whack

不详，原为苏格兰英语。可能是拟声词，但对比中古英語 thakken ← 古英語 þaccian（其因与本词异文合并而派生出thwack）。

whacks (third-person singular present)
whacking (present participle)
whacked (past participle)

Niko Bellic: So you want me to talk to him? / Jimmy Pegorino: I want you to whack him! And after that I want you to kill all the other rats I surround myself with...

2008年April29日，Rockstar，Grand Theft Auto 4，Take-Two Interactive，關卡/區域：Flatline:


wherefore

源自中古英語 wherfor、wherfore、hwarfore，等价于where- (“什么”) + for。 对比荷蘭語 waarvoor (“为何”)、德語 wofür (“为何”)、丹麥語和挪威語 hvorfor (“为何”)、瑞典語 varför (“为何”)。详见where、for。

/ˈʍeə(ɹ)ˌfɔː(ɹ)/

将“wherefore”解读为“where”是常见的误解，这种误读有时会出现在莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的复述中，且常是为了喜剧效果。在《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中“Wherefore art thou Romeo?”（第2幕第2场第33句台词）意思不是“你在哪，罗密欧”，而是“为什么是你，罗密欧？”（“为什么你属于蒙塔古家族？”，即和朱丽叶的家族有世仇的一个家族）。

Wherefore doe the wicked liue, become old, yea, are mightie in power?

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 21:7，列 1:

"Good morning, Mrs. Denny," he said. "Wherefore this worried look on your face? Has that reprobate James been misbehaving himself?"

1920, Herman Cyril McNeile, chapter 1, in Bulldog Drummond:

Wherefore, Judge G. Thomas Porteous, Jr., is guilty of high crimes and misdemeanors and should be removed from office.

2010年March17日，House of the United States，House Resolution 1031:


wherefore

/ˈʍeə(ɹ)ˌfɔː(ɹ)/

Wherefore, thus ſaith the holy one of Iſrael, Becauſe ye deſpise this word, and truſt in oppreſſion and peruerſeneſſe, and ſtay thereon: Therefore this iniquitie ſhalbe to you as a breach ready to fall, ſwelling out in a high wall, whoſe breaking commeth ſuddenly at an inſtant.

所以以色列的聖者如此說：『因為你們藐視這訓誨的話，倚賴欺壓和乖僻，以此為可靠的，故此，這罪孽在你們身上好像將要破裂凸出來的高牆，頃刻之間忽然坍塌。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 30:12–13，列 1:

Wherefore it was that by the time the authorities awoke to the fact that something had happened Billy Byrne was fifty miles west of Joliet, bowling along aboard a fast Santa Fe freight.

1914，Edgar Rice Burroughs，The Mucker，The Gutenberg Project, 出版於 2009:


wherefore

/ˈʍeə(ɹ)ˌfɔː(ɹ)/

Ant[ipholus of Syracuse]. Shall I tell you why? / S. Dro. [Dromio of Syracuse] I, ſir, and wherefore; for they ſay, euery why hath a wherefore.

c. 1594，William Shakespeare，“The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]，頁 88，列 2:

They want their money without reference to the hows and wherefores.

1996，Richard Bausch，Good Evening Mr. & Mrs. America, and All the Ships at Sea，頁 72:


valedictorian

/vælədɪkˈtɔɹɪən/

dux

状元，毕业班中成绩最高者

（在毕业典礼上致告别辞的）毕业生代表

同類詞：salutatorian

Our oldest son was valedictorian of his high school class and went to a top university. But right about this time two years ago, our second son told us he wasn’t interested in college.

2020年July2日，Arthur C. Brooks，“A College Degree Is No Guarantee of a Good Life”, in The Atlantic:

At first, it seemed a joyous occasion. There was an audible gasp in the room, then boisterous cheering and applause when the announcement was made: Ikeria Washington and Layla Temple had been named 2021 valedictorian and salutatorian for West Point High School.

2021年June11日，Stephanie Saul，“Two Black Students Won School Honors. Then Came the Calls for a Recount.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


verbiage

源自法語 verbiage。英语词可能可以分析作verb (“動詞”) + -age。

本词有贬义色彩。一般用diction、phrasing等来表示“措辞”。

bureaucratic verbiage

The comparison of coincidences in the verbiage of different languages, and affinity of etymological formation, are interesting subjects of philological investigation.

1846，Margaret Thornley，The True End of Education and the Means Adapted to It:

Use concise military verbiage.


verbose

源自拉丁語 verbōsus (“冗长的，长篇大论的，啰嗦的”) + 英語 -ose (指“满是...、像...”的后缀)。verbōsus派生自verbum (“词语”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *werh₁- (“说”)）+ -ōsus (指“满是...、过于...、倾向于...”的后缀，用于从名词构成形容词)。。等价于verb + -ose。

more verbose (comparative)
most verbose (superlative)

冗长的，啰嗦的 [自17世纪]

I omit more than an Hundred Things, that would engage to perſonal Reflection; for my Soul hath no Pleaſure in ſtriving therein, as knowing the inconſiſtancy of that uncharitable virulent Temper with a Chriſtian Spirit, which I am aſſured is quite another Thing, from what is Verboſe, Abuſive[,] Cavilling, Airy, and meerly Notional; [...]

1672，W[illiam] P[enn]，“To the Impartial Reader”, in The Spirit of Truth Vindicated, against that of Error & Envy; […]，[London: […] Andrew Sowle ...], →OCLC，頁 8:

We mentioned as another of the faults of Dr. [Charles] Anthon's book, that it exhibited his usual verbose grandiloquence. [...] We objected, for instance, to the lexicon, as loaded with useless words; and we suggested that the probable cause was the desire of procuring for it the appearance of completeness and originality.

1840 October，“Art. XI.—Critical Notices. 1.—A Reply to an Attack on Anthon’s Greek Reader, in the North American Review for July, 1840. The Knickerbocker. Extra. New York. 8vo. pp. 11.”, in The North American Review，卷 LI, 期 CIX, Boston, Mass.: Ferdinand Andrews, […], →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 498:

So with sentences or the combinations of words. Much skill is required for their construction. They must convey your meaning accurately, and as far as possible in the natural order of thought, and yet they must not be complex, involved, verbose, stiff, ungainly, or tautological. They must be brief, but not curt; explicit, but not verbose. Here, again, good taste must be your guide, rather than rules which teachers propound, but which the pupil never follows.

1863，Edward W[illiam] Cox，“Letter VIII. Words—Sentences—Rhythm.”, in The Arts of Writing, Reading and Speaking, in Letters to a Law Student，London: John Crockford, […], →OCLC，頁 51:

On the Furness section the sign at Grange is as brief—PASSENGERS MUST CROSS BY THE SUBWAY—as that at the next station, Arnside, is verbose: PASSENGERS ARE REQUESTED TO CROSS THE LINE BY THE BRIDGE. IT IS DANGEROUS TO CROSS THE RAILS.

1942 April，Bernard Fielding，“Crossing the Line”, in Railway Magazine，頁 103:

In modern processors, you pay a bigger performance hit for having verbose code than for having an extra function call because larger code can cause secondary cache hits.

1999，Michael Hyman，Phani Vaddadi，“Dealing with Compiler-generated Code”, in Mike and Phani’s Essential C++ Techniques (Books for Professionals by Professionals)，New York, N.Y.: Apress, →DOI, →ISBN, technique 46 (Wrap New to Save Space)，頁 40:

Some patients are especially difficult to interview. Recalcitrant patients, verbose patients, confused patients, patients whose command of the English language is limited, patients with hearing impairments, patients with aphasia, impatient patients, and patients hospitalized in isolation rooms all may be difficult to interview. [...] The best approach for recalcitrant or verbose patients is to exert firm control of the interview and ask directed questions to draw information from the recalcitrant patient and redirect the verbose patient.

2012，Karen J. Tietze，“Taking Medication Histories”, in Clinical Skills for Pharmacists: A Patient-focused Approach，第3rd版, St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Mosby, →ISBN，頁 38，列 1:

详细的 （输出、日志等，常用来做诊断调试）

You should use verbose logging sparingly. Turning on verbose logging for every process would result in log files so large they would become useless.

2001，Richard Blum，“Common Postfix Problems”, in Postfix，Indianapolis, Ind.: Sams Publishing, →ISBN, part III (Advanced Postfix Server Topics)，頁 532:

Verbose logging adds extra detail and increases the descriptiveness of the log entries made. Verbose logging also adds one additional client log file that is specific to DCM, SmsClrHost.log, and one management point log file, MP_GetSdmPackage.log.

2009，Kerrie Meyler，Byron Holt，Greg Ramsey [et al.]，“Desired Configuration Management”, in System Center Configuration Manager 2007 Unleashed，Indianapolis, Ind.: Sams Publishing, →ISBN, part III (Configuration Manager Operations):

For troubleshooting purposes, enable verbose logging for the WUA by following these steps: [...]

2015，Andre Della Monica，Chris Shilt，Russ Rimmerman，Rushi Faldu，“Understanding Software Update Architecture: Client Side”, in Microsoft System Center: Software Update Management Field Experience，Redmond, Wash.: Microsoft Press, →ISBN，頁 19:


valorous

more valorous (comparative)
most valorous (superlative)

this present booke compyled by virgyle ryght subtyl and Ingenyous oratour & poete Intytuled Eneydos hath be translated oute of latyn in to comyn langage In whiche may alle valyaunt prynces and other nobles see many valorous fayttes of armes.

大約1490 William Caxton (translator), The Boke of Eneydos, Westminster, Preface,

[…] he esteems himself happy that he hath fallen into the hands of one, as he thinks, the most brave, valorous, and thrice-worthy signieur of England.

1599，William Shakespeare，“The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv]:

[…] I shall be at York—at the head of my daring and valorous fellows, as ready to support any bold design as thy policy can be to form one.

1820，沃尔特·司各特，艾凡赫，卷 (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC:

He held up the glass. “To your valorous wounds. To the silver medal.”

1929, Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms, New York: Scribner, Book I, Chapter 10, p. 70,

There are many valorous stories told of her, which enthral grown men as well as children.

2004, Andrea Levy, Small Island, London: Review, Chapter Twelve, p. 139,


vampire

源自法語 vampire，源自德語 Vampir，经由匈牙利语源自某斯拉夫語族单词，可能是塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 вампир (vàmpīr)，其为不可考词*upir的一个理论变体，源自原始斯拉夫語 *ǫpyrь，对比参考俄語 упы́рь (upýrʹ)、波蘭語 upiór、波蘭語 wąpierz等。oupire 的同源對似詞。

nosferatu

吸血鬼 （自1732年）

lamia

吸血鬼 （自1732年）

cadaver sanguine

吸血鬼 （自1732年）

vampire bat

吸血蝙蝠 （自18世纪晚期）

吸血鬼 （自1732年）

[I]n the Village of Medreyga in Hungary, certain dead Bodies (call'd there Vampyres) had kill'd several Persons by sucking out all their Blood: That Arnold Paul, an Heyduke, having kill'd four Persons after he was dead, his Body was taken up 40 Days after, which bled at the Nose, Mouth and Ears: That, according to Custom, they drove a Stake thro' his Heart, at which he gave horrid Groan, and lost a great deal of Blood. And that all such as have been tormented or kill'd by Vampyres, become Vampyres when they are dead.

1732年May20日，The London Journal，頁 76，列 1:

The universal belief is, that a person sucked by a vampyre becomes a vampyre himself, and sucks in his turn.

1819，John William Polidori，The Vampyre，London: Sherwood, Neely, and Jones，頁 xxi:

处理病人血液的医疗工作者

Only one technician in the hospital lab, in all we have encountered, uses it. […] Eric makes no complaints other than those directed at the vampires. Brenda and I do.

"I draw blood from patients, and then I take it back to the lab and analyze it. Sometimes, the vampires do all the sticks, that is to say the lab assistants do all the blood collections." He grinned. "We have our own language at the lab."

2000, Tracie Peterson, Colorado Wings (page 373)


vapid

借自拉丁語 vapidus (“（指葡萄酒）不新鲜的”)。

more vapid (comparative)
most vapid (superlative)

乏味的，枯燥的，平平无奇的

In Koons' best-known works—a life-sized poly-chromed wood replica of Michael Jackson and his pet chimp Bubbles; vapid fin de siècle readymades such as a trio of basketballs floating in a fishtank […]

1995，Steven Daly，Nathaniel Wice，“Koons, Jeff”, in alt.culture，New York: HarperPerennial, →ISBN:


vestige

源自法語 vestige，源自拉丁語 vestīgium (“足迹，痕迹，脚底”)。

remains

（已消逝的事物的）痕迹，残留，残余

（已消逝的事物的）痕迹，残留，残余

the vestiges of ancient magnificence in Palmyra

在巴尔米拉旧时的辉煌的痕迹

vestiges of former population

The result, therefore, of this physical inquiry is, that we find no vestige of a beginning,— no prospect of an end.

1788，James Hutton，Theory of the earth，頁 166:

Her face was without a vestige of colour, but it only showed more strongly the perfect outline of her features. Pale she was, but not like a statue; it was a human paleness—passionate and painful.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“The Letters Restored”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 218:

Nevertheless in some cases, my original view, that the points are vestiges of the tips of formerly erect and pointed ears, still seems to me probable.

1871，Charles Darwin，Descent of Man, Chapter I:

Only ragged vestiges of glass remained in its windows, and great sheets of the green facing had fallen away from the corroded metallic framework.

1895，H. G. Wells，The Time Machine, Chapter VIII:

The chief remains of the Roman Calagurris are the vestiges of an aqueduct and an amphitheatre.

1911，“Angkor”, in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:

The hovel stood in the centre of what had once been a vegetable garden, but was now a patch of rank weeds. Surrounding this, almost like a zareba, was an irregular ring of gorse and brambles, an unclaimed vestige of the original common.

1944，Miles Burton，章號 5, in The Three Corpse Trick:

Any person seeing such a condition could not help being frightened at the conditions found, and it seems to me that that fact should lead us to think that the appendix is a vestige or becoming so.

1904，Transactions of the […] annual session，卷 40, Homeopathic Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania，頁 160:

Now this paired organ of Jacobsen began in reptiles and is well developed in many mammals. But in man it is a vestige, often disappearing altogether; and the two openings are closed.

1932，John Arthur Thomson，Riddles of science，Ayer Publishing，頁 824:

This idea was confirmed by Scott, who performed a detailed comparative analysis of primate anatomy and demonstrated conclusively that the appendix is derived for some unidentified function and is not a vestige.

2007，R. Randal Bollingera, Andrew S. Barbasa, Errol L. Busha, Shu S. Lina, William Parkera，“Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix,”, in Journal of Theoretical Biology:


vassal

源自中古英語 vassal，源自古法語 vassal，源自中世紀拉丁語 vassallus (“男仆，佣人”)，源自拉丁語 vassus (“佣人”)，源自高盧語 *wassos (“少年，乡绅”)，源自原始凱爾特語 *wastos (“佣人”)（对比古愛爾蘭語 foss和威爾士語 gwas）。

subject

部下；附属；奴隶；佣人；臣民等

dependant

部下；附属；奴隶；佣人；臣民等

servant

部下；附属；奴隶；佣人；臣民等

slave

部下；附属；奴隶；佣人；臣民等

部下；附属；奴隶；佣人；臣民等

The vassals of his anger.

1667，John Milton，“Book 2”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


vehement

借自中古法語 vehement（现代法語 véhément，对比意大利語 veemente、葡萄牙語 veemente、西班牙語 vehemente）；或源自拉丁語 vehemēns (“猛烈的；热切的；猛烈的；热情的；强调的”)，可能源自vē- (指“缺少”的前缀) + mēns (“心智；智力；判断力，思考能力”)。

more vehement (comparative)
most vehement (superlative)

音频 (通用美式，女性)

音频 (通用美式，男性)

激动的，热情的，热烈的，热切的；激烈的

Yet the Fiends ſeemed to come nearer and nearer, but when they were come even almoſt at him, he cried out with a moſt vehement voice, I will walk in the ſtrength of the Lord God; ſo they gave back, and came no further.

1678，John Bunyan，The Pilgrim's Progress from This World, to That Which is to Come: Delivered under the Similitude of a Dream wherein is Discovered, the Manner of His Setting Out, His Dangerous Journey; and Safe Arrival at the Desired Countrey，London: Printed for Nath[aniel] Ponder at the Peacock in the Poultrey near Cornhill, →OCLC，頁 79:

Amy shook her head, vehement. "The vine didn't kill them. The Mayans did. They tried to flee and the Mayans shot them. The vine just claimed their bodies once they'd been shot. There's no thought involved in that. No—"

2006，Scott [Bechtel] Smith，The Ruins: A Novel，New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN，頁 236:


vixen

早期形式fixen的变换形式，源自中古英語 fixen：
* 其源自古英語 *fyxen，源自原始西日耳曼語 *fuhsini，可作fox + -en分析，其中，浊音v-源自中古英語的南部方言形式
* 或者，源自古英語形容词fyxen (“狐狸的”)，其见于短语fixen hȳd (“狐狸皮”，对比中古英語 foxen fox)。

恶毒的女人；脾气差的女人，泼妇

He was prudent and industrious, and so good a husbandman, that he might have led a very easy and comfortable life, had not an arrant vixen of a wife soured his domestic quiet.

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:

[…] and if Solomon was as wise as he is reputed to be, I feel sure that when he compared a contentious woman to a continual dripping on a very rainy day, he had not a vixen in his eye–a fury with long nails, acrid and selfish.

1859:, George Eliot. Adam Bede: page 54. Köln: Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1999:

(Mimic): 'I used the plans to build a Steam Engine of my own. I was almost done when that vixen swiped it!'

2002年June2日，WayForward，Shantae，經由 Game Boy Color，關卡/區域：Mimic's Dock:


vouchsafe

源自vouch + safe，中古英语和早期现代英语中写作两个词。

vouchsafes (third-person singular present)
vouchsafing (present participle)
vouchsafed (past participle)

vouch

（以很高的地位慷慨地）给予，赋予，赐予；告知，传达

（以很高的地位慷慨地）给予，赋予，赐予；告知，传达

If Brutus will vouchſafe that Antony / May ſafely come to him ...

1599?，William Shakespeare，Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, Julius Caesar, Act III, scene i，頁 119:

Wilt thou, whoſe will is large and ſpacious, / Not once vouchſafe to hide my will in thine?

1609，William Shakespeare，Shake-speares sonnets: Neuer before Imprinted，London: G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe], and are to be solde by William Aspley, →OCLC, sonnet 135:

Needless to say, we have been vouchsafed no idea of what this might cost the innocent victims, the ratepayers.

1964 July，“The mythology of monorails”, in Modern Railways，頁 57:

She vouchsafed to me that she regretted ever marrying him.

她和我说她后悔嫁给了他。

His predictions were at first to be guided by direct intimations vouchsafed to him by the god; […]

1879，F. D. Morice，Pindar，chapter 8，頁 129:


uptight

uptighter (comparative)
more uptight (comparative)
uptightest (superlative)
most uptight (superlative)

Withnail: Just because the best tailoring you’ve ever seen is above your fucking appendix doesn’t mean anything. / Danny: Don’t get uptight with me, man.


undoing

源自中古英語 undoinge、undoynge、ondoynge，等价于undo + -ing。

失败，覆灭， 导致失败或覆灭的事物

His fatal flaw was his undoing. In a sense he defeated himself.

他致命的缺点导致了他的失败。某种意义上，是他打败了他自己。

The extra 30 minutes could not separate the sides and led to a nerve-shredding finale that has so often been England's undoing, with a dismal record of just one win in seven shootouts at major tournaments before this.

2018年July3日，Phil McNulty，“Colombia 1 - 1 England”, in BBC Sport:


unencumbered

more unencumbered (comparative)
most unencumbered (superlative)

That large room had always awed Ivor: even as a child he had never wanted to play in it, for all that it was so limitless, the parquet floor so vast and shiny and unencumbered, the windows so wide and light with the fairy expanse of Kensington Gardens.

1922，Michael Arlen，“1/1/3”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

The commuters from the suburbs come unencumbered with luggage, children and prams, and can almost be relied upon to find their way blindfold to their trains.

1962 April，J. N. Faulkner，“Summer Saturday at Waterloo”, in Modern Railways，頁 258:

"You are wrong," replied Mrs. Courtenaye: "luxury is but a trifle—not so power and position. With an unencumbered estate, you take the first place in the county; you obtain the finest field for the exertion of your talents; and England has no distinction to which you may not reasonably aspire."

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“The Confession”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 I, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 142:


unremitting

1728年，un- + remitting，源自remit，源自拉丁語 remittō，借其词义“减弱，减轻”，现已罕用。并非源自*unremit，该词不存在。

more unremitting (comparative)
most unremitting (superlative)

/ˌʌnɹɪˈmɪtɪŋ/

/ˌʌnɹɪˈmɪɾɪŋ/

These thoughts supported my spirits, while I pursued my undertaking with unremitting ardour.

1818，Mary Shelley，章號 4, in Frankenstein:

We can achieve this god‐likeness only by unremitting and strenuous effort of the intellect.

1961: J. A. Philip. Mimesis in the Sophistês of Plato. In: Proceedings and Transactions of the American Philological Association 92. p. 467.

The human life span will be extended to 200 years, but the last 150 will be spent in unremitting pain and sadness.

2004，George Carlin，“IN THE FUTURE”, in When Will Jesus Bring the Pork Chops?，New York: Hyperion Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 93:

In fact, eighteenth-century British erotica has been the subject of unremitting attention for the last two decades.

2011，Patrick Spedding，James Lambert，“Fanny Hill, Lord Fanny, and the Myth of Metonymy”, in Studies in Philology，卷 108, 期 1，頁 114:

"To meet the ambitions set-out by the Williams-Shapps Plan for Rail, we need to have an unremitting focus upon sustainable delivery, innovation and collaboration. [...]."

2021年July14日，Stefanie Foster，“Network News: Porterbrook takes over Long Marston rail site”, in RAIL，期 935，頁 28:


unruly

源自中古英語 unruly (“不安定的，骚动的”)，等价于un- + rule + -ly（对比中古英語 ruly、reuli (“符合教规的”)），但也是早期形式中古英語 unrouly、unroly (“unquiet, restless”)的变换形式，等价于un- + roolie。后者源自古諾爾斯語 *úróligr或受其影响，与丹麥語 urolig (“骚动的”)、瑞典語 orolig (“骚动的”)、冰島語 órólegur (“激动的”)有关。亦对比中古英語 unroo、unro (“焦虑”)。详见roo。

unrulier (comparative)
unruliest (superlative)

失控的，暴乱的，无法无天的

The police gathered to contain the unruly mob.

警察集合起来控制了失控的人群。

Unruly boys who will not grow up / Must be taken in hand / Unruly girls who will not settle down / They must be taken in hand

1985，Morrissey & Johnny Marr （作曲作詞）, “Barbarism Begins at Home”, in Meat Is Murder，演出者 The Smiths:

Richard DeLongpre: Are you okay, my boy angel?

2011 Allen Gregory, "Pilot" (season 1, episode 1):


unscathed

He was quite relieved to finish the conversation unscathed.

On Tyneside, the suburban electric services were relatively unscathed by the conditions.

1962 March，“The New Year Freeze-up on British Railways”, in Modern Railways，頁 159:

This was not the cagey, cautious approach which had been widely anticipated. Rather, it was a signal that McCoist had reached a fairly significant conclusion – that his only hope of getting through this storm unscathed was to get his fragile team back on the front foot.

2011年December29日，Keith Jackson，“SPL: Celtic 1 Rangers 0”, in Daily Record:

This final running sore through several years did not leave the Queen unscathed, since it was clear that the palace had neglected its duty, either to persuade Charles to give up his long-running affair with Camilla Parker Bowles, or to protect and advise Diana how to cope with the international celebrity that had suddenly been thrust upon her.

September 8 2022，Stephen Bates，“Queen Elizabeth II obituary”, in The Guardian:


uncouth

源自中古英語 uncouth，源自古英語 uncūþ (“不明的；不熟悉的；奇怪的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *unkunþ，源自原始日耳曼語 *unkunþaz (“未知的”)，等价于un- + couth。

uncouther (comparative)
more uncouth (comparative)
uncouthest (superlative)
most uncouth (superlative)

couth

奇怪的，奇特的，不寻常的

奇怪的，奇特的，不寻常的

The trouble of thy thoughts this night in sleep
Affects me equally; nor can I like
This uncouth' dream, of evil sprung I fear […]

1667，John Milton，“Book V”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Harsh words, though pertinent, uncouth appear: / None please the fancy, who offend the ear.

1699，Samuel Garth，The Dispensary, Canto IV, line 204:

If Yule found it delightful, why did Kipling find it uncouth?

2014，James Lambert，“A Much Tortured Expression: A New Look At `Hobson-Jobson'”, in International Journal of Lexicography，卷 27, 期 1，頁 58:

“I don’t think it’s uncouth to talk about it. I think it’s a reality that has to inform the urgency with which we approach those issues.”

2021年May10日，Ian Prasad Philbrick，引 Brian Fallon, “‘We May Not Have a Full Two Years’: Democrats’ Plans Hinge on Good Health”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


unscrupulous

more unscrupulous (comparative)
most unscrupulous (superlative)

毫无顾忌的，肆无忌惮的，不择手段的，没有道德的

The real difficulty is with the vast wealth and power in the hands of the few and the unscrupulous who represent or control capital.

1888，Rutherford B. Hayes，Diary and Letters of Rutherford Birchard Hayes，卷 IV, Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society, 出版於 1925，頁 374:


unflappable

more unflappable (comparative)
most unflappable (superlative)

collected

临危不惧的，沉着冷静的 （自1954年）

cool

临危不惧的，沉着冷静的 （自1954年）

even-keeled

临危不惧的，沉着冷静的 （自1954年）

flappable

临危不惧的，沉着冷静的 （自1954年）

临危不惧的，沉着冷静的 （自1954年）

The whole thing looked remarkably like an implacable force meeting an unflappable object.

It was for this reason that when Lord Hailsham first described Harold Macmillan as "unflappable'", it became an instant catchword, distancing the incoming Prime Minister from his predecessor

1978，James D. Margach，The abuse of power: the war between Downing Street and the media from Lloyd George to Callaghan:


unabashed

more unabashed (comparative)
most unabashed (superlative)

abashless

不害羞的，不在乎的，不怕丑的

composed

不害羞的，不在乎的，不怕丑的

poised

不害羞的，不在乎的，不怕丑的

unaffected

不害羞的，不在乎的，不怕丑的

undaunted

不害羞的，不在乎的，不怕丑的

unshamed

不害羞的，不在乎的，不怕丑的

abashless

人尽皆知的，没有掩盖的，没有掩饰的

barefaced

人尽皆知的，没有掩盖的，没有掩饰的

blatant

人尽皆知的，没有掩盖的，没有掩饰的

impudent

人尽皆知的，没有掩盖的，没有掩饰的

obvious

人尽皆知的，没有掩盖的，没有掩饰的

shameless

人尽皆知的，没有掩盖的，没有掩饰的

unrestrained

人尽皆知的，没有掩盖的，没有掩饰的

不害羞的，不在乎的，不怕丑的

For the third time Allan looked at his lawyer. And for the third time his lawyer looked back at him quite unabashed.

1866，Wilkie Collins，Armadale, Third book, Chapter V:

Armed with her utter faith in the goodness she must stand unabashed before the arrogance that scoffs at the power of spirit.

1919，Rabindranath Tagore，Letter to M. K. Gandhi:

人尽皆知的，没有掩盖的，没有掩饰的

指所作所为、情绪、事实等

[...]; a balance not artfully calculated, as her tears and her falterings showed, but resulting naturally from her unabashed sincerity.

1920，Edith Wharton，“Chapter XXV”, in The Age of Innocence:


underhanded

more underhanded (comparative)
most underhanded (superlative)

underhand

除了“人手不足的”以外的义项

Golf is an underhanded game, because we must swing the club in an underhanded motion in order to play the ball off the ground.

2011，Edward A Tischler，The Way Of The Golfer: Searching For New Horizons, →ISBN，頁 25:

They were actually underhanded threats to call off the lawsuit and then all insurance agents in the hospital district would get a dividend for the premiums paid.

2007，Dewey Anderson，When Satan Came to Moose Lake, →ISBN，頁 118:

Was the federal government being underhanded and hypocritical in officially praising the merits of federalism, but in missing no opportunity to promote Canadian nationalism?

2009，Alain-G. Gagnon，Contemporary Canadian Federalism, →ISBN:

The pap phoned and we told him that Kirschner probably peddled them himself and now was accusing you of acting underhanded so he did not have out to pay out any more dough.

2010，Al Walentis & Polly Kahl，The Secret World of Jon and Kate, →ISBN，頁 152:

There were underhanded ploys that were effective but were deplored by the hospital administration.

2014，Carl Douglass，The Long Climb, →ISBN:

His underhanded trick backfired and he was disqualified.

他卑鄙的计俩适得其反，让他失去了资格。

不真心的，挖苦的，讽刺的

Of course, sometimes compliments just aren't really compliments. Underhanded compliments are, for better or worse, nothing new or unusual.

2012，Hanne Blank，The Unapologetic Fat Girl's Guide to Exercise and Other Incendiary Acts, →ISBN，頁 56:

Poking underhanded fun at the contestants live on stage was absolutely inexcusable.

2013，Charmaine Ross，Makeover Miracle, →ISBN:

“Have you seen my film?” He's asking about Election, his deliriously sardonic and underhanded satire of politics and high school culture that follows trepidatious government teacher (Matthew Broderick) through increasingly bizarre attempts to sideline a senior's fanatical student body presidential campaign.

2014，Julie Levinson，Alexander Payne: Interviews, →ISBN:

An underhanded compliment is actually criticism.

秘密的，私下的，鬼鬼祟祟的

And, although the mystery of an unsigned note rather thrilled her, it seemed underhanded. And June hated underhanded things.

1903，Arthur Wellington Brayley, Arthur Wilson Tarbell, & Joe Mitchell Chapple，National Magazine - Volume 19，頁 493:

A general agreement should be made among the nations, that henceforth, all underhanded diplomatic agreements be abolished, and that complete publicity be observed in discussing and transacting international affairs.

1918，Cambrian ... Published in the Interest of the Welsh People and Their Descendants in the United States Volume 38:

He moved in closer, covertly noticing Vienna's underhanded peek.

2011，Celine Flux，Sit-Ups and Supersex, →ISBN，頁 289:

Between 9.30, when the first shot was fired, and 11.45 a.m., the enemy, well aware of his vast superiority in men — the ' Intrepid,' being, as was usual with the Company's cruisers, underhanded — made two attempts to run her on board and throw an overpowering force on the brig's decks.

1877，Charles Rathbone Low，History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863)，頁 209:

Jude and me can make out to work the boat and get a livin', but we're too underhanded for a big job.

2008，H. De Vere Stacpoole，Satan: a Story of the Sea King's Country, →ISBN，頁 51:

The government believed that most plantations in St. Vincent were “underhanded” and the phenomenon of runaways, or marronage, only exacerbated the problem.

2012，Christopher Taylor，The Black Carib Wars: Freedom, Survival, and the Making of the Garifuna，頁 1617033111:


underhanded

手臂从下方地；卑鄙地；挖苦地；悄悄地；在人手不足的情况下

Bonino required each of us to shoot our free throws underhanded.

2009，Patrick M. Sheridan，How Come Nothing Ever Kills Granddad?, →ISBN:

The 3fz one-hand-only shooting mechanism allows players to shoot the basketball up-handed by pronating palm (down) and uplifting the arm, as well as underhanded by supinating palm (up) and low-hand Unishots.

2011，Xiaoxing Chen，Three-Finger Zen: A Basketball Revolution, →ISBN，頁 54:


underhanded

We have fallen to the underhanded and label it a greater means.

2002，Anthony D. Darden，The Mind of Mafia Work, →ISBN，頁 91:

The kind of kho'los that comes from unfair dealings, culturally unacceptable practices that bring rewards to the underhanded can, on Odysseus's (and Agamemnon's) terms, be set aside.

2005，Thomas R. Walsh，Fighting Words and Feuding Words: Anger and the Homeric Poems, →ISBN:

But this is not what is decisive, as it also applies to the distrustful, the underhanded, and the “deranged."

2010，Martin Heidegger，Being and Truth, →ISBN，頁 87:


untenable

more untenable (comparative)
most untenable (superlative)

unholdable

（观点、立场等） 站不住脚的

indefensible

（观点、立场等） 站不住脚的

tenable

（观点、立场等） 站不住脚的

defensible

（观点、立场等） 站不住脚的

sustainable

（观点、立场等） 站不住脚的

（观点、立场等） 站不住脚的

The theory of cold fusion was untenable.

They are seeking to escape from the unpleasant implications of an untenable status dilemma. They desire but cannot afford a prestigious social status.

1970，Gary Schwartz，Sect Ideologies and Social Status，頁 219:

The rumors about Anderson nevertheless placed Glasgow in an untenable social position, for close friends either suspected or knew of their engagement.

1998，Susan Goodman，Ellen Glasgow: a biography，頁 149:

The modern family would be an artificial and untenable social structure in this early period, just as the clan appears to be an artificial institution in our own society.

2012，Heather A. Brown，Marx on Gender and the Family: A Critical Study，頁 183:

Celebrating him [Robert E. Lee] in the time of George Floyd became, at last, untenable.

2021年October26日，Peter Baker，“The Case Against Winston Churchill”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

He describes the untenable position of the railways' finances reasonably dispassionately. From 1952 onwards, British Railways ran an operational deficit, and in 1961 made an annual loss of £86.9 million.

2023年March8日，Gareth Dennis，“The Reshaping of things to come...”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 44:

[…] ceilings, staircases, all that make a house habitable had vanished in the flare of his conflagration, and since his soul could no longer dwell there, it dwelt instead, so to speak, in the pleasant garden which surrounded the untenable house.

1915，Edward Frederic Benson，The Oakleyites，頁 84:

The floor was a veritable mud puddle, and even the meager bedding of old reindeer skins was wet from the dripping walls and ceiling. This untenable dwelling housed a family of six Eskimos: a grandmother, father and mother and three children.

It is equally plausible to interpret the evidence to imply a life-span extending well into the fifth century, followed by a phase when the building became increasingly shabby and then untenable.

2007，Roger White，Britannia Prima: Britain's Last Roman Province，頁 192:


untoward

more untoward (comparative)
most untoward (superlative)

difficult

麻烦的，困难的，棘手的，难以控制的

fractious

麻烦的，困难的，棘手的，难以控制的

stubborn

麻烦的，困难的，棘手的，难以控制的

troublesome

麻烦的，困难的，棘手的，难以控制的

uncontrollable

麻烦的，困难的，棘手的，难以控制的

unruly

麻烦的，困难的，棘手的，难以控制的

Honest men for the most part, but men with whom the world had dealt hardly; the failures of all countries, men sobered by toil and saddened by exile, who had been driven to fight for the dominion of an untoward soil, to sow where others should gather, the advance-guard of a mighty civilization to be.

1900, Willa Cather, "Eric Hermannson's Soul," Cosmopolitan 28:633 (April):

At Tebay however, he began to get the mastery over these untoward conditions, and actually got back a little time up to Shap, after which all was plain sailing.

1941 November，Cecil J. Allen，“British Locomotive Practice and Performance”, in Railway Magazine，頁 484:

No untoward effects were reported; however, this was not a blinded or controlled study.

2004，Jan Riordan，章號 5, in Breastfeeding and Human Lactation, →ISBN，頁 149:

However, these guidelines may not be applicable to all individuals with refractory epilepsy, in whom seizure control is not achieved without using polytherapy or resection surgery with their untoward side effects.

2007，Steven C. Schachter et al.，章號 4, in Behavioral Aspects of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice, →ISBN，頁 282:

The managing director was very depressed at the news, but realized that trying to prove anything untoward had taken place would be very difficult.

2005，John Martin，Organizational Behaviour and Management, →ISBN，頁 518:

“I have a suspicion that someone is trying to recategorize my generosity to ex-girlfriends as something more untoward,” Gaetz said. As only he could.

2021年April8日，Gail Collins，引 Matt Gaetz, “Here’s … Matt Gaetz”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


underpin

underpins (third-person singular present)
underpinning (present participle)
underpinned (past participle)

underlie

支持，支撑，是...的根本

corroborate

支持，支撑，是...的根本

支持，支撑，是...的根本

Public confidence in politicians must underpin our democracy.

Since Rupert Murdoch famously bet the farm on Premier League football to rescue Sky TV in 1991, it has been the catnip that has underpinned subscriber loyalty and, even in a far more complicated media landscape, is seen as so vital as to be worth almost any price.

2016年October24日，Owen Gibson，“Is the unthinkable happening – are people finally switching the football off?”, in The Guardian，London:

The operator said the results were underpinned by a 16% increase in Q3 sales from North America.

2019年November6日，“Eurostar reports another increase in passengers”, in Rail，頁 25:


facetious

源自法語 facétieux，源自拉丁語 facētia (“幽默”)，源自facētus (“幽默的”)。

more facetious (comparative)
most facetious (superlative)

Robbie's joke about Heather's appearance was just him being facetious.

Robbie开Heather长相的玩笑只是因为他轻浮而已。

Glamour for its own sake is not something I have ever been particularly interested in,” Stella McCartney said backstage after her catwalk show. Which could sound like a facetious statement from a fashion designer who was, at that moment, standing among the marble-slabbed floors, elaborately frescoed ceilings and giant chandeliers of the Palais Garnier opera house, where the show was staged.

2017年October2日，Jess Cartner-Morle，“Stella McCartney lays waste to disposable fashion in Paris”, in the Guardian:


unassailable

more unassailable (comparative)
most unassailable (superlative)

His recourse to written documents to make his discourse unassailable has created a virtually unalterable situation even as he is on the verge of being forced to “see through” Tartuffe.

1990，Larry W. Riggs，“Moliere’s “Poststructuralism”: Demolition of Transcendentalist Discourse in Le Tartuffe”, in Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures，卷 44, 號 1, →DOI，頁 53:

None of the processes, however, is either uniform or unassailable. The contradictions and distortions within any hegemonic discourse, as well as the discrepancies between it and the popular understandings of common sense, leave it ever vulnerable to penetration, criticism, and refusal.

1990，James Brow，“Notes on Community, Hegemony, and the Uses of the Past”, in Anthropological Quarterly，卷 63, 號 1, George Washington U Institute for Ethnographic Research, →JSTOR，頁 5:


feckless

源自低地蘇格蘭語 feckless，低地蘇格蘭語 fectless (“徒劳的”)的变体，等价于effect + -less。

more feckless (comparative)
most feckless (superlative)

软弱的，缺乏意志力的，不负责任的

It is the beauty of great games when they are played at their highest level and the extraordinary thing now is that we do not have to trawl back through all the years of your inexorable progress from feckless beach boy to master sportsman.


facsimile

源自拉丁語 fac simile (“使...像”)，源自fac (“使”)（facere (“使”)的命令形） + simile（similis (“像的”)的中性形式）。

Indeed his rendering is so excellent an example of mediæval learning and latinity that, even at the risk of sating the learned reader with too many antiquities, I have made up my mind to give it in fac-simile, together with an expanded version for the benefit of those who find the contractions troublesome.

1887，H. Rider Haggard，She: A History of Adventure:


fiery

源自中古英語 fyry，源自fyr (“火”)。等价于fire + -y。

more fiery (comparative)
fierier (comparative)
most fiery (superlative)
fieriest (superlative)

Blast after blast, fiery outbreak after fiery outbreak, like a flaming barrage from within,[…]most of Edison's grounds soon became an inferno. As though on an incendiary rampage, the fires systematically devoured the contents of Edison's headquarters and facilities.

2006，Edwin Black，章號 1, in Internal Combustion:

The desert storm was riding in its strength; the travellers lay beneath the mastery of the fell simoom.[…]Drifts of yellow vapour, fiery, parching, stinging, filled the air.

1892，James Yoxall，章號 5, in The Lonely Pyramid:


unwittingly

more unwittingly (comparative)
most unwittingly (superlative)

She realized to her horror that she had unwittingly helped those people she most despised.

她惊恐地意识到，她在不经意间帮了她最憎恶的那群人。

[O]nly now it remained that I inquire whether I have right to enter the city of refuge: so I found, that he must not, who lay in wait to shed blood: It was not the wilful murderer, but he who unwittingly did it, he who did it unawares; not out of spite, or grudge, or malice, he that shed it unwittingly: even he who did not hate his neighbour before. Wherefore, […] I thought verily I was the man that must enter, because I had smitten my neighbour unwittingly, and hated Him not aforetime.

1666，John Bunyan，Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners: […]，London: Printed by George Larkin, →OCLC; 再版為 Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners in a Faithful Account of the Life and Death of John Bunyan: […]，London: The Religious Tract Society, […], [1905], →OCLC, paragraphs 218–219，頁 123:

I have had a deep sense of the sad consequences of mistakes, in things capital; and their impossibility of recovering when compleated; and what grief of heart it brings to a tender conscience, to have been unwittingly encouraging of the sufferings of the innocent.

1697，John Hale，“The Preface”, in A Modest Enquiry into the Nature of Witchcraft, […]，Boston, Mass.: Printed by B[artholomew] Green, and J[ohn] Allen, for Benjamin Eliot […], 出版於 1702, →OCLC，頁 11; reprinted in “Memoir of the Rev. John Hale”, in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society，卷 VII (Third Series), Boston, Mass.: Charles C[offin] Little and James Brown, 1838, →OCLC，頁 264:

Of course those ministers who did support this did so unwittingly in most instances, did they not? By unwittingly I mean not knowing that the whole program was controlled and dominated and instigated by the Communist Party.

1955年June27日，Gordon H[arry] Scherer (questioner)，“Testimony of Mrs. Anita Bell Schneider”, in Investigation of Communist Activities in the Los Angeles, Calif., Area—Part 1: Hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, Eighty-fourth Congress, First Session, June 27 and 28, 1955: […]，Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 1507:

In the fall of 2016, [Hugh] Hefner was the subject of rumors about his health. As per his wishes, he was to be buried in a crypt next to that of Marilyn Monroe, who'd unwittingly helped launch Playboy into the multi-million-dollar business it became.

2017年September27日，David Browne，“Hugh Hefner, ‘Playboy’ Founder, Dead at 91: Legendary Magazine Editor Helped Spark the Sexual Revolution”, in Rolling Stone，存檔自the original on 2018-03-15:

"She had asked at Paddington for a return to Lympstone on the Exmouth branch, where her son was due to pass out as a Royal Marine that afternoon, at the local training camp.
"Presumably, the booking clerk had misheard her and sold her a ticket to Leominster, and other helpful staff had unwittingly helped her on her way.

2022年July13日，“Stop & Examine”, in RAIL，期 961，頁 71:


undertake

源自中古英語 undertaken，等价于under- + take（仿undernim）。

undertakes (third-person singular present)
undertaking (present participle)
undertook (past)
undertaken (past participle)

This said, he sat; and expectation held
His look suspense, awaiting who appeared
To second, or oppose, or undertake
The perilous attempt.

1667，John Milton，“Book 2”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 417-420:

[…] if those Persons who are curious in collecting either Minerals, or the Shells, Teeth, or other Parts of Animal Bodies that have been buried in the Earth, do but search the Hills after Rains, and the Sea-Shores after Storms, I dare undertake they will not lose their Labour.

1695，John Woodward，An Essay towards a Natural History of the Earth and Terrestrial Bodies，London: Richard Wilkin, Part 4, pp. 222-223:

Quince. […] you must needs play Pyramus.
Bottom. Well, I will undertake it.

c. 1595–1596，William Shakespeare，“A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

Soo it happend in Spayne there was an Erles sone his name was Alphegus / and at a grete turnement in spayn this syre Vrre knyghte of Hongry and sir Alphegus of spayne encountred to gyders for veray enuy / and soo eyther vndertook other to the Vtteraunce.
"So it happened in Spain there was an earl’s son, his name was Alphegus, and at a great tournament in Spain this Sir Urre, knight of Hungary, and Sir Alphegus of Spain encountered together for very envy; and so either undertook other to the utterance."

1485，Thomas Malory，Le Morte Darthur Book XIX, Chapter x, leaf 394v:

Ne he his mouth would open unto wight,
Untill that Guyon selfe unto him spake,
And called Brigadore, (so was he hight,)
Whose voice so soone as he did undertake,
Eftsoones he stood as still as any stake,

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book V, Canto III”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC，頁 34:


unbridled

more unbridled (comparative)
most unbridled (superlative)

无拘无束的，无羁的，放纵的

unbridled capitalism

She jumped into the project with unbridled enthusiasm.

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:

Unbridled competition between the different means of transport is eliminated by a licensing system, to which all transport concerns, whether by land or water, are subjected for both regular and occasional transport.

1962 March，J. M. Tolson，“The Netherlands Railways today—I: The economic development of the Netherlands Railways”, in Modern Railways，頁 170:

His contempt was totally unbridled, as though my goal was a personal affront to him and all humanity.

2005，Sean Dooley，The Big Twitch，Sydney: Allen and Unwin，頁 131:


upfront

（电视台经理和广告商的）会议

Virginia Heffernan, Times TV critic, reports from this week's TV upfronts, where the networks debut their new schedules.

2007年May17日，Bill Carter，“As the Networks Order New Shows, Fox Moves to Consolidate Its Gains”, in New York Times:


upfront

upfronts (third-person singular present)
upfronting (present participle)
upfronted (past participle)

What our analysis has, hopefully, upfronted is the importance to resuscitate the suppressed and silenced voices so as to show the powerful mechanisms of institutional "cases".

1997，Christopher Hall et al.，“Silent and silenced voices”, in Silence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, →ISBN，頁 204:


foible

1640–50年代，源自早期现代中古法語 foible (“羸弱的”)（现代法語 faible）。feeble 的同源對似詞。

Try to look past his foibles and see the friendly fellow underneath.

试着忽略他的怪癖，看到他内心友好的一面。

Final fillip in the Vice-President's study has been a boning up on Premier Khrushchev's favorite foible, proverbs. The bibulous Russian leader likes to throw out homely homilies in his speeches and conversations[…]

1959年July24日，“An Ounce of Prevention”, in Meriden Record，頁 6:

Jesus is reverenced as the one man who has lived unspotted by the world, free from human foibles, able to redeem mankind by his example.

1932，William Floyd，The Mistakes of Jesus:


uncanny

源自un- + canny，即“超乎理解之外的”，“超乎熟知的知识范围外的”。对比中古英語 unkanne (“未知的”)。

uncannier (comparative)
uncanniest (superlative)

He bore an uncanny resemblance to the dead sailor.

他生来长得很像那位死去的水手，很诡异。

An eerie feeling came over me. She seemed uncanny and fateful.

1899 Feb，Joseph Conrad，“The Heart of Darkness”, in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine，頁 200:


upstairs

further upstairs (comparative)
furthest upstairs (superlative)

I’ll take my shoes and put them away the next time I go upstairs.

我上楼的时候我就把我鞋子拿走放起来。

I hate the people who live upstairs, and I especially hate their piano.

我讨厌住我楼上的人，而且特别讨厌他们的钢琴。

There was more dancing and singing up stairs, more wit and conversation below; all were at liberty, and all stayed late; and all talked so much of the happiness they had enjoyed, that Lady Anne felt herself exceedingly tempted to give another party before the season finally closed.

1838 (date written)，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XX, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 I, London: Henry Colburn, […], 出版於 1842, →OCLC，頁 255:

Marsha, let’s go upstairs!
#*::
 （美国）音频： (檔案)

2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

On arrival at Birmingham New Street, I make my way upstairs to the mezzanine to get shots of an almost deserted concourse, polka-dotted with social distancing circles like some strange board-game.

2020年December2日，Paul Bigland，“My weirdest and wackiest Rover yet”, in Rail，頁 68:


fallacy

源自中古英語 fallaci、fallace、fallas，源自古法語 fallace，源自拉丁語 fallacia (“欺骗”，名词)，源自fallax (“欺骗性的”)，源自fallere (“欺骗”，动词)。

Mr Jones expressed great gratitude to the lady for the kind intentions towards him which she had expressed, and indeed testified, by this proposal; but, besides intimating some diffidence of success from the lady’s knowledge of his love to her niece, which had not been her case in regard to Mr Fitzpatrick, he said, he was afraid Miss Western would never agree to an imposition of this kind, as well from her utter detestation of all fallacy as from her avowed duty to her aunt.

I no longer believe in happiness, because I see the fallacy of my first belief; and the examination which that induced, has shewn me the fallacy of all. Shew me a heart without its hidden wound.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁s 108–109:

Baldridge also showed the "one molecule of blood," usually held to be the stimulus for attracting sharks, to be another common fallacy, since a molecule of blood does not exist.

1983，Richard Ellis，The Book of Sharks，Knopf, →ISBN，頁 163:


unkempt

源自早期形式unkembed、unkemmed，源自中古英語 unkempt (“蓬乱的”)，等价于un- + kempt。对比古諾爾斯語 úkembdr。详见kemb。

more unkempt (comparative)
most unkempt (superlative)

Men on cycles, lean-faced, unkempt, scorched along every country lane, shouting of unhoped deliverance, shouting to gaunt, staring figures of despair.

1898，H.G. Wells，The War of the Worlds，London: William Heinemann，頁 289:


flaunt

源自北日耳曼語支。可能与挪威語 flanta (“炫耀，四处走”)、冰島語 flana (“四处走，匆匆忙忙”)和法語 flâner (“四处走，晃荡”)有关。
还有说法称，其可能与瑞典語 flankt (“松垮地”)（对比英語 flaunt-a-flaunt）有关，其源自flanka (“摇晃”)，其为flakka (“摇摆”)的鼻音化变体，与中古英語 flacken (“来回走，颤动”)有关。还见flack。

flaunts (third-person singular present)
flaunting (present participle)
flaunted (past participle)

The house came into sight, above the cedar grove beyond whose black interstices an apple orchard flaunted in the sunny afternoon.

1931，William Faulkner，Sanctuary，Library of America, 出版於 1985，頁 26:

She’s always flaunting her designer clothes.

Never one to miss an opportunity to flaunt his wealth, Khashoggi let his yacht be used for the 1983 Bond film Never Say Never Again.

2017年June7日，Adam Lusher，“Adnan Khashoggi: the 'whoremonger' whose arms deals funded a playboy life of decadence and 'pleasure wives'”, in The Independent，London:

（以穿着华丽等方式）炫耀

[T]he younger belles had begun to flaunt in the French fashions of flimsy muslins, shortwaisted— narrow-skirted.

1856，Dinah Craik，John Halifax, Chapter VI:


foolhardy

源自中古英語 folehardy、foolhardi、folherdi，源自古法語 fol hardi (“莽撞的”)，源自古法語 fol (“愚蠢的，疯癫的”)（←拉丁語 follis (“风箱；袋子；充气球；肚子”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *bʰelǵʰ- (“涨”)） + 古法語 hardi (“耐用的，强韧的，坚韧的”)（hardir (“使...坚硬”)的过去式，源自不可考的古法蘭克語 *hartjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *harduz (“硬的，勇敢的”)），等价于fool + hardy。对比fool-bold、fool-large等词。

foolhardier (comparative)
more foolhardy (comparative)
foolhardiest (superlative)
most foolhardy (superlative)

蛮勇的，鲁莽的，冲动而不计后果的

In the middle distance several foolhardy souls in wet suits were surfing toward some foamy outbursts on the rocky headland; nearer in, a scattering of paddlers was being continually and, it seemed, happily engulfed by explosive waves.

2000，Bill Bryson，章號 1, in In a Sunburned Country，第1st US版, New York, N.Y.: Broadway Books, →ISBN，頁 14:

It is a reckless, foolhardy leap into the unknown and the prelude, perhaps, to what the existentialist writer Albert Camus described in La chute – a fall from grace, in every conceivable sense.

2017年March26日，“The Observer view on triggering article 50: As Britain hurtles towards the precipice, truth and democracy are in short supply”, in The Observer，London，存檔自the original on 2017-08-30:


foolhardy

Resentful of the saddle-fast stranger, eight foolhardies return for more adventure.

1977，Rolf R. Mueller，Festival and Fiction in Heinrich Wittenwiler's Ring，頁 26:

Some foolhardies in the schoolhouse laughed at him then and Griff stuck their heads into toilets, one by one over the next week.


falter

源自中古英語 falteren (“蹒跚，踉跄”)，之后词源不详。可能源自某北日耳曼語支语言，比如古諾爾斯語 faltrask (“被妨碍”)。也可能是fold的反复态，但从d变换为t不寻常。

falters (third-person singular present)
faltering (present participle)
faltered (past participle)

He found his legs falter.

1672, Richard Wiseman, A Treatise of Wounds

Considering the results of the study, today John may be buoyed at the clear trend of increasing numbers of new “lishes” for each successive decade since the 1950s, and the fact that nothing in the data suggests this trend is likely to falter.

2018，James Lambert，“A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity”, in English World-Wide，頁 18:

结巴地说，用颤抖的声音说，口齿不清地说

And here he faltered forth his last farewell.

1807, Lord Byron, Childish Recollections

With faltering speech and visage incomposed.

1667，John Milton，“Book 2”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Ere her native king / Shall falter under foul rebellion's arms.

1595 December 9 (first known performance)，William Shakespeare，“The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:


ferocious

源自拉丁語 ferōx (“野蛮的，粗鄙的，残暴的”) + -ous。

more ferocious (comparative)
most ferocious (superlative)

Scotland needed a victory by eight points to have a realistic chance of progressing to the knock-out stages, and for long periods of a ferocious contest looked as if they might pull it off.

2011年October1日，Tom Fordyce，“Rugby World Cup 2011: England 16-12 Scotland”, in BBC Sport:

"My memory of him in the office at Peterborough was the ferocious nature of his typing, on a manual machine of course. This was long before the days of desktop publishing, and you could hear him down the corridor absolutely hammering the keyboard."

2023年January25日，Howard Johnston，“Peter Kelly: August 2 1944-December 28 2022”, in RAIL，期 975，頁 47:


fleeting

源自中古英語 fleten (“浮动”)，源自古英語 flēotan (“浮动”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fleutaną，源自原始印歐語 *plewd-。

more fleeting (comparative)
most fleeting (superlative)

Architecture, sculpture, painting are static arts. Even in literature "our flying minds," as George Meredith says, cannot contain protracted description. It is so; for from sequences of words they must assemble all the details in one simultaneous impression. But moments of fleeting beauty too transient to be caught by any means less swift than light itself are registered on the screen.

1931，Martha Kinross，“The Screen — From This Side”, in The Fortnightly，卷 130，頁 511:

During the fleeting summer months of his field season, when the outer vestiges of winter melted briefly, there were ponds and pools and lakes of water everywhere.

2003，Gabrielle Walker，Snowball Earth: The Story of a Maverick Scientist and His Theory of the Global Catastrophe That Spawned Life As We Know It，Three Rivers Press, →ISBN，頁s 34–35:

For starters, we see examples all the time of some middle-aged men trying to hang onto their own fleeting youth by sporting younger women on their arms.

2008，Barbara L. Bellman, Susan Goldstein，Flirting After Fifty: Lessons for Grown-Up Women on How to Find Love Again，iUniverse, 出版於 2008, →ISBN，頁 12:

And I am inspired afresh to pursue the stunning beauty of Christ rather than the fleeting beauty of this world.

2010，Leslie Ludy，The Lost Art of True Beauty: The Set-Apart Girl's Guide to Feminine Grace，Harvest House Publishers, 出版於 2010, →ISBN，頁 5:


frivolous

源自拉丁語 frīvolus (“愚蠢的，空洞的，轻浮的，无价值的”)，后缀调整成了-ous。

more frivolous (comparative)
most frivolous (superlative)

There is no easy definition for the phrase 'frivolous lawsuit,' but I imagine any claim for damages where the injuries are minimal or where the basis for the defendant's liability is hard to believe, might qualify as frivolous.

1996年August31日，Paul F. Waldner, President-Elect, Houston Trial Lawyers Association，“Viewpoints”, in Houston Chronicle:

One of the major cost drivers in the delivery of health care are these junk and frivolous lawsuits.


frolic

源自荷蘭語 vrolijk (“欢喜的”)，源自中古荷蘭語 vrolijc，源自古荷蘭語 frōlīk，源自原始日耳曼語 *frawalīkaz。对比德語 fröhlich (“开心的，快乐的”)。
前一个元素，最终源自原始日耳曼語 *frawaz并与中古英語 frow (“匆忙的”)同源；之后的元素，最终源自*-līkaz并与-ly、-like同源。

more frolic (comparative)
most frolic (superlative)

开心的，欢快的，欢腾的，闹腾的 （自16世纪30年代）

The frolick wind that breathes the Spring,

1645, John Milton, “L’Allegro” in Poems, London: Humphrey Moseley, p. 31,

For women, born to be controul’d,

1682, Edmund Waller, “Of Love” in Poems, &c. written upon several occasions, and to several persons, London: H. Herringman, 5th edition, 1686, p. 73,

You meet him at the tables and conversations of the wise, the impertinent, the grave, the frolic, and the witty; [...]

1766，Joseph Addison，The Spectator - Volume 5 - Page 304:

Beale, under this frolic menace, took nothing back at all; he was indeed apparently on the point of repeating his extravagence, but Miss Overmore instructed her little charge that she was not to listen to his bad jokes [...].


frolic

He came clattering up to the school door with an invitation to Ichabod to attend a merry-making or “quilting frolic,” to be held that evening at Mynheer Van Tassel’s

1820，Washington Irving，The Legend of Sleepy Hollow:


unobtrusive

more unobtrusive (comparative)
most unobtrusive (superlative)

inobtrusive

不显眼的，不张扬的，低调的

sedate

不显眼的，不张扬的，低调的

conspicuous

不显眼的，不张扬的，低调的

indiscreet

不显眼的，不张扬的，低调的

obtrusive

不显眼的，不张扬的，低调的

prominent

不显眼的，不张扬的，低调的

不显眼的，不张扬的，低调的

Behind an unobtrusive iron door in Dalston decorated with an ever-changing graffiti skin, lies a staircase leading down to a concrete bunker dating from the second world war.

2014年March11日，Jen Wong，“Exploring the mind in a bunker”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2022-11-13:

This unobtrusive device helps millions of Americans sleep and concentrate by hushing the world around them.

2019年June23日，Mack Hagood，“How a Bad Night’s Sleep Birthed the Sound Conditioner”, in The Atlantic，Washington, D.C.: The Atlantic Monthly Group, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2023-03-14:

The 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to three scientists whose work harnessed the power of molecular interaction and introduced new, unobtrusive ways of studying the natural world.

2022年October5日，Cora Engelbrecht, Euan Ward, Oliver Whang，“Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded to 3 scientists for work ‘snapping molecules together’”, in The New York Times，New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2023-03-17:


far-fetched

more far-fetched (comparative)
most far-fetched (superlative)

it may be, if like industry were used, those far fetched druggs would prosper as well with us, as in those countries, whence now we have them […].

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 4, member 1, subsection ii:


foreboding

源自中古英語 forbodyng、vorboding，等价于fore- + boding。对比德語 Vorbote (“预兆”)。

A sense of foreboding, the like of which he had never known before, hung heavily on him.

1956，Arthur C. Clarke，The City and the Stars，頁 41:


foreboding

more foreboding (comparative)
most foreboding (superlative)

不祥的，预示着结果不好的

Blood on the street / Foreboding god complex / She never knew she was next

2018，“Blood on the Street”, 演出者 Soulfly:


firsthand

firsthand knowledge

I recently received a firsthand report from an old friend — John A. Keel — who until last year was as skeptical a newshound as I have known.

1967，Ivan Terence Sanderson，Uninvited Visitors:

Ours is a generation of aromantics, jaded about matters of the heart — often before gaining firsthand experience.

1986，Wanda Urbanska，The Singular Generation，Doubleday & Company, 出版於 1986, →ISBN，頁 86:

Given Mr. Kissinger’s firsthand experience in the anguishing decisions about withdrawal from Vietnam, the disclosure sparked the inevitable Iraq-Vietnam comparisons that Mr. Bush has assiduously sought to avoid.

2007年January2日，Sheryl Gay Stolberg，“Kissinger’s Appearance Revives Memories of Vietnam Era”, in New York Times:

But in his strongest criticism yet of the superdatabase, Sir Ken Macdonald, the former director of public prosecutions, who has firsthand experience of working with intelligence and law enforcement agencies, told the Guardian such assurances would prove worthless in the long run...

2008年December31日，Alan Travis, Richard Norton-Taylor，“Private firm may track all email and calls”, in The Guardian:

The same sort of doublethink is evident in the White House’s treatment of firsthand impeachment witnesses.

2019年December2日，Eric Lutz，“Trump Lawyer Cites No Due Process as Reason to Sit Out Due Process”, in Vanity Fair:


firsthand

Hell and tarnations, I've known them for muddleheads and blockheads half my life, and firsthand, but I sure didn't expect them to take leave of their senses, insulting our office of President, making our Party into a white demagogue's party, slapping the Negro vote in the face.

In the course of three intensive days in and around Guiyu's four villages, the small investigative team witnessed firsthand what passes for recycling of e-waste in Asia.

2002，Jim Puckett，片头起5:35, in Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia，spoken by Mary Ryan, Basel Action Network, →OCLC:

However, the romantic subjective approach persisted, allowing the nontraveling reader the illusion of experiencing the region at firsthand, […]

2003, Katherine Edgar, “Levant”, in Jennifer Speake, Literature of Travel and Exploration: G to P

He wasn't a gabber, nor a squawker not a ratfink nor a snitch. He wasn't a whistleblower. He wasn't a gossip. He didn't talk about someone behind their back. Banks knew that firsthand because he had tried on several occasions to get Quinley to talk about other people, and Quinley would never do it. He'd laugh and change the subject.

2007，Ichabauk Rum，“Handra Delamore”, in Ill: A Novel: Book One，Lincoln, Neb.: iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 63:

In 2000 America witnessed the bare-knuckle tactics of the GOP firsthand in Florida — tactics that included intimidation of black voters, phony felon lists, hired thugs sent by Tom DeLay to stop the recount, a secretary of state who did all that could be done to push the election in Bush's favor, and so on.

2007，Elliot D. Cohen, Bruce W. Fraser，The Last Days of Democracy: How Big Media and Power-hungry Government are Turning America into a Dictatorship, →ISBN，頁 278:

Howard Davidowitz, who has studied consumer habits firsthand for decades, said that in the last three years he has seen more cash purchases at luxury boutiques like Louis Vuitton and semiluxury chains like Coach. Mr. Davidowitz, chairman of Davidowitz & Associates, a retail consulting firm, suspects now that $2,000 handbags and $700 shoes are commonplace, more women pay in fresh bills from the A.T.M. to cover their tracks.

2007年January14日，Shivani Vora，“Money Doesn’t Talk”, in New York Times:

On my first trip to China after normalization, I saw firsthand the possibility of leveraging Deng Xiaoping’s very real fear of the Soviets to gain specific intelligence aid from the People’s Republic of China.

2007，Joe Biden，“This Can't Hurt Us”, in Promises to Keep，New York: Random House, 出版於 2008, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 143:

The other girls were frumpier, more sturdy and heavily made up. These boys must have thought this little darling on my lap a perfect vixen, but I knew firsthand the master of vixenry, and was only lightly impressed by the affections of one of her fairy minions.

The point man is the only one besides the Shooter who could verify the kill shots firsthand, and he did just that to another SEAL I spoke with.

2013年February11日，Phil Bronstein，“The Man Who Killed Osama bin Laden… Is Screwed”, in Esquire Magazine:

“Ladies, look with your eyes, not just your iPhones,” Reddick said. “I know everything is Facebookable, but sometimes you have to experience things firsthand.”

2013年August14日，Matt DeBow，“Bug Chicks invade library”, in Lebanon Express，126 years, 期 26，頁 A4:

[…] I witness firsthand the difficult "downstream" outcomes (Grusky 2014) of social class stratification in a university setting where approximately 3,400 undergraduates (13% of the undergraduate population) are first in their families to attend and/or graduate from college (first-gens).

2016，Dwight Lang，“Witnessing Social Class in the Academy”, in Working in Class: Recognizing How Social Class Shapes Our Academic Work，Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, part 2 (Teaching)，頁 102:

The growing popularity of dark tourism suggests more and more people are resisting vacations that promise escapism, choosing instead to witness firsthand the sites of suffering they have only read about, said Gareth Johnson, a founder of Young Pioneer Tours, which organized trips for Ms. Joyce and Mr. Faarlund.

2022年October28日，Maria Cramer，“Beaches? Cruises? ‘Dark’ Tourists Prefer the Gloomy and Macabre”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


farmstead

Young people no longer work on the farmstead
They go to school and to the big town instead

1974，Tunji Oyelana （作曲作詞）, “Which Way Africa”:


frumpy

frumpier (comparative)
frumpiest (superlative)

dowdy

邋遢的；老土的，不时髦的

unkempt

邋遢的；老土的，不时髦的

unfashionable

邋遢的；老土的，不时髦的

邋遢的；老土的，不时髦的

She came to the door in a frumpy housedress and bedroom slippers.

她穿着件邋邋遢遢的便服和拖鞋过来应门。

Although still young at heart and head, he looks more and more like his old friend Archimedes, increasingly bearded and increasingly grey, with an otherworldly mien – a look that should earn him a spot in the online quiz featuring portraits of frumpy old men under the rubric “Prof or Hobo?”

July 23 2005，Siobhan Roberts，“John Horton Conway: the world’s most charismatic mathematician”, in The Guardian:


fulgent

源自中古英語 fulgent，源自拉丁語 fulgēns。

more fulgent (comparative)
most fulgent (superlative)

Shirley takes life easily: is not that fact written in her eye? In her good-tempered moments, is it not as full of lazy softness as in her brief fits of anger it is fulgent with quick-flashing fire?

1849，Currer Bell [筆名; Charlotte Brontë]，“Two Lives”, in Shirley. A Tale. […]，卷 II, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC，頁 266:


fitful

源自fit (“抽搐；突然活跃”) + -ful (从名词构成形容词的后缀，“充满...的”，“倾向于...的”，“有...性质的”)。

more fitful (comparative)
most fitful (superlative)

capricious

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

changeable

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

changing

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

erratic

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

shifting

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

spasmodic

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

unfitful

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

Duncane is in his Graue: / After Lifes fitfull Feuer, he ſleepes well, / Treaſon ha's done his worſt: not Steele, not Poyſon, / Mallice domeſtique, forraine Leuie, nothing, / Can touch him further.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]，頁 140，列 2:

断断续续的，间歇的，不规则的，一阵一阵的

His breathing was fitful.

Troubled by her unfinished work, she fell into a fitful sleep.

因为受没有完成的工作折磨，她断断续续地睡着了。

So fitful has Britain’s economy been that any good news is understandably snatched at.

2012年October27日，“The economy: Don’t say ‘green shoots’: Britain emerges from its second recession in four years”, in The Economist，London: Economist Group, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2012-10-29:


fastidious

源自拉丁語 fastīdiōsus (“觉得恶心的，蔑视的，鄙夷的；让人恶心的，令人厌恶的”)，源自fastīdium (“厌恶，恶心”)，可能因为*fastutidium，源自fastus (“鄙夷，傲慢，觉得反感”) + taedium (“反感”)。对比法語 fastidieux。

more fastidious (comparative)
most fastidious (superlative)

exacting

严格而挑剔的，一丝不苟的；苛刻的

fussy

严格而挑剔的，一丝不苟的；苛刻的

meticulous

严格而挑剔的，一丝不苟的；苛刻的

niggly

严格而挑剔的，一丝不苟的；苛刻的

pernickety

严格而挑剔的，一丝不苟的；苛刻的

严格而挑剔的，一丝不苟的；苛刻的

He had at first tried to clean up as they ate, his fastidious nature kicking in, but Chris had told him to just stop, he was blocking the TV.

As she cleaned the room daily, she knew it was against his fastidious nature to bring or have food in his room.

His fastidious nature had been evident in his careful snipping of a customer's hair and now he guided his pencil with the same adroitness.

"If you are fastidious, clean previously used pots inside and out; if not, merely clean the outside (unless you are battling a pest infestation; then the inside will need scrubbing as well)."

2010，Debra Lee Baldwin，Succulent Container Gardens: Design Eye-Catching Displays with 350 Easy-Care ...:

"It's burn[t], M'sieur," said Marie Louise, politely, but decidedly, to the utter confusion of Mr. Billy, who was as mortified as could be at the failure of his dinner to please his fastidious little visitor.


foretell

约1300年，源自中古英語 foretellen，等价于fore- + tell。

foretells (third-person singular present)
foretelling (present participle)
foretold (past participle)

Prodigies, foretelling the future eminence and lustre of his character.

1741，Conyers Middleton，The Life of Cicero:

给...预言，告诉...预言

[…] there came to him a Person named Saul, whom Samuel had never before seen; but God made him know it was the same he had foretold him of.

1739，Edward Button，Rudiments of Ancient History:


fumble

晚期中古英語，源自低地德語 fommeln或者荷蘭語 fommelen。
或者可能源自某斯堪的纳维亚/北日耳曼語支语言，对比古諾爾斯語 fálma、瑞典語 fumla、丹麥語 fumle、德語 fummeln。
两者最终可能都是表示这一动作的拟声词。或者，源自原始印歐語 *pal- (“摇”)，参见拉丁語 palpo (“轻触”)，及原始西日耳曼語 *fōlijan (“感受”)。

fumbles (third-person singular present)
fumbling (present participle)
fumbled (past participle)

He fumbled for his keys.

He fumbled his way to the light-switch.

to fumble for an excuse

My understanding stutters, and my memory fumbles.

1711年August12日，Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield，letter to Dr. Chevenix:

Alas! how he fumbles about the domains.

1800，Wordsworth，Written in Germany on one of the coldest days of the century:

Henderson's best strike on goal saw goalkeeper Kingson uncomfortably fumble his measured shot around the post.

2010年December28日，Owen Phillips，“Sunderland 0 - 2 Blackpool”, in BBC:

I saw him fumble with the sheets, and play with flowers.

1599，William Shakespeare，“The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii]:


flabbergast

不详，可能是一方言词（萨福克郡），源自flabby或flap (“打击”) + aghast。该词可能与苏格兰英語 flabrigast (“夸口”)或flabrigastit (“筋疲力竭”)有关。
名词派生自动词。

flabbergasts (third-person singular present)
flabbergasting (present participle)
flabbergasted (past)
flabbergasted (past participle)
flabbergast (past participle)

flabbergaster

使...震惊，使...大吃一惊，使...目瞪口呆 （自18世纪晚期起）

使...震惊，使...大吃一惊，使...目瞪口呆 （自18世纪晚期起）

He was flabbergasted to find that his work had been done for him before he began.

他发现他的活在他开始做之前就已经做好了的时候目瞪口呆。

Her stupidity flabbergasts me, and I have to force myself to keep a straight face while she explains her beliefs.

她的愚蠢真是惊到我了，她在解释她那些信念的时候我得憋着我的表情。

I love to flabbergast the little-minded by shattering their preconceptions about my nationality and gender.

我特别喜欢粉碎掉那些对我的民族和性别的偏见，让那些心胸狭隘的人大吃一惊。

The oddity of the situation was so flabbergasting I couldn’t react in time for anyone to see it.

反常的势态令我大吃一惊，让我没有时间作出反应让别人看到。

Now we are flabbergaſted and bored from morning to night—in the ſenate, at Cox's muſeum, at Ranelagh, and even at church.

1772，“Observator” [pseudonym]，“On New Words; from the Same [Town and Country Magazine]”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature，卷 XV, London: Printed for J[ames] Dodsley, […], 出版於 1773, →OCLC，頁 191，列 1:

They flabagast good manners and good morals, and only show that one of the parties is vex'd and disappinted.^([sic])

1834，Jack Downing [pseudonym; Seba Smith]，章號 XXV, in The Life of Andrew Jackson, President of the United States，Philadelphia, Pa.: Published by T. K. Greenbank, →OCLC，頁 183:

Now, there are assertions, not dissimilar in their power of benumbing and flabbergasting one, but yet within the bounds of sane and perfectly orderly plausibility, for which our language wants a name. Paradox is too hackneyed a term. They ought to be called Buckleisms. When a man makes an assertion clean in the teeth of all previous belief, and makes it coolly, fluently, without proof, and yet as if contradiction were impossible—that is a Buckleism.

1861 August，[David Masson]，“Mr. Buckle’s Doctrine as to the Scotch and Their History”, in Macmillan’s Magazine，卷 IV, 期 22, Cambridge, London: Macmillan and Co. […], →OCLC, part II (The Weasel-wars of Scotland and the Scottish Reformation)，頁 316，列 1:

Skates that are not quite a fit, my dear Smith, / May flabberghast even a chap of your pith.

1887年January29日，“The ‘Emergency-Man’”, in Punch, or The London Charivari，卷 XCII, London: Published at the office, 85, Fleet Street, →OCLC，頁 54，列 1:

At this I was rendered completely flabaghast—for, although the allegation was undeniably correct, I had confidently hoped that my friend Ram was unaware of the fact, or would at least have the ordinary mother-wit to refrain from blurting it out!

1896年August22日，[F. Anstey] [pseudonym; Thomas Anstey Guthrie]，“Jottings and Tittlings. (By Baboo Hurry Bungsho Jabberjee, B.A.) No. XXI. Mr. Jabberjee Halloos before He is Quite Out of the Woods”, in Punch, or The London Charivari，卷 CXI, London: Published at the office, 85, Fleet Street, →OCLC，頁s 88–89，列 2:

He [Franklin Delano Roosevelt] loved to flabbergast his associates by announcing some startling new policy without consulting any of them.

1956，John T[homas] Flynn，“The Rabbits Go Back in the Hat”, in The Roosevelt Myth，第revised版, New York, N.Y.: Devin-Adair Publishing Company, →OCLC; reprinted Auburn, Ala.: The Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2008, →OCLC, book 1 (Trial—and Error)，頁s 50–51:

The idea may surprise you, but I intend that it shall flabbergast the poor foolish Englishmen mured up behind those pine and redwood logs. Flabbergast 'em, I say!

2008，Harry Turtledove，The United States of Atlantis: A Novel of Alternate History，New York, N.Y.: Roc/New American Library, →ISBN，頁 240:

Then the most unbelievable thing happened, totally flabbergasting every student in the class.

2012，Tara M. Tamasi，Ms. O’Brien’s Class，[Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN，頁 226:


flabbergast

When I saw my house on fire, the flabbergast overcame me and I just stood and stared, too shocked to comprehend what I was seeing.

我看到我房子着火的时候，惊讶得呆呆地站在那看着，吃惊得无法理解我看到的景象。

His flabbergast was so great he couldn’t even come up with a plausible answer.

他惊讶得没法组织出合理的回答。

Her foibles were flattery, fine feeling, and flabergast; and if not old enough to be his mother, sufficiently so to be a young aunt.

1852 October，“Adventures of Tom Honeycomb—No. I”, in Yankee Notions，卷 2, 期 10, New York, N.Y.: Published by T. W. Strong, […], →OCLC，頁 297:

Then quit your flabbergast, and talk in plain English.

1868年February22日，Oliver Optic [pseudonym; William Taylor Adams]，“Freaks of Fortune; or, Half Round the World”, in Oliver Optic’s Magazine. Our Boys and Girls，卷 III, 期 60, Boston, Mass.: Published by Lee and Shepard, […], →OCLC, chapter XVI (Pistols for Two)，頁 117，列 2:

Bob's big-eyed flabbergast struck him as comic and he laughed and said, "Lying sack, hey?"

1998，James Carlos Blake，Red Grass River: A Legend，New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN; 第1st Perennial版, New York, N.Y.: Harper Perennial, 2000, →ISBN，頁 52:


fatuous

源自拉丁語 fatuus (“愚蠢的”)。

more fatuous (comparative)
most fatuous (superlative)

A fatuous love affair can easily result in a fatuous marriage. A couple who hardly know each other and, indeed, may not even really like each other, make a commitment that has little chance of being honoured.

2004，Frank Tallis，Love Sick: Love as a Mental Illness，頁 46:

While much publicity is given to fatuous 'reversing Beeching' ideas, the reality is that the real investment is focused on expanding the road network - [...].

2020年December2日，Christian Wolmar，“Wales offers us glimpse of an integrated transport policy”, in Rail，頁 56:


forlorn

源自中古英語 forlorn、forloren，源自古英語 forloren（forlēosan (“丢失”)的过去分词），源自原始日耳曼語 *fraluzanaz (“遗失的”)，原始日耳曼語 *fraleusaną (“丢失”)的过去分词，等价于for- + lorn。同源词有西弗里斯蘭語 ferlern (“丢失的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 ferlädden (“丢失的”)、荷蘭語 verloren (“丢失的”)、德國低地德語 verloren (“丢失的”)、德語 verloren (“丢失的”)、瑞典語 förlorad (“丢失的”)。还见lese/leese、lorn。

forlorner (comparative)
more forlorn (comparative)
forlornest (superlative)
most forlorn (superlative)

forsaken

可悲的，（尤指因被遗弃而）可怜的

For miſerie doth braueſt mindes abate, / And make them ſeeke for that they wont to ſcorne, / Of fortune and of hope at once forlorne.

1578–1579，Ed[mund] Sp[enser]，“Prosopopoia. Or Mother Hubberds Tale. [...] Dedicated to the Right Honorable the Ladie Compton and Mountegle”, in Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. Whereof the Next Page Maketh Mention，London: Imprinted for VVilliam Ponsonbie, dwelling in Paules Churchyard at the signe of the Bishops head, 出版於 1591, →OCLC:

More join us at Colwall and at the lovely station at Great Malvern, although the place is in need of some TLC nowadays. The ornate canopy supports are overdue a repaint, and the closed cafe gives the place a forlorn air.

2020年December2日，Paul Bigland，“My weirdest and wackiest Rover yet”, in Rail，頁 67:

可悲的，（尤指因被遗弃而）可怜的

This is the Maiden all forlorn, That milked the Cow with the crumpled Horn[.]

The condition of the besieged, in the mean time, was forlorn in the extreme; not so much from want of food, though their supplies were scanty, as from excessive toil and exposure.

1857，William H[ickling] Prescott，“War with France. 1557.”, in History of the Reign of Philip the Second, King of Spain，第new版, 卷 I, London: G[eorge] Routledge & Co., Farringdon Street，頁 125:

Sweet are familiar songs, tho' Music dips / Her hollow shell in Thought's forlornest wells: / And sweet, tho' sad, the sound of midnight bells, / When the oped casement with the night-rain drips.

1859，Owen Meredith [pseudonym; en:Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton]，“The Wanderer”, in Poems by Owen Meredith. The Wanderer and Clytemnestra，Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC, prologue, part I, stanza 1，頁 17:

Sophia broke down here. Even at this moment she was subconsciously comparing her rendering of the part of the forlorn bride with Miss Marie Lohr's.

1921，Ben Travers，A Cuckoo in the Nest，London: The Bodley Head, →OCLC; 再版 Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1925, →OCLC，頁 67:

绝望的，无望的，希望渺茫的

To begin therefore with Traditions, which is your forlorn hope that in the first place we are to set upon: this must I needs tell you before we begin, that you much mistake the matter, if you think that traditions of all sorts promiscuously are struck at by our religion.

1625，James Ussher，“Of Traditions”, in An Ansvver to a Challenge Made by a Iesuite in Ireland. Wherein the Iudgment of Antiquity in the Points Questioned, is Truly Delivered, and the Noveltie of the Now Romish Doctrine Plainely Discovered by Iames Vssher bishop of Meath. Whereunto is Added a Sermon Preached before His Majesty at Wansted, by the Same Author，London: Printed [by Humphrey Lownes] for the Society of Stationers, →OCLC; republished in The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, D.D. Lord Archbishop of Armagh, and Primate of All Ireland，卷 III, Dublin: Hodges & Smith; London: Whittaker & Co., [1831], →OCLC，頁 41:

Mrs. Blair had lost her husband, who was a cavalry officer, in Cabool, at the memorable Khyber Pass; but as no precise tidings of his death had every been received, she cherished the forlorn hope that he was still living in captivity among the Affghans, and that some day it would be her happiness yet to be reunited with him, even on earth.

1859，Mowbray Thomson，章號 VII, in The Story of Cawnpore，London: Richard Bentley, New Burlington Street, publisher in ordinary to Her Majesty, →OCLC，頁s 119–120:

Now he rushed to the platform edge carrying a full fire bucket, in a forlorn attempt to douse the flames as the now brightly burning wagon rolled past.

2022年January12日，Benedict le Vay，“The heroes of Soham...”, in RAIL，期 948，頁 42:


forlorn

The Regiment being drawn up into the former Figure, they may proceed to Firings upon it, firſt let the Forlorns fire five or six times over, being commanded by the eldeſt Captains Lieutenant, who is to be aſſiſted by a couple of able Serjeants; after let him wheel off to the right and left, and bring them down in the Reer of the Pikes. Then let the ſecond Captains Lieutenant being aſſiſted by two Serjeants lead up the reſerves by the out-ſide of the Pikes, at ſuch time when the Forlorns begin to come off, […]

1659，Richard Elton，“Severall Firings to be Performed upon the Former Figure, and how to be Mannaged by the Severall Officers”, in The Compleat Body of the Art Military: Exactly Compiled, and Gradually Composed for the Foot, in the Best Refined Manner, According to the Practice of the Modern Times. …，第2nd版, London: Printed by R[obert] and W[illiam] Leybourn, in Monkswel-Street, in Lambes Chappel neer Criplegate, →OCLC, book III，頁 152:

[…] I ordered the forlorns to advance and to march, at their open order, towards the upland, and by this time the tide was upon the ground wee ſtood on: The forlorn were no ſooner advanced a few rods, before there was firing on both ſides; […]

1765，[Thomas] Hutchinson，“[Appendix.] Number XXI. Major Walley’s Journal in the Expedition against Canada in 1692. A Narrative of the Proceedings to Canada, soe far as Concerned the Land Army.”, in The History of the Colony of Massachuset’s Bay，源自the First Settlement thereof in 1628, until Its Incorporation with the Colony of Plimouth, Province of Main, &c. by the Charter of King William and Queen Mary, in 1691，第2nd版, London: Printed for M. Richardson, in Pater-noster Row, →OCLC，頁 556:

I was this day in the van, and our forlorn having entered Huntingdon without any great reſiſtance till they came to the bridge, finding it barricaded, they ſent me word; I cauſed the troops to halt, and rode up to the forlorn, to view the countenance of the enemy, and found by the poſture they had put themſelves in, that they reſolved to ſell us the paſſage as dear as they could.

1782，“a Shropshire gentleman” [i.e., Daniel Defoe]，“Memoirs of a Cavalier, &c. Part Second.”, in The History of the Civil Wars in Germany, from the Year 1630 to 1635: Also Genuine Memoirs of the Wars of England, in the Unhappy Reign of Charles the First; Containing the Whole History of Those Miserable Times; until the King Lost His Head on the Scaffold, in the Memorable Year 1648，Newark, Nottinghamshire: Printed by James Tomlinson, for the publisher, →OCLC，頁 339:

The garrison, taken by surprise, had the first intelligence of the assault in the "forlorns plunging into the canal."

1861，Evert A[ugustus] Duyckinck，“Henry Lee”, in National Portrait Gallery of Eminent Americans: Including Orators, Statesmen, Naval and Military Heroes, Jurists, Authors, etc., etc., from the Original Full Length Paintings by Alonzo Chappel。With Biographical and Historical Narratives, [...] In Two Volumes，卷 I, New York, N.Y.: Johnson, Fry & Company, 27 Beekman Street, →OCLC，頁 236:


fawn

源自中古英語 fawnen，源自古英語 fagnian，fæġnian (“庆祝”)的变换形式，其派生出中古英語 fainen、英語 fain。与古諾爾斯語 fagna同源。还见fain。

fawns (third-person singular present)
fawning (present participle)
fawned (past participle)

grovel

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

wheedle

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

soft-soap

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

toady

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

拍马屁 （接on或upon）

Thou with trembling fear, / Or like a fawning parasite, obeyest.

1671，John Milton，Paradise Regained，book 1:

courtiers who fawn on a master while they betray him

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 23, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

That the young Mr. Churchills liked—but they did not like him coming round of an evening and drinking weak whisky-and-water while he held forth on railway debentures and corporation loans. Mr. Barrett, however, by fawning and flattery, seemed to be able to make not only Mrs. Churchill but everyone else do what he desired.

1918，W. B. Maxwell，章號 2, in The Mirror and the Lamp:


fickle

源自中古英語 fikil、fikel，源自古英語 ficol (“浮躁的，不忠的，狡诈的”)，等价于fike + -le。详见fike。

fickler (comparative)
more fickle (comparative)
ficklest (superlative)
most fickle (superlative)

不坚持的，浮躁的，无常的；不忠的，不可靠的

As night has such a local ring / And love and rock are fickle things

2010，James Murphy （作曲作詞）, “Home”, in This Is Happening，演出者 LCD Soundsystem:


forthwith

源自中古英語 forth-with、fourth-with、furþ-with (“马上，立刻”)，部分源自短语forth with (something)，部分源自forth-with-al、furth-with-al (“马上；和...一起”)（派生出forthwithal）。

forthwithal

马上，立即，立刻 （自14世纪初叶）

马上，立即，立刻 （自14世纪初叶）

Let ther be Light, ſaid God, and forthwith Light, / Ethereal, firſt of things, quinteſſence pure, / Sprung from the Deep, [...]

要有光，上帝说，顷刻之间，天光跃出深渊，万物的开端，纯粹的第五种基本物质，…

1667，John Milton，“Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 243–245:

And no doubt the dry'd Dirt, and Slime of which we were ſpeaking, would have imbib'd ſome Portion of the Humidity, the Day before the Nile overflow'd, had it not been kept ſo cloſe: but being once releas'd from that Cuſtody, it forthwith ruſhes into the Embraces of the deſir'd Moiſture, following the natural Propenſity of dry Bodies to wet.

1714，T[itus] Lucretius Carus，“Of the Annual Inundation of the River Nile”, in Thomas Creech（譯者）, Of the Nature of Things. Translated into English Verse […]，卷s II (Containing the Fifth and Sixth Books), London: Printed by John Matthews, for George Sawbridge, […], →OCLC，頁 703:

The task was the harder in that the restored service had not only to start forthwith but also to last for several months pending modifications to the multiple-unit electric stock, and this called for organisation on a semi-permanent basis.

1961 July，“Glasgow emergency – the restoration of Clydeside steam suburban services”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 431:

[Hans] Jonas emphasized years ago that the prospect of genetic control, though cloning and other means, "raises ethical questions of a wholly new kind," for which we are profoundly unprepared. [...] Is it defensible in any sense, for instance, to set out forthwith to create "grade A individuals", "kids made to order," whether designed as privileged deciders of policy or merely dumb drones for the duller humdrum chores of life?

1998，Richard M. Zaner，“Surprise! You’re Just Like Me!: Reflections on Cloning, Eugenics, and Other Utopias”, in Human Cloning (Biomedical Ethics Reviews)，New York, N.Y.: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN，頁 114:

[W]hen the Board announced in March 1940, that after a certain date in May no Customs staff aged 23 or over would be allowed to join the Armed Forces it made our minds up for us. We were both 23! We forthwith applied for permission to enlist in the RAF.

2010，Martin W. Bowman，“Dam Buster – Dudley Heal”, in Bombs Away!: Dramatic First-hand Accounts of British and Commonwealth Bomber Aircrew in WWII，Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Aviation, Pen & Sword Books, →ISBN，頁 133:


fluster

源自某斯堪的纳维亚（北日耳曼語支）语言，与冰島語 flaustra (“慌乱”)有关。

flusters (third-person singular present)
flustering (present participle)
flustered (past participle)

使...脸红，使...面部潮红

His practice of flustering himself daily with claret.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 20, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:


foudroyant

more foudroyant (comparative)
most foudroyant (superlative)

[…] As makers go, / compared with Pindar or any / of the great foudroyant masters who don't ever / amend, we are, for all our polish, of little / stature […]

1968，W. H. Auden，“The Horatians”, in Collected Poems，Modern Library, 出版於 2007，頁 773:


foundation

源自拉丁語 fundātiō。

Since the launch early last year of […] two Silicon Valley start-ups offering free education through MOOCs, massive open online courses, the ivory towers of academia have been shaken to their foundations. University brands built in some cases over centuries have been forced to contemplate the possibility that information technology will rapidly make their existing business model obsolete.

2013年July20日，“The attack of the MOOCs”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8845:

“Marge Gets A Job” opens with the foundation of the Simpson house tilting perilously to one side, making the family homestead look like the suburban equivalent of the Leaning Tower Of Pisa.

2012年May20日，Nathan Rabin，“TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Marge Gets A Job” (season 4, episode 7; originally aired 11/05/1992)”, in The Onion AV Club:

The foundations of this construction have been laid out.

这次施工的地基已经打好了。


fractious

more fractious (comparative)
most fractious (superlative)

That brief moment after the election four years ago, when many Americans thought Mr. Obama’s election would presage a new, less fractious political era, now seems very much a thing of the past.

2012年November7日，Matt Bai，“Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times:

Flair and invention were very much at a premium, suffocated by the relentless pace and often fractious nature of proceedings. The absence of James Morrison from the centre of Scotland’s midfield, the West Brom man ruled out on the morning of the game by illness, had already diminished the creative capacity of the home side in that department.

2014年November14日，Stephen Halliday，“Scotland 1-0 Republic of Ireland: Maloney the hero”, in The Scotsman:

COP stands for conference of the parties under the UNFCCC, and the annual meetings have swung between fractious and soporific, interspersed with moments of high drama and the occasional triumph (the Paris agreement in 2015) and disaster (Copenhagen in 2009).

2019年December2日，Fiona Harvey，“Climate crisis: what is COP and can it save the world?”, in The Guardian:

With his twin notes, Mr. Musk waded directly into a fractious debate over the right way for corporations to bring workers back to the office during the coronavirus pandemic.

2022年June1日，Ryan Mac，“Elon Musk to Workers: Spend 40 Hours in the Office, or Else”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

After a fractious party conference and dire opinion polls for the Tories, the prime minister attempted to speak directly to the public, saying: “I want what you want.”

2022年October5日，Rowena Mason，“Liz Truss promises ‘growth, growth and growth’ in protest-hit speech”, in The Guardian:


garish

不详，可能源自弃用词中古英語 gawren (“盯着”)，其词源也不详，但可能源自古諾爾斯語 gá (“看”)或gaurr (“粗人”)（原始印歐語 *gʰow-rós，源自*gʰew- (“怒”)）。对比英語 gaw。

more garish (comparative)
most garish (superlative)

花里胡哨的，浮夸的 （自16世纪40年代）

The dress fits her well, but the pattern is rather garish.

她穿这件连衣裙很搭，但是裙子的图案太花哨了。

Leela: He gave me mechanical ears / Effective though just a bit garish.

2003年August10日，Ken Keeler，“The Devil's Hands are Idle Playthings”, in Futurama，季数 5, 集数 16 (television production), Fox Broadcasting Company:

She also said that Thameslink trains were deliberately garish, so as to lure drivers stuck on the M1, which runs alongside the line around Radlett.

2012，Andrew Martin，Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube，Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，頁 57:


goings-on

She sent a long letter detailing all the recent goings-on in her life.

她寄了一封详细描述她生活里发生的各种事的长信。

Enkidu is appalled at such goings-on and rises immediately to go to Uruk.

1981，William Irwin Thompson，The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture，London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co.，頁 191:

Phoenix's finest watch the goings-on with jaws agape. Machines on thick metal legs with big jangling teeth.

1996 July，Bruce Sterling，“Is Phoenix Burning”, in Wired, →ISSN:

The_Donald wasn’t a place to debate the presidential election, or discuss the latest goings-on with their preferred candidate. “What I’m interested in is letting Donald Trump supporters speak among themselves,” a moderator of the subreddit told me in early 2016.

2021年January29日，John Herrman，“Everything’s a Joke Until It’s Not”, in The New York Times:


garrulous

借自拉丁語 garrulus (“多嘴的”)，源自动词garriō (“唠叨”)。

more garrulous (comparative)
most garrulous (superlative)

/ˈɡæɹ.ʊ.ləs/

/ˈɡɛɹ.ə.ləs/

/ˈɡæɹ.ə.ləs/

She lingered for a few moments, and was garrulous over some detail of the household.

1891，Oscar Wilde，The Picture of Dorian Gray:

Crammed with gossip, anecdotes, and confessions . . ., his garrulous, untidy narratives read like a good novel.

1984, "A Modern Whitman," by James Atlas. The Atlantic, Dec 1984.


gingerly

副词可能派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 gençur和古法語 gençor、gensor (“更美丽的，更礼貌的”) [以及其他形式] + 英語 -ly (副词构成后缀)。gençor是gent (“美丽的，英俊的；贵族的，高贵的；礼貌的，彬彬有礼的；流利的；礼貌地；高雅地”)的比较级，源自晚期拉丁語 *gentus，拉丁語 genitus (“出身（好）的”)的变体，gignō (“结，成为...之父；导致，产生”)的被动完成时分词， 最终源自原始印歐語 *ǵenh₁- (“使...诞生；产生”)。
《牛津英语词典》指出，盎格鲁-诺曼语和古法语的12世纪的文献，以及13世纪以后才可考的现代法语词之间存在一个几个世纪的缺口。因而若现代英语词源自盎格鲁-诺曼语和古法语词，则必须是经由口头或已失传的文献传入的（可能是作为舞蹈界的术语）。
形容词派生自副词，可能是因为-ly亦是一个形容词构成后缀。

more gingerly (comparative)
most gingerly (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚli/

He placed the glass jar gingerly on the concrete step.

他小心翼翼地将玻璃瓶放在水泥台阶上。

Purchasing a snowplow transforms Homer [Simpson] into a new man. Mr. Burns' laziest employee suddenly becomes an ambitious self-starter who buys ad time on local television at 3:17 A.M (prime viewing hours, Homer gingerly volunteers, for everyone from alcoholics to the unemployable to garden-variety angry loners) and makes a homemade commercial costarring his family.

2012年June3日，Nathan Rabin，“The Simpsons (Classic): ‘Mr. Plow’”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2020-10-27:

[Martin Luther] King [Jr.] was later said to have been within a sneeze or a jolt of extinction. Were it not for the pair of cops who gingerly carried him from Blumstein’s department store and the pair of surgeons who performed lifesaving surgery at Harlem Hospital there would have been no "I Have a Dream" speech and likely no national holiday honoring him.

2014年January20日，Michael Daly，“The Black and White Men who Saved Martin Luther King’s Life”, in The Daily Beast，出版於 14 April 2017 (update)，存檔自the original on 2021-01-18:


gingerly

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒɚli/

But, ther's somethin' in the very look and voice of Jeems Strebling, even in his gingerly walk, that riles all the black drop in me.

1867，R[ebecca] H[arding] Davis，“The Valley of the Shadow”, in Waiting for the Verdict，New York, N.Y.: Sheldon & Company, 出版於 1868, →OCLC，頁 174:

The down "Atlantic Coast Express", headed by Pacific No. 35020 Bibby Line, passes the scene of operations at a gingerly 10 m.p.h.

1961 March，Trains Illustrated，London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC, image caption，頁 185:

Several gingerly taps on her console fired clusters of modified probes into the maelstrom of the gas giant’s atmosphere.

2012，David [Alan] Mack，章號 28, in Persistence of Memory (Star Trek: The Next Generation; Cold Equations; book 1)，New York, N.Y.: Pocket Books, →ISBN, part 3 (Elegy):


gaslight

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-gaslight.wav

Open the windows once in awhile and give the air a chance to circulate in and out. In the evening, do not forget that the lamps and gaslights are using up a goodly supply of oxygen also—so freshen things up a little, once in awhile.

1904，Yogi Ramacharaka [pseudonym; William Walker Atkinson]，“Fresh Air”, in Hatha Yoga: Or The Yogi Philosophy of Physical Well-being […]，Chicago, Ill.: Yogi Publication Society […], →OCLC，頁 222:

A year since I strained my eyes very severely, and have never dared to use them much since by gaslight.

1887，Horatio Alger, Jr.，“An Unexpected Engagement”, in Frank Fowler, the Cash Boy (The Alger Series for Boys)，New York, N.Y.: A[lbert] L[evi] Burt, →OCLC，頁 86:


gaslight

源自英国戏剧家和小说家Patrick Hamilton (1904–1962)所著舞台剧《煤气灯下》及其在1940年和1944年的电影改编。剧中的丈夫通过改变生活环境的一些小细节，如煤气灯的亮度，来使其妻子和其他人认为其妻子丧失了心智。详见英语维基百科。

gaslights (third-person singular present)
gaslighting (present participle)
gaslighted (past participle)
gaslit (past participle)

head-game

利用煤气灯效应操纵，误导；PUA

该词较为模糊的用法包括形容无意的煤气灯效应，甚至广义的撒谎、误导、失之偏颇、奚落等，导致其原严格的词义失去了恶意色彩。详见英语维基百科文章中关于该词过度泛用的介绍。

利用煤气灯效应操纵，误导；PUA

Sylvia is a beautiful woman whose business-partner husband is "gaslighting" her. (That means he's trying to drive her crazy.)

1962, "The Journal Pre-Views Tonight's TV." Jersey Journal [Jersey City, NJ]. February 12, 1962: 12 col 6, describing the plot of the episode "Who Is Sylvia" of the television show Surfside 6:

[The men of McHale's Navy] decide to "gaslight" the already befuddled captain, to convince him he is going insane.

1963, "TV Scout." Daily Press [Utica, NY]. November 18, 1963: 24 col 2, describing the plot of the episode "The August Teahouse of Quint McHale" of McHale's Navy:

"You're gaslighting me, for chrissakes."

1964, in an argument between the characters Jenny and Charley in William Goldman's novel Boys and Girls Together, page 564:

I came home before he could gaslight me like Boyer did Bergman in the movie.

1967, Stan Freberg (comedian), on his "most excruciating experience with a producer" as interviewed in Humphrey, Hal. "'Dramatic' Role Played By Freberg." The Oregonian [Portland, OR]. February 11, 1967: II 3 col 3.

Just in the nick of time Rachel finds out the truth about her life from Martha. … This is how I wanted to show the gaslighting that had been going on Rachel's entire life.

2016, Tate Taylor (movie director), in the commentary version of The Girl on the Train (2016 film), discussing a train scene seventy-six minutes into the movie:

In fact, political scholars have written a great deal about Trump's gaslighting of the American people on various fronts. For example, Duca (2016) describes Trump's gaslighting as only beginning when he has initially lied or misled about issues—such as falsely claiming that the United States is the highest-taxed country in the world or that crime is on the rise. As Duca puts it: 'The gaslighting part comes in when the fictions are disputed by the media and Trump doubles down on his lies before painting himself as a victim […]'

2021年September28日，Alexander Brown，An Ethics of Political Communication，Routledge, →ISBN:


gremlin

不详，有这几种理论：
* goblin的变体。
* 源自愛爾蘭語 gruaimín (“阴郁而矮小的人”)或荷蘭語 gremmelen (“弄脏；使...腐败”)，或griemelen、grimmelen (“（弃用）充满，满是”)，然而根据《牛津英语词典》，这一理论缺乏证据。
本词因1943年出版的《小顽皮》（英国作家罗尔德·达尔著）而普及开来（尤其在美国），其中这种小精灵为了报复英国皇家空军摧毁了他们的森林家园而破坏了他们的飞机，之后他们又与英国合力与纳粹战斗。

bug

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

glitch

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

hitch

（原因不明的）问题，毛病

grem

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

gremmie

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

gremmy

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

grommet

（碍事的）新手 （自20世纪60年代）

（自20世纪20年代） 一种会破坏机械运转的小精灵

Like Abominable Snowmen, gremlins have never actually been seen; but nobody who works with electronic gear doubts the existence of these mischievous and elusive entities. There are too many malfunctions and failures that can have no other explanation.

1963，Arthur C Clarke，章號 8, in Glidepath，New York: Simon and Schuster，頁s 72-73:

Crucial time was saved by the fact Nexus didn't require a Transport & Works Act. Nevertheless, other gremlins kept raising their heads.

2023年November29日，Richard Foster，“Tyne & Wear Metro goes with the flow”, in RAIL，期 997，頁 34: