heavy

源自中古英語 hevy、heviȝ，源自古英語 hefiġ、hefeġ、hæfiġ (“重的，重要的，严重的，猛烈的，缓慢的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *habīg (“沉重的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *habīgaz (“沉重的”)，源自原始印歐語 *keh₂p- (“拿，取”)。
同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 hevy、havy、heavy (“沉重的”)、荷蘭語 hevig (“严重的，猛烈的”)、中古低地德語 hēvich (“严重的，猛烈的”)、德語 hebig（对比heftig (“严重的，猛烈的”)）、冰島語 höfugur (“沉重的，重要的”)、拉丁語 capāx (“大的，宽的，有能力的，能干的”)。

Cavalry […] is divided into mediums, heavies, and light cavalry. The mediums consist of 13 regiments; the heavies of 2 regiments; and the light of 13.

1891，Ebenezer Cobham Brewer，The Historic Note-book: With an Appendix of Battles，頁 153:


firmament

The firmament (sense 1) or sky.
One version of the Ptolemaic system of celestial spheres, with the firmament (indicated in Latin as Firmamentu[m]; sense 3) shown as the eighth heaven
源自中古英語 firmament、furmament (“天空”)，源自古法語 firmament (“天空”)，或源自其词源拉丁語 firmāmentum (“支撑；天空”)，源自firmāre (“增强，强化”) + -mentum (表示手段、媒介，或某个动作的结果的后缀)。firmāre是firmō (“使...稳固，固化”)的现在主动不定式，源自firmus (“稳固的，稳定的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰer- (“支撑”)。
拉丁语词用于《圣经》的武加大译本中，用于翻译七十士译本（希腊语的《旧约圣经》）中的古希臘語 στερέωμα (steréōma，“框架，基础；天空”)一词，该希腊语词又用于翻译希伯來語 רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ，“天穹”)，源自词根ר־ק־ע (r-q-`)，在古典叙利亚语中的相似词根ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ)（与“压紧”有关）派生出ܪܩܝܥܐ (rəqīʿā，“固实的，稳固的；天空，天穹”)。

[B]etweene the ſphere of Saturne and the Firmament, there is ſuch an incredible and vaſt ſpace or diſtance (7000000. ſemidiameters of the earth, as Tycho [Brahe] calculates) void of ſtarres: [...]

1638，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，“Ayre Rectified. With a Digression of the Ayre.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy. […]，第5th版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed [by Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 3，頁 254:

The World Cœlestial. Containing 11 Sphæres or Heavens, ſay the Theologians and Aſtronomers. [...] Theſe are called the Primum Mobile, the Chriſtaline Heaven, the Firmament adorned with the Fixed Stars, and the Heavens of the Seven Planets.

1715，H[enry] Curson，“A Cosmographical Introduction to the Geographical Description of the World”, in A New Description of the World. […]，第2nd版, […] Benj[amin] Barker, […], →OCLC:


covert

源自中古英語 covert，源自古法語 covert，covrir (“盖”)（对应于拉丁語 coopertus）的过去分词，与cover同源。

more covert (comparative)
most covert (superlative)

[…] a separate use for a woman cannot be created unless she is covert, or unless in immediate contemplation of her marriage.

1880, Weekly Notes of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, the County Courts of Philadelphia, and the United States District and Circuit Courts for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, page 292:

[…] in the second case, as long as the woman is covert she cannot anticipate the income, and a mere alienation of her interest is not an attempt to anticipate.

1890, Albert Gibson, Robert McLean, Law Notes, page 77:

Being advised of the fact that the woman is covert, he stands charged with a knowledge of her disability . A married woman has no power to deal as principal if she is in fact a surety […]

1906, Abraham Clark Freeman, The American State Reports: Containing the Cases of General Value and Authority Subsequent to Those Contained in the "American Decisions" [1760-1869] and the "American Reports" [1869-1887] Decided in the Courts of Last Resort of the Several States [1886-1911], page 305:


preponderance

preponderancy

（数量上的）优势；大量，很多，众多

preponderancy

（影响力、实力、质量上的）优势，优越性

preponderation

（影响力、实力、质量上的）优势，优越性


Anschluss

源自德語 Anschluss (“合并，兼并”)（曾作Anschluß），源自anschließen (“加入，联合”)。

合并，兼并，尤指德奥合并 （奥地利在1938年并入纳粹德国的历史事件） （自20世纪20年代）

‘Some of us students protested against the Anschluss.’

1941, W Somerset Maugham, Up at the Villa, Vintage 2004, page 44:

Anton Kuh […] was one of the Viennese coffee-house wits whose mastery of the brief critical essay reached its apotheosis in the last nervous years before the Anschluss.


cadet

借自法語 cadet，源自加斯科涅语 capdet，源自晚期拉丁語 capitellum (“小头”)。1634年起在英语内可考。
caddy、caudillo和capitellum 的同源對似詞。


chamade

借自法語 chamade，源自意大利語或葡萄牙語，源自拉丁語 clamare。

But when the chamade was beat, and the corporal helped my uncle up it, and followed with the colours in his hand, to fix them upon the ramparts.

1762, Laurence Sterne, The Life & Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, volume 6 (Penguin 2003), page 402:


denizen

源自中古英語 denisein，源自古法語 denzein，源自deinz (“内部”) + -ein，源自晚期拉丁語 deintus (“自内部”)，其衍生出法語 dans。

作为英国法律用语，其使用于13世纪到19世纪（20世纪有提到但未使用），后被归化取代。参见英语维基百科denization。

Then by commaundement wer all Fre[n]chemen and Scottes imprisoned and the goodes seazed, and all suche as were denizens were commaunded to shewe their letters patentes […]

1548, Edward Hall, The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Famelies of Lancastre and Yorke, London, The xiiii yere,

A denizen is a kind of middle state, between an alien and a natural-born subject, and partakes of both.

1765, William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book 1, Chapter X, p. 374

All free persons were authorized and permitted to transport themselves, their families, and goods […] to Jamaica，源自any part of the British dominions; and their children born in Jamaica were declared free denizens of England, entitled to the same privileges as free born subjects of England.

1803, John Browne Cutting, “A Succinct History of Jamaica” in Robert Charles Dallas, The History of the Maroons, London: Longman and Rees, Volume 1, p. xlv,

Though born in Iceland, he became a denizen of Britain after leaving Oxford.


denizen

denizens (third-person singular present)
denizening (present participle)
denizened (past participle)

给...授予公民身份，归化

He was denizened to Ireland after fleeing his home country.

他逃离祖国后归化到了爱尔兰。

[The Horse-Chessnut] was first brought from Constantinople to Vienna, thence into Italy, and so France; but to Ʋs from the Levant more immediately, and flourishes so well, and grows so goodly a Tree in compe[te]nt time, that by this alone, we might have ample encouragement to Denizen other strangers amongst us.

1664, John Evelyn, Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber, London: 1670, Chapter 7, “Of the Chesnut,” p. 42,

Poor Refugies at first, they purchase here:

1693, John Dryden (translator), The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis, London: Jacob Tonson, The Third Satyr, p. 38,


deuteragonist

古希臘語 δευτεραγωνιστής (deuteragōnistḗs，字面意思是“第二个演员”)，原用于希腊戏剧，源自ἀγωνιστής (agōnistḗs，“战士；参与者；演员”)。
就词形分析为deuter- (“第二”) + agonist (“战士；参与者”)。

The first disposition accords with the attested reality of Nero acting in masks resembling his own features or those of women with whom he was in love (Suet. Nero 21.3), especially Poppaea (Dio 63.9.5), and generates a set of roles for the deuteragonist all of which focus on failed counsel; it also underlines the parallelism between the Seneca-Nero and Nero-Prefect scenes, and reinforces the view that the First and Second Prefect are not identical.

2008，Octavia: Attributed to Seneca，Oxford University Press，頁 93:

In the distribution of the other roles between the deuteragonist and the tritagonist, the same criteria must have applied. When two characters had an important part in a tragedy and could not be played by a single protagonist, the second was played by the deuteragonist.[…]The tritagonist, even more than the deuteragonist, had to play several secondary roles.

2018，Jacques Jouanna，譯者 Steven Rendall, Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context，Princeton University Press，頁 201:


dreadnought

名取自无畏号战列舰（HMS Dreadnought），第一艘该类型的战列舰，源自dread + nought，即“无畏”。

Perturbed at being overtaken, the USS Texas is leading the 6th Battle Squadron at 22-and-a-half knots as the engineers pour everything they have into the effort. Behind the colossal clouds of smoke and cinders they put out come a seemingly-endless stream of dreadnoughts, battle flags flying from every mast and line they can find. It is the Grand Fleet.

2018年October17日，Drachinifel，片头起18:32, in Last Ride of the High Seas Fleet - Battle of Texel 1918，存檔自the original on 2022-08-04:


zealot

最初仅作中古英語 zelote，奋锐党的西门的外号，在16和17世纪得到了现在的词义。中古英语派生自拉丁語 zēlōtēs，源自古希臘語 ζηλωτής (zēlōtḗs，“竞争者，狂热信徒，追随者”)，源自ζῆλος (zêlos，“热情，妒忌”)，源自ζηλόω (zēlóō，“竞争；嫉妒”)。


wench

名词派生自中古英語 wench、wenche (“女婴；女孩（尤指未婚的）；少妇；女奴隶；女仆；亲爱的；妾；妓女”) [以及其他形式]，略自中古英語 wenchel (“女孩；女仆；小孩”)，源自古英語 wenċel、winċel (“小孩；侍者；奴隶”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wankilą，源自原始日耳曼語 *wankijaną (“摇，曳”)。英语词与古高地德語 wenken (“摇曳；投降”)、wankōn (“踉跄”)同源。
动词和形容词派生自名词。

Nancy Basset, 28, likely wench, mulatto / Proved to be free. / Certified free as per General Birch Certificate. // Patience Jackson, 23, very likely wench, mulatto / Says she was born free Rhode Island. / Certified free as per General Birch Certificate.

1776–1787，Carmelita Robertson，Elizabeth E. D. Eve，Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia: Tracing the History of Tracadie Loyalists, 1776–87 (Curatorial Report; no. 91)，Halifax, N.S.: History Section, Nova Scotia Museum, Department of Tourism & Culture, 出版於 2000, →ISBN:

A colored girl [...] was fined ten dollars in the Freedman's Court yesterday, for being drunk and disorderly. Not having the money in her possession, she requested that a guard be sent with her to her residence to procure it. The Provost allowed a guard to wait on the wench, who, as soon as she found herself inside of her own door, locked it, and left the poor guard outside without the money. He returned to court without either the wench or fine.

1866年March2日，“Sharp Wench”, in The Appeal，St. Paul, Minneapolis, Minn.: Parker, Burgett & Hardy, →OCLC，頁 3; quoted in Hannah Rosen，“Notes”, in Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South (Gender and American Culture)，Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2009, →ISBN, footnote 186，頁 282:

So complete was this illusion, claims [Eric] Lott, that many audience members, including Mark Twain's mother, believed they were seeing authentic, biologically black performers on New York stages. Of course, wench characters seem to especially test the bounds of authentic performance. Played by men, wenches were nonetheless read by audiences as beautiful women: [...] [E]xtant photographs and engravings of wench performers do not always represent them as blacked up, [...] In antebellum minstrel shows, wench songs were most often sung about mulatto women rather than by them.

2014，Kirsten Pullen，“Light Egyptian: Lena Horne and the Representation of Black Femininity”, in Like a Natural Woman: Spectacular Female Performance in Classical Hollywood，New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN，頁s 106–107:


vassal

源自中古英語 vassal，源自古法語 vassal，源自中世紀拉丁語 vassallus (“男仆，佣人”)，源自拉丁語 vassus (“佣人”)，源自高盧語 *wassos (“少年，乡绅”)，源自原始凱爾特語 *wastos (“佣人”)（对比古愛爾蘭語 foss和威爾士語 gwas）。

subject

部下；附属；奴隶；佣人；臣民等

dependant

部下；附属；奴隶；佣人；臣民等

servant

部下；附属；奴隶；佣人；臣民等

slave

部下；附属；奴隶；佣人；臣民等


forestall

源自中古英語 forstal，源自古英語 foresteall (“阻碍，妨碍；奇袭，袭击；在高速路上阻碍交通；犯阻碍交通的罚款；抵抗，违抗”)，等价于fore- + stall。


guillotine

借自法語 guillotine，以法国医师Joseph-Ignace Guillotin（1738–1814）命名，其提出了使用该器械来执行死刑。

/ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-guillotine.wav

断头台；使用断头台执行的死刑

For two-and-twenty years he [Joseph-Ignace Guillotin], unguillotined, shall hear nothing but guillotine, see nothing but guillotine; then dying, shall through long centuries wander, as it were, a disconsolate ghost, on the wrong side of Styx and Lethe; his name like to outlive [Julius] Cæsar’s.

1837，Thomas Carlyle，“The Procession”, in The French Revolution: A History […]，卷 I (The Bastille), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, book IV (States-General)，頁s 143–144:


gyp

可能和词源1一样。早期理论认为其派生自古希臘語 γύψ (gúps，“秃鹫”)（/ɡýps/，对比希臘語 γύπας (gýpas) /ˈʝi.pas/），“指仆人偷东西的习惯”（由此派生出词源1），但这一理论无法解释发音。

All was neglect. The outer door of this room, which was open, was nearly on a level with the Quadrangle — some coats and trousers and boots were upon the ebony table and a "gyp" was brushing away at them just within the door — in wet weather he performed these functions entirely within the library, as innocent of the incongruity of his position as my guide himself.

1880，William Blades，The Enemies of Books，頁 40:

'Why, what is the matter with you, John?' I asked of the gyp who waited on Vincey and myself.

1887, H. Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, 1919, Longmans, page 15,

Had he acted discourteously to his bedmaker or his gyp, he would have minded just as much … .

1907, E.M. Forster, The Longest Journey, Part I, I [Uniform ed., p. 14]:

同類詞：porter、bedder


hide

源自中古英語 hide，源自古英語 hīd、hȳd、hīġed、hīġid (“一种土地丈量单位”)，早期形式*hīwid (“一户人家的土地”)，派生自原始日耳曼語 *hīwaz、*hīwō (“亲戚，亲人”)，源自原始印歐語 *ḱey- (“储藏，熟悉”)。与古英語 hīwisc (“一海得土地，人家”)、古英語 hīwan (“家人，家庭”)有关。还见hewe、hind。

carucate

海得 （英国旧时的土地丈量单位） （自九世纪）

海得本用于代表一户人家耕种的土地，但主要在英国与对萨克逊和诺曼王的义务有关，因此各地区间差异很大。在《末日审判书》成书的诺曼人统治期间，海得通常（但不总是）指被认为一年能够产出£1（约850克标准纯银）价值的土地。

海得 （英国旧时的土地丈量单位） （自九世纪）

The exact size of hides varied with soil quality, but each one generally encompassed 24 to 26 hectares.

2016，Peter H. Wilson，The Holy Roman Empire，Penguin, 出版於 2017，頁 488:


lavender

源自中古英語 lavendre，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 lavendre（法語 lavande），源自中世紀拉丁語 lavendula，可能源自拉丁語 lividus (“浅蓝的”)，但因薰衣草常用于洗衣，而受到了lavō (“洗”)的影响。


mortify

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 mortifier、中古法語 mortifier，源自晚期拉丁語 mortificō (“使...死亡”)，源自拉丁語 mors (“死亡”) + -ficō (“化”)。

mortifies (third-person singular present)
mortifying (present participle)
mortified (past participle)

the schoolmasters of Ayr were paid out of the mills mortified by Queen Mary

1876 James Grant, History of the Burgh and Parish Schools of Scotland, Part II, Chapter 14, p.453 (PDF 2.7 MB):


mignon

源自法語 mignon，源自中古法語 mignon (“爱人”)，源自古法語 mignon (“精致的，舒心的，温柔的”)，源自古法蘭克語 *minnjo (“爱情，友情，喜爱，回忆”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *minþijō、*mindijō (“想念，关怀”)，源自原始印歐語 *men-、*mnā- (“想”)。与古高地德語 minnja (“爱，关怀，欲望，回忆”)、古撒克遜語 minnea (“爱”)同源。见mind。亦对比minion和荷蘭語 minnen (“爱”)。

法國亨利三世的弄臣 （自20世紀）

When the mignons, barefoot and clad in sacks with holes for their heads and feet, marched with Henry in a penitential procession, lashing their backs, one wit opined that they should have aimed their blows lower.

2003, Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization, Harvard 2003, p. 330:

Many commentators claimed hyperbolically that, because of their outrageous fashions, it was difficult to tell whether the mignons were male or female.

2005, Rebecca Zorach, Blood, Milk, Ink, Gold, University of Chicago 2005, p. 220:


paramount

原始印歐語詞
 *h₂éd
源自盎格魯-諾曼語 paramont、paramount (“至高无上的，卓越的；在上面的”)，源自古法語 par、per (“以...的手段”) + amont、amunt (“向上”)。Par派生自拉丁語 per (“以...的手段，通过”)，源自原始印歐語 *per- (“穿过；通过”);amont和amunt则源自拉丁語 ad montem (“朝向山；向上”)，源自ad (“向上往”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *h₂éd (“在；到”)） + montem（mōns (“山”)的宾格单数，最终源自原始印歐語 *men- (“耸立，矗立”)）。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-paramount.wav


ostracize

源自古希臘語 ὀστρακίζω (ostrakízō，“通过陶片放逐法放逐”)，源自ὄστρᾰκον (óstrăkon，“陶片”) + -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō，构成动词的后缀)。英语词与法語 ostraciser同源。

ostracizes (third-person singular present)
ostracizing (present participle)
ostracized (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ostracize.wav

blackball

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

cut someone dead

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

give someone the cold shoulder

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

send to Coventry

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

leper

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

以陶片放逐法放逐（五或十年） （自19世纪中叶）

Republics have been accused of being ungrateful. Aristides was ostracised for being called the Just, and Themistocles banished, after saving his country from desolation.

1836年December15日，Eleazer Wheelock Ripley，“The President’s Message”, in Register of Debates in Congress, Comprising the Leading Debates and Incidents of the Second Session of the Twenty-fourth Congress: […] (United States House of Representatives)，卷 XIII, Washington, D.C.: Printed and published by Gales and Seaton, 出版於 1837, →OCLC，列 1097:

[T]he person who was ostracised was obliged to leave Athens within ten days after the sentence, and unless a vote of the people recalled him before the expiration of that time, to stay in exile for ten years.

1840，“OSTRACISM”, in The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge，卷s XVII (Organ–Pertinax), London: Charles Knight and Co., […], →OCLC，頁 55，列 2:

The Athenian Hyperbolus, who had been ostracized some years before by the coalition of Nikias and Alkibiades, together with their respective partisans—ostracized (as Thucydides tells us) not from any fear of his power and over-transcendent influence, but from his bad character and from his being a disgrace to the city—and thus ostracized by an abuse of the institution—was now resident at Samos.

[1849]，George Grote，“Twenty-first Year of the War.—Oligarchy of Four Hundred at Athens.”, in A History of Greece from the Earliest Period to the Close of the Generation Contemporary with Alexander the Great。[...] In Four Volumes，第2nd版, 卷 III, New York, N.Y.: W. L. Allison Co., publishers, →OCLC, part II (Continuation of Historical Greece)，頁 203:


prefect

源自中古英語 prefect及prefecte，源自古法語 prefect（现代法语préfet），源自拉丁語 praefectus (“监督者，监察者，长官”)，源自praeficere (“使...负责”)。

（古罗马的）长官，队长等

the prefect of the aqueducts; the prefect of a camp, of a fleet, of the city guard, or of provisions; the pretorian prefect, who was commander of the troops guarding the emperor's person

It seems that in the autumn of 803 he went on leave. His uncle Po Chi-chên, had recently been moved from his post at Hsü-chou and promoted to be Prefect of Hsü-chʻang in Central Honan.

1951，Arthur Waley，The Life and Times of Po Chü-i，London: George Allen & Unwin, →OCLC，頁 33:


pantomime

约17世纪，源自拉丁語 pantomīmus，源自古希臘語 παντόμιμος (pantómimos)，源自πᾶς (pâs，“全”) + μιμέομαι (miméomai，“模仿”)。


prevarication

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 prevaricassion、中古法語 prevarication和其来源，拉丁語 praevāricātiō (“与对手串通；偏离正轨；欺瞒”)，源自praevāricor的词干。

/pɹɪˌvæɹɪˈkeɪʃən/

/pɹɪˌvæɹəˈkeɪʃən/

（被告人和线人的）串通，勾结


petard

源自中古法語 petard，参见现代法語 pétard (“爆竹”)。

现代英语中已不再单独使用，除固定短语hoist by one's own petard及其变体外罕用，因此一些民间词源理论认为其与petticoat等词有关。

一种用于破门的小型帽状爆炸物


preceptor

源自中古英語 preceptor、preceptur，源自拉丁語 praeceptor (“命令者；指示者”)，源自动词praecipiō + -or (施动者名词后缀)，源自prae- (“预先”) + capiō (“拿，得到，吸收；理解”)。

圣殿骑士团支部部长 （自15世纪）


peon

源自中古法語 pion、peon与西班牙語 peón的结合，两者均源自晚期拉丁語 pedō、pedōnem (“步兵”)。pawn 的同源對似詞。


stipend

由中古法語 stipende借入中古英語，源自拉丁語 stipendium (“薪资，薪水”)。

stipends (third-person singular present)
stipending (present participle)
stipended (past participle)

给...提供薪水，津贴等[自15世纪]

As well as enjoying links in the royal court, he was said to stipend some 200 individuals in the city of Paris to spread favourable news stories about himself.

2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin 2003, p. 122:


DDR

德意志民主共和国 (源自德語 DDR，略自Deutsche Demokratische Republik)


azote

借自法語 azote，源自古希臘語 ἀ- (a-，“无”) + ζωή (zōḗ，“生命”) + -τικός (-tikós，“形容词后缀”)。由法国化学家和生物学家安托万·拉瓦锡所造，他认为这空气中的这部分气体无法支持生命。

Azote is one of the most abundant elements in nature, and combined with calorique or heat, it forms azotic gas or phlogistic air, and composes two thirds of the atmosphere […].

氮是自然界中最丰富的元素之一，它与热源或热量结合形成氮气或燃素空气，占大气的三分之二 […] 。

1791，Erasmus Darwin，The Economy of Vegetation，J. Johnson，頁 73:

The proportion of azote gas to that of the oxigen obtained is as 64 to 36.

所得氮气与氧气的比例为64：36。

1801，Christopher Girtanner，“A Memoir, in which the Queſtion is examined, whether Azote be a ſimple or complex body?”, in Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts，卷 4，頁 170:

Hence it is obvious that deutoxide of azote is a compound of one volume of azote and one volume of oxygen gas united together, without any alteration of volume, consequently its specific gravity is the mean of that of oxygen and azotic gases.It is composed, by weight, of azote 0.9722 or 1.75, oxygen 1.1111 or 2. If we reckon the atomic weight of azote 1.75, this gas is obviously a compound of one atom azote and two atoms oxygen.

1823, Chemistry, entry in Charles Maclaren (chief editor), Encyclopædia Britannica, 6th Edition, page 366,

Those who have adopted these opinions, represent the atom of azote by the number 1.75. We consider the 5 compounds of azote and oxygen, as composed of 1 atom azote, united with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, atoms of oxygen.

1831，Thomas Thomson，A System of Chemistry of Inorganic Bodies，卷 1，頁 133:


Wehrmacht

非同化借詞，源自德語 Wehrmacht。

（纳粹德国的）国防军，纳粹德军

同類詞：Waffen-SS、Schutzstaffel、Sturmabteilung

In the end the Allies battered the Wehrmacht back to the Reich and ended whatever chance the Germans had of escaping their fate.

1996，Robert Doughty，World War II: Total Warfare Around the Globe，Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, →ISBN，頁 106:


sweat

源自中古英語 swete、swet、swate、swote，源自古英語 swāt，源自原始日耳曼語 *swait-、*swaitą，源自原始印歐語 *swoyd- (“流汗”),*sweyd- (“出汗”)的o音变形式。与西弗里斯蘭語 swit、荷蘭語 zweet、德語 Schweiß、丹麥語 sved、瑞典語 svett、意第緒語 שוויצן (shvitsn)（英語 shvitz）、拉丁語 sudor、法語 sueur、意大利語 sudore、西班牙語 sudor、波斯語 خوید (xwēd，“潮湿的，新鲜的”)、梵語 स्वेद (svéda)、立陶宛語 sviedri、吐火羅語B syā-和阿爾巴尼亞語 djersë同源。

(我們能否查找並添加Holinshed引用過本詞的語句？)


tryst

源自中古英語 tryst、trist，源自古法語 tristre (“等待地点，打猎时约定的地方”)，可能源自北日耳曼語支，比如古諾爾斯語 treysta (“保全”)，源自traust (“信任，安全，帮助，藏身处”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *traustą (“信任，避难所”)，源自原始印歐語 *deru-、*dreu-、*drū- (“确信”)。trust 的同源對似詞（亦参见）。

同類詞：fair、mart、market、farmers' market


Gestapo

Fortunately this was Spain and not Germany. The Spanish secret police had some of the spirit of the Gestapo, but not much of its competence.

1938 四月，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 XI, in Homage to Catalonia，London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:


deus ex machina

非同化借詞，源自拉丁語 deus ex māchinā (即设备，脚手架等机械，字面意思是“来自机械的神”)，源自古希臘語。

dei ex machina (plural)
dei ex machinis (plural)
deus ex machinas (plural)

罕见地，复数作dii ex machina, di ex machina, dii ex machinis及di ex machinis。

以ex machina结尾的复数形式直译为“从一台机械降临的神们”，而以ex machinis结尾的则意为“从几台机械降临的神们”，使用时，这些复数形式的词义通常保留这一语义上的差别，但是仅为比喻义。

机械降神 （在希腊或罗马戏剧中，依靠舞台器械登台救场的神祇）

I was going to wait for Monsieur Hyppolyte and, like a craven, hand the whole thing over to him. Let the deus ex machina fly in out of the clouds...

1959，Mary Stewart，章號 XVII, in Nine Coaches Waiting，M. S. Mill Company，頁 268:

（协助此种角色登台的）活板门，吊车等器械


ab urbe condita

借自拉丁語 ab Urbe conditā (“從[羅馬]城建成之日起”)。

自罗马城建立之时（公元前753年）算起；AUC的另一種寫法


KGB

源自俄語 КГБ (KGB)，Комите́т госуда́рственной безопа́сности (Komitét gosudárstvennoj bezopásnosti，“国家安全委员会”)的首字母缩略词。

（苏联）国家安全委员会，克格勃

But in 1967 Treholt's trenchant opposition to the Vietnam War attracted the attention of the KGB.

2019 [2018]，Ben Macintyre，章號 4, in The Spy and the Traitor，Penguin Books, →ISBN，頁 75:


Nanjingese

南京話 歷史上在南京周邊使用過的吳語方言


Jin

源自官話 晉／晋 (Jìn)的漢語拼音。

晉國 西周至戰國時期諸侯國名（約前1046年–前376年）

晉國 曹魏及此後部分朝代的諸侯國

晉朝 帝國名，位於中國（265年–420年），分為西晉和東晉

晉朝 自3世紀晚期至5世紀這一段時間

主要用於中國歷史研究領域

晉州，中國古代州名，治所在今山西臨汾

後晉，五代十國時期中原政權名


Jin

源自官話 金 (Jīn)的漢語拼音。

金州，中國古代州名，治所在今陝西安康

金朝 帝國名，位於中國北方（1115年–1234年）

金朝 自12世紀至13世紀這一段時間

主要用於中國歷史研究領域


Jin

源自官話 錦／锦 (Jǐn)的漢語拼音。

錦州，中國古代州名，治所在盧陽，即今湖南麻陽


Jin

源自朝鮮語 진 (jin)的文化觀光部2000年式羅馬化。
* 作為“辰國”之義，源自漢語 辰，可能是指其位於“東方”。
* 作為渤海國的別名，源自漢語 震。
* 作為姓氏，來自不同漢字的羅馬化，如陳／陈、秦、眞／真，也包括晉 / 晋。

辰國，古代朝鮮半島部落的通稱


Dane

源自中古英語 Dane，源自古諾爾斯語 danir。代替本土的古英語 Dene。兩者均源自原始日耳曼語 *daniz。

Kenett states that the military works still known by the name of Tadmarten Camp and Hook-Norton Barrow were cast up at this time ; the former, large and round, is judged to be a fortification of the Danes, and the latter, being smaller and rather a quinquangle than a square, of the Saxons.

肯尼特指出，塔德瑪頓營地和胡克-諾頓古墳等軍事設施，都是在這一時期建造的；前者大而圓，一般認定是丹人的防禦設施；後者小，比起方形來說更像是五邊形，一般認為是薩克遜人建造的。

1881，John Kirby Hedges，The history of Wallingford，卷 1，頁 170:


West Germany

最初是對英法美三國佔領下德國區域的非正式稱呼，受德語 Westdeutschland、Westdeutscher的影響，此二者自17-18世紀開始用來稱呼歐洲德語區的西端。

指英國、法國、美國三國佔領下的德國


Malian

馬利斯（古希臘部落）成員


szlachta

什拉赫塔，歷史上波蘭及立陶宛的貴族階級


Dai

源自官話 代 (Dài)的漢語拼音。

代國，可以指： 春秋時期古國名

代國，可以指： 十六國時期古國名，為北魏的前身

代州，中國古代的州名，在今山西


evader

在敵軍領土上被擊落，又回到己方區域的盟軍飛行員


Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

仿譯自俄語 Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик (Sojúz Sovétskix Socialistíčeskix Respúblik)。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Union of Soviet Socialist Republics US.oga

蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟


quid pro quo

借自拉丁語 quid prō quō (字面意思是“[将]某物[当成]某物”)。

quae pro quibus (plural)
quid pro quibus (plural)
quid pro quos (plural)

a knave Apothecary that administers the Physick, and makes the medicine, may doe infinite harme, by his old obsolete doses, adulterine druggs, bad mixtures, quid pro quo, etc.

1621-51，Robert Burton，Anatomy of Melancholy:

Nicholas [Praepositus] was also the author of a "Quid pro Quo", that is an alphabetically arranged catalogue of equivalent drugs, capable of replacing each other, when for any reason one or the other drug was wanting

1889，Johann Hermann Baas, Henry Ebenezer Handerson，Outlines of the History of Medicine and the Medical Profession，頁 263:

Was it not Claudius Galenus (130-200 A. D.), the great Roman physician-pharmacist, who was about the very first to prepare a lengthy list of drugs, quid pro quo, a list which remained in use until about the sixteenth century?

1917，Otto Raubenheimer，“History of Substitutes and Substitution”, in Druggists Circular，卷 61，頁 188:


sext

源自拉丁語 sexta (“第六；第六個小時”)。

noon

正午（白天的第六個小時）

midday

正午（白天的第六個小時）

noontide

正午（白天的第六個小時）

正午（白天的第六個小時）


Susa

源自拉丁語 Sūsa，源自古希臘語 Σοῦσα (Soûsa)。

蘇薩（古代首都名，位於埃蘭，在現代的伊朗）


Pi

源自官話 郫 (Pí)。

郫縣（縣名，位於中國四川成都）。


plumbata

一种中世纪和古代使用的飞镖

The plumbata was an ancient Roman version of the lawn dart—a weighted projectile with a sharp point that was lobbed underhanded toward its target. And like the lawn dart, the plumbata killed its share of people. […] A typical Roman legionary could carry up to four plumbata inside his shield, […]

2013，John O'Bryan，A History of Weapons: Crossbows, Caltrops, Catapults & Lots of Other Things that Can Seriously Mess You Up，Chronicle Books, →ISBN，頁 68:

"These plumbata make marching difficult," he complained to Claudius, who was marching beside him.

2016，Rexford Walker，Strike of Venus, →ISBN:


sophism

源自中古英語 sophim，源自古法語 soffime、sofime、sofisme、sophisme，源自拉丁語 sophisma (“谬误，诡辩”)，源自古希臘語 σόφῐσμᾰ (sóphĭsmă)，源自σοφίζω (sophízō) + -μα (-ma)。

Within the framework of democracy a new ideology, born of sophism, took root and proclaimed the rights of the individual in all spheres, political as well as moral.

1958，Sophie Trenkner，The Greek Novella in the Classical Period，頁 15:

Empiricism has its roots in Greek and Roman sophism and skepticism, and continues through Kant and American pragmatism.

2003，Murray Leaf，“Ethnography and Pragmatism”, in Renascent Pragmatism: Studies in Law and Social Science, →ISBN，頁 92:

Sophistic teachers did not, in general, consciously aim at corrupting the young or turning them against their parents, but the radical skepticism and moral relativism of later sophism indirectly achieved something like this.

2009，Richard M. Berthold，Dare to Struggle: The History and Society of Greece, →ISBN，頁 75:


fiefdom

The duke's fiefdom had been greatly expanded as a reward for his dutiful military service on behalf of the king.

"If you wish to offer any of my vassals fiefdoms or positions in your new kingdom, they have my leave to accept. I promised them that when they came with me."

1989，Robert Shea，The Saracen，The Holy War:


afrancesado

借自葡萄牙語或西班牙語 afrancesado (“親法者”)。

afrancesados (plural)
afrancesadoes (plural)

半島戰爭期間支持法國的伊比利亞人


juramentado

胡拉門塔多，菲律賓歷史上摩洛人男性劍士、刺客的統稱，他們會試圖襲擊並殺死那些入侵本國國土的敵國警察和士兵，同時亦希望自己因此犧牲