wonky

源自英语方言词 wanky，变换自中古英語 wankel (“不稳的，摇摇晃晃的”)，源自古英語 wancol (“不稳定的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *wankul (“摇曳的，摇晃的，不稳的”)。

wonkier (comparative)
wonkiest (superlative)

rickety

虚弱的，不稳的，摇摇欲坠的

buggy

断断续续出现错误（bug）的

broken

断断续续出现错误（bug）的

虚弱的，不稳的，摇摇欲坠的

It seemed likely that he would need First Aid when those wonky steps yielded, at length, to the well-known law of gravitation.

1932, Frank Richards, The Magnet: The Terror of the Form:


hello

Hello（最早可考于1826年），源自holla、hollo（可考于1588年）。人们常认为这一hallo的变体是由托马斯·爱迪生为电话中使用造出的，但其在电话发明的几十年前就已经有书面使用。
最终源自古英语ēalā的变体，如hēlā，其类似于现在使用的hey和hi。因此等价于hey和lo构成的复合词。用来唤起别人的注意。
可能受到了古撒克遜語 halo!的影响，其为halōn (“喊，抓”)的命令式，为渡船船夫呼喊时使用，与古高地德語 hala、hola!有关，其为halōn、holōn (“抓取”)的命令式。详见hallo。

表示困惑或发现了新东西：哇！啊！

Hello! What’s going on here?


sick

源自中古英語 sik、sike、seek、seke、seok，源自古英語 sēoc (“生病的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *seuk，源自原始日耳曼語 *seukaz（对比西弗里斯蘭語 siik、荷蘭語 ziek、德語 siech、書面挪威語 syk、新挪威語 sjuk、丹麥語 syg），源自原始印歐語 *sewg- (“困扰，悲”)，对比中古愛爾蘭語 socht (“沉默，抑郁”)、古典亞美尼亞語 հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim, “变弱”)。

sicker (comparative)
sickest (superlative)

disturbed

精神不稳定的，心智失常的

twisted

精神不稳定的，心智失常的

warped

精神不稳定的，心智失常的

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, 出自 Robert von Fleischhacker 編, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translationLanfranc of Milan所著的原著, 出版於 1894, →ISBN，頁號 63:

‘Children crawled over each other like little grey worms in the gutters,’ he said. ‘The only red things about them were their buttocks and they were raw. Their faces looked as if snails had slimed on them and their mothers were like great sick beasts whose byres had never been cleared. […]’

1963, Margery Allingham, 章號 7, 出自 The China Governess:

She was sick all day with the flu.

We have to care for the sick.


sick

He lay there in a pool of his own sick.

他躺在自己吐出来的东西里。

The bogan, true to form, laps it up like a dog does its own sick.

2010, McSween et al., Things Bogans Like, Sydney: Hachette，頁號 80:

疾病救济 （常用于短语on the sick、on long-term sick）


dick

源自Dick，名字Richard的暱稱。最初意思是“普通人”、“凡夫俗子”，后来衍生出其他的含义。

That person is such a dick.


girl

源自中古英語 gerle、girle、gyrle (“任何性别的年轻人”)，之后的来源不详。可能是源自古英語 *gyrle、*gyrele，源自原始日耳曼語 *gurwilaz，原始日耳曼語 *gurwijaz的一个指小词形式（比较北弗里斯蘭語 gör (“女孩”)、低地德語 Gör、Göre (“任何性别的孩子”)、德語 Göre (“孩童”)、方言挪威語 gorre、方言瑞典語 garre、gurre (“小孩”)），源自原始印歐語 *ǵʰer- (“短的”)（对比古愛爾蘭語 gair (“短的”)、古希臘語 χρεώ (khreṓ, “需要”)、χρήσθαι (khrḗsthai, “需要”)、梵語 ह्रस्व (hrasva, “短的，小的”)）。


pig

源自中古英語 pigge (“小猪”)（原指小猪，年长猪是swyn），多半源自古英語 *picga（仅可考于picgbrēad (“猪饲料”)等复合词中），源自原始西日耳曼語 *piggō、*puggō (“小猪”)。对比中古荷蘭語 pogge、puggen、pigge、pegsken (“猪崽”)、中古低地德語 pugge、pûke (“猪崽”)。本词使用于体重快速增加的动物幼崽，所以其可能是源自动词“to big”，源自中古英語 biggen、byggen，源自古諾爾斯語 byggja、byggva (“建造”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *būwijaną (“建造”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰuH- (“成为，成长为”)。Pokorny认为词根与*bū-、*bew- (“肿，胀”)有关，以解释“pig”和“big”之间的互换关系。
有时有人指出其与早期现代荷蘭語 bigge（现代big (“猪崽”)）、西弗里斯蘭語 bigge (“猪崽”)和中古低地德語的相似词有关，但是“发音难以解释”。一些文献指出这些词“多半无关”，其他人认为这一联系“有可能，但无法确定”。
指“警察”的俚语义至晚自1785年起可考。

条子，警察 （源自1785年前）

The protester shouted, “Don't give in to the pigs!” as he was arrested.

There will be no pictures of pigs shooting down brothers on the instant replay

1971, Gil Scott-Heron （作曲作詞）, “The Revolution Will Not Be Televised”:

“...Sounds too easy,” Marvin was saying. “What about the pigs?”

1989, Dan Simmons, Carrion Comfort, page 359,

The bank robberies went on and each raid became more bloody, Meinhof encouraging her followers to “kill the pigs” offering the slightest resistance, referring to policemen.

1990, Jay Robert Nash, Encyclopedia of World Crime: Volume 1: A-C, page 198,

Backing 300 of the more aggressive protesters was a supporting cast of several thousand more who stared down the small line of police. Those in front resumed their taunts of “Pig, pig, fascist pig,” and “pigs eat shit, pigs eat shit.” The rest of the crowd, however, backed off and sat down on the grass when reinforcements arrived. Police did not retaliate for the name-calling, and within minutes the line of demonstrators broke apart and the incident was over without violence.¹¹³

2008, Frank Kusch, Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention, page 63,

But me, I joined the party to fight the pigs. That′s why I joined. Because my experience with the police was always negative.

2011, T. J. English, The Savage City: Race, Murder and a Generation on the Edge, unnumbered page,

Got a mind for the undies
I'm tryna stay far from the pigs


starve

源自中古英語 sterven，源自古英語 steorfan (“死”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *sterbaną (“僵硬；死”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)terp- (“弱，麻”)，或原始印歐語 *sterbʰ- (“僵硬”)，源自*ster- (“僵”)，或者上述词的异文合并。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 sterve (“死，消失”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 stjerwa (“死”)、西弗里斯蘭語 stjerre (“死”)、荷蘭語 sterven (“死”)、德國低地德語 starven (“死”)、德語 sterben (“死”)、冰島語 stirfinn (“脾气差的；刚愎的”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 shterp (“贫瘠的；贫瘠的土地”)。

starves
starving
starved
starved
starven

famish

（尤指通过断粮）摧毁，使...屈服；使...饿死

while the grass grows, the steed starves

I was half starved waiting out in that wind.

我在那风里等人，被冻了个半死。

Wheniver he wor starved, he used to get th' seck o' coils ov his back, an' walk raand th' haase till he gat warm agean.

1869 February, John Hartley, The original illuminated clock almanack:

One i' th' morning an' me starv'd to th' death wi' waitin' up.

1886, A Queer Supper, John Heywood, section 8:

Sometimes he remarks, “ ’Tis these dreadful frostis that spiles everything. ’Tis enough to sterve anybody.”

1898, J. Arthur Gibbs, “When the May-Fly is Up”, 出自 A Cotswold village; or, Country Life & Pursuits in Gloucestershire, London: John Murray, →OCLC，頁號 164:


cottage

晚期中古英語，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cotage和中世紀拉丁語 cotagium，源自古諾曼語 cot、cote (“小屋，村舍”) + -age (“地产周边”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kutan、*kuta- (“棚屋”)，可能源自印欧语系以外，但也可能借自烏拉爾語系，对比芬蘭語 kota (“小屋，房子”)和匈牙利語 ház (“房子”)，两者均源自原始芬蘭-烏戈爾語/原始烏拉爾語 *kota。但亦对比荷兰语和英語 hut。
古北方法语cote可能是源自古諾爾斯語 kot (“小屋”)，与亦来自原始日耳曼語的古英語 cot同源。
俚语义“公厕”自19世纪，由于两者外观相似。


cordial

繼承自中古英語 cordial，源自古法語 cordial，源自中世紀拉丁語 cordiālis (“心的”)，源自cor (“心”)。

/ˈkɔɹ.d͡ʒəl/

squash

（一种需要加水饮用的）甜果汁饮料

high juice

（一种需要加水饮用的）甜果汁饮料

（一种需要加水饮用的）甜果汁饮料


peculiar

源自拉丁語 pecūliāris (“自己的”)，源自pecūlium (“私人财产”)，源自pecus (“牛”)。

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。


shriek

源自弃用词shrick（1567年）、shreke，早期形式screak、skricke的变体（1500年代前），源自中古英語 scrycke，源自某北日耳曼語支/斯堪的纳维亚语言（对比瑞典語 skrika、丹麥語 skrige、冰島語 skríkja），源自原始日耳曼語 *skrīkijaną、*skrik-（对比英語 screech）。还见screech。


dip

源自中古英語 dippen，源自古英語 dyppan，源自原始西日耳曼語 *duppjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *dupjaną，见*daupijaną。与deep有关。

My Dad, God bless him, rarely cooked anything, but if he ever did he would make himself an egg banjo! Fried bread? Or ‘dip’?

2020年May29日, Bocca della Verita (@BocaVerite), Twitter:


trance

动词派生自中古英語 traunce、trauncen、trancen (“四处移动(?)；蹦跳(?);踏地”)（派生出现代英語 trounce，同义，参见该词条）。动词应该派生自名词。

trounce

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 踏着沉重的步子走

trounce

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 穿过

trounce

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 快速地穿过，快速地走过

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 踏着沉重的步子走

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 穿过

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 快速地穿过，快速地走过


trance

trounce

(英國，以外，棄用，方言) 冗长的旅途

(英國，以外，棄用，方言) 冗长的旅途

So saying, he led the way out through halls and trances that were weel kend to my gudesire, and into the auld oak parlour; […]


legend

源自中古英語 legende，源自古法語 legende，源自中世紀拉丁語 legenda (“传说，故事，尤指圣人的故事”)，源自拉丁語 legenda (“应该一读的东西”)，源自lego (“阅读”)。

inscription

（钱币、勋章或纹章盾牌上的）刻字，铭文

人物： 传奇 救星，恩人

Michael Jordan stands as a legend in basketball.

迈克尔·乔丹在篮球界是一个传奇。

I've lost my pen! —Here mate, borrow mine. —You legend.

我找不到我的笔了！ —拿去，借我的吧。—你真是救了我一命。


wait

源自中古英語 waiten，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 waiter、waitier（对比法語 guetter←古法語 gaitier、guaitier)，源自古法蘭克語 *wahtwēn (“看守，守卫”)，派生自古法蘭克語 *wahtu (“看守”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wahtwō (“看守”)，源自原始印歐語 *weǵ- (“鲜，快乐”)。同源词有古高地德語 wahtēn (“看守，守卫”)、德國低地德語 wachten (“等”)、荷蘭語 wachten (“等”)、法語 guetter (“守候”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 wachtje (“等”)、西弗里斯蘭語 wachtsje (“等”)、北弗里斯蘭語 wachtjen (“待命”)。详见watch。
很大程度上取代了本土词古英語 bīdan。

（尤其是圣诞节时，在晚上或凌晨演奏音乐的）音乐家 （曾作waites、wayghtes）

The sound of the waits, rude as may be their minstrelsy, breaks upon the mild watches of a winter night with the effect of perfect harmony.

1819-1820, Washington Irving, The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon


slump

可能源自北日耳曼語支，对比丹麥語 slumpe (“碰巧遇到”)、挪威語 slumpe (“碰巧发生”)、瑞典語 slumpa (“变卖”)。亦对比德語 schlumpen (“跟踪；拖湿；马虎”)。


daft

源自中古英語 dafte、defte (“温柔的；礼貌的；谦逊的；尴尬的；无聊的；粗野的”)，源自古英語 dæfte (“乐于助人的；温柔的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *daftī (“合适的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“适”)。与古英語 dafnian、dafenian (“合适的”)、俄語 до́брый (dóbryj, “好的”)有关。
对比silly，其原指“很好的；无辜的；可怜的；弱小的”，但现在指“愚蠢的”。
与daff (“笨蛋；愚蠢的”)（过去式daffed）无关，但可能受到了其影响。

dafter (comparative)
daftest (superlative)

a daft idea

Thou art the daftest fuill that ever I saw. / Trows thou, man, be the law to get remeid / Of men of kirk? Na, nocht till thou be deid.

You are the daftest fool that ever I saw. / Trust you, man, by the law to get a remedy / 源自men of the church? No, not till you are dead.

1602, David Lyndesay [i.e., David Lyndsay], Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaits, in Commendation of Vertew and Vitvperation of Vyce (in 低地蘇格蘭語), Edinburgh: Printed be Robert Charteris, →OCLC; 再版為 Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaits, in Commendation of Vertew and Vitvperation of Vyce (Early English Text Society, Original Series; no. 37), [London]: [Published for the Early English Text Society, by N[icholas] Trübner & Co.], [1869], →OCLC，頁號 451，行號s 2008–2010:

In case you haven't heard of them [the Taipings], I must tell you that they were another of those incredible phenomena that made China the topsy-turvey mess it was, like some fantastic land from Gulliver, where everything was upside down and out of kilter. Talk about moonbeams from cucumbers; the Taipings were even dafter than that.

1985, George MacDonald Fraser, 章號 1, 出自 Flashman and the Dragon: 源自the Flashman Papers, 1860, London: Collins Harvill, →ISBN; 再版 New York, N.Y.: Plume, 1987, →ISBN:

You haven't exactly been playing the master tactician through all this, but that seems the daftest course you could possibly have taken.

