faggot

源自中古英語 fagot，源自古法語 fagot (“一捆棒子”)，其词源不详。不太可能源自古奧克語 fagot或意大利語 fagotto，因为它们的出现晚于古法语词。亦对比意大利語 fangotto和西班牙語 fajo (“捆，摞”)。可能源自通俗拉丁語 *facus的一指小词，其源自拉丁語 fascis (“一捆柴”)。亦对比古高地德語 fazza (“捆，摞，堆”)。fagotto 的同源對似詞。参见fag。
与人有关的义项可能源自“一捆棒子”，并得到了faygele的增补，其源自意第緒語 פֿייגעלע (feygele，“同性恋”，字面意思是“小鸟”)，其与英語 fowl有关。

duck

（边角料或下水制成的）肉丸

在英国和爱尔兰以外，指肉丸的用法并不被广泛理解。由于恐同蔑称的广泛使用，它很可能被误解为仇恨发言。虽然在英国和爱尔兰不常作为恐同蔑称使用，但即使在这些地方的与同性恋有关的语境中，这一义项仍可能会冒犯别人。

名单上编号但不存在的士兵


devout

源自中古英語 devout、devot，源自古法語 devot（法语dévot），源自拉丁語 dēvōtus，dēvōveō的过去分词。devote 的同源對似詞。


plight

源自中古英語 plit (“折痕，皱纹，不好的情况”)，中古英語 pliht, plight (“风险，危险”)（源自古英語 pliht (“危险，风险”)）和盎格魯-諾曼語 plit, plyte (“折叠，条件”)的异文合并，源自古法語 pleit (“条件，折叠的方式”)（源自通俗拉丁語 *plictum，源自拉丁語 plicitum (“折叠”)）。

健康 （14-19世纪）

All wayes shee sought him to restore to plight, / With herbs, with charms, with counsel, and with teares[…]。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


plight

plights (third-person singular present)
plighting (present participle)
plighted (past participle)


plight

源自中古英語 pliȝt、plight、plyt、pleit，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pleit (“褶，辫”)。详见plait。

Many a folded plight.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto III”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 26:


abomination

源自中古英語 abominacioun，源自中古法語 abomination (“恐怖，厌恶”)，源自晚期拉丁語 abōminātiō, abōminātiōnem。abominatio 的同源對似詞。

abhorrence

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

aversion

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

detestation

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

disgust

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

loathing

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

loathsomeness

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

odiousness

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

perversion

令人深恶痛绝的事物，令人发指的事物 （常有宗教色彩） （自约1350-1470年）

惹人厌恶，令人发指 （约1350-1470年至15世纪末叶）


apple

源自中古英語 appel，來自古英語 æppel (“蘋果；水果（統稱）；眼珠；球；球狀物；彈丸；藥丸”)，來自原始日耳曼語 *aplaz (“蘋果”)（對比低地蘇格蘭語 aipple、西弗里斯蘭語 apel、荷蘭語 appel、德語 Apfel、瑞典語 äpple、丹麥語 æble），來自原始印歐語 *h₂ébōl、*h₂ébl̥ (“蘋果”)（對比威爾士語 afal、愛爾蘭語 úll、立陶宛語 óbuolỹs、俄語 я́блоко (jábloko)，可能也與古希臘語 ἄμπελος (ámpelos，“葡萄酒”)有關）。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Nattes à chat-apple.wav

the apple doesn't fall far from the tree

the apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest

像蘋果的東西，例如球或胸部。 棒球的球。（自20世紀起）

[…] shrugging up her Shoulders, to shew the tempting Apples of her white Breasts, Then suddainly lets them sink again, to hide them, blushing, as if this had been done by chance.

1705, J. S., City and Country Recreation, page 104:

[…] count-palatine of the Rhine, who shall carry the globe or imperial apple; and, on his left, the marquis of Brandenburg carrying the scepter.

1761, An Universal History: 源自the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time, page 508:

The arms of Upland were a "golden apple," or globe, surrounded with a belt, in allusion to the monarchy.

1851, Robert Bigsby, Old Places Revisited; Or the Antiquarians Enthusiast, page 200:

Andy picked up his two grenades and followed the line into the pits. The apples felt strangely heavy in his hands, and when he looked at them one was as ugly and lethal-looking as the other.

1956, Marion Hargrove, The Girl He Left Behind: Or, All Quiet in the Third Platoon, page 129:

A peasant blouse that showed the tops of those lovely little apples.

1975, C. W. Smith, Country Music IX, 256:

Contrary to Henricus Martellus, Behaim included the tropics [on his globe...]. Evidently, there was no space for a Fourth Continent on Behaim's apple, although some recollection of the Catalan map seems to lie behind the shape of southern Africa.

2008, Harald Kleinschmidt, Ruling the Waves, Bibliotheca Humanistica & Refo


pig

源自中古英語 pigge (“小猪”)（原指小猪，年长猪是swyn），多半源自古英語 *picga（仅可考于picgbrēad (“猪饲料”)等复合词中），源自原始西日耳曼語 *piggō、*puggō (“小猪”)。对比中古荷蘭語 pogge、puggen、pigge、pegsken (“猪崽”)、中古低地德語 pugge、pûke (“猪崽”)。本词使用于体重快速增加的动物幼崽，所以其可能是源自动词“to big”，源自中古英語 biggen、byggen，源自古諾爾斯語 byggja、byggva (“建造”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *būwijaną (“建造”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰuH- (“成为，成长为”)。Pokorny认为词根与*bū-、*bew- (“肿，胀”)有关，以解释“pig”和“big”之间的互换关系。
有时有人指出其与早期现代荷蘭語 bigge（现代big (“猪崽”)）、西弗里斯蘭語 bigge (“猪崽”)和中古低地德語的相似词有关，但是“发音难以解释”。一些文献指出这些词“多半无关”，其他人认为这一联系“有可能，但无法确定”。
指“警察”的俚语义至晚自1785年起可考。


squander

最早的使用（16世纪末期）意指“肆无忌惮地花费”以及“散布到一个广阔的区域”。来源不详。可能是scatter + wander构成的混合词。
对比丹麥語 skvætte (罕用)/skvatte (“泼洒”)（主格化：skvæt）、冰島語 skvetta (“喷射”)、瑞典語 skvätta (“泼洒”)、書面挪威語 skvette。

squanders (third-person singular present)
squandering (present participle)
squandered (past participle)

squander暗指一开始拥有大量资源，然后把它们浪费在成果微不足道的地方。常用于如“squander an opportunity”或“squander an inheritance”之类的短语。也可以用在起步就没有多少资源的情况下，但一般用在如“squander what little he had”之类的句子内。


sick

源自中古英語 sik、sike、seek、seke、seok，源自古英語 sēoc (“生病的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *seuk，源自原始日耳曼語 *seukaz（对比西弗里斯蘭語 siik、荷蘭語 ziek、德語 siech、書面挪威語 syk、新挪威語 sjuk、丹麥語 syg），源自原始印歐語 *sewg- (“困扰，悲”)，对比中古愛爾蘭語 socht (“沉默，抑郁”)、古典亞美尼亞語 հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim，“变弱”)。

sicks (third-person singular present)
sicking (present participle)
sicked (past participle)

Our great-grandsire, Edward, sick'd and died.

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

Old man to pickney, so wave unno hand if you with me /To see the sufferation sick me.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2005, Damian Marley, "Welcome to Jamrock", Welcome to Jamrock(album) https://genius.com/Damian-marley-welcome-to-jamrock-lyrics.


heavy

源自中古英語 hevy、heviȝ，源自古英語 hefiġ、hefeġ、hæfiġ (“重的，重要的，严重的，猛烈的，缓慢的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *habīg (“沉重的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *habīgaz (“沉重的”)，源自原始印歐語 *keh₂p- (“拿，取”)。
同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 hevy、havy、heavy (“沉重的”)、荷蘭語 hevig (“严重的，猛烈的”)、中古低地德語 hēvich (“严重的，猛烈的”)、德語 hebig（对比heftig (“严重的，猛烈的”)）、冰島語 höfugur (“沉重的，重要的”)、拉丁語 capāx (“大的，宽的，有能力的，能干的”)。

heavier (comparative)
heaviest (superlative)


die

A pair of common dice with six sides each.
Various dice with different numbers of sides and distributions of values.
Dies (詞義3) on a wafer.
源自中古英語 dee，源自古法語 de（现代法語 dé），源自拉丁語 datum，源自datus (“被给予的”)，dō (“给予”)的过去分词，源自原始印歐語 *deh₃ (“展，铺”)。datum 的同源對似詞。

（可能由骰子决定的）偶然，随机事件

[…]For th'equall die of warre he well did know.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto V”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 13，頁 249:


large

源自中古英語 large，源自古法語 large，源自拉丁語 larga，largus (“富余的，大量的，大的，多的”)的阴性形式，最终词源不详。很大程度上取代了中古英語 stoor, stour (“大的”)（源自古英語 stōr）和muchel (“大的”)（源自古英語 myċel）。

larger (comparative)
largest (superlative)

free

自由的，无拘无束的，没有负担的

unencumbered

自由的，无拘无束的，没有负担的

We have yet large day.

1667，John Milton，“Book 5”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

自由的，无拘无束的，没有负担的


large

一个弃用音符，等于2个长音符，4个二全音符，或8个全音符


dick

源自Dick，名字Richard的暱稱。最初意思是“普通人”、“凡夫俗子”，后来衍生出其他的含义。


dick

"He seems to set a deal of store by her, though. There's some young 'ooman at home, where she lives, I'd take my dying dick."

1875，Mrs. George Croft Huddleston，Bluebell:


high

源自中古英語 high、heigh、heih，源自古英語 hēah (“高的，高耸的，高级的，上层的，杰出的，高傲的，深邃的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hauh (“高”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hauhaz (“高”)，源自原始印歐語 *kewk- (“升”)。
与低地蘇格蘭語 heich (“高的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 hooch (“高的”)、西弗里斯蘭語 heech (“高的”)、荷蘭語 hoog (“高的”)、低地德語 hoog (“高的”)、德語 hoch (“高的”)、瑞典語 hög (“高的”)、挪威語 høy (“高的”)、冰島語 hár (“高的”)、立陶宛語 kaukas (“肿块，疮”)、俄語 ку́ча (kúča，“摞，沓”)同源。

highs (third-person singular present)
highing (present participle)
highed (past participle)

The sun higheth.


high

源自中古英語 hiȝe、huȝe、huiȝe、huie、hige，源自古英語 hyġe (“想法，心理，心，倾向，意图，勇气，自豪”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hugi，源自原始日耳曼語 *hugiz (“感受”)，词源不详。与北弗里斯蘭語 huwggje (“精神，感受”)、中古低地德語 höge、hoge (“想法，含义，心情，愉快”)、中古高地德語 hüge、huge、hoge (“心理，记忆”)、丹麥語 hu (“心理”)、瑞典語 håg (“倾向，意愿”)、冰島語 hugur (“心理”)同源。与Hugh有关。


firmament

The firmament (sense 1) or sky.
One version of the Ptolemaic system of celestial spheres, with the firmament (indicated in Latin as Firmamentu[m]; sense 3) shown as the eighth heaven
源自中古英語 firmament、furmament (“天空”)，源自古法語 firmament (“天空”)，或源自其词源拉丁語 firmāmentum (“支撑；天空”)，源自firmāre (“增强，强化”) + -mentum (表示手段、媒介，或某个动作的结果的后缀)。firmāre是firmō (“使...稳固，固化”)的现在主动不定式，源自firmus (“稳固的，稳定的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰer- (“支撑”)。
拉丁语词用于《圣经》的武加大译本中，用于翻译七十士译本（希腊语的《旧约圣经》）中的古希臘語 στερέωμα (steréōma，“框架，基础；天空”)一词，该希腊语词又用于翻译希伯來語 רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ，“天穹”)，源自词根ר־ק־ע (r-q-`)，在古典叙利亚语中的相似词根ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ)（与“压紧”有关）派生出ܪܩܝܥܐ (rəqīʿā，“固实的，稳固的；天空，天穹”)。

Praiſe ye the Lord。Praiſe God in his Sanctuarie: Praiſe him in the firmament of his power.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalm 150:1，列 1:

Pins tipt with Diamond Point, and head, / By which the Curls are faſtened, / In radiant Firmament ſet out, / And all over the Hood ſur-tout: [...]

1690，[Mary Evelyn]，“A Voyage to Marryland; or, The Ladies Dressing-room”, in Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […]，London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN，頁 7:

Firmament. Diamonds, or other precious Stones heading the Pins which they stick into the Tour, and Hair, like Stars.

[1690，[Mary Evelyn]，“The Fop-dictionary. […]”, in Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […]，London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN，頁 18:

Ten years ago, the Wall Street wirehouse brokerage firm seemed unassailable – part of the very firmament underpinning the entire investment industry from coast to coast.

2012年January25日，Josh Brown，“Perhaps I’ve Been a Bit too Harsh …”, in Wealth Manager Blog, The Wall Street Journal，存檔自the original on 2013-12-08:


fossé

沟，坑道 （17-19世纪）

The Major then went with me and Euphemia (Victoria staying at the inn) and showed us what is called the Ditch, being the fossé and ruinous banks of the old castle […] 。

1792, James Boswell, in Danziger & Brady (eds.), Boswell: The Great Biographer (Journals 1789–1795), Yale 1989, p. 165:

I saw him tied up between two boards, by way of the coffin, which was to be provided by contract; and deposited in the fossé that surrounded our prison […]。

1792，Charlotte Smith，Desmond，Broadview, 出版於 2001，頁 146:


broma

源自古希臘語 βρῶμα (brôma，“食物”)。

(我們能否查找並添加Dunglison引用過本詞的語句？)


sum

來自中古英語 summe，來自古法語 summe，來自拉丁語 summa，summus (“高的”)陰性。

quarter

棄用義；舊時稱量玉米的單位

舊時稱量玉米的單位，等同於quarter（約113克）

The sum is also used for the quarter, and the strike for the bushel.

1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, Volume 4, page 207:


abject

繼承自中古英語 abjecten，派生自形容詞形式。

abjects (third-person singular present)
abjecting (present participle)
abjected (past participle)


fax

源自中古英語 fax，源自古英語 feax (“毛发”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *fahs，源自原始日耳曼語 *fahsą (“毛发”)，源自原始印歐語 *poḱsom (“毛发”，字面意思是“被梳的东西；被修剪的东西；被拔的东西”)，源自原始印歐語 *peḱ- (“梳；剪；拔”)。同源词有荷蘭語 vas (“头发”)、德語 Fachs (“头发”)、挪威語 faks (“鬃毛”)、冰島語 fax (“鬃毛”)、梵語 पक्ष्मन् (pákṣman，“睫毛，头发”)。


coast

源自中古英語 coste (“肋骨；身体的一边；建筑物的一边；立体图形的面；海岸；海湾；海洋；凹；界限；土地；国家；地区；地方，地点；天的分区；方位；方向；用来表示方向的地点”) [以及其他形式]，源自古法語 coste (“肋；侧；海岸”)（现代法語 côte (“肋骨；海岸；山丘”)），源自拉丁語 costa (“肋骨；边”)，源自原始印歐語 *kost-。

边，面，边缘 （15-18世纪）

And the Coaſt towards which the lines KL and VX are drawn, may be call’d the Coaſt of unuſual Refraction.

1730, Isaac Newton, Opticks, 4th ed., London: […] William Innys […], page 331:

地区，区划 （14-17世纪）

P. Crescentius, in his lib. 1 de agric. cap. 5, is very copious in this subject, how a house should be wholesomely sited, in a good coast, good air, wind, etc.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，章號 II, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition ii, section 3:

空中的区域 （14-17世纪）

the learned Merlin, well could tell, / Vnder what coast of heauen the man did dwell […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto III”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


coast

源自中古英語 costeien (“在一个边界上移动；沿着...走；陪同；穿越，穿过；邻接于”) [以及其他形式]，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 [具體何詞?]、古法語 costoier (“靠在，与...邻接”) […]（现代法語 côtoyer (“划过，经过；擦肩”)），源自拉丁語 costicāre，源自拉丁語 costa (“肋骨；边”)，还见词源 1。

coasts (third-person singular present)
coasting (present participle)
coasted (past participle)


diet

源自中古英語 dieten、dyeten、diȝeten，源自古法語 dïeter以及中世紀拉丁語 diētāre。

diets (third-person singular present)
dieting (present participle)
dieted (past participle)

Let him[…]diet in such places, where there is good company of the nation, where he travelleth.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Travel”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

But partly led to diet my revenge […]。

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (请用大写罗马数字指定剧本幕号，并用小写罗马数字指定剧本场号):


patient

源自中古英語 pacient，源自中古法語 patient，源自古法語 pacient，源自拉丁語 patiens，patior (“受苦；忍耐”)的现在分词，源自原始印歐語 *peh₁- (“恨；伤”)。

patienter (comparative)
more patient (comparative)
patientest (superlative)
most patient (superlative)

To this outward structure was joined that strength of constitution, patient of severest toil and hardship; insomuch that for the most part of his life, in the fiercest extremity of cold, he took no other advantage of a fire, than at the greatest distance that he could, to look upon it.

1661，John Fell，“Doctor Henry Hammond”, in Ecclesiastical Biography，卷 5, 出版於 1810，頁 380:


starve

源自中古英語 sterven，源自古英語 steorfan (“死”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *sterbaną (“僵硬；死”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)terp- (“弱，麻”)，或原始印歐語 *sterbʰ- (“僵硬”)，源自*ster- (“僵”)，或者上述词的异文合并。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 sterve (“死，消失”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 stjerwa (“死”)、西弗里斯蘭語 stjerre (“死”)、荷蘭語 sterven (“死”)、德國低地德語 starven (“死”)、德語 sterben (“死”)、冰島語 stirfinn (“脾气差的；刚愎的”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 shterp (“贫瘠的；贫瘠的土地”)。

starves (third-person singular present)
starving (present participle)
starved (past)
starved (past participle)
starven (past participle)

famish

（尤指通过断粮）摧毁，使...屈服；使...饿死

while the grass grows, the steed starves

死亡；（晚期用法中指）慢慢死去

Seuen moneths he ſo her kept in bitter ſmart, / Becauſe his ſinfull luſt ſhe would not ſerue, / Vntill ſuch time as noble Britomart / Releaſed her, that elſe was like to ſterue / Through cruell knife that her deare heart did kerue.

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book IV, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），第II部分 (卷 IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 4，頁 6:


arduous

源自拉丁語 arduus (“高耸的，险峻的，难以企及的，困难的，费事的”)，与愛爾蘭語 ard (“高的”)有关。

more arduous (comparative)
most arduous (superlative)

/ˈɑːd͡ʒuːəs/

/ˈɑːɹd͡ʒuəs/

Where flames the arduous Spirit of Isidore.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1805-1814, Dante, Henry Francis Cary (translator), The Divine Comedy


baffle

不详。可能与法語 bafouer (“藐视”)或已弃用的法語 befer (“嘲笑”)有关，经由苏格兰语bauchle (“羞辱”)。

baffles (third-person singular present)
baffling (present participle)
baffled (past participle)

hoodwink

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

deceive

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

当众羞辱 （尤指骑士） （16-17世纪）

He by the heeles him hung upon a tree, / And baffuld so, that all which passed by / The picture of his punishment might see […].

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book VI, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

pretences to baffle with his goodness

a. 1678 (date written)，Isaac Barrow，“(please specify the chapter name or sermon number). The Duty of Prayer”, in The Works of Dr. Isaac Barrow. […]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VII), London: A[braham] J[ohn] Valpy, […], 出版於 1830–1831, →OCLC:


brim

源自中古英語 brim，源自古英語 brim (“海浪，洪流，波浪，海洋，水，岸”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *brimą (“骚乱；海浪”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *bremaną (“咆哮”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰrem-、*bʰerem-、*bʰrem(e)-、*breme- (“嗡，发声”)。同源词包括冰島語 brim (“海，海浪”)、古英語 brymm、brym (“海浪”)、古英語 bremman (“怒吼，咆哮”)、荷蘭語 brommen (“吱声”)、德語 brummen (“嗡嗡响”)、拉丁語 fremō (“咆哮”，动词)、古希臘語 βρέμω (brémō，“咆哮，海洋一般咆哮”，动词)。


brim

more brim (comparative)
most brim (superlative)


complacence

源自late 中古英語 complacence，源自中世紀拉丁語 complacentia，源自拉丁語 complaceō (“高兴，满足”)。

O thou, my sole complacence.

1667，John Milton，“Book III”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

He told his sister, if she pleased, the new-born infant should be bred up together with little Tommy; to which she consented, though with some little reluctance: for she had truly a great complacence for her brother […]

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:


complexion

源自中古英語 complexion (“气质，性格”)，源自古法語 complexion（法語 complexion），源自中世紀拉丁語 complexiō (“气质，性格”)，源自complector，complexus (“缠绕，围绕”)的过去分词。

体液学说中，4种体液所构成的“气质”

Ne ever is he wont on ought to feed / But todes and frogs, his pasture poysonous, / Which in his cold complexion doe breed / A filthy blood […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto X”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


cordial

繼承自中古英語 cordial，源自古法語 cordial，源自中世紀拉丁語 cordiālis (“心的”)，源自cor (“心”)。

more cordial (comparative)
most cordial (superlative)

/ˈkɔɹ.d͡ʒəl/

Who stooping op'n'd my left side, and took / From thence a Rib with cordial spirits warm, / And Life-blood streaming fresh;

1667，John Milton，“(please specify the book number)”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


coward

源自中古英語 coward，源自古法語 coart、cuard（→法語 couard），源自coue、coe (“尾巴”) + -ard (贬义施动者名词后缀)。其中，coue、coe，源自拉丁語 cauda。可能指的是动物“转尾巴的方向或夹着尾巴（逃跑）”，尤其是狗。与英語 cower无关。取代了本土词古英語 earg。

cowards (third-person singular present)
cowarding (present participle)
cowarded (past participle)

The first he coped with was their captain, whom / His sword sent headless to seek out a tomb. / This cowarded the valour of the rest, […]

1820，John Chalkhill，Thealma and Clearchus:


ecstasy

源自古法語 estaise (“狂喜”)，源自拉丁語 ecstasis，源自古希臘語 ἔκστασις (ékstasis)，源自ἐξίστημι (exístēmi，“取代”)，源自ἐκ (ek，“出，外”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi，“站”)。


elucidate

古典借詞，源自晚期拉丁語 ēlūcidātus (“照亮的；被照亮过的；（比喻义）得到启发的”) + 英語 -ate (表示以某种方式行动的后缀)。ēlūcidātus是ēlūcidō (“照亮；（比喻义）启发”)的完成时被动分词，源自拉丁語 ē-（ex- (表示“出，离”的前缀)的变体）+ lūcidus (“明亮的；闪耀的；清澈的；（比喻义）明晰的，清楚的”)（源自lūceō (“照；（比喻义）明显，显然”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *lewk- (“明；看；闪”)） + -ō (构成第一类变位动词不定式的后缀)。

elucidates (third-person singular present)
elucidating (present participle)
elucidated (past participle)

使...明亮，照亮；使...清澈，使...透明


elucidate

古典借詞，源自晚期拉丁語 ēlūcidātus (“照亮的；被照亮过的；（比喻义）得到启发的”)（详见词源1）+ 英語 -ate (构成表示以某种事物为特征的形容词的后缀)。

more elucidate (comparative)
most elucidate (superlative)

清楚的，明确的，易于理解的

There vvas not a greater Maſter of Perſpicuity, and elucidate Diſtinctions; vvhich look'd the better in his [John Williams'] Engliſh, that ran ſvveet upon his Tongue, eſpecially being ſet out vvith a graceful Facetiouſneſs, that hit the joint of the Matter: For his VVit, and his Judgment, never parted.

a. 1671 (date written)，John Hacket，Scrinia Reserata: A Memorial Offer’d to the Great Deservings of John Williams, D.D. […]，part I, In the Savoy [London]: […] Edw[ard] Jones, for Samuel Lowndes, […], 出版於 1693, →OCLC, paragraph 46，頁 39:


endow

源自晚期中古英語 endowen、endouen、enduen、indouen、indw (“给...钱财，生计或特权；授予；（比喻义）有利于；赋予”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 endouer，源自古法語 en- (“进入”之意的后缀) + douer (“授予”)（源自拉丁語 dōtāre（dōtō (“授予”)的现在主动不定式），现代法語 douer）。 dōtō又源自dōs (“彩礼；捐赠，赠礼”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *deh₃- (“给”)） + -ō (构成规则第一类变位动词的后缀)。

endows (third-person singular present)
endowing (present participle)
endowed (past participle)

给...逝世丈夫的遗产 （寡妇）；给...嫁妆 （新娘） （参见dower和dowry）

And if a man entice a maide that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he ſhall ſurely endow her to be his wife. If her father utterly refuſe to giue her vnto him, he ſhall pay money according to the dowrie of virgins.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:16–17，列 1:

A widow may be endowed of all her husband's lands, tenements, and hereditaments, corporeal or incorporeal, under the restrictions before-mentioned, unless there be some special reason to the contrary. Thus, a woman shall not be endowed of a castle built for defence of the realm, because it ought not to be divided. But of a castle that is only for the private use and habitation of the owner, a woman shall be endowed.

1823，Peter Lovelass，Niel Gow，“Of the Descent of Real Estates, or Estates of Inheritance. […]”, in The Law’s Disposal of a Person’s Estate who Dies without Will or Testament. […]，第11th版, London: Printed for R. Pheney, Charles Hunter, J. and W. T. Clarke, and H[enry] Butterworth, →OCLC, section II (How the Law Disposes of a Wife’s Real Estate; […])，頁 125:


feeble

源自中古英語 feble，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 feble (“弱的”)（对比法語 faible），源自拉丁語 flēbilis (“哭泣的，哀伤的”)。foible 的同源對似詞。

feebles (third-person singular present)
feebling (present participle)
feebled (past participle)


grope

源自中古英語 gropien，源自古英語 grāpian，与grīpan有关（其派生出英語 gripe），亦对比grip。

gropes (third-person singular present)
groping (present participle)
groped (past participle)

(我們能否查找並添加Chaucer引用過本詞的語句？)

Felix gropeth him, thinking to have a bribe.


hectic

源自中古英語 etik、ethik，源自古法語 etique，源自中世紀拉丁語 *hecticus，源自古希臘語 ἑκτικός (hektikós，“习惯的，繁忙的，消耗性的”)，源自ἕξις (héxis，“（身体或精神的）状态，条件”)，源自ἔχειν (ékhein，“有；在（某种状态下）”)。

more hectic (comparative)
most hectic (superlative)

hectic fever


hectic

an angry hectic in each cheek, a fierce flirt of her fan, and two or three short sniffs that betokened mischief

1863，Sheridan Le Fanu，The House by the Churchyard:


heed

源自中古英語 hēden，源自古英語 hēdan (“注意，关心，观察，负责，占有，接受”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hōdijan (“注意，保卫”)，源自原始印歐語 *kadʰ- (“注意，保护”)。与西弗里斯蘭語 hoedje (“留心，注意”)、荷蘭語 hoeden (“留心，注意”)、德語 hüten (“留心，注意”)同源。

heeds (third-person singular present)
heeding (present participle)
heeded (past participle)


incense

源自中古英語 encens，源自古法語 encens (“气味香甜的物质”)，源自晚期拉丁語 incensum (“熏香”，字面意思是“焚烧的东西”)，incendō (“将...点燃”)的中性过去分词。对比incendiary。同源词包括西班牙語 encender和incienso。

incenses (third-person singular present)
incensing (present participle)
incensed (past participle)


plump

源自中古英語 plump。

a plump of trees, fowls, or spears


congee

源自晚期中古英語 congie，源自古法語 congié、congiet（现代法語 congé），源自拉丁語 commeātus (“通行许可，批准离开”)，源自commeō (“来和去”)，源自con- + meō (“走，通过”)。比喻义借自法語 congé中的词义演化。

正式免职； 免职；(原意且尤其幽默讽刺地指) 突然离职

So courteous conge both did giue and take,
With right hands plighted, pledges of good will.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

遣散费，散伙费，打发某人离开的钱； 施舍给乞丐的钱


congee

congees (third-person singular present)
congeeing (present participle)
congeed (past participle)

给...前文名词词义代表的事物 (尤指：)

给...前文名词词义代表的事物 (尤指：)
批准，许可


preponderance

preponderancy

（数量上的）优势；大量，很多，众多

preponderancy

（影响力、实力、质量上的）优势，优越性

preponderation

（影响力、实力、质量上的）优势，优越性


procession

源自中古英語 processioun，借自古法語 pourciession，源自拉丁語 prōcessiō (“行进，前进；（晚期拉丁语）宗教队伍”)，源自prōcēdere，prōcessus (“前行，前进”)的过去分词，详见proceed。

In many a form I see thee oft
In myriad manners are thy praises told
In old processions carved on Grecian urns


relapse

源自拉丁語 relapsus，relabi (“向后滑，掉回”)的过去分词，源自re- (“反，往后”) + labi (“滑，落”)。


sedentary

源自中古法語 sédentaire，源自拉丁語 sedentārius (“坐着的”)，源自sedeō (“坐”)。

more sedentary (comparative)
most sedentary (superlative)

不活跃的，平静的，缓慢的

Such restless revolution day by day
 Repeated, while the sedentary earth
 That better might with far less compass move[…]

1667，John Milton，“Book VIII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The Soul, considered abstractedly from its Passions, is of a remiss and sedentary Nature, slow in its Resolves, and languishing in its Executions.

1711年December22日，Joseph Addison，“No. 255”, in The Spectator:

till length of years
 And sedentary numbness craze my limbs
 To a contemptible old age obscure.

1671，John Milton，“Samson Agonistes, […]”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，行s 569-571:


shrewd

约1300年，中古英語 schrewed (“堕落的，邪恶的”，字面意思是“受诅咒的”)，源自schrewen (“诅咒”)，源自schrewe、schrowe、screwe (“邪恶的人或物”)，源自古英語 scrēawa (“邪恶的人”，字面意思是“咬人的人或物”)。等价于shrew + -ed。还见shrew
“精明”一意出现于16世纪初叶，在17世纪前逐渐得到正面意。

shrewder (comparative)
shrewdest (superlative)


suffocate

源自拉丁語 suffōcāre，源自sub- (“在...之下”) + fōx (“喉咙”)

more suffocate (comparative)
most suffocate (superlative)


trance

动词派生自中古英語 traunce、trauncen、trancen (“四处移动(?)；蹦跳(?);踏地”)（派生出现代英語 trounce，同义，参见该词条）。动词应该派生自名词。

trances (third-person singular present)
trancing (present participle)
tranced (past participle)

trounce

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 踏着沉重的步子走

trounce

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 穿过

trounce

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 快速地穿过，快速地走过

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 踏着沉重的步子走

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 穿过

(英國，以外，棄用，方言，不及物) 快速地穿过，快速地走过


trance

trounce

(英國，以外，棄用，方言) 冗长的旅途

(英國，以外，棄用，方言) 冗长的旅途

So saying, he led the way out through halls and trances that were weel kend to my gudesire, and into the auld oak parlour; […]


asshole

Esshole, Asshole, the hole under the fire to hold ashes.

1775，Tim Bobbin [John Collier]，The Miscellaneous Works of Tim Bobbin, Esq., →OCLC，頁 68:


Christmas

专有名词派生自中古英語 Cristemasse、Criste-mas (“圣诞节；圣诞季节；圣诞节庆祝活动”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 Cristes mæsse (“圣诞节”，字面意思是“基督的弥撒”)，源自Crist (“基督”) + -es (属格标记词) + mæsse (“弥撒”)。英语词作Christ + -mas (表示节日或神圣的日子的后缀)分析。
名词、形容词和动词均派生自专有名词。
形容词词义指传统上与圣诞节联想起来的颜色。

Christmases (third-person singular present)
Christmasses (third-person singular present)
Christmasing (present participle)
Christmassing (present participle)
Christmased (past participle)
Christmassed (past participle)


fig

源自中古英語 fige、fygge（←fyke，源自古英語 fīc，见fike），借自盎格魯-諾曼語 figue，借自古法語 figue，源自古奧克語 figa，源自通俗拉丁語 *fīca (“无花果”)，源自拉丁語 fīcus (“无花果树”)，源自某先印欧语系语言，可能是腓尼基語 𐤐𐤂 (pg，字面意思是“成熟无花果”)（对比聖經希伯來語 פַּגָּה (paggâ，“掉下来的新鲜无花果”)、古典敘利亞語 ܦܓܐ (paggāʾ)，方言阿拉伯語 فَجّ (fajj)、فِجّ (fijj)）。（另一閃米特語族词根（对比阿卡德語 𒈠 (tīʾu，字面意思是“无花果”)）被借入古希臘語，作σῦκον (sûkon)（→英語 sycophant；皮奥夏τῦκον (tûkon)）以及亞美尼亞語中作թուզ (tʻuz)。）肥皂制造相关义项的出现是因为肥皂上的颗粒类似无花果上的。fico 的同源對似詞。

figs (third-person singular present)
figging (present participle)
figged (past participle)

认为...无意义，侮辱说...是无意义的

When Pistol lies, do this, and fig me like / The bragging Spaniard.

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:


meander

源自拉丁語 Maeander，源自古希臘語 Μαίανδρος (Maíandros)，小亚细亚地区（现位于土耳其）的一条蜿蜒曲折的河流（现代土耳其語 Menderes）。

Markings on Meander Corners. On all meander corners, the letters “M. C.” ( for meander corner) will be cut into the side facing the stream or lake to be meandered. On post or tree meander corners, within township exteriors[…]

1894，United States Bureau of Land Management，Manual of Surveying Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States and Private Land Claims，頁 44:

And as to the lands that were within the national meander boundaries, that description was based upon a state survey?

1911，United States House Committee on Public Lands，Providing for Appeals from Decisions of the Interior Department in Land Matters: Hearing Held Before the Committee on the Public Lands of the House Representatives, June 22, 1910, on H.R. 27071, "To Provide for Appeals from Decisions of the Secretary of the Interior to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, and for Other Purposes."，頁 56:


remember

源自中古英語 remembren，源自古法語 remembrer，源自晚期拉丁語 rememorari (“想起，回想起”)，源自re- + memor (“留心的”)，源自原始印歐語 *mer-、*(s)mer- (“想，留心，记”)。同源词包括古英語 mimorian、mymerian (“记忆”)、古英語 māmorian (“权衡，思量，策划”)。还见mammer。
古法语的继承因该与现存日耳曼词的发音词义相近而得到推动：古英語 mimorian、mymerian (“记忆”)←原始日耳曼語 *mimrōną、*mīmrōną (“记得，留心”)，源自同一印欧语词源，且与薩特弗里斯蘭語 mīmerje (“考量”)、中古低地德語 mimeren (“考量，思索”)、中古荷蘭語 mimeren (“考量”)（荷蘭語 mijmeren (“沉思，深思”)）、古英語 mimor (“留心的”)、古諾爾斯語 Mímir、Mim (“斯堪的纳维亚的记忆之神”)、古英語 māmrian (“想起；策划”)有亲缘关系。与mourn有关。
取代了本土词中古英語 ȝemuneȝen (“记忆”)，源自古英語 ġemynegian (“记忆；提醒”); 中古英語 minnen (“记得”)，源自古諾爾斯語 minna (“提醒”); 中古英語 munden、ȝemunden (“留意，记得”)，源自古英語 ġemynd (“记忆力”)、中古英語 ithenchen、ȝethenchen (“回想；记得”)，源自古英語 ġeþencan、中古英語 manien (“提醒，提到，记忆”)，源自古英語 manian (“劝诫，提醒，提到”)。

remembers (third-person singular present)
remembering (present participle)
remembered (past participle)

义项1中，本词是搭配动名词形式的链接动词。 义项3中，本词是搭配to不定式的链接动词。

But soon, remembering her how brief the whole
Of joy, which its own hours annihilate,
Her set gaze gathered

1870，Dante Gabriel Rossetti，Secret Parting，行s 5–7:


wait

源自中古英語 waiten，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 waiter、waitier（对比法語 guetter←古法語 gaitier、guaitier)，源自古法蘭克語 *wahtwēn (“看守，守卫”)，派生自古法蘭克語 *wahtu (“看守”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wahtwō (“看守”)，源自原始印歐語 *weǵ- (“鲜，快乐”)。同源词有古高地德語 wahtēn (“看守，守卫”)、德國低地德語 wachten (“等”)、荷蘭語 wachten (“等”)、法語 guetter (“守候”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 wachtje (“等”)、西弗里斯蘭語 wachtsje (“等”)、北弗里斯蘭語 wachtjen (“待命”)。详见watch。
很大程度上取代了本土词古英語 bīdan。

waits (third-person singular present)
waiting (present participle)
waited (past participle)

await

等待；期待 （现在多用wait for）

Remorse and heaviness of heart shall wait thee, / And everlasting anguish be thy portion.

1714，Nicholas Rowe，The Tragedy of Jane Shore:

Montague Thorold, who impatiently watched her wherever she went, came to tell her that his mother waited breakfast for her.

1791，Charlotte Smith，Celestina，Broadview, 出版於 2004，頁 185:


blind

源自中古英語 blynd，源自古英語 blind，源自原始西日耳曼語 *blind，源自原始日耳曼語 *blindaz。

blinds (third-person singular present)
blinding (present participle)
blinded (past participle)

If you're cast for fatigue by a sergeant unkind,
 Don't grouse like a woman, nor crack on, nor blind;
 Be handy and civil, and then you will find
 That it's beer for the young British soldier.

1890, Rudyard Kipling, The Young British Soldier


iceberg

借自荷蘭語 ijsberg（由ijs (“冰”) + berg (“山”)构成的复合词），源自中古荷蘭語 ijsberch。一开始指的是在船上从远处看到的冰川，后指的是这种冰川崩落下来的浮冰。与德語 Eisberg、丹麥語 isbjerg、挪威語 isberg和瑞典語 isberg同源。

冰川的向海一面 [18–19世纪]


ooze

* （名词） 中古英語 wose (“汁，液”)，源自古英語 wōs (“汁，液，沫”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wōsą（对比中古低地德語 wose (“渣滓”)、古高地德語 wasal (“雨”)、古瑞典語 os, oos），源自原始印歐語 *wóseh₂ (“汁，液”)（对比梵語 वसा (vásā，“油脂”)）。
* （动词） 中古英語 wosen，源自古英語 wōsan，见上。


poise

源自中古英語 poys、poyse，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pois、中古法語 pois (“重量”)和盎格魯-諾曼語 poise、中古法語 poise (一种重量单位)，源自拉丁語 pēnsāre (“衡量，斟酌，思考”)。

as an huge rockie clift, / Whose false foundation waues haue washt away, / With dreadfull poyse is from the mayneland rift, / […] So downe he fell […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto XII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


poise

poises (third-person singular present)
poising (present participle)
poised (past participle)

one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

to poise with solid sense a sprightly wit

1699, John Dryden, Epistle to John Dryden

重 （重量为...） （14-17世纪）

给...加重负荷 （16-18世纪）

Every man poiseth [譯 poise] upon his fellowes sinne, and elevates his owne.

1603，Michel de Montaigne，章號 2, in John Florio（譯者）, The Essayes […]，book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:


precipice

首次可考于1598年，源自中古法語 precipice，源自拉丁語 praecipitium (“陡峭之处”)，源自praeceps (“陡峭的”)，源自prae + caput (“头”)。名词的首个词义记载于1632年。


zany

源自中古法語 zani、zanni，源自意大利語 zanni (“戴面具的丑角”)，源自Zanni，Giovanni的方言形式。

小丑 （尤指滑稽模仿主要丑角的）

Then write that I may follow, and so be / Thy echo, thy debtor, thy foil, thy zany.

a. 1631, John Donne, Epistle to Mr. I. W.

O great restorer of the good old stage, / Preacher at once, and Zany of thy age!

1728，Alexander Pope，“Book III”, in The Dunciad:

Part of the illusory world is the 'quack' or mountebank who can be seen standing on his own special platform in the centre of the crowd[…]。Such a person travelled round to fairs and markets selling his nostrums or medicines. This character is dressed in a lace hat, long periwig and embroidered coat with lace cuffs, and is attended by his zany, who is wearing a chequered harlequin outfit and is 'quacking' or 'puffing' his master's wares. No seventeenth- or eighteenth-century mountebank was complete without his zany or 'Merry Andrew' – a term originally applied to Dr Andrew Boorde, physician to Henry VIII and noted for his ready wit and humour, who was the subject of many broadside ballads.

1996，Fiona Haslam，From Hogarth to Rowlandson: Medicine in Art in Eighteenth-century Britain，Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, →ISBN，頁 69:


zany

zanies (third-person singular present)
zanying (present participle)
zanied (past participle)


daft

源自中古英語 dafte、defte (“温柔的；礼貌的；谦逊的；尴尬的；无聊的；粗野的”)，源自古英語 dæfte (“乐于助人的；温柔的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *daftī (“合适的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“适”)。与古英語 dafnian、dafenian (“合适的”)、俄語 до́брый (dóbryj，“好的”)有关。
对比silly，其原指“很好的；无辜的；可怜的；弱小的”，但现在指“愚蠢的”。
与daff (“笨蛋；愚蠢的”)（过去式daffed）无关，但可能受到了其影响。

dafter (comparative)
daftest (superlative)

There's mirth in the barn and the ha', the ha', / There's mirth in the barn and the ha': / There's quaffing and laughing, / And dancing and daffing; / And our young bride's daftest of a', of a', / And our young bride's daftest of a'.

1825，“Who’s at My Window”, in The Songs of Scotland, Ancient and Modern; […] In Four Volumes，卷 III, London: Printed for John Taylor, […], →OCLC，頁 334:


termination

[O]n this idea, in naming the bases of potash and soda, it will be proper to adopt the termination which, by common consent, has been applied to other newly discovered metals... Potasium and sodium are the names...

1808, Humphry Davy, The Bakerian Lecture, on some new Phenomena of chemical Changes produced by Electricity, particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalis, and on the Exhibition of the new substances which constitute their bases; and on the general Nature of alkaline Bodies, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Part 1, p. 32.


sod

源自古英语复数过去式，或逆構詞自过去分词sodden。

more sod (comparative)
most sod (superlative)

Beer, if it be over-new, or over-stale, over-strong, or not sod,[…]is most unwholesome, frets, and galls, etc.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:
, New York, 2001, p.223:


casino

源自意大利語 casino，casa (“房子”)的指小词，源自拉丁語 casa (“小屋，棚屋”)。

casinos (plural)
casinoes (plural)
casini (plural)

小房子；度假屋 （尤指在意大利的）

Quirini [was] knowing in the belles Lettres, & highly skilled in making his Casino comfortable to all the Wits & Blues as we now call them in London.

1786, Hester Thrale Piozzi, Thraliana, 3 July:

I felt it strange, and regretted it, that so amiable a man should have contracted such dissolute habits, and at this very time, instead of living respectably with his charming Countess, had Baccelli, the superannuated dancing courtesan, in a casino in the neighbourhood.

1792, James Boswell, in Danziger & Brady (eds.), Boswell: The Great Biographer (Journals 1789–1795), Yale 1989, p. 163:


clout

源自中古英語 clout，源自古英語 clūt，源自原始日耳曼語 *klūtaz，源自原始印歐語 *gelewdos，源自原始印歐語 *gel- (“积”)。词义“（尤指政治上的）影响力”源自芝加哥方言，后传播普及。
同源词包括古諾爾斯語 klútr (“方头巾”)、瑞典語 klut、丹麥語 klud、中古高地德語 klōz (“块”)，其派生出德語 Kloß，及俄语方言глуда (gluda)。参见cleat。

And whan sche of this bille hath taken heede, / Sche rente it al to cloutes atte laste / And into the privy softely it caste.

1387–1400，Geoffrey Chaucer，“(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales，[Westminster: William Caxton, 出版於 1478], →OCLC; republished in The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […]，[London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC，行s 707-709:


connive

源自法語 conniver (“默许而成为共犯”)或直接源自其词源拉丁語 connīvēre、cōnīvēre，connīveō、cōnīveō (“闭眼，眯眼，使眼色；忽视，不管”)（可能和两个一起私下阴谋做某事的人相互使眼色有关）的复数第三人称主动完成时直陈式，源自con- (表示使几个物体在一起的后缀) + *nīvēre（与nictō (“眨眼，使眼色”)有关，源自原始印歐語 *kneygʷʰ- (“弯，垂”)）。

connives (third-person singular present)
conniving (present participle)
connived (past participle)


cringe

动词派生自中古英語 crengen (“高傲地俯身，屈尊”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 *crenċan、*crenċġan、*crengan (“使...倒下，使翻转”)，crinċġan (“屈服；畏缩；倒下；死亡”)的使役动词，源自原始日耳曼語 *krangijaną (“使倒下”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kringaną、*krinkaną (“倒下；翻转；屈服”)（源自原始印歐語 *grenǵʰ- (“翻转”)）+ *-janą (从强变化动词构成“导致某人某物做某事”一意的使役动词)。英语词与丹麥語 krænge (“翻出内侧，使...外翻”)、荷蘭語 krengen (“猛然转向”)、低地蘇格蘭語 crenge、creenge、creinge、crienge (“畏缩，耸肩”)、瑞典語 kränga (“猛然转向；猛然前倾；掷”)和西弗里斯蘭語 kringe (“捏；戳；推；坚持，催促”)同源，且是crinkle 的同源對似詞。
名词和形容词派生自动词。

cringes (third-person singular present)
cringing (present participle)
cringed (past participle)

将...拉近(身体部位)；皱起(脸)

对...点头哈腰；（点头哈腰地）陪同


consist

源自中古法語 consister，源自拉丁語 consistō (“站在一起；停下；变硬，固化；同意；继续；存在”)，源自com- (“一起”) + sistō (“站立；使...站立”)。

consists (third-person singular present)
consisting (present participle)
consisted (past participle)

本动词主要为状态动词，基本上不用进行时。参见:Category:英語狀態動詞

District number twenty-five (25) shall consist the counties of Tompkins, Seneca and Yates.

1846，District School Journal for the State of New-York - Volume 7，頁 183:

First, because it is granted by all divines, that hypothetical necessity, or necessity upon a supposition, may consist with liberty.

1841，“The” Questions Concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance:

All things do not consist by Christ today, and all the way back to Adam all things have not consisted by Christ.

2010，Michael O'Buck，Eternal Life: A Question of Honor, →ISBN:


corny

源自中古英語 corny，等价于corn + -y。至于义项“陈腐的”，源自“corn catalogue jokes”，即印在邮寄作物种子目录内的笑话，常被认为质量较低。

cornier (comparative)
corniest (superlative)

kitsch

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

kitschy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

cheesy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

tacky

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

campy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

schlocky

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

schmaltzy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

产玉米或谷粒的；含玉米的

The corny ear.

Yen day when aw was corney.

1850，Joseph Philip Robson，France's Songs of the Bards of the Tyne:


corny

拉丁語 cornu (“角”)。

more corny (comparative)
most corny (superlative)

Up stood the cornie Reed.

1667，John Milton，“Book 7”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


commute

借自拉丁語 commūtō。

commutes (third-person singular present)
commuting (present participle)
commuted (past participle)

交换，代偿；减轻（惩罚，责任等）；将...兑现

to commute tithes into rentcharges for a sum

用一笔钱来把什一税转为地租

to commute market rents for a premium

to commute daily fares for a season ticket


couth

源自中古英語 cǒuth (“熟悉的，知道的；显然的，真实的；著名的；文雅的，文质彬彬的”)，源自古英語 cūþ (“熟悉的，知道的；显而易见的；著名的；很好的；友好的；有关的”)，cunnan (“熟悉，知道；知道，了解，会，能够”)的过去分词，源自原始日耳曼語 *kunnaną (“熟悉，知道，分辨；会，能够”)（对比*kunþaz (“知道的，已知的”)），最终源自原始印歐語 *ǵneh₃- (“知道”)。同源词包括荷蘭語 kond (“已知的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 cut (“已知的”)、哥特語 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (kunþs，“已知的”)、冰島語 kuður、kunnur (“已知的”)、拉丁語 gnosco (“知道”)、古高地德語 kund、chund、chunt、中古高地德語 kunt （现代德語 kund (“知道的”)）、古撒克遜語 kūth、cûth、cuð (“为人所知的；著名的”)、低地蘇格蘭語 couth (“熟悉的，知道的”)。且是could 的同源對似詞。

more couth (comparative)
most couth (superlative)


cower

cowers (third-person singular present)
cowering (present participle)
cowered (past participle)


coy

源自中古英語 coy，源自古法語 coi，早期形式quei (“安静的”)，源自拉丁語 quiētus (“在休息的”)。quiet 的同源對似詞。

coys (third-person singular present)
coying (present participle)
coyed (past participle)

Come sit thee down upon this flowery bed, / While I thy amiable cheeks do coy.

c. 1595–1596，William Shakespeare，“A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

For now there are ſprung up a wiſer generation in this kind, who have the Art to coy the fonder ſort into their nets

1635，Edward Rainbowe，Labour Forbidden, and Commanded. A Sermon Preached at S^(t.) Pauls^([sic]) Church, September 28. 1634.，London: Nicholas Vavasour，頁 29:


concoct

源自拉丁語 concoctiō (“消化”)，源自con- (“一起”)和coquō (“烹煮”)。

concocts (third-person singular present)
concocting (present participle)
concocted (past participle)

[kʰəŋˈkʰɒkt]

For the parts of an Embryo are nourished and encreased before it hath a Stomach to concoct any thing, and yet in a perfect Fœtus none can deny that the Stomach does concoct […]

1703, Thomas Gibson, The Anatomy of Humane Bodies Epitomized, page 297:


cranky

源自crank + -y。对比中古低地德語 krankich (“不太舒服的”)。

crankier (comparative)
crankiest (superlative)


debonair

古法語 debonaire，源自短语de bon aire (“属于好的家族的，贵族的”)。

more debonair (comparative)
most debonair (superlative)

客气的，殷勤的，有礼貌的

Let be that Ladie debonaire, / Thou recreant knight, and soone thy selfe prepaire / To battell […]。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto VI”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


demise

借自中古法語 démise，démettre的阴性单数过去分词，源自拉丁語 dēmissa，dēmittō的完成时被动分词的阴性单数形式。

demises (third-person singular present)
demising (present participle)
demised (past participle)


dolt

在早期现代英语中首次作名词使用，源自英语方言词dold (“愚蠢的，困惑的”)，源自中古英語 dold，dulled、dult (“麻木的”)的变体，dullen、dollen (“使...愚蠢”)的过去分词，源自dull、dul、dwal (“愚蠢的”)。详见dull。

dolts (third-person singular present)
dolting (present participle)
dolted (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-dolt.wav


drear

She thankt him deare / Both for that newes he did to her impart, / And for the courteous care which he did beare / Both to her love and to her selfe in that sad dreare.

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book VI, Canto II”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


dreary

源自中古英語 drery，源自古英語 drēoriġ (“悲伤的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *dreuzagaz (“血腥的”)，源自原始印歐語 *dʰrews- (“破坏，粉碎”)，等价于drear + -y。同源词包括荷蘭語 treurig (“悲伤的，阴郁的”)、低地德語 trurig (“悲伤的”)、德語 traurig (“悲伤的”)、古諾爾斯語 dreyrigr (“血腥的”)。与古英語 drēor (“血，滴下的血”)、古英語 drysmian (“变阴沉”)有关。

drearier (comparative)
more dreary (comparative)
dreariest (superlative)
most dreary (superlative)

剧烈的，严重的，骇人听闻的


encroach

源自中古英語 encrochen，源自古法語 encrochier (“占领”)，源自古法語 en- + croc (“钩子”)，源自日耳曼語族。详见crook。

encroaches (third-person singular present)
encroaching (present participle)
encroached (past participle)


exquisite

源自拉丁語 exquīsītus，exquīrō (“找出，找到”)的过去分词。

more exquisite (comparative)
most exquisite (superlative)


engender

源自中古法語 engendrer，源自拉丁語 ingenerāre，源自in- + generāre (“产生”)。

engenders (third-person singular present)
engendering (present participle)
engendered (past participle)

成为...的父亲（指男性）；怀有，孕育（指女性） （14-19世纪）

交媾 （15-19世纪）

But that the bodies of the Reprobate, who make the Kingdome of Satan, ſhall alſo be glorious, or ſpirituall bodies, or that they ſhall bee as the Angels of God, neither eating, nor, drinking, nor engendering[…], there is no place of Scripture to prove it[…]

1651，Thomas Hobbes，“Of the Kingdome of Darknesse”, in Leviathan, Or The Matter Forme, & Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill，London: Andrew Crooke，頁 343:

I fled, but he purſu’d (though more, it ſeems,
 Inflam’d with luſt then rage) and ſwifter far,
 Me overtook his mother all diſmaid,
 And in embraces forcible and foule
 Ingendring with me, of that rape begot
 Theſe yelling Monſters that with ceaſleſs cry
 Surround me, as thou ſawſt[…]

1667，John Milton，“Book II”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 790–800:


whack

不详，原为苏格兰英语。可能是拟声词，但对比中古英語 thakken ← 古英語 þaccian（其因与本词异文合并而派生出thwack）。

It's a whack!


undertake

源自中古英語 undertaken，等价于under- + take（仿undernim）。

undertakes (third-person singular present)
undertaking (present participle)
undertook (past)
undertaken (past participle)

Quince. […] you must needs play Pyramus.
Bottom. Well, I will undertake it.

c. 1595–1596，William Shakespeare，“A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

Soo it happend in Spayne there was an Erles sone his name was Alphegus / and at a grete turnement in spayn this syre Vrre knyghte of Hongry and sir Alphegus of spayne encountred to gyders for veray enuy / and soo eyther vndertook other to the Vtteraunce.
"So it happened in Spain there was an earl’s son, his name was Alphegus, and at a great tournament in Spain this Sir Urre, knight of Hungary, and Sir Alphegus of Spain encountered together for very envy; and so either undertook other to the utterance."

1485，Thomas Malory，Le Morte Darthur Book XIX, Chapter x, leaf 394v:

Ne he his mouth would open unto wight,
Untill that Guyon selfe unto him spake,
And called Brigadore, (so was he hight,)
Whose voice so soone as he did undertake,
Eftsoones he stood as still as any stake,

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book V, Canto III”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC，頁 34:


foible

1640–50年代，源自早期现代中古法語 foible (“羸弱的”)（现代法語 faible）。feeble 的同源對似詞。

more foible (comparative)
most foible (superlative)

The good Fencing-maſters, in France eſpecially, when they preſent a Foyle or Fleuret to their Scholars, tell him it hath two Parts, one of which he calleth the Fort or ſtrong, and the other the Foyble or weak […]

a. 1648,, Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, The Life of Edward Lord Herbert of Cherbury, page 46:


flaunt

源自北日耳曼語支。可能与挪威語 flanta (“炫耀，四处走”)、冰島語 flana (“四处走，匆匆忙忙”)和法語 flâner (“四处走，晃荡”)有关。
还有说法称，其可能与瑞典語 flankt (“松垮地”)（对比英語 flaunt-a-flaunt）有关，其源自flanka (“摇晃”)，其为flakka (“摇摆”)的鼻音化变体，与中古英語 flacken (“来回走，颤动”)有关。还见flack。


frolic

源自荷蘭語 vrolijk (“欢喜的”)，源自中古荷蘭語 vrolijc，源自古荷蘭語 frōlīk，源自原始日耳曼語 *frawalīkaz。对比德語 fröhlich (“开心的，快乐的”)。
前一个元素，最终源自原始日耳曼語 *frawaz并与中古英語 frow (“匆忙的”)同源；之后的元素，最终源自*-līkaz并与-ly、-like同源。

more frolic (comparative)
most frolic (superlative)


frolic

He came clattering up to the school door with an invitation to Ichabod to attend a merry-making or “quilting frolic,” to be held that evening at Mynheer Van Tassel’s

1820，Washington Irving，The Legend of Sleepy Hollow:


far-fetched

more far-fetched (comparative)
most far-fetched (superlative)

it may be, if like industry were used, those far fetched druggs would prosper as well with us, as in those countries, whence now we have them […].

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 4, member 1, subsection ii:


fitful

源自fit (“抽搐；突然活跃”) + -ful (从名词构成形容词的后缀，“充满...的”，“倾向于...的”，“有...性质的”)。

more fitful (comparative)
most fitful (superlative)

capricious

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

changeable

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

changing

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

erratic

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

shifting

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

spasmodic

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

unfitful

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

Duncane is in his Graue: / After Lifes fitfull Feuer, he ſleepes well, / Treaſon ha's done his worſt: not Steele, not Poyſon, / Mallice domeſtique, forraine Leuie, nothing, / Can touch him further.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]，頁 140，列 2:


forestall

源自中古英語 forstal，源自古英語 foresteall (“阻碍，妨碍；奇袭，袭击；在高速路上阻碍交通；犯阻碍交通的罚款；抵抗，违抗”)，等价于fore- + stall。


fumble

晚期中古英語，源自低地德語 fommeln或者荷蘭語 fommelen。
或者可能源自某斯堪的纳维亚/北日耳曼語支语言，对比古諾爾斯語 fálma、瑞典語 fumla、丹麥語 fumle、德語 fummeln。
两者最终可能都是表示这一动作的拟声词。或者，源自原始印歐語 *pal- (“摇”)，参见拉丁語 palpo (“轻触”)，及原始西日耳曼語 *fōlijan (“感受”)。

fumbles (third-person singular present)
fumbling (present participle)
fumbled (past participle)

性方面不尽人意 （16至18世纪）


fawn

源自中古英語 fawne, fowne, foun，源自古法語 faon, foon, feon，源自通俗拉丁語 *fētōnem，源自拉丁語 fētus (“后代”)，源自原始印歐語 *dʰeh₁(y)- (“哺”)。取代了原生词古英語 hindċealf (字面意思是“鹿崽”)。fetus 的同源對似詞。


gingerly

副词可能派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 gençur和古法語 gençor、gensor (“更美丽的，更礼貌的”) [以及其他形式] + 英語 -ly (副词构成后缀)。gençor是gent (“美丽的，英俊的；贵族的，高贵的；礼貌的，彬彬有礼的；流利的；礼貌地；高雅地”)的比较级，源自晚期拉丁語 *gentus，拉丁語 genitus (“出身（好）的”)的变体，gignō (“结，成为...之父；导致，产生”)的被动完成时分词， 最终源自原始印歐語 *ǵenh₁- (“使...诞生；产生”)。
《牛津英语词典》指出，盎格鲁-诺曼语和古法语的12世纪的文献，以及13世纪以后才可考的现代法语词之间存在一个几个世纪的缺口。因而若现代英语词源自盎格鲁-诺曼语和古法语词，则必须是经由口头或已失传的文献传入的（可能是作为舞蹈界的术语）。
形容词派生自副词，可能是因为-ly亦是一个形容词构成后缀。

more gingerly (comparative)
most gingerly (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚli/

步伐小地，优美地；装腔作势地


gingerly

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚli/

步伐小的，优美的；装腔作势的


gremlin

不详，有这几种理论：
* goblin的变体。
* 源自愛爾蘭語 gruaimín (“阴郁而矮小的人”)或荷蘭語 gremmelen (“弄脏；使...腐败”)，或griemelen、grimmelen (“（弃用）充满，满是”)，然而根据《牛津英语词典》，这一理论缺乏证据。
本词因1943年出版的《小顽皮》（英国作家罗尔德·达尔著）而普及开来（尤其在美国），其中这种小精灵为了报复英国皇家空军摧毁了他们的森林家园而破坏了他们的飞机，之后他们又与英国合力与纳粹战斗。

bug

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

glitch

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

hitch

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

grem

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

gremmie

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

gremmy

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

grommet

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

（自20世纪20年代） 讨厌可鄙的人


grisly

源自grisle (“恐怖”) + -ly，对比中古荷蘭語 griselike、中古低地德語 grislike。

more grisly (comparative)
most grisly (superlative)

[A] very fair young gentlewoman [Sir Roger Wentworth's daughter], of twelve years of age, in marvellous manner vexed and tormented by our ghostly enemy, the devil, her mind alienated and raving, with despising and blaspheming of God, and hatred of all hallowed things, […] finally being brought and laid before the image of our blessed lady, was there, in the sight of many worshipful people, so grievously tormented, and in face, eyes, look, and countenance, so grisly changed, with her mouth drawn aside, and her eyes laid out upon her cheeks, that it was a terrible sight to behold. And after many marvellous things, […] restored to their good state, perfectly cured and suddenly.

1850，William Tyndale，引 Thomas More, “[The Solutions and Answers unto M. More’s First Book.] The Sixteenth Chapter”, in An Answer to Sir Thomas More’s Dialogue, The Supper of the Lord after the True Meaning of John VI. and 1 Cor. XI. and Wm. Tracy’s Testament Expounded. By William Tyndale, Martyr, 1536. Edited for the Parker Society, by the Rev. Henry Walter, B.D. F.R.S. [...]，Cambridge: Printed at the University Press, →OCLC，頁 90, footnote:

A valiant Captain of great prowess, as fierce as a fox assaulting a goose, was so hardy to give the first stroke: then got they so grisly together, that great was the activity that day to be seen there on both sides: the one very eager for purchase of prey, the other utterly stout for redemption of liberty: thus, quarrel enflamed the fury on both sides: twice the Danes had the better, but at the last conflict, beaten down, overcome, and many led captive for triumph by our English women.

1870，George Adlard，“A Letter: Whearin Part of the Entertainment unto the Queen’s Majesty at Killingworth Castl in Warwiksheer in this Somers Progress—1575 is Signified: 源自a Freend Officer Attendant in the Court unto His Freend a Citizen and Merchaunt of London. [...] With Explanatory Notes.”, in Amye Robsart and the Earl of Leycester; a Critical Inquiry into the Authenticity of the Various Statements in Relation to the Death of Amye Robsart, and of the Libels on the Earl of Leycester, with a Vindication of the Earl by His Nephew Sir Philip Sydney. And a History of Kenilworth Castle, including an Account of the Splendid Entertainment Given to Queen Elizabeth by the Earl of Leycester, in 1575，源自the Works of Robert Laneham and George Gascoigne; together with Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir Robert Dudley, Son of the Earl of Leycester，London: John Russell Smith, 36 Soho Square, →OCLC，頁 142:


grub

源自中古英語 grubben、grobben，源自古英語 *grubbian，源自原始西日耳曼語 *grubb-，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubb-（对比中古荷蘭語 grobben (“刮；爬；拿”)、古高地德語 grubilōn (“挖；搜”)、德語 grübeln (“思考，斟酌”)），源自原始日耳曼語 *grub- (“挖”)（对比*grabaną）。
“幼虫”一意源自中古英語 grub、grubbe、grobbe、crubbe，可能发展自将上面动词解读成“挖昆虫”的说法，或源自中古英語 grub (“矮子”)，其不确定是否与本词有关。对比西弗里斯蘭語 krobbe (“昆虫”)。俚语义“食物”首个记载见于1659年，被认为是与鸟吃幼虫产生联想而发展来的，或者可能与bub (“饮料”)产生了联想。


gruel

源自中古英語 gruel、gruwel、greuel、growel (“用扁豆等制成的谷物粗粉”)，源自古法語 gruel (“谷物粗粉”→ 法語 gruau)，源自中世紀拉丁語 grutellum，中世紀拉丁語 grutum (“面粉；谷物粗粉”)的指小词，源自某日耳曼語族语言，多半是古英語 grūt (“面粉；谷物粗粉”)或可能是古法蘭克語 *grūt，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *grūtiz (“砂砾”)。对比荷蘭語 gruit、中古低地德語 grūt、中古高地德語 grūz、德語 Grütze (“谷物”)。亦与英語 groats、grit有关。


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。

hurls (third-person singular present)
hurling (present participle)
hurled (past participle)

On Nicias a philosopher having his shoes stolen from him, may they, said he, fit his feet that took them away. A wish at the first view very harmless, but there was that in it which poisoned his charity into a malicious revenge. For he himself had hurled or crooked feet, so that in effect he wished the thief to be lame.

1645，Thomas Fuller，Good Thoughts in Bad Times:


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。


hide

源自古英語 hȳd，源自日耳曼語族，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdi，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdiz，源自原始印歐語 *kéw(H)tis (“皮，皮肤”)（对比拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤，皮”)），源自原始印歐語 *(s)kew(H)- (“盖”)，最终与上面的词源词根相同。还见sky。
参见西弗里斯蘭語 hûd、荷蘭語 huid、德語 Haut、威爾士語 cwd (“阴囊”)、拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤”)、立陶宛語 kutys (“钱包”)、古希臘語 κύτος (kútos，“浅容器”)、σκῦτος (skûtos，“掩盖”)。


handful

源自中古英語 handful、hondful，源自古英語 handfull (“一手，一抓”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *handufullō、*handufulliz (“满手，一手”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *handuz (“手”) + *fullaz (“满的”)，等价于hand + full (“满...的东西”)或hand + -ful。同源词包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 Hondful (“满手，一手”)、西弗里斯蘭語 hânfol (“满手，一手”)、荷蘭語 handvol (“满手，一手”)、德語 Handvoll (“满手，一手”)、丹麥語 håndfuld (“满手，一手”)、瑞典語 handfull (“满手，一手”)、冰島語 handfylli (“满手，一手”)。

Knap the tongs together about a handful from the bottom.

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:


happy-go-lucky

Then we have a new bunch growing up called "casuals". I looked that up in the dictionary and it means happy-go-luckies. The amount for these happy-go-luckies or casuals involves another 25 per cent of the total amount of the item, and we are asked to vote it without any details whatsoever.

1950，Canada. Parliament. House of Commons，Official Report of Debates:


happy-go-lucky

more happy-go-lucky (comparative)
most happy-go-lucky (superlative)

You have nothing to fear ; you have your twenty guineas in your pocket for helping me into my service, and if I get into Mrs. Martha's quarters, you have a hundred more ; if into the widow's, fifty : — happy go lucky !

1731，William Wycherley，Plays Written by Mr. William Wycherley:


harass

动词派生自中古法語、古法語 harasser (“使...力竭；折磨，烦扰”)（现代法語 harasser (“使...力竭”)），可能源自古法語 harer (“放狗追”)，源自古法蘭克語 *hara (“此处，到这里”，命令狗攻击的指令)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hē₂r (“这里”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *ḱe (“这里；这个”) + *ís (“那个，那位”) + *-r。
名词派生自动词。

harasses (third-person singular present)
harassing (present participle)
harassed (past participle)

don't ask, don't tell, don't harass, don't pursue

使...筋疲力竭，使...劳累不堪

As the waters wear to pieces the stones, / As their overflowings sweep the soil from the land,— / So consumest thou the hope of man; / Thou harassest him continually till he perish; / Thou weariest out his frame, and despatchest him.

1812，John Mason Good，“Part II. First Series of Controversy.”, in The Book of Job, Literally Translated from the Original Hebrew, and Restored to Its Natural Arrangement: […]，London: […] [F]or Black, Parry, and Co. […], by R. Watts, Broxbourn Press, →OCLC, Job XIV:19–20:

'[T]is true, that he neither harasseth his vassals from morn to eve by hard labour and exaction, nor committeth them to the dungeon, when they can no longer work nor pay. But to knights of our calling, Monsieur Robichon, he is as ill disposed as the worst of them:— […]

1825，Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym]，“Substance of Some Traditions Respecting Grimmfer the Wizard”, in New Landlord’s Tales; or, Jedediah in the South. […]，卷 II, London: […] [S. Gosnell] for T[homas] Hookham, […], →OCLC, chapter I，頁s 126–127:


hoary

hoarier (comparative)
hoariest (superlative)

发霉的; 生苔的; 陈旧的。


hobnob

源自hob and nob、hob or nob (干杯时所喊出的一个短语，可能意为give and take，指轮流干杯或轮流买酒，现已古旧)，源自方言词hab nab (“有或没有，指去喝酒的邀请”)，源自古英語 habban (“拥有”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *keh₂p- (“拿，掠”)） + nabban (“没有”)（源自ne（最终源自原始印歐語 *ne (“不，否”)） + habban）。

With a hob-nob, and a merry go-round, / We'll pull in ere reason fail; / For the stoutest man in the kingdom found, / Must knock under to humming ale.

1823，Jon Bee [pseudonym; John Badcock]，“Hob-nob”, in Slang. A Dictionary of the Turf, the Ring, the Chase, the Pit, of Bon-ton, and the Varieties of Life, Forming the Completest and Most Authentic Lexicon Balatronicum hitherto Offered to the Notice of the Sporting World, …，London: Printed for T. Hughes, 35, Ludgate-Street, →OCLC，頁 97:

A prologue of cherry bounce,—brandy,—preceded the entertainment, which was enlivened by hob-nobs and joyous toasts.

1870 May，“Irish Life”, in The Saint Pauls Magazine，卷 VI, London: Strahan & Co., publishers, 56, Ludgate Hill, →OCLC，頁 203:


hobnob

hobnobs (third-person singular present)
hobnobbing (present participle)
hobnobbed (past participle)

He is knight dubb'd with vnhatche'd Rapier, and on carpet conſideration, but he is a diuell in priuate brall, soules and bodies hath he diuorc'd three, and his incenſement at this moment is ſo implacable, that ſatisfaction can be none, but by pangs of death and ſepulcher: Hob, nob, is his word: giu't or take't.

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]，頁 269:

互相碰杯 （自19世纪初叶）

I have frequently heard one gentleman, in company, say to another, will you hob-nob with me? When this challenge was accepted, the glasses were instantly filled, and then they made the glasses touch or kiss each other. This gentle striking of the drinking vessels I always supposed explained the term hob-nob.

1828，[William Carr]，“[A Glossary of the Craven Dialect.] HOB-NOB”, in The Dialect of Craven, in the West-riding of the County of York, with a Copious Glossary, Illustrated by Authorities from Ancient English and Scotting Writers, and Exemplified by Two Familiar Dialogues. By a Native of Craven. In Two Volumes，第2nd much enlarged版, 卷 I, London: Printed for W[illia]m Crofts, 59, Carley-Street, Lincoln's Inn; Leeds: Robinson and Hernaman, →OCLC，頁 229:


hobnob

随机地，随便地，碰运气地


hoodwink

动词派生自hood (“兜帽，风帽”) + wink (“闭眼”)。
名词派生自动词。

hoodwinks (third-person singular present)
hoodwinking (present participle)
hoodwinked (past participle)


incredulous

借自拉丁語 incrēdulus (“不相信的”)。

more incredulous (comparative)
most incredulous (superlative)

难以置信的 （自17世纪）

Why euery thing adheres togither, that no dramme of a scruple, no scruple of a scruple, no obstacle, no incredulous or vnsafe circumstance […]。

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]:

Faced with these facts, we find it incredulous that [the] defendant had any intent other than the armed robbery of the service station.

1984, Supreme Court of Illinois, opinion in People v Terrell, 459 N.E.2d 1337, quoted in David C. Brody, James R. Acker, and Wayne A. Logan, Criminal Law, Jones & Bartlett Publishers (2001), ISBN 0-8342-1083-5, page 564,


indemnify

源自in- (“里”) + damnify (“伤害，亏待”)，被同化入indemn和indemnify (“保障，保险；补偿”)。

indemnifies (third-person singular present)
indemnifying (present participle)
indemnified (past participle)


ingrate

源自拉丁語 ingrātus (“令人不快的”)，in- (“不”) + grātus (“让人愉快的”)。

more ingrate (comparative)
most ingrate (superlative)

unpleasant

讨厌的，令人不快的；不友好的 （18世纪）

unfriendly

讨厌的，令人不快的；不友好的 （18世纪）

The causes of that which is pleasing , or ingrate to the hearing , may receive light by that which is pleasing or ingrate to the sight

Who, for ſo many benefits receiv'd, / Turn'd recreant to God, ingrate and falſe, / And ſo of all true good himſelf deſpoil'd, […]

1671，John Milton，“The Third Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 61:

讨厌的，令人不快的；不友好的 （18世纪）


impugn

借自中古法語 impugner，源自拉丁語 impugnō，源自im- + pugnō (“打斗”)，源自pugnus (“拳头”)，即英语中的pugilism (“用拳头打架”)。

impugns (third-person singular present)
impugning (present participle)
impugned (past participle)


indoctrinate

indoctrinates (third-person singular present)
indoctrinating (present participle)
indoctrinated (past participle)


hyperbole

源自拉丁語 hyperbolē，源自古希臘語 ὑπερβολή (huperbolḗ，“超过，夸张”)，源自ὑπέρ (hupér，“上”) + βάλλω (bállō，“丢，抛”)。hyperbola 的同源對似詞。


jetty

源自法語 jetée (“码头，堤道”)，源自jeter。对比jet、jutty。

jetties (third-person singular present)
jettying (present participle)
jettied (past participle)

ADENTELLARE […] It is properly to jetty out, or indent stones or timber of any unfinished building, that another may the easier be joyned unto, or that finished.

1598，John Florio，A Worlde of Wordes, or Dictionarie of the Italian and English tongues:


kibosh

可能是bosh (“胡言”)的变体。

Still I wish you a 'Appy New Year, if you care for the kibosh, old Chappie, / Though 'taint 'Igh Art Cards full o' gush and green paint 'll make you and me 'appy. / Wot we want is lucre and larks, love and lotion as much as you'll carry!

1885年January3日，’Arry [pseudonym]，“’Arry on ’Appiness”, in Punch, or The London Charivari，卷 LXXXVIII, London: […] Bradbury, Agnew, & Co., […], →OCLC，頁 4，列 1:

Gar'n! Gives me the 'ump, all this kibosh 'bout morals, and taste, and all that.

1887年April9日，’Arry [pseudonym]，“Studies from Mr. Punch’s Studio. No. XXIV.”, in Punch, or The London Charivari，卷 XCII, London: […] Bradbury, Agnew, & Co., […], →OCLC，頁 172，列 2:


kibosh

She was, in very Sooth, among the highest of the Rollers, but Hiram stood for the Bills with nary a Whimper. He was proud to be the Husband of the Lady Ki-Bosh of the Local Knickerbockers.

1904 March，George Ade，“Rugged Hiram and Hiram’s Giddy Wife”, in Breaking into Society，New York, N.Y., London: Harper & Brothers, →OCLC，頁 34:


limp

源自中古英語 limpen，源自古英語 limpan (“发生；存在；属于；适合；有关于”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *limpaną (“滑动，适合”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)lemb-、*(s)lembʰ- (“松垮地垂”)。与低地蘇格蘭語 limp (“发生”)、中古荷蘭語 limpen (“发生”)、中古低地德語 gelimpen (“缓和”)、中古高地德語 limfen (“合适；成为”)同源。

limps (third-person singular present)
limping (present participle)
lamp (past)
limped (past)
lump (past participle)
limped (past participle)


lurch

源自拉丁語 lurcāre。

lurches (third-person singular present)
lurching (present participle)
lurched (past participle)

Too far off from great cities, which may hinder business; too near them, which lurcheth all provisions, and maketh everything dear.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Building”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:


lurch

源自中古英語 *lurche（由lurching推测出），源自古法語 lourche (“被骗的；尴尬的；一种游戏”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *lort (“左；左撇子的；扭曲的；弯曲的；变形的；狡诈的；跛脚的”)。与英語 lirt同源。

And in the brunt of seventeen battles since / He lurched all swords of the garland.

c. 1608–1609，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:


lithe

源自中古英語 lithen，源自古英語 līþan (“走，旅行，航行，失去”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *līþaną (“走，离开，遭受”)，源自原始印歐語 *leyt- (“走，启程，死”)。与北弗里斯蘭語 lyen、lije (“遭受”)、荷蘭語 lijden (“遭受，忍耐，停留”)、德語 leiden (“遭受，忍受，允许”)同源。参见lode、lead。

lithes (third-person singular present)
lithing (present participle)
lithed (past)
lode (past)
lithed (past participle)
lidden (past participle)


lithe

源自中古英語 lithe，源自古英語 līþe (“轻柔的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *linþ(ī)，源自原始日耳曼語 *linþaz，源自原始印歐語 *lentos。与薩特弗里斯蘭語 lied (“瘦的，憔悴的”)，丹麦语和古德语lind (“温和的”)有关。在哥特语中不可考。一些文献指出拉丁語 lenis (“软的”)和/或拉丁語 lentus (“柔软灵活的”)亦为其同源词。

lither (comparative)
lithest (superlative)

lithe weather


lithe

源自中古英語 lithen，源自古英語 līþian、līþiġian (“使...软，使...宁静，使...缓和，安抚”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *linþijaną (“使...软”)，源自原始印歐語 *lento- (“有弹性的”)。与德語 lindern (“减轻，缓和”)同源。

使...软，使...平静，缓和，减轻

England.. hath now suppled, lithed and stretched their throats.

a. 1652, Thomas Adams, Physic from Heaven

Give me also faith, Lord,.. to lithe, to form, and to accommodate my spirit and members.

1642, Daniel Rogers, Naaman the Syrian: His Disease and Cure


lithe

源自中古英語 lithen，源自古諾爾斯語 hlýða (“听”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hliuþijaną (“听”)，源自原始印歐語 *ḱlewe- (“听见”)。与丹麥語 lytte (“听”)同源。与古英語 hlēoþor (“声音，声响，嗓音，歌声”)、古英語 hlūd (“吵闹的，洪亮的”)有关。其他见loud。

lithes (third-person singular present)
lithing (present participle)
lithed (past participle)


missive

15世纪，源自中世紀拉丁語 missīvus，源自mittō (“发送”)。

Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it came missives from the King, who all hailed me ‘Thane of Cawdor,’ by which title these Weird Sisters saluted me and referred me to the coming on of time with ‘Hail king that shalt be.’

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):


missive

15世纪，源自中世紀拉丁語 missīvus，源自mittō (“发送”)。


mortify

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 mortifier、中古法語 mortifier，源自晚期拉丁語 mortificō (“使...死亡”)，源自拉丁語 mors (“死亡”) + -ficō (“化”)。

mortifies (third-person singular present)
mortifying (present participle)
mortified (past participle)

杀害 （14-17世纪）

扼杀，废止 （14-18世纪）

Quicksilver is mortified with turpentine.

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

使...坏死 （活体组织等） （15-18世纪）

使...沮丧，使...懊恼，烦扰

the news of the fatal battle of Worcester, which exceedingly mortified our expectations

22 September 1651 (date in diary), 1818 (first published), John Evelyn, John Evelyn's Diary


nihility

源自文藝復興拉丁語 nihilitas，源自拉丁語 nihil (“没有东西”)。

不存在的事物 （18-19世纪）

Della Crusca says all past Actions are Nihilities; & that the immediate Instant is the whole of human Existence—A bad Accᵗ of it surely!

1788, Hester Thrale Piozzi, Thraliana, 26 December:


mermaid

源自中古英語 mermayde (“海的少女”)，源自mere (“海，湖”) + maid，等价于mer- + maid。对比古英語 meremenn、meremennen、meremenin (“人鱼，妖女”)。

A gentleman, or an honest citizen shall not sit in your penny-bench theaters, with his squirrel by his side cracking nuts; nor sneak into a tavern with his mermaid; but he shall be satir'd and epigramm'd upon […]

1602，Thomas Dekker，Satiromastix，act 4, scene 2:


mignon

源自法語 mignon，源自中古法語 mignon (“爱人”)，源自古法語 mignon (“精致的，舒心的，温柔的”)，源自古法蘭克語 *minnjo (“爱情，友情，喜爱，回忆”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *minþijō、*mindijō (“想念，关怀”)，源自原始印歐語 *men-、*mnā- (“想”)。与古高地德語 minnja (“爱，关怀，欲望，回忆”)、古撒克遜語 minnea (“爱”)同源。见mind。亦对比minion和荷蘭語 minnen (“爱”)。

可爱的人，可爱的孩子（18到19世纪）

“I wish the blow he dealt to that fine essenced mignon had beat his brains out.”

1789, John Moore, Zeluco, Valancourt 2008, p. 264:


misbegotten

/ˌmɪsbɪˈɡɒtn̩/

/ˌmɪsbɪˈɡɑtn̩/


paramount

原始印歐語詞
 *h₂éd
源自盎格魯-諾曼語 paramont、paramount (“至高无上的，卓越的；在上面的”)，源自古法語 par、per (“以...的手段”) + amont、amunt (“向上”)。Par派生自拉丁語 per (“以...的手段，通过”)，源自原始印歐語 *per- (“穿过；通过”);amont和amunt则源自拉丁語 ad montem (“朝向山；向上”)，源自ad (“向上往”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *h₂éd (“在；到”)） + montem（mōns (“山”)的宾格单数，最终源自原始印歐語 *men- (“耸立，矗立”)）。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-paramount.wav

utmost

至高无上的；领先的，领导的

paravail

至高无上的；领先的，领导的


paramour

源自中古英語 paramour、paramoure、peramour、paramur，源自古法語 par amor (“为了爱”)。

/ˈpæ.ɹə.mʊə/

/ˈpæ.ɹə.mɔː/

圣母玛利亚或耶稣（说话人的异性）


obsequious

源自中古英語 obsequyous，源自拉丁語 obsequiōsus (“顺从的，点头哈腰的”) ，源自obsequium (“顺从”)，源自obsequor (“服从，遵守”)，源自ob (“朝向”) + sequor (“跟随”)（对比sequel）。

more obsequious (comparative)
most obsequious (superlative)


prodigious

源自中古法語 prodigieux，源自拉丁語 prōdigiōsus (“异常的，怪异的，奇特的，出奇的”)，源自prōdigium (“怪事，怪物，征兆”)。就词形分析：prodigy + -ous。

more prodigious (comparative)
most prodigious (superlative)

/pɹəˈdɪd͡ʒəs/


pageant

14世纪末叶作中古英語 pagent，源自中世紀拉丁語 pagina (“奥迹剧”)，多半源自拉丁語 pāgina (“页”)。

spectacle

（尤指穿传统服饰的）盛大游行


prowl

源自中古英語 prollen，其词源不详。

prowls (third-person singular present)
prowling (present participle)
prowled (past participle)

to prowl money


poignant

源自中古英語 poynaunt、poynant，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 puignant、poynaunt等，poindre (“刺”)的现在分词，源自拉丁語 pungō (“刺”)。pungent 的同源對似詞。

more poignant (comparative)
most poignant (superlative)

distressing

感人的，动人的，让人感伤的

moving

感人的，动人的，让人感伤的

His siluer shield, now idle maisterlesse; / His poynant speare, that many made to bleed [...].

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


ornery

ordinary的缩约形或方言读法。

ornerier (comparative)
orneriest (superlative)


quaint

源自中古英語 queynte、quoynte，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cointe、queinte和古法語 cointe (“聪明的”)，源自拉丁語 cognitus，cognōscō (“知道”)的过去分词。

quainter (comparative)
quaintest (superlative)

fastidious

过度细致的，苛求的 （15-19世纪）

狡猾的，精明的 （13-19世纪）

精妙的，巧妙的 （14-19世纪）

describe races and games, / Or tilting furniture, imblazon'd shields, / Impresses quaint, caparisons and steeds, / Bases and tinsel trappings […]。

1667，John Milton，“Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

过度细致的，苛求的 （15-19世纪）

She, nothing quaint / Nor 'sdeignfull of so homely fashion, / Sith brought she was now to so hard constraint, / Sate downe upon the dusty ground anon […]。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


quell

源自中古英語 quellen，源自古英語 cwellan (“杀死”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *kwalljan，源自原始日耳曼語 *kwaljaną (“杀死”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *gʷelH-。同源词有德語 quälen (“折磨”)、瑞典語 kvälja (“折磨”)、冰島語 kvelja (“折磨”)。亦对比古典亞美尼亞語 կեղ (keł，“疮，溃疡”)、古教會斯拉夫語 жаль (žalĭ，“痛”)。参见kill。它可能是本词的同源对似词。

quells (third-person singular present)
quelling (present participle)
quelled (past participle)

Well prov'd in that same day, when Jove those gyants quelled.

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book V”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

减弱，平息 （16-17世纪）


personable

源自中古英語 personable、personabil，等价于person + -able。对比出现于13世纪末英国文献内的中世紀拉丁語 personabilis (“个人的”)。中古法语personable (“重要的”)在1528年前无记载。

more personable (comparative)
most personable (superlative)

friendly

友好的，友善的；优雅的，有风度的

amiable

友好的，友善的；优雅的，有风度的

The Queen be by that name personable to plead

The demaundant was iudged personable to maintaine this action


rabble

源自中古英語 rabel，可能源自上方的动词。

plebs

下等人们，暴民们 （16世纪50年代起）

riffraff

下等人们，暴民们 （16世纪50年代起）

模糊不清的话，胡话，废话


regale

源自法語 régaler (“取悦于，款待”)，源自古法語 regale、rigale，源自gale (“欢乐”)，可能源自日耳曼語族（参见古法語 galer）。受到了古法語 se rigoler (“开心，愉悦”)的影响，其词源不详。对比中古高地德語 begalen (“迷住”)、英語 gale (“唱歌；使...陶醉”)。亦对比英語 gala。

regales (third-person singular present)
regaling (present participle)
regaled (past participle)

she hardly lets a Week pass without making the Lady Abbess and her Nuns a Visit, to regale with a Cup of burnt Brandy.

1723, Charles Walker, Memoirs of Sally Salisbury, V:


revulsion

The recent financial revulsion has revealed the feeble basis on which credit now stands[…]

1858，“Our Window”, in Emerson's Magazine and Putnam's Monthly，卷 6，頁 329:

突然的情感波动，突然的反应

We resolve, and our resolutions melt away with a word and a look: we are the toys of an emotion. And yet I think Norbourne was right in his sudden revulsion in favour of his uncle. We are rarely wrong when we act from impulse.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“The Result”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 I, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 234:

A sudden and violent revulsion of feeling, both in the Parliament and the country, followed.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 1, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:


recluse

源自古法語 reclus，reclure的过去分词，源自拉丁語 reclūdere，reclūdō (“公开，揭露；打开”)的现在主动不定式，源自re- + claudō (“关闭”)。


recluse

recluses (third-person singular present)
reclusing (present participle)
reclused (past participle)


requiem

源自中古英語 requiem，源自拉丁語 requiem，传统安魂弥撒的进堂咏的第一个词，拉丁語 requiēs (“休息”)的一种宾格形式，源自re- (“再”) + quiēs (“安静，安息”)。


ruffian

源自中古法語 rufian，源自意大利語 ruffiano (“皮条客”)。

rogue

恶徒，无赖，恶棍；狡诈的人；不可靠的人

scamp

恶徒，无赖，恶棍；狡诈的人；不可靠的人

He [her husband] is no sooner abroad than she is instantly at home, revelling with her ruffians.

1621, John Reynolds, The Triumphs of God's Revenge against the crying and execrable Sinne of Murther


petulant

源自中古法語，源自拉丁語 petulāns，与petere有关。

more petulant (comparative)
most petulant (superlative)

Who hath not like cause to complain, and is not so troubled, that shall fall into the mouths of such men? for many are of so petulant a spleen

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:


paradox

源自中古法語 paradoxe，源自拉丁語 paradoxum，源自古希臘語 παράδοξος (parádoxos，“意外的，奇怪的”)。

(悖论)： 与自己本身相悖的论点叫做paradox (“悖论，自相矛盾”)，两个相悖的论点叫做antinomy (“矛盾”)

(反直觉的结果)： 该义项可能会被认为错误或不准确。1995年January14日，Ian Stewart，“Paradox of the Spheres”, in New Scientist:
Banach and Tarski's theorem (commonly known as the Banach-Tarski paradox, though it is not a true paradox, being counterintuitive rather than self-contradictory) […]
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯） 1998，Encyclopedia of Applied Physics，頁 270:
It is not a true paradox, merely highly nonintuitive behavior, if one accepts the realistic and local assumptions of EPR.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

(难解的问题)： 该义项可能会被认为错误或不准确。1917，George Crabb，“ENIGMA, PARADOX, RIDDLE”, in Crabb's English Synonymes，第Centennial版:
An enigma, therefore, is not a paradox, but a paradox, not being intelligible, may seem like an enigma.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

Ay, truly; for the power of beauty will sooner / transform honesty from what it is to a bawd than the / force of honesty can translate beauty into his / likeness: this was sometime a paradox, but now the / time gives it proof.

1594，William Shakespeare，The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Act III:

they contended to make that Maxim, that there is no faith to be held with Infidels, a meere and absurd Paradox [...].

1615，Ralph Hamor，A True Discourse of the Present State of Virginia，Richmond, 出版於 1957，頁 3:


paragon

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 paragone、peragone、中古法語 paragon，源自意大利語 paragone (“对比”)或西班牙語 parangón，源自paragonare，源自古希臘語 παρακονάω (parakonáō，“削尖，研磨”)，源自παρά (pará) + ἀκόνη (akónē，“磨刀石”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₂eḱ- (“尖”)）。

旗鼓相当者，势均力敌者（16至19世纪）

Philoclea, who indeed had no paragon but her sister

a. 1587，Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney]，“(please specify the page number)”, in The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia]，London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC:

Nathlesse proud man himselfe the other deemed,
Having so peerlesse paragon ygot

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book IV, Canto II”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

竞赛 （16至17世纪）

good by paragone / Of euill, may more notably be rad, / As white seemes fairer, macht with blacke attone […]。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto IX”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


relish

变换自reles (“气味，味道，回味”)，源自古法語 relais、reles (“残留物”)，源自relaisser (“残留”)。

relishes (third-person singular present)
relishing (present participle)
relished (past participle)

有...的味道，尝起来 （16到19世纪）

honourable enterprises are accompanied with dangers and damages, as experience evinceth; they will make the rest of thy life relish the better.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 3, member 3:

A theory, which, how much soever it may relish of wit and invention, hath no foundation in nature.

1695, John Woodward, An essay toward a natural history of the earth


belie

源自中古英語 belyen、beliggen，源自古英語 beliċġan、biliċġan (“围绕，包围”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *biliggjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *biligjaną (“围绕”)。等价于be- (“周围”) + lie (“位于”)。

belies (third-person singular present)
belying (present participle)
belay (past)
belain (past participle)


belie

源自中古英語 belyen、beleoȝen，源自古英語 belēogan (“欺骗”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *bileugan (“欺骗”)。等价于be- (“关于”) + lie (“欺骗”)。对比荷蘭語 beliegen (“说关于...的谎”)、德語 belügen (“欺骗，对...说谎”)。

belies (third-person singular present)
belying (present participle)
belied (past participle)

slander

说关于...的谎 （自13世纪）

calumniate

说关于...的谎 （自13世纪）

misrepresent

歪曲，歪曲关于...的事实，错误代表

contradict

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

give lie to

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

give the lie to

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）


burgeon

源自中古英語 burjon、burioun (“芽”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 burjun、burgeon、burgon（对比古法語 burjon (“苞”)），源自古古法蘭克語 *burjo (“芽；后代”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *burjô (“芽；后代”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *burjaną (“升起”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰer-。对比古高地德語 burjan、burien、burren (“升起”)、古英語 byrian (“出现，发生”)、古英語 byre (“子嗣，后代”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 buron (“萌芽”)。还见bear。
另有词源认为古法語 burjon (“芽”)源自通俗拉丁語 *burrionem，*burrio的，源自晚期拉丁語 burra (“绒毛”)（可能指盖在某些芽上的绒毛）。

/ˈbɜː.d͡ʒən/

/ˈbɝː.d͡ʒən/


bullion

源自中古英語 bulloin、bullioun，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 bullion，其词源不详，可能源自法語 bouillon，自“熔化”一意引申而来。中古荷蘭語 boelioen (“贱金属”)可能源自无关的法語 billon。

（肩章等上面的，贵金属制的）弯曲边缘

The hair was plaited with bullion and red riband, and then wound round the head, something after the fashion of a turban, save that it entirely displayed the forehead.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXII, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 257:


refined

more refined (comparative)
most refined (superlative)

精准的，精确的，尤指：
睿智的，聪明的， 过于讲究的；假装聪明的

提纯的，无杂质的，尤指： 有道德的，无污点的


reprieve

1571年，意为“带回监狱”，源自中古英語 repryen (“扣押，羁押”)（1494年），可能源自中古法語 repris，reprendre (“拿回”)的一个变位形式，与reprise同源。其词义已被泛化，但还暗含监狱或处刑的色彩。名词用法自1598年可考。对比拉丁語 privare。

reprieves (third-person singular present)
reprieving (present participle)
reprieved (past participle)

将...押回监狱 （而不处死）


bravado

源自法語 bravade (“自夸”)，源自意大利語 bravata，源自动词bravare (“自夸”)，源自bravo。

/bɹɑːˈvɑːdoʊ/

/bɹəˈvɑːdoʊ/


bravado

bravados (third-person singular present)
bravadoing (present participle)
bravadoed (past participle)

/bɹɑːˈvɑːdoʊ/

/bɹəˈvɑːdoʊ/


boggle

变化或派生自bogle，可能与bug同源。

boggles (third-person singular present)
boggling (present participle)
boggled (past participle)

I would be loth to exchange consciences with them, and boggle so with God Almighty; but these men by a new kind of Metaphysick have found out a way to abstract the Person of the King from his Office to make his Soveraigntie a kinde of Platonick Idea hovering in the aire, while they visibly attempt to assail and destroy his person […]

1643, James Howell, The True Informer, London, p. 32,


stipend

由中古法語 stipende借入中古英語，源自拉丁語 stipendium (“薪资，薪水”)。

stipends (third-person singular present)
stipending (present participle)
stipended (past participle)

给...提供薪水，津贴等[自15世纪]

As well as enjoying links in the royal court, he was said to stipend some 200 individuals in the city of Paris to spread favourable news stories about himself.

2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin 2003, p. 122:


put out

puts out (third-person singular present)
putting out (present participle)
put out (past participle)

所有及物义项的宾语可在助词前也可在助词后。若为代词，则必须在助词前。


rub out

rubs out (third-person singular present)
rubbing out (present participle)
rubbed out (past participle)

两个及物义项中，宾语可出现在助词前面或后面。若宾语为代词，则必须出现在助词前。


tabulate

源自table + -ate，对比晚期拉丁語 tabulātus (“有地板的”)，tabulō (“给...安装木板”)的完成时被动分词 + -ātus（最终源自原始印歐語 *-eh₂tos (从名词构成形容词的后缀，表示拥有某物或某种特质)。tabulō派生自tabula (“木板”)，其词源不详。可能源自原始印歐語 *teh₂-（*steh₂- (“站”)的变体） + *-dʰlom（*-trom (构成表示工具的名词的后缀)的变体）。

tabulates (third-person singular present)
tabulating (present participle)
tabulated (past participle)

enroll

将...登记在官方记录内

将...登记在官方记录内

The order of Tabulating Summonds is now much alter'd, for no Summonds are Tabulated except Actions of Declarators, Improbations, Contraventions, and other Actions at the King's Advocats inſtance, […]

1687，George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh，“King James the Fifth, Parl. 5. [Act 52.]”, in Observations on the Acts of Parliament, …，Edinburgh: Printed by the heir of Andrew Anderson, printer to His Most Sacred Majesty, and are to be sold by Thomas Brown, and other book-sellers, →OCLC，頁 134:


tabulate

℞. the three kindes of ſaunders, and Diarrhodon Abbatis, ana. ℈. j. the bone of the Hartes heart one in number, ſugar roſate tabulate, or white ſugar diſſolued in roſe water as much as ſufficeth, make an Electuarie, gild it with leaues of pure golde in weight ℥. ß.

1596，Philip Barrough [i.e., Philip Barrow]，“Of Electuaries, and Conserues: of Lozenges, and Manus Christi”, in The Method of Phisick, Containing the Cavses, Signes, and Cvres of Inward Diseases in Mans Body, from the Head to the Foote. Whereunto is Added, The Forme and Rule of Making Remedies and Medicines, which Our Physitions Commonly Vse at this Day, with the Proportion, Quantitie, and Names of Each Medicine，第3rd corrected and augmented版, book VII, Imprinted at London: By Richard Field, and are to be sold in Paules Church yard at the signe of the brasen Serpent, →OCLC，頁s 404–405:

A Bad ſtomacke is otherwhiles no ſmall cauſe of this ſwouning, for it procureth before the ſwouning come a heate ouer the whole bodie. As ſoone as this ſhall be perceiued, it is not amiſſe to vſe for it confected Balſam wood, but in the ſtead thereof take Tabulates of Xyloaloe, which are very requiſite for it.

1605，Christopher Wirtzung [i.e. Christof Wirsung]，“Of the Hart, the Most Precious Part of Mans Body”, in Jacob Mosan（譯者）, The General Practise of Physicke: Conteyning All Inward and Outward Parts of the Body, with All the Accidents and Infirmities that are Incident vnto Them, euen from the Crowne of the Head to the Sole of the Foote: … in the Germane Tongue, and now Translated into English, in Diuerse Places Corrected, and with Many Additions Illustrated and Augmented, …，London: [Printed by Richard Field] Impensis [at the expense of] Georg[e] Bishop, →OCLC, § 1 (Of the Fainting of the Hart in Generall. [The Order of Life or Diet for This Faintnes of the Hart.])，頁 259:

For all faintness, hot agues, heavy fantasies and imaginations, a cordial was prepared in tabulates, which was called Manus Christi: the true receipt required one ounce of prepared pearls to twelve of fine sugar, boiled with rose water, violet water, cinnamon water, "or howsoever one would have them."

1834，[Robert Southey]，“Quack and No Quack, being an Account of Dr. Green and His Man Kemp. Popular Medicine, Herbary, Theory of Signatures, William Dove, John Wesley, and Baxter.”, in The Doctor, &c.，卷 I, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, →OCLC，頁 236:


tantamount

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 tant amount，源自amunter，源自tant (“如此”) amonter (“总计”)。

tantamounts (third-person singular present)
tantamounting (present participle)
tantamounted (past participle)

[…] and yet this will not tant’amount to an immediate Divine inſtitution for Deacons, and how can it then for Presbyters ?

a. 1657，Jeremy Taylor，“Of the Sacred Order and Offices of Episcopacy, By Divine Institution, Apostolical Tradition, and Catholick Practice”, in Συμβολον Ἠθικο-Πολεμικον: or a Collection of Polemical and Moral Discourses，R. Royston，頁 126:


tantamount

价值或数量等同的事物 (定于用法合并进入了形容词内)

For end thereof, not despondency but madness : for when Cossey understood that Hobday had called his wife a tantamount, he waited for him outside, and gave him what he called a pair of clippers over the ear.

1977，Last Essays of Maurice Hewlett，頁 42:


stark

源自中古英語 stark、starc，源自古英語 stearc、starc (“僵硬的；不屈的，固执的；强大的；猛烈的，凶猛的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *stark，源自原始日耳曼語 *starkuz (“强大的”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)terg- (“僵硬”)。
同源词包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 sterc (“强的”)、荷蘭語 sterk (“强的”)、低地德語 sterk (“强的”)、德語 stark (“强的”)、丹麥語 stærk (“强的”)、瑞典語 stark (“强的”)、挪威語 sterk (“强的”)、冰島語 sterkur (“强的”)。与starch有关。
短语stark naked实际上变换自中古英語 stert naked，源自stert (“尾巴”)，字面上等价于butt naked。

starker (comparative)
starkest (superlative)


stark

源自中古英語 starken，源自古英語 stearcian (“变硬，变僵硬”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *starkōną、*starkēną (“变硬，变僵硬”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)terg- (“僵硬”)。与德語 erstarken (“固化，补强”)同源。

starks (third-person singular present)
starking (present participle)
starked (past participle)


gern

gerns (third-person singular present)
gerning (present participle)
gerned (past participle)

[He] gaped like a gulfe, when he did gerne, / That whether man or monster one could scarse discerne

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book V, Canto XII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 13:


trinket

古英語 trenket (“一种刀”)，因此可能指的是一种作装饰的刀，可能源自trenchier (“切”)的一个古法語方言形式。对比trench。


trinket

trinkets (third-person singular present)
trinketing (present participle)
trinketed (past participle)

On June 26 the party of sun and wind - weathered visitors from the heart of the Texas plains , dressed in their blankets and buckskins , befeathered and trinketed , arrived at the capital city's Globe Hotel and took up residence there

1991，Stan Hoig，Jesse Chisholm, Ambassador of the Plains:


averse

源自拉丁語 aversus，avertere (“背过身；避免”)的过去分词。

averses (third-person singular present)
aversing (present participle)
aversed (past participle)

[…] and, in this panegyrick of the Teutonick blood, I have so prolixly insisted, not only to vindicate our own, as being a stream of the same, and to evince the nobility thereof, but withal to convince the folly of those wretches among us, who aversing ours do so much adhere unto, and dote upon descents from France and Normandy.

The inconveniences aversing from clandestine marriages are pointedly depicted in the last two lines, teaching lessons of morality to all romantic babies.

1859，The Yale Literary Magazine，卷 24, 期 7，頁 302:


bahut

借自法語 bahut，之后的来源不详。

17世纪末，该词逐渐不再被使用，而被coffer替代，这可能导致了19世纪早期法国浪漫作家的误用。他们将这个词用来指代几乎所有的餐柜，壁橱，衣橱，使这个词的词义变得非常模糊。


coqueluche

一种百日咳病人为了给头保暖而戴的兜帽

The coqueluchon or coqueluche was a kind of hood very generally worn at certain periods of the year, which seems to have given its name to the hooping-cough, because those who were attacked by that illness wore a coqueluche or monk's hood to keep their head warm.

1896，Alphonse Mariette，French and English idioms and proverbs: with critical and historical notes，頁 104:

[…] because the sick wore a coqueluche on their heads (as a part of the treatment prescribed) certainly owes its currency to Dr. Short, but he appears to have relied upon the authority of Schenkius […]

1922，Francis Graham Crookshank，Influenza，頁 73:


crapaud

借自法語 crapaud (“蟾蜍”)。


amiss

Now by my head (said Guyon) much I muse, / How that same knight should do so foule amis[…]。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Yet Love, thou'rt blinder then thy self in this, / To vex my Dove-like friend for my amiss[…]。


sermon

源自中古英語 sermonen，源自古法語 sermoner，源自sermon（参见上文）。

sermons (third-person singular present)
sermoning (present participle)
sermoned (past participle)

To some I know this methode will seem displeasaunt, which had rather have good discipline delivered plainly in way of precepts, or sermoned at large, as they use, then thus clowdily enwrapped in allegorical devises

January 23 1583, Edmund Spenser, letter to Walter Raleigh


stratagem

源自中古英語 stratageme，源自古法語 stratageme，源自拉丁語 strategema，源自古希臘語 στρατήγημα (stratḗgēma，“将军的行为，指挥作战”)，源自στρατηγέω (stratēgéō，“当将军；统率军队”)，源自στρατηγός (stratēgós，“将军；军队首脑”)。见strategy。


aftermath

/ˈɑːf.tə.ˌmɑːθ/

（同一个季节收割草以后长出的）第二波草

They were cutting aftermath on all sides, which gave the neighbourhood, this gusty autumn morning, an untimely smell of hay.

1879, Robert Louis Stevenson: Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes:


sullen

源自中古英語 solein，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 soleyn (“alone”)，源自古法語 sole (“一个的，单个的”)，源自拉丁語 sōlus (“独自”)。中古英语中，词义从“单独的”变成“闷闷不乐的”

sullener (comparative)
sullenest (superlative)

固执的，顽固不化的；棘手的，难处理的

Things are as sullen as we are.

a. 1694, John Tillotson, Imprudence of Atheism


staunch

源自中古英語 staunch、staunche (“状态良好的，不需维修的；稳固的，坚实的；防水的；（指人或伤口）不再流血的；肯定的；完好的；坚定地，稳健地”) [以及其他形式]，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 estaunche、古法語 estanche (“稳固的，防水的”)（现代法語 étanche (“气密的；防水的”)），estanc (“池塘”)的变体，源自estanchier (“堵塞（水流，血流等）；使...防水；解（渴）”)（现代法語 étancher），可能源自下列词之一：
* 源自通俗拉丁語 *stagnicāre，源自拉丁語 stāgnum (“一滩死水；池塘；沼泽”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *steh₂g- (“滴；渗”)。
* 源自通俗拉丁語 *stānticāre，源自*stānticus (“疲劳的”)，源自拉丁語 stāns, stāntis (“站立的；遗留的，停留的”)。stāns是stō (“站立；剩余，停留”)的现在主动分词，最终源自原始印歐語 *steh₂- (“站”)。
同源词
* 意大利語 stanco (“疲劳的”)
* 葡萄牙語 estanque (“防水的”)
* 羅曼什語 staunza (“房间”)
* 西班牙語 estanco (“关闭的，密闭的；气密的；防水的”)

stauncher (comparative)
staunchest (superlative)

constant

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

determined

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

persistent

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

firm

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

resolute

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

steadfast

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

unswerving

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

unwavering

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

unyielding

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的


staunch

两种可能性：
* 源自中古英語 staunche、stanche (“止血物；（比喻义）荠菜（Capsella bursa-pastoris）”)，源自古法語 estanche (“池塘；水箱”)，源自estanc (“池塘”)（源自法語 étang (“池塘；环礁湖”)），源自estanchier (动词)，详见词源2；和/或
* 直接派生自动词。

styptic

阻塞物，止住液体流动的物体

阻塞物，止住液体流动的物体 止血药，止血植物


gargantuan

源自法語 Gargantua，弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷所著《巨人传》中一个胃口很大的巨人的名字。该词系拉伯雷从葡萄牙语和西班牙語 garganta (“喉咙”)一词派生而来。

more gargantuan (comparative)
most gargantuan (superlative)

/ɡɑɹˈɡæn.t͡ʃu.ən/


tryst

源自中古英語 tryst、trist，源自古法語 tristre (“等待地点，打猎时约定的地方”)，可能源自北日耳曼語支，比如古諾爾斯語 treysta (“保全”)，源自traust (“信任，安全，帮助，藏身处”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *traustą (“信任，避难所”)，源自原始印歐語 *deru-、*dreu-、*drū- (“确信”)。trust 的同源對似詞（亦参见）。


slipshod

slip + shod (“穿着鞋的”)，原指“穿着拖鞋的”。“仓促”一意自19世纪初叶出现。

more slipshod (comparative)
most slipshod (superlative)

slapdash

草草了事的，敷衍的，仓促的

[T]hey wandered up and down hardly remembering the ways untrodden by their feet so long, and crying [...] as they slunk off in their rags, and dragged their slipshod feet along the pavement.

1840，Charles Dickens，Barnaby Rudge, Chapter 67:

That glossy, well-brushed individual, who lets himself in with a latch-key at the front door at night, is a very different being from the slipshod wretch who growls of mornings for hot water at the door of the kitchen.


tortuous

源自中古英語 tortuous、tortuose，源自盎格魯-諾曼語和古法語 tortuos，源自拉丁語 tortuōsus，源自tortus (“缠绕”)。

more tortuous (comparative)
most tortuous (superlative)

/ˈtɔːt͡ʃuːəs/

/ˈtɔɹt͡ʃuəs/

本词有很强的负面色彩，可能是受到了发音相近的torturous的影响。 勿与法律用词tortious，及torturous相混淆。


terse

源自拉丁語 tersus (“干净的，清洁的，擦干净了的；整洁的”)，tergō、tergeō (“清洁；擦拭”)的过去分词，源自原始印歐語 *terh₁- (“擦；转”)。

terser (comparative)
tersest (superlative)

concise

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

succinct

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

prolix

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

verbose

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

wordy

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

清洁的，光滑的；整洁的 （自17世纪初）


sappy

源自中古英語 sappy、sapy，源自古英語 sæpiġ (“多汁的”)，等价于sap + -y。同源词包括西弗里斯蘭語 sappig (“多汁的”)、荷蘭語 sappig (“多汁的”)、中古高地德語 saffic、seffec (“多汁的”)（→德語 saftig、丹麥語 saftig (“多汁的”)、瑞典語 saftig (“多汁的”)。zaftig 的同源對似詞。

sappier (comparative)
sappiest (superlative)

海绵质的 （有大量空隙让树的汁液流动的）

In flush-framing if is observable, that the failure of all timber in old buildings has commenced much sooner than they otherwise would have done, owing to the sappy wood being at the corners of the principal beams, which soon decays, as its spongy quality attracts the moisture; whereas the heart, espescially of oak, will be as sound as the first day it was used.

1816，George Gregory，A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences - Volume 3，頁 5:

...wood is of a soft spungy nature ; sappy, and alluring to the worm.

1834，William Gilpin, Thomas Dick Lauder，Remarks on Forest Scenery and Other Woodland Views，頁 98:

I can state some of them here on a. book ; I have the particulars at home, but I can give you some of them here ; this is the Twelfth street pier, number fifty-four [reading from memorandum], 12x12 pine sticks, wormy and sappy ; one sappy ; one piece 12x12 completely rotten

1876，Documents of the Senate of the State of New York:

The reason of which difference may probably be, that the charring of Vegetables, being an operation quickly perform'd, and whilest the Wood is sappy, the more solid parts may more easily shrink together, and contract the pores or interstitia between them, then in the rotten Wood, where that natural juice seems onely to be wash'd away by adventitious or unnatural moisturel and so though the natural juice be wasted from between the firm parts, yet those parts are kept asunder by the adventitious moystures, and so by degrees settled in those postures.

2007，Robert Hooke -，Micrographia Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies, →ISBN，頁 107:


sappy

对比拉丁語 sapere (“尝”)。

more sappy (comparative)
most sappy (superlative)

sappie or unsavourie flesh

Sapy [denotes] a moisture contracted on the outward surface of meats, which is the first stage of dissolution.

Some housekeepers prepare their hung beef in this manner: Take the navel piece, and hang it up in your cellar as long as it will keep good, and til it begins to be a little sappy.

1804，John Farley，The London Art of Cookery, and Housekeeper's Complete Assistant:

Sappy meat was explained to consist of a number of little vesicles filled with very minute particles, which presented the Brownian motion, and which Mr. Berkeley suggested, from their known effects on meat, might possibly be the cause of cholera, hospital gangrene, or other diseases.

1875，English mechanic and world of science:

In this respect lamb is peculiarly suspectible to deterioration on passing the “sappy” stage.

1921，National Wool Grower - Volumes 11-12，頁 17:


stench

源自中古英語 stench，源自古英語 stenċ (“恶臭，气味，香味”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *stankwiz (“气味，香味”)，源自原始印歐語 *stengʷ- (“推，冲”)。与荷蘭語 stank (“臭味，气味”)、德語 Stank、Gestank (“臭味，气味”)、丹麥語 stank (“臭味”)、瑞典語 stank (“臭味”)、冰島語 stækja (“臭味”)同源。


stench

stenches (third-person singular present)
stenching (present participle)
stenched (past participle)

Dead bards stench every coast


ass

源自中古英語 asse，源自古英語 assa，逆构自assen (“母驴”)，源自凱爾特語族（对比古愛爾蘭語 asan、上古康沃爾語 asen），源自拉丁語 asinus。取代了古英語 esol，其源自原始西日耳曼語 *asil，亦借自同一个拉丁语词。

Sometimes by way of joke, and sometimes by way of irritation, compositors are called Asses by the pressmen.

1841，William Savage，Dictionary of the Art of Printing，頁 24:


dissimule

dissimules (third-person singular present)
dissimuling (present participle)
dissimuled (past participle)

(我們能否查找並添加Chaucer引用過本詞的語句？)


scotch

源自中古英語 scocchen (“剪切”)，可能源自盎格魯-諾曼語 escocher (“砍，切”)，源自es- (程度加强前缀)（源自拉丁語 ex-）+ 古法語 coche (“切”)。与Scotch无关。

scotches (third-person singular present)
scotching (present participle)
scotched (past participle)


thy

僅用於for thy、for-thy，其为forthy (“因为”)的另一種寫法。

For-thy it round and hollow shaped was, Like to the world itselfe, and seem'd aworld of glass.

Wallace knew well the Englishmen would flee, For thy he thrusted in the thickest to be, Hewing full fast on whomsoever he fought, Against his dint fine steel availed nought.

1713，Robert Sanders (translator)，The Life and Acts of Sir William Wallace:

For thy it bring: us nearer to the Godhead is nonsense, Daya, if not blasphemy.

1791，Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, William TAYLOR (of Norwich.)，Nathan the Wise. A dramatic poem，頁 24:


pull someone's leg

该短语源自苏格兰，原意为“捉弄某人”，尤其是通过欺骗的方式。一理论认为其来自通过猛拽某人的腿来使其摔倒而捉弄他/她的说法。

pulls someone's leg (third-person singular present)
pulling someone's leg (present participle)
pulled someone's leg (past participle)

从某人骗钱（通过借钱或敲竹杠等方式）（19世纪末）

I'm very glad to hear of his good fortune; but it's a deuced strange thing, for I saw him at the club last night and he never said a word of it. I'll pull his leg when I see him.

1886，Mark Well，“An Old-Time Tip”, in Wallace's Monthly，卷 12:

The verb 'to-pull-his-leg' means to extract from his pocket all the lucre it will yield.

1893，John Kendrick Bangs，Coffee and Repartee:

"I would 'pull his leg,' but Laura will not work with me." The expression "pulling his leg," Miss Sullivan explained as meaning to coax or wheedle his wealth out of him.


servitude

源自中古法語 servitude，源自拉丁語 servitūs，源自拉丁語 servus (“奴隶”)。


smug

可能源自中古低地德語 smuk (“轻柔的，纤弱的，修长的”)，但是英语词形内的 g 难以解释。源自一低地德語词，该词亦派生出北弗里斯蘭語 smok、丹麥語 smuk 和瑞典語 smukk（现已弃用或方言）。最终应派生自原始日耳曼語 *smeuganą。
对比中古高地德語 gesmuc (“饰品”) 和 smücken (“给...穿衣，打扮”)，两者最终源自 smiegen (“按入，插入；坐落于”)，因而有同源词德語 schmiegen、Schmuck 和 schmücken。但是德语形容词 schmuck 借自低地德語。详见 smock。

smugger (comparative)
smuggest (superlative)

刻意精致的，做作的，刻板的

They be so smug and smooth.
#*:: 它們如此之做作且光滑。

1556年，拉斐羅賓遜，《More’s Utopia: The English Translation thereof》

the smug and scanty draperies of his style

其風格的做作且窄小的布料

1828年，托馬斯·德·昆西，“Elements of Rhetoric”, in Blackwood's Magazine:


smug

smugs (third-person singular present)
smugging (present participle)
smugged (past participle)


give into

gives into (third-person singular present)
giving into (present participle)
gave into (past)
given into (past participle)


bays

源自法語 baies，bai (“紅棕色”)的陰性複數。


Chin

作為姓氏，是漢語不同漢字的羅馬化（尤出自方言）；作為“中國”之義，參見 China。

China的另一種寫法。


Chin

源自官話 晉／晋 (Jìn)的威妥瑪拼音。

Jin的另一種寫法：晉國；晉朝

The most amazing poems in human history are the Huêi-wên-tʻü or the revolving chart, by Lady Su Huêi, of the Chin Dynasty (265-419), and the Chʻien-tzŭ-wên, or thousand-character literature, by Chou Hsing-ssŭ, (fifth century a.d.)

人類歷史上最為神奇的詩文，一是晉朝（265-419）才女蘇蕙所作的《迴文圖》，又名《璇璣圖》；二是周興嗣（西元5世紀）所作的《千字文》。

1929，Witter Bynner（譯者）, The Jade Mountain [群玉山頭]，Alfred A. Knopf, 出版於 1967, →OCLC，頁 xxxvi:

The second significant feature in the development of Chinese literature is the immense influence of Buddhist literature on the development of every sphere of Chinese literature since the East Chin Period (A.D. 317).

中國文學發展中的第二個顯著特徵，在於東晉（西元317年）以來，佛教的影響開始大範圍滲透到中國文學當中。

1964，Lai Ming，A History of Chinese Literature [中國文學史]，New York: John Day Company, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 3:

Wang Tao, the head of a great northern family, emigrated to the south and there became the chief architect of the Eastern Chin dynasty, a regime noted for excellent calligraphy.

王導，這名北方世家之首，也南渡建康，後來登上東晉——這一以優秀書法而聞名之朝代——的宰相。

1979，Bradley Smith，Wan-go Weng，China: A History in Art [中國藝術史]，Doubleday & Co., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁s 100-101:


virent

源自拉丁語 virens，virere (“是綠色的”)的現在分詞。

more virent (comparative)
most virent (superlative)


stam

stams (third-person singular present)
stamming (present participle)
stammed (past participle)


dite

dites (third-person singular present)
diting (present participle)
dited (past participle)

His hideous club aloft he dites.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto VIII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 18:


semble

源自中古英語 semblen，源自古法語 sembler (“似乎，好像”)。

sembles (third-person singular present)
sembling (present participle)
sembled (past participle)

Where sembling art may carve the fair effect.

1706, Matthew Prior, An Ode humbly inscrib'd to the queen


semble

源自中古英語 semble，源自古法語 semble。

name and deede that bare the semble stile


semblant

But vnder simple shew and semblant plaine / Lurckt false Duessa secretly vnseene […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


semblant

more semblant (comparative)
most semblant (superlative)


pareil

Among writers he was a man without pareil.

在作家當中，他是無與倫比的。


carte de visite

名人的照片，其尺寸與名片相當


terminant

neither of both are of like terminant , either by good orthography or in naturall sound , therfore such rime is strained

1588, George Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesie