abracadabra

源自晚期拉丁語 abracadabra，在魔咒中使用，其词源不详。有人认为其与Abraxas (一个诺斯替教的神祇)以及多个阿拉姆语或希伯来语词עַבְרָא כְּדַבְרָא (avra kedavra, 字面意思是“所说的已经发生了”)、עַבְדָא כְּדַבְרָא (avda kedavara, 字面意思是“所说的已经做了”); אַרְבַּע-אֶחַד-אַרְבַּע (arba-eḥad-arba, 字面意思是“四一四”)有关，但无证据能佐证该说法。

/ˌæ.bɹə.kəˈdæ.bɹə/

阿布拉卡达布拉 （一种魔咒，或使用该魔咒的魔术） （自16世纪）

Where is the necessity of this provision in the Constitution? […] Can anyone believe that we, by any amendments of ours, by any of our scribbling on that parchment, by any amulet, any legerdemain—charm—Abrecadabra—of ours can prevent our sons from doing the same thing—that is, from doing as they please, just as we are doing as we please? It is impossible. Who can bind posterity?

1851, Hugh A. Garland, 引 John Randolph of Roanoke, “The Virginia Convention—Every Change is Not Reform”, 出自 The Life of John Randolph of Roanoke, 第 II 卷, New York: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC，第 329 頁:

With a quiet bank holiday afternoon to fill, the Mill yesterday dug out the old magic kit, brushed the cobwebs off its top hat and practiced a few abracadabras.

2012年August28日, Georgina Turner, The Guardian:

胡言乱语；深奥难懂的话 （自19世纪）

I don’t know all the theoretical abracadabra about how it works, I’m only its pilot.

我不懂那些乱七八糟的原理，我只是个驾驶员。

Astrology was not specifically banned in the statutes against witchcraft, but so long as its technicalities remained abracadabra to the lay public there was always a risk that the practitioner might find himself arrested for sorcery.

1971, Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, Folio Society 2012，第 335 頁:


abracadabra

/ˌæ.bɹə.kəˈdæ.bɹə/

hey presto

阿布拉卡达布拉 （魔咒，魔术或幻术表演时使用） （自19世纪）

阿布拉卡达布拉 （魔咒，魔术或幻术表演时使用） （自19世纪）

Next, the conjuror filled a glass with water from a big jug and then covered the tumbler with a cloth. "Abracadabra," he cried and crumpled the cloth.

1971, Richard Carpenter, Catweazle and the Magic Zodiac, Harmondsworth: Puffin Books，第 49 頁:


abysmal

more abysmal (comparative)
most abysmal (superlative)

unending

深渊的，与深渊有关的，深不可测的 （首次可考于17世纪中叶）

profound

深渊的，与深渊有关的，深不可测的 （首次可考于17世纪中叶）

fathomless

深渊的，与深渊有关的，深不可测的 （首次可考于17世纪中叶）

immeasurable

深渊的，与深渊有关的，深不可测的 （首次可考于17世纪中叶）

深渊的，与深渊有关的，深不可测的 （首次可考于17世纪中叶）

（First attested in the early 19ᵗʰ century.）

Robben curled an effort against the foot of the post from the edge of the box after being gifted the ball by an abysmal clearance from keeper Stephan Andersen。

2012年June9日, Owen Phillips, “Euro 2012: Netherlands 0-1 Denmark”, 出自 BBC Sport:


accelerated

more accelerated (comparative)
most accelerated (superlative)


accursed

* 首次可考于13世纪初
* 源自中古英語 acursed，源自acursen (“诅咒”)，源自古英語 ācursian，源自ā + cursen，源自curs (“诅咒”)。

more accursed (comparative)
most accursed (superlative)

Accursed race of Tiriel. behold your father // Come forth & look on her that bore you. come you accursed sons.

Lo! they are charged with studying the accursed cabalistical secrets of the Jews, and the magic of the Paynim Saracens.

1819, Walter Scott, Ivanhoe, Chapter 35,

[…] Alaeddin ate and drank and was cheered and after he had rested and had recovered spirits he cried, "Ah, O my mother, I have a sore grievance against thee for leaving me to that accursed wight who strave to compass my destruction and designed to take my life. Know that I beheld Death with mine own eyes at the hand of this damned wretch, whom thou didst certify to be my uncle; […]

1885, Richard F. Burton, The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night, Night 532:

[…] —if any one, be he who he may, attempt to alter the faith once for all delivered, let him be accursed.

1885, Charles Abel Heurtley (translator), The Commonitory of Vincent of Lérins, Chapter 8,

For at the very moment I become accursed, at that same highest moment, I become exactly like a heathen […]

1912, Fyodor Dostoevsky, translated by Constance Garnett, The Brothers Karamazov, Book III, Chapter 7,

We did not come here to waste words in treating with Sauron, faithless and accursed; still less with one of his slaves. Begone!

1955, J.R.R. Tolkien, The Return of the King, The Return of the King/Book V, Chapter 10


accursed

accurse 的過去式和過去分詞


acerbic

17世纪起可考，源自拉丁語 acerbus (“酸的，苦的”)。

more acerbic (comparative)
most acerbic (superlative)

Those consumers who object to the acerbic taste of garlic can purchase de-odorized garlic or allicin extract.

1998年August5日, Dr. Peter Gott, “Can inhaler cause addiction?”, 出自 Catoosa County News, retrieved 2009-09-19:

Supercompetent, superconfident and supercritical, Schmidt is a gifted orator whose acerbic wit earned him the nickname "Schmidt the Lip."

1986年September22日, “West Germany: Last Taunts From the Lip”, 出自 Time, retrieved 2014-04-25:

[H]e is one of the most acerbic people in his field, quick to take offense and not shy about telling people with whom he disagrees how much he thinks they have failed in thought and action.

2005年May5日, Jay Mathews, “Don't Fire This Professor”, 出自 Washington Post，第 T6 頁:


acquainted

more acquainted (comparative)
most acquainted (superlative)

熟悉的；认识的；了解的；有知识的


acquainted

acquaint 的過去式和過去分詞


acrobatic

more acrobatic (comparative)
most acrobatic (superlative)

/ˌækɹəˈbætɪk/


Doha

借自阿拉伯語 الدَّوْحَة (ad-dawḥa)。

多哈，杜哈（首都名，位於卡塔尔）。


Dubai

借自阿拉伯语 دُبَيّ(dubayy)。

杜拜酋长国（阿联酋的组成部分）

杜拜（杜拜酋长国的首都）。


Yaren

亚伦（瑙鲁行政中心，但瑙鲁不设首都，故不是其首都）。


taciturn

taciturnity 的逆構詞，源自中古英語 taciturnite，源自拉丁語 taciturnitas；或者，源自法語 taciturne，得到了拉丁語 taciturnus的增强，源自tacitus (“秘密的，缄默的”)。

more taciturn (comparative)
most taciturn (superlative)

The two sisters could hardly have been more different, one so boisterous and expressive, the other so taciturn and calm.

两姐妹简直天差地别，一个又吵闹又有表现力，另一个显得沉默寡言而文静。

We are each of an unsocial, taciturn disposition, unwilling to speak, unless we expect to say something that will amaze the whole room, and be handed down to posterity with all the eclat of a proverb.

1813, Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Chapter 18:

We spent a lot of time up on the staging of the great furnaces, trying to pick up the tricks of the trade from the taciturn furnacemen who sat around placidly smoking, or chewing twist, and occasionally throwing in more pig iron to the molten white-hot metal.

1945 January and February, A Former Pupil, “Some Memories of Crewe Works—III”, 出自 Railway Magazine，第 14 頁:


straddle

作动词时，自16世纪60年代起可考。很可能是方言词striddle的变换形式。名词自17世纪10年代起可考。

As they approached the entrance of the port, the giant straddled clear across it, with a foot firmly planted on each headland,

1853, Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Minotaur:

The mountain-ringed Yukon Flats basin straddles the Arctic Circle and is bisected by the Yukon River.

在...上骑墙，在...上不表态

Wanting to please both sides, he straddled the issue.

为了让两边都高兴，他对这个问题没有做表态。

This weed straddles the entire garden.

这种杂草蔓延于整个花园。

Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks


straddle

The first salvo fell short; the next was long; the third was a straddle.

跨式策略 （一种投资策略）


schadenfreude

非同化借詞，源自德語 Schadenfreude (“幸灾乐祸”)，源自Schaden (“伤害；损失”) + Freude (“快乐”)。本词在20世纪末叶在英语中普及开来，可能是在《辛普森一家》的影响下进入主流。

/ˈʃɑː.dən.fɹɔɪ.də/

/ˈʃɑː.dən.fɹɔɪd/

But it is Schadenfreude, a mischievous delight in the misfortunes of others, which remains the worst trait in human nature.

1897, “Human Nature”, 出自 Thomas Bailey Saunders（譯者）, The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer, 根據Arthur Schopenhauer原著改編的翻譯作品:

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make out

成功，应付，过，产生结果。


fool around

fools around
fooling around
fooled around


go out

离开，出去。（尤指离开建筑）

关上（灯），灭（火、灯）。

近义词：to date, to romance, to see someone

1978 Joe Jackson - Is She Really Going Out with Him?
#*: They've been going out since for 3 years now, but still live apart.　他们约会三年了，可还没住在一起。


slut

:最早见于1402年，意为“凌乱的女人”。与荷兰语 slodder、瑞典语〈方〉 slata（懒女人）同源。 < 晚期中古英语 slutte < 中古英语 slut（泥）。更古的语源未知。另对比瑞典语 slutr（冻雨、不纯液体）。

放荡的男性。（多指男同性恋）

Before he met you, he was such a whore. No, I'm sorry! Whores get paid. He was a slut.　他没见你之前，跟男妓毫无分别。不……妓者还有收入。他只是“荡男”而已。

凌乱、邋遢的人，特别是女性。

Clo. Truly, and to cast away honestie vppon a foule slut, were to put good meate into an vncleane dish. \ Aud. I am not a slut, though I thanke the Goddes I am foule.

1600: William Shakespeare, As you like it

Where fires thou find'st unrak’d, and hearths unswept, \ There pinch the Maids as blew as Bill-berry, \ Our radiant Queene, hates Sluts, and Sluttery.

1602: William Shakespeare, The Merry Wives of Windsor

Our Polly is a sad Slut! nor heeds what we have taught her.

"Bete!" returned the angry Frenchman, bestowing a savage kick on one of the unoffending pups which was frisking about his feet. The pup yelped; the slut barked and leaped furiously at the offender, and was only kept from biting him by Sam, who could scarcely hold her back for laughing; the captain was uproarious; the offended Frenchman alone maintained a severe and dignified aspect. The dogs were at length dismissed, and peace restored.

1852: Susanna Moodie, Roughing it in the Bush

Our little girl Susan is a most admirable slut, and pleases us mightily, doing more service than both the others and deserves wages better.

1664: Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys


working girl

It was still September / When your daddy was quite surprised / To find you with the working girls / In the county jail

1973, Donald Fagen, Walter Becker （作曲作詞）, “My Old School”, 出自 Countdown to Ecstasy, 演出者 Steely Dan:

仅按字面意思，并无比喻或俗语义；参见working、girl。


-ty

…十。产生数词。（源自古英语 -tiġ）


bogan

老坦儿，乡下人，乡巴佬；特点是单纯、想法简单，大大咧咧，通常来自于社会底层或乡村。


fair dinkum

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/EN-AU ck1 fair dinkum.ogg


arsehole

傻屄，垃圾；讨厌鬼，笨蛋。（不及 fucker 程度强。）


twitter

（鸟）唧啾，吱喳，啁啾。

使用推特分享新闻与消息。


twitter

（鸟的）唧啾声，吱吱叫声


Craiova

===專有名詞===
通常
# 克拉约瓦


crapaud

借自法語 crapaud (“蟾蜍”)。


Magd

Magdalen 的截斷形式，指牛津大学莫德林学院。


malus

（因对表现、成绩不满意而）退回奖金，退回红利


in-

:< 中古英语 < 古英语 in-（在…里，进入） < 原始日耳曼语 *en-、*eni-（在…里，进入） < 原始印欧语 *en（在…里，进入）。另见 in。

在…里；进入，进去；朝向，朝着；在…以内。


in-

:< 拉丁语 in-（非…）。另见 un-。

不…，非…，无…，缺乏…


-in

同 -ine，表示某种物质：…素，…质。

同 -ing，用于口语，名物化，表示经常的动作。


amicus

amicus (複數 amici)
#（amicus curiae 的简称）（法院的）顾问


-able

:< 中古英语 < 古法语 < 拉丁语 -ābilis。与 able 无相近的语源联系，但目前在语义上紧密相关。

可以…的，可…的，可以被…的。


to-

:< 中古英語 < 古英語 tō-、te- （“远离，离开”） < 原始日耳曼语 *tiz- （“远离，分离”） < 原始印欧语 *dis- （“分离，破碎”）、*dwis- （“成两段，分开”）。 同源词有：荷蘭語 toe-、te-，德語 zu-、zer-，拉丁語 dis- （“分离”）。 另见 dis-。

（在标准英语中不再能产，组词性仅存于方言）表示“分离”、“离开”、“分开”、“成几部分”。


to-

:< 中古英語 to （“到”） < 古英語 tō （“到”）。 另见 to。

（在标准英语中不再能产，组词性仅存于方言）表示“朝向”、“向着”、“对着”、“…之上”。

together


teen

（13-19岁间的）青少年


teen

:< 中古英语 tene < 古英语 teōna（责备，批评） < 古英语 teōn（控诉）。 同源词有：德语 zeihen、哥特语 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (gateihan)（告诉，宣布）、拉丁语 dīcere（说）。 另见 token。


teen

:< 古英語 teónian、tnan （“中伤，使烦恼”）。见词源（二）。


tine

（叉等的）尖头，尖齿；（鹿角的）分叉


rhotic

（关于英语方言）有r儿音的；指将词中所有 r 全部念出的英语方言，如将 bar 念为 /bɑːr/，将 bard 和 barred 念为 /bɑːrd/，等等。美式、加拿大式英语，以及英国西北、爱尔兰和苏格兰的英语方言，基本都是 rhotic 的。

（关于音素）类似英语词中 r 音的；包括 /ɹ/, /ɻ/, /ɚ/, /ɝ/ invalid IPA characters (//////)，甚至 /r/。


teenager

:-teen（单独成词） + age + -er。产生于20世纪。http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=teenage

（13-19岁的）青少年


teenage

:首见于约1700年：teen（英国肯特郡方言，同 tine：“用围墙围住”） （抽象名物化）。

teenet


-hood

:< 古英語 -hād < 原始日耳曼语 *haidus，经中古英語 -hode。（对比中古英語 -head）。
:同源后缀有：德语 -heit、荷兰语 -heid、瑞典语 -het、挪威语 -het/-heit、丹麦语 -hed。瑞典语、挪威语、丹麦语后缀借自西日耳曼祖语。

主要添加在名词后，表示条件或状态。

表示拥有某一条件或状态的群体。


con-

:< 拉丁語前缀 con- < 拉丁语 cum （“与”）。

（不再能产）表示“共”、“共同”、“联合”、“联系”之意。

（不再能产）用于增强词义。


con-

conlang 的逆構詞，即 constructed language（“人造语言”）的合成词。

（不普遍）表示“人工”、“人造”；“虚拟”、“虚构”或“与人造语言／人造世界相关”之意。


misunderestimate

misunderstand + underestimate 組成的混成詞。 最早见于1897年，但一般多认为是由美国总统小布什所创造。


refudiate

repudiate + refute + refuse 組成的混成詞。美国女政客莎拉·佩林的著名口误。


emo

与情感核相关的次文化，以及认同此次文化的年轻人


emo

more emo (comparative)
most emo (superlative)

（常贬）动感情的，敏感的


for-

:< 中古英語 < 古英語 for- （“远，离，全”，前缀） < 原始日耳曼语 *fur-、*fer-、*fra- （“远，离，全”，前缀） < 原始印欧语 *pro-、*per-、*pr- （前缀）。 同源词有：西弗里斯蘭語 fer-、荷蘭語 ver-、德語 ver-、丹麥語 for-、挪威語 for-、拉丁語 per-。 另见 for。

（不再能产） 表示“远”、“远离”；“自”、“从”。

（不再能产） 表示“全”、“全部”、“完全”。


dis

:disrespect 的缩写（多为美国黑人英语）。

看不起，作践，不尊重，不尊敬，无礼，轻蔑，不敬，不确定


dis

:disrespect 的缩写（多为美国黑人英语）。

看不起，作践，不尊重，不尊敬，无礼，轻蔑，不敬，消失


dis

:< 古諾爾斯語 dís。

斯堪的纳维亚民间传说中的未成年女性神祇。


dis

:this 的口语发音。


starey

starier (comparative)
stariest (superlative)

盯着的，盯着看的，张目注视的


abba

:< 亞拉姆語 אבא/ܐܒܐ (ʼabbāʼ)（“父亲”）。 另见 abbot。

阿爸父（《圣经》中耶稣对上帝的尊称）

阿爸（叙利亚和科普特教会中对教长的尊称）


pierogi

:源自波蘭語 pierogi，单数 pieróg；亦有可能源自烏克蘭語 пироги (pyrohý)，单数 пиріг (pyríh)。

pierogi (plural)
pierogies (plural)
pierogis (plural)

中东欧的一种用死面包着酸泡菜、奶酪、土豆泥、卷心菜、洋葱、肉、煮的鸡蛋等制成的饺子馅饼。


-ness

:< 中古英語 < 古英語 -nis、-nes（同义） < 原始日耳曼语 *-nassus（同义）——系 -n-（形容词与动词末辅音）与原始日耳曼语 *-assus（同义）组合的误划分。 同源词有：古撒克遜語 -nissi、-nussi（ > 荷兰语 -nis）、古高地德語 -nissa、-nassi、-nussi（ > 现代德语 -nis）、哥特语 -inasus、-inassus。

添加在形容词后，构成名词，表示“状态”、“性质”、“量度”。

添加在其他词类词汇后，构成名词，表示“此物区别于其他物的特征”，多为临时造词。


-dom

:< 中古英語 -dom < 古英語 -dōm < 古英语 dōm （“状况，裁决，审判”）。另见 doom。

属于某领域、范围、范畴或管辖范围内。


tavla

:< 土耳其語 tavla < 意大利語 tavola < 拉丁語 tabula。

在土耳其及周围国家广泛流行的一种十五子棋游戏。


strong

stronger (comparative)
strongest (superlative)

壮的，强壮的，有力的，强健的

有权势的，有影响的，有实力的

坚定的，坚决的，不动摇的，始终不渝的

坚强的，有主见的，有胆量的

健康的，强壮的，身体好的

坚挺的，行情看涨的，呈强势的

强烈的，浓烈的，明显的；醒目的，响亮的


-ing

:< 中古英語 -ing < 古英語 -ing、-ung < 原始日耳曼语 *-unga。 同源词有：古諾爾斯語 -ing、荷蘭語 -ing、德語 -ung。

构成不可数名词，表示材料或集合名词。


-ing

:< 中古英語 -inge、-ynge < 中古英語 -inde、-ende < 古英語 -ende < 原始日耳曼语 *-anþias、*-anþjaz < 原始印欧语 *-nt-。 对比德语 -end、哥特语 -and、梵语 -ant、古希腊语 -on、拉丁语 -ans。

absorb + -ing → absorbing

accept + -ing → accepting

accommodate + -ing → accommodating

abide + -ing → abiding

accompany + -ing → accompanying

accord + -ing → according


-ing

:< 中古英語 -ing < 古英語 -ing < 原始日耳曼语 *-ingaz。 同源词有：古諾爾斯語 -ingr、哥特語 -ings。

派生出名词（最初为阳性），表示“…之子”、“属于…的”，表示父名或构成指小形。

表示“具有…性质、特征的”、“属于…类的”。


son of a bitch

变换自以中古英語 biche-sone (“荡妇的儿子”)、古諾爾斯語 bikkju-sonr (“荡妇的儿子”)为代表的早期短语。

sons of bitches (plural)
sons of a bitch (plural)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/En-au-son of a bitch.ogg

王八蛋，狗娘养的，龟儿子

My mother never saw the irony in calling me a son of a bitch.

我妈从来没有意识到叫我狗娘养的意味着什么。

There's that snarling cur, and son of a Bitch Boccaline.

1685, John Eachard, The grounds & occasions of the contempt of the clergy and religion enquired into, 9th版, London，第 252 頁:

He had the insolence obliquely to give me the name of Son of a Bitch.

他竟然还傲慢地间接骂了我“王八蛋”。

1691, Thomas Shadwell, The Humorists, a Comedy, London，第 22 頁:

[…] Count Davia, like a Son of a Bitch as he is, Chop'd upon mine and the Duke of Mantuu's Equipage, and rubb'd off with our Plate, Jewels, and other Knicknacks of Inestimable Value.

1703, Thomas Brown, Letters from the living to the living, relating to the present transactions both Publick and Private，第 105 頁:

But ya ought to thank me, before I die / For the gravel in ya guts and the spit in ya eye / Because I'm the son-of-a-bitch that named you Sue

1969, Shel Silverstein （作曲作詞）, “A Boy Named Sue”, 演出者 Johnny Cash:

"This son of a bitch won’t move!" Marty exclaimed as he grappled with the supermarket cart.

“这傻逼东西推不动啊！”Marty抓着超市的购物车喊道。


son of a bitch

他妈的 （用来表示愤怒、鄙视、震惊、失望等）


stunt

（尤指电影中的）特技表演

意在引人注意的花招；噱头


stunt

:< 方言 stunt （“固执”） < 中古英語 stont、stunt （“短的”） < 古英語 stunt （“愚蠢的，简单的”） < 原始日耳曼语 *stuntaz （“短的，紧凑的，愚蠢的”）。 同源词有：中古高地德語 stunz （“短的”）、古諾爾斯語 stuttr （“矮的”）。 与英语 古英語 styntan （“使迟钝，压制”）同源。 另见 stint。

阻碍生长，妨碍发展，遏制

做秀，卖弄，故作姿态，装样子


ital

:< vital，词首辅音脱落。

（牙买加、拉斯特法里运动）廉价的、不加盐的、一锅煮出来的、纯净的、天然的食物


turn out

…地发展（或发生），结果…

到场，参加，出席（某项活动）

（(as) it turns out）结果是…，原来是，证明是


awesome

:源自awe + -some。 对比古英語 eġeful (“可怕的，令人肃然起敬的”)。

more awesome (comparative)
most awesome (superlative)

令人惊叹的，叹为观止的；令人惊惧的，吓人的

棒，好，给力，漂亮，不错


clitic

附着词素。如英语名词属格词尾 -'s、瑞典语后附着的 -en, -et 定冠词尾等。


scrutable

more scrutable (comparative)
most scrutable (superlative)


super-

在…之上，超过，超越，越过。

超级的，更大的，上级的，优越的，高级的，上等的，上司，地位更高的。


Halloween

略自All-Hallow-even，All Hallows’ Eve（All Saints Day前一天晚上的名字）。

They all get dressed up in scary costumes at Halloween.

他们万圣节时都穿上了吓人的服饰。

Black is the night full of fright / You'll be missing the day / What will be here very soon / Changing your way / A knock at your door / It is real or is it a dream / On trembling legs you open the door / And you scream... on Halloween
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1987, Kai Hansen, "Halloween", Helloween, Keeper Of The Seven Keys: Part 1.


amiss

more amiss (comparative)
most amiss (superlative)

He suspected something was amiss.

Something amiss in the arrangements had distracted the staff.

His wisdom and virtue cannot always rectify that which is amiss in himself or his circumstances.

1722, William Wollaston, The Religion of Nature Delineated:

Moreover, all were furnished with carbines and cartridge boxes, and the leader was armed with a sabre with a leather sheath. This was not so much amiss, and would do very well at a distance: but during the two hours' halt at the village aforesaid, I took it into my head, while the owners were enjoying their siesta under the shade of the gateway, just to stride in among them, and take a nearer inspection of the weapons.

1836, Charles Joseph La Trobe, The Rambler in Mexico:

There is a strong feeling across the land that something is amiss in America. You sometimes hear about these feelings when people discuss their concerns about how the baby boom generation is going to bankrupt our social security or Medicare programs, or about the growing size of the national debt that will be paid for by future generations.

2009, Robert Perrucci, Carolyn Cummings Perrucci, America at Risk: The Crisis of Hope, Trust, and Caring:


amiss

We shall not do amiss to notice, also, that in ordinary conversation, a few words are used as Turkish singulars, which are, in reality, Arabic plurals; but this is not correct in writing.

1856, J. W. Redhouse, An English and Turkish Dictionary，第 xxvi 頁:

Then Hrefna said she would coif herself with it, and Thurid said she had better, and Hrefna did so. When Kalf saw that he gave her to understand that she had done amiss; and bade her take it off at her swiftest. "For that is the one thing that we, Kjartan and I, do not own in common."

1899, The Laxdaela Saga (translated by Muriel A. C. Press) Chapter 44


amiss

Now by my head (said Guyon) much I muse, / How that same knight should do so foule amis[…]。

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book II, Canto I”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Yet Love, thou'rt blinder then thy self in this, / To vex my Dove-like friend for my amiss[…]。


uncoordinated

more uncoordinated (comparative)
most uncoordinated (superlative)


Shangri-la

He couldn't believe it when he'd discovered there actually was a town called Bedford Falls. It seemed like fans of the film had all collected there to live out their lives in a self-created 1940s American Shangri-la.

1989, Grant Naylor [i.e., Rob Grant and Doug Naylor], Red Dwarf: Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers, London: Penguin Books, →ISBN:

Tiki Style was forged in the business of bars and restaurants and celebrated in backyard luaus and at theme parks like Disneyland and roadside attractions such as Tiki Gardens. As these ersatz Shangri-las competed to outdo each other with the latest tropical-inspired styles, the popularity of the neighborhood Tiki lounge soared.

2004, Otto von Stroheim, “Introduction”, 出自 Tiki Art Now!: A Volcanic Eruption of Art, San Francisco, Calif.: Last Gasp of San Francisco; The Shooting Gallery, →ISBN，第 8 頁:


Adams

Adams
==== 翻译 ====
翻譯
* 简体中文：亚当斯
* 正體中文：亞當斯


scoundrel

可能与北部英语或苏格兰语scunner (“畏缩，厌恶地缩回”)有关(Encyclopædia Britannica 1911)。


yblent

blend 的過去時分詞


sermon

源自中古英語 sermoun，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 sermun和/或古法語 sermon，源自拉丁語 sermō, sermōnem，源自原始印歐語 *sermō，源自*ser- (“绑”) + *-mō。

唠唠叨叨，没完没了的说教


sermon

源自中古英語 sermonen，源自古法語 sermoner，源自sermon（参见上文）。

To some I know this methode will seem displeasaunt, which had rather have good discipline delivered plainly in way of precepts, or sermoned at large, as they use, then thus clowdily enwrapped in allegorical devises

January 23 1583, Edmund Spenser, letter to Walter Raleigh


stratagem

源自中古英語 stratageme，源自古法語 stratageme，源自拉丁語 strategema，源自古希臘語 στρατήγημα (stratḗgēma, “将军的行为，指挥作战”)，源自στρατηγέω (stratēgéō, “当将军；统率军队”)，源自στρατηγός (stratēgós, “将军；军队首脑”)。见strategy。

She will not yet be permitted to return to the Manor House: it is too convenient for 'treasons, stratagems,' &c.; and it is as well not to be put in the way of temptation: but she will be allowed perfect liberty in London.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “A Friend at Court”, 出自 Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], 第 II 卷, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，第 265 頁:

While Collins does include a love triangle, a coming-of-age story, and other YA-friendly elements in the mix, they serve as a Trojan horse to smuggle readers into a hopeless world where love becomes a stratagem and growing up is a matter of basic survival.

2012 March 22, Scott Tobias, AV Club The Hunger Gameshttp://www.avclub.com/articles/the-hunger-games,71293/:

（军事上的）谋略，策略，计谋


advantageous

advantage + -ous或来自中古法語 avantageus（法语avantageux）。见advantage。

more advantageous (comparative)
most advantageous (superlative)


tacky

tackier (comparative)
tackiest (superlative)

This paint isn't dry yet; it's still a bit tacky.

这片油漆还没干，还有点黏。


tacky

词义“没品位的”，自1888年，源自早期词义“破烂的”。参见tackey (“无人照料的马”)，自19世纪起是美国南部口语词，后普及。

That market stall sells all sorts of tacky ornaments.

那个摊卖好多劣质装饰品。

低劣的，没品味的，低俗的

That was a tacky thing to say.

Steve Randle was seventeen, tall and lean, with thick greasy hair he kept combed in complicated swirls. He was tacky, smart, and Soda's best buddy since grade school.


tacky

tackey的另一種寫法


usurper

源自中古英語 usurper、usurpour、usurpur，源自中古法語 usurpeur，等价于usurp + -er。

usurpator

usurp的施動者名詞：篡夺者

usurp的施動者名詞：篡夺者

The fact that the Yongle emperor was therefore a usurper, regicide and nepoticide (nephew-killer) made compiling the Veritable Record – or official history – of his reign a most dangerous scholarly post. The official given this ticklish task managed to survive several drafts, finally producing one that pleased his master as it omitted the dead nephew's reign altogether.

2014年September15日, Martin Gayford, “There's more to Ming than a vase [print version: 16 August 2014, pp. R6–R7]”, 出自 The Daily Telegraph (Review):


all-around

He is said to be a greater hunter and an all around sport.

1909, Horace A. Taylor, Tales of Travel All Around the World，第 149 頁:

If you want to polish your reputation as an all-around digital photographer, plan on developing at least a modicum of skill with a decent image editing program.

2004, David D. Busch, Digital Photography All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies，第 15 頁:

But it was as an all-around performer that Gill established his reputation.

2005, Frank Zarnowski, All-around Men: Heroes of a Forgotten Sport，第 98 頁:

While Willie Mays's famous catch off the bat of Vic Wertz and Dusty Rhodes's clutch hitting are what fans remember most about the 1954 World Series, Thompson was easily the all-around best in those four games.

1994, Larry Moffi, Crossing the Line: Black Major Leaguers, 1947-1959，第 18 頁:

Children must be given the opportunity to communicate in an all-around way, using language, drawing, music, drama, play, etc. (hence the expression "a child has a hundred languages").

2009, Ole Fredrik Lillemyr, Taking Play Seriously，第 67 頁:

As mentioned above, the construction of modern population culture is an important and difficult task toward realizing the goal of population development for building a well-off society in an all-around way.

2014, Xueyuan Tian, The Hope of the Country with a Large Population:


all-around

an all-around better player than me

Vacation with pay, annual passes, and all around better working conditions.

1911, The Railroad Telegrapher, 第 28 卷，第 1730 頁:

In addition, be sure to reinforce - as persistently as possible - that addressing questionable behavior makes for an all-around better organization.

2005, Christopher Bauer, Better Ethics Now: How to Avoid the Ethics Disaster You Never Saw Coming:

He graduated from the Police Academy in 1957 winning the Police Commissioner's Trophy for all around highest scores-academically, physically, and for firearm proficiency.

2010, Anne T. Romano, Italian Americans in Law Enforcement，第 84 頁:

Collectively, the three sections in this chapter are intended to add to what has gone before regarding personal behavior and to serve as additional food for thought for those attempting to be all-around better people.

2013, Holland E. Bynam, On Being a Better You，第 26 頁:


amphibious

源自古希臘語 ἀμφίβιος (amphíbios)。源自ἀμφί (amphí) + βίος (bíos, “生命”)。

an amphibious vehicle

an amphibious attack

Most Dutch cities began on a terp or artificial mound to which the prehistoric amphibious folk rushed for refuge when floods rolled in.

Taiwan’s navy has taken delivery of a new, domestically made amphibious warfare ship that can be used to land troops and bolster supply lines to vulnerable islands, part of a push by Taiwan’s President Tsai Ing-wen to achieve defence self-sufficiency.

2022年September30日, “Taiwan adds new amphibious warfare ship to defence inventory”, 出自 Al Jazeera，於2022-09-30歸檔自原頁面:


aforementioned

/əˈfɔːˌmɛn.ʃənd/

/əˈfɔɹˌmɛn.ʃənd/

上述，之前提及的，前面提到的


stalwart

借自低地蘇格蘭語 stalwart，受到了Walter Scott（沃尔特·司各特）的影响，取代了早期的stalworth，它也是本词的同源对似词。源自中古英語 stal-worth (“强壮的，威猛的；勇敢的”)，源自古英語 stǣlwierþe (“状态好的，能使用的”)，可能源自staþol (“机构”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *steh₂- (“站”)）或者stǣl (“地方；状态，条件”) + -wierþe (表示“能够做...”的后缀)（可能最终源自原始印歐語 *wert- (“转”)）。

more stalwart (comparative)
most stalwart (superlative)

This true Man ſoon aſſembled him beforn: / Three Sons he had that ſtalwart were and bold, / And twenty Men of Kin in his Houſhold.

1709, [Henry the Minstrel], “How Wallace Came into Scotland Again at the Battel of Elchok-Park”, 出自 The Life and Acts of the Most Famous and Valiant Champion, Sir William Wallace, Knight of Ellerslie; Maintainer of the Liberty of Scotland. With a Preface Containing a Short Sum of the History of that Time, Edinburgh: Printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, →OCLC, book XII，第 304 頁:

[A] stalwart leather-clad "boy," just returned from trapping on the waters of Grand River, on the western side the mountains, who interlards his mountain jargon with Spanish words picked up in Taos and California.

1849, George Frederick Ruxton, 章號 III, 出自 Life in the Far West (Plains and Rockies; 175), Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC，第 71 頁:

The driver was a stalwart woman who sat at ease in the front seat and drove her car bare-headed. She left a cloud of dust and a trail of gasoline behind her.

1912 August, Willa Sibert Cather, “The Bohemian Girl”, 出自 McClure’s Magazine, 第 XXXIX 卷, 第 4 號, [New York, N.Y.]: McClure Publications, →OCLC, chapter I，第 422 頁:

Direct your attention now to the African turtles seen here migrating … Morbo wishes these stalwart nomads peace.

2002年November10日, Aaron Ehasz, “Crimes of the Hot”, 出自 Futurama, 第 5 季数, 第 1 集数, 角色 Morbo, 經由 Fox Broadcasting Company:

Many other learned men of the age followed him [Romolo Amaseo] to the field, and contended with much zeal for the cause of the Latin; some even went so far as to wish the Italian completely banished entirely from the world. But stalwart champions were not wanting on the other side; and, to be brief, the impulse of public opinion soon swept away all opposition, and the popular cause was triumphant.

1832 October, “Art II.— History of the Italian Language and Dialects. Saggi di Prose e Poesie de’ più celebri Scrittori d’ogni Secolo. VI. vol. 8vo. (Selected by L. Nardini and S. Buonaiuti。) In Londra. 1798.”, 出自 The North American Review, 第 XXXV 卷, 第 LXXVII 期, Boston, Mass.: Gray and Bowen, […], →OCLC，第 301–302 頁s:

Now Tomlins always acted as Morgan's major domo in tent or quarters, and was also a stalwart hand either against ox, sheep, or enemy.

1842, E[dward] Howard, 章號 XXXI, 出自 Sir Henry Morgan, the Buccaneer, Paris: Baudry's European Library, […] and Stassin and Xavier, […], →OCLC，第 241 頁:


stalwart

坚定支持者，（理想、思想、理念等的）坚定追随者

Too much authority, blind authority, mere authority, whether that of the Prince or the priest, of the Raja or the Nabob, of the oligarch or the official, of the wealty and the prosperous is the bane of Indian life, yet these stalwarts of reform always take shelter behind big names.

1920?, [Lala] Lajpat Rai, “A Fight for Crumbs”, 出自 The Call to Young India, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India: S. Ganesan & Co., →OCLC，第 68–69 頁s:

But I am sure there must be a great many Socialists who would fairly turn in their graves if they knew how their successors in the Labour Party were "ratting" on the policy laid down by the old stalwarts.

1954年August17日, Thomas Leonard Hayman, “Financial Statement”, 出自 New Zealand Parliamentary Debates: Fifth Session, Thirtieth Parliament: House of Representatives, 第 304 (Comprising the Period from 6 August to 1 October 1954) 卷, Wellington, N.Z.: By authority; R. E. Owen, government printer, 出版於 1955, →OCLC，第 1200 頁:

Other erstwhile stalwarts are also wavering. Southampton had two of the best full-backs in the league last season but Ryan Bertrand has been below par this season and Cédric Soares made an uncharacteristic lapse that led to Stoke's winning goal in Southampton's last outing.

2017年October14日, Paul Doyle, “Mauricio Pellegrino yet to find attacking solution for stuttering Southampton: Nothing so far this season suggests the Argentinian will be more successful than Claude Puel in finding the answer to the club’s continuing lack of firepower”, 出自 The Guardian, London，於2017-11-10歸檔自原頁面:

In August, the Los Angeles-area stalwart the Lab also closed its dance space, a 12,000-square-foot location in West Covina.

2021年December2日, Margaret Fuhrer, “Mothers of Reinvention: The Lab Pivots as Studios Close”, 出自 The New York Times, →ISSN:


cost-effective

more cost-effective (comparative)
most cost-effective (superlative)


aftermath

/ˈɑːf.tə.ˌmɑːθ/

（同一个季节收割草以后长出的）第二波草

They were cutting aftermath on all sides, which gave the neighbourhood, this gusty autumn morning, an untimely smell of hay.

1879, Robert Louis Stevenson: Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes:

（灾难后造成的）余波，损害，后果


apothecary

源自古法語 apotecaire，源自中世紀拉丁語 apothecarius (“店主”)，源自apotheca (“商店”)，早期形式拉丁語 apotheca (“仓库”)，源自古希臘語 ἀποθήκη (apothḗkē, “仓库”)，源自ἀπό (apó, “出，离”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “放置”)，即“用来把东西放起来的地方”。boutique和bodega 的同源對似詞。

/əˈpɒθəkəɹi/

/əˈpɑθəˌkɛəɹi/

pharmacist (“药剂师”)之同義詞； （中世纪或近现代时的）药剂师，卖药人

The girls, though their illness was long and dangerous, recovered under Mrs. Palmer's care, who watched over them as if they had been her own; and from that time an affection, as valuable as it was pleasant, sprang up between them. When Lady Anne returned, she called, and talked about every thing but the apothecary's bill.

1838 (date written), L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 V, 出自 Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], 第 I 卷, London: Henry Colburn, […], 出版於 1842, →OCLC，第 62 頁:

It amused me to see the bustle and the life in the apothecary's shop across the street.

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, 譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，第 2 頁:

The Russian people as a whole almost revered the apothecary, and they entered it as they would enter a sanctum.

1919, S.A., “Pharmacy in Russia”, in Soviet Russia, volume 1, number 27, page 6:

He was befriended by a local druggist, Jay Miller, who worked at the apothecary at the corner of Sixth and Harrison Street.

1998, Karen Holliday Tanner, Doc Holliday: A Family Portrait, University of Oklahoma Press, 出版於 2001, →ISBN，第 205–206 頁s:

Seeds found in a 1630s refuse-filled clay borrow pit, located near an apothecary, illustrate colonists^([sic，意為colonists’]) intense interest in experimenting with the medicinal qualities of New World plants.

2001, Audrey Horning, “Archeology and the Science of Discovery”, in Barbara Heath et al., Jamestown Archeological Assessment, U.S. National Parks Service, page 31:


trusty

源自中古英語 trusty、tristy、tresty，等价于trust + -y。

trustier (comparative)
trustiest (superlative)

She's been using the same trusty sewing machine since she started out, thirty long years ago.

她还在用她三十年前开始时用的牢靠的缝纫机。


trusty

可信的人； 得到特权的囚犯

We usta have a rule that if a trusty shot an escaping convict, then the trusty would go free.

1941, James Howell Street, In my father's house:

The cell block is clean and doesn't smell of disinfectant. The trusties do all the work. The supply of trusties is always ample.

1953, Raymond Chandler, The Long Goodbye, Penguin, 出版於 2010，第 58 頁:


adjustable

more adjustable (comparative)
most adjustable (superlative)


sporadic

源自中世紀拉丁語 sporadicus（亦衍生出法語 sporadique、意大利語 sporadico、西班牙語 esporádico），源自古希臘語 σποραδικός (sporadikós)，源自σποράς (sporás, “零星的，分散的”)，源自σπορά (sporá)、σπόρος (spóros, “（种子的）播撒”)。

more sporadic (comparative)
most sporadic (superlative)

It was a stodgy, weary display from Mourinho’s team with only sporadic moments when they threatened Salvatore Sirigu’s goal and their manager seemed bewildered afterwards when he tried to explain what had gone wrong.

2015年March12日, Daniel Taylor, “Chelsea out of Champions League after Thiago Silva sends 10-man PSG through on away goals”, 出自 卫报（伦敦）:


sullen

源自中古英語 solein，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 soleyn (“alone”)，源自古法語 sole (“一个的，单个的”)，源自拉丁語 sōlus (“独自”)。中古英语中，词义从“单独的”变成“闷闷不乐的”

sullener (comparative)
sullenest (superlative)

And sullen I forsook the imperfect feast.

Sullen and bored the kids stay / And in this way wish away each day
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2007, Steven Wilson, "Normal", Porcupine Tree, Nil Recurring.

a sullen atmosphere

He added not; and Satan bowing low / His gray diſſimulation, diſappear'd / Into thin Air diffuſ'd: for now began / Night with her ſullen wing to double-ſhade / The Deſert; Fowls in thir clay neſts were couch't; / And now wild Beaſts came forth the woods to roam.

1671, John Milton, “The First Book”, 出自 Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, 倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，第 27 頁，第 497–502 行s:

固执的，顽固不化的；棘手的，难处理的

Things are as sullen as we are.

a. 1694, John Tillotson, Imprudence of Atheism


sullen

And let them die that age and sullens have;

1595 December 9 (first known performance), William Shakespeare, “The life and death of King Richard the Second”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act 2, scene 1]，第 139 行:


azine

氮杂苯（苯环上的碳被一个或多个氮原子取代）


flustered

more flustered (comparative)
most flustered (superlative)

The speaker became quite flustered when she dropped all her notes.

演讲者弄掉了笔记以后慌了手脚。

Behind the scenes, Truss's camp feel positive too—claiming that while she stayed calm Sunak was “flustered”.

