sport:

However the collapse in demand for rail and air travel caused by the pandemic has had a knock-on effect for the project's funding.

2021年May5日, Paul Clifton, “Network News: Heathrow Western Rail Access scheme 'on hold'”, 出自 RAIL, 第 930 期，第 26 頁:


complacence

源自late 中古英語 complacence，源自中世紀拉丁語 complacentia，源自拉丁語 complaceō (“高兴，满足”)。

O thou, my sole complacence.

1667, John Milton, “Book III”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

He told his sister, if she pleased, the new-born infant should be bred up together with little Tommy; to which she consented, though with some little reluctance: for she had truly a great complacence for her brother […]

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史], 第 (please specify |volume=I to VI) 卷, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:


complexion

源自中古英語 complexion (“气质，性格”)，源自古法語 complexion（法語 complexion），源自中世紀拉丁語 complexiō (“气质，性格”)，源自complector，complexus (“缠绕，围绕”)的过去分词。

体液学说中，4种体液所构成的“气质”

Ne ever is he wont on ought to feed / But todes and frogs, his pasture poysonous, / Which in his cold complexion doe breed / A filthy blood […]

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book III, Canto X”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

a rugged complexion

a sunburnt complexion

"I shall do nothing for the next week but study my costume and complexion," said she. "Ethel and myself will consider our conquests as proper compliments to your kindness."

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “Asking for an Invitation”, 出自 Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], 第 III 卷, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，第 28 頁:

This new-comer was a man who in any company would have seemed striking. In complexion fair, and with blue or gray eyes, he was tall as any Viking, as broad in the shoulder.

1910, Emerson Hough, 章號 I, 出自 The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

Nurse Cramer had a cute nose and a radiant, blooming complexion dotted with fetching sprays of adorable freckles that Yossarian detested.

1961年November10日, Joseph Heller, “The Soldier in White”, 出自 Catch-22 […], New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，第 171 頁:

It was a little unfortunate that the fib unfibbed gave their consultations something the complexion of that close understanding which exists between penitent and confessor.

1910, Bernard Capes, Why Did He Do It?，第 207 頁:

But the purely marginal jottings, done with no eye to the Memorandum Book, have a distinct complexion, and not only a distinct purpose, but none at all; this it is which imparts to them a value.

尤用于从德语翻译的科幻作品

Second there is the level at which the energy or velocity components of each molecule are specified. He calls this a Komplexion, which we translate literally as complexion.

1909, Ludwig Boltzmann, translated by Kim Sharp and Franz Matschinsky


complexion

给...某种颜色，给...上色

源自the pale refinement of her genteel heroine to the sallow complexioning of poor white trash, Stowe colors her narrative with the hues of the body.

2003, Leland Krauth, Mark Twain & Company: Six Literary Relations，第 118 頁:


condenser

冷凝器，凝结器；电容器
* 正體： 冷凝器；電容器；聚光器［電機工程］


conquer

借自古法語 conquerre，源自晚期拉丁語 conquaerere (“擊打、搜尋、取得”)，源自拉丁語 con- + quaerere (“寻找，获得”)。


conscientious

more conscientious (comparative)
most conscientious (superlative)

/ˌkɒnʃiˈɛnʃəs/

/ˌkɑnʃiˈɛnʃəs/

认真的，用心的，谨慎的，投入的

He was a thoughtful and conscientious worker.

他是一位考虑周到，工作认真的工人

The advice of wise and conscientious women.

聪慧而有良知的女性的建议


consonance

调和，一致；共鸣
* 正體： 諧和［電機工程］


conspicuous

源自拉丁語 conspicuus (“可见的，引人注目的”)，源自cōnspicere (“注意到”)，源自con- (“与，和”) + specere (“看”)。

more conspicuous (comparative)
most conspicuous (superlative)

He was conspicuous by his absence.

“No, don't,” replied the superintendent; “in fact, I'd rather you made yourself conspicuous elsewhere. Go down to the landing stage and cross to New Brighton or Wallasey—doesn't matter which—and come back. No doubt you will be seen, and reported to have gone across.”

1928, Lawrence R. Bourne, 章號 7, 出自 Well Tackled!:

[...] 1. Handsignalmen, where needed, ought to wear a conspicuous orange/yellow cape (like many road workmen) to draw attention to them.

1964 April, “Letters: Rethinking emergency procedures”, 出自 Modern Railways，第 274 頁:

(因不好，难看而) 显眼的，扎眼的，突出的

He had a conspicuous lump on his forehead.

For his height he had a small face. The combination made him conspicuous.

1969, Saul Bellow, Mr Sammler's Planet, Penguin Books Ltd, page 6:


copious

源自中古英語 copious，源自拉丁語 copiosus，源自copia (“富余”)，等价于co- + ops (“财富”) + -osus (“充满...的”)。字面分析等同於 copy + -ous。

more copious (comparative)
most copious (superlative)

大量的，丰富的，富余的；非常的

He drank a copious amount of vodka, and passed out.

他喝了好多伏特加，然后昏过去了。


cordial

繼承自中古英語 cordial，源自古法語 cordial，源自中世紀拉丁語 cordiālis (“心的”)，源自cor (“心”)。

more cordial (comparative)
most cordial (superlative)

/ˈkɔɹ.d͡ʒəl/

He, on his side / Leaning half raised, with looks of cordial love / Hung over her enamoured.

1667, John Milton, “(please specify the book number)”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The relations between the Earl of Bellomont and Colonel Schuyler were formal, but not cordial from the first.

1885, George Washington Schuyler, Colonial New York: Philip Schuyler and His Family, C. Scribner's Sons:

Who stooping op'n'd my left side, and took / From thence a Rib with cordial spirits warm, / And Life-blood streaming fresh;


cordial

/ˈkɔɹ.d͡ʒəl/

squash

（一种需要加水饮用的）甜果汁饮料

high juice

（一种需要加水饮用的）甜果汁饮料

（一种需要加水饮用的）甜果汁饮料

Lucy. But, miss Polly—in the way of friendship, will you give me leave to propose a glass of cordial to you ?

1728, John Gay, The Beggar's Opera, Act III, Scene 1, in 1828, British Theatre, Comprising Tragedies, Comedies, Operas, and Farces, 827,

[Marilla] had put the bottle of raspberry cordial down in the cellar instead of in the closet [...].

1908, Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables, L. C. Page & Co.:

一種糖果（或夾心軟糖），常由牛奶巧克力製成，裡頭還加有小粒水果（多是馬拉斯奇諾櫻桃配翻糖糖漿）


cottage

晚期中古英語，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cotage和中世紀拉丁語 cotagium，源自古諾曼語 cot、cote (“小屋，村舍”) + -age (“地产周边”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kutan、*kuta- (“棚屋”)，可能源自印欧语系以外，但也可能借自烏拉爾語系，对比芬蘭語 kota (“小屋，房子”)和匈牙利語 ház (“房子”)，两者均源自原始芬蘭-烏戈爾語/原始烏拉爾語 *kota。但亦对比荷兰语和英語 hut。
古北方法语cote可能是源自古諾爾斯語 kot (“小屋”)，与亦来自原始日耳曼語的古英語 cot同源。
俚语义“公厕”自19世纪，由于两者外观相似。

Thinks I to myself, “Sol, you're run off your course again. This is a rich man's summer ‘cottage’ and if you don't look out there's likely to be some nice, lively dog taking an interest in your underpinning.”

1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, 章號 1, 出自 Mr. Pratt's Patients:

Most cottages in the area were larger and more elaborate than my home.

这一带的多数乡间别墅比我家更大更精致。


cousin

音頻（美式，加利福尼亞）


covert

源自中古英語 covert，源自古法語 covert，covrir (“盖”)（对应于拉丁語 coopertus）的过去分词，与cover同源。

more covert (comparative)
most covert (superlative)

Within that wood there was a covert glade, / Foreby a narrow foord, to them well knowne […]

1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, III.5:

whether of open war or covert guile

是巧施锦囊妙计，还是公开宣战

1667, John Milton, “Book 2”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The use of algorithms in policing is one example of their increasing influence on our lives.[…]who, if anyone, is policing their use[?] Such concerns were sharpened further by the continuing revelations about how the US National Security Agency (NSA) has been using algorithms to help it interpret the colossal amounts of data it has collected from its covert dragnet of international telecommunications.

2013年July26日, Leo Hickman, “How algorithms rule the world”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 第 189 卷, 第 7 期，第 26 頁:

[…] a separate use for a woman cannot be created unless she is covert, or unless in immediate contemplation of her marriage.

1880, Weekly Notes of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, the County Courts of Philadelphia, and the United States District and Circuit Courts for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, page 292:

[…] in the second case, as long as the woman is covert she cannot anticipate the income, and a mere alienation of her interest is not an attempt to anticipate.

1890, Albert Gibson, Robert McLean, Law Notes, page 77:

Being advised of the fact that the woman is covert, he stands charged with a knowledge of her disability . A married woman has no power to deal as principal if she is in fact a surety […]

1906, Abraham Clark Freeman, The American State Reports: Containing the Cases of General Value and Authority Subsequent to Those Contained in the "American Decisions" [1760-1869] and the "American Reports" [1869-1887] Decided in the Courts of Last Resort of the Several States [1886-1911], page 305:


coward

源自中古英語 coward，源自古法語 coart、cuard（→法語 couard），源自coue、coe (“尾巴”) + -ard (贬义施动者名词后缀)。其中，coue、coe，源自拉丁語 cauda。可能指的是动物“转尾巴的方向或夹着尾巴（逃跑）”，尤其是狗。与英語 cower无关。取代了本土词古英語 earg。

Cowards dye many times before their deaths, / The valiant neuer taſte of death but once: […]

c. 1599, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Ivlivs Cæsar”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies, London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, Act II, scene ii，第 117, column 1 頁:

He tortured himself to find out how he could make his declaration to her, and always halting between the fear of displeasing her and the shame of being such a coward, he wept with discouragement and desire. Then he took energetic resolutions, wrote letters that he tore up, put it off to times that he again deferred.

1856: Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Part II Chapter IV, translated by Eleanor Marx-Aveling


coward

more coward (comparative)
most coward (superlative)

He rais’d the house with loud and coward cries.

大約1605 William Shakespeare, King Lear, Act II, Scene 4,

Invading Fears repel my Coward Joy;

1709, Matthew Prior, “Celia to Damon” in Poems on Several Occasions, London: Jacob Tonson, 2nd edition, p. 89,


coward

The first he coped with was their captain, whom / His sword sent headless to seek out a tomb. / This cowarded the valour of the rest, […]

1820, John Chalkhill, Thealma and Clearchus:


demography

/dɪˈmɒɡɹəfi/

其他生物的种群结构的研究

the schoolʼs demography began to change with the immigrants and their offspring pouring in

2019, Bernardine Evaristo, Girl, Woman, Other, Penguin Books (2020)，第 297 頁:


destitute

more destitute (comparative)
most destitute (superlative)

缺少...的，没有...的

Now, though this region may scarcely be said to be wedded to science, being to all intents a virgin territory as respects the enquirer into natural history, still it is greatly destitute of the treasures of the vegetable kingdom.

1827, James Fenimore Cooper, The Prairie Chapter 9

In thee is my trust; leave not my soul destitute.

In 1907 he moved from St. Louis to New York City, arriving as a famous composer. But he died a decade later at the age of 49, destitute in an asylum on Wards Island as ragtime was fading in popularity.

May 24, 2018, Alex Vadukul in The New York Times, The Forgotten Entertainer Rag

according to the most careful estimates, 3,950,000 destitute peoples, mostly women and children who had been driven many of them as far as one thousand miles from home, turn their pitiful faces toward America for help in the reconstructive period in which we are now living.

1918, Henry Leyford Gates translating Aurora Mardiganian, Ravished Armenia

‘Do you know how pinched and destitute I am?’ she retorted. ‘I do not think you do, or can. If you had eyes, and could look around you on this poor place, you would have pity on me. […] ’

1841, Charles Dickens、Barnaby Rudge, Chapter 45


destitute

源自中古英語 destituten，源自前文的形容词。

剥夺...的财产，资源等，使...一贫如洗


deteriorate

/dɪˈtɪəɹɪəɹeɪt/


detoxify

解毒，除去…毒物,去除…放射性沾染


dextral

右边的；用右手的；右旋的


diarrhea

/ˌdaɪ.əˈɹiː.ə/


dilute

源自拉丁語 dīlūtus，源自dīluere (“冲掉，溶解，使...融化，冲淡”)，源自dī-、dis- (“离，走”) + luere (“洗”)。参见lave，对比deluge。

Mix their watery store / With the chyle's current, and dilute it more.

1712, Richard Blackmore, Creation: A Philosophical Poem:

冲淡，淡化；（通过添加异物）削弱

发行股票而使股票价格贬值

It dilutes easily.


dilute

more dilute (comparative)
most dilute (superlative)

Clean the panel with a dilute, neutral cleaner.

用低浓度、中性清洁剂清洗面板。

a dilute calico

a cat with a dilute tortoiseshell coat

這隻貓的毛是淡色玳瑁花紋狀的


dilute

On average, blues and other dilutes have weaker coats and skin problems seem more prevalent in the dilutes.

2000, Joe Stahlkuppe, American Pit Bull Terrier Handbook，第 131 頁:


dip

源自中古英語 dippen，源自古英語 dyppan，源自原始西日耳曼語 *duppjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *dupjaną，见*daupijaną。与deep有关。

There is a dip in the road ahead.

They were all doomed to be disappointed, however, for the errant engine decided at Stanley junction to spend the remainder of its crowded hour of freedom on the Aberdeen line, and finally came to rest, short of breath, in the dip between Ballathie and Cargill, near the bridge over the Tay.

1941 October, “Notes and News: A Highland Runaway”, 出自 Railway Magazine，第 469 頁:

After a signal check at Darley Dale, on the third run, the Pacific mounted the long 1 in 100 at a steady 53-54 m.p.h. and attained a brief 60 m.p.h. in the short dip before Monsal Dale.

1960 March, Cecil J. Allen, “Locomotive Running Past and Present”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，第 177–178 頁s:

（消杀家畜寄生虫用的）药浴坑

I’m going for a dip before breakfast.

The Moocher was a "dip" in a dilettante sort of way, and his particular graft was boarding street-cars with his papers and grabbing women's pocket-books.

1906, Fred L. Boalt, "The Snitcher", McClure's Magazine v.26, p.633

To steal a housewife's purse might mean that her children would have to go hungry; but what of that, if the flash young “dip” could gain admiration from his mates by boasting that he had “frisked a judy's cly and lifted a skinful of bunce”?

1959, Frank Clune, Murders on Maunga-tapu，第 10 頁:

This onion dip is just scrumptious.

by the feeble light of the dip, he beheld the pale, haggard face of Smallbones

1837, Frederick Marryat, Snarleyyow, or the Dog Fiend:

跟舞者身体重心倾斜由领舞者支撑的动作

Packed a lip full of beluga caviar after mistaking a tin for a can of dip and then spat the juice into an urn that I thought was a sombre spittoon.

2018年October13日, Alex Watt, “Everything I've Done That Made a Rich Old Lady with Opera Glasses Faint or a Monocle Fall Out of a Rich Guy's Eye”, 出自 The New Yorker, New York, N.Y.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC，2022-12-18歸檔自原頁面:

I'd missed them by a couple of hours. This dip did not bode well for the Hudwit.

2005, Sean Dooley, The Big Twitch, Sydney: Allen and Unwin，第 124 頁:

My Dad, God bless him, rarely cooked anything, but if he ever did he would make himself an egg banjo! Fried bread? Or ‘dip’?

2020年May29日, Bocca della Verita (@BocaVerite), Twitter:

buy the dips


dip

Dip your biscuit into your tea.

He dipped the end of a towel in cold water and with it began to flick him on the face, his wife all the while holding her face between her hands and sobbing in a way that was heart breaking to hear.

1897, Bram Stoker, 章號 21, 出自 Dracula, New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:

Dip your lights as you meet an oncoming car.

有来车时要把远光灯换成近光灯。

将...降至一半高度 （旗帜，尤指国旗，来表示投降或还礼，称为点旗礼）

The sailor rushed to the flag hoist to dip the flag in return.

The farmer is going to dip the cattle today.

new dipt Sectaries

(Can we date this quote?), Thomas Fuller, The Appeal of Iniured Innocence:

[…] during the reigns of King James and King Charles I, there were but very few children dipped in the font.

c. 1722, Charles Wheatly, A rational illustration of the Book of Common Prayer:

A cold shuddering dew / Dips me all o'er.

1646 (indicated as 1645), John Milton, “Comus”, 出自 Poems of Mr. John Milton, […], London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], →OCLC:

to dip water from a boiler; to dip out water

Strata of rock dip.

The tunnel dips approximately 15 metres below Regents Canal and has a rising gradient at its northern end of 1-in-107.

2021年June16日, Dr David Turner, “The latest face of Gasworks Tunnel”, 出自 RAIL, 第 933 期，第 34, photo caption 頁:

做跟舞者身体重心倾斜由领舞者支撑的动作（一般领舞者做主语）

（短暂）弯腿 （尤指唱歌跳舞时的动作）

He dipped out of the room so fast.

Remember on my first lick, got lost in a house / Had to dip, bro, quick, before the dogs came out

2020年April7日, “Did Alotta”, Kai Bandz 作詞，1:07:

I assured him that I'd been birding long enough to know that there were no guarantees with birds and I wouldn't have held it against him if I'd dipped.


dip

A commander tells the soldiers, "We're going on a 5 mile run". And some dip asks, "Do we have to bring our kitbags?" At which point, the answer is yes. It wouldn't have been if the soldier hadn't asked the question.

2001年January1日, Lisa Beth, “Question of Conversion”, 出自 soc.culture.jewish.moderated (Usenet):


dismal

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 dismal，源自古法語（li）dis mals（“不好的日子”），源自中世紀拉丁語 diēs (“日子”) mālī (“不好的”)。

more dismal (comparative)
most dismal (superlative)

灾难性的，惨痛的，糟糕的

He received a dismal compensation.

The storm made for a dismal weekend

由于风暴来袭，周末变得很阴郁。

She was lost in dismal thoughts of despair

So, after a spell, he decided to make the best of it and shoved us into the front parlor. 'Twas a dismal sort of place, with hair wreaths, and wax fruit, and tin lambrekins, and land knows what all. It looked like a tomb and smelt pretty nigh as musty and dead-and-gone.

1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, 章號 12, 出自 Mr. Pratt's Patients:


doctrine

:< 中古英語 < 古法語 < 拉丁語 doctrina （“教学，学识”） < doctor （“教师”） < docere （“教学”）。 另见 doctor。

教义，主义，学说，信条，教条


drill

:< 中古荷蘭語 drillen（"bore, move in a cirle"；“孔(?)；在圓圈內移動”）。

（進行）培訓，訓練；演習，操練

反復訓練…，向…反復灌輸

進一步研究，進一步分析；換個層面去分析

（用力）將陰莖插入陰道進行性交；肏


drill

練習，訓練；軍事訓練，操練

（預防緊急情況的）演習，安全演習


drill

:可能源自於某非洲語言。試對比 mandrill。


dynamics

力学，动力学,动力,原动力；动态
* 正體: 動力學[電機工程]
* 简体: 动力学[大气]
* 正體: 動力學[氣象]
* 正體: 動力學[電子計算機]


cancellous

网眼状的；海绵状的；网状骨质的


autopsy

源自新拉丁語 autopsia，源自古希臘語 αὐτοψῐ́ᾱ (autopsĭ́ā, “亲眼看”)。

The autopsy revealed he had died of multiple bullet wounds.

尸检发现他死于多处子弹伤。

This lack of built-in clutter makes the system easy to comprehend. Debugging facilities are few but powerful: snapshots, tracing, and autopsy.

1977, National Science Foundation (U.S.), Washington State University. Computer Science Dept, Proceedings of Conference on Computers in the Undergraduate Curricula (issue 8)


autopsy

对...进行事故原因分析

The user may define his own errors, and use DUMPAL to autopsy the system for him.


ecstasy

源自古法語 estaise (“狂喜”)，源自拉丁語 ecstasis，源自古希臘語 ἔκστασις (ékstasis)，源自ἐξίστημι (exístēmi, “取代”)，源自ἐκ (ek, “出，外”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “站”)。

They were thrown into ecstasies of suspicion by finding that we possessed a French translation of Hitler's Mein Kampf.

1938 四月, George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair], 章號 XIV, 出自 Homage to Catalonia, London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:

The instant I drew out my case of instruments, the lady roused herself from her ecstasy, and has never had a similar attack.

1822 April, John Ware, “Dr. Reid's Essays on Hypochondriasis”, 出自 The New-England Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 第 11 卷, 第 2 號，第 185 頁:

Ecstasy bears a strong resemblance to catalepsy: in both cases the patients, during the paroxysm, lose all connexion with the physical world, being deprived of sense and voluntary motion; but in ecstasy, associations of the most pleasing and enchanting nature are established with an ideal existence in an unknown region, which might perhaps be poetically designated the fairy land of an undescried Elysium.

1835年May2日, Andrew Ellis, “Clinical Lecture on a case of Catalepsy, Occurring in the Jervis-Street Hospital, Dublin”, 出自 The Lancet, 第 2 卷，第 130 頁:

In ecstasy the mind is absorbed with some fixed idea, generally of a religious character, and the patient becomes oblivious of surrounding events and objects.

1885, James Ross, Handbook of the Diseases of the Nervous System，第 344 頁:


ecstasy

Ali Agha jumped up, seized the visitor by the shoulder, compelled him to sit down, and, ecstasied by the old man's horror at the scene, filled a tumbler, and with the usual grotesque grimaces insisted upon his drinking it.

2011, Richard Francis Burton, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah, →ISBN:


Egyptian

/ɪˈdʒɪp.ʃən/


Egyptian

/ɪˈdʒɪp.ʃən/


Egyptian

/ɪˈdʒɪp.ʃən/


ejaculate

借自拉丁語 ēiaculātus，ēiaculor (“投掷，射出”)的完成时被动过去分词，源自ē (“出”) + iaculor (“扔，抛”)，源自iaculum (“投射物”)，源自iaciō (“丢出，掷出”)。

The mighty Magnet from the Center darts / This ſtrong, tho' ſubtile Force, thro' all the Parts: / Its active Rays ejaculated thence, / Irradiate all the wide Circumference.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1712年，Richard Blackmore, Creation: A Philosophical Poem. Demonstrating the Existence and Providence of a God. In Seven Books, book I, London: Printed for S. Buckley, at the Dolphin in Little-Britain; and J[acob] Tonson, at Shakespear's Head over-against Catherine-Street in the Strand, OCLC 731619916; 5th edition, Dublin: Printed by S. Powell, for G. Risk, G. Ewing, and W. Smith, in Dame's-street, 1727, OCLC 728300884, page 7:

Vigors almost bounded on the pavement at the mention of the name; and he ejaculated, "It is he of whom I am in search ! But why do you ask? Is it possible that—"

1857, George W[illiam] M[acArthur] Reynolds, The Empress Eugenie's Boudoir, London: Published, for the proprietor, by John Dicks, No. 7, Wellington Street North, Strand，第 52 頁:

Lady Feng was at the moment having a little goodhumoured raillery with Yüan Yang, and was taken so much off her guard, that she was quite startled out of her senses. "Aiyah!" she ejaculated.

1892–1893, Cao Xueqin with H. Bencraft Joly, transl., Hung Lou Mêng; or, The Dream of the Red Chamber; a Chinese Novel, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh, →OCLC:

—Half a crown, Stephen responded. I daresay he needs it to sleep somewhere.
—Needs! Mr Bloom ejaculated, professing not the least surprise at the intelligence, I can quite credit the assertion and I guarantee he invariably does.

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 16]”, 出自 Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

"We're not going to use magic?" Ron ejaculated loudly.

2003, J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix:

The spermatophores begin to ejaculate immediately after leaving the penis and the whole process is completed in a very few seconds. Pulling the filament attached to the ejaculatory end of a spermatophore is all that is needed to start its ejaculation.

1910年June20日, Gilman A. Drew, “Sexual Activities of the Squid, Loligo pealii (Les.). I. Copulation, Egg-laying and Fertilization”, 出自 Journal of Morphology, 第 22 卷, 第 2 期, Philadelphia, Pa.: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 出版於 1911，第 334 頁:

（男性或雄性哺乳动物）射（精）；（女性或雌性哺乳动物）潮射，潮吹

Men can ejaculate between 0.1 and 10 milliliters of semen on average.

男性平均可射出0.1到10毫升精液。

With a groan, he ejaculated on his abdomen.

一声呻吟后，他射到了他的腹部上。

[I]n controlled studies some men have been observed to ejaculate but not have orgasm or have orgasm but are unable to ejaculate.

1994, Vern L. Bullough with Bonnie Bullough, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia [Garland Reference Library of Social Science; 685], New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, →ISBN，第 180 頁:

The knowledge that some women ejaculate at the moment of orgasm was, like many other important aspects of sexuality, buried by Puritanism and patriarchy.

