chicanery

源自法語 chicanerie (“欺诈”)，源自chicaner，借自中古低地德語 schicken，最终源自原始西日耳曼語 *skikkijan，源自原始日耳曼語 *skikkijaną。与德語 schicken (“派遣”)、中古英語 skekken (“发行，发布”)有关。

They do not always find manors, got by rapine or chicanery, insensibly to melt away, as the poets will have it ; or that all gold glides, like thawing snow, from the thief’s hand that grasps it.

1823, Charles Lamb, “Popular Fallacies”, 出自 Elia, new版, London: Edward Moxon, 出版於 1835, →ISBN，第 241 頁:

He covered his tracks, he got that idiot at the copy shop to lie for him. You think this is something? You think this is bad? This? This chicanery? He's done worse. That billboard! Are you telling me that a man just happens to fall like that? No! He orchestrated it! Jimmy!

2017, Gordon Smith, “Chicanery”, 出自 Better Call Saul, 第 3 季数, 第 5 集数, 角色 Chuck McGill（Michael McKean）:

Having survived “The Long Night,” Daenerys will now be turning her attention back to the problem that originally vexed her: Cersei Lannister. It will be interesting to see how the show tries to raise the stakes of an internecine squabble between competing monarchs when compared to an existential threat to humanity’s very existence, but this series has always excelled when it goes deep on the machinations of political chicanery.

2019年April28日, Alex McLevy, “Game Of Thrones Suffers the Fog of War in the Battle against the Dead (Newbies)”, 出自 The A.V. Club，於2021-05-31歸檔自原頁面:

（律师的）不诚实行为，欺骗行为


canicule

源自法語 canicule (“天狼星；三伏天，酷暑期”)，源自拉丁語 Canīcula。chenille 的同源對似詞。

dog days (“酷暑期，三伏天”)之同義詞。


chihuahua

/tʃɪˈwɑːwɑː/


childbearing

源自中古英語 childberyng、childbering、chyldberynge、child berynge。字面分析等同於 child + bearing。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-childbearing.wav

源自the Swedish returns (1776-1855) it appears that 100 childbearings produced 101.62 children, viz., 2.82 stillborn, 98.80 quickborn; consequently 100 quickborn children imply 101.21 childbearings.

1865, Great Britain. General Register Office, Annual Report ... of Births, Deaths, and Marriages in England and Wales ..., 第 26–30 卷s，第 243 頁:


childbearing

Women in the latter stages of childbearing should not be permitted to attend the toll of the manufactories.

1836, Edward Bulwer Lytton Lytton, England and the English:

In these cases, fish intake rates specific to females of childbearing age are most appropriate when assessing exposures to developmental toxicants.

2000, Methodology for deriving ambient water quality criteria for the protection of human health:

Hips that in the old country would be considered good childbearing hips, but in this country are too wide.

2004, Jack Canfield, Mark Victor Hansen, Stephanie Marston, Chicken Soup to Inspire a Woman's Soul: Stories Celebrating the Wisdom, Fun and Freedom of Midlife，第 256 頁:


chinchilla

/t͡ʃɪnˈt͡ʃɪlə/

It's important to put a lot of thought into owning a chinchilla since they have a considerably long lifespan of 10 to 20 years.
Chinchillas are most widely known for their exceptional fur coat.

2004, Jamie Huggins, Chinchillas - from Pets to Profession，第 3 頁:

Chinchillas inhabit high elevations (3,000–5,000m) of the Chilean Andes Mountains. The chinchillas kept as pet or research animals in North America are all descendents^([sic]) of 13 founders wild caught in 1927.

2008, Jeff Wyatt, “Chapter 17: Anesthesia and Analgesia in Other Mammals”, 出自 Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals，第 469 頁:

Chinchillas are long-lived rodents that are native to South America, primarily Peru, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. The chinchilla is a hystricomorph (hedgehoglike) rodent closely related to guinea pigs, porcupines, and agoutis (Hrapkiewicz et al., 1998).

2009, Ron E. Banks, Julie M. Sharp, Sonia D. Doss, Deborah A. Vanderford, Exotic Small Mammal Care and Husbandry，第 125 頁:

一种白毛绿瞳的波斯猫变种


chisel

源自中古英語 chisel、chesel，源自古諾曼語 chisel, cisel，源自cisoir（后缀改变），源自晚期拉丁語 cīsōrium (“裁切工具”)，源自拉丁語 caedere (“剪”)。


chisel

chisels
chiseling
chiselling
chiseled
chiselled

She chiselled a sculpture out of the block of wood.

她把一块木头凿成了一个雕像。

从...骗得，从...骗到


chisel

源自中古英語 chisel、chesil，源自古英語 ċeosol、ċeosel、ċysel、ċisel、ċisil (“砂砾”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *kisil (“小石头，卵石”)。参见chessom。


chivalrous

more chivalrous (comparative)
most chivalrous (superlative)


capitalization

capitalisation在美式拼写和牛津英式拼写的标准拼写


capricious

more capricious (comparative)
most capricious (superlative)

arbitrary

任性的；多变的，变化无常的

whimsical

任性的；多变的，变化无常的

fickle

任性的；多变的，变化无常的

conscientious

任性的；多变的，变化无常的

rigorous

任性的；多变的，变化无常的

任性的；多变的，变化无常的

I almost died in a capricious winter storm.

Stringent rulers are unlikely to act capriciously.


chop-chop

源自洋涇浜英語，源自粵語 速速 (cuk1 cuk1)。


chop-chop

源自洋涇浜英語，源自粵語 速速 (cuk1 cuk1)。

‘And another beer! But cold this time, hear that, boy? Muchee coldee, and bring it chop chop.’

1977, John Le Carré, The Honourable Schoolboy, Folio Society 2010, p. 13:


chop-chop

源自洋涇浜英語，源自粵語 速速 (cuk1 cuk1)。

We are here today to try and do the impossible: to stop the chop chop industry.

1944, Australian House of Representatives, Parliamentary Debates, Volume 265, page 30968,

Attitudes to tobacco mean it′s virtually sold under the counter (and we′re not talking about ‘chop chop’).

2007, Martin Hughes, The Slow Guide: Melbourne, unnumbered page,


capybara

源自西班牙語 capibara，源自葡萄牙語 capivara，源自古圖皮語 kapi'iûara (字面意思是“吃草者”)。

/kapɪˈbɑːɹə/

/ˌkæpiˈbɛɹə/

/ˌkæpiˈbɑɹə/

/ˌkæpiˈbæɹə/

“Our fires burned well,” continued Tom, “and we roasted our young capybara to perfection; we only wanted salt and pepper, and an onion or two to make it delicious. […] "

1876, William H. G. Kingston, The Three Lieutenants, 2010, page 430,

It was tenanted by the small caymans and by capybaras - the largest known rodent, a huge aquatic guinea-pig, the size of a small sheep.

1914, 西奥多·罗斯福，Through the Brazilian Wilderness，2004，页号53，

The largest of all the 1,729 rodent species, the semi-aquatic capybara is extremely agile in the water, using its partly webbed toes like tiny paddles. Troops containing up to 20 animals live along riverbanks where young capybaras are sometimes preyed on by caimans.

2009，The Illustrated Atlas of Wildlife，页号106,


carapace

借自法語 carapace (“龟壳”)，源自西班牙語 carapacho，其词源不详，但可能源自某已经绝迹的伊比利亚-地中海底層語言。
对比加泰羅尼亞語 carabassa、古希臘語 κάραβος (kárabos, “甲虫”)、拉丁語 scarabaeus（→英語 scarab），亦对比西班牙語 galápago (“一种乌龟”)。calipash 的同源對似詞。

So, little by little, youth loosens the hard carapace of confining custom their elders have built over the human heart.

1928, Edward A. Ross, World Drift, New York, London: The Century Co.，第 12 頁:

This is all a massive failure of science to pierce the carapace of public ignorance.

2010年January8日, Simon Jenkins, “The proliferation of nuclear panic is politics at its most ghoulish”, 出自 The Guardian, §: “Comment & Debate”, page 29, column 4:


chummy

chummier (comparative)
more chummy (comparative)
chummiest (superlative)
most chummy (superlative)

源自what Brandon tells me, Andrea is getting pretty chummy with her dorm advisor!

1993, “Moving Targets”, 出自 Beverly Hills, 90210, 第 4 季数, 第 7 集数 (television production), 角色 Brenda Walsh（Shannen Doherty）:

Yeah, I was just being nice! I was being nice and chummy!

2001, Larry David, “Thor”, 出自 Curb Your Enthusiasm, 第 2 季数, 第 2 集数 (television production), Larry David（演員）:


chummy

chum (“朋友，老兄”)之同義詞

Sonny's knotted, distrustful face relaxed all at once. "You're goddamned right about that, chummy!" he exclaimed.

What happens when the Old Bill turns up and want to look at 'chummies^([sic]) dental records, guv, 'cos 'e's bitten a bloke's ear off in the pub'?

2002, Roy C. Lilley, Paul Lambden, The Tool Kit for Dental Risk Management (page 21)


chutzpah

起於1890–95年，源自意第緒語 חוצפּה (khutsph)，源自Mishnaic 希伯來語 חֻצְפָּה (khutspá) ← חָצַף (khatsáf, “粗野無理”)，源自亞拉姆語 חוצפא (ḥuṣpāʾ), חֲצַף (ḥaṣap, “粗野無理”)。

If the service is rotten and the meal a disaster, we should withhold a tip and explain why we are doing so. Few of us have the chutzpah to do this.


carnage

借自中古法語 carnage ，源自古法语charnage的一个诺曼语或皮卡第语（古諾曼語）变体，源自char (“血肉”)，或源自通俗拉丁語 *carnaticum (“屠戮动物”)，其本身源自拉丁语carnem，caro (“血肉”)的宾格。

（大屠杀遗留下来的）尸体，残肢

The lads had recently returned from a wild summer on the party island of Ibiza, an increasingly popular hotspot for working-class British youth. But this was not a scene of drunken holiday carnage in tacky discos.

2014, Simon Spence, Happy Mondays: Excess All Areas:

Within three hours we'd drunk the place dry. Miraculously, we all made it back on the bus, but I've never seen a more bacchanalian scene of wanton debauchery than the ride back to the hotel. It was total carnage.

2015, Adam Jones, Bomb: My Autobiography:

Mothers and children trapped in poverty in our inner cities, rusted out factories, scattered like tombstones across the across the landscape of our nation, an education system flush with cash, but which leaves our young and beautiful students deprived of all knowledge, and the crime, and the gangs, and the drugs that have stolen too many lives and robbed our country of so much unrealized potential. This American carnage stops right here and stops right now.

2017年January20日, 唐纳德·特朗普, The Inaugural Address:


circumspect

more circumspect (comparative)
most circumspect (superlative)

Being aware of the danger of upsetting her audience, she was somewhat circumspect in her comments.

她注意到可能会让观众们不快，在发表评论时较为谨慎。

Comment must be circumspect until fuller particulars are available, [...].

1959 March, “Talking of Trains: Scottish reorganisation”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，第 119 頁:


casino

源自意大利語 casino，casa (“房子”)的指小词，源自拉丁語 casa (“小屋，棚屋”)。

casinos (plural)
casinoes (plural)
casini (plural)

A bid by Donald Trump to build Sydney’s first casino was rejected 30 years ago after police expressed concerns about his links to the mafia.

2017, Christopher Knauss, The Guardian, 16 August:

小房子；度假屋 （尤指在意大利的）

Quirini [was] knowing in the belles Lettres, & highly skilled in making his Casino comfortable to all the Wits & Blues as we now call them in London.

1786, Hester Thrale Piozzi, Thraliana, 3 July:

I felt it strange, and regretted it, that so amiable a man should have contracted such dissolute habits, and at this very time, instead of living respectably with his charming Countess, had Baccelli, the superannuated dancing courtesan, in a casino in the neighbourhood.

1792, James Boswell, in Danziger & Brady (eds.), Boswell: The Great Biographer (Journals 1789–1795), Yale 1989, p. 163:


catapult

源自中古法語 catapulte，源自拉丁語 catapulta，源自古希臘語 καταπέλτης (katapéltēs)，源自κατά (katá, “（向下）朝，向”) + πάλλω (pállō, “在投掷物丢出前使其偏向”)。

（从发射器、弹射座椅、弹弓等）发射，弹射

The visitors were given notice of what was to come when Huth headed wide from a Rory Delap long throw but failed to heed the warning, allowing the German defender to rise unmarked to meet another Delap catapult and plant his header into the net after 12 minutes.

2011年March13日, Chris Bevan, “Stoke 2 - 1 West Ham”, 出自 BBC:


catapult

The candidate selection for running mate has catapulted her to the national scene.

竞选伙伴的候选人提名使她一跃站上了国家级别的舞台。

England will not be catapulted among the favourites for Euro 2012 as a result of this win, but no victory against Spain is earned easily and it is right they take great heart from their efforts as they now prepare to play Sweden at Wembley on Tuesday.

2011年November12日, “International friendly: England 1-0 Spain”, 出自 BBC Sport:

She catapulted to the national scene following her selection by the candidate.

候选人选择她以后，她一跃站上了国家级别的舞台。


catfight

hairpulling contest

（尤指女人之间的）打架，吵架

scragfight

（尤指女人之间的）打架，吵架

The caterwauling from the catfight in the back yard was awful; I couldn't get to sleep until it was over.

后院里猫打架时的叫声太难听了，它们消停下来之前我根本睡不着。

（尤指女人之间的）打架，吵架

Nancy and Sheila got into a catfight when Nancy's boyfriend cheated on her with Sheila.

Female conflict, seen in this kind of structure, works conveniently—it takes note of aggression in women and sets it against other women. Men are spared. The audience applauds. Everyone loves a catfight.

1980, Louise Bernikow, Among Women, New York: Harmony Books，第 207 頁:

There was a time when I would get furious and fire off an angry note if someone cast me in a catfight with a woman colleague. I assumed that catfights would fade as women progressed. They seemed so retro.

2005, Maureen Dowd, Are Men Necessary?, →ISBN，第 310 頁:


catoptrophobia

源自古希臘語 κάτοπτρον (kátoptron, “镜子”) + -phobia。

I wondered what was at the root of Shingo's catoptrophobia - his irrational dread of mirrors.

1999年June28日, Vctr113062 [username], “[TK3 fanfic] "Phoenix" Ch. 17, 2/3”, 出自 rec.games.video.sony (Usenet):

Pundit Bill O'Reilly grapples with "panophobia" (the fear of everything) while, strangely, Rush Limbaugh battles both "catoptrophobia," the fear of mirrors and "Walloonphobia," the fear of the Walloons.

2008年February6日, Gordon (quoting Ed Naha), “We have nothing to fear...but these bozos”, 出自 misc.news.internet.discuss (Usenet):

If someone suffers from catoptrophobia (fear of mirrors), he sees mirrors, and their reflections, as dangerous.

2013, Macalester Bell, Hard Feelings: The Moral Psychology of Contempt, Oxford University Press, →ISBN，第 72 頁:


cauldron

源自中古英語 caudroun，借自古諾曼語 caudron，最终源自晚期拉丁語 caldāria (“锅”)，源自拉丁語 caldus (“热的”)。后添加了“l”来使其偏向拉丁语词形。还见chowder、caldera。
军事义项意譯自德語 Kessel，对比英語 kettling。

Double, double, toile and trouble; / Fire burne, and Cauldron bubble.

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]，第 143 頁，第 2 列:

[…] I don't expect you will really understand the beauty of the softly simmering cauldron with its shimmering fumes, the delicate power of liquids that creep through human veins, bewitching the mind, ensnaring the senses … […]

1997, J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Raincoast Books, →ISBN，第 102 頁:

Large cauldrons are a little tricky to locate, but are well worth the search if you have a place to safely store and use one.

2004, Carl Neal, The Magick Toolbox: The Ultimate Compendium for Choosing and Using Ritual Implements and Magickal Tools, Red Wheel/Weiser, LLC, →ISBN:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:cauldron。

同類詞：kettle

After having defended the constantly shrinking perimeter of their position for over two weeks, the encircled German units in the Cherkassy “cauldron” were ordered to break out.

1966, George H. Stein, The Waffen SS: Hitler’s Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945, →ISBN，第 217 頁:

The cauldron had been formed, and some 2,000 Soviets had been encircled in it; the division estimated this quite a success.

2012, Hans Wijers, Winter Storm: The Battle for Stalingrad and the Operation to Rescue 6th Army, →ISBN，第 153 頁:

This could have been avoided had the Ukrainian Army either evacuated the troops in the southern cauldron once it became clear that their position was untenable or reinforced them substantially in order to reopen supply lines.

2016, Paul Robinson, “Explaining the Ukrainian Army’s defeat in Donbass in 2014”, 出自 The Return of the Cold War: Ukraine, the West and Russia, →ISBN，第 120 頁:


certifiably

more certifiably (comparative)
most certifiably (superlative)

能够得到认证地，能够得到证明地

Was the accused at the time of the commission of the act with which he is charged, and before that time, laboring under such mental disease as to render him certifiably insane? […] He goes on to ask, How is a jury to determine whether a man is " certifiably insane?" How is any man to attach a definite meaning to "certifiably insane?" "The phrase can only mean that a couple of doctors can be found to certify that in their opinion the man is insane."

1894, The Medical and Surgical Reporter, 第 71 卷，第 583 頁:

Must such a neighborhood or district maintain a certain percentage of certifiably ethnic residents to maintain its eligibility?

1997, Robert E. Stipe, Antoinette Josephine Lee, The American Mosaic: Preserving a Nation's Heritage，第 277 頁:

One or two were hurriedly fetching ropes and yelling contradictory orders，源自which I deduced that Mr. Brown had indeed fallen into the gorge, but was not yet certifiably dead.

2007, Diana Gabaldon, A Breath of Snow and Ashes，第 320 頁:

Further, the infrastructure core software, the Plugin modules and configuration information are all designed to be certifiably intact and secure.

2012, Mike Hinchey, Lorcan Coyle, Conquering Complexity，第 384 頁:

The main purpose for California Certified Organic Farmers is to certify that the products that growers are selling are certifiably organic

1990 June, Orange Coast Magazine, 第 16 卷, 第 6 號，第 114 頁:

He is certifiably nuts.

Due mostly to his latest creation, the whacked-out Guggenheim branch that opened this fall in Bilbao, Spain, the 68-year-old Gehry has gone from being tagged the scary cousin in architecture's dysfunctional family to being certifiably huge.

1998 January, SPIN, 第 14 卷, 第 1 號，第 42 頁:

I don't think the numbers are quite that high today; still, we're glad to be up, up and away and soon over the top— headed for the North Face, Mount Snow's hidden cache of bumped-up, certifiably scary steeps.

2002 November, “Ski”, 出自 (請指定書籍名或刊物名), 第 67 卷, 第 3 號，第 191 頁:

It is brought up when we gather, often voiced by some of the most physically attractive men there, many of whom are objectively gorgeous, certifiably buff.

2003, David Nimmons, The Soul Beneath the Skin:

The Tofu Cheesecake Bake-Off, which ten daring bakers had entered, was a special event held mid-week. It was, certifiably, the world's first such tofu pie contest

1981 December, Vegetarian Times, 第 52 號，第 74 頁:

You can get a long way into the Presley or Lennon mythology before you have to worry about the way these certifiably electric personalities dealt with the vocal problems of a particular phrase

1981年February23日, New York Magazine, 第 14 卷, 第 8 號，第 47 頁:

Besides that, Mir was certifiably loaded ... she didn't need my Mom to buy her squat ... but apparently Mom had insisted.

2007, Mitch Reed, Blessings of the Father: Book One，第 44 頁:

Now that you're certifiably — albeit temporarily — unemployed, you can explore places you've never before had the time, or the inclination, to explore.

2008, Nicholas J. Nigro, No Job? No Prob!:


chamade

借自法語 chamade，源自意大利語或葡萄牙語，源自拉丁語 clamare。

But when the chamade was beat, and the corporal helped my uncle up it, and followed with the colours in his hand, to fix them upon the ramparts.

1762, Laurence Sterne, The Life & Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, volume 6 (Penguin 2003), page 402:


censer

源自中古英語，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 censier，源自古法語 encensier，源自encens (“香”)

A thousand wax tapers burned in honour of the Madonna. Four beautiful children swung the silver censers before her picture, till a cloud of incense arose and floated in broken masses to the fretted roof, and the whole air was heavy with perfume.

1831, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Romance and Reality, 第 3 卷，第 215 頁:


centaur

来自 拉丁語 centaurus < 古希臘語 κένταυρος (kentauros) < Κένταυρος (Kentauros)（“来自色萨利的一个野蛮民族。”）。

半人马，一种半人半马的怪物。上半身是人的躯干，包括手和头，下半身则是马身，也包括躯干和四腿。

半人马小行星，在木星和海王星之间绕太阳运行的一种小行星。


changes

变迁（change 的複數）


changes

change的单数第三人称现在式。


chantage

非同化借詞，源自法語 chantage。


centred

centre 的簡單過去時和過去時分詞


centred

centered的英國、愛爾蘭、加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭、 和 南非拼寫法


claimant

古法語和盎格魯-諾曼語 clamant，动词clamer及其变体的现在分词，源自拉丁語 clāmō (“喊出”)。

“Two or three months more went by ; the public were eagerly awaiting the arrival of this semi-exotic claimant to an English peerage, and sensations, surpassing those of the Tichbourne case, were looked forward to with palpitating interest. […]”

1905, 艾玛·奥希兹, 章號 2, 出自 义律小姐谋杀案:


clandestine

源自拉丁語 clandestīnus (“秘密的，隐瞒的”)，对比法語 clandestin。

more clandestine (comparative)
most clandestine (superlative)

covert

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

furtive

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

hush-hush

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

secret

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

secretive

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

undercover

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

clandestine military operations

Monimia, who while she yielded to his earnest entreaties had always felt, from the natural rectitude of her understanding, the impropriety of their clandestine correspondence, would, he feared, be more than ever sensible of her indiscretion, when she found that a servant was entrusted with it...

1793, Charlotte Smith, 章號 1, 出自 The Old Manor House, 第 3 卷:

Whether the torments of absence were softened by a clandestine correspondence, let us not inquire. Mr. and Mrs. Morland never did.

1818, Jane Austen, 章號 31, 出自 Northanger Abbey:

Wildeve's clandestine plan with her was to take a little gravel in his hand and hold it to the crevice at the top of the window shutter, which was on the outside, so that it should fall with a gentle rustle, resembling that of a mouse, between shutter and glass.

1878, Thomas Hardy, 章號 11, 出自 The Return of the Native:

Lady Bullingdon could not, of course, countenance such an arrangement for a moment, and the two unhappy persons escaped for a clandestine marriage.

1912, G. K. Chesterton, 章號 9, 出自 Manalive:

Bodies were always a nuisance -- even the small guinea-pig bodies from the slight clandestine experiments in West’s room at the boarding-house.

1922, H. P. Lovecraft, Herbert West: Reanimator:

Probably, the Master-at-arms' clandestine persecution of Billy was started to try the temper of the man...

1924, Herman Melville, 章號 13, 出自 Billy Budd:

As I stand at the edge of existence; nameless shores of infinity. Perpetual unbirth unraveling distance, clandestine truths unveiled.

2003, “Fugue”, 出自 Trivium 作曲, Ember To Inferno:

In my imagination, all work place encounters between men and women result in clandestine sex.

And I don't want anyone to think I dislike Catholicism because I don't. It's actually my favourite form of clandestine global evil.


claret

源自中古英語 claret，源自中古法語 claret，源自中世紀拉丁語 claratum vīnum，源自clārus。
对比tent (“西班牙红酒”)，其亦派生自颜色名。

同類詞：hock、sack、tent

The vesper bell had rung its parting note; the domini were mostly caged in comfortable quarters, discussing the merits of old port; and the merry student had closed his oak, to consecrate the night to friendship, sack, and claret.

The New Sporting Magazine (volume 15, page 23)

CLARET JELLY SANDWICH: Soak one box of gelatine in one cup of cold water, then dissolve in one cup of boiling water, add one cup of sugar and strain. When cold, add the juice of half a lemon, and one cup of claret and set in a cool place. When ready for use, cover thin slices of lightly buttered white bread with the jelly, cover with another slice of buttered bread and cut in strips.

1909, Eva Greene Fuller, The Up-To-Date Sandwich Book: 400 Ways to Make a Sandwich，第 155 頁:

claret：

Honey smiled hugely, so that Alex was shown every one of her claret gums.

2002, Zadie Smith, The Autograph Man, Penguin Books (2003)，第 243 頁:

Time being called, Johnson rose from his second’s knee with the heart of a lion—the immense size and weight of his opponent seemed lost sight of—not a particle of fear belonged to him; and screwing his courage up to the sticking-place, boldly faced his man, putting all the excellence of his science into action, put in such a tremendous blow on the sensitive plant of Perrins—otherwise his sneezer, or nose—whichever term you like best—that split it all the way down as if cut open with a carving-knife; the claret flowing in torrents; and the Giant floored!

1851, Pierce Egan, Every Gentleman’s Manual: A Lecture on the Art of Self-Defence，第 46 頁:

I then gave him a dig on the head with my fist. He squared up, and pouted like an enraged chameleon, looking savagely at me. I gave him another dig, which sent him staggering. He squared again: I gave him another; till at last, as the claret was flowing, he sulked off, and said he would not serve me any more.

1863, John Hanning Speke, Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile，第 271 頁:

Blooded warrior Paul Ince, with his head bedecked in a bandage – if not quite possessing quite the amount of claret spilled by Terry Butcher in Stockholm in 1989 – enforcing order on a patch of green in Rome to help his country triumph in the face of adversity and clear a path to the World Cup finals of 1998.