2022年July26日, “Tory leadership: Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss in fiercest clash yet over tax”, 出自 BBC News:


flustered

fluster 的過去式和過去分詞


tabun

塔崩（C₅H₁₁N₂O₂P）


tabun

一種黏土烤爐，形似截錐，底部有用於生火的開口


sweat

源自中古英語 swete、swet、swate、swote，源自古英語 swāt，源自原始日耳曼語 *swait-、*swaitą，源自原始印歐語 *swoyd- (“流汗”),*sweyd- (“出汗”)的o音变形式。与西弗里斯蘭語 swit、荷蘭語 zweet、德語 Schweiß、丹麥語 sved、瑞典語 svett、意第緒語 שוויצן (shvitsn)（英語 shvitz）、拉丁語 sudor、法語 sueur、意大利語 sudore、西班牙語 sudor、波斯語 خوید (xwēd, “潮湿的，新鲜的”)、梵語 स्वेद (svéda)、立陶宛語 sviedri、吐火羅語B syā-和阿爾巴尼亞語 djersë同源。

Just thinking about the interview tomorrow puts me into a nervous sweat.

一想到明天的面试我就紧张得冒汗。

（尤指经验丰富或年长的）士兵

(我們能否查找並添加Holinshed引用過本詞的語句？)

（赛马用的马锻炼时的）短跑


sweat

源自中古英語 sweten，源自古英語 swǣtan，源自原始日耳曼語 *swaitijaną (“出汗”)。 对比荷蘭語 zweten、德語 schwitzen、丹麥語 svede。shvitz 的同源對似詞。

使...经皮肤排出液体：

His physicians attempted to sweat him by most powerful sudorifics.

内科医生尝试用最强效的发汗药让他出汗。

I've been sweating over my essay all day.

我今天一整天都在忙我的论文。

to sweat a spendthrift

压榨花钱大手大脚的人身上

to sweat labourers

担心，担忧 （自20世纪起）

There are few matters studio executives sweat more than maintaining their franchises.
没有什么比维护自己的系列更让制片公司的经理担心的事了。

2010, Brooks Barnes, "Studios battle to save Narnia", The New York Times, 5 Dec 2010:

to sweat blood

The cheese will start sweating if you don't refrigerate it.

不把奶酪放冰箱的话它就会出水。

Stop sweatin' me!

But I'ma smoke 'em now and not next time / Smoke any motherfucker that sweats me

用少油文火慢煮（来蒸掉水分）

Sweating is a generally a quiet operation; if the food is whispering, or worse, hissing, the moisture is probably evaporating too rapidly

2002, Judy Rodgers, The Zuni Cafe Cookbook:

Sweat the carrots, onion, celery, leeks, and cabbage in the butter until translucent not allowing them to color in any way.

2007, Patty Elsberry, Matt Bolus, Simply Vanilla: Recipes for Everyday Use，第 93 頁:

Reduce heat to low, cover pan, and gently sweat the celery for ten minutes, taking care not to brown it

2009, Bill Neal, Bill Neal's Southern Cooking，第 11 頁:

Sweat the onions and garlic in the oil, stirring occasionally, until they are completely soft (no crunch) but not caramelized.

将（硬币）和其他硬币在一个袋子里摇晃来划掉一部分金属

The only use of it [money] which is interdicted is to put it in circulation again after having diminished its weight by sweating, or otherwise, because the quantity of metal contains is no longer consistent with its impression.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1879, Richard Cobden, On the Probable Fall in the Value of Gold (originally by Michel Chevalier)


staunch

源自中古英語 staunch、staunche (“状态良好的，不需维修的；稳固的，坚实的；防水的；（指人或伤口）不再流血的；肯定的；完好的；坚定地，稳健地”) [以及其他形式]，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 estaunche、古法語 estanche (“稳固的，防水的”)（现代法語 étanche (“气密的；防水的”)），estanc (“池塘”)的变体，源自estanchier (“堵塞（水流，血流等）；使...防水；解（渴）”)（现代法語 étancher），可能源自下列词之一：
* 源自通俗拉丁語 *stagnicāre，源自拉丁語 stāgnum (“一滩死水；池塘；沼泽”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *steh₂g- (“滴；渗”)。
* 源自通俗拉丁語 *stānticāre，源自*stānticus (“疲劳的”)，源自拉丁語 stāns, stāntis (“站立的；遗留的，停留的”)。stāns是stō (“站立；剩余，停留”)的现在主动分词，最终源自原始印歐語 *steh₂- (“站”)。
同源词
* 意大利語 stanco (“疲劳的”)
* 葡萄牙語 estanque (“防水的”)
* 羅曼什語 staunza (“房间”)
* 西班牙語 estanco (“关闭的，密闭的；气密的；防水的”)

stauncher (comparative)
staunchest (superlative)

constant

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

determined

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

persistent

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

firm

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

resolute

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

steadfast

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

unswerving

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

unwavering

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

unyielding

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

防水的，不透水的 气密的，不透气的

稳固的，牢固的；状态良好的

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

Without our staunch front line the enemy would have split the regiment.

没有我们牢不可破的前线敌人已经把整个团分裂了。

Is it like you, who have known me so long and sought my advice in all matters—like you, who from a girl have had a strong mind and a staunch heart?

1841 February–November, Charles Dickens, “Barnaby Rudge”, 出自 Master Humphrey’s Clock, 第 II 卷, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, chapter 6，第 265 頁:

[T]ouching the much vexed question of stimulants he relished a glass of choice old wine in season as both nourishing and bloodmaking and possessing aperient virtues (notably a good burgundy which he was a staunch believer in) […]

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 16: Eumaeus]”, 出自 Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC, part III [Nostos]，第 571 頁:

The fast-food chain Chick-fil-A was founded by a staunch Christian, is closed on Sundays and has previously donated to organisations with anti-LGBTQ+ stances.

2023年June12日, Tom Dart, “US culture wars come to baseball as MLB celebrates Pride month”, 出自 The Guardian, →ISSN:

可靠的，忠实的，值得信任的 能够追寻到猎物踪迹的

He’s been a staunch supporter of mine through every election.

在每次选举中，他都是我忠实的支持者。

Never at any time in its history has there been so much universal anger at and criticism of the Southern. The railway's staunchest friends must concede that most of it is justified.

1959 April, P. Ransome-Wallis, “The Southern in Trouble on the Kent Coast”, 出自 Trains Illustrated, London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，第 213 頁:


staunch

源自中古英語 staunchen、staunche (“止血，止泻或阻止其他体液流出；缓解，缓和；安抚，满足；治疗；克服；结束，结果；抑制；（指河流或水流）停止流动；（指水，风，某种天气）平静下来；熄灭，扑灭”) [以及其他形式]，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 estauncher、estaunchier、estanger、古法語 estancher、estanchier (动词) [以及其他形式]。详见词源1以及stanch。

stanch的另一種拼寫法

[T]he iron head of a square cross-bow bolt disengaged itself from the wound, the bleeding was staunched, the wound was closed, and the dying man was, within the quarter of an hour, walking upon the ramparts, […]

1820, 沃尔特·司各特, 章號 VII, 出自 艾凡赫, 第 III 卷, 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC，第 178 頁:


staunch

两种可能性：
* 源自中古英語 staunche、stanche (“止血物；（比喻义）荠菜（Capsella bursa-pastoris）”)，源自古法語 estanche (“池塘；水箱”)，源自estanc (“池塘”)（源自法語 étang (“池塘；环礁湖”)），源自estanchier (动词)，详见词源2；和/或
* 直接派生自动词。

styptic

阻塞物，止住液体流动的物体

阻塞物，止住液体流动的物体 止血药，止血植物

afterdamp (“沼气爆炸后产生的窒息性气体”)之同義詞


staunch

见stanch（的词源4）。

stanch (“泄洪闸”)的另一種拼寫法


dreamscape

He walked between his parents as though through a dreamscape towards the grand building.


gargantuan

源自法語 Gargantua，弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷所著《巨人传》中一个胃口很大的巨人的名字。该词系拉伯雷从葡萄牙语和西班牙語 garganta (“喉咙”)一词派生而来。

more gargantuan (comparative)
most gargantuan (superlative)

/ɡɑɹˈɡæn.t͡ʃu.ən/

Some distant observers of the Scottish football scene reckon that all - all! - Gerrard has to do is beat Celtic to become a legend. Even if that was true - and, demonstrably, it is not - then it would be a gargantuan task all on its own.

2018年May4日, Tom English, “Steven Gerrard: A 'seriously clever or recklessly stupid' Rangers appointment”, 出自 BBC Sport:

Or the twinkling dining rooms: all frilly net curtains, pink walls, kaleidoscope-patterned carpets and tiny tables, crammed with teetering piles of hand-painted ceramic crockery (think plates covered in colorful swirls and cocktail mugs shaped like heaving bosoms or ladies’ faces) that showcase gargantuan portions of Italian fare.

2019年September14日, Elizabeth Paton, “A Fashion/Food Blowout in the Shadow of Brexit”, 出自 New York Times:

Boxy and unrefined, the Hummer embodied an outlandishly masculine aesthetic that seemed to almost revel in its gargantuan fuel consumption.

2022年April7日, Oliver Milman, “I test-drove the all-electric Hummer. Can it win over America’s EV skeptics?”, 出自 The Guardian, →ISSN:


valkyrie

借自古諾爾斯語 valkyrja 單 (“战死者的挑选者”)，复数形式valkyrjur 複，源自原始日耳曼語 *walakuzjǭ。与古英語 wælcyrge同源。首次在18世纪70年代以专有名词的形式（Valkyries）可考于英语中，自19世纪80年代起可考作一般名词（valkyries）。


svelte

源自法語 svelte，源自意大利語 svelto (“伸出的”)，svellere (“拔，使...伸展”)的过去分词，源自通俗拉丁語 *exvellere，源自ex + vellere (“拔，扯”)。

svelter (comparative)
sveltest (superlative)

苗条的，纤美的，纤细的 （自19世纪10年代）

Psychoanalytic theory[…]seemed to promise to introduce a certain becoming amplitude into discussions of what different people are like — only to turn, in its streamlined trajectory across so many institutional boundaries, into the sveltest of metatheoretical disciplines, sleeked down to such elegant operational entities as the mother, the father, the preoedipal, the oedipal, the other or Other.

1990, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet, 出版於 2008，第 24 頁:

Clearly the producers of “The Producers” were so little inclined to tinker with a winning formula that they chose not to excise a few lines of dialogue to accommodate the svelter physique of their new leading man, preposterous though it is that anyone in a fit of pique would deride a fellow as “once-husky.”

2007年January19日, Charles Isherwood, “Welterweight Bialystock Treads Softly on Big Shtick”, 出自 New York Times:

My first priority was to help Trumps lose her pudgy look and gain a healthier, svelter size.

2009, Kim Bloomer, Animals Taught Me That，第 73 頁:

If her dream of being naked in front of Simon were to come true – and she knew, somehow, that it would – she needed to be the sveltest version of herself that had ever existed. Fries wouldn't help peel away those pounds.

2010, M. S. Simpson, Kabuki in a G-String，第 158 頁:

Peering down from the cockpit at grazing elephant, you have the feeling that what you are beholding is wonderful, but not authentic. It is not only incongruous in the sense that animals simply are not as big as trees, but also in the sense that the twentieth century, tidy and svelte with stainless steel as it is, would not possibly permit such prehistoric monsters to wander in its garden.

1942, Beryl Markham, West with the Night:

At 61, Bryant looks good – smart and svelte in an electric blue suit, youthful, a full head of hair except for a white scar at the back that looks like a side door into his brain.

2023年August5日, Simon Hattenstone, “Labour MP Chris Bryant on cleaning up parliament, and why he’s not afraid to pick a fight: ‘I’ve got in more scrapes than most people’”, 出自 The Guardian:


animosity

源自法語 animosité，源自拉丁語 animositas (“勇气，怒气”)，源自animosus，源自animus (“勇气，心智”)，见animose和及物动词animate。


squeamish

不详。可能是源自下列词的合并：早期形式squeamous (“神经质的”)，源自中古英語 squaimous、queimous，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 escoimus、escoymous，其词源不详；方言词sweamish、sweemish (“微弱的，神经质的”)，源自sweam (“头昏”)和方言词sweem (“昏倒，迷糊，不适”)，源自中古英語 swemen (“使...伤心，折磨，心虚”)，源自古英語 *swǣman (“烦扰”)。若如此，则与swim (“目眩，昏迷”)有关。参见sweam。

more squeamish (comparative)
most squeamish (superlative)

神经质的，过度紧张的，容易受惊吓的

He might have made a good doctor, had he not been so squeamish at the sight of blood.

如果他不像现在这样那么怕血的话，可能可以当个好医生。


serenity

源自中古英語 serenyte，源自古法語 serenité，源自拉丁語 serēnitās，等价于serene + -ity。

There is no passion, there is serenity.

1987, Greg Costikyan, “The Jedi Code”, 出自 Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game，第 69 頁，第 3 行:

阁下 （给王子等贵族的头衔）


skirmish

源自中古英語 skirmish (动词)，源自古法語 escarmouche (“小规模冲突”)，源自意大利語 scaramuccia，早期形式schermugio。escarmouche和Scaramouche 的同源對似詞。

Three people were arrested after a skirmish in a bar.

酒吧里有人动手以后，三个人被逮捕了。

（使用彩弹等的）户外拟真枪械游戏


skirmish

参与小规模冲突；参与打斗

Other historians might also remark that […] they have persisted all this time, constantly wrestling and skirmishing and yet never destroying themselves.

2019, Adrian Tchaikovsky, Children of Ruin, Macmillan，第 376 頁:


sanctity

源自中古英語 sanctity，源自古法語 sanctete，源自拉丁語 sānctitās。

神圣的事物，不可侵犯的事物

Or would they have it believed, that there is in their ſelves ſome ſuperior ſanctity, ſome peculiar privilege, by which theſe things are lawful to them, which are unlawful to all the world beſides?

1776, Jeremy Bentham, “A Short Review of the Declaration”, 出自 John Lind, An Anſwer to the Declaration of the American Congress, London: Thomas Cadell，第 121 頁:


tryst

源自中古英語 tryst、trist，源自古法語 tristre (“等待地点，打猎时约定的地方”)，可能源自北日耳曼語支，比如古諾爾斯語 treysta (“保全”)，源自traust (“信任，安全，帮助，藏身处”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *traustą (“信任，避难所”)，源自原始印歐語 *deru-、*dreu-、*drū- (“确信”)。trust 的同源對似詞（亦参见）。

But, for the most part, we shall mark our progress to the dawn of life by the measure of those 40 natural milestones, the trysts that enrich our pilgrimage.

2004, Richard Dawkins, The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life，第 11 頁:

If someone trusts you, what is lost if you betray that trust? As Scarlett is tempted to see it, sometimes nothing at all. If her husband remains ignorant of her tryst, then his trust in her will remain intact. ‘No one gets hurt’ runs her reasoning, so why not go ahead?

2005, Julian Baggini, The Pig that Wants to be Eaten: And 99 other thought experiments, №91: “No one gets hurt”, page 271 (Granta; ISBN 1862078556, 9781862078550)

同類詞：fair、mart、market、farmers' market


tryst

约定，安排（会议时间等）

He said he was jealous, and craved something to ease his care. 'It's but a small thing I ask,' says he, 'but it will make me a happy man, and nothing ever shall come atween us. Tryst wi' me for Beltane's E'en on the Sker sands, at the green link o' the burn where the sands begin, on the ebb o' the tide when midnight is by, but afore cockcrow. For,' said he, 'that was our forbears' tryst for true lovers, and wherefore no for you and me?'

1902, John Buchan, The Outgoing of the Tide


sulky

源自sulk + -y。马车相关词义的产生是由于驾驶员需要独自骑行。

sulkier (comparative)
sulkiest (superlative)

the sulky child

The first question of course was, how to get dry again: they had a consultation about this, and after a few minutes it seemed quite natural to Alice to find herself talking familiarly with them, as if she had known them all her life. Indeed, she had quite a long argument with the Lory, who at last turned sulky, and would only say, “I’m older than you, and must know better.” And this Alice would not allow, without knowing how old it was, and, as the Lory positively refused to tell its age, there was no more to be said.

1865, Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland


sulky

源自sulk + -y。马车相关词义的产生是由于驾驶员需要独自骑行。

（用于轻驾车赛中的）单座二轮马车


scowl

源自中古英語 scowlen、scoulen、skoulen（亦作中古英語 schoulen），可能源自。对比丹麥語 skule (“皱眉”)、挪威語 skule (“皱眉”)。


scowl

She scould, and frownd with froward countenaunce

1590, 埃德蒙·斯宾塞, “Book II, Canto II”, 出自 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]）, London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 35:

to scowl a rival into submission

皱着眉头显现出，皱着眉头表示

to scowl defiance


eulogy

源自古希臘語 εὐλογία (eulogía, “赞美”)，等价于eu- + logia。

It was the prettiest and most luxurious little sitting-room I had ever seen; and I admired it with the warmest enthusiasm. The solemn servant was far too highly trained to betray the slightest satisfaction. He bowed with icy deference when my terms of eulogy were all exhausted, and silently opened the door for me to go out into the passage again.

1859, Wilkie Collins, The Woman in White:

The Southampton striker, who also struck a post late on, was being serenaded by the Wembley crowd before the end and should probably brace himself for some Lambert-mania over the coming days but, amid the eulogies, it should not overlook the deficiencies that were evident in another stodgy England performance.

2013, Daniel Taylor, Rickie Lambert's debut goal gives England victory over Scotland (in The Guardian, 14 August 2013)http://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/aug/14/england-scotland-international-friendly


avaricious

源自中古英語 avaricious，源自古法語 avaricieux，源自avarice，源自拉丁語 avaritia (“贪婪”)，源自avarus (“贪婪的”)，源自avere (“觊觎”)。

more avaricious (comparative)
most avaricious (superlative)

/ˌævəˈɹɪʃəs/

In a word, he was called a hard, avaricious, rapacious man, whose chief business was to enrich himself...

1835, Robert Montgomery Bird, The Hawks of Hawk-Hollow:


suffering

Her last night was very suffering, the anodyne she took gave her no relief, and for the first time she lay till near noon.

1839 August, Beacon, “The deathbed of Voltaire”, 出自 Charles Benjamin Tayler 編, The Christian Beacon, 第 8 號，第 118 頁:

My heart is full, but my body too suffering to go on.

1862, Ruth Bryan, Handfuls of purpose，第 427 頁:

I said that Miss Kinney opened the wound; I had not seen the burn then, myself; I was too ill and too suffering to rise up to see the whole surface of it; this was on Thursday morning, the morning after the operation, that I complained of such pain I must have something to relieve it, so she brought these strips of bandages and vaseline, and then she examined the wound, and without saying anything she took this brass pin and pricked it in several places;

1900年May8日, Abram I. Elkus, Supreme Court : Helen D. Ward, Plaintiff, against Saint VIncent's Hospital, of the City of New York, Defendant.，第 28 頁:

Just to hear them was very suffering ... It must have been so unbearable to have to yell like that.

2005, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Lords: Select Committee on the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill, Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill (HL)，第 73 頁:

I was listening her because she was telling me she was very suffering and that she was praying for her pains, for sinners, for poor, for ill people and for afflicted.

2014, Silvia Michela Carrassi, Travels Through Spirit，第 114 頁:


suffering

Robins, of Torquay, had denied a single charge of causing unnecessary suffering to an animal. She claimed the microwave was accidentally turned on by one of the cats after the kitten got inside. But Knutton said the kitten was too small to even get onto the work surface.

2011年December14日, Steven Morris, “Devon woman jailed for 168 days for killing kitten in microwave”, 出自 Guardian:


agreeable

来自中古英語 agreable，来自古法語 agreable；取代了古英語 cweme (“令人愉快的”)。等价于agree + -able。

more agreeable (comparative)
most agreeable (superlative)


solace

源自古法語 solas，源自拉丁語 sōlācium (“安慰”)，源自原始印歐語 *selh₂- (“恕，慰”)。

You cannot put a monetary value on emotional solace.

The proper solaces of age are not music and compliments, but wisdom and devotion.

September 25, 1750, Samuel Johnson, The Rambler


heart-wrenching

more heart-wrenching (comparative)
most heart-wrenching (superlative)


telling

more telling (comparative)
most telling (superlative)

有力的，有效的，强效的，效果显著的

a telling blow

意味深长的，有信息量的，重要的

a telling smile

But ever since the concept of "hamartia" recurred through Aristotle's Poetics, in an attempt to describe man's ingrained iniquity, our impulse has been to identify a telling defect in those brought suddenly and dramatically low.

2014年October21日, Oliver Brown, “Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities: Bladerunner's punishment for killing Reeva Steenkamp is but a frippery when set against the burden that her bereft parents, June and Barry, must carry [print version: No room for sentimentality in this tragedy, 13 September 2014, p. S22]”, 出自 The Daily Telegraph (Sport):

telling evidence


telling

知道某事物的方法，判断某事物的方法

"One white man." said Bill, after a brief inspection. "Out on his line, I s'pose, and there's no tellin' when he'll be back. So we won't wait. We'll just serve notice on him."

1922, A[rthur] M[urray] Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:


figures

figure的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式

it figures (“我就知道”)的缩略形式


Skopje

* 来自馬其頓語 Скопје (Skopje)的拉丁转写。

斯科普里（北马其顿首都）


affirm

来自中古英語 affirmen，affermen，来自古法語 afermer，affermer，来自拉丁語 affirmare，adfirmare，来自ad (“至，對，向”) + firmare (“使堅定”)，来自firmus (“堅定的”)。


aphrodisiac

借自古希臘語 ἀφροδισιακός (aphrodisiakós, “性欲的”)，源自Ἀφροδίσιος (Aphrodísios, “阿芙罗狄蒂的”)。


aphrodisiac

Power is the ultimate aphrodisiac.

c. 1970, Henry Kissinger, quoted in The New York Times (28 October 1973)

This brother told me a secret on how to get more chicks / Put a little Medina in your glass, and the girls'll come real quick / It's better than any alcohol or aphrodisiac

1989, “Funky Cold Medina”, 出自 Lōc’ed After Dark, 演出者 Tone Lōc:


adoption

法語 adoption，拉丁語 adoptio，与adoptare (“采納；收養”)有关。


adjoin

来自盎格魯-諾曼語 adjoindre，来自拉丁語 adiungō。

客廳和餐廳相互毗鄰。

The living room and dining room adjoin each other.

我們在起居區，毗鄰廚房。

We were in the living area, which adjoins the kitchen.


ailment

He had always been remarkably immune from such little ailments, and had only once in his life been ill, of a vicious pneumonia long ago at school. He hadn't the faintest idea what to with a cold in the head, he just took quinine and continued to blow his nose.

1922, Michael Arlen, “2/9/1”, 出自 “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:


sordid

sordider (comparative)
sordidest (superlative)

下流的，卑劣的，可鄙的，肮脏的

He rode slowly home along the deserted road, watching the stars come out in the clear violet sky. They flashed softly into the limpid heavens, like jewels let fall into clear water. They were a reproach, he felt, to a sordid world.

I know it sounds sordid but you'll be rewarded, when at last I've been given my dues.

1994, The Lion King, Be Prepared musical number:

It is a sordid business, this divvying us up by race.

2006, John C. Roberts, concurrence and dissent in part in League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry, 548 U.S. 399 (2006)


jet-ski

jetski的另一種拼寫法


trickle

The brook had shrunk to a mere trickle.

小溪缩成了一条小小的涓流。

The tap of the washbasin in my bedroom is leaking and the trickle drives me mad at night.

我臥室洗臉盆的水龍頭漏水，整晚滴滴答答的搞得我難受得不得了。

The streams that run south and east from the mountains to the coast are short and rapid torrents after a storm, but at other times dwindle to feeble trickles of mud.

1897, James Bryce, Impressions of South Africa


trickle

The doctor trickled some iodine on the wound.

医生在伤口上滴了一点碘。

Here the water just trickles along, but later it becomes a torrent.

现在水只是细细地在流，但后面它会变成很大的洪流。

The film was so bad that people trickled out of the cinema before its end.

这部电影太烂了，还没结束就已经有人慢慢地走掉了。

Her white night-dress was smeared with blood, and a thin stream trickled down the man's bare chest which was shown by his torn-open dress.

1897, Bram Stoker, 章號 21, 出自 Dracula, New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:

The period of intensive traffic is over by about 5.30 p.m. and for the rest of the evening steadily diminishes, the main activity being the Channel Islands boat trains which trickle in after about 6.30 p.m. and depart again for Weymouth an hour or so later.

1962 April, J. N. Faulkner, “Summer Saturday at Waterloo”, 出自 Modern Railways，第 265 頁:

Their only shot of the first period was a long-range strike from top-scorer Ebanks-Blake which trickled tamely wide.

2010年December29日, Sam Sheringham, “Liverpool 0 - 1 Wolverhampton”, 出自 BBC:


shimmer

源自中古英語 schimeren，源自古英語 sċymrian、sċimrian、sċimerian，源自原始日耳曼語 *skimarōną。同源词有荷蘭語 schemeren、德語 schimmern。

twinkle

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

sparkle

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

glisten

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

glimmer

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

With dusky shimmering wanny globe, her lampe doth pale appeare

1581, John Studley (translator), Medea, Act 4, in Seneca his Tenne Tragedies, London: Thomas Marsh, p. 135,

The shimmering glimpses of a stream

1850, Alfred Tennyson, The Princess: A Medley, 3rd版, London: Edward Moxon, Conclusion, p. 173:

I looked then and saw that his robes, which had seemed white, were not so, but were woven of all colours, and if he moved they shimmered and changed hue so that the eye was bewildered.

1954, J. R. R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring, New York: Ballantine Books, 出版於 1973, Book 2, Chapter 2, p. 339:

Pale tourists, tired but excited, emerge like apparitions from the heat haze that shimmers over the tarmac.

2018, Tsitsi Dangarembga, 章號 22, 出自 This Mournable Body, Minneapolis: Graywolf Press:


shimmer

The hives […] were scattered towards the back of the clearing, like small mounds of clean vegetable refuse. Over each mound there hung a dusty golden shimmer of bees.

1922, Katherine Anne Porter, “María Concepción”, 出自 Flowering Judas and Other Stories, New York: The Modern Library, 出版於 1940，第 6 頁:

He’d aimed film lamps at the rectangular pools, which sent reflections up the gallery wall in veined and fractured shimmers.

2013, Rachel Kushner, 章號 16, 出自 The Flamethrowers, New York: Vintage, 出版於 2014，第 294 頁:

同類詞：jitter

As such, perturbation measures can only be derived from vowels, most accurately, sustained vowels or steady-state portions of vowels extracted from connected speech. Two commonly obtained perturbation measures are jitter and shimmer.

2010, Daniel R. Boone, The Voice and Voice Therapy, Pearson College Division, →ISBN:


shimmer

读卡器垫片 （一种非法安装到ATM等设备的读卡器上的中间层设备，用来盗取读取的卡片的芯片信息以便非法复制卡片）


unfettered

unfetter 的過去式和過去分詞


unfettered

more unfettered (comparative)
most unfettered (superlative)

unrestricted

自由的，无拘无束的，不受限制的

unbridled

自由的，无拘无束的，不受限制的

fettered

自由的，无拘无束的，不受限制的

In a corner of the market among the pens for cattle, Barnaby knelt down, and pausing every now and then to pass his hand over his father’s face, or look up to him with a smile, knocked off his irons. When he had seen him spring, a free man, to his feet, and had given vent to the transport of delight which the sight awakened, he went to work upon his own, which soon fell rattling down upon the ground, and left his limbs unfettered.

1841, Charles Dickens, 章號 68, 出自 Barnaby Rudge:

自由的，无拘无束的，不受限制的

We declare the right of the people of Ireland to the ownership of Ireland, and to the unfettered control of Irish destinies, to be sovereign and indefeasible.

1916, Thomas Clarke, Proclamation of the Irish Republic:

Alexander says she has been accused of censorship "worse than a Syrian dictator" over her quest to have gang-related videos taken down. But her campaign shows the debate over a completely unfettered internet is not clear-cut.

2012年April19日, Josh Halliday, “Free speech haven or lawless cesspool – can the internet be civilised?”, 出自 the Guardian:

The EU was established to oppose the unfettered power of nation states and defuse the rivalries between them.

2018, Michael Cottakis – LSE, “Colliding worlds: Donald Trump and the European Union”, 出自 LSE's blog:

The underlying problem with transport policy is that there no coherent strategy. Ministers have tended to encourage greater use of motor vehicles through both transport and (particularly) planning policies, while simultaneously warning of the terrible consequences of unfettered growth of road use.

2020年December2日, Christian Wolmar, “Wales offers us a glimpse of an integrated transport policy”, 出自 Rail，第 56 頁:


tenacity

tenac(ious) + -ity，源自中古法語 ténacité，源自拉丁語 tenācitās。

意志坚定，坚持不懈，顽强不屈

— Our opponents may be younger, faster and less out of shape than we are, but we have something they’ll never have!
— Tenure?
— Tenacity!

2009, Jorge Cham, “PHD Comics: Softball: younger and faster”, 出自 (請指定書籍名或刊物名):


Trinidad

源自西班牙语 trinidad（“三位一体”）。哥伦布为履行宗教誓言，以圣三一命名。

特立尼达岛，加勒比海中的一个岛，特立尼达和多巴哥的一部分。

美国科罗拉多州的一个地方自治市，拉斯阿尼马斯县的县治。


death metal

[音乐]死亡金属，是极端金属（Extrem Metal）的一个分支风格。早期概念形成是因歌词主要以死亡为主题以及该风格主要创始乐队Death而得名。主要特征包括主唱低吼式的演唱方法，降调并失真度极大的吉他音色以及高速度的地鼓声。从上世纪80年代中旬至今已由此发展出更多金属乐分支风格，比如残酷死亡、末日死亡、瑞典旋律死亡新浪潮，等。代表性乐队：Death, Morbid Angel, Massacre, Cannibal Corpse, Deicide, Obituary, Suffocation, 等。


thrash metal

/ˈθɹæʃ ˌmɛtəl/

敲击金属，鞭击金属（一種音樂類型）


apostate

源自晚期拉丁語 apostata，源自古希臘語 ἀποστάτης (apostátēs, “反叛”)，源自ἀφίστημι (aphístēmi, “脱离，背叛”)，源自ἀπό (apó, “从，自，离”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi, “站起”)。

We must punish this apostate priest.

我们必须惩罚这个叛教的祭司。

So ſpake th' Apoſtate Angel,

1667, John Milton, “Book I”, 出自 Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，第 125 行:

An enormous number of monks and priests gave themselves up to sorcery, and there was no lack of apostate priests to perform the ceremonies of the Black Mass.

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long，第 101 頁:


slipshod

slip + shod (“穿着鞋的”)，原指“穿着拖鞋的”。“仓促”一意自19世纪初叶出现。

more slipshod (comparative)
most slipshod (superlative)

slapdash

草草了事的，敷衍的，仓促的

草草了事的，敷衍的，仓促的

Surely there is not another language that is so slipshod and systemless, and so slippery and elusive to the grasp.

1880, Mark Twain, The Awful German Language:

Newspapers pointed at greedy contractors who used shoddy materials, slipshod methods and the help of corrupt officials to bypass building codes.

1999年August22日, Johanna McGeary, “Buried Alive”, 出自 Time:

[T]hey wandered up and down hardly remembering the ways untrodden by their feet so long, and crying [...] as they slunk off in their rags, and dragged their slipshod feet along the pavement.

1840, Charles Dickens, Barnaby Rudge, Chapter 67:

That glossy, well-brushed individual, who lets himself in with a latch-key at the front door at night, is a very different being from the slipshod wretch who growls of mornings for hot water at the door of the kitchen.


scurry

Shakespeare has gone back to the formula of last season, by encouraging his players to press high up the pitch and restoring Shinji Okazaki to the starting XI to scurry around between midfield and attack.

2017年March14日, Stuart James, “Leicester stun Sevilla to reach last eight after Kasper Schmeichel save”, 出自 the Guardian:

Then the piglet tore loose from the creepers and scurried into the undergrowth.

1964, William Golding, Lord of the Flies:


scurry

Found a fox in Deerstone, and after a great deal of music, and a scurry or two round the wood, went away over Whigford Down, but he was too far before them to make any more quick music […]


supercilious

源自拉丁語 superciliōsus (“自大的，傲慢的”)，源自supercilium (“眉；傲慢”)。

more supercilious (comparative)
most supercilious (superlative)

"I've tried to be a good man, sir, and do my duty honest, and if it wasn't for the supercilus [sic] kind of way in which father carried on last night - a sort of sniffing at me as it were, as though he hadn't no opinion of my references and testimonials - I should feel easy enough in my mind."

1887, H. Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure:

Buffeted by criticism of his policy on Europe, battered by rebellion in the ranks over his bill to legalize same-sex marriage and wounded by the perception that he is supercilious, contemptuous and out of touch with mainstream Conservatism, Mr. Cameron earlier this week took the highly unusual step of sending a mass e-mail (or, as he called it, “a personal note”) to his party’s grass-roots members.

2013 May 23, Sarah Lyall, "British Leader’s Liberal Turn Sets Off a Rebellion in His Party," New York Times (retrieved 29 May 2013):


tortuous

源自中古英語 tortuous、tortuose，源自盎格魯-諾曼語和古法語 tortuos，源自拉丁語 tortuōsus，源自tortus (“缠绕”)。

more tortuous (comparative)
most tortuous (superlative)

/ˈtɔːt͡ʃuːəs/

/ˈtɔɹt͡ʃuəs/

绕的，绕来绕去的，复杂纷繁的，拐弯抹角的

The badger made his dark and tortuous hole on the side of every hill where the copsewood grew thick.

1848, Thomas Babington Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, 第 1 卷, Porter & Coates，第 243 頁:

The Southern acquired them because the little Class "B4" 0-4-0 tanks were finding heavy modern rolling stock more and more of a handful, and at war's end the railway had nothing of suitable power but short wheelbase on its books to take their place on the more tortuous of the dock lines.

1959 February, G. Freeman Allen, “Southampton—Gateway to the Ocean”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，第 91 頁:

It still takes almost half a year for the average veteran’s claim for disability benefits to be decided in a tortuous process that can involve four separate hearings.

2007 October 6, “Slogging on the Home Front”, editorial in The New York Times,

But the early Tubes still tended to follow the public streets in order to save money, hence some tortuous curves.

2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube, Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，第 109 頁:


spearhead

先锋，发起者；领导者，倡导者

Spearheads of the NER bargain fares attack this year have been the introduction of weekend fares at a 7s 6d in the £ discount on ordinary rates between principal stations throughout the Region—[...].

1964 September, G. Freeman Allen, “Interim report on the East Coast Route express service”, 出自 Modern Railways，第 158–159 頁s:

England played at a tempo in attack that was too much for Bulgaria, with width provided at various times by Walcott、Young and Stewart Downing and Rooney acting as the potent spearhead.

2011年September2日, Phil McNulty, “Bulgaria 0-3 England”, 出自 BBC:


spearhead

发起，倡导，领导 （一次项目，一次活动等）

He spearheaded the entire project from day one.

他从第一天就开始领导整个项目。

Newcastle have put themselves within touching distance after a fantastic run which has been spearheaded by the goals of Senegal striker Cisse.

2012年April21日, Jonathan Jurejko, “Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, 出自 BBC Sport:

George Monks spearheaded the project to solve this problem with a funicular, and work on the Lynton & Lynmouth Cliff Railway (L&LCR) began in 1887.

2021年January13日, Dr Joseph Brennan, “Spectacular funiculars”, 出自 RAIL, issue 922，第 53 頁:


air flow

airflow的另一種拼寫法

We are trying to understand the air flow between exhausts and air-conditioning intakes.

我们试图弄清楚排气口和空调进气口之间的气流。

2021年October6日, Paul Clifton, “Network News: RSSB research exposes poor air quality on diesel trains”, 出自 RAIL, 第 941 期，第 15 頁:


swath

源自中古英語 swath、swathe，源自古英語 swæþ、swaþu (“轨道；轨迹；足迹；印记；遗迹；疤痕”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *swaþō (“被风扫过之处；阔野；边境；土地”)，源自原始印歐語 *swem(bʰ)- (“折；转；荡”)。
与荷蘭語 zwade、zwad (“刈幅；干草列”)、德語 Schwade (“刈幅；干草列”)、冰島語 svæði (“区域，地区”)同源。
其他词源资料
对应中古低地德语和中古荷兰语swat，中古高地德语swade，古弗里斯蘭語 swethe (“边界”)。词干意为切割留下的痕迹。
在888年可考于英语中，意为“痕迹”，在1475年可考为更现代的词义。与德語 Schwaden (“一排割下的草或谷物”)同源。
在日耳曼语系外无确切的同源词。
* 见F. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch (De Gruyter)，词条Schwaden，和OED。

收割草或谷物后留下的一条小道，刈幅

一大片，大量（的人，土地等）

A large swath of the population is opposed to this government policy.

很大一部分人口反对这项政府政策。

Five days after Hurricane Katrina, large swaths of New Orleans are still submerged in water.

飓风卡特里娜离开5天后，新奥尔良市的大片区域仍浸在水中。

It is undeniable that Malcolm was a beacon of huge strength in his lifetime. He could connect with swaths of people when others could not.

2015年February20日, Jesse Jackson, “In the Ferguson era, Malcolm X’s courage in fighting racism inspires more than ever”, 出自 The Guardian (London):


scram

可能是：
* scramble 的截斷形式，带尾音脱落，或
* 源自方言德語 schramm，schrammen (“抓，挠”)的单数命令式，源自中古高地德語 schramm、schramme (“擦，划”)，之后词源不详。

匆忙离开；滚开 （自20世纪初叶）

What are you kids doing on my lawn? Scram!

你们这帮小孩在我家草地上干嘛？走开走开！

Maybe when he found that Chet's jalopy was gone, he felt he'd better scram, and forgot the coat and hat.

1927, Franklin W. Dixon [pseudonym; Leslie McFarlane], “Rival Detectives”, 出自 The Tower Treasure (The Hardy Boys; 1), New York, N.Y.: Grosset & Dunlap, 出版於 1987 (2006 printing), →ISBN:

The boy who was playing glowered at the intruder and growled. "Well, scram Kibitzer; scram."

1935, Harry Carr, “So This is Los Angeles”, 出自 Los Angeles, City of Dreams, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton-Century Company, →OCLC，第 241 頁:

"Come on!" barked Harry. "Scram!"

1935年February23日, J. Lane Linklater, “The Signal: A Short Short Story”, 出自 Fulton Oursler 編, Liberty, 第 12 卷, 第 8 期, New York, N.Y.: Liberty Publishing, →OCLC，第 35 頁，第 2 列:

Jus' go on like we was gonna buck barley the rest of our lives, then all of a sudden some day we'll go get our pay an' scram outta here.

1937, John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men, New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 出版於 1994, →ISBN:

"You scram out of here!" she admonished me fiercely. "Get out, or I'll scream so loud I'll wake the whole house up! You—you Peeping Tom!"

1943, Hans Natonek, “The Affair of the Semi-private Bathroom”, 出自 Barthold Fles（譯者）, 編者Sugden Tilley, In Search of Myself, New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, part 2 (The Year before the Decision)，第 89 頁:

One day he packs in here with a new convertible, tells me he's moving out and scrams. Never give me a dime.

1950, Mickey Spillane, My Gun is Quick, New York, N.Y.: Signet, New American Library, 出版於 2014, →ISBN:

George was going to Haiti and he knew Lee would feel that the one man whgo took an interest in him was scramming out the door.

1988, Don DeLillo, Libra, New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 出版於 2006, →ISBN:

[T]wo vampires had picked up the guy who needed a new face, and they scrammed.

2005 July, MaryJanice Davidson, 章號 28, 出自 Undead and Unappreciated (Berkley Sensation), mass-market版, New York, N.Y.: Berkley Books, 出版於 December 2005, →ISBN，第 225 頁:


scram

不详，动词可能派生自词源 1。有人认为其为“safety control rod actuator mechanism”、“safety control rod axe man”、“safety control rods activation mechanism”之类的缩写，不过大概率是逆向字母补齐得来的。
名词可能派生自动词

scrams
scraming
scramming
scramed
scrammed

使...紧急停堆 （指核反应堆）； 使...紧急停止，紧急叫停

The NCR [Nuclear Regulatory Commission] further demands the plant conform to all the safety requirements put into effect during construction. This means constant re-design. There must also be several ways to scram (emergency shut down) the reactor. Some of these are automatic and some are manual.

1976 December, Randy Warsaw, “Fermi II – A Plant Tour”, 出自 Ray Barry 編, The Michigan Technic, 第 XCV 卷, 第 3 期, [Ann Arbor, Mich.]: College of Engineering, University of Michigan, →ISSN, →OCLC，第 15 頁:

Startup of reactor recirculating pump resulted in flux spike scraming plant.

1978, “Appendix II—Answers to Written Questions Posed to Nuclear Regulatory Commission before the Hearings”, 出自 Nuclear Regulatory Commission Authorization Requests: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, Second Session, on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s Requests for an Increased Authorization for Fiscal Year 1978 and for a Fiscal Year 1979 Authorization of $330,000,000: […] (Serial No. 95-161), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC，第 794 頁:

The slightest problem in a reactor will cause the control rods to plunge automatically in the uranium core at high speeds (this is called scramming the reactor) and stop the chain reaction.

1983, Nuclear Power, Both Sides: The Best Arguments for and against the Most Controversial Technology, New York, N.Y.: W[illiam] W[arder] Norton, →ISBN，第 22 頁:

Both active and manual methods scram by tripping power to a dedicated pump that unbalances the flows to the^([sic]) passively scram the reactor.

2000, Ralph R. Fullwood, “Analyzing Nuclear Reactor Safety Systems”, 出自 Probabilistic Safety Assessment in the Chemical and Nuclear Industries, Boston, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann, →ISBN, section 6.1.4.3 (ABB PIUS)，第 218 頁:

The reactor was then "scramed", but the control rods did not slide back into the reactor.