2003, Deborah Sundahl, “Foreword”, 出自 Female Ejaculation and the G-spot, Alameda, Calif.: Hunter House Publishers, →ISBN，第 ix 頁:

However, it would be highly useful if the ejaculated spermatozoa could be successfully cryopreserved and the frozen-thawed spermatozoa used for in vitro fertilization, since this would allow the genetically valuable rats to be maintained alive rather than sacrificed.

2012, Q. Ashton Acton 編, Germ Cells – Advances in Research and Application, Atlanta, Ga.: ScholarlyEditions, →ISBN，第 38 頁:

Bulls, rams and boars have the biggest testes among the larger domestic animals, so they would be expected to produce and ejaculate more sperms than others with smaller testes.

2012, Tim Glover, Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，第 78 頁:

Rather, these men prefer an erotic exhibition – an uninhibited display of ejaculating semen onto themselves or someone else.

2012, Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Work, Farnham, Surrey, Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, →ISBN，第 90–91 頁s:


ejaculate

射出的液体；（尤指）精液，阴道分泌物

If semen from two ejaculates obtained from one bull is mixed, and the conception rate for the mixed sample is compared with that obtained by the use of the two ejaculates independently, any tendency for the mixed sample's conception rate to be closer to that of either of the two individual ejaculates could be used as a sensitive measure of the relationship between the semen characteristics of the two ejaculates and conception rate.

1971 August, K. L. Macmillan with J. D. Watson, “The Effect on Conception Rate of Mixing Semen from First and Second Ejaculates”, 出自 New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 第 14 卷, 第 3 期, Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research，第 703 頁:

The ejaculate usually spurts out as the prostate gland and surrounding muscles, as well as those at the base of the penis, contract at orgasm. In young males, the force of the spurt can be strong enough for the ejaculate to hit the upper chest; in older males, it may roll out or go an inch or two up the abdomen.

1994, Vern L. Bullough with Bonnie Bullough, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia [Garland Reference Library of Social Science; 685], New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, →ISBN，第 181 頁:

Female ejaculate is a clear liquid. Its consistency is akin to that of very light lubricant, but it is watery rather than slick. […] [B]oth women's and men's ejaculate is prostatic fluid (that is, both are created by the prostate).

2003, Deborah Sundahl, Female Ejaculation and the G-spot, Alameda, Calif.: Hunter House Publishers, →ISBN，第 34 頁:

A smaller mammal such as a dog has a sperm concentration of 300 000 000 per millilitre in an ejaculate of 8 ml in volume. Thus, each ejaculate will contain only 2 400 000 000 (24 × 10⁸).

2012, Tim Glover, Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，第 79 頁:

Ejaculates are costly to produce for human males. Frequent ejaculation, especially more frequent than every other day, results in decreased sperm counts […], suggesting limits to sperm production. Men hardly seem limited by sperm production, however, given the apparent wastage of sperm. Sperm are continuously lost in the urine, and entire ejaculates are lost during nocturnal emissions and masturbation, although masturbatory ejaculates contain fewer sperm than do copulatory ejaculates […]。

2016, Todd K. Shackelford [et al.], “Human Sperm Competition”, 出自 David M. Buss 編, The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Volume 2. Application, 2nd版, 第 II 卷, Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，第 431 頁:


electrician

电工；电学家
* 正體: 電學家；電（機）匠[電機工程]


elegant

源自中古法語 elegant，最终源自拉丁語 elegans。

more elegant (comparative)
most elegant (superlative)

You could just use ordinary shop-bought kecap manis to marinade the meat, but making your own is easy, has a far more elegant fragrance and is, above all, such a great brag! Flavouring kecap manis is an intensely personal thing, so try this version now and next time cook the sauce down with crushed, split lemongrass and a shredded lime leaf.

2015年October27日, Matt Preston, The Simple Secrets to Cooking Everything Better, Plum, →ISBN，第 192 頁:

簡單明瞭的，淺顯易懂的，利索的

an elegant solution

'An' how are ye, Jemmie—how's every inch iv you?' enquired Moggy of the boy, when his agitation was a little blown over.
'I'm elegant, thank ye,' he answered; 'an' what's the matther wid ye all? I cum through the kitchen, and seen no one.'

1863, Sheridan Le Fanu, The House by the Churchyard:


elicit

激起，引起，诱导出 （情绪，感觉，回答等）；得到 （某种回答，回应）

Shouts of laughter were elicited, smart biddings drawn out, from the whispers of a timid miss, to the stentorian voice of a fox-hunting squire, and not a few fracas from parties either contending for a supposed prize, or disclaiming their chance for it,...

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], “(please specify the page)”, 出自 Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], 第 II 卷, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，第 223–224 頁s:

Fred wished to elicit the time of the meeting from Jane.

Fred本来想从Jane那里打听到会议的时间。

Did you elicit a response?

He visited three department stores in New York and asked the attendant a question that would elicit the answer fourth floor; for example, he might have asked Excuse me, where are women's shoes?

2009, William B. McGregor, Linguistics: An Introduction Answer Key:


elucidate

古典借詞，源自晚期拉丁語 ēlūcidātus (“照亮的；被照亮过的；（比喻义）得到启发的”) + 英語 -ate (表示以某种方式行动的后缀)。ēlūcidātus是ēlūcidō (“照亮；（比喻义）启发”)的完成时被动分词，源自拉丁語 ē-（ex- (表示“出，离”的前缀)的变体）+ lūcidus (“明亮的；闪耀的；清澈的；（比喻义）明晰的，清楚的”)（源自lūceō (“照；（比喻义）明显，显然”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *lewk- (“明；看；闪”)） + -ō (构成第一类变位动词不定式的后缀)。

使...明亮，照亮；使...清澈，使...透明

Another appendix elucidates the S.E.C.R. headcode system.

1961 July, “New Reading on Railways: The Locomotives of the South Eastern & Chatham Railway, by D. L. Bradley”, 出自 Trains Illustrated, London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，第 vii 頁:

O Lord! somewhere Thou elucidatest the traits of song and sound and somewhere Thou art the treasure of dancing and painting.

2005, Guru Gobind Singh, “Akal Ustat: Eulogy of the Non-temporal Lord”, 出自 Surindar Singh Kohli（譯者）, The Dasam Granth = ਸ੍ਰੀ ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ [Shrī Dasama Grantha Sāhiba]: The Second Scripture of the Sikhs, New Delhi: Ashok Jain for Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 出版於 2020, →ISBN，第 39 頁，第 2 列:


elucidate

古典借詞，源自晚期拉丁語 ēlūcidātus (“照亮的；被照亮过的；（比喻义）得到启发的”)（详见词源1）+ 英語 -ate (构成表示以某种事物为特征的形容词的后缀)。

more elucidate (comparative)
most elucidate (superlative)

清楚的，明确的，易于理解的

There vvas not a greater Maſter of Perſpicuity, and elucidate Diſtinctions; vvhich look'd the better in his [John Williams'] Engliſh, that ran ſvveet upon his Tongue, eſpecially being ſet out vvith a graceful Facetiouſneſs, that hit the joint of the Matter: For his VVit, and his Judgment, never parted.

a. 1671 (date written), John Hacket, Scrinia Reserata: A Memorial Offer’d to the Great Deservings of John Williams, D.D. […], part I, In the Savoy [London]: […] Edw[ard] Jones, for Samuel Lowndes, […], 出版於 1693, →OCLC, paragraph 46，第 39 頁:


embryology

胚胎学
* 简体: 胚胎学[动物学]
* 正體: 胚胎學[動物學]


eminent

源自中古法語 éminent，源自拉丁語现在分词ēminēns、ēminentis，源自动词ēmineō (“伸出，突出”)，源自ex- (“自，从”) + mineō，与mons有关（→英語 mount），对比imminent。与emanate无关，其源自mānō (“流动”)。

more eminent (comparative)
most eminent (superlative)

distinguished

重要的，卓越的，优秀的，著名的

noteworthy

重要的，卓越的，优秀的，著名的

His eminent good sense has been a godsend to this project.

他杰出的判断力给了他项目很大的帮助。

重要的，卓越的，优秀的，著名的

In later years, the professor became known as an eminent historian.

在晚年，那位教授以杰出的历史学家的身份而出名。

“So. Miss Alice. Are you game?” The question is posed by an eminent novelist of about 70, who has sat on a Manhattan park bench and struck up conversation with a young woman reading a book.

2018年February28日, Justine Jordan, “Asymmetry by Lisa Halliday review – a dizzying debut”, 出自 The Guardian:


emphysema

多个词源。部分源自后古典拉丁語 emphȳsēma (“肿胀”)，源自古希臘語 ἐμφῡ́σημα (emphū́sēma)，源自ἐμφῡσάω (emphūsáō, “胀起来”)。还借自中古法語 emphysema，源自源自同一个拉丁语词，派生出法語 emphysème。16世纪末叶起可考。

emphysemas (plural)
emphysemata (plural)


empirical

more empirical (comparative)
most empirical (superlative)

/ɪmˈpɪɹɪkəl/

theoretical

以经验为依据的，以实战为依据的，经验主义的

以经验为依据的，以实战为依据的，经验主义的

The lengths were calculated according to the empirical rules of the trade.

长度是根据贸易的经验规则计算得来的。

For some presumptive diagnoses, empirical antibiotic therapy begins immediately, whereas specific antibiotic therapy must await the results of the culture and sensitivity test.

针对这些假设性的诊断结果，将立即开始经验性的抗生素治疗，而针对性的抗生素治疗需等待培养和敏感性测试的结果再开始。

The village carpenter […] lays out his work by empirical rules learnt in his apprenticeship.

demonstrable with empirical evidence


endemic

源自古希臘語 ἐν (en, “...里”) + δῆμος (dêmos, “人民”)。可能经由ἔνδημος (éndēmos, “自己民族间的，家里的，本土的”)和/或法語 endémique。

The endemic religion of Easter Island arrived with the Polynesian settlers.

复活节岛特有的宗教是波利西亚移民带来的。

Kangaroos are endemic to Australia.

袋鼠是澳大利亚特有的动物。

地方性的，（某地）特有的

Malaria is endemic to the tropics.

疟疾是热带地区的地方性疾病。

These problems are endemic to the theory of thematic roles as currently conceived, because the classification it implies simply does not correspond to legitimate linguistic semantic definitions.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1998, Gillian Catriona Ramchand, Deconstructing the Lexicon, in Miriam Butt and Wilhelm Geuder, eds. “The Projection of Arguments”

In a country where corruption is endemic, no evidence has been presented that Ms Yingluck took any money from the rice scheme, which in 2012 and 2013 cost Thailand billions of dollars. But a state-appointed committee last year ordered her to pay the fine, finding she was to blame, even though it was government policy.

2017 July 26, Lindsay Murdoch, “Yingluck Shinawatra, Thailand's first female PM, faces financial ruin and jail”, 出自 The Sydney Morning Herald;:


endemic

The species that appeared as a consequence were endemics; that is, they were found nowhere else in the world.

2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society 2011, p. 34:


endow

源自晚期中古英語 endowen、endouen、enduen、indouen、indw (“给...钱财，生计或特权；授予；（比喻义）有利于；赋予”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 endouer，源自古法語 en- (“进入”之意的后缀) + douer (“授予”)（源自拉丁語 dōtāre（dōtō (“授予”)的现在主动不定式），现代法語 douer）。 dōtō又源自dōs (“彩礼；捐赠，赠礼”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *deh₃- (“给”)） + -ō (构成规则第一类变位动词的后缀)。

Men began to build Churches on their own Grounds, at their own Charges, and to endow theſe; and they were naturally the Maſters, and in the true Signification of the Roman word, the Patrons of them.

1713, Gilbert Lord Bishop of Sarum [i.e., Gilbert Burnet], “The Additional Chapter. Chap. X. Of Presentations to Benefices, and Simony”, 出自 The New Preface and Additional Chapter to the Third Edition of the Pastoral Care. […], London: Printed for D. Midwinter […], and B. Cowse […]; [a]nd sold by A. Baldwin […], →OCLC，第 27–28 頁s:

Finding her quite incorrigible in this respect, Emma suffered her to depart; but not before she had confided to her that important and never-sufficiently-to-be-taken-care-of answer, and endowed her moreover with a pretty little bracelet as a keepsake.

1841 February–November, Charles Dickens, “Barnaby Rudge”, 出自 Master Humphrey’s Clock, 第 III 卷, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, chapter 20，第 46 頁:

The blessing of private initiative for public affairs is destined to be appreciated more deeply. Empty government coffers and a regular exchange of views with experts from all over the world add impetus, even if concepts developed indigenously sometimes still lack a realistic approach to the vital issue of endowing and funding new foundations.

1999, Rupert Graf Strachwitz, “Foundations in Germany and Their Revival in East Germany after 1989”, 出自 Private Funds, Public Purpose: Philanthropic Foundations in International Perspective (Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies), New York, N.Y.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, →ISBN，第 232 頁:

Wherby we bith lerned þat it shalnot only be goode to owre prince, but also to vs selff, that he be well indowed; ffor ellis the patriarke wolde not haue made such a trety.

Whereby we have learned that it shall not only be good to our prince, but also to ourselves, that he be well endowed; for else the patriarch would not have made such a treaty.

[c. 1471, John Fortescue, “Here is Shewid, What off the Kynges Livelod Geven awey, mey Beste be Taken a Geyn”, 出自 Charles Plummer 編, The Governance of England: Otherwise Called The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy […] (語言：中古英語), London: Oxford University Press; Humphrey Milford, 出版於 1885 (1926 printing), →OCLC，第 135 頁:

Vpon her eyelids many Graces ſate, / Vnder the ſhadow of her euen browes, / VVorking belgardes [beautiful looks], and amorous retrate [portrait], / And euerie one her with a grace endowes: […]

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book II, Canto III”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 25，第 225 頁:

Father Omnipotent, our Lord and only Redeemer, / […] with thy grace my ſpirit endow: […]

1599, The First Booke of the Preservation of King Henry the Vij. when He was but Earle of Richmond, Grandfather to the Queenes Maiesty: […], imprinted at London: By R. B. […], →OCLC; 再版為 J[ohn] P[ayne] C[ollier] 編, The First Booke of the Preservation of King Henry the Vij. […] (Illustrations of Old English Literature; no. 11), [London?: s.n.], 1866, →OCLC，第 31 頁:

Firſt, it is needfull that we be indowed with humility of ſpirit, that denying our owne ſelves and carnall reaſon, wee may ſubmit to take ſuch ſence and meaning of the Scripture, as it of it ſelfe affords, with the aſſiſtance of the helps of the Church; and not to impoſe upon it any ſenſe of our owne making; […]

1637, John Sym, “The Self-murderers Motives to Kill Themselves”, 出自 Lifes Preservative against Self-killing. Or, A Vsefvl Treatise Concerning Life and Self-murder; […], London: Printed by M[iles] Flesher, for R[obert] Dawlman, and L[uke] Fawne, […], →OCLC, §4 (Of Misunderstood Scripture Perverting the Iudgement; and the Remedy thereof)，第 199 頁:

[A]midst so many vicissitudes of fortune to which I have been exposed, amongst all the goods and evils, the joyful and gloomy, the pleasing and disagreeable circumstances of life, thou [God] endowest me with an equal, constant, manly, and superior spirit on every occasion.

1811, Benjamin Stillingfleet, 章號 VIII, 出自 W[illiam] Coxe 編, Literary Life and Select Works of Benjamin Stillingfleet, […], 第 I (Literary Life) 卷, London: Printed by J[ames] Nichols and Son, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […], →OCLC，第 119 頁:

Thus was he [John Boyle O'Reilly] fitted to fulfill worthily the vocation of a poet. For it is not aimlessly that Divine Providence endows a human being with qualities so exceptional and exalted.

1890年October13日, James Gibbons, “Introduction”, 出自 James Jeffrey Roche, 編者Mrs. John Boyle O’Reilly [i.e., Mary Agnes Murphy], Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, […] Together with His Complete Poems and Speeches, New York, N.Y.: Cassell Publishing Company, […], 出版於 1891, →OCLC，第 vi 頁:

[P]roper use of sensory feedback is required to grant the industrial robot the required sensing capabilities and to endow it with the intelligence needed for detecting and adjusting to environmental disturbances.

1993, H. Zghal, D. R. Strong, “A Perspective on the Use of Sensors in Robot Materials Handling”, 出自 M. B. Zaremba 編, Information Control Problems in Manufacturing Technology 1992: Selected Papers from the 7th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IMACS/ISPE Symposium, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 25–28 May 1992 (IFAC Symposia Series), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Published for the International Federation of Automatic Control by Pergamon Press, →ISBN，第 129 頁，第 2 列:

General relativity endows spacetime with a causal structure described by observer-invariant light cones. […] Points inside a light cone are causally connected with its vertex, while points outside the same light cone are out-of-causal contact with its vertex.

2005, Maurice H. P. M. van Putten, “Superluminal Motion in the Quasar 3C273”, 出自 Gravitational Radiation, Luminous Black Holes, and Gamma-ray Burst Supernovae, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，第 1 頁:

Just as we may endow people with physical properties, so we sometimes endow physical objects with human-like personalities or subjective states. Perhaps because of their capacity for interior accommodation, cars, ships, airplanes and even houses are often given female characteristics or referred to as 'she'.

2015, Michael C[harles] Corballis, “Wandering into Other Minds”, 出自 The Wandering Mind: What the Brain Does when You’re Not Looking, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, →DOI, →ISBN，第 77 頁:

It's bulging with giant confidence and packed with outbursts of that mysterious epiphanic grandeur, like moments of sunlight breaking through cloud-cover, with which [Jacques] Audiard endows apparently normal sequences and everyday details.

2016年April7日, Peter Bradshaw, “Dheepan review – a crime drama packed with epiphanic grandeur”, 出自 Katharine Viner 編, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，於2018-12-30歸檔自原頁面:

Historic England explained the listing: "The station's unique design employs a high level of sophistication and innovation through its use of conoid shells supported on a cruck-like frame, which not only create a dramatic aesthetic form, but endow the building with a light and spacious interior."

2023年March22日, Philip Haigh, “Five configuration stages to boost Manchester rail capacity”, 出自 RAIL, 第 979 期，第 31 頁:

She was endowed with a beautiful voice.

And thus shal the aged Courtier, although he exercise not the qualities that he is indowed withal, comebye his ende at length, to instructe well hys Prince.

1561, Baldassare Castiglione, “The Fourth Booke of the Courtyer of Count Baldessar Castilio unto Maister Alphonsus Aristo”, 出自 Thomas Hoby（譯者）, 編者W[illiam] E[rnest] Henley, The Book of the Courtier: From the Italian of Count Baldassare Castiglione: Done into English (The Tudor Translations; XXIII), London: Published by David Nutt […], 出版於 1900, →OCLC，第 337–338 頁s:

[T]he late Monſ. Du Faye [i.e., Charles François de Cisternay du Fay] obſerv'd, that there were two Sorts of Electricity, and that Bodies which are endow'd with one Sort of Electricity attract thoſe which are endow'd with the other Sort of Electricity, whilſt they repel thoſe which have the ſame Electricity.

1744, J[ohn] T[heophilus] Desaguliers, “Lecture X. Hydrostaticks.”, 出自 A Course of Experimental Philosophy, 第 II 卷, London: Printed for W. Innys, […]; M. Senex, […]; and T[homas] Longman, […], →OCLC，第 349 頁:

He [Richard Watson] produced many chemical, phyſical, and metaphyſical reaſons, which ſeem to render the ſuppoſition not altogether indefenſible, that vegetables are endowed with the faculty of perception.

1787 December, “Art. XI. Chemical Essays. By R. Watson, […] Vol. V. 12mo. 4s. sewed. Evans. 1787. [book review]”, 出自 The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged, 第 LXXVII 卷, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, […], 出版於 1794, →OCLC，第 469 頁:

A young violinist, thirteen years old—Mischa Elman—made his first appearance in Paris on April 2nd, in his own concert at the Salle de Agriculteurs. […] Mischa Elman, indeed, is endowed with most precious gifts, for his art combines the legendary virtuosity of [Niccolò] Paganini with the fulness of sound, the purity of style, and the nobility of expression of [Joseph] Joachim.

1905年June1日, “Letter from Paris”, 出自 The Monthly Musical Record, 第 XXXV 卷, 第 414 期, London: Augener Limited, […], →OCLC，第 113 頁，第 1 列:

给...逝世丈夫的遗产 （寡妇）；给...嫁妆 （新娘） （参见dower和dowry）

And if a man entice a maide that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he ſhall ſurely endow her to be his wife. If her father utterly refuſe to giue her vnto him, he ſhall pay money according to the dowrie of virgins.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:16–17，第 1 列:

A widow may be endowed of all her husband's lands, tenements, and hereditaments, corporeal or incorporeal, under the restrictions before-mentioned, unless there be some special reason to the contrary. Thus, a woman shall not be endowed of a castle built for defence of the realm, because it ought not to be divided. But of a castle that is only for the private use and habitation of the owner, a woman shall be endowed.

1823, Peter Lovelass, Niel Gow, “Of the Descent of Real Estates, or Estates of Inheritance. […]”, 出自 The Law’s Disposal of a Person’s Estate who Dies without Will or Testament. […], 11th版, London: Printed for R. Pheney, Charles Hunter, J. and W. T. Clarke, and H[enry] Butterworth, →OCLC, section II (How the Law Disposes of a Wife’s Real Estate; […])，第 125 頁:


epidemic

/ˌɛpɪˈdɛmɪk/

传染病，流行病，流行性疾病


epidemic

more epidemic (comparative)
most epidemic (superlative)

/ˌɛpɪˈdɛmɪk/


epoch

源自中世紀拉丁語 epocha，源自古希臘語 ἐποχή (epokhḗ, “停止，中止，暂停；行星达到最高点时的停顿；历史的时期”)，源自ἐπέχω (epékhō, “压抑，停止”)，源自ἐπι- (epi-, “之上”) + ἔχω (ékhō, “有，拿着”)。

Phoenix and Lubbock are both caught in severe drought, and it is going to get much worse. We may see many such [dust] storms in the decades ahead, along with species extinctions, radical disturbance of ecosystems, and intensified social conflict over land and water. Welcome to the Anthropocene, the epoch when humans have become a major geological and climatic force.

2012 January, Donald Worster, “A Drier and Hotter Future”, 出自 American Scientist, 第 100 卷, 第 1 期，第 70 頁:

迭代式机器学习算法所产生的一个完整数据集表示；代

The neural network was trained over 500 epochs.

神经网络已经训练超过500代了。

世，纪（将地质时间划分为小段的时间单位）


epoch

根据时间将...划分为小段

The continuous data were epoched into segments of 1500 ms (starting 500 ms before visual stimulus onset), time-locked to stimulus onset (0 ms) and sorted according to experimental conditions.

2015年July6日, “Stronger Neural Modulation by Visual Motion Intensity in Autism Spectrum Disorders”, 出自 PLOS ONE, →DOI:


errand

源自中古英語 erande、erende，源自古英語 ǣrende，源自原始西日耳曼語 *ārundī (“消息，口信”)。

完成一项任务需要的路途。 任务，探求

What will ye, said King Arthur, and what is your errand?

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur

Few have ever come hither through greater peril or on an errand more urgent.

1954, J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring

完成一项任务需要的路途。 差事，跑腿活

The errands before he could start the project included getting material at the store and getting the tools he had lent his neighbors.

他开始项目前需要做的事包括从商店买到材料，拿到他借给邻居的工具。

I'm going to town on some errands.

Carried somehow, somewhither, for some reason, on these surging floods, were these travelers, of errand not wholly obvious to their fellows, yet of such sort as to call into query alike the nature of their errand and their own relations. It is easily earned repetition to state that Josephine St. Auban's was a presence not to be concealed.

1910, Emerson Hough, 章號 II, 出自 The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

I had not taught thee then the alphabet
Of flowers, how they, devicefully being set
And bound up, might with speechless secrecy
Deliver errands mutely and mutually.


errand

All the servants were on holiday or erranded out of the house.

所有佣人要不是在休假，要不是被派去办事情不在家里。

She spent an enjoyable afternoon erranding in the city.

她下午在城市里办事时过得很愉快。


exacerbate

源自拉丁語 exacerbo (“激怒；加劇”)；ex (“出”) + acerbo (“使更加痛苦或恶化”)。

/ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsɚˌbeɪt/

The proposed shutdown would exacerbate unemployment problems.

建议中的关闭将加剧失业问题。

Sino-Soviet relations were exacerbated by a border incident on May 9. Beijing charged that thirty Soviet troops, supported by a helicopter and navy boats, crossed the Ussuri River into the Hulin area of Heilongjiang province.

五月九日的边界事件使中苏关系恶化。北京指控三十名苏联士兵在直升机和海军舰艇的支援下越过乌苏里江进入黑龙江省虎林地区。

1986, Peter P. Cheng, “1978: The Four Modernizations on the March [1978：四个现代化正在进行中]”, 出自 Chronology of The People's Republic of China, 1970-1979 [中华人民共和国大事记，1970-1979], Scarecrow Press, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，第 395 頁:

Liz: It's just with Ed here, it's no wonder I always bring my flat-mates out and then that only exacerbates things.
Shaun: What do you mean?
Liz: Well you guys hardly get on, do you?
Shaun: No, what does "exacerbate" mean?