2017年October1日, “Bygones: Ince gives blood for the cause as he leads from the front in Rome”, 出自 Yorkshire Post:

You play as one of these Revenants, but there’s no feeding on human blood, as instead the most reliable source of claret comes from things called blood beads, which grow on plants.

2019年September27日, “Code Vein review – it's an anime version of Dark Souls”, 出自 Metro:

He was rejuvenated within a week, thanks to a diet of fresh claret direct from the jugular, while the lawyer slept.

2020年January2日, Roxy Simons, “'How the hell am I supposed to sleep tonight, BBC?': Viewers are left terrified by first episode of Dracula with its decapitated nun and blood-thirsty babies (but some are distracted by vampire's quirky accent)”, 出自 Daily Mail:

DeLuca beat the count but Brook had the stench of claret filling his nostrils and he was close to getting the finish before the bell saved the overmatched 31-year-old.

2020年February8日, Wally Downes Jr, “KELL OF A WIN: Kell Brook enjoys triumphant return in Sheffield as he knocks out Mark DeLuca in the seventh round”, 出自 The Sun:


claret

more claret (comparative)
most claret (superlative)


claret

We clareted and champagned till two—then supped, and finished with a kind of regency punch composed of madeira, brandy, and green tea, no real water being admitted therein. There was a night for you!

By night, again, we miss the bright cafe, the brilliantly illuminated offices, and the fringe of guests smoking and clareting […]

1869, Andrew Wynter, Subtle Brains and Lissom Fingers:


clarifier

* ［S：化学］澄清过滤器
* ［T：化學］澄清器


claustrophobia

源自拉丁語 claustrum (“封闭空间”)，源自claudō (“关闭；禁闭，囚禁”) + -phobia。首次可考于《英国医学杂志》。


clavier

借自法語 clavier (“键盘”)，源自拉丁語 clavis (“钥匙”)。


clement

源自古法語，源自拉丁語 clēmēns (“慈悲的”)。 等价于clīnō + *-mh₁nos。

more clement (comparative)
most clement (superlative)

The weather is clement, though there was a downpour yesterday and I was obliged to take precautions.

1984, Edna O'Brien, “The Bachelor”, 出自 A Fanatic Heart, New York: Plume，第 66 頁:

The earth was still dry and the air was perfectly clement.

1992, A. B. Yehoshua, 譯者 Hillel Halkin, Mr. Mani, New York: Doubleday，第 314–5 頁s:


confection

源自中古英語 confescioun，借自古法語 confeccion（现代法语confection），源自拉丁語 cōnfectiōnem（主格cōnfectiō），源自confectus，conficere (“准备”)的过去分词，源自com- (“与，和”) + facere (“制作”)。原为“使用原材料制作”，意项“糖果蜜饯”自16世纪初叶起占主导地位。

糖果，蜜饯，甜点，（甜）蛋糕等

The table was covered with all sorts of tempting confections.

桌上摆满了各式各样诱人的甜点。

The defense attorney maintained that the charges were a confection of the local police.

辩方律师坚持认为是本地警方发起的指控。

（愚蠢，矫揉造作的）艺术作品

She found a sexy, lacy confection in a lingerie drawer and quickly slipped into it.


confidant

Heaven made you love me for no other end, / But to become my confidant and friend: / As such, I keep no secret from your sight, […]

1675, John Dryden, Aureng-zebe, William Miller (1808), page 223:

One in thought and purpose, linked by the necessity of combating one hostile fate, a power antagonistic ever, - a power we lived to evade, - we had no confidants save ourselves.

1895, Kenneth Graham, The Golden Age, London，第 5 頁:


confide

源自中古蘇格蘭語 confide、confyde (“相信”)，源自拉丁語 confīdere (“相信，信任”)，，源自con- (“一起”) + fidēre (“信任”)。17世纪初叶首次出现于英语中。faith和fidelity 的同源對似詞。

"Be calm, lovely Antonia!" he replied; "no danger in near you: confide in my protection."

1796, Matthew Lewis, The Monk, Folio Society, 出版於 1985，第 269 頁:

In thy protection I confide.

I confide this mission to you alone.

I could no longer keep this secret alone; I decided to confide in my brother.

我一个人保守不了这个秘密了，我决定告诉我哥。

After several drinks, I confided my problems to the barman.

酒过三巡，我把我的秘密告诉了酒吧店员。

She confided that her marriage had been in trouble for some time.

她透露说她的婚姻已经出问题挺久了。

One student had been so afraid to come out to our meetings that he would secretly meet me in the bookshelves of the library and confide about the miseries of being gay, closeted, and a a virgin.

1977年December10日, Mark N. Silber, “Gays On Campus — One Story”, 出自 Gay Community News, 第 5 卷, 第 23 號，第 15 頁:


confound

源自中古英語 confounden (“摧毁；迷惑”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cunfundre和古法語 confondre，源自拉丁語 confundō (“混合，搅混”)。与found (“冶炼”)（与found (“创始”)和find无关）、fusion有关。

And the brother of Jared being a large and mighty man, and a man highly favored of the Lord, Jared, his brother, said unto him: Cry unto the Lord, that he will not confound us that we may not understand our words.

1830, Joseph Smith, Jr., Book of Mormon: Ether, i, 34:

The fightback when it came was in the [Roger] Federer fashion: unfussy, filled with classy strokes from the back with perfectly timed interventions at the net that confounded his opponent. The third set passed in a bit of a blur, the fourth, which led to the second tie-break, was the most dramatic of the match.

2012年June29日, Kevin Mitchell, “Roger Federer back from Wimbledon 2012 brink to beat Julien Benneteau”, 出自 The Guardian，於2016-11-15歸檔自原頁面:

Hey who lesse seriously consider the force of words, doe sometimes confound Law with Counsell, sometimes with Covenant, sometimes with Right. They confound Law with Counsell, who think, that it is the duty of Monarchs not onely to give ear to their Counsellours, but also to obey them, as though it were in vaine to take Counsell, unlesse it were also followed.

1651 (Latin edition 1642), Thomas Hobbes, De Cive (Latin title) Philosophicall Rudiments Concerning Government and Society (English),

Don't confound the situation by yelling.

While she had obeyed him, smiling sweetly all the time, she had nursed a growing resentment of what she called his "Latin American macho attitude." To confound the problem, his mother, who lived with them on and off, was described by the wife as being as domineering as her son.

1983, Carol M. Anderson, Susan Stewart, Mastering Resistance: A Practical Guide to Family Therapy:

There the freſh and ſalt water would meete and be confounded together, […]

His actions confounded the skeptics.

他的行为让怀疑他的人羞愧不已。

But God hath choſen the fooliſh things of the woꝛld, to confound the wiſe: and God hath choſen the weake things of the woꝛld, to confound the things which are mighty:

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Corinthians 1:27:

O Lord our God ariſe, / Scatter his enemies, / And make them fall: / Confound their politics, / Fruſtrate their knaviſh tricks, / On him our hopes we fix, / O ſave us all.

a. 1745, unknown author, “God Save the King”, 出自 The Gentleman's Magazine, 第 15 卷，第 552 頁:

I am now, in order the better to confound your politics, going to give you a true account of the means we intend to use, and of the rules, signs, and pass-words of our new United Irish Society Lodge A. 1.—They are so simple that you will never believe them.

1848 February 12, John Mitchel, The United Irishman, Letter to Lord Clarendon,

诅咒 （语气较轻的骂人话）

Confound you!

Confound the lady!

"Number 43 is no better, Doctor," said the head-warder, in a slightly reproachful accent, looking in round the corner of my door.
"Confound 43!" I responded from behind the pages of the Australian Sketcher.

1882, Arthur Conan Doyle, “My Friend the Murderer”, 出自 The Gully of Bluemansdyke and Other Stories:

To mortal men, he with his horrid crew / Lay vanquiſht, rowling in the fiery Gulfe / Confounded though immortal: But his doom[…]

1667, John Milton, “Book I”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，第 51–53 行s:


confound

The participants certainly differ in how their practice is distributed (1, 2, or 3 days), but they also differ in how much total practice they get (3, 6, or 9 hours). This is a perfect example of a confound—it is impossible to tell if the results are due to one factor (distribution of practice) or the other (total practice hours); the two factors covary perfectly.

2009, C. James Goodwin, Research In Psychology: Methods and Design, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，第 175 頁:


clout

源自中古英語 clout，源自古英語 clūt，源自原始日耳曼語 *klūtaz，源自原始印歐語 *gelewdos，源自原始印歐語 *gel- (“积”)。词义“（尤指政治上的）影响力”源自芝加哥方言，后传播普及。
同源词包括古諾爾斯語 klútr (“方头巾”)、瑞典語 klut、丹麥語 klud、中古高地德語 klōz (“块”)，其派生出德語 Kloß，及俄语方言глуда (gluda)。参见cleat。

Having relinquished his clout in City Council to run for a place on the county board, and having lost stature by reason of his failure to win the presidency, Duffy was in no position to seek the party chairmanship for himself

1975, Len O'Connor, Clout--Mayor Daley and His City，第 74 頁:

The chopped mushrooms add depth to both the Waitrose and the Go-Go Vegan recipe, but what gives the latter some real clout on the flavour front is a teaspoon of Marmite.

2011年December15日, Felicity Cloake, “How to cook the perfect nut roast”, 出自 Guardian:

It's funny how they judge you when they see you made a change / I poured another four just to take away the pain / My friends weren't my friends, they was ^([sic]) looking for some clout / I had what they wanted so they always came around

2017, Kimetrius Foose (Lil Skies), Myron Goedhart （作曲作詞）, “Fake”, 演出者 Lil Skies:

Rowan, like most teenagers on the internet, wasn’t after fame or money, though he made a decent amount — at one point $10,000 a month and more, he said. What Rowan wanted was clout. On the internet, clout is a social currency that can be used to obtain just about anything. Rack up enough while you’re young, and doors everywhere begin to open.

2019年November29日, Taylor Lorenz, “Here’s What’s Happening in the American Teenage Bedroom”, 出自 New York Times:

‘Such a clout on the ear as you gave me… But I soon taught you.’

1910, Katherine Mansfield, Frau Brenchenmacher Attends A Wedding:

'... allowed Boston to score all of its runs on homers, including a pair of clouts by Jacoby Ellsbury ...'

2011年August17日, Michael Vega, “Triple double”, 出自 The Boston Globe，第 C1 頁:

靶心 （可能是因为以前是用一块白布或钉头来表示）

When a new-hatched savage running wild about his native woodlands in a grass clout, followed by the nibbling goats, as if he were a green sapling; even then, in Queequeg’s ambitious soul, lurked a strong desire to see something more of Christendom than a specimen whaler or two.

1851, Herman Melville, Moby Dick, Chapter 12:

We condol’d with each other, and observ’d how wretchedly we look’d, all naked, except a small Clout about our Middles […]

1743, Robert Drury, The Pleasant, and Surprizing Adventures of Mr. Robert Drury, during his Fifteen Years Captivity on the Island of Madagascar, London，第 74 頁:

The Byzantines, wrote Robert of Clari, hooted and jeered from the battlements, "and let down their clouts and showed them their backsides."

1980, Colin Thubron, Seafarers: The Venetians，第 33 頁:

垫片 （装在轴承等物上防止磨损的铁片）

Clouts were thin and flat pieces of iron, used it appears to strengthen the box of the wheel; perhaps also for nailing on such other parts of the cart as were particularly exposed to wear.

1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, 第 1 卷，第 546 頁:

And whan sche of this bille hath taken heede, / Sche rente it al to cloutes atte laste / And into the privy softely it caste.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, 出自 The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, 出版於 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne] 編, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC，第 707-709 行s:


clout

A wizard? Him? How could he possibly be? He'd spent his life being clouted by Dudley, and bullied by Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon; if he was really a wizard, why hadn't they been turned into warty toads every time they'd tried to lock him in his cupboard?

1997, J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, New York: Arthur A. Levine Books, 出版於 1998，第 57 頁:

用布、皮革等盖；用该等物品修补

Paul, yea, and Peter, too, had more skill in mending an old net, and in clouting an old tent than to teach lawyers what diligence they should use in the expedition of matters.

1549, Hugh Latimer, “[The Second Sermon of Master Hugh Latimer, which He Preached before the King’s Majesty, within His Grace’s Palace at Westminster, the Fifteenth Day of March, 1549.] To the Reader.”, 出自 George Elwes Corrie 編, Sermons by Hugh Latimer, Sometime Bishop of Worcester, Martyr, 1555 (The Works of Hugh Latimer; I), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] University Press, 出版於 1844, →OCLC，第 110 頁:

if fond Bavius vent his clouted song

1633, Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island:


clout

He tells us how to butter eggs, boil eels, clout cream, stew capons, how to make a fine cake, an almond pudding and a raspberry conserve, […]


cretaceous

源自拉丁語 cretaceus (“白垩的”)，源自拉丁語 creta。


connive

源自法語 conniver (“默许而成为共犯”)或直接源自其词源拉丁語 connīvēre、cōnīvēre，connīveō、cōnīveō (“闭眼，眯眼，使眼色；忽视，不管”)（可能和两个一起私下阴谋做某事的人相互使眼色有关）的复数第三人称主动完成时直陈式，源自con- (表示使几个物体在一起的后缀) + *nīvēre（与nictō (“眨眼，使眼色”)有关，源自原始印歐語 *kneygʷʰ- (“弯，垂”)）。

私下共谋，私下阴谋（自17世纪中叶）

This very Law of Libel provides that "if any one connives with a guilty man and alleges him to be innocent, he renders himself liable to punishment."

1876年June24日, “The Law of Libel”, 出自 The Japan Mail. A Fortnightly Summary of Intelligence from Japan, for Transmission to Europe and the United States, via Suez and San Francisco, 第 VII 卷, 第 13 期, Yokohama: [H. Collins], →OCLC，第 358 頁:

The Christchurch City Council has connived with the Government to take over all the surrounding local bodies, and it is not without comment that none of the Labour members from Christchurch has spoken on the Bill.

1985年March22日, Philip Ralph Burdon, “Local Government Amendment Bill (No. 2)”, 出自 Parliamentary Debates (Hansard): First Session, Forty-first Parliament (House of Representatives), 第 462 卷, Wellington: V. R. Ward, government printer, →OCLC，第 3947 頁:

While some of Joe [Kennedy]'s classmates had connived to get into battle, joining the French Foreign Legion or the Canadian forces, Joe connived to get out.

2001, Laurence Leamer, “Aristocratic Instincts”, 出自 The Kennedy Men: 1901–1963: The Laws of the Father, 1st Perennial版, New York, N.Y.: Perennial, HarperCollins Publishers, 出版於 2002, →ISBN, book 2，第 33 頁:

This species [...] differs from other species of this genus in the upper pinnæ being contracted, which are sinuously lobed, each lacinæ and lobe bearing a sorus, furnished with a nearly orbicular indusium, the free exterior margin of which connives with the margin of the lobe, [...]

1875, John Smith, “118.—Nephrolepis, Schott. (1834).: Hook Sp. Fil.”, 出自 Historia Filicum; an Exposition on the Nature, Number, and Organography of Ferns, […], London: Macmillan & Co., →OCLC, part 2 (General Arrangement and Characteristics of Tribes and Genera, […])，第 227 頁:

For ſince the affairs of the world have in them the varieties and perplexities beſides, it happens that in ſome caſes men know not how to govern by the ſtricteſt meaſures of religion, becauſe all men will not do their duty upon that account; and therefore laws are not made [...] with exact and pureſt meaſures, but in compliance and by neceſſity, not always as well as they ſhould, but as well as they may: and therefore the Civil power is forc'd ſometimes to connive at what it does not approve.

1659, Jeremy Taylor, Ductor Dubitantium, 2nd版, London: Printed by Roger Norton, for Richard Royston, […], 出版於 1671, →OCLC, Question V. Whether is to be Obeyed, the Prince or the Bishop, if They Happen to Command Contrary Things?，第 571 頁:

Though all this Good be found in thee, I an offended that thou ſo conniveſt at the Hereſie of the falſe Teachers, as to permit ſome of them in your Communion, [...]

1695, Richard Baxter, “The Revelation of St. John the Divine, chapter 2, verse 14”, 出自 A Paraphrase on the New Testament, with Notes, Doctrinal and Practical. […], 2nd corrected版, London: Printed for T. Parkhurst, […]; S. Spring, […]; J. Taylor, […], and J. Wyat, […], →OCLC，第 1 列:

Nor can we reaſonably think, that Chriſt ſo waſhed us from our Sins in his own Blood, that we might wallow more ſecurely in them; or that he freeth us from the Guilt and Puniſhment, and conniveth at the Filth and Practice of them.

1711, Thomas Rawbone, “The Efficient Cause of Our Sanctification [marginal note]”, 出自 The Path to Liberty: Or, The Method of Man’s Redemption by Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. In Two Parts. […], London: Printed for W[illiam] Taylor, […], →OCLC, part II，第 115 頁:

That the evils in India have solely arisen from the court of proprietors is grossly false. In many of these, the directors were heartily concurring; in most of them, they were encouraging, and sometimes commanding; in all they were conniving.

1783年December1日, Edmund Burke, “Debate in the Commons on the Motion for Going into a Committee on Mr. [Charles James] Fox’s India Bill”, 出自 [William Cobbett] 編, The Parliamentary History of England，源自the Earliest Period to the Year 1803. […], 第 XXIII 卷, London: Printed by T[homas] C[urson] Hansard, […] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown; [et al.], 出版於 1814, →OCLC，第 1375 列:

A nation of hardy archers and spearmen might, with small risk to its liberties, connive at some illegal acts on the part of a prince whose general administration was good, and whose throne was not defended by a single company of regular soldiers.

1849, Thomas Babington Macaulay, 章號 I, 出自 The History of England from the Accession of James II, 第 I 卷, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，第 36 頁:


connoisseur

约1705年–1715年，源自法語 connoisseur，源自动词connoître（connaître (“知道，了解”)的在1835年前的已弃用拼写）。

Real connoisseurs know that to nose and taste properly you have to add still water to your tulip-shaped glass so that the alcohol doesn't overwhelm you.

2002年October20日, Bob Morris, “The Age of Dissonance”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


cringe

动词派生自中古英語 crengen (“高傲地俯身，屈尊”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 *crenċan、*crenċġan、*crengan (“使...倒下，使翻转”)，crinċġan (“屈服；畏缩；倒下；死亡”)的使役动词，源自原始日耳曼語 *krangijaną (“使倒下”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kringaną、*krinkaną (“倒下；翻转；屈服”)（源自原始印歐語 *grenǵʰ- (“翻转”)）+ *-janą (从强变化动词构成“导致某人某物做某事”一意的使役动词)。英语词与丹麥語 krænge (“翻出内侧，使...外翻”)、荷蘭語 krengen (“猛然转向”)、低地蘇格蘭語 crenge、creenge、creinge、crienge (“畏缩，耸肩”)、瑞典語 kränga (“猛然转向；猛然前倾；掷”)和西弗里斯蘭語 kringe (“捏；戳；推；坚持，催促”)同源，且是crinkle 的同源對似詞。
名词和形容词派生自动词。

He cringed as the bird collided with the window.

那只鸟撞到窗子上，让他[吓得]缩了一下身子。

Here the angel ceased, and frowning, / Hurled his heavy gauntlet at him; / Hurled, as best he could, the creature, / Cringing as the Serpent cringeth, / Coiled, and with his crest uplifted; / And then prone upon his belly, / Crawled away upon his belly, [...]

1860, [John B. Newman], “The Combat”, 出自 Wa-Wa-Wanda: A Legend of Old Orange, New York, N.Y.: Rudd & Carleton, […], →OCLC，第 28 頁:

畏惧，恐惧，恶心；十分尴尬

（卑微地）躬身或蹲伏，卑躬屈膝

[I]f they keepe their wits, yet they are accompted fooles by reaſon of their carriage, becauſe they cannot ride a horſe, which euery Clowne can doe; ſalute and court a Gentlewoman, carue at table, cringe and make congies, which euery common ſwaſher can doe, [...]

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Loue of Learning; or Ouer-much Study. With a Digression of the Misery of Schollers, and Why the Muses are Melancholy.”, 出自 The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 1, section 2, member 3, subsection 15，第 113 頁:

And thou ſly hypocrite, who now wouldſt ſeem / Patron of liberty, who more then thou / Once fawn'd,and cring'd, and ſervilly ador'd / Heav'ns awful Monarch?

1667, John Milton, “Book IV”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，第 958–961 行s:

Lady, receive a tributary lay / 源自one who cringeth not to titled state / Conventional, and lacking will to prate / Of comeliness— [...]

1846, Thomas Cooper, “To the Countess of Blessington”, 出自 The Baron’s Yule Feast: A Christmas-rhyme, London: Jeremiah How, […], →OCLC:

Humbly thou cringest that with nod of head / Couldst fling me seaward from they steepest cliffs!

1891, Edgar Fawcett, “How a Queen Loved”, 出自 Songs of Doubt and Dream: (Poems), New York, N.Y., Toronto, Ont.: Funk & Wagnalls, →OCLC, stanza I，第 155 頁:

Here the beggar accoſts me; had I appeared as himſelf, he had aſked nothing: but now he uncovers, he cringeth, he cries for relief.

1782, John Brown, “The Christian Journal of a Summer-day”, 出自 The Christian Journal; or, Common Incidents, Spiritual Instructors. […], 4th版, Edinburgh: […] Gavin Alston; [s]old by William Coke, […], →OCLC，第 119 頁:

Their [the clergy's] chief business, during a quarter of a century, had been to teach the people to cringe and the prince to domineer.

1851, Thomas Babington Macaulay, 章號 XI, 出自 The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, 第 III 卷, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，第 105 頁:

Even to the present day the Arabs consider treating a Hutaymi as unmanly as to strike a woman. When a Felláh says to another, "Tat'hattim" (= Tat'maskin, or Tat'zallí), he means, "Thou cringest, thou makest thyself contemptible (as a Hutaymi)."

1880年June23日, Richard F[rancis] Burton, “The Ethnology of Modern Midian”, 出自 Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom, 第 XII (Second Series) 卷, London: John Murray, […]; Trübner and Co., […], 出版於 1882, →OCLC, part I (Notices of the Tribes of Midian, [...])，第 286 頁:

将...拉近(身体部位)；皱起(脸)

对...点头哈腰；（点头哈腰地）陪同


cringe

He glanced with a cringe at the mess on his desk.

他怯生生地瞥了一眼桌上乱七八糟的东西。

There was so much cringe in that episode!


cringe

more cringe (comparative)
most cringe (superlative)

cringemaking

令人尴尬的 (指让人尴尬到不适的)

cringeworthy

令人尴尬的 (指让人尴尬到不适的)

cringybased

令人尴尬的 (指让人尴尬到不适的)

cringy

令人尴尬的 (指让人尴尬到不适的)

based

令人尴尬的 (指让人尴尬到不适的)

令人尴尬的 (指让人尴尬到不适的)


consist

源自中古法語 consister，源自拉丁語 consistō (“站在一起；停下；变硬，固化；同意；继续；存在”)，源自com- (“一起”) + sistō (“站立；使...站立”)。

District number twenty-five (25) shall consist the counties of Tompkins, Seneca and Yates.

1846, District School Journal for the State of New-York - Volume 7，第 183 頁:

First, because it is granted by all divines, that hypothetical necessity, or necessity upon a supposition, may consist with liberty.

1841, “The” Questions Concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance:

All things do not consist by Christ today, and all the way back to Adam all things have not consisted by Christ.

2010, Michael O'Buck, Eternal Life: A Question of Honor, →ISBN:

It is that contact between the mind and things does not consist, at any level, in perceptions of simple data or in associations of such unities, but always consists in apprehensions of more or less “structured” complexes.

1953, Jean Piaget, Origin of Intelligence in the Child, 出版於 2013:

由...构成，由...组成，包含

The greeting package consists of some brochures, a pen, and a notepad.

欢迎礼包里有几本小册子，一支钢笔和一本笔记本。

The men resided in a huge bunk house, which consisted of one room only, with a shack outside where the cooking was done. In the large room were a dozen bunks ; half of them in a very dishevelled state,[…]。

1913, Robert Barr, 章號 6, 出自 Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

Hidden behind thickets of acronyms and gorse bushes of detail, a new great game is under way across the globe. Some call it geoeconomics, but it's geopolitics too. The current power play consists of an extraordinary range of countries simultaneously sitting down to negotiate big free trade and investment agreements.

2013年July19日, Timothy Garton Ash, “Where Dr Pangloss meets Machiavelli”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 第 189 卷, 第 6 期，第 18 頁:


consist

源自consist（动词）。

The train's consist included a baggage car, four passenger cars, and a diner.

這一列車編組包括一節行李車、四節客車，以及一節餐車。


conspiracy

源自中古英語 conspiracie，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 conspiracie，源自拉丁語 cōnspīrātiō。conspiration 的同源對似詞。

Conspiracies, like all other exercises of human ingenuity, are of very different kinds. The gloomy plots arranged in old Italian halls...

1834, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Francesca Carrara, 第 3 卷，第 23 頁:

Modern political religions may reject Christianity, but they cannot do without demonology. The Jacobins, the Bolsheviks and the Nazis all believed in vast conspiracies against them, as do radical Islamists today. It is never the flaws of human nature that stand in the way of Utopia. It is the workings of evil forces.

2007, John Gray, Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia:

Indeed, as I sat, forlorn, never having found my particular conspiracy of lemurs (how about that for a name for a group of lemurs? The name lemur itself comes from the Latin for “spirits of the dead”) …

2018年February8日, Jeffrey T. Laitman, “The Search for the Intersection of Form and Function: Looking for Clues into What Has Determined How, Why, and When Animals Came to Move the Way They Do”, 出自 The Anatomical Record, 第 301 卷, 第 3 期, →DOI:

The Oregon Zoo welcomed two red-ruffed lemurs this week, bringing the total number in the conspiracy — the name for a group of lemurs — to seven.

2018年November9日, “Red alert: New lemurs join zoo conspiracy”, 出自 Oregon Zoo, retrieved 2019-11-05:

Rather than propagating conspiracies about the evils of wealthy Jewry, they beat up poor Roma in back alleys.

2008, Edward Snajdr, Nature Protests: The End of Ecology in Slovakia, University of Washington Press, ISBN 978-0-295-98856-6, page 176:

The internet helps spread conspiracies, but it can also be used to verify claims made by politicians and the media.

2018, Rita Santos, The Deep State, Greenhaven Publishing, ISBN 978-1-5345-0321-2, page 99:


conspiracy

He knew I would come for him when I discovered what he did, so he, he conspiracied to put me in prison.

2007, Brian Francis Slattery, Spaceman Blues: A Love Song，第 45 頁:

“What are you two conspiracying about up here?” asked Kira, walking up next to me.

2019, Vincent Trigili, Rise of the Goblin King:

Promoters of the CrowdStrike theory often claim that CrowdStrike co-founder Dmitri Alperovitch is Ukrainian, which they see as “proof” of his willingness to conspiracy with the Ukrainian government and Democrats against Putin and Trump in 2016.

2019年November21日, Alex Henderson, “The looney CrowdStrike conspiracy claims debunked by Fiona Hill during her bombshell impeachment testimony”, 出自 AlterNet:


cobweb

源自中古英語 copweb、coppeweb，等价于弃用词cop (“蜘蛛”) + web。对比中古荷蘭語 kopwebbe、德國低地德語 Kobbenwebbe (威斯特伐利亚)。

蜘蛛网 （尤指图案混乱不规则的）

[…] there was stretched across his gateway a circular cobweb of the largest kind and quite entire. This looked so ominous that I actually turned aside and went in the back way.

1865, Henry David Thoreau, 章號 X, 出自 Cape Cod, Provincetown，第 200 頁:

A cobweb, night-spun, hung in an insidious circle from branch to branch, facing her. Early as it was, its first victim struggled in its gummy meshes.

1907, Barbara Baynton, Human Toll (Portable Australian Authors: Barbara Baynton), St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 出版於 1980，第 286 頁:

Once the cobwebs of a lack-lustre first half were blown away, Spurs were irresistible and Arsenal were simply unable to cope with the power of Mousa Dembele in midfield and the creation and running of Christian Eriksen and Dele Alli - combined with the inevitable goalscoring prowess of Kane.

2018年February10日, Phil McNulty, “Tottenham Hotspur 1 - 0 Arsenal”, 出自 BBC:

很久没有更新或没人访问的网页

I washed my face, trying to get the cobwebs of hard sex and an alcohol-induced sleep out of my head

2008, Burlan Eugene Ellison, The Ebony Coffin: A Jim Kirkwood Novel，第 98 頁:

Veyz mir, meaning something like “Oh . . . my!,” was a Yiddish expression that I had not employed for a long, long time. Yet in the cobwebs of my memory, that expression was still lurking inside. How interesting!

2012, Stanley M. Bierman, Napoleon's Penis: Plus Other Engaging and Outrageous Tales，第 16 頁:


consternation

"Out!" exclaimed her husband, with something like genuine consternation in his voice.

Their audience had been listening in increasing consternation.

2003, Terrance Dicks, Barry Letts, 章號 17, 出自 Deadly Reunion:

It was probably worth four millennia of consternation and regret.

February 27, 2006, Chuck Klosterman, “Invention's New Mother”, 出自 Esquire:


cockeyed

more cockeyed (comparative)
most cockeyed (superlative)

This morning I paid seventy cents for two little old dried-up slivers of bacon and one cockeyed egg.

1950, Langston Hughes, Simple Speaks His Mind, Chapter 12, in The Early Simple Stories, The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, Volume 7, edited by Donna Akiba Sullivan Harper, University of Missouri Press, 2002, p. 60–61,

The Velcro closure of one sneaker had come loose and stuck up like a cockeyed tongue.

荒唐的，愚蠢的 （一般形容想法而非人）

I'm not going to go along with your cockeyed plot.

我可不想掺和进你那荒唐的阴谋里。

As time went on, and the desultory rifle-fire rattled among the hills, I began to wonder with increasing scepticism whether anything would ever happen to bring a bit of life, or rather a bit of death, into this cock-eyed war.

1938 四月, George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair], 章號 III, 出自 Homage to Catalonia, London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:

While he [Bob Dylan] spent six decades singing about heartache, apocalypse and betrayal, a cockeyed humor has always informed his bleak worldview.

2021年May24日, Jason Zinoman, “Happy Birthday, Bob Dylan, Our Most Underappreciated Comic”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

In the private office he said, "Mr. Barrow, I was going to quit."
 "Don't do that, son! You're the only executive I've got that isn't cockeyed all the time! […]"

1934, Sinclair Lewis, 章號 12, 出自 Work of Art, New York: P.F. Collier & Son，第 166 頁:


crud

源自中古英語 crud、crudde (“凝结的牛奶；污物；凝结的物质；糟粕”)，源自古英語 crūdan (“压”)。curd 的同源對似詞。

Crud is caked in the crevices of her jewellery. All of it needs cleaning.

2018, Tsitsi Dangarembga, This Mournable Body, Faber & Faber (2020)，第 30 頁:

（核反应堆冷却液内的）杂质

（难以通过的）厚而潮湿的雪


crud

The covered cardboard boxes held and the packings in the crates suffered no further crudding.

2011, Henry Z. Kister, Distillation Troubleshooting，第 203 頁:


crud

啧，靠 （表达厌烦，紧张的不粗俗叹词）


contention

源自中古英語 contencion，借自古法語 contencion，源自拉丁語 contentio, contentionem，源自contendō（过去分词contentus），等价于contend + -tion（类似于attention）。

It is my contention that state lotteries are taxes on stupid people.

我的看法是州彩票是向蠢人征的税。

（系统的各组件或其用户对有限资源的）竞争


cryptogam

源自古希腊语 κρυπτός (kruptós, “隐藏的”) + γαμέω (gaméō, “结婚”)。

隐花植物（使用孢子进行繁殖的植物。曾经在分类学上属于隐花植物类，包括蕨类、苔藓类、藻类植物和真菌）


convene

借自中古法語 convenir，源自拉丁語 convenio、convenire (“集合”)。

The Parliament of Scotland now convened.

1670, Richard Baker, A Chronicle of the Kings of England from the Time of the Romans Government unto the Death of King James


culminate

自1647年起可考，源自中世紀拉丁語 culminatus，culminare (“给...加冕”)的过去分词，源自拉丁語 culmen (“顶点”)，早期形式columen (“顶峰”)，源自原始意大利語 *kolamen，源自原始印歐語词根*kol-, *kelH- (“展现；顶”)，其亦派生出英語 hill和holm。

peak

登顶，达到顶峰 （可指物理上的顶峰，也可指比喻义）

登顶，达到顶峰 （可指物理上的顶峰，也可指比喻义）

As when his beams at noon / Culminate from the equator.

1667, John Milton, “Book 3”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The type of Cycads culminated in the Mesozoic

1875, James Dwight Dana, Manual of Geology:

This culminates in a timetable change in December 2020, at which point EMR will introduce a sixth train each hour out of St Pancras.

2019 October, Tony Miles and Philip Sherratt, “EMR kicks off new era”, 出自 Modern Railways，第 53 頁:

达到高潮，达到关键点，（尤指）结果，告终，收场

Mr. Bush has been marking the fifth anniversary of Sept. 11 with a series of speeches about terrorism that culminated with his televised address last night.

2006年September12日, “President Bush’s Reality”, 出自 New York Times:

Their messy breakup culminated in a restraining order.

他们闹的一场分手最后以限制令收场。

The class will culminate with a rigorous examination.

这堂课最后会有一场严格的考试。

Approaching from the south on foot, elements of the CG battalion were first to come into contact and their attack culminated because the rate and accuracy of the VC small arms fire. The CG battalions attempted two assaults to penetrate[…]

2014年August15日, Major Kevin R. Kilbride, Military Assistance Advisory Group-Vietnam (1954-1963): The Battle Of Ap Bac, Pickle Partners Publishing, →ISBN:

As a result, the attack culminated the first day without additional artillery support. The towns of Eclisfontaine and Epinonville were not held on the first day as originally directed in the Corps plan.

2014年August15日, Major Bryan L. Woodcock, 91st Infantry In World War I--Analysis Of An AEF Division's Efforts To Achieve Battlefield Success [Illustrated Edition], Pickle Partners Publishing, →ISBN，第 33 頁:

以...告终，以...收场

The announcement by Tony Windsor and Rob Oakeshott in Canberra culminated more than a fortnight of intensive political horse-trading.

2010年September7日, “By the skin of her teeth”, 出自 The Economist:


coiffeur

借自法語 coiffeur，源自coiffer，源自古法語 coife，源自晚期拉丁語 cofia。


coitus

源自拉丁語 coitus。

Wolowitz: Hang on. There really is a lady here?
Leonard: Uh-huh.
Wolowitz: And you want us out because you’re anticipating coitus?
Leonard: No, she’s just a friend.
Wolowitz: So she’s available for coitus?
Leonard: No, she’s – –

2006 October 2nd, Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, The Big Bang Theory, “Pilot”, screenplay (revised first draft), act one, scene A (page 26):


cuprous

亚铜的，一价铜的，铜(I)


coquille

:coquille
#用贝壳或贝壳状容器盛的菜


cutlery

源自中古英語 cotellerie、cutleri (“刀匠的工艺品”)，源自古法語 coutelerie（现代法語 coutellerie）。

a cutlery set

This cutlery comes from Normandy, France.


collier

源自中古英語 colier，源自col (“煤”)。

煤矿工，运煤工人，煤老板等

For this reason, the collier took constant care to keep the covering of earth in good order.

1957, H.R. Schubert, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry, p. 224.


collude

William understood Diana more but idealized her less. He was privy to her volatile love life. He knew the tabloids made her life hell, but he also knew she colluded with them.

April 5 2022, Tina Brown, “How Princess Diana’s Dance With the Media Impacted William and Harry”, 出自 Vanity Fair:


cologne

略自eau de Cologne < 法語 Eau de Cologne，1709年的原型产品的名字。科隆香水的成功带动了很多仿制品的出现，而后其成为了一个通用商标。参见Cologne。

You stink of too much cologne.


corny

源自中古英語 corny，等价于corn + -y。至于义项“陈腐的”，源自“corn catalogue jokes”，即印在邮寄作物种子目录内的笑话，常被认为质量较低。

cornier (comparative)
corniest (superlative)

kitsch

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

kitschy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

cheesy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

tacky

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

campy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

schlocky

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

schmaltzy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

The duct tape and wire was a pretty corny solution.

用防尘胶带和电线也太没有新意了。

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

The movie was okay, but the love scene was really corny.

那部电影还行，但是恋爱那部分太套路了。

He sent a bouquet of twelve red roses and a card: "Roses are red, Violets are blue, Sugar is sweet, And so are you." How corny is that!

他送了一束十二朵玫瑰的花束，还有一张卡片：“玫瑰是红的，紫罗兰是蓝的，糖是甜的，你也是甜的。”真是土爆了！

拙劣的，愚蠢的，垃圾的，差劲的

Dreya shakes her head and rolls her eyes. "I'm going to bed. Y'all corny."

2010, Nikki Carter, Not A Good Look, page 221:

“You and your silly bitch better give me fifty feet before both y'all corny asses get slam dunked in that pool.”

2014, Niobia Bryant, Never Keeping Secrets, page 69:

Y'all haters corny with that Illuminati mess

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:corny。

Country Cornbread Muffins (page 290) / Marlene Says: The cool crunchy salad and slightly sweet corny muffins are perfect partners to the creamy, spicy black bean soup.

2012, Marlene Koch, Eat More of What You Love, Running Press, →ISBN:

There are cornbread recipes, and there are cornbread recipes. This one absolutely sings. Based on her daddy’s, and then her sister’s, beloved skillet-made bread, Maggie’s own recipe developed over time. It’s more about method, she says, but using stone-ground cornmeal and whole buttermilk are just as important. And a hot, seasoned cast-iron skillet is a must. What emerges is a rich “corny” bread, an almost melting soft interior encased in a ridiculously toothsome crust.

2014, Nancy Vienneau, The Third Thursday Community Potluck Cookbook: Recipes and Stories to Celebrate the Bounty of the Moment, Nelson Books, Thomas Nelson，第 180 頁:

“CORNY” BREAD MUFFINS + HONEY BUTTER (GRAIN-, DAIRY-, SOY-, NIGHTSHADE-FREE) Well, making cornbread without corn is kinda tricky, but since corn is indeed a grain, “real” cornbread will not be found here.

2015, Jennifer Robins, Down South Paleo: Delectable Southern Recipes Adapted for Gluten-Free, Paleo Eaters, Page Street Publishing Co., →ISBN，第 139 頁:

Fiesta Corny Muffins / Cornbread goes with everything: salad, soup, and chili.

2016, Stephanie Clarke, Willow Jarosh, Healthy, Happy Pregnancy Cookbook, Atria Paperback, →ISBN，第 83 頁:

Have beans, bacon, and cornbread for dinner.[…]Have peas, bacon, and corny bread for dinner.

2019, George O. Wilson, Jr., Osborne Wilson’s Civil War Diaries, Christian Faith Publishing, Inc., →ISBN:

产玉米或谷粒的；含玉米的

The corny ear.

Yen day when aw was corney.

1850, Joseph Philip Robson, France's Songs of the Bards of the Tyne:


corny

拉丁語 cornu (“角”)。

more corny (comparative)
most corny (superlative)

Up stood the cornie Reed.

1667, John Milton, “Book 7”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


corollary

源自中古英語，源自晚期拉丁語 corōllārium (“为花冠支付钱；礼物，酬金；推导”)，源自corōlla (“小花冠”)，corōna (“冠，王冠”)的指小词。

/ˈkɔɹəˌlɛɹi/

/kɔˈɹoʊˌlɛɹi/

顺便做的事情，顺水推舟达成的结果

Finally getting that cracked window fixed was a nice corollary of redoing the whole storefront.

翻修整个商店的时候终于能顺便把那个破窗修了。

We have proven that this set is finite and well ordered; as a corollary, we now know that there is an order-preserving map from it to the natural numbers.

我们证明了这个集合有穷有序，进而推导出，存在一个它到自然数的保序映射。


corollary

/ˈkɔɹəˌlɛɹi/

/kɔˈɹoʊˌlɛɹi/

However, given current sensibilities about individual privacy and data protection, the recording of oral data is becoming increasingly onerous for researchers who are obliged to navigate an often time-consuming and complex series of administrative requirements and corollary review processes in order to be granted ethics clearance.

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, 出自 Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，第 11 頁:


commensurate

源自拉丁語 com- (表示一起的前缀) + mēnsūrō。

more commensurate (comparative)
most commensurate (superlative)

/kəˈmɛnʃəɹət/

/kəˈmɛnʃəɹət/

commensurate punishments

If it is essential in our interests to maintain a quasi-permanent position of power on the Asian mainland as against the Chinese then we must be prepared to continue to pay the present cost in Vietnam indefinitely and to meet any escalation on the other side with at least a commensurate escalation of commitment of our own.

1962, Senator Mike Mansfield, "Report to the President on Southeast Asia-Vietnam"

Kettering will become an important interchange for passengers making these journeys, and EMR is considering improvements to the station's facilities commensurate with this status.

2019 October, Tony Miles and Philip Sherratt, “EMR kicks off new era”, 出自 Modern Railways，第 54 頁:


commensurate

源自拉丁語 com- (表示一起的前缀) + mēnsūrō。

/kəˈmɛnʃəɹət/

/kəˈmɛnʃəɹət/

The rare temper and proportion, which the Church of England useth in commensurating the Forms of Absolution to the degrees of preparation and necessity, is to be observed

1679, Timothy Puller, The moderation of the Church of England considered as useful for allaying the present distempers which the indisposition of the time hath contracted


commute

借自拉丁語 commūtō。

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

to commute tithes into rentcharges for a sum

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium

to commute daily fares for a season ticket

to commute the daily toll for a year's pass

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium

His prison sentence was commuted to probation.

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium

（指某种操作）可交换，可适用交换律

A pair of matrices share the same set of eigenvectors if and only if they commute.

两个矩阵有相同的特征值，当且仅当它们可交换。


commute

源自commutation ticket，即用于铁路，有轨电车等的，一次性支付能够使用一段时间的通行券。

通勤路；通勤时间；通勤距离


commute

I commute from Brooklyn to Manhattan by bicycle.

我在布鲁克林和曼哈顿之间用自行车通勤。

By one estimate, vultures either residing in or commuting into the Serengeti ecosystem during the annual migration—when 1.3 million white-bearded wildebeests shuffle between Kenya and Tanzania—historically consumed more meat than all mammalian carnivores in the Serengeti combined.

2015, Elizabeth Royte, Vultures Are Revolting. Here’s Why We Need to Save Them., National Geographic (December 2015)https://web.archive.org/web/20151213095110/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2016/01/vultures-text:


coulisse

沟柱（有沟给物体用来滑动的木头）


complacency

晚期中古英語 complacence，源自晚期拉丁語 complacentia。对比法語 complaisance。

[…] looking at Mr. George Osborne's pale interesting countenance, and those beautiful black, curling, shining whiskers, which the young gentleman himself regarded with no ordinary complacency, she thought in her little heart that in His Majesty's army, or in the wide world, there never was such a face or such a hero.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, 章號 5, 出自 Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

自满产生的消极，不思进取


compliment

借自法語 compliment，借自意大利語 complimento，借自西班牙語 cumplimiento，源自cumplir (“顺从，遵守，完成”)。complement 的同源對似詞。取代了本土的古英語词ġeswǣsnes。

pay someone a compliment

Virtue indeed meets many a rhiming friend,

1782, William Cowper, “Table Talk” in Poems, London: J. Johnson, p. 37,

He told the Captain, He was heartily sorry for his Misfortunes; tho’ in my Opinion that was nothing but a Compliment: For, as I found afterwards, he was more brutish, and dishonest, than most of the other Kings on the Island […]

1743, Robert Drury, The Pleasant, and Surprizing Adventures of Mr. Robert Drury, during his Fifteen Years Captivity on the Island of Madagascar, London, p. 25,


countess

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cuntesse、古法語 contesse，源自拉丁語 comitessa，等价于count + -ess。contessa 的同源對似詞。

Elizabeth Millicent Leveson-Gower is 24th Countess of Sutherland; her son will be the 25th Earl.


couth

源自中古英語 cǒuth (“熟悉的，知道的；显然的，真实的；著名的；文雅的，文质彬彬的”)，源自古英語 cūþ (“熟悉的，知道的；显而易见的；著名的；很好的；友好的；有关的”)，cunnan (“熟悉，知道；知道，了解，会，能够”)的过去分词，源自原始日耳曼語 *kunnaną (“熟悉，知道，分辨；会，能够”)（对比*kunþaz (“知道的，已知的”)），最终源自原始印歐語 *ǵneh₃- (“知道”)。同源词包括荷蘭語 kond (“已知的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 cut (“已知的”)、哥特語 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (kunþs, “已知的”)、冰島語 kuður、kunnur (“已知的”)、拉丁語 gnosco (“知道”)、古高地德語 kund、chund、chunt、中古高地德語 kunt （现代德語 kund (“知道的”)）、古撒克遜語 kūth、cûth、cuð (“为人所知的；著名的”)、低地蘇格蘭語 couth (“熟悉的，知道的”)。且是could 的同源對似詞。

more couth (comparative)
most couth (superlative)

couthie的变体 宜人的，恰当的，适合的

Squad leaders were responsible for doing periodic checks to make sure soldiers were living a couth lifestyle, as Joes would compete regularly to see whose room was nicer.

2012, La’Vez Robinson Sr., “Deutschland”, 出自 On My Own: Putting the Past behind Me, [Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN，第 203 頁:


couth

uncouth

有教养的，文雅的，礼貌的

有教养的，文雅的，礼貌的

So Dennis May thrilled me in a recent issue when he described Raymond Mays' 1939 E.R.A. racer as a "couth" little Merc-like model.

1943, Henry Sturmey, H. Walter Staner, The Autocar: A Journal Published in the Interests of the Mechanically Propelled Road Carriage, 第 88 卷, London: Iliffe, Sons & Sturney, →OCLC，第 632 頁，第 3 列:

Yet the dancers are beautiful, their cool movement has a couth simplicity, and there are moments when a gesture of almost absolute beauty stands transfixed in some transom of sublime comprehension.

1991, John Percival 編, Dance and Dancers, London: Dance & Dancers Ltd., →ISSN, →OCLC，第 37 頁:

[John] Dankworth's care over the shaping and presentation of his music led occasionally to complaints that it was clever, lightweight stuff, lacking the rough passion which many regarded as the mark of authentic jazz, a view summed up by the critic Kitty Grime in the much-quoted phrase "couth, kempt and shevelled".

2010年February7日, “Sir John Dankworth [obituary]”, 出自 Tony Gallagher 編, The Daily Telegraph, London: Telegraph Media Group, →ISSN, →OCLC，於2019-01-24歸檔自原頁面:


couth

That man has no couth.

There is an aspect of the cultural conservative argument that sometimes drifts dangerously close to tha view, elitist to the core, as elitist as the New Class, as elitist as limousine liberalism: The public ain't got no couth. You can hear those old-fashioned elitist wheels spinning: Maybe we need a few government regulations to deal with the couth shortage.

1995, Ben[jamin] J[oseph] Wattenberg, “Those Darn Cultural Issues”, 出自 Values Matter Most: How Democrats or Republicans or a Third Party Can Win and Renew the American Way of Life, Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, →ISBN, part 2 (What It’s Not)，第 107 頁:

My daughters have long and inappropriately been members of the Committee to Reform Dad's Hygiene, taking me to task for my supposed lack of couth.

2004, W[illiam] Bruce Cameron, “How to Increase a Man’s Couth”, 出自 How to Remodel a Man: Tips and Techniques on Accomplishing Something You Know Is Impossible but Want to Try Anyway, New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, →ISBN; 再版為 How to Remodel a Man: You Know It’s Impossible but You Want to Try Anyway, London: HarperCollins, 2005, →ISBN，第 62 頁:

Couth and manners are intensely subjective concepts. Each culture has its own standards of acceptable table manners, for instance.

2005, Heidi Munan, Culture Shock!: Malaysia: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette (Culture Shock!), Portland, Or.: Graphics Art Center Pub. Co., →ISBN，第 86 頁:

You got no couth, Ed. You was raised no-count is what you were. No count and you ain't got a lick of couth.

2006, Mark Powell, Blood Kin: A Novel, Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, →ISBN，第 97 頁:

We transformed the uncouths into couths, the unkempts into kempts, the inerts into erts! We did it all by speaking to teen-agers on their own terms and in their own language.

[1967, Bernice Fitz-Gibbon, Macy’s, Gimbels, and Me: How to Earn $90,000 a Year in Retail Advertising, New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，第 91 頁:

I'm going to hit that "Gulf of Texas" beach with a bundle of couths and suaves because those Texas gals that hang around the big shrimp boats are used to good living.

1968 November, “C. R. Terror”, 出自 Richard L. Anderson 編, The MAC Flyer (USAF Recurring Publication; 62-5), 第 XV 卷, 第 11 期, Scott Air Force Base, Ill.: Directorate of Safety, Headquarters Military Airlift Command, →ISSN, →OCLC，第 28 頁，第 1 列:


couture

It was the branding of these products, rather than the couture itself, that would become the foundation of the industry, generating huge global sales by the last quarter of the century.

2007, Cally Blackman, 100 Years of Fashion Illustration, →ISBN，第 166 頁:


cower

源自中古英語 couren、cowre，源自中古低地德語 kûren (“潜伏；游荡”)或北日耳曼語支（冰島語 kúra (“打盹”)）。同源词包括德語 kauern (“蹲伏”)、荷蘭語 koeren (“蹲守”)、塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 kutriti (“躺着缩成一团”)、瑞典語 kura (“蜷缩”)。与coward无关，其源自拉丁语。

He'd be useless in war. He'd just cower in his bunker until the enemy came in and shot him, or until the war was over.

打仗的时候他肯定没用，他肯定会缩在地堡里，一直到敌人进来把他枪毙了，或者战争打完。

Our dame sits cowering o'er a kitchen fire.

1700, John Dryden, "The Cock and the Fox", in Fables, Ancient and Modern, published March 1700:

Some sterner virtues o’er the mountain’s breast
May sit, like falcons, cowering on the nest

使...蜷缩；吓住，恐吓...并使其屈服

This done, their doubts will vanish, and they will stand confronted by an object lesson which must have the effect either to arouse them to a determination to banish despotism from the land, or cower them into submission and servitude.

1895, Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industry of Kansas:

My spirit will cower them and make them wish they had never risen up against me.

2007, DJ Birmingham, The Queen's Tale: The Struggle for the Survival of Ireland，第 170 頁:

A vicious Mafia threat intended to cower him—but the chief doesn't cower.

2010, Marilyn Brown Oden, The Dead Saint:


coy

源自中古英語 coy，源自古法語 coi，早期形式quei (“安静的”)，源自拉丁語 quiētus (“在休息的”)。quiet 的同源對似詞。

coyer (comparative)
coyest (superlative)

The ill-bred miss, the bird-brained Jill, / May simper and be coy at will; / A lady, sir, as you will find, / Keeps counsel, or she speaks her mind, / Means what she says and scorns to fence / And palter with feigned innocence.

1981, A. D. Hope, “His Coy Mistress to Mr. Marvell”, 出自 A Book of Answers:


coy

Come sit thee down upon this flowery bed, / While I thy amiable cheeks do coy.

c. 1595–1596, William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

For now there are ſprung up a wiſer generation in this kind, who have the Art to coy the fonder ſort into their nets

1635, Edward Rainbowe, Labour Forbidden, and Commanded. A Sermon Preached at S^(t.) Pauls^([sic]) Church, September 28. 1634., London: Nicholas Vavasour，第 29 頁:


conclude

源自拉丁语 conclūdere (“关上，停止”), conclūdō的现在主动不定式形式。

这个故事以一个寓意结束。

做出最后决定；得出结论。

From the evidence, I conclude that this man was murdered.

根据证据，我断定这个人是被谋杀的。

作出最后的决定或判断；判断；决定。

停止，阻碍，限制（常用被动）。

The defendant is concluded by his own plea.

A judgment concludes the introduction of further evidence.


conclusion

源自古法语 conclusion ,拉丁语 conclusio , concludere (“结束，完成”)的过去分词形式。

事物的结束、末尾或最后部分。

经过深思熟虑后作出的决定；结论。

The board has come to the conclusion that the proposed takeover would not be in the interest of our shareholders.

董事会得出结论认为，提议的收购不符合股东的利益。

在论证或三段论中，作为前提的必然结果而提出的命题。

实验或可得出结论的事物。


concoct

源自拉丁語 concoctiō (“消化”)，源自con- (“一起”)和coquō (“烹煮”)。

[kʰəŋˈkʰɒkt]

to concoct a potion

to concoct a new dish

Their only regret was, that Mademoiselle Carrara would taste none of the conserves and the pastry they were so busily concocting.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 IX, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 第 II 卷, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，第 103 頁:

Pecan shells make good fuel, and they are used by leather tanners to concoct their foul-smelling compounds, and sometimes we mix them with charcoal in hand-soap to make a really good scrubbing agent

2007, Cecilia Dart-Thornton, The Well of Tears: Book Two of The Crowthistle Chronicles, Tor Books, →ISBN:

The twelve include Jill (she used to be a chicken-and-potatoes girl, but now she's willing to try whatever I concoct), […]

2014, Lisa Howard, Healthier Gluten-Free, Fair Winds Press (MA) (ISBN 9781592335985), page 171:

to concoct a cunning plan

On the other hand, the finest argument ever concocted, the concentrated wisdom drawn from men and books, will fail to charm, like the hilarity of a dance, or the splendour of a gala, the young, gay girl, whose spirits are exuberant, and whose heart is untouched by care, and who, a dozen years afterwards, would, in calm cheerfulness, listen lovingly, and examine carefully, the pleaded reasons offered to her judgment.

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], 章號 XXVI, 出自 Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], 第 II 卷, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，第 34 頁:

He had two beautiful daughters who fell in love with men he approved of and he wanted to give them the most lavish double wedding he could concoct.

2005, Jean Ferris, Into the Wind: Part One, iUniverse, →ISBN，第 161 頁:

For the parts of an Embryo are nourished and encreased before it hath a Stomach to concoct any thing, and yet in a perfect Fœtus none can deny that the Stomach does concoct […]

1703, Thomas Gibson, The Anatomy of Humane Bodies Epitomized, page 297:


concurrence

The time came when they ceased to cry and began to think; by the way, if Georgiana had not, from a concurrence of circumstances, been enabled to eat her breakfast, this operation of the mind could not have been engaged in without further injury, for she was, indeed, weak and exhausted;...

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], 章號 XXIV, 出自 Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], 第 II 卷, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，第 11 頁:

This book owes its existence to a concurrence of accidents.

1862, John Hill Burton, The Book-hunter, etc., Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood & Sons, Advertisement:


condescending

more condescending (comparative)
most condescending (superlative)

Quit talking to me in that condescending tone! You always treat me like a child!

别一副居高临下的语气和我说话！你老是把我当小孩子！

As for the IRP, Secretary of State Grant Shapps continues to peddle snake oil, smoke and mirrors. His reaction to near-universal IRP condemnation from politicians, local and national media, and all but a few rail specialists was to dismiss the lot of us (in the condescending and patronising tone we have now come to expect) as "critics and naysayers".

2022年January12日, Nigel Harris, “Comment: Unhappy start to 2022”, 出自 RAIL, 第 948 期，第 3 頁:


cranky

源自crank + -y。对比中古低地德語 krankich (“不太舒服的”)。

crankier (comparative)
crankiest (superlative)

We had seven canoes, all of them dugouts. One was small, one was cranky, and two were old, waterlogged, and leaky. The other three were good.

1914, Theodore Roosevelt, Through the Brazilian Wilderness: The River of Doubt:

脾气不好的，易怒的，暴躁的

He got home from a long day at work tired and cranky.

他忙了一天工作回到家，又累心情又差。

性情乖僻的，心理有问题的

Uncle Esau is as cranky as hell, and a peculiar old duck, but I think he'll like a fine upstanding young man as big as you be.

1934 December, Robert E. Howard, The Road to Bear Creek, in Action Stories,

crank (“（指船因货物堆放不恰当或压舱物不足而容易）倾覆的”)之同義詞

a cranky vessel


crass

源自中古英語 cras、craas，源自古法語 cras，源自拉丁語 crassus (“厚的，肥的，重的”)。grease 的同源對似詞。

crasser (comparative)
crassest (superlative)

粗鲁的；愚钝的，麻木不仁的，对别人漠不关心的，不明辨是非的

You guys would rather be with someone else who’s equal to your status in life. Tiger Woods, or somebody. I comes across as crass, a Neanderthal, a babbling idiot sometimes. I like to show you that person. I like that person.

粗糙的，笨拙的，不精致的

The Albanians have a world ranking of 58, but even a side of fairly modest talents would surely have taken advantage of the kind of crass mistakes that Scotland made on Friday.

2018年September7日, Tom English, “Scotland 0-4 Belgium”, 出自 BBC Sport:

One may very easily fall into mistakes and errors when one is searching into the hidden causes of things, in the absence of real experiments, and this is easily apparent from the crass error of Cardan; who deems himself to have discovered the distances of the centres of the cosmos and of the earth through a variation of the magnetick iron of 9 degrees.

1900, William Gilbert, 章號 11, 出自 On the Magnet:


Dalian

借自官話 大連／大连 (Dàlián)的漢語拼音發音。

大連（副省級市名，位於中國遼寧）。


Dalian

more Dalian (comparative)
most Dalian (superlative)

萨尔瓦多·达利（西班牙超现实主义画家）的；和萨尔瓦多·达利有关的。


damosel

damsel的已棄用拼寫


damozel

damsel的棄用形式。


deadpan

more deadpan (comparative)
most deadpan (superlative)

a deadpan face or look

deadpan behaviour or speech

The comedian remained deadpan.


deadpan

A city-hired consultant from a firm called Urban Futures was booed repeatedly by the agitated homeowners as he talked deadpan, in bureaucratese, about his firm's "evidentiary record" pointing to blight in the neighborhood.

2004, Steven Greenhut, Abuse of Power: How the Government Misuses Eminent Domain，第 46 頁:


deadpan

MAREK: But really the deadpan is key. You can essentially trick people into laughing at nothing.

2007, Meredith Gran, Octopus Pie #71: Deadpan:


deadpan

Kidd deadpanned it, stared glassily back at Maitland.

2022, Liam McIlvanney, The Heretic，第 496 頁:


damsel

源自中古英語 dameisele，源自古法語 damoisele，源自通俗拉丁語 *domnicella，古典拉丁語 domina (“女士”)的指小词，源自dominus，源自*demh₂-。demoiselle、doncella、 和 donzella 的同源對似詞。

The spout that conveys the grain from the hopper to the eye or centre of the upper millstone rests against the spindle, just at the damsel, and thus receives an alternate back and forward motion, […]

1843, The Magazine of Science, and Schools of Art (volume 4, page 263)


deathbed

源自中古英語 dethbed，源自古英語 dēaþbedd (“死时卧的床；坟墓”)，等价于death + bed。与瑞典語 dödsbädd (“死时卧的床”)同源。亦对比荷蘭語 sterfbed (“死时卧的床”)、德語 Sterbebett和Totenbett（均指“死时卧的床”）、丹麥語 dødsleje (“死时卧的床”)。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-deathbed.wav

He was once on his way to an old woman, who was on her death-bed and who had led a wicked life.

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, 譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，第 254 頁:


debilitate

拉丁語 debilitatus，debilitare (“使...变弱”)的过去分词，源自形容词debilis (“弱的”)，源自de- + habilis (“能够...的”)。

enervate

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

enfeeble

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

weaken

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

使...变弱，使...衰弱，弱化

The American Dream suffered a debilitating effect after the subprime crisis.

美国梦在次贷危机后经历了一次衰落。

Twice, they found themselves behind, seemingly on their way out, and on both occasions they absolutely refused to let their lack of numbers debilitate them.

2015年March12日, Daniel Taylor, “Chelsea out of Champions League after Thiago Silva sends 10-man PSG through on away goals”, 出自 The Guardian (London):


debonair

古法語 debonaire，源自短语de bon aire (“属于好的家族的，贵族的”)。

more debonair (comparative)
most debonair (superlative)

客气的，殷勤的，有礼貌的

Let be that Ladie debonaire, / Thou recreant knight, and soone thy selfe prepaire / To battell […]。

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book II, Canto VI”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

She was a New York City person. Sacco is nervy and sassy and sort of debonair.

2015年February12日, Jon Ronson, “How One Stupid Tweet Blew Up Justine Sacco’s Life”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:

有魅力的，潇洒的，自信的，精心打扮的


dastard

源自中古英語 dastard (“愚人”)，可能由*dast得来，其为从古諾爾斯語 dæstr (“喘不过气的”) + -ard衍生而来的一个词干。 对比冰島語 dasaður (“筋疲力尽的”)，方言瑞典語 däst (“劳累的”)、中古荷蘭語 dasaert、daasaardt (“傻子”)、英語 dazed (“发呆的”)。

I thought ye would never have given out these arms till you had recovered your ancient freedom: but you are all recreants and dastards, and delight to live in slavery to the nobility.

c. 1591, William Shakespeare, Henry VI, Part 2, Act IV, Scene 8,

The dastard, that did heare him selfe defyde, / Seem'd not to weigh his threatfull words at all, / But laught them out, as if his greater pryde, / Did scorne the challenge of so base a thrall: Or had not courage, or else had no gall.

1596, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, Book VI, Canto Three, Stanza 36, in The Faerie Queene, Book Six and the Mutabilitie Cantos, edited by Andrew Hadfield and Abraham Stoll, Hackett, 2007, p. 49,

My client, an innately bashful man, would be the last man in the world to do anything ungentlemanly which injured modesty could object to or cast a stone at a girl who took the wrong turning when some dastard, responsible for her condition, had worked his own sweet will on her.

1922, James Joyce, Ulysses, Penguin, 1992, p. 590,


dastard

more dastard (comparative)
most dastard (superlative)

Like dastard Curres, that having at a bay

1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, Book III, Canto One, Stanza 22, in The Faerie Queene, Books Three and Four, edited by Dorothy Stephens, Hackett, 2006, p. 13,

Now dragg'd once more beyond the western main,
To groan beneath some dastard planter’s chain;
Where my poor countrymen in bondage wait
The long enfranchisement of ling’ring fate:

1789, Olaudah Equiano, 章號 5, 出自 The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano:

Observe, too, that this is all a modern affair; belongs not to the old heroic times, but to these dastard new times. ‘Happiness our being’s end and aim’ is at bottom, if we will count well, not yet two centuries old in the world.

1843, Thomas Carlyle, Past and Present, book 3, ch. IV, Happy


dastard

Would my short life had yet a shorter date! / I'm weary of this flesh which holds us here, / And dastards manly souls with hope and fear; / These heats and colds still in our breast make war, / Agues and fevers all our passions are.

1665, John Dryden, The Indian Emperour, or the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen, Act II, Scene 1, http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12166/pg12166-images.html


dastardly

dastardlier (comparative)
dastardliest (superlative)


daunt

源自中古英語 daunten，源自古法語 danter，源自拉丁語 domitō (“驯服”, 动词)，拉丁語 domō (“驯服，征服”, 动词)的反复态，源自原始意大利語 *domaō，源自原始印歐語 *demh₂- (“驯”)。dompt 的同源對似詞。

吓倒，使...气馁，威吓

Death I'll meet, my soul no terrors daunting, / Take the life for which thy heart is panting, / Spare not thou, though he spare, his life granting, / Or let death end us both at a blow.

[1865?], Eugène Scribe, 譯者 Charles Lamb Kenney, L’Africaine. An Opera in Five Acts, […] The Music by Giacomo Meyerbeer. Translated into English […], London: Published and sold by Chappell & Co., […], Boosey & Co., […], →OCLC, Act III，第 34 頁:

No, I shall not disgrace the Cause, I shall not grieve my comrades by weak surrender! I will fight and struggle, and not be daunted by threat or torture.

1912, Alexander Berkman, 章號 17, 出自 Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist:

Ah, I have changed, I do not know / Why lonely hours affect me so. / In days of yore, this were not wont, / No loneliness my soul could daunt.

1913, Paul Laurence Dunbar, “A Lost Dream”, 出自 The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar:


daunting

more daunting (comparative)
most daunting (superlative)

disconcerting

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

dismaying

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

formidable

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

frightening

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

unnerving

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

unsettling

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

undaunting

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

令人生畏的，吓人的，让人气馁的

Deathes daunting dart where so his buffet lights, / Shall shape no change within my friendly corse: / But dead or liue, in heauen, in earth, in hell, / I wilbe thine where so my carkase dwell.

a. 1530, George Gascoigne, “The Frute of Reconciliation, Written vppon a Reconciliation betwene Two Freendes”, 出自 The Works of the English Poets, from Chaucer to Cowper; […] In Twenty-one Volumes, 第 II 卷, London: Printed for J[oseph] Johnson [et al.], 出版於 1810, →OCLC，第 528 頁，第 2 列:

As for his menacing and daunting threats / I nill regard him nor his Daniſh power: / For if he come to fetch her forth my Realme, / I will prouide him ſuch a banquet here.

c. 1590, probably Anthony Munday or Robert Wilson, A Pleasant Comedie of Faire Em, the Millers Daughter of Manchester: With the Loue of William the Conqueror. […] (Second Quarto), London: Printed for Iohn Wright, […], 出版於 1631, →OCLC:

Temp[est]. [...] Emily is for ever giggling. / Sir D[avid] D[aw]. She is not singular in that: go where I will, they giggle; that is rather daunting, you must think.

1795 February 28 (first performance), Richard Cumberland, “The Wheel of Fortune; a Comedy, in Five Acts; […]”, 出自 The British Theatre; or, A Collection of Plays, which are Acted at the Theatres Royal, Drury-Lane, Covent-Garden, and Haymarket. […] In Twenty-five Volumes, 第 XVIII 卷, London: Printed [by Savage and Easingwood] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […], 出版於 1808, →OCLC, act II, scene i，第 24 頁:

Instead of a single tap, [...] it became a hurried knocking, moving round the room behind the wainscot as if in search of something. I could have sworn that Someone or Something was feeling its way along. The daunting sounds arrived at the middle of the wall opposite the foot of the great bed, and became stationary.

1906 January, Allen Upward, “The Ghost Hunters”, 出自 The Royal Magazine, 第 XV 卷, 第 87 期, London: C[yril] Arthur Pearson Ltd, […], →OCLC, chapter II (The Tapping on the Wainscot)，第 266 頁，第 2 列:

Curiously, though we are exceedingly frank talkers in the United States on what may be called the static aspects of sex life—physiology hygiene and economics, all its experiential love is hedged about with conventional inhibitions, the most daunting of which is the convention that bars reforming intimacies between young men and older women.

1923 December, John F. W. Meagher, “Sexology. Sex in American Literature.”, 出自 The Urologic and Cutaneous Review, 第 27 卷, 第 12 期, St. Louis, Mo.: Urologic and Cutaneous Press, →OCLC，第 777 頁，第 1 列:

[W]iſdome, much more all the excellencies of this Spirit) makes a mans face to ſhine; as the light of a Lanterne puts a luſtre upon the Lanterne, ſo the brightneſſe of theſe ſpirits puts a luſtre upon the men in whom they are. Men of ſuch ſpirts^([sic，意為ſpirits]) as theſe are, have a daunting preſence in the eyes of thoſe who behold them.

1638, Ier[emiah] Burroughes [i.e., Jeremiah Burroughs], “Wherein the Excellency of This Gracious Spirit Appeares”, 出自 The Excellency of a Gracious Spirit. Delivered in a Treatise upon the 14. of Numbers, Verse 24, London: Printed by M[iles] F[lesher] for R[obert] Davvlman, and L[uke] Fawne, […], →OCLC，第 103–104 頁s:

She reached it soon after half-past two. She found its gloomy nineteenth-century façade, black with the smuts of ninety years, a little daunting, and mounted its broad steps in some trepidation. But she rang the bell hard and knocked firmly.

1915, Edgar Jepson, “The Reluctant Duke”, 出自 Happy Pollyooly: The Rich Little Poor Girl, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC，第 135 頁:

It was a daunting task, but it was accomplished with some forward planning.

这是一项很有挑战性的工作，但是事先做好准备了以后还是完成了。

A trip of sixteen miles, through dark forests, in which they would not pass a single house, was an exploit sufficiently daunting for two such young and inexperienced boys. Love triumphs over fear and death; and these boys so dearly loved their father, that nothing was formidable to them, which they could do for him.

1829, [Timothy Flint], 章號 III, 出自 George Mason, the Young Backwoodsman; or ‘Don’t Give Up the Ship.’ A Story of the Mississippi, Boston, Mass.: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, →OCLC，第 41 頁:

But there are tens of thousands more in England, young and old, who read even their own tongue only haltingly: to them Latin is as daunting as Magyar is to the rest of us.

1944 April, Donald Attwater, “In the Beginning was the Word: A Plea for English Words”, 出自 The Dublin Review, 第 214 卷, 第 429 期, London: Burns Oates and Washbourne, →OCLC，第 129 頁:

In some ways it's more daunting to write a nonfiction work than fiction because if you write a fictional work, you can keep the reader in suspense as to whether the central figure is a hero or a villain. But if you're writing nonfiction, everyone knows how it turned out, so you have a problem of creating drama and suspense.

1993 January–February, Daniel J[oseph] Boorstin (interviewee), Lynne V[incent] Cheney (interviewer), “A Conversation with Daniel J. Boorstin”, 出自 Mary Lou Beatty 編, Humanities, 第 14 卷, 第 1 期, Washington, D.C.: National Endowment for the Humanities, →ISSN, →OCLC，第 6 頁:

[B]umping up the percentage of the population committed to a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle from the low single digits into the high double digits is going to be a daunting task. [...] When more than 95 percent of the population eats meat, that's a daunting difference.

2015, Michael Shermer, “A Moral Science of Animal Rights”, 出自 The Moral Arc: How Science and Reason Lead Humanity toward Truth, Justice, and Freedom, New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt and Company, →ISBN, part II (The Moral Arc Applied)，第 282 頁:


daunting

daunt 的動名詞。
使人气馁，使人望而却步

But stigmatise it as we please there never was a great man without a strong will, and an infusion of self-reliance sufficient to raise him above the dauntings of opposition and reliance on props.

1849 January, O. T. Dobbin, “John Wesley, and the Principles Developed in His Career”, 出自 John Kitto 編, The Journal of Sacred Literature, 第 III 卷, 第 V 期, London: C. Cox, […]; Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd; Dublin: J. Robertson, […], →OCLC，第 38 頁:

daunt 的動名詞。
击败，克服，压倒，压垮

Then came in two by two, other Troopes, whoſe onſets, and ouer-throwes, honours, and diſgraces, darings, and dauntings, merit an ample Chronicle, rather than an Abſtract; [...]

1613, Thomas Dekker, Alexander B[alloch] Grosart, compiler and editor, “A Strange Horse-race”, 出自 The Non-dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker. In Five Volumes. […] (The Huth Library), 第 III 卷, [London]: Printed [by Hazell, Watson, & Viney] for private circulation only, 出版於 1885, →OCLC，第 339–340 頁s:


daunting

daunt 的現在時分詞和動名詞


demean

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-demean.wav

贬低身份，有损尊严；降低价值

People living in Wuhan didn't worry about being demeaned by wearing a face mask.

生活在武汉的人们并不担心因为带口罩而被别人贬低。


demeanor

源自中古英語 demenure，源自中古英語 demenen, demeinen (“处理”, 动词)，源自古法語 demener (“引导”)，源自de- + mener (“引领，引导”)，源自拉丁語 *mināre (“驱动，驱使”)和minor (“丢出，伸出”)。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-demeanor.wav

举动，动作，行为 （显现某人特点的身体语言，表情等）

The man's demeanor made others suspicious of his intentions.

那个人的行为让人怀疑起他的目的。

A confident demeanor is crucial for persuading others.

要说服他人就应该有自信的神态。

At this present (saith he) certeine princes of Britaine, procuring by ambassadors and dutifull demeanors the amitie of the emperour Augustus, haue offered in the capitoll vnto the gods presents or gifts, and haue ordeined the whole Ile in a manner to be appertinent, proper, and familiar to the Romans.

a. 1587, Raphael Holinshed, 引 Strabo, Historie of England, Book III:

Demeanors that are apologetic and overly polite are inherently contradictory to demeanors that exhibit fear and anger.

1993, “Interrogation: The Kinesics Technique”, 出自 John J. Fay 編, Encyclopedia of Security Management, →ISBN，第 418 頁:


demented

dement的过去分词，源自拉丁語 dēmentāre。

more demented (comparative)
most demented (superlative)

精神失常的，心理有问题的

So while Ralph generally seems to inhabit a different, more glorious and joyful universe than everyone else here his yearning and heartbreak are eminently relateable. Ralph sometimes appears to be a magically demented sprite who has assumed the form of a boy, but he’s never been more poignantly, nakedly, movingly human than he is here.

2012年August5日, Nathan Rabin, “TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “I Love Lisa” (season 4, episode 15; originally aired 02/11/1993)”, 出自 (請指定書籍名或刊物名):

One of these new recruits is Jagger Froid, a demented alien from the Black Hole Galaxy, who dishes out punishment with a laser-sharp tongue.

c. 1990, How to Play Super C (PDF) (instruction manual), Konami, page 4:

a demented idea


demented

dement的过去分词，源自拉丁語 dēmentāre。

dement 的過去式和過去分詞


demise

借自中古法語 démise，démettre的阴性单数过去分词，源自拉丁語 dēmissa，dēmittō的完成时被动分词的阴性单数形式。

Earth looked her loveliest to receive my sweet sister's gentle dust; but all was harsh and sullen as her own nature when Lady Avonleigh's haughty ashes returned to their original element. Immediately after her demise, her son went abroad, and I accompanied him.

1834, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Francesca Carrara, 第 2 卷，第 124 頁:

The lack of funding ultimately led to the project's demise.

项目最终因缺乏融资而告吹。


demote

James was demoted from branch manager to assistant manager due to his poor discipline.

James由于不守纪律，被从副经理降职成了分店经理。

In 1036, shortly after arriving at Yi-ling, Ou-yang Hsiu sent a lengthy letter to his friend, Yin Shu, who had been demoted at the same time as Ou-yang Hsiu and sent to Ying-chou (modern Chung-hsiang, Hupeh).

1984, Ronald C. Egan, The Literary Works of Ou-yang Hsiu (1007-72), Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，第 93 頁:


decoction

源自古法語 decoccion、decoction，源自拉丁語 decoctiō，源自decoquō (“将...煮稠”)，源自de- + coquō (“烹煮”)。

（煎熬而成的）浓汁，精华；煎汁

[I]nſtead of Honey, Rob of Elder, Conſerve of Roſes, or Syrup of Violets; Glyſters, Pedilavia of emollient Decoctions with Nitre; or Elder, Vinegar, or Focus's of the ſame, applied with Sponges behind the Ears, to the Armpits, Groins, Hams, &c. or with Barley-water and a little Roſe-vinegar.

1749, [Thomas Short], “[Of the Symptoms of Fevers, and Their Cure.] 10th, Of Feverish Heat”, 出自 A General Chronological History of the Air, Weather, Seasons, Meteors, &c. in Sundry Places and Different Times; More Particularly for the Space of 250 Years. Together with Some of Their Most Remarkable Effects on Animal (Especially Human) Bodies, and Vegetables. In Two Volumes, 第 II 卷, Printed for T[homas] Longman, in Paternoster-Row, and A[ndrew] Millar, in the Strand, →OCLC，第 512–513 頁s:

The transition is a keen one, I assure you, from a schoolmaster to a sailor, and requires a strong decoction of Seneca and the Stoics to enable you to grin and bear it.

1851, Herman Melville, Moby Dick, Chapter 1:

Poley offered a hot decoction of blackberries, saying: Peace?

1993, Anthony Burgess, A Dead Man In Deptford:

Witches and devils no longer threaten you and me. We don’t mind living next door to the harmless lady with her herb garden and decoction still, her black cat and red hair.

Even the fixed principles of vegetables, at least some of them, are injured by long decoction. The extractive matter, for instance, gradually absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere, and is converted into a substance nearly insipid and inert.

1804, The Medical and Physical Journal (page 563)