1990, Iain Pears, The Raphael Affair, London: Gollancz, →ISBN; 再版 New York, N.Y.: Harper, 2014, →ISBN，頁號 22:

The boy gathered himself up, shook his shaggy head, and, said, in a piteous tone: 'Davie's daft!' 'Davie's daft!' He then kicked the poor idiot till his cries attracted the attention of the guests, some of whom immediately came to the spot: […]

1843 April, “The Vale of Glencoe: A Tale of Scotland”, 出自 The Knickerbocker, or New-York Monthly Magazine, 卷 XXI, 期 4, New York, N.Y.: Published by John Allen, […], →OCLC，頁號 339:

‘It’s a lee [lie],’ says the man; ‘she’s either drunk or daft.’ / ‘Me drunk, you ill-tongued vagabond!’ says my Auntie Kirsty, who couldna bear such a reproach on her good name, ‘I’m a’ but blackfasting this day from either meat or drink; you had better no meddle wi’ my character.’

1876, S[arah] R. Whitehead, “On the Wrong Coach”, 出自 Daft Davie and Other Sketches of Scottish Life and Character, London: Hodder and Stoughton, […], →OCLC，頁號 220:


sod

The Empire, in particular, was always thick with sods: they strolled side-by-side with the gay girls of the promenade, or stood, in little knots, exchanging gossip, comparing fortunes, greeting one another with flapping hands and high, extravagant voices.

1998, Sarah Waters, Tipping the Velvet, Virago (2018)，頁號 207:

家伙 （多用形容词修饰）

You mean old sod!

poor sod

unlucky sod

You silly sod

I don’t care a sod.


sod

肏，妈的 （表达震惊、发怒、无聊、懊恼）


sod

Sod him!, Sod it!, Sod that bastard!

他那个混蛋！，我肏！，让那个杂种去死！


centred

centered的英國, 愛爾蘭, 加拿大, 澳大利亞, 新西蘭, and 南非拼寫法


claimant

古法語和盎格魯-諾曼語 clamant，动词clamer及其变体的现在分词，源自拉丁語 clāmō (“喊出”)。


catapult

源自中古法語 catapulte，源自拉丁語 catapulta，源自古希臘語 καταπέλτης (katapéltēs)，源自κατά (katá, “（向下）朝，向”) + πάλλω (pállō, “在投掷物丢出前使其偏向”)。


level

源自中古英語 level，源自古法語 livel、liveau m（后作nivel）、niveau，源自拉丁語 libella f (“平衡，水平”)，libra f (“平衡，水平”)的指小词。参见libra、librate。libella and niveau的同源對似詞。
动词源自中古英語 levelen，其派生自名词。

The troops grow mutinous—the revenue fails—
There’s something rotten in us—for the level
Of the State slopes, its very bases topple,
The boldest turn their backs upon themselves!

1820, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts:


washout

wash out 的動詞派生詞。

washaway

冲刷造成的侵蚀；冲出来的水渠

没能完成训练任务的飞行员


commute

源自commutation ticket，即用于铁路，有轨电车等的，一次性支付能够使用一段时间的通行券。

I commute from Brooklyn to Manhattan by bicycle.

我在布鲁克林和曼哈顿之间用自行车通勤。


dishwasher

源自中古英語 dysche wescheare，等价于dish + washer。


denizen

源自中古英語 denisein，源自古法語 denzein，源自deinz (“内部”) + -ein，源自晚期拉丁語 deintus (“自内部”)，其衍生出法語 dans。

Then by commaundement wer all Fre[n]chemen and Scottes imprisoned and the goodes seazed, and all suche as were denizens were commaunded to shewe their letters patentes […]

1548, Edward Hall, The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Famelies of Lancastre and Yorke, London, The xiiii yere,

A denizen is a kind of middle state, between an alien and a natural-born subject, and partakes of both.

1765, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book 1, Chapter X, p. 374

All free persons were authorized and permitted to transport themselves, their families, and goods […] to Jamaica，源自any part of the British dominions; and their children born in Jamaica were declared free denizens of England, entitled to the same privileges as free born subjects of England.

1803, John Browne Cutting, “A Succinct History of Jamaica” in Robert Charles Dallas, The History of the Maroons, London: Longman and Rees, Volume 1, p. xlv,

Though born in Iceland, he became a denizen of Britain after leaving Oxford.


denizen

给...授予公民身份，归化

He was denizened to Ireland after fleeing his home country.

他逃离祖国后归化到了爱尔兰。

[The Horse-Chessnut] was first brought from Constantinople to Vienna, thence into Italy, and so France; but to Ʋs from the Levant more immediately, and flourishes so well, and grows so goodly a Tree in compe[te]nt time, that by this alone, we might have ample encouragement to Denizen other strangers amongst us.

1664, John Evelyn, Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber, London: 1670, Chapter 7, “Of the Chesnut,” p. 42,

Poor Refugies at first, they purchase here:

1693, John Dryden (translator), The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis, London: Jacob Tonson, The Third Satyr, p. 38,


corny

源自中古英語 corny，等价于corn + -y。至于义项“陈腐的”，源自“corn catalogue jokes”，即印在邮寄作物种子目录内的笑话，常被认为质量较低。

cornier (comparative)
corniest (superlative)

kitsch

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

kitschy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

cheesy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

tacky

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

campy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

schlocky

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

schmaltzy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

Yen day when aw was corney.

1850, Joseph Philip Robson, France's Songs of the Bards of the Tyne:


cringe

动词派生自中古英語 crengen (“高傲地俯身，屈尊”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 *crenċan、*crenċġan、*crengan (“使...倒下，使翻转”)，crinċġan (“屈服；畏缩；倒下；死亡”)的使役动词，源自原始日耳曼語 *krangijaną (“使倒下”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kringaną、*krinkaną (“倒下；翻转；屈服”)（源自原始印歐語 *grenǵʰ- (“翻转”)）+ *-janą (从强变化动词构成“导致某人某物做某事”一意的使役动词)。英语词与丹麥語 krænge (“翻出内侧，使...外翻”)、荷蘭語 krengen (“猛然转向”)、低地蘇格蘭語 crenge、creenge、creinge、crienge (“畏缩，耸肩”)、瑞典語 kränga (“猛然转向；猛然前倾；掷”)和西弗里斯蘭語 kringe (“捏；戳；推；坚持，催促”)同源，且是crinkle的同源對似詞。
名词和形容词派生自动词。


whack

不详，原为苏格兰英语。可能是拟声词，但对比中古英語 thakken ← 古英語 þaccian（其因与本词异文合并而派生出thwack）。

“ […] O'Cannon's a taxpayer. He pays his whack towards the upkeep of the State School up in town—”

1938, Xavier Herbert, Capricornia, New York: Appleton, Chapter VII, page 108,

For one thing I had a splendid supper when I got on board—a whack of cold, lean beef and pighells, bread, butter ad lib., tea, and plenty of good bread.

1951, Katherine Mansfield, Letters to John Middleton Murry, 1913-1922,

There were problems over the installation of the engine and the handling. The team had paid top whack for the two Coopers, but the company gave them no help at all.

2014, Anthony Pritchard, Grand Prix Ferrari (page 203)


whack

Recently I was over in Ireland, I love the place, proper fishing, can't whack it!


uncanny

源自un- + canny，即“超乎理解之外的”，“超乎熟知的知识范围外的”。对比中古英語 unkanne (“未知的”)。

uncannier (comparative)
uncanniest (superlative)


Christmas

专有名词派生自中古英語 Cristemasse、Criste-mas (“圣诞节；圣诞季节；圣诞节庆祝活动”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 Cristes mæsse (“圣诞节”, 字面意思是“基督的弥撒”)，源自Crist (“基督”) + -es (属格标记词) + mæsse (“弥撒”)。英语词作Christ + -mas (表示节日或神圣的日子的后缀)分析。
名词、形容词和动词均派生自专有名词。
形容词词义指传统上与圣诞节联想起来的颜色。

Two of the girls carry between them on a stick what they call "the garland", […] The "garland" in shape reminds me of the "Christmas" which used to form the centre of the Christmas decorations in Yorkshire some few years ago, except that the latter had a bunch of mistletoe inside the hoops.

1893 September, Percy Manning, “[Folk-lore Miscellanea.] May-Day at Watford, Herts.”, 出自 Folk-lore: A Quarterly Review of Myth, Tradition, Institution, & Custom, 卷 IV, 期 III, London: David Nutt, […] for The Folk-lore Society, →OCLC，頁號 403:


feckless

源自低地蘇格蘭語 feckless，低地蘇格蘭語 fectless (“徒劳的”)的变体，等价于effect + -less。

more feckless (comparative)
most feckless (superlative)


fickle

源自中古英語 fikelen，源自fikel (“浮躁的”)，见前文。与低地德語 fikkelen (“欺骗，奉承”)、德語 ficklen、ficheln (“欺骗，奉承”)同源。

使...困惑，使...迷惑


forestall

源自中古英語 forestallen (“防止，阻碍，奇袭，堵截”)，源自forestalle (“阻碍，堵截”)，源自古英語 foresteall (“妨碍司法；奇袭”)，源自fore- (“前面”) + steall (“摆放，放置”)，等价于fore- + stall。


gremlin

不详，有这几种理论：
* goblin的变体。
* 源自愛爾蘭語 gruaimín (“阴郁而矮小的人”)或荷蘭語 gremmelen (“弄脏；使...腐败”)，或griemelen、grimmelen (“（弃用）充满，满是”)，然而根据《牛津英语词典》，这一理论缺乏证据。
本词因1943年出版的《小顽皮》（英国作家罗尔德·达尔著）而普及开来（尤其在美国），其中这种小精灵为了报复英国皇家空军摧毁了他们的森林家园而破坏了他们的飞机，之后他们又与英国合力与纳粹战斗。

bug

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

glitch

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

hitch

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

grem

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

gremmie

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

gremmy

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

grommet

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

（自20世纪20年代） 讨厌可鄙的人

（自20世纪20年代） 一种会破坏机械运转的小精灵

Like Abominable Snowmen, gremlins have never actually been seen; but nobody who works with electronic gear doubts the existence of these mischievous and elusive entities. There are too many malfunctions and failures that can have no other explanation.

1963, Arthur C Clarke, 章號 8, 出自 Glidepath, New York: Simon and Schuster，頁號s 72-73:

Crucial time was saved by the fact Nexus didn't require a Transport & Works Act. Nevertheless, other gremlins kept raising their heads.

2023年November29日, Richard Foster, “Tyne & Wear Metro goes with the flow”, 出自 RAIL, 期 997，頁號 34:


gruel

源自中古英語 gruel、gruwel、greuel、growel (“用扁豆等制成的谷物粗粉”)，源自古法語 gruel (“谷物粗粉”→ 法語 gruau)，源自中世紀拉丁語 grutellum，中世紀拉丁語 grutum (“面粉；谷物粗粉”)的指小词，源自某日耳曼語族语言，多半是古英語 grūt (“面粉；谷物粗粉”)或可能是古法蘭克語 *grūt，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *grūtiz (“砂砾”)。对比荷蘭語 gruit、中古低地德語 grūt、中古高地德語 grūz、德語 Grütze (“谷物”)。亦与英語 groats、grit有关。


gruel

gruels
gruelling
grueling
gruelled
grueled


hit-and-miss

more hit-and-miss (comparative)
most hit-and-miss (superlative)

His choice of jokes is rather hit-and-miss.

他开的玩笑有时好有时坏。


gutter

源自中古英語 gutter、guttur、goter，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 guttere，源自古法語 goutiere（法語 gouttière），最终源自拉丁語 gutta (“滴”)。


claret

源自中古英語 claret，源自中古法語 claret，源自中世紀拉丁語 claratum vīnum，源自clārus。
对比tent (“西班牙红酒”)，其亦派生自颜色名。

同類詞：hock、sack、tent

The vesper bell had rung its parting note; the domini were mostly caged in comfortable quarters, discussing the merits of old port; and the merry student had closed his oak, to consecrate the night to friendship, sack, and claret.

The New Sporting Magazine (volume 15, page 23)

CLARET JELLY SANDWICH: Soak one box of gelatine in one cup of cold water, then dissolve in one cup of boiling water, add one cup of sugar and strain. When cold, add the juice of half a lemon, and one cup of claret and set in a cool place. When ready for use, cover thin slices of lightly buttered white bread with the jelly, cover with another slice of buttered bread and cut in strips.

1909, Eva Greene Fuller, The Up-To-Date Sandwich Book: 400 Ways to Make a Sandwich，頁號 155:

Time being called, Johnson rose from his second’s knee with the heart of a lion—the immense size and weight of his opponent seemed lost sight of—not a particle of fear belonged to him; and screwing his courage up to the sticking-place, boldly faced his man, putting all the excellence of his science into action, put in such a tremendous blow on the sensitive plant of Perrins—otherwise his sneezer, or nose—whichever term you like best—that split it all the way down as if cut open with a carving-knife; the claret flowing in torrents; and the Giant floored!

1851, Pierce Egan, Every Gentleman’s Manual: A Lecture on the Art of Self-Defence，頁號 46:

I then gave him a dig on the head with my fist. He squared up, and pouted like an enraged chameleon, looking savagely at me. I gave him another dig, which sent him staggering. He squared again: I gave him another; till at last, as the claret was flowing, he sulked off, and said he would not serve me any more.

1863, John Hanning Speke, Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile，頁號 271:

Blooded warrior Paul Ince, with his head bedecked in a bandage – if not quite possessing quite the amount of claret spilled by Terry Butcher in Stockholm in 1989 – enforcing order on a patch of green in Rome to help his country triumph in the face of adversity and clear a path to the World Cup finals of 1998.

2017年October1日, “Bygones: Ince gives blood for the cause as he leads from the front in Rome”, 出自 Yorkshire Post:

You play as one of these Revenants, but there’s no feeding on human blood, as instead the most reliable source of claret comes from things called blood beads, which grow on plants.

2019年September27日, “Code Vein review – it's an anime version of Dark Souls”, 出自 Metro:

He was rejuvenated within a week, thanks to a diet of fresh claret direct from the jugular, while the lawyer slept.