2004, Simon Pegg, Edgar Wright, Shaun of the Dead [活人甡吃]:

The reasons for this growing disconnect are myriad and complex but the situation is exacerbated by the reality that those English players who do smash through our game's "glass ceiling" command radically inflated transfer fees.

造成这种差距扩大的原因是多种多样且复杂的，但现实情况是，那些突破了英格兰足球“玻璃天花板”的球员需要支付高昂的转会费，这让情况更加恶化。

2013年August20日, Louise Taylor, “English talent gets left behind as Premier League keeps importing [英超联赛不断引进球员，英格兰球员人才被抛在后面]”, 出自 The Guardian:


exasperate

自拉丁語 exasperō；ex (“出于、彻底”) + asperō (“使粗野，使粗鲁”)，asper (“粗鲁”)。

/ɪɡˈzɑːspəɹeɪt/

消耗人的耐心，使人生气，使人沮丧，使人烦恼，激怒、使人恼怒。

And this report

大約1611 William Shakespeare, Macbeth, act 3, scene 6:


expound

源自中古英語 expounden，源自古法語 espondre，源自拉丁語 exponere。expose 的同源對似詞。

spell out

详细解释，阐释，阐述，详述

详细解释，阐释，阐述，详述

发表声明，说明 （一般指很长的声明）

He expounded often on the dangers of the imperial presidency.

他经常讲述帝王总统的危险性。

Fowler was also interested in metallurgy and the use of new materials that could withstand greater stresses, something he expounded on when giving his presidential address to the new Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1927.

2021年December29日, Stephen Roberts, “Stories and facts behind railway plaques: Evesham (1870)”, 出自 RAIL, 第 947 期，第 59 頁:


extraterrestrial

more extraterrestrial (comparative)
most extraterrestrial (superlative)


fabricate

:< 拉丁語 fabricātus——fabricor 的完成被动分词、fabricō （“建造”） < fabrica （“建筑”）。 另见 fabric、forge 及法语 fabrique。


Fahrenheit

源自德語 Fahrenheit，以普鲁士科学家Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit命名。

For example, in the Fahrenheit scale 212°F is the boiling point of water.

2021, Claire Cock-Starkey, Hyphens & Hashtags, Bodleian Library，第 142 頁:

同類詞：Celsius、kelvin


familiar

熟悉的；通晓的；亲密的，交情好的。


feeble

源自中古英語 feble，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 feble (“弱的”)（对比法語 faible），源自拉丁語 flēbilis (“哭泣的，哀伤的”)。foible 的同源對似詞。

feebler (comparative)
feeblest (superlative)

Though she appeared old and feeble, she could still throw a ball.

虽然她看起来已老态龙钟，但还是有力气可以扔个球。

France were transformed from the feeble, divided unit that had squeaked past Wales in the semi-final, their half-backs finding the corners with beautifully judged kicks from hand, the forwards making yards with every drive and a reorganised Kiwi line-out beginning to malfunction.

2011年October23日, Tom Fordyce, “2011 Rugby World Cup final: New Zealand 8-7 France”, 出自 BBC Sport:

That was a feeble excuse for an example.

比如那就是个站不住脚的借口。


fetus

:< 拉丁語 fētus （“后代”）。


fluoroscopy

荧光屏检查；X 射线透视检


formulate

用公式表示；把．．．化成公式；系统地阐述
或提出
* 正體: 寫成公式[電子計算機]


fulminate

源自拉丁語 fulminātus，fulminō (“照亮，（雷电）劈”)的过去分词，源自fulmen (“引起着火的雷电”)，源自早期形式*fulgmen、*fulgimen，源自fulgeō、fulgō (“闪，照亮”)。fulmine 的同源對似詞。详见fulgent。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-fulminate.wav

以...斥责，以...责备，以...批评，以...谴责

In short, the criticism which the great lexicographer fulminated against an unfortunate author, seems to have been adopted by the profession as applicable to everything under the sun […]

1855, William Neilson, Mesmerism in its relation to health and disease (page 46)

the present owners couldn't afford the electric bills anymore, several amateur gaffers, sad to say, having already been fulminated trying to bootleg power in off the municipal lines.

2009, Thomas Pynchon, Inherent Vice, Vintage 2010, p. 235:


fulminate

雷酸化合物（盐或酯等，多有爆炸性）

On 19 February a jubilant Bigeard announced that his 3rd R.P.C. had seized eighty-seven bombs, seventy kilos of explosive, 5,120 fulminate of mercury detonators, 309 electric detonators, etc.

1977, Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace, New York Review Books 2006, p. 193:


furnace

源自中古英語 forneys，源自古法語 fornais（法語 fournaise），源自拉丁語 fornāx。

there may be snow on the rooftop but there is fire in the furnace

Plans for the next phase include furnaces capable of inert atmospheres and partial vacuums.

同類詞：heater、space heater

HVAC services include furnace maintenance.

蒸笼 （比喻很热的地方）

The busy kitchen became a sweltering furnace.

繁忙的厨房变成了一个闷热的烤炉。

forged in the furnace of fierce competition

在残酷的竞争中得到了历练

For that heroic band—those children of the furnace who, in regions like Texas and Tennessee, maintained their fidelity through terrible trials—we of the North felt for them, and profoundly we honor them.

1866, Herman Melville, Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War, Supplement:


galaxy

源自中古英語 galaxye、galaxie，源自古法語 galaxie，源自拉丁語 galaxias，源自古希臘語 γαλαξίας (galaxías, “银河系”)，源自γάλα (gála, “奶”)。

So may thy cheekes red outweare scarlet dye, / And their white, whitenesse of the Galaxie [...].

群星，群星荟萃 （显赫的人物组成的团队等）

星系图案，星系图样 （黑色背景下多种颜色混合构成的图案）

Her walls and ceiling were covered with galaxy wallpaper; it was like stepping into space.

2016, Reyna Young, Hanover Falls，第 42 頁:

Her nerdy glasses sat perched on her face, and she wore a May the Force Be With You T-shirt with a black lace skirt, galaxy leggings, and a pair of white Star Wars Vans.

2017, Rebekah L. Purdy, Incriminating Dating:

She hurriedly said that she found an^([sic]) faded galaxy blanket. She loved galaxy patterned things.


galaxy

给...布置星系，使...充满星系

[…] how he struggled at one time like a desperate man fiercly ^([sic]) grappling with his mortal foe, and at another like a sanguine lover and noble minded youth, as the cliffy rocks impeded his progress, or dimmed the view he had caught of an aperture, through which the galaxied firmament was seen in its purity and holiness glowing with diamonds and saphires; […]

1836, anonymous, “The Victim Bride: A Tale of Monadnock” in The Philadelphia Visiter, volume 1, number 14, page 53:

In dazzling light expands the mighty Dome:
Mirror of Heaven,—but Heaven when she doth wear
All galaxied with Stars her flashing hair!

1838, John Edmund Reade, Italy: a poem, in six parts, page 138:

To be dwarfed in a galaxied sky,
doming, arcing, and revolving over
The little space I briefly occupy.

2018, Adrian G. R. Scott, “A Canticle to Creatureliness” in A Night Sea Journey:

Let all their Vertues then be Galaxied into this one indiſtinct Luſtre, they were Faithful Servants of Chriſt, and Sufferers for their being ſo.

1702, Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, book 3, part 4 (“Remains: or, Shorter Accounts of Sundry Divines”), chapter 1 (“Remains of the Firſt Claſſis”), page 213:

The brilliancies on one page of Lalla Roohk ^([sic]) would have sufficed to establish that very reputation which has been in a great measure self-dimned by the galaxied lustre of the entire book.

1841, Edgar Allan Poe, “Review of New Books” in Graham’s Magazine, volume 18, number 5, page 249:

How dazzling must their brightness be when they are galaxied in a single bosom!

1844, Horace Smith, Arthur Arundel: A Tale of the English Revolution, volume 1, page 172:


germinate

the Chalcites, which hath a Spirit that will put forth and germinate

1631, Francis [Bacon], “(please specify |century=I to X)”, 出自 Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], 3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

Orchids rely on fungi to reproduce. Their tiny seeds don't have any on-board nutrients (like beans and apples) and will not germinate until they are infected by a symbiotic fungus which supplies them with food. Known as a protocorm, this tiny orchid-fungus ball grows, turns green and eventually starts to photosynthesise.

2014年April5日, “Quite interesting: A quietly intriguing column from the brains behind QI, the BBC quiz show. This week; QI orchids you not”, 出自 The Daily Telegraph (Weekend)，第 W22 頁:

[…] The flesh [of the mistletoe berry] is sticky, and forms strings and ribbons between my thumb and forefinger. For the mistletoe, this viscous goop – and by the way, viscous comes to English from viscum – is crucial. The stickiness means that, after eating the berries, birds often regurgitate the seeds and then wipe their bills on twigs – leading to the seeds' getting glued to the tree, where they can germinate and begin the cycle anew.

2014年December23日, Olivia Judson, “The hemiparasite season [print version: Under the hemiparasite, International New York Times, 24–25 December 2014, page 7]”, 出自 The New York Times，於2014-12-23歸檔自原頁面:

These were business hours, and a feeling of loneliness crept over him, perhaps germinated by his sight of the illustrated papers, and accentuated by an attempted perusal of them.

1913, Robert Barr, 章號 5, 出自 Lord Stranleigh Abroad:


gigantic

源自古希臘語 γιγαντικός (gigantikós)，最終來自 γίγας (gígas)。根據 Poly-Olbion project 由Michael Drayton在1612造出。

more gigantic (comparative)
most gigantic (superlative)

/d͡ʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/


ginger

来自中古英語 gingere，gingivere 的变体，来自古英語 gingifer、gingiber（受古法語 gingembre 的影響），來自中世紀拉丁語 gingiber、zingiber，源自拉丁語 zingiberi，源自晚期古希臘語 ζιγγίβερις (zingíberis)，源自首羅犀那語 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀭 (siṃgivera)，源自梵語 शृङ्गवेर (śṛṅgavera)（受 शृङ्ग (śṛṅga, “角”) 的影響），源自原始達羅毗荼語 *cinki-wēr，最终源自原始漢藏語 *kjaŋ (“薑”)。

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚ/

薑（Zingiber officinale），一种亚洲热带草本植物的辛辣芳香根茎，用作香料和化肉剂

ginger：


ginger

more ginger (comparative)
most ginger (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚ/

a ginger tomcat


glottis

声门
* 简体: 声门[动物学]
* 正體: 聲門[動物學]


graze

源自古英語 grasian (“吃草”)，源自græs (“草”)。

If it be sundown, when the herds are returning from their daily graze in the long grass of the jungle, clouds of dust will be marking their track along every approach to the village […]


graze

源自古英語 grasian (“吃草”)，源自græs (“草”)。

Although it is perfectly good meadowland, none of the villagers has ever grazed animals on the meadow on the other side of the wall.

Cattle graze in the meadows.

The bird [Canada goose] is more often found on land than other waterfowl because of its love for seeds and grains. The long neck is well adapted for grazing.

1993, John Montroll, Origami Inside-Out，第 41 頁:

吃零食，（不在餐点时）[随便]]吃点

同類詞：snack

Furthermore, people who take the time to sit down to proper meals find their food more satisfying than people who graze throughout the day. If you skip meals, you will inevitably end up snacking on more high-fat high-sugar foods.

2008, Mohgah Elsheikh, Caroline Murphy, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:

Many people, however, snack and graze from roughly the time they wake up until shortly before they go to bed.

2018年July24日, Anahad O’Connor, “When We Eat, or Don’t Eat, May Be Critical for Health”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

Grazing refers to customers who consume food items before paying for them, for example, a customer bags one and a half pounds of grapes in the produce department, eats some as she continues her shopping […]

Had the Grievant attempted to pay for the Mylanta or actually paid for it, then she would not be guilty of grazing or shoplifting.

2001, Labor Arbitration Information System, 第 2 卷，第 59 頁:

the bullet grazed the wall

to graze one's knee

The sewers must be kept so as the water may not stay too long in the spring; for then the ground continueth the wet, whereby it will never graze to purpose that year.


grope

源自中古英語 gropien，源自古英語 grāpian，与grīpan有关（其派生出英語 gripe），亦对比grip。

摸黑寻找，（指盲人）用手寻找

to grope about a little longer among the miseries and sensualities of a worldly life

a. 1812. Joseph Stevens Buckminster, sermon

Yet there was no time to be lost if I was ever to get out alive, and so I groped with my hands against the side of the grave until I made out the bottom edge of the slab, and then fell to grubbing beneath it with my fingers. But the earth, which the day before had looked light and loamy to the eye, was stiff and hard enough when one came to tackle it with naked hands, and in an hour's time I had done little more than further weary myself and bruise my fingers.