2007年June22日, Samuel Upton Newtan, “Nuclear Reactor Disasters: Part I: Stationary Reactors (Non-breeders)”, 出自 Nuclear War I and Other Major Nuclear Disasters of the 20th Century, Bloomington, Ind., Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire: AuthorHouse, →ISBN，第 113 頁:

Raising group eight rods and brining a nuclear reactor fully to life for the first time in nearly ten years—everyone was so ready they were all ready to pee in their pants. Andrews did not know he could do it without SCRAMing the reactor—in other words, pushing it into an automatic shutdown that might be too little too late.

2012年December12日, D. Michael Battey, 章號 35, 出自 Tenacity Gene, Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, →ISBN，第 174 頁:

（指核反应堆） 紧急停堆； 紧急停止

This shut off current to the control rod mechanism, and the reactor scrammed (shut off) automatically.

1984, Charles Perrow, “Nuclear Power as a High-risk System”, 出自 Normal Accidents: Living with High-risk Technologies, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 出版於 1999, →ISBN，第 44 頁:

As soon as the earthquake struck, the reactors "scrammed"—shut down automatically—as they were supposed to.

2012, Daniel Yergin, “The Urgency of Fuel Choice”, 出自 The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World, revised版, New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, →ISBN, part 3 (The Electric Age)，第 415 頁:

Immediately after the earthquake, following government regulations, the remaining reactors, 1–3, automatically SCRAMed; control rods shut down sustained fission reactions.

2016, Nabil Abu el Ata, Rudolf Schmandt, “Understanding the Hidden Risk of Dynamic Complexity”, 出自 The Tyranny of Uncertainty: A New Framework to Predict, Remediate and Monitor Risk, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, part I (Once upon a Time)，第 21 頁:


scram

（核反应堆的） 紧急停堆； 紧急停止，紧急叫停

During scram operation, a scram signal de-energizes the inlet and outlet scram valves. The outlet scram valve vents the volume above the drive piston to a scram dump tank. The inlet scram valve supplies scram pressure obtained from an accumulator to the under side of the vented piston.

1960年October5日, John Roberts, S. F. Armour, “Introduction”, 出自 T7 Tanker Locking Piston Control Rod Drive Scram Analysis (GEAP 3561), Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Office of Technical Information, United States Atomic Energy Commission, →OCLC，第 2 頁:

Of the 14 scrams experienced, none was caused by operation exceeding the design parameters. Eight scrams occurred with the control rods withdrawn. [...] Six scrams occurred while the rods were inserted. Five were intentional to prevent accidental rod withdrawal, and one was the unintentional result of an instrument adjustment.

1966 fall, staff of First Atomic Ship Transport, Inc., “Operating Experience of the N.S. Savannah in Commercial Service”, 出自 Nuclear Safety: A Quarterly Technical Progress Review, 第 8 卷, 第 1 期, [Oak Ridge, Tenn.]: Division of Technical Information, United States Atomic Energy Commission, →ISSN, →OCLC, section VI，第 65 頁:

By the time scram is completed, coolant temperatures would likely be climbing due to the combination of a large heat capacity within the fuel pins and low coolant flow.

1981, Alan E. Waltar, Albert B. Reynolds, “Unprotected Transients”, 出自 Fast Breeder Reactors (Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies), New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Pergamon Press, →ISBN, section 15-5.D (Loss of Ultimate Heat Sink)，第 604 頁:

Although fission stops almost immediately with a SCRAM, fission products in the fuel continue to release decay heat, initially about 6.5% of full reactor power. [...] Corresponding with the SCRAM, emergency generators were automatically activated to power electronics and cooling systems.

Other indicators can be used to measure the performance of an NPP [nuclear power plant] including the number of scrams (emergency shutdowns of a nuclear reactor), the collective dose (a measure of the total amount of effective dose multiplied by the size of the exposed population), the amount of low-level waste generated, and the fuel reliability. The number of scrams dropped from the peak of 30 in 1984 to only one in 2004 and 2–3 in the last two years.

2011, Min Lee, “The Past, Present and Future of Nuclear Power in Taiwan”, 出自 Xu Yi-chong 編, Nuclear Energy Development in Asia: Problems and Prospects, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, →DOI, →ISBN，第 171 頁:

Each room housing a radiation source has a red-buttoned "scram" switch on the wall. One touch of the switch and all equipment stops abruptly.

1963 June, Kenneth Calkins, “Linac and Dynamitron”, 出自 Boeing Magazine, 第 XXXIII 卷, 第 6 期, Seattle, Wash.: Public Relations Division, Boeing Airplane Company, →OCLC，第 6 頁，第 2 列:

She watched as the Marine technical team leader pressed the red SCRAM buttons for each reactor, setting off a chorus of alarms.

1993, Tom Clancy, Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit, New York, N.Y.: Berkley Books, 出版於 November 1996, →ISBN:

In particular, measures have been taken to make the scram system more fast-operating and to exclude any possibility of its being deliberately shut off by the personnel.

1998, Vladimir M. Munipov, “Ergonomics [Disregarding Ergonomic Design Principles: Chernobyl]”, 出自 Jeanne Mager Stellman 編, Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th版, 第 I 卷, Geneva: International Labour Office, →ISBN，第 29-96 頁s:

Today it is considered to be true that the accident paradoxically was ultimately caused by the emergency shut down of the reactor. By sending in the practically completely withdrawn scram and control rods, the reactivity of the reactor by the faulty conception of the rods was for a short time not lowered, but augmented.

2004, Dieter Berg, “Radionuclides Released into the Environment”, 出自 Man-made and Natural Radioactivity in Environmental Pollution and Radiochronology (Environmental Pollution), Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN，第 119 頁:


scram

动词是英语方言词scramb (“用手拉起；从地上抓起；用指甲、爪子挠；猛地拉下；撕开；撕咬；从地上捡起的一抓东西”)的一个变体，可能与荷蘭語 schrammen (“擦，划”)和德語 schrammen (“抓”)有关，参见词源 1。
名词派生自动词。

scram [...] Verb. [...] 2. To scratch, with claws or fingernails. E.g. "It's my own fault the cat scrammed me, I was teasing it." [South Wales use]

[1996–2020, Ted Duckworth, “scram”, 出自 A Dictionary of Slang，於2013-08-30歸檔自原頁面:

A woman has praised firefighters and her cat for saving her life following an alleged arson attack. Two-and-a-half-year-old tortoiseshell Taffy repeatedly bit owner Tracie Horgan-Hodgkiss on the hand until she woke up when her flat filled with acrid smoke in the early hours of this morning. [...] "I’d like to say thank you very much to the firefighters for coming to rescue me. And I am sorry that Taffy scrammed one of them!"

2013年December19日, Abby Bolter, “Firefighters Rescue Woman Trapped in Bridgend Flat following an Alleged Arson Attack”, 出自 WalesOnline，於2013-12-24歸檔自原頁面:

（在已经开发过的矿道中）采零碎的矿石

Just west of this pit is another one, which has been nearly worked out; but three men are scramming about five tons per day in it.

1880, “Marquette Iron District”, 出自 Annual Report of the Commissioner of Mineral Statistics of the State of Michigan, for 1879, Lansing, Mich.: W. S. George & Co., […], →OCLC，第 167 頁:

Recently, Capt. Oliver, [...] set a couple of experienced miners to work scramming in this underground pit, when it was soon discovered that what the former mining captain had conceived to be a regular foot-wall, was, in fact, a thin shale of rock, which hid from view what now appears to be a very large body of clean blue ore.

1882, A. P. Swineford, “The Cyclops Mine”, 出自 Annual Review of the Iron Mining and Other Industries of the Upper Peninsula for the Year Ending Dec. 31, 1881, [Marquette, Mich.]: Mining Journal, →OCLC，第 141 頁:


scram

scram [...] Noun. [...] 2. A scratch. [South Wales use]

（已经开发过但现在仍小规模开采的）矿道，矿井

[page 64] Many of these old openings still afford places where ore is mined. A man can start in almost anywhere and fine ore. There is a great deal of this "scramming" done at the Jackson. Quite a proportion of the annual product comes in this way. Not unfrequently one of these "scrams" leads to the finding of a large deposit of ore. [...] [page 67] South from the east part of the Incline pit they have a scram of good ore which furnished a small product.

1887, Cha[rle]s D. Lawton, “The Jackson Iron Co.”; “The Cleveland Mining Co.”, 出自 Mines and Mineral Statistics, Lansing, Mich.: Thorp & Godfrey, […], →OCLC，第 64 and 67 頁s:

There are numbered workings running to about 20, representing small pits and scrams, sometimes worked by contract by "scrammers."

1891, N[ewton] H[orace] Winchell, H[orace] V[aughn] Winchell, “The Chandler Mine”, 出自 The Iron Ores of Minnesota, […] (Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota Bulletin; no. 6), Minneapolis, Minn.: Harrison & Smith, […], →OCLC, part II (Methods of Exploration and Mining, and Descriptions of the Various Mines)，第 196 頁:


scram

不及物，英國，方言，古舊

（指身体、躯体因寒冷或缺乏运动而） 麻痹，僵硬

The bean-setters can fully appreciate the nipping, biting keenness of the air, and avow frankly, in their own peculiar idiom, "that they be pretty nigh scrammed!"

1857, Frances Freeling Broderip, “Murder Will Out. An ‘Owre True Tale.’”, 出自 Way-side Fancies, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, part 2，第 13 頁:

（因伤病、意外而）变虚弱

"But they will be scrammed!^* the children will be scrammed, Mary, before morning," cried Jim, scratching his head with perplexity and distress at the very thought of two young creatures sleeping on the bare boards, in a cold garret with only a shawl to cover them. [Footnote *: Starved.]

[1867], 章號 I, 出自 How Mary Edmonds Did What She Could; and What Came of it after Many Days, London: The Religious Tract Society, […], →OCLC，第 14–15 頁s:


tombolo

源自意大利語 tombolo (“枕头”)，源自拉丁語 tumulus (“土丘”)，源自tumeō (“凸起”)。tumulus 的同源對似詞。

/tɒmˈbəʊləʊ/


seismic

基于古希臘語 σεισμός (seismós, “摇晃；地震”) + -ic。

With Spurs having avoided a seismic Cup upset, Newport's heroic display will be rewarded with a lucrative replay at Wembley.

2018年January27日, Dafydd Pritchard, “Newport 1 - 1 Tottenham Hotspur”, 出自 BBC Sport:


telomere

/ˈtiːləmɪəɹ/

Chromosome ends or telomeres are composed of guanine-rich repeat sequences and associated proteins. A minimum number of repeats is essential for proper telomere function and to avoid sustained activation of DNA damage pathways that may result in replicative senescence or cell death.

2004, Peter M. Lansdorp, 11: Telomeres and Telomere Regulation, Robert Paul Lanza (editor), Handbook of Stem Cells, Volume 2: Adult and Fetal Stem Cells, page 127,

Previous studies have examined telomere lengths as an indirect measure of aging in cloned animals. Sheep were reported to have shorter telomeres suggestive of premature aging while cattle had either age-appropriate or longer telomeres.

2007, Peter Sutovsky, Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer，第 78 頁:


anionic

more anionic (comparative)
most anionic (superlative)


chloroalkane

氯化烷烃，氯代烷，氯代烃


iodoalkane

碘化烷烃，碘代烷，碘代烃


selenocysteine

硒（代）半胱胺酸，硒（代）半胱氨酸


thiophane

* thiophene（-ene表示烯烃），加氢之后用-ane（烷烃词缀）表示


automatic water quality monitor

automatic water quality monitors (plural)


chemical oceanographer

化學海洋學家，化学海洋学者


essential element

（生命的）必要元素，必需元素


computed tomography

電腦斷層掃描攝影，计算机断层成像


GCMS

gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (“氣相層析-質譜法”)之首字母縮略詞。

gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (“氣相層析-質譜儀”)之首字母縮略詞。


control chart

管制圖 ，管理圖，控制圖


terse

源自拉丁語 tersus (“干净的，清洁的，擦干净了的；整洁的”)，tergō、tergeō (“清洁；擦拭”)的过去分词，源自原始印歐語 *terh₁- (“擦；转”)。

terser (comparative)
tersest (superlative)

concise

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

succinct

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

prolix

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

verbose

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

wordy

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

In eight terse lines has Phædrus told / (So frugal were the Bards of old) / A Tale of Goats; and clos'd with grace / Plan, Moral, all, in that ſhort space.

1777, [George Riley], The Asses Ears, a Fable. Addressed to the Author of The Goat's Beard [William Whitehead], London: Printed for G. Riley, […], →OCLC; quoted in “Art. VIII. Asses Ears: A Fable. Addressed to the Author of The Goat’s Beard. 4to. 6d. Riley. 1777. [book review]”, 出自 The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged, 第 LVI 卷, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, […], March 1777, →OCLC，第 194 頁:

Your last series contains some of the neatest, tersest, and most unpretendingly original criticism, I have lately met with.

1832 September, [John Wilson], “Noctes Ambrosianae。No. LXII.”, 出自 Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 第 XXXII 卷, 第 CXCVIII 期, Edinburgh: William Blackwood; London: T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC，第 409 頁:

The book contains some happily done portrait touches of Napoleon, [...] and this and other aphoristical sentences scattered throughout this volume, [...] form as terse and trenchant a character-sketch of the Emperor as may be found almost anywhere.

1902, G. W. Parker, “Things and Other Things: Letters to Living Authors—IX. Sir [Arthur] Conan Doyle”, 出自 Donald Macleod 編, Good Words, London: Isbister and Company Limited […], →OCLC，第 817 頁，第 1 列:

Many protested that they had nothing to do with the fighting. At a word from the General the soldiers ripped off the men's shirts and examined the front of their shoulders. If they found bruises that might have been made from the butt of a gun when it had been fired—the terse order was, "Shoot him!" And many of the young men of Trujillo had disappeared.

1946, Clayton Knight, The Quest of the Golden Condor, New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →OCLC，第 94 頁:

[...] [Samuel] Beckett has become virtually mute, musewise, having progressed from marvellously constructed English sentences through terser and terser French ones to the unsyntactical, unpunctuated prose of Comment C'est and 'ultimately' to wordless mimes.

1977, John Barth, “The Literature of Exhaustion”, 出自 Malcolm Bradbury 編, The Novel Today: Contemporary Writers on Modern Fiction, Manchester: Manchester University Press by arrangement with Fontana Books; Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, →ISBN，第 73 頁:

Mr SPEAKER: If the honourable member could be terse. / Mr O'Flynn: I shall be very terse. It may be my fault, Mr Speaker, but I doubt if you have quite appreciated the point.

1979年August23日, John Richard Harrison, Speaker of the House, Francis Duncan O’Flynn, “[Questions for Oral Answer] Leased Cars—Exemptions”, 出自 Parliamentary Debates (Hansard): First Session, Thirty-ninth Parliament (House of Representatives), 第 425 卷, Wellington: P. D. Hasselberg, government printer, 出版於 1980, →OCLC，第 2480 頁:

Having attempted to identify a role for the society and its magazine, Quest, "for the next 40 years", the society chairman, Rhea Williams, decided it was time to close. She announced the group's demise in a terse message to members following the annual meeting, which just 22 people attended.

2012年June4日, Lewis Smith, “Queen’s English Society says enuf is enough, innit?: Society formed 40 years ago to protect language against poor spelling and grammar closes because too few people care”, 出自 The Guardian, London，於2016-03-10歸檔自原頁面:

'Laura!' The voice halting her was terse. Brusque. She turned. [...] 'Before I go,' he said, and his voice was terse, tighter than ever. 'I want to ensure you understand something.'

2008, Julia James, The Italian's Rags-to-riches Wife (Bedded by … Blackmail; Harlequin Presents; 2716), Toronto, Ont., New York, N.Y.: Harlequin, →ISBN，第 107 頁:

My voice was terser than I intended, but what the hell. The night was turning out to be interesting in some ways and extremely frustrating in others.

2018, Zara Cox, Close to The Edge (Mills & Boon Dare), London: Mills & Boon, →ISBN:

清洁的，光滑的；整洁的 （自17世纪初）


succinct

源自中古英語 succinte、succynt，源自古法語 succinct，源自拉丁語 succinctus，succingō (“从下方束缚”)被动完成时分词，源自sub + cingō (“束缚，包裹，包住”)。

more succinct (comparative)
most succinct (superlative)

You should give clear, succinct information to the clients.

你应该给客户清晰简洁的信息。

The Derby Carriage Works foreman, when informed that this coach was to be run at 90 m.p.h. to obtain information on bogie hunting, is reported to have offered one succinct word of advice - "Don't!"

1961 February, R. K. Evans, “The role of research on British Railways”, 出自 Trains Illustrated，第 94 頁:

Unlike general lossless data compression algorithms, succinct data structures retain the ability to use them in-place, without decompressing them first.


tapestry

源自中古英語 tapiestre，源自古法語 tapisserie (“绣帷”)。

Sepia Delft tiles surrounded the fireplace, their crudely drawn Biblical scenes in faded cyclamen blending with the pinkish pine, while above them, instead of a mantelshelf, there was an archway high enough to form a balcony with slender balusters and a tapestry-hung wall behind.

1963, Margery Allingham, 章號 3, 出自 The China Governess:

形形色色的事物；错综复杂的事物

European adventurers found themselves within a watery world, a tapestry of streams, channels, wetlands, lakes and lush riparian meadows enriched by floodwaters from the Mississippi River.

2013 January-February, Nancy Langston, “The Fraught History of a Watery World”, 出自 American Scientist, 第 101 卷, 第 1 期，第 59 頁:


tapestry

用绣帷或绣帷一般的饰品来装饰

We had run above twenty miles when the sun set, carpeting the sea, and tapestrying the sky with a rare unison of delicate green and golden hues […]

1833, Adolphus Slade, Records of Travels in Turkey, Greece, &c., "Captain Pasha's Alarm"，第 152 頁:

The banqueting-hall, all open to the sky, and with thick curtains of ivy tapestrying the walls, and grass and weeds growing on the arches that overpass it, is indescribably beautiful.

1854年September13日, Nathaniel Hawthorne, English Note-Books, "Conway Castle":

I present Bosnavina to its Duchess, I kiss the hem of her Majesty's robe and will tapestry her Palace with conquered flags.

1921, Israel Zangwill, The Cockpit: Romantic Drama in Three Acts，第 255 頁:


anthology

借自古希臘語 ἀνθολογία (anthología, “采花”)，源自ἀνθολογέω (anthologéō, “采花”, 动词)，源自ἄνθος (ánthos, “花”) + λέγω (légō, “收集；采”)，由Meleager of Gadara在约前60年所造，原作Στέφανος（στέφανος (stéphanos, “花环”)），指诗集 – 见《希腊诗选》。Anthologiai原为希腊短诗、隽语的选集，因为希腊文化中，花象征了只有诗歌才能表达的细腻情感。

/ænˈθɒlədʒi/

/ænˈθɑləd͡ʒi/

(诗歌、短篇故事等文学作品的) 选集，文选 （尤指来自不同作者的）


scarcity

Praise […] owes its value only to its scarcity.

July 6, 1751, Samuel Johnson, The Rambler No. 136

To understand the events of the next fifty years, then, one must understand environmental scarcity, cultural and racial clash, geographic destiny, and the transformation of war.

1994 February, Robert D. Kaplan, “The Coming Anarchy”, 出自 The Atlantic:

a scarcity of grain

The crucial and intersecting challenges of scarcities, both emerging and intensifying, will consume China’s custodians over the next decade.

2013年September24日, Damien Ma, William Adams, “China's Next Great Challenge: Scarcity”, 出自 The Atlantic:


sappy

源自中古英語 sappy、sapy，源自古英語 sæpiġ (“多汁的”)，等价于sap + -y。同源词包括西弗里斯蘭語 sappig (“多汁的”)、荷蘭語 sappig (“多汁的”)、中古高地德語 saffic、seffec (“多汁的”)（→德語 saftig、丹麥語 saftig (“多汁的”)、瑞典語 saftig (“多汁的”)。zaftig 的同源對似詞。

sappier (comparative)
sappiest (superlative)

To himself, already beginning to resent the new employer as all that morning he had been resenting the old one, Dr. Planish groaned, “He’s getting saintly on me! A careerist in holiness! I'll never be happy till I've got an organization where I’m sole boss—unless it’s one run by a fellow like Colonel Marduc, who has real brains and power—and cash!—and not a lot of sappy sentimentality like Vesper or psychopathic malice like Sneaky Sandy—Oh dear!”

1943, Sinclair Lewis, 章號 23, 出自 Gideon Planish:

It was a sappy love song, but it reminded them of their first dance.

这是一首肉麻的情歌，但是让他们想起了他们第一次跳舞。

（指植物）多汁液的，汁液丰富的

But these, tho’ fed with careful dirt,
Are neither green nor sappy;
Half-conscious of the garden-squirt,
The spindlings look unhappy,

As always, there was a fizzing, popping blaze of pine and sappy apple logs in the fireplace.

1976, Kurt Vonnegut, 章號 8, 出自 Slapstick, Delacorte Press，第 61 頁:

The corridor stinks of sweat and cigarette smoke, and I daringly open the window a little. The freshest air floats in, smelling of sappy grasses, the delicate pollens of wild flowers, the resins of the pine forests; hinting atthe chill blue scent of distant snows.

2013, Margaret Leroy, The English Girl, →ISBN:

juicy (“多汁的”)之同義詞

In her left hand a Cup of gold she held,

1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, Book Two, Canto XII, Stanza 56, edited by Erik Gray, Hackett, 2006, p. 214,

The words of the third article are: She will suck me at my best end. Why not? That pleaseth me right well. You know the thing; I need not tell you that it is my intercrural pudding with one end. I swear and promise that, in what I can, I will preserve it sappy, full of juice, and as well victualled for her use as may be.

1693, François Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel, Book III, (1546), translated by Thomas Urquhart, Chapter 18,

The Stones (a Miracle to Mortal View,

1717, Ovid, Metamorphoses, translated by John Dryden, London: J. and R. Tonson, 4th edition, 1736, Book I, pp. 21-22,

海绵质的 （有大量空隙让树的汁液流动的）

In flush-framing if is observable, that the failure of all timber in old buildings has commenced much sooner than they otherwise would have done, owing to the sappy wood being at the corners of the principal beams, which soon decays, as its spongy quality attracts the moisture; whereas the heart, espescially of oak, will be as sound as the first day it was used.

1816, George Gregory, A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences - Volume 3，第 5 頁:

...wood is of a soft spungy nature ; sappy, and alluring to the worm.

1834, William Gilpin, Thomas Dick Lauder, Remarks on Forest Scenery and Other Woodland Views，第 98 頁:

I can state some of them here on a. book ; I have the particulars at home, but I can give you some of them here ; this is the Twelfth street pier, number fifty-four [reading from memorandum], 12x12 pine sticks, wormy and sappy ; one sappy ; one piece 12x12 completely rotten

1876, Documents of the Senate of the State of New York:

The reason of which difference may probably be, that the charring of Vegetables, being an operation quickly perform'd, and whilest the Wood is sappy, the more solid parts may more easily shrink together, and contract the pores or interstitia between them, then in the rotten Wood, where that natural juice seems onely to be wash'd away by adventitious or unnatural moisturel and so though the natural juice be wasted from between the firm parts, yet those parts are kept asunder by the adventitious moystures, and so by degrees settled in those postures.

2007, Robert Hooke -, Micrographia Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies, →ISBN，第 107 頁:


sappy

对比拉丁語 sapere (“尝”)。

more sappy (comparative)
most sappy (superlative)

sappie or unsavourie flesh

Sapy [denotes] a moisture contracted on the outward surface of meats, which is the first stage of dissolution.

Some housekeepers prepare their hung beef in this manner: Take the navel piece, and hang it up in your cellar as long as it will keep good, and til it begins to be a little sappy.

1804, John Farley, The London Art of Cookery, and Housekeeper's Complete Assistant:

Sappy meat was explained to consist of a number of little vesicles filled with very minute particles, which presented the Brownian motion, and which Mr. Berkeley suggested, from their known effects on meat, might possibly be the cause of cholera, hospital gangrene, or other diseases.

1875, English mechanic and world of science:

In this respect lamb is peculiarly suspectible to deterioration on passing the “sappy” stage.

1921, National Wool Grower - Volumes 11-12，第 17 頁:


stench

源自中古英語 stench，源自古英語 stenċ (“恶臭，气味，香味”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *stankwiz (“气味，香味”)，源自原始印歐語 *stengʷ- (“推，冲”)。与荷蘭語 stank (“臭味，气味”)、德語 Stank、Gestank (“臭味，气味”)、丹麥語 stank (“臭味”)、瑞典語 stank (“臭味”)、冰島語 stækja (“臭味”)同源。

the stench of political corruption


stench

Dead bards stench every coast

(我們能否查找並添加Harvey引用過本詞的語句？)


be born yesterday

I was not born yesterday, you know. I have done this before!

这还用你说。我之前做过！

"Do you think," he added, with an ironical grin, "that you'll go for to gammon me into that air! I'm hinnocent, I know, but I wasn't born yesterday exactly."

1840, Henry Cockton, 章號 60, 出自 The Life and Adventures of Valentine Vox, the Ventriloquist，第 508 頁:

"Say, do I look like I was born yesterday? See any green in my eye, Cactus Center?"

1915, William MacLeod Raine, 章號 6, 出自 Steve Yeager:

"Compared to me, you were born yesterday."

1998, Gwyn Hyman Rubio, Icy Sparks，第 155 頁:

If you don't know important things about history, then it's as if you were born yesterday.

2005, Howard Zinn, Donaldo Pereira Macedo, Howard Zinn on Democratic Education，第 69 頁:


scam

美国庆典俚语。可能源自scamp (“诈骗犯”)或愛爾蘭語 cam (“扭曲的”)。也可能源自丹麥語 skam。
“scam”在美国联邦调查局于1980年初开展的ABSCAM行动后向公众普及，其为一场针对政府官员的缉捕圈套。

That marketing scheme looks like a scam to me.

我觉得那个营销手段就像诈骗。

骗局，诈骗 （通过诈骗手段推广的东西）

That new diet burger is a scam.

那个新的节食汉堡是骗人的。


scam

They tried to scam her out of her savings.


jumbled

more jumbled (comparative)
most jumbled (superlative)


jumbled

jumble 的簡單過去時和過去時分詞


Gestapo

Fortunately this was Spain and not Germany. The Spanish secret police had some of the spirit of the Gestapo, but not much of its competence.

1938 四月, George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair], 章號 XI, 出自 Homage to Catalonia, London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:


Sudetenland

区名，位於波西米亚：苏台德地区


your wish is my command

（通常 幽默） 无论你想要什么，我都会视之为命令，并会使之成为现实。


dead as a dodo

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/En-au-dead as a dodo.ogg


videoconference

我今天早上與客戶進行了視訊會議。

I videoconferenced with the client this morning.


translated

translate 的過去式和過去分詞


sacrilege

约1300年，原意“盗窃圣物”。源自中古英語 sacrilege，源自古法語 sacrilege，源自拉丁語 sacrilegium，源自sacrilegus (“亵渎神明的”)，源自短语sacrum legere，源自sacrum（源自sacer (“神圣的”)）+ legō (“收集；拿走；偷取”)，源自原始印歐語 *seh₂k-和*leǵ-。“亵渎”义起自14世纪晚期。
与religion无关，其最终源自ligō (“捆起，扎起”)，源自原始印歐語 *leyǵ- (“绑”)。

/ˈsækɹɪlɪd͡ʒ/

（对圣物、神明等的）亵渎


self-effacing

more self-effacing (comparative)
most self-effacing (superlative)

内敛的，害羞的，不愿意表现自己的，不愿意出风头的，极度谦虚的

Clark Kent's self-effacing behavior is to purposefully make people ignore him.

Clark Kent的低调是为了故意不让人注意到他。

His personality was also extremely endearing, his interviews were very self-effacing (and), he came over as gentle and was generous in his praise of others.

2007年January3日, Ian Gillan, “DEEP PURPLE Frontman: ELVIS PRESLEY 'Was The Greatest Singer That Ever Lived'”, 出自 blabbermouth.net:

I'm sorry if I seem self-effacing / Consumed by selfish thoughts / It's only that I still love you deeply / It's all the love I got

2010, “Age of Adz”, 出自 The Age of Adz, 演出者 Sufjan Stevens:


apologist

A genocide denier is an apologist for the next genocide.

15 October 2019, Aleksandar Hemon, "‘The Bob Dylan of Genocide Apologists’" in The New York Times