2020年January2日, Roxy Simons, “'How the hell am I supposed to sleep tonight, BBC?': Viewers are left terrified by first episode of Dracula with its decapitated nun and blood-thirsty babies (but some are distracted by vampire's quirky accent)”, 出自 Daily Mail:

DeLuca beat the count but Brook had the stench of claret filling his nostrils and he was close to getting the finish before the bell saved the overmatched 31-year-old.

2020年February8日, Wally Downes Jr, “KELL OF A WIN: Kell Brook enjoys triumphant return in Sheffield as he knocks out Mark DeLuca in the seventh round”, 出自 The Sun:


hitch

可能源自中古英語 hicchen、hytchen、icchen (“猛地移动”)，词源不详，其他语言中难以找到同源词。对比itch、hike。

绊到 （指马走路时双腿撞到）

Stolen[…]A brown Gelding[…]all his paces, and hitches a little in his pace.


homely

源自中古英語 homly、hoomly、hamely (“家庭的，熟悉的，平常的”)，源自古英語 *hāmlīc (“家的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *haimalīk (“家的”)，等价于home + -ly。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 hamely (“个人的，私人的”)、西弗里斯蘭語 heimelik、荷蘭語 heimelijk (“秘密的，暗中的”)、德語 heimlich (“秘密的，暗中的”)、丹麥語 hemmelig (“秘密的”)、瑞典語 hemlig (“秘密的，掩盖的”)、法羅語 heimligur (“像家的”)、冰島語 heimlegur (“家里的；平常的”)。

homelier (comparative)
more homely (comparative)
homeliest (superlative)
most homely (superlative)

With all these men I was right homely, and communed with them long and oft.

1563, John Foxe, Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Chapter on William Thorpe:

友好的，友善的，平易近人的


guillotine

借自法語 guillotine，以法国医师Joseph-Ignace Guillotin（1738–1814）命名，其提出了使用该器械来执行死刑。

/ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-guillotine.wav

The right hon. Gentleman is making a great stooshie about time in relation to this Bill, but was it not the case that, when the SNP [Scottish National Party] Scottish Government introduced their continuity Bill in the Scottish Parliament, they operated a ruthless guillotine to prevent proper scrutiny of it? That is the case; they ran a guillotine on that Bill, and there was a very limited amount of time allowed for debate and scrutiny, yet he complains about that happening here.

2019年October22日, Stephen Kerr, Member of Parliament for Stirling, “Second Reading of the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill”, 出自 House of Commons Debates (House of Commons)^(https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000813/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-10-22/debates/277C5A20-456D-469B-A415-D04AFFD83248/EuropeanUnion(WithdrawalAgreement)Bill), 卷 666，於2019-10-24歸檔自原頁面，列號 860:


guillotine

借自法語 guillotiner (“用断头台处刑”)，源自guillotine（见词源1） + -er (构成一类变位动词不定式的后缀)。

/ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/


hide

源自古英語 hȳd，源自日耳曼語族，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdi，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdiz，源自原始印歐語 *kéw(H)tis (“皮，皮肤”)（对比拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤，皮”)），源自原始印歐語 *(s)kew(H)- (“盖”)，最终与上面的词源词根相同。还见sky。
参见西弗里斯蘭語 hûd、荷蘭語 huid、德語 Haut、威爾士語 cwd (“阴囊”)、拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤”)、立陶宛語 kutys (“钱包”)、古希臘語 κύτος (kútos, “浅容器”)、σκῦτος (skûtos, “掩盖”)。


nippy

nippier (comparative)
nippiest (superlative)

A Rolls Royce will not do if you need an economical, nippy car that is easy to park.

c. 2000, Melanie Allen, Customer Relations Management (page 6)


nondescript

By a nice British compromise, the enforcement car — visible just then as a white spot on the television screen — has nothing externally to show its police affiliation, but unlike the CID's nondescripts, carries two large policemen in uniform.

1970, Peter Laurie, Scotland Yard: a study of the Metropolitan Police，頁號 118:


hoodwink

动词派生自hood (“兜帽，风帽”) + wink (“闭眼”)。
名词派生自动词。


nosy

I might wander down to the construction site for a nosy at what they're building.

我可能待会晃到那片工地瞄一眼他们在起啥东西。


nigger

可能直接源自法語 nègre或西班牙語和葡萄牙語 negro (“非洲黑人”)，最终源自拉丁語 niger (“黑色的”)。比较丹麥語 nigger、瑞典語 nigger、德語 Nigger、荷蘭語 nikker。negro and noir的同源對似詞。


kibosh

可能是bosh (“胡言”)的变体。

Still I wish you a 'Appy New Year, if you care for the kibosh, old Chappie, / Though 'taint 'Igh Art Cards full o' gush and green paint 'll make you and me 'appy. / Wot we want is lucre and larks, love and lotion as much as you'll carry!

1885年January3日, ’Arry [pseudonym], “’Arry on ’Appiness”, 出自 Punch, or The London Charivari, 卷 LXXXVIII, London: […] Bradbury, Agnew, & Co., […], →OCLC，頁號 4，列號 1:

Gar'n! Gives me the 'ump, all this kibosh 'bout morals, and taste, and all that.

1887年April9日, ’Arry [pseudonym], “Studies from Mr. Punch’s Studio. No. XXIV.”, 出自 Punch, or The London Charivari, 卷 XCII, London: […] Bradbury, Agnew, & Co., […], →OCLC，頁號 172，列號 2:


kibosh

She was, in very Sooth, among the highest of the Rollers, but Hiram stood for the Bills with nary a Whimper. He was proud to be the Husband of the Lady Ki-Bosh of the Local Knickerbockers.

1904 March, George Ade, “Rugged Hiram and Hiram’s Giddy Wife”, 出自 Breaking into Society, New York, N.Y., London: Harper & Brothers, →OCLC，頁號 34:


bolshie

来自 Bolshevik（俄語 большеви́к (bolʹševík)，布尔什维克），来自俄語 большевики́ (bolʹševikí, “多数派”) + -ie。

左翼人士，特指共产党人，社会主义者，或工会领袖


bolshie

bolshier (comparative)
bolshiest (superlative)

Rachel came in, and Nick felt he'd been caught larking about, Catherine squashing him like some bolshie teenage attempt at seduction.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2004, Alan Hollinghurst, The Line of Beauty, Bloomsbury, 2005, Chapter 16,

Kate, don't be so bolshie!


prefect

源自中古英語 prefect及prefecte，源自古法語 prefect（现代法语préfet），源自拉丁語 praefectus (“监督者，监察者，长官”)，源自praeficere (“使...负责”)。


murder

源自中古英語 murder、murdre、mourdre，变化自早期形式murthre (“谋杀”)（参见murther），源自古英語 morþor (“暗杀，非法杀害”)和古英語 myrþra (“谋杀，他杀”)，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *murþrą (“死，杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mr̥tro- (“杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mer-、*mor-、*mr̥- (“死”)。与哥特語 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂 (maurþr, “谋杀”)、古高地德語 mord (“谋杀”)、古諾爾斯語 morð (“谋杀”)、古英語 myrþrian (“谋杀”)和morþ有关。
中古英語词形内的-d-可能部分受到盎格魯-諾曼語 murdre的影响，后者源自古法語 murdre，源自中世紀拉丁語 murdrum（亦派生出同源对似词murdrum），源自古法蘭克語 *morþr、*murþr (“谋杀”)，源自同样的日耳曼語族词根，虽然也有可能是完全内部发展的结果（对比burden，其源自burthen）。

I could murder a hamburger right now.


poignant

源自中古英語 poynaunt、poynant，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 puignant、poynaunt等，poindre (“刺”)的现在分词，源自拉丁語 pungō (“刺”)。pungent的同源對似詞。

more poignant (comparative)
most poignant (superlative)

distressing

感人的，动人的，让人感伤的

moving

感人的，动人的，让人感伤的


pantomime

约17世纪，源自拉丁語 pantomīmus，源自古希臘語 παντόμιμος (pantómimos)，源自πᾶς (pâs, “全”) + μιμέομαι (miméomai, “模仿”)。

一种面向儿童的童话剧 （自18世纪）

With the Stoke supporters jeering Ziv's every subsequent touch, the pantomime atmosphere created by the home crowd reached a crescendo when Ziv was shown a straight red shortly after the break in extraordinary circumstances.

2011年October20日, Michael da Silva, “Stoke 3 - 0 Macc Tel-Aviv”, 出自 BBC Sport:


banger

源自bang + -er。香肠这么称呼的原因是因为它们水很多，但表皮不透水，因此如果在烹饪前不戳破的话很容易爆炸。

bangers and mash

节奏有活力的音乐，尤指舞曲

My frequencies are transient and resonate your eardrums / I make bangers, not anthems

2002, Mike Skinner （作曲作詞）, “Let's Push Things Forward”, 出自 Original Pirate Material, 演出者 The Streets:

Morris' melding of influences ranging from mid-'80s computer technology to Baltimore club bangers to the U.K. rave scene has cemented his reputation as one of London's most formidable DJs.

2008, Billboard (volume 120, number 32, page 44)

'lce Ice Baby' was an absolute banger, though, wasn't it? And knowing the history of that song, it had proper rap credentials.

2012, Mike Skinner, The Story of The Streets (page 31)


blazer

源自blaze + -er。原指剑桥大学圣约翰学院一个赛艇俱乐部Lady Margaret Boat Club会员所穿的“炫目的”（blazing）猩红色夹克。对比古英語 blæsere、blasere (“炉膛，易燃物”, 字面意思是“燃烧物”)。

运动俱乐部的资深成员 （暗指其观点老旧保守）


slosh

She greeted me with a bright smile, and said: “Back already? Did you find it?” With a strong effort I mastered my emotion and replied curtly but civilly that the answer was in the negative. “No,” I said, “I did not find it.” “You can't have looked properly.” Again I was compelled to pause and remind myself that an English gentleman does not slosh a sitting redhead, no matter what the provocation.

1960, P. G. Wodehouse, Jeeves in the Offing, chapter VIII:


duodecillion

duo- + decillion；或來自拉丁語 duodecim (“十二”) + -illion。


sweat

源自中古英語 swete、swet、swate、swote，源自古英語 swāt，源自原始日耳曼語 *swait-、*swaitą，源自原始印歐語 *swoyd- (“流汗”),*sweyd- (“出汗”)的o音变形式。与西弗里斯蘭語 swit、荷蘭語 zweet、德語 Schweiß、丹麥語 sved、瑞典語 svett、意第緒語 שוויצן (shvitsn)（英語 shvitz）、拉丁語 sudor、法語 sueur、意大利語 sudore、西班牙語 sudor、波斯語 خوید (xwēd, “潮湿的，新鲜的”)、梵語 स्वेद (svéda)、立陶宛語 sviedri、吐火羅語B syā-和阿爾巴尼亞語 djersë同源。

（尤指经验丰富或年长的）士兵


angler

源自中古英語 angler、angleer、angeler，等价于angle + -er。

/ˈæŋ.ɡlə(ɹ)/

用钩子从商店橱窗等偷东西的小偷

They are sure to be clyd in the night by the angler, or hooker, or such like pilferers that liue upon the spoyle of other poore people.

c. 1608–1610, Samuel Rid, Martin Mark-all, Beadle of Bridewell:

Rogue or rascal, frater, maunderer, / Irish Toyle, or other wanderer; / No dimber damber, angler, dancer, / Prig of cackler, prig of prancer

1834, William Harrison Ainsworth, Rookwood, 卷 2, Oath of the Canting Crew，頁號s 339–340:


knock up

敲门吵醒，敲门叫醒； 叫醒，叫来； （在选举日）上门提醒...投票 （见knocker up）（自17世纪）

“Very sorry to knock you up, Watson,” said he, “but it's the common lot this morning. Mrs. Hudson has been knocked up, she retorted upon me, and I on you.”

1892, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Speckled Band, page 1:

‘I didn't knock you up when I came in,’ Peregrine said. ‘There seemed no point. It was getting light. I just thought I’d leave the note to wake me at seven. And oddly enough I did sleep. Heavily.’

1966, Ngaio Marsh, Death at the Dolphin，頁號 160:


the lady doth protest too much

出自莎士比亚作品《哈姆雷特》，为哈姆雷特之母女王葛楚的一句台词。剧中，“protest”指“坚持自己所言为实”（剧中即指戏子女王对爱的发言），而非“坚持他人所言为虚”。

the lady doth protest too much, methinks

（用于暗示某人过分强调自己说的是真的，因此反而其所说的肯定是假的。）此地无银三百两

In all Penelope's devotion to her husband there is an ever present sense that the lady doth protest too much.

1897, Samuel Butler, The Authoress of the Odyssey:


savoury

savourier (comparative)
savouriest (superlative)

savory的另一種寫法


savoury

savory的另一種寫法


Ram

與德比郡足球俱樂部有關的人


washing-up liquid

I have to use a special washing-up liquid, because I have sensitive skin.

我必須用特製的洗潔精，因為我皮膚敏感。


lanthanium

源自古希臘語 λανθάνω (lanthánō, “隱藏”) + -ium (化學元素後綴)。


OS

We've got an OS of the Cuckmere area.

我們拿到了一幅測量局的卡克米爾河流域地圖。


water closet

同類詞：earth closet


sitting room

“[…] Captain Markam had been found lying half-insensible, gagged and bound, on the floor of the sitting-room, his hands and feet tightly pinioned, and a woollen comforter wound closely round his mouth and neck ; whilst Mrs. Markham's jewel-case, containing valuable jewellery and the secret plans of Port Arthur, had disappeared. […]”

“[…] 人们发现马卡姆船长不省人事地躺在客厅的地板上，他的手和脚被紧紧夹住，嘴和脖子上紧紧缠绕着一条毛毯；而马卡姆夫人的珠宝盒，里面装着珍贵的珠宝和亚瑟港的秘密计划，也不见了。[…]”

1905, Baroness Emmuska Orczy, 章號 1, 出自 The Fate of the Artemis:


state of play

现状，目前局势 （多用于运动语境）


eff and blind

effs and blinds
effing and blinding
effed and blinded

I can't stand the way he's always effing and blinding.

他整天口吐芬芳，我忍不了。


move house

I haven’t got any mail since I(’ve) moved house.

自從搬家之後，我就沒收到過任何郵件。


secondary school

tertiary education, tertiary-level education

中學：為年齡在11-16或18歲之間學生提供教育的公立學校

One of the key roles played by the Whitby line is the transport of children from rural spots along the branch to secondary school in the coastal town.

2019 October, James Abbott, “Esk Valley revival”, 出自 Modern Railways，頁號 77:


innit

用来代替任何否定的附加疑问句，无论人称、性数、或动词是什么。

You like listening to pop music, innit?

你喜欢听流行音乐，对吧？

You were dissing my girl, innit?

I like pop music innit


toodeloo

不详。可能源自法語 à tout à l’heure (“再见”)，或者toot。


squidgy

squidgier (comparative)
squidgiest (superlative)

He was one of those dangerous people who are soft, squidgy and cowlike provided they have what they want. And because he had always had what he wanted, and had seemed easily pleased with it, it had never occurred to anybody that he was anything other than soft, squidgy and cowlike.

1987, Douglas Adams, Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency, Simon & Schuster，頁號 102:

It consists of two layers of ground cashew nuts, mixed with breadcrumbs, onions, nutmeg and vegetable stock, and separated by a vibrant green herb stuffing, the main ingredient of which is also bread. Although surprisingly moist, thanks to the stock (indeed, the contrast between the crisp exterior and the squidgy middle is horribly moreish), the combination of parsley, garlic and breadcrumbs reminds me of a very fancy loaf of garlic bread – and all but overpowers the sweet flavour of the cashews.

2011年December15日, Felicity Cloake, “How to cook the perfect nut roast”, 出自 Guardian:


go potty

源自把potty作insane (“发疯的”)的俚语的英国用法，可能受到了petty的影响。

goes potty
going potty
went potty
gone potty


aggro

源自aggravation 的截斷形式 + -o (指小后缀)，受到了aggressive的影响。

暴力行为，暴行；咄咄逼人的行为 （不一定发展为暴力）

Move along, lads; we don't want any aggro.

走开吧，兄弟，我们可不想动手。

That is the case because, according to Marsh, soccer hooliganism is one of Britain's principal forms of aggro. If it is true that there is an absence of aggro traditions in the USA — and there is a wealth of evidence which suggests that Marsh is wrong on this score — then it is reasoble to deduce from Marsh′s arguments that it is unlikely that phenomena such as soccer hooliganism could or ever will develop there.

1999, Eric Dunning, Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation，頁號 162:

‘We ain′t got a name yet. We′re into aggro.’
‘Aggro?’
‘Yeah, you know, aggression, aggravation. Aggro’.

2011, Jake Arnott, The Long Firm，unnumbered 頁號:


aggro

more aggro (comparative)
most aggro (superlative)

At the beginning of the twenty-first century the physically adept aggro femme had become a recurring motif in new circus and physical theatre.

2005, Peta Tait, Circus Bodies: cultural identity in aerial performance，頁號 131:


swish

swisher (comparative)
more swish (comparative)
swishest (superlative)
most swish (superlative)

This restaurant looks very swish — it even has linen tablecloths.

这个饭店看起来很高级，居然还有亚麻桌布。

All the shabby railway buildings in front of the station concourse have either been removed or transformed into a shopping complex and swish homes.

2020年June3日, Howard Johnston, “Regional News: Cambridge”, 出自 Rail，頁號 23:


bell-end

I don't care who he is: he's acting like a bell-end.

我管他什么人，他就像个傻屄一样。

is that onion badgies, you meant. or perhaps you are referring to that infamous collection of bellends, known as w.b.a. (win bugger all). it seems they are doing quite well, although they are playing against part-timers. quit

1992年September28日, A. Dowson, “Re: West Bromwich Albion”, 出自 rec.sport.soccer (Usenet), retrieved 2017-08-03, message-ID <92272.160610ADOWSON@ESTEC.BITNET>:


flesh and blood

等量混合的白兰地和波特酒


wind up

roll up

把...摇起来 （车窗，井的水桶等）

raise

把...摇起来 （车窗，井的水桶等）

snitches get stitches and wind up in ditches

wind down

把...摇起来 （车窗，井的水桶等）

roll down

把...摇起来 （车窗，井的水桶等）

lower

把...摇起来 （车窗，井的水桶等）

Twenty quid? Are you winding me up?


pig in a blanket

pigs in a blanket (plural)
pigs in blankets (plural)


stone the crows

在20世纪10年代原为澳大利亚英语，“指以前看守农田并用石头砸糟蹋庄稼的乌鸦的职业”。

天啊 （表达惊讶或仅强调的一般化叹词）

“Why, stone the crows! I′ll look yous up,” sez ′e. / “I need some friends: I ain′t got wife nor chick.”

1924, C. J. Dennis, “Rose Of Spadgers”, 出自 Sentimental Bloke and Other Verses, 出版於 1988，頁號 86:

The he pinched himself to make sure he was really awake, "Stone the crows!" he said softly. "Stone the crows!"

1971, Richard Carpenter, Catweazle and the Magic Zodiac, Harmondsworth: Puffin Books，頁號 141:

So I says to meself: stone the crows, I′m a doomed man, might as well shoot through. It was cyclone time, see, and there′s been flash floods and this rock as big as a house has gone.

1988, Janette Turner Hospital, Charades，頁號 63:

‘Stone the crows,’ I whispered in sheer relief.

2008, Norman Jorgensen, Jack′s Island, ReadHowYouWant, 出版於 2011，頁號 170:


demeanour

demeanor的英國, 澳大利亞, 新西蘭, and 加拿大拼寫法

By some paradoxical evolution rancour and intolerance have been established in the vanguard of primitive Christianity. Mrs. Spoker, in common with many of the stricter disciples of righteousness, was as inclement in demeanour as she was cadaverous in aspect.

1922, Ben Travers, 章號 4, 出自 A Cuckoo in the Nest:


bit on the side

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/EN-AU ck1 bit on the side.ogg

I'm married to Paula, but Jackie, my bit on the side, is far more fun.

我妻子是Paula，但是我的小三Jackie可比她有意思多了。


sunder

源自中古英語 sundren (“分离，分开”)，源自古英語 sundrian (“分离，分开”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *sundrōną (“分离”)，源自原始印歐語 *sen(e)- (“没有，不带，分离”)。同源词有低地蘇格蘭語 sinder、sunder (“分离，分割”)、荷蘭語 zonderen (“隔离，隔开”)、德語 sondern (“分离”)、瑞典語 söndra (“分割”)。详见sundry。

Where a fair opportunity offers, and the grass is perfectly dry, the hipples are sundered; that is, broken out into beds in the usual manner, turned, and again got up into cocklets, of such size as the state of dryness requires.

1788, William Marshall, The Rural Economy of Yorkshire:

Except under abnormal conditions, protection can be afforded to a field by cutting a strip half a chain in width all round the field, with a reaper and binder for preference, when the crop is in the best condition for hay, and then ploughing or sunder-cutting the stubble.

1941, The Queensland Agricultural and Pastoral Handbook，頁號 82:

The trees and shrubs all around us began to show the signs of death; dried branches, leafless gray and molding wood. The ground here was as hard as stone, the dirt and dust dry as bone sundered in the desert scorch.

2010, Stony Stern, Run Past The Hunter，頁號 143:

The world, a good deal of it, sundered, scorched.

2013, Thomas Glave, Among the Bloodpeople: Politics and Flesh，頁號 165:


elevenses

源自方言词elevens (“11点钟的一餐饭”)。

elevensies

（上午十一点左右的）上午茶

（上午十一点左右的）上午茶

The harvestmen who board in the farm-houses fare sumptuously during the month of harvest.— […] at eleven o'clock in the morning, and four in the afternoon, they have each a large light plum-bun, with a pint of ale a piece, carried into the field, to encourage them to work cheerfully. These extra refreshments they call, in their provincial language, their "elevenses" and "fourses." I could not at first imagine what the servants meant by talking of carrying the harvestmen their elevenses and fourses, till Mrs. Henley explained that it was a vulgar abbreviation of the four-o'clock and eleven o'clock meals.

1837 February, Anna Lee, “The Pinch of Salt”, 出自 The Ladies’ Companion: A Monthly Magazine, Embracing Literature and the Arts, […], 卷 VI, New York, N.Y.: Published by William W. Snowdon, →OCLC，頁號 162，列號 2:

"In Europe," said Ghosh Babu who read a great deal, "they all stop work at eleven to have tea or coffee or cocoa, or some stronger beverage; they call it elevenses." / […] ["]Ghosh Babu, how long time they get for elevenses?" / "About half-an-hour," replied Ghosh with authority. […] / "We get no time off for elevenses," complained Sambamurthy. "We should bring it up before the Clerks' Association."

1989, Khushwant Singh, “Man, How the Government of India Run!”, 出自 The Collected Short Stories of Khushwant Singh, New Delhi: Ravi Dayal Publisher, →ISBN，頁號 96; 再版為 “Book Extract: They also Serve …”, 出自 Sunday, 卷 18, 期 4, Calcutta: Ananda Bazar Patrika, 2 January – 2 February 1991, →OCLC，頁號s 75–76:

Even in these tough economic times when many employers seem hell-bent on sucking any and all vestiges of pleasure out of the daily existence of the average working stiff, some things remain sacrosanct. Chief among them is the partaking of elevenses. Even if we spend the majority of our lives glued to a desk, staring at a computer screen or in meetings pretending we care about the interpretation of a spreadsheet, the break for a hot drink and a little snackette between breakfast and lunch is a covenant between Britain and God.

2010, Simon Majumdar, “Elevenses”, 出自 Eating for Britain: A Journey into the Heart (and Belly) of the Nation, London: John Murray, →ISBN:

Betjeman, who was a bit of a gricer, wrote: "I know of no greater pleasure for elevenses in London than to sit in this tea place and watch the trains arrive and depart."

2021年January13日, Christian Wolmar, “Read all about London's Cathedrals of Steam”, 出自 RAIL, issue 922，頁號 63:


scrub up

He scrubs up well.


donkey's ears

1916年英国，源自英国押韵俚语，与years押韵，因为驴的耳朵长。

Now for my first bath for what the men call ‘Donkey’s ears’, meaning years and years.


swingeing

swinge + -ing。swinge派生自中古英語 swengen (“击打”)，源自古英語 swengan (“冲击；使...动摇”)。

more swingeing (comparative)
most swingeing (superlative)

/ˈswɪnd͡ʒɪŋ/

/ˈswɪnd͡ʒɪŋ/

And when Occaſion did require, / In midſt of Houſe a mighty Fire, / Of black dry'd Earth and ſwingeing Blocks / Was made, enough to roaſt an Ox; […]

1716, W[illiam] M[offat], Hesperi-neso-graphia: Or, A Description of the Western Isle. In Eight Canto’s, 4th版, London: Printed and sold by J. Baker, at the Black-Boy in Pater-Noster-Row, →OCLC, canto II，頁號 7:

"Let him pursue his own course," said Diggs, taking up a pen, and making some hasty memoranda on a sheet of paper. "We shall have swingeing damages—swingeing damages."

1855, William Harrison Ainsworth, “Abel’s Interview with the Miser—Unexpected Appearance of Randulph and Cordwell Firebras—Result of the Meeting”, 出自 The Miser’s Daughter: A Tale, London, New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] Routledge & Co., Farringdon Street; New York, 18, Beekman Street, →OCLC，頁號 123:

A shock for passengers by the Dover-Dunkerque "Night Ferry" is the swingeing increases in berth rates for those who are not travelling in the sleeping cars.

1962 December, “Beyond the Channel: European timetables: The winter train services”, 出自 Modern Railways，頁號 413:

Every day produces more evidence that this hard Tory Brexit is a disaster in the making. Carmakers and other export manufacturers, fearing swingeing tariffs, are demanding special protections and exemptions or else they leave.

2017年March27日, “The Observer view on triggering article 50: As Britain hurtles towards the precipice, truth and democracy are in short supply”, 出自 The Observer, London，於2017-05-17歸檔自原頁面:

After petrol rationing ended in 1952, the BTC was aware that more swingeing cuts had to be made, and a sinister message was conveyed by the loss of the meandering 38-mile route from Blisworth to Stratford-upon-Avon in April 1952, and the 25-mile Abergavenny-Merthyr Heads of the Valleys line in January 1958.

2023年March8日, Howard Johnston, “Was Marples the real railway wrecker?”, 出自 RAIL, 期 978，頁號 51:


kerfuffle

可能源自低地蘇格蘭語 curfuffle，等价于ker- + fuffle，或与愛爾蘭語 cíor thuathail (“困惑”)有关。类似现代威爾士語 cythrwfl (“麻烦，动乱”)


get to grips with

gets to grips with
getting to grips with
got to grips with
got to grips with
gotten to grips with

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-au-get to grips with.ogg

与...打斗，与...战斗

Estonia were struggling to get to grips with the game while Ireland were showing a composure and guile that demonstrated their experience in play-off ties.

2011年November11日, Rory Houston, “Estonia 0-4 Republic of Ireland”, 出自 RTE Sport:


aquaplane

原始印歐語詞
 *h₂ékʷeh₂
A woman riding an aquaplane in 1919.
1919年，一名女性在玩滑水板。
Two vehicles aquaplaning on a wet road.
兩輛車在潮濕的路面上發生水漂。
名詞派生自 aqua- (表示“水”的前綴) + plane (“平面”)（最終源自原始印歐語 *pleh₂- (“平坦的”)）。
動詞派生自名詞，可分析作 aqua- + plane (“滑翔；劃過水面”)。

hydroplane

汽車輪胎發生水漂 ⁽ʷᵖ⁾

汽車輪胎發生水漂 ⁽ʷᵖ⁾

So much water. They were held up by it, the tyres skating over a film of rain. Aquaplaning. Flying his sister’s fancy car through the wet air. Touching nothing.

2015, Anne Enright, “Shannon Airport”, 出自 The Green Road, New York, N.Y., London: W[illiam] W[arder] Norton & Company, →ISBN, part 2，頁號 203:


gooner

Gooner的大小寫替代形式。