Turning back, then, toward the basement staircase, she began to grope her way through blinding darkness, but had taken only a few uncertain steps when, of a sudden, she stopped short and for a little stood like a stricken thing, quite motionless save that she quaked to her very marrow in the grasp of a great and enervating fear.

1914, Louis Joseph Vance, 章號 III, 出自 Nobody, New York, N.Y.: George H[enry] Doran Company, 出版於 1915, →OCLC:

We've been together two weeks, and have just been kissing and groping, but no sex yet.

我们在一起两个星期了，就亲了亲嘴，互相爱抚，但是还没有做爱。

That old man groped that girl on the train!

那个老头在火车上猥亵了那个女孩！

(我們能否查找並添加Chaucer引用過本詞的語句？)

Felix gropeth him, thinking to have a bribe.


grope

The old man tried to get a quick grope of the young lady on the train.

那个老头想猥亵那位火车上的少女。


hazard

:< 古法語 hasard （“骰子游戏”） (名词)、hasarder (动词)，可能源自 阿拉伯語 الزّهر (az-zahr)（“骰子”）。

（14世纪起）一种用骰子玩的游戏

（16世纪起）机会，机遇

（16世纪起）危险，危害，隐患


hectic

源自中古英語 etik、ethik，源自古法語 etique，源自中世紀拉丁語 *hecticus，源自古希臘語 ἑκτικός (hektikós, “习惯的，繁忙的，消耗性的”)，源自ἕξις (héxis, “（身体或精神的）状态，条件”)，源自ἔχειν (ékhein, “有；在（某种状态下）”)。

more hectic (comparative)
most hectic (superlative)

The city center is so hectic at 8 in the morning that I go to work an hour beforehand to avoid the crowds

市中心在早上8点的时候太繁忙了，我得提前一个小时通勤来避开拥挤的人群。

hectic fever


hectic

an angry hectic in each cheek, a fierce flirt of her fan, and two or three short sniffs that betokened mischief

1863, Sheridan Le Fanu, The House by the Churchyard:


heed

源自中古英語 hēden，源自古英語 hēdan (“注意，关心，观察，负责，占有，接受”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hōdijan (“注意，保卫”)，源自原始印歐語 *kadʰ- (“注意，保护”)。与西弗里斯蘭語 hoedje (“留心，注意”)、荷蘭語 hoeden (“留心，注意”)、德語 hüten (“留心，注意”)同源。

Then for a few minutes I did not pay much heed to what was said, being terribly straitened for room, and cramped with pain from lying so long in one place.

1898, J. Meade Falkner、Moonfleet Chapter 4


heed

With pleasure Argus the musician heeds.

1567, John Dryden translating Ovid, Metamorphoses Book 1

"It comes back to me that I wanted to say something to the driver and that I couldn't make him heed me."

1913, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Poison Belt:

Tolokonnikova not only tried to adjust to life in the penal colony but she even tried to heed the criticism levied at her by colony representatives during a parole hearing.

2013 September 23, Masha Gessen, "Life in a Russian Prison," New York Times （获取于2013年9月24日）:

Barker's proposal to try out new equipment before mass introduction should also have been heeded, because traction components bought without trialling for the Glasgow and Great Eastern schemes gave trouble.

2020年July29日, David Clough, “AC/DC: the big switch in power supply”, 出自 Rail，第 65 頁:


hiatus

借自拉丁語 hiātus (“缺口，开口”)（16世纪中叶），源自hiō (“开着，打哈欠”)。

The band decided to go on hiatus, citing creative differences.

乐队决定暂停活动，据称是因为创作上的分歧。

Berserk's hiatus is never going to end now...

《烙印勇士》的漫画看来永远不会恢复连载了...

Hiatus aorticus is an opening in the diaphragm through which aorta and thoracic duct pass.

Words like reality and naïve contain vowels in hiatus.

“reality”和“naïve”等单词中存在元音间隙。


histology

组织学
* 简体: 组织学[动物学]
* 正體: 組織學[動物學]


honourable

光荣的，荣誉的；可尊敬的


husk

源自中古英語 huske。可能源自古英語 *husuc, *hosuc (“很小的覆盖物”)，hosu (“壳，皮”)的指小词，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hosā，源自原始日耳曼語 *husǭ、*hausaz (“覆盖物，壳，裹腿”)，源自原始印歐語 *kawəs- / kawes- (“盖”)。若如此，等价于hose + -ock。
另可能源自中古低地德語 hūske(n) (“小房子，保护套”)、中古荷蘭語 hūskijn (“小房子，果核，盒子”)，hūs (“房子”)的指小词。对比荷蘭語 huisje、德語 Häuschen，两者均可指“蜗牛壳”。

A coconut has a very thick husk.

（无用的）外壳，（没有任何有价值的内容物的）躯壳

His attorney was a dried-up husk of a man.

他的律师曾经是个没用的男人。

Unlike dogs, cats have retractable claws which do not wear down when walking. Instead, cats pull the old husk of nail from their claws by raking them down some convenient piece of wood, to expose a new sharp claw underneath.

1991, Morgan Kerr, Norman Kerr, An Introduction to Cat Care，第 63 頁:


husk

给...去皮，给...剥壳


husk

部分是拟声词，部分源自上方的词源1，受到了husky的影响。

The symptoms of Husk are a constant cough, rapid loss of flesh, difficulty in breathing and, in the later stages, loss of appetite and diarrhœa.

1876, John Walker, How to Farm with Profit Arable and Pasture Land: A Practical Manual on Modern Agriculture, London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co，第 78 頁:


husk

部分是拟声词，部分源自上方的词源1，受到了husky的影响。

Back on the veranda he said to Lace gravely, "I do believe that poor child's in the family way." Lace, tracing the pattern of the matting with his boot, husked, and murmured, "Yes — I think so.

1938, Xavier Herbert, 章號 XI, 出自 Capricornia, New York: D. Appleton-Century, 出版於 1943，第 181 頁:

The French captain did not immediately respond; he looked at his men with a miserable expression [...]; still he hesitated, drooped, and finally husked, "Je me rends," with a look still more wretched.

2006, Naomi Novik, His Majesty's Dragon, Del Rey Books，第 5 頁:


hypnosis

派生自hypn(otic) + -osis (“状态”，“条件”, 名词化后缀)。


illogical

不合逻辑的;说不通的;无条理的


imagination

/ɪˌmædʒəˈneɪʃən/


impair

Guidelines and HOWTOs/Snap - KDE Community Wiki

You are always on your own and unrelated changes rarely if ever can impair your snap


impartial

more impartial (comparative)
most impartial (superlative)

/ɪmˈpɑɹ.ʃəl/

neutral

公正的，公平的，无偏见的

fair

公正的，公平的，无偏见的

partial

公正的，公平的，无偏见的

biased

公正的，公平的，无偏见的

unfair

公正的，公平的，无偏见的

公正的，公平的，无偏见的


incense

源自中古英語 encens，源自古法語 encens (“气味香甜的物质”)，源自晚期拉丁語 incensum (“熏香”, 字面意思是“焚烧的东西”)，incendō (“将...点燃”)的中性过去分词。对比incendiary。同源词包括西班牙語 encender和incienso。

香，熏香 （尤指宗教仪式中使用的）


incense

I think it would incense him to learn the truth.

我觉得他知道真相以后会勃然大怒。

使...变香 （尤指熏香的香）

Neither, for the future, shall any man or woman, self-styled noble, be incensed,—foolishly fumigated with incense, in Church; as the wont has been.

1837, Thomas Carlyle, The French Revolution: A History […], 第 (please specify |volume=I to III) 卷, London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, (please specify the book or page number):


incredible

/ɪŋˈkɹɛdəbəl/

/ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbəl/


infertile

贫瘠的；不毛的；不生育的


initial

2021年January21日, Alan Feuer, Nicole Long, “The First Capitol Riot Arrests Were Easy. The Next Ones Will Be Tougher.”, 出自 New York Times:
An initial wave of arrests was based on news accounts and social media.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）
 起初一波逮捕，是基于新闻记载和社交媒体的。

the initial word of the article
（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯） 文章头一个词


insanitary

不卫生的；有害健康的；易引起疾病的


insecticide

* 简体: 杀昆虫剂
* 正體: 殺蟲劑
用於殺死無脊椎動物害蟲的化學藥劑。


insomnia

源自拉丁語 in- (“没有，无”) + somnus (“睡眠”, 名词) + -ia。

My mother suffers from insomnia.


insufficiency

不足；不适当；机能不全；闭锁不全


intensify

加强，加剧；强化；剧化
* 正體: 增強[電子計算機]


interposition

插入；干预； (中)间位；介植；插补术


irreversible

不可逆的，不可倒置的
* 正體: 不可逆[電子計算機]


selva

借自葡萄牙語 selva，源自拉丁語 silva。silva 的同源對似詞。


justice

公道，公平；正义；审判，司法


laden

more laden (comparative)
most laden (superlative)

装满了的，充满了的，负了重担的


lame

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-lame.wav


lament

源自法語 lamenter，源自拉丁語 lāmentor (“哀嚎，恸哭”)，源自lāmenta (“哀嚎，恸哭”)，带构词要素-mentum，源自词根*la-，可能最终是拟声词。参见latrare。


lament

Euston is so traditionally a part of the London scene that many will lament the passing of the old station when rebuilding is complete in readiness for the new electric service, which will probably be by multiple-units between Euston and Wolverhampton.

1960 February, R. C. Riley, “The London-Birmingham services - Past, Present and Future”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，第 99 頁:

By the end, Sunderland were lucky to lose by the same scoreline Northampton Town suffered against Southampton, in 1921. The Sunderland manager, Gus Poyet, lamented that it was “the most embarrassed I’ve ever been on a football pitch, without a doubt”.

2014年October18日, Paul Doyle, “Southampton hammer eight past hapless Sunderland in barmy encounter”, 出自 The Guardian:


legible

源自晚期拉丁語 legibilis (“可以阅读的东西”)，源自拉丁語 legō。

more legible (comparative)
most legible (superlative)

clean

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

clear

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

decipherable

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

fair

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

readable

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

illegible

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

unreadable

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

清晰可读的 （尤指字迹）

Despite hardly having any energy to lift a pen, she left a legible note on the paper.

尽管她几乎没有力气拿起笔了，但她还是在纸上留下了一条清晰的笔记。

You can make this program code more legible by using meaningful variable names.

你可以多用点有意义的变量名来增加这段代码的易读性。


legitimate

more legitimate (comparative)
most legitimate (superlative)


leukemia

源自德語 Leukämie，源自古希臘語 λευκός (leukós, “白色的”) + αἷμα (haîma, “血”)。等同於leuk- + -emia。

In an era when political leaders promise deliverance from decline through America’s purported preeminence in scientific research, the news that science is in deep trouble in the United States has been as unwelcome as a diagnosis of leukemia following the loss of health insurance.

2012年January10日, Philip E. Mirowski, “Harms to Health from the Pursuit of Profits”, 出自 American Scientist, 第 100 卷, 第 1 期，第 87 頁:

發生於血液形成組織的癌症種類

The subjects suffered from lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias.

試驗者患有成淋巴細胞及骨髓性白血病。


lull

使安静，哄(小孩)睡觉；变平静


lunar

月亮的；似月的
參見：luna


magnifier

放大镜；放大器
* 正體: 擴大器[電機工程]


malaria

:< 意大利語 mala aria（坏的空气）。


maximal

最大的，最高的；最带总括性的
* 正體: 最大[電子計算機]


maximize

把…增加到最大限度；充分重视；作尽量广
义的解释
* 正體: 最大化[自由軟體]
* 简体: 最大化[自由软体]
* 正體: 最大化[電子計算機]


melon

来自中古英語 meloun，melon，来自古法語 melon，来自晚期拉丁語 melonem，来自拉丁語 melopeponem (“一种南瓜”)，来自古希臘語 μηλοπέπων (mēlopépōn)，来自μῆλον (mêlon, “苹果”) + πέπων (pépōn, “成熟的”)。


metabolism

源自古希臘語 μεταβολή (metabolḗ, “改变”) + -ism，源自μεταβάλλω (metabállō, “改变，更改”) + -η (-ē, “动作名词后缀”)。

代谢，维持某种动态系统的过程

The results of this generalized speedup of the corporate metabolism are multiple: shorter product life cycles, more leasing and renting, more frequent buying and selling, more ephemeral consumption patterns, […]

1980, Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (page 230)


meticulous

源自拉丁語 meticulōsus (“畏惧的，胆怯的，可怕的，惊人的”)，源自metus (“恐惧”)和-culōsus，后半部分取自perīculōsus (“危险的”)。“谨小慎微的”一意源自法語 méticuleux。

more meticulous (comparative)
most meticulous (superlative)

meticulous search

meticulous investigation

meticulous knowledge

meticulous report

The meticulous care with which the operation in Sicily was planned has paid dividends. Our casualties in men, in ships and materiel have been low—in fact, far below our estimate.

1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Roosevelt's Fireside Chat, 28 July 1943:


microfilm

缩微胶卷；缩微照片
* 正體: 微縮膠片[自由軟體]
* 简体: 微缩胶片[自由软体]


mole

:< (~1400) 中古英语 molle、mulle < 原始日耳曼语 *mula-（对比北弗里斯蘭語 mull、薩特弗里斯蘭語 molle、荷兰语 mol、高地德语 Mol、Mul） < 原始印欧语 *mel(h₂)- （“暗的，脏的”）（对比德语 malen （“涂”）、Molch （“蝾螈”）、立陶宛语 mélas （“蓝的”）、梵语 (málam) （“脏的，污秽的”））。


mole

死卵引发的子宫内的大块出血组织


mole

:< 西班牙语 < 納瓦特爾語 molli。

墨西哥和中美饮食中的一种含酱巧克力 。


mortal

more mortal (comparative)
most mortal (superlative)

必死的, 不能永生的, 终将死亡的

致命的, 致死的, 导致死亡的

（害怕、恐惧）极端的，非常大的


naive

借自法語 naïve，naïf的阴性形式，源自拉丁語 nativus (“本土的，天然的”)。native 的同源對似詞。

more naive (comparative)
most naive (superlative)

幼稚的；涉世未深的，不成熟的；天真的，纯朴的

I am sixteen going on seventeen, I know that I'm naive

1965, Richard Rogers, Oscar Hammerstein II （作曲作詞）, “Going on Seventeen”, 出自 The Sound of Music:

The salarians believed the genophage would be used as a deterrent, a position the turians viewed as naive. Once the project was complete, the turians mass produced and deployed it. The krogan homeworld, their colonies, and all occupied worlds were infected.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, 經由 PC, →ISBN, →OCLC，幕：Krogan: Genophage Codex entry:

Animals entering shelters are either (a) immunologically naïve and susceptible to infection and development of disease if exposed to pathogens; (b) already immune […]

2011, Lila Miller, Kate Hurley, Infectious Disease Management in Animal Shelters

By 1921 when Miró painted his key work, naive painting had been recognized by the avantgarde art world as a genre in its own right.

2006, Janis Mink, Joan Miró, →ISBN，第 33 頁:

We have experiments of running our matching algorithm and a naive matching algorithm for such a term tree and a tree, and have compared the performance of the two algorithms.

2007, Takao Terano, Huan Liu, & Arbee L.P. Chen, Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, →ISBN:


naive

As a seasoned woman—of nineteen—I felt it was my place to tell each of these naïves that such plans were easier made than followed.

In other words, they'd buy securities from these naives for 55 and sell them similar securities for 65. In plain English, they'd pay $550 per $1,000 bond and turn right around and sell them similar stuff for $650.

2018, King Midas, Stupid Brokers - Stupid Clients:


naïve

naïver (comparative)
more naïve (comparative)
naïvest (superlative)
most naïve (superlative)

naive的另一種拼寫法


naïve

naive的另一種拼寫法


negligence

疏忽；玩忽；粗心大意
參見：neglect


neoplastic

新生物的；赘生的;(肿)瘤的


nickle

镍；五分镍币
* 正體: 5位元[電子計算機]


niece

侄女；外甥女
參見：uncle 和 aunt


notary

公证人，公证员
* 正體: 公證人[電子計算機]


notwithstanding

源自中古英語 notwithstandinge、notwithstondyng、natwithstandyng，等价于not + withstanding。对比近义且构成类似的中古英語 notgainstonding、not aȝenstondynge。

He, notwithstanding, persisted in his inquiries.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

1789, United States Contitution, Supremacy Clause, (請指定書籍名或刊物名):

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:notwithstanding。


notwithstanding

notwithstanding personal preferences, the school district's rules on the topic govern our decision

Those on whom Christ bestowed miraculous cures were so transported that their gratitude made them, notwithstanding his prohibition, proclaim the wonders he had done.

1675, Richard Allestree, The Causes of the Decay of Christian Piety:

Notwithstanding the high resolution of Hawkeye he fully comprehended all the difficulties and danger he was about to incur.

1826, James Fenimore Cooper, 章號 26, 出自 The Last of the Mohicans:


notwithstanding

in accordance with school district rules on the topic, personal preferences notwithstanding

Van Gaal’s dismissal of his ability to play a central role notwithstanding, Shinji Kagawa began playing just behind the strikers Danny Welbeck and Javier Hernández.

2014年August26日, Richard Rae, “Manchester United humbled by MK Dons after Will Grigg hits double”, 出自 The Guardian:

And be it declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that an Habeas Corpus, according to the true intent and meaning of this act, may be directed and seen in any county Palatine, the Cinque Ports, or other privileged places within the Kindgom of England, dominion of Wales, or town of Berwick upon Tweed, and the islands of Jersey and Guernsey; any law or usage to the contrary notwithstanding.


numberical

数字的，用数字表示的，数值的


nylon

随机选择的字母 + -on（为了仿cotton）。广泛流传的缩略自New York和London的说法是错误的。另有一说法称这一用于制作长筒袜的材料的早期名字为“no-run”，后来为了避免暗示长袜是用不能动的材料制作的而变换为现在的形式。

I tore a hole in my nylons while walking home through the woods.

我从树林里走回家时尼龙袜破了个洞。


oblivious

源自中古英語 oblivious，源自拉丁語 oblīviōsus (“健忘的，不知道的”)，oblīvium (“健忘，无知”) + -ōsus (“充满...的，过于...的，倾向于...的”)，源自oblīvīscor (“忘记”)。

more oblivious (comparative)
most oblivious (superlative)

不知道的，没有意识到的，没有察觉到的，麻木的


obscure

obscurer (comparative)
more obscure (comparative)
obscurest (superlative)
most obscure (superlative)


obstacle

任何事物妨礙、耽誤或影響進程的。


obstinate

源自中古英語 obstinate、obstinat，源自拉丁語 obstinātus，obstinō (“下定决心”)的过去分词，源自ob (“前”) + *stinare，源自stare (“站”)。ostinato 的同源對似詞。

more obstinate (comparative)
most obstinate (superlative)

From this consideration it is that we have derived the custom, in times of war, to punish […] those who are obstinate to defend a place that by the rules of war is not tenable […]

1686, Montaigne, 譯者 Charles Cotton, That men are justly punished for being obstinate in the defence of a fort that is not in reason to be defended:

[…] the junior Osborne was quite as obstinate as the senior: when he wanted a thing, quite as firm in his resolution to get it; and quite as violent when angered, as his father in his most stern moments

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, 章號 21, 出自 Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

牢固的，难以移动的，顽固的；棘手的

Now it happened that Kasturbai […] had again begun getting haemorrhage, and the malady seemed to be obstinate.

1925-29, Mahadev Desai (translator), M.K. Gandhi, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Part IV, Chapter XXIX,


offence

犯法；犯规，过错；冒犯;触怒；进攻


ominous

源自拉丁語 ominosus (“充满预感的”)，源自omen (“禁果；征兆”)，源自os (“嘴”) + -men。

more ominous (comparative)
most ominous (superlative)


opera

歌剧，歌剧剧本，歌剧艺术


option

源自法語 option，源自拉丁語 optiō (“选择”)，源自optō (“选择”)。等价于opt + -ion。

选择，选项 （自19世纪）

Luiz struggled with the movement of Helguson in the box, as he collected a long ball and the Spaniard barged him over, leaving referee Chris Foy little option but to point to the spot.

2011年October23日, Becky Ashton, “QPR 1 - 0 Chelsea”, 出自 BBC Sport:

Libertarian paternalism is the view that, because the way options are presented to citizens affects what they choose, society should present options in a way that “nudges” our intuitive selves to make choices that are more consistent with what our more deliberative selves would have chosen if they were in control.

2012年January10日, Steven Sloman, “The Battle Between Intuition and Deliberation”, 出自 American Scientist, 第 100 卷, 第 1 期，於2012-01-08歸檔自原頁面，第 74 頁:

期权 （自18世纪中叶）

At that time every emigrant who was made aware of such a notification submitted his application for option to the British Consuls within the period prescribed.

1928, Appeal to the Noble English Nation by the Committee of the Defenders of the Rights of Palestinian Arab Emigrants to the Palestinian Citizenship，第 10 頁:

A right of option, mostly in favour of the nationality of the predecessor State, has been accorded in most cases of partial State succession, either by treaty or by domestic legislation.

1998, Venice Commission, Consequences of State Succession for Nationality, →ISBN，第 45 頁:

This group constitutes around 9 percent of the total number of acquisitions of Dutch nationality through option.

2012, Oliver W. Vonk, Dual Nationality in the European Union: A Study on Changing Norms […], →ISBN，第 243, note 154 頁:


option

The new novel was optioned by the film studio, but they'll probably never decide to make a movie from it.

那个制片厂买了新小说的期权，但是他们可能永远不会用它来改编电影。

The device that is to echo the characters should be optioned for echoplexing.


optional

可任意选择的；非强制的
* 正體: 選擇性；選項[自由軟體]
* 简体: 选项[自由软体]
* 正體: 任選[電子計算機]


ordeal

源自中古英語 ordel、ordal，源自中世紀拉丁語 ordālium或其源头古英語 ordēl、ordāl (“磨难，审判”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *uʀdailī (“审判”)，源自*uʀdailijan (“分配，配给”)，等价于or- + deal。
与薩特弗里斯蘭語 Uurdeel (“判决”)、西弗里斯蘭語 oardiel (“审判”)、荷蘭語 oordeel (“审判”)、低地德語 Oordeel (“判决”)、德語 Urteil (“判断，判决”)同源。

Arsène Wenger confessed: "The result was not an accurate indication of the match." Certainly, at half-time it seemed unlikely that Arsenal would catch fire so spectacularly because the first half was a damp squib of a display from Wenger's team, as Newcastle initially showed no ill-effects from their Old Trafford ordeal.

2012年December29日, Paul Doyle, “Arsenal's Theo Walcott hits hat-trick in thrilling victory over Newcastle”, 出自 The Guardian:

（判决被告人去进行危险试炼的）审判


organelle

/ˌɔɹ.ɡənˈɛl/


orifice

源自中古法語，源自古法語，源自晚期拉丁語 orificium (“开口；”字面义“做一张嘴巴”)，由os (“嘴巴”) + facio (“做”)构成的复合词。

the orifice of an artery or vein; the orifice of a wound; the vagina and other orifices

“Peanuts aren't nuts, you orifice. They're legumes.”

2016, Niels Saunders, Mervyn Vs. Dennis:


painstaking

more painstaking (comparative)
most painstaking (superlative)

苦干的，艰苦的，费力的，刻苦的


palliative

源自中古法語 palliatif，源自新拉丁語 *palliātīvus，源自中世紀拉丁語 palliō (“遮盖”)，源自拉丁語 pallium (“披风”)。

more palliative (comparative)
most palliative (superlative)

缓和的，姑息的，权宜的，临时的


palliative

治标的事物，尤指治标药物

The radiation and chemotherapy were only palliatives.

放疗和化疗只是治标手段。

Mary heard with sorrow, and fear also, of the projected journey; but the altered expression of Isabella's countenance was a great palliative—dreadful as it was that her husband should love another...

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], 章號 XXVIII, 出自 Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], 第 II 卷, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，第 66 頁:


pandemic

more pandemic (comparative)
most pandemic (superlative)

流行的，传染的，广泛传播的


pandemic

（全国流行的）传染病，流行病


pathology

法語 pathologie < 古希臘語 πάθος + -λογία

/pəˈθɒlədʒi/

病理學。指醫學中研究疾病的性質、起因、機理、發展及影響的分支學科。

指提供显微镜检查及其他實驗室檢查服務的專科。


patrol

源自法語 patrouille，源自古法語 patrouille、patouille (“守夜”, 字面意思是“四处走”)，源自patrouiller、patouiller、patoiller (“蹚水；弄脏”)，源自patte、pate (“蹄”)，源自通俗拉丁語 *patta (“爪，脚”)，源自古法蘭克語 *patta (“爪子，脚底”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *paþjaną、*paþōną (“走，踏”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *(s)pent-、*(s)pat- (“径；走”)，原始印歐語 *pent-、*pat- (“径；走”)的变体。见find。同源词包括荷蘭語 pad、patte (“爪”)、低地德語 pedden (“走，踏”)、德語 patschen (“泼溅，蹚水；摇晃着走”)、德語 Patsche (“拍子；爪；水洼”)。与pad、path有关。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-patrol.wav

Four members of the squadron were on patrol.

The watch consisted of twelve convicts—men selected for their good behaviour. Immediately after tattoo had beat they began their patrol. 'No complaint was ever made of them,' remarks Phillip, and they were expressly cautioned to avoid disputes with soldiers or seamen ( many of whom were as great thieves as the convicts themselves).

1899, Louis Becke and Walter Jeffery, Admiral Phillip Chapter 7

After cordial good-bye to our hospitable hostess we motored back to Chaumont where we dined with Colonel Mitchell; and then with another long drive we finally reached home tired but happy at 3.30 in the morning. There staring me in the face was an order directing me to lead my patrol over the lines in the morning at five o'clock, sharp! An hour and a half sleep for an utterly worn out aviator!

1919, Eddie Rickenbacker, “Chapter 7”, 出自 Fighting the Flying Circus:

a customs patrol

a fire patrol

In France there is an army of patrols […] to secure her fiscal regulations.

1787-1788, Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist Papers

Philadelphia’s foot-patrol strategy was developed after a study in 2009 by criminologists from Temple University, which is in the 22nd district. A randomised trial overturned the conventional view that foot patrols make locals like the police more and fear crime less, but do not actually reduce crime. In targeted areas, violent crime decreased by 23%.

2013年August24日, “Boots on the street”, 出自 The Economist, 第 408 卷, 第 8850 期:

小队 （童子军中队的一个单位，一般由6到8人组成）

On a makeshift bed in the corner was an old woman looking very sick. Then a patrol of "Missioner" Scouts appeared on the scene: one seized a broom and swept out the room; the next made up the fire with some fuel he had procured and made her a cup of tea; another mended the rickety table, bed and chair, making them at any rate serviceable, while a fourth straightened out the bedclothes, propped the old lady up, and did his best to cheer her until the tea was ready.

1913, anonymous author, Boy Scouts and What They Do/Object of Scouting:

The formation of the boys into Patrols of from six to eight and training them as separate units each under its own responsible leader is the key to a good Troop.

1920, Lord Baden-Powell of Gilwell, Aids To Scoutmastership，第 24 頁:


patrol

源自法語 patrouiller，源自古法語 patrouiller (“蹚水；四处走；巡逻”)，源自patte (“爪子”)。

to patrol a frontier

to patrol a beat

Whether attempting to keep the peace in Bosnia, evacuating American citizens from Albania, or patrolling the world's seas and skies, our service men and women risk capture by unfriendly foreign forces.

April 8 1997, Bill Clinton, Proclamation 6983


peculiar

源自拉丁語 pecūliāris (“自己的”)，源自pecūlium (“私人财产”)，源自pecus (“牛”)。

more peculiar (comparative)
most peculiar (superlative)

odd

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

strange

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

uncommon

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

unusual

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

specific

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

common

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

mediocre

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

ordinary

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

usual

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

common

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

general

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

universal

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

The sky had a peculiar appearance before the storm.

风暴之前天空的样子很奇怪。

It would be rather peculiar to see a kangaroo hopping down a city street.

看到袋鼠在市里的街上跳着走很奇怪。

I saw nothing peculiar in his conduct, and thought that his arrangement of the ballot box was perfect.

1800, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The Deseret Weekly, 第 41 卷，第 379 頁:

"Wasn't it peculiar," I heard mother say, "How he wouldn't talk about himself?"
"Peculiar?" said father. "Well, yes, in a way."
"Everything about him is peculiar." Mother sounded as if she was stirred up and interested. "I never saw a man quite like him before."

2001, Jack Schaefer, Wendell Minor, Shane:

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

Kangaroos are peculiar to Australia.

袋鼠是澳大利亚特有的动物。

This philosopher found his ideas especially in all that is practical,^([29]) that is, which rests upon freedom, which in its turn ranks under cognitions that are the peculiar product of reason.

1855, Meiklejohn, John Miller Dow, transl., Critique of Pure Reason, 第 1 卷, division 2, 根據Immanuel KantCritik der reinen Vernunft改編的翻譯作品:

As soon as that operation has taken place, the food is passed down to the stomach, and there it is mixed with the chemical fluid called the gastric juice, a substance which has the peculiar property of making soluble and dissolving out the nutritious matter in the grass, and leaving behind those parts which are not nutritious;

But of late years extensive Tertiary deposits of Miocene age have been discovered, showing that it is not a mere congeries of volcanoes; it [Iceland] is connected with the British Islands and with Greenland by seas less than 500 fathoms deep; and it possesses a few mammalia, one of which is peculiar, and at least three peculiar species of birds.

1895, Alfred Russel Wallace, “XX: Anomalous Islands: Celebes”, 出自 Island Life:

Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works.

hymns […] that Christianity hath peculiar unto itself

1597, Richard Hooker, Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie:

while each peculiar power forgoes his wonted seat

1629, John Milton, On the Morning of Christ's Nativity:

My fate is Juno's most peculiar care.

1697, Dryden, John, transl., Aeneid, 根據VirgilAeneis改編的翻譯作品:


peculiar

特有的东西，特权，特产，特征等

If anything can legalize revenge, it should be injury from an extremely obliged person; but revenge is so absolutely the peculiar of heaven.

before 1716, Robert South, Twelve Sermons


pedestrian

借自拉丁語 pedester，词根pedestri-（源自pedes） + -an (形容词构成后缀)。

more pedestrian (comparative)
most pedestrian (superlative)

pedestrian crossing

pedestrian zone

平凡的，平平无奇的，无趣的，乏味的

His manner of dress was pedestrian but tidy.

a pedestrian life

England were hugely impressive in the first half in particular, when their supporters inside this magnificent bowl at Stade Velodrome roared their approval as Russia were pressed into submission and made to look pedestrian.

2016年June11日, Phil McNulty, “England 1-1 Russia”, 出自 BBC Sport:


periodic

/ˌpɪɹiˈɒdɪk/

/ˌpɪɹiˈɑdɪk/

周期的；定期的；间歇的；循环的


periodic

/ˌpɜːɹaɪˈɒdɪk/


pernicious

more pernicious (comparative)
most pernicious (superlative)

有害的，有毒的；恶性的;致命的


personify

拟(某物)为人;使人格化；表现；体现


pessimism

源自法語 pessimisme，源自拉丁語 pessimus (“最差的”)，malus (“坏的，差的”)的最高级。作为一种学说，源自德語 Pessimismus，在1819年由德国哲学家阿图尔·叔本华使用。


petroleum

源自中世紀拉丁語 petroleum，源自petra (“石头”) + oleum (“油”)。

petroleum-based products

Coal and petroleum do not occur hap-hazard in nature, but the aggregate occurrence of each product in any region forms a definite, limited horizon, which, in its continuance, is independent of the bedding plane.

1940, William Plotts, Isogeotherm, Or Monist Theory of Stratified Mineral Occurrence and Origin，第 7 頁:


philosophy

源自中古英語 philosophie、古法語 philosophie以及两者词源拉丁語 philosophia，源自古希臘語 φιλοσοφία (philosophía)，源自φίλος (phílos, “爱...的”) + σοφία (sophía, “智慧”)。可作philo- + -sophy分析。取代英语本土词古英語 ūþwitegung。

Philosophy is often divided into five major branches: logic, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and aesthetics.

哲学常划分为五个主要分支：逻辑、形而上学、认知论、伦理学和美学。

During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant […]

1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond

哲學 （某领域基本概念的看法、观念）

a philosophy of government; a philosophy of education

一般规则 （一般指道德）

As a matter of fact the Enlightment culture was based on a philosophy inspired to an ethical laicism whose aim was to create a better society based on principles such as solidarity, equality of rights and duties, and full freedom.

2012, Francesca Valensise, From Building Fabric to City Form: Reconstruction in Calabria at end of Eighteenth Century, Gangemi Editore spa, →ISBN，第 8 頁:

更广义的非应用科学分支。

small pica之同義詞 (常用于法语印刷)。

Although I prefer small pica. Or as its:Template:SIC sometimes known, philosophy.

2010, Thomas Wharton, Salamander, Emblem Editions (ISBN 9781551994444)


philosophy

Plato hath (in my seeming) loved this manner of Philosophying, Dialogue wise in good earnest, that therby he might more decently place in sundry mouthes the diversity and variation of his owne conceits.

1603, Michel de Montaigne, 章號 12, 出自 John Florio（譯者）, The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:


plump

源自中古英語 plump、plompe，借自中古荷蘭語 plomp或中古低地德語 plump。

plumper (comparative)
more plump (comparative)
plumpest (superlative)
most plump (superlative)

丰满的，胖嘟嘟的，圆润的

a plump baby; plump cheeks

胖嘟嘟的婴儿，圆鼓鼓的脸

The god of wine did his plump clusters bring.

1651, Thomas Carew, To my friend G. N. from Wrest

My ideal is to be idle and to love a plump girl.

2015, Anton Chekhov, The Life and Genius of Anton Chekhov: Letters, Diary, Reminiscences and Biography: Assorted Collection of Autobiographical Writings of the Renowned Russian Author and Playwright of Uncle Vanya, The Cherry Orchard, The Three Sisters and The Seagull, e-artnow (ISBN 9788026838401)

He was a plump little man and we had been walking uphill at a pace—set by him—far too rapid for his short legs. He breathed stertorously, and half the drops which glimmered on his rotund face were not rain but sweat.

1956, Delano Ames, 章號 23, 出自 Crime out of Mind:

直接的，不拐弯抹角的，直言不讳的

After the plump statement that the author was at Erceldoune and spake with Thomas.

1898, George Saintsbury, A Short History of English Literature


plump

Her cheeks have plumped.

使...变胖，使...变圆，充满；常与up连用

to plump oysters or scallops by placing them in fresh or brackish water

将牡蛎或扇贝放到淡水或咸水里使其变大

to plump a stone into water

(及物带 for) 赞成，支持

A recent poll by the New York Times found that although most Brazilians plump for arch-rival Argentina as the team they most want to lose, the second-biggest group want Brazil itself to stumble.

2014, “Brazil in a nutshell”, 出自 The Economist:


plump

源自中古英語 plumpen，与中古荷蘭語 plompen、中古低地德語 plumpen、德語 plumpfen有关。

Dulcissa plumps into a chair.

September 24, 1712, The Spectator No. 492, letter from a prude


plump

扑通 （重重掉落的声音）

As she beheld her, poor Mrs. Mack's heart fluttered up to her mouth, and then dropped with a dreadful plump, into the pit of her stomach.

1863, Sheridan Le Fanu, The House by the Churchyard:


plump

源自中古英語 plump。

a plump of trees, fowls, or spears


poll

投票，投票数，民意测验。


congee

源自晚期中古英語 congie，源自古法語 congié、congiet（现代法語 congé），源自拉丁語 commeātus (“通行许可，批准离开”)，源自commeō (“来和去”)，源自con- + meō (“走，通过”)。比喻义借自法語 congé中的词义演化。

正式免职； 免职；(原意且尤其幽默讽刺地指) 突然离职

So courteous conge both did giue and take,
With right hands plighted, pledges of good will.

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book II, Canto I”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

遣散费，散伙费，打发某人离开的钱； 施舍给乞丐的钱

屈膝礼，鞠躬等礼貌动作 （原指在离开时做的动作，但后来也指问候、表示服从或尊敬时做的）

“My daughter Rebecca, so please your Grace,” answered Isaac, with a low congee, nothing embarrassed by the Prince’s salutation, in which, however, there was at least as much mockery as courtesy.

1820, 沃尔特·司各特, 艾凡赫, 第 (please specify |volume=I, II, or III) 卷, 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC:

His speech thus spake the Moor, and took his leave,
he and his meiny where the bátels lay:
formal farewells to chief and crews he gave,
exchanging congees with due courtesy.

1880, Richard Francis Burton, Os Lusíadas, 第 I 卷，第 23 頁:


congee

给...前文名词词义代表的事物 (尤指：)

给...前文名词词义代表的事物 (尤指：)
批准，许可

做屈膝礼，鞠躬等礼貌动作； 顺从，遵命；尊敬


congee

源自泰米爾語 கஞ்சி (kañci)，可能经由葡萄牙語 canje。


potentiate

加强；使更有效力(尤指药物)


pox

源自中古英語 pocke的复数形式。见pock。