remittent

more remittent (comparative)
most remittent (superlative)

intermittent指开始和停止反复，而remittent指过程持续不断，但强度忽轻忽重。

A remittent fever is when at certain periods the fever is more violent than at others, but the patient never intirely free from it.

1761, Hugh Smith, The Family Physician, London, p. 3, footnote,

Yet nine years elapsed before it [the dictionary] saw the light. His throes in bringing it forth had been severe and remittent, and at last we may almost conclude that the Caesarian operation was performed by the knife of Churchill, whose upbraiding satire, I dare say, made Johnson’s friends urge him to dispatch.

1791，James Boswell，The Life of Samuel Johnson，卷 1, London: Charles Dilly，頁 176:

I bethought myself to go upstairs and see how the dying woman sped, who lay there almost unheeded: the very servants paid her but a remittent attention: the hired nurse, being little looked after, would slip out of the room whenever she could.

1847，Charlotte Brontë，章號 21, in Jane Eyre:

The noise of the conflict, the shouting and roar of an uncounted multitude of men in the heat and fury of combat, not to more than mention the evidences of the conflict—arrows, bolts, and stones in overflight and falling in remittent showers—would have dispersed them in ordinary mood; but they were under protection—the Madonna was leading them—to be afraid was to deny her saving grace.

1893, Lew Wallace, The Prince of India, or Why Constantinople Fell, New York: Harper, Volume 2, Book 6, Chapter 9, p. 404,

The evening was a little chilly, and a fire of logs had been lighted in the study where we were, and the remittent flame and the glow on the walls reminded me of the old days.

1895，Arthur Machen，“Adventure of the Missing Brother”, in The Three Impostors，London: John Lane，頁 97:

（指症状）缓和的，减轻的

[…] the long, long fever of life, which with him never knew a remittent moment, had robbed him of that which every man has a right to expect, some pleasure in the course of his existence.

1875，Charlotte Riddell，章號 14, in The Uninhabited House:


remittent

If you would have died from fever, you would have died at Ujiji when you had that severe attack of remittent.

1872，Henry Morton Stanley，章號 15, in How I Found Livingstone，London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle，頁 598:


schizophrenia

首次可考于1908年，源自新拉丁語 schizophrenia，源自德語 Schizophrenie，尤金·布鲁勒所造，源自古希臘語 σχίζω (skhízō，“分开，分裂”) + φρήν (phrḗn，“心智”) + 英語 -ia。

日常使用中常与dissociative identity disorder（分离性身份障碍，又叫multiple personality disorder）混淆起来。

[…] one can understand how the cultural disorientation which beset the African Continent has confused Africa's political behaviour, creating a political schizophrenia that made nation-building impossible.

2006，Bertus Praeg，Ethiopia and Political Renaissance in Africa，頁 213:

Nevertheless, a certain amount of schizophrenia pertains to the study of World Englishes as New Englishes, for while new Englishes are regarded as valid varieties in their own right, the description and delineation of them in linguistic terms is conducted through the gaze of native-speaker norms.

2012，James Lambert，“Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, in World Englishes，頁 305:


sedentary

源自中古法語 sédentaire，源自拉丁語 sedentārius (“坐着的”)，源自sedeō (“坐”)。

more sedentary (comparative)
most sedentary (superlative)

[…]the Egyptians; whose Sages were not sedentary, scholastic Sophists, like the Grecian[…]

1765 [1738]，Bishop William Warburton，The Divine Legation of Moses Demonstrated，頁 220:

[…]that any education that confined itself to sedentary pursuits was essentially imperfect, that the body as well as the mind should be cultivated[…]

1844年October3日，Benjamin Disraeli，The Acquirement of Knowledge，An address delivered to the members of the Manchester Athenæum:

不活跃的，平静的，缓慢的

Such restless revolution day by day
 Repeated, while the sedentary earth
 That better might with far less compass move[…]

1667，John Milton，“Book VIII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The Soul, considered abstractedly from its Passions, is of a remiss and sedentary Nature, slow in its Resolves, and languishing in its Executions.

1711年December22日，Joseph Addison，“No. 255”, in The Spectator:

till length of years
 And sedentary numbness craze my limbs
 To a contemptible old age obscure.

1671，John Milton，“Samson Agonistes, […]”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，行s 569-571:


sedentary

Endosomatic electrodermal activity (skin potential level and skin potential response) as an indirect indicator of sympathetic nervous system activity was measured in 35 sedentary male students and 22 trained athletes of two groups during resting and after an acute exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference of skin potential parameters between sedentaries and trained athletes before and after the acute exercise in bicycle ergometer.

1998，Effect of acute exercise on skin potential in sedentaries and trained athletes.:

The non-sedentaries rather do not without grain or rice, but the sedentaries have, in Wirth's table, not much less sheep and goats than the non-sedentaries. That is a reason to suppose that the sedentaries can cope without the non-sedentaries

With the decline and eventual downfall of the south, it was their relationship with the Arab sedentaries of the north which assumed greater importance;

2005，The Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1, Volume 2，頁 19:

Smiths are not nomadic among the nomads and sedentary among the sedentaries, nor half-nomadic among the nomads, half-sedentary among sedentaries.

2012，Deleuze, The Dark Precursor: Dialectic, Structure, Being，頁 37:

"These baths are great both for active people like sportsmen, as well as for sedentaries who spend too much time behind their desks," explains Dicioni Lino

2015，Road to Beauty Day 8: Hairstyling Tips on the Road:


seep

sipe的变体，其源自中古英語 *sipen，源自古英語 sipian，源自原始日耳曼語 *sipōną，派生自*sīpaną（对比中古荷蘭語 sīpen (“滴”)、德國低地德語 siepern (“渗透”)，古旧德語 seifen (“滴血”)），源自原始印歐語 *seyb-、*sib- (“倒出，滴”)（对比拉丁語 sēbum (“板油”)、古希臘語 εἴβω (eíbō，“滴”)。参见soap。

seeps (third-person singular present)
seeping (present participle)
seeped (past participle)

The crack is seeping water.

If the crack is seeping water, the foam totally stops the leakage.

Just when I thought I was done checking it over, I smelled coolant....remove the engine cover and bam! 1 inch crack is seeping coolant!


seep

Another idea was that filamentous bacteria covering the hairs [of the Yeti crab] would either neutralize gases emitted from the vent or serve the crab directly as a food source. And this last idea received support when a second species of Yeti crab was discovered on cold seeps on the deep-sea floor near Costa Rica.

2012，Caspar Henderson，The Book of Barely Imagined Beings，頁 356:


shrewd

约1300年，中古英語 schrewed (“堕落的，邪恶的”，字面意思是“受诅咒的”)，源自schrewen (“诅咒”)，源自schrewe、schrowe、screwe (“邪恶的人或物”)，源自古英語 scrēawa (“邪恶的人”，字面意思是“咬人的人或物”)。等价于shrew + -ed。还见shrew
“精明”一意出现于16世纪初叶，在17世纪前逐渐得到正面意。

shrewder (comparative)
shrewdest (superlative)

会在城里混的，会在江湖上混的

Willie is very aware of this fact and lets Johnny Attell know that there is a fly in the ointment, and Johnny, who is a very shrewd article, has his chauffeur drive him to Bradford Street so he can change the kid's mind.

2003，Ron Ross，Bummy Davis vs. Murder, Inc，頁 287:

The most persistent tormentor was Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain, who scored a hat-trick in last month’s corresponding fixture in Iceland. His ability to run at defences is instantly striking, but it is his clever use of possession that has persuaded some shrewd judges that he is an even better prospect than Theo Walcott.

2011年November10日，Jeremy Wilson，“England Under 21 5 Iceland Under 21 0: match report”, in Telegraph:

They were wont to please the Fairies, that they might doe them no shrewd turnes, by sweeping clean the Hearth and setting by it […]

1687，John Aubrey，Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme，頁 29:


shriek

源自弃用词shrick（1567年）、shreke，早期形式screak、skricke的变体（1500年代前），源自中古英語 scrycke，源自某北日耳曼語支/斯堪的纳维亚语言（对比瑞典語 skrika、丹麥語 skrige、冰島語 skríkja），源自原始日耳曼語 *skrīkijaną、*skrik-（对比英語 screech）。还见screech。

shrieks (third-person singular present)
shrieking (present participle)
shrieked (past participle)

Feebly ſhe ſhriekt, but ſo feebly indeed / That Britomart heard not the ſhrilling ſound.

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book IV, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 4，頁 95:

It was the owl that shrieked.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

"[O]h, yes! the loon does shriek dreadfully - particularly when there's fine rain[.]"

1886，Peter Christen Asbjørnsen，譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，頁 286:

The ghostly owl, shrieking his baleful note.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto IX”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 33:

She shrieked his name to the dark woods.


sneer

可能与中古高地德語 snerren (“讲八卦”)有关。

sneers (third-person singular present)
sneering (present participle)
sneered (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-sneer.wav

So General Oakfield's friends taunted him with having been beaten, and Blackeston's friends sneered at him for not having called the general out. Blackeston, a studious and sensitive man, felt the taunts of his friends as only a student can.

1890，Henry Kingsley，Old Margaret: And Other Stories，頁 393:

to sneer fulsome lies at a person

There was a quick scuffle within the cabin. "Leave me alone, I say, and git!" cried the cook. "Can't I be friendly without you hollerin?" sneered the miner. "You wouldn't have been 'lowed to stay round here if it hadn't been for me."


sneer

可能与中古高地德語 snerren (“讲八卦”)有关。

He supposed then (with a sneer—M. Paul could sneer supremely, curling his lip, opening his nostrils, contracting his eyelids)—he supposed there was but one form of appeal to which I would listen [...]

1835，Charlotte Brontë，章號 XXX, in Villette:

And wordy attacks against slavery drew sneers from observers which were not altogether undeserved. The authors were compared to doctors who offered to a patient nothing more than invectives against the disease which consumed him.

1963，C.L.R. James，The Black Jacobins，第2nd Revised版，頁 24:

It was a casual sneer, obviously one of a long line. There was hatred behind it, but of a quiet, chronic type, nothing new or unduly virulent, and he was taken aback by the flicker of amazed incredulity that passed over the younger man's ravaged face.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 8, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

During [Tucker] Carlson’s keynote, he wedged sneers at his critics for crying “racist!” in between racist remarks about [Ilhan] Omar, jeremiads against the media (“I know there’s a bunch of reporters here, so . . . screw you”), and an attack on Elizabeth Warren and her donors (“She’s a tragedy, because she’s now obsessed with racism, which is why the finance world supports her”)—all to gleeful applause.

2019年July24日，David Austin Walsh，“Flirting With Fascism”, in Jewish Currents:


solvent

源自法語 solvent，源自拉丁語 solventem，solvens的宾格单数、solvō的现在分词。等价于solve + -ent。

Furthermore, this increase in risk is comparable to the risk of death from leukemia after long-term exposure to benzene, another solvent, which has the well-known property of causing this type of cancer.

2013 July-August，Philip J. Bushnell，“Solvents, Ethanol, Car Crashes & Tolerance”, in American Scientist:


solvent

Surprisingly, this analysis revealed that acute exposure to solvent vapors at concentrations below those associated with long-term effects appears to increase the risk of a fatal automobile accident.


stifle

动词派生自晚期中古英語 stuflen (“因炎热而难以呼吸；淹水，因呛水窒息”) [以及其他形式]，之后词源不详，可能源自stuffen (“通过窒息杀死；因闷热窒息；压制，灭杀；剥夺植物的生长条件”) + -el- (动词的衍生性中缀，可能意指指小，程度增强或反复性动作和事件)。 stuffen派生自古法語 estofer、estouffer (“使...窒息，勒死；（比喻义）压制，抑制”) [以及其他形式]（现代法語 étouffer），变换自estoper、estuper (“阻塞；绷紧，使...变厚”)（现代法語 étouper (“填补”)），受到了estofer (“给...装垫子”)（现代法語 étoffer）的影响。estoper派生自通俗拉丁語 *stuppāre，源自拉丁語 stuppa (“粗亚麻”)（作为填塞材料，源自古希臘語 στύπη (stúpē)、στύππη (stúppē)（对比στυππεῖον (stuppeîon)），可能源自前希臘時期的底層語言）+ -āre。据《牛津英语词典》，其派生自古諾爾斯語 stífla (“筑坝；阻塞”)的说法“在词形和词义方面难有说服力”。
名词派生自动词。

stifles (third-person singular present)
stifling (present participle)
stifled (past participle)

smother

使...窒息；将...闷死

suffocate

使...窒息；将...闷死

使...窒息；将...闷死

I took my leave, being half stifled with the closeness of the room.

1708，Jonathan Swift，Accomplishment of the First Prediction:

The army stifled the rebellion.

I desire only to have things fairly represented as they really are; no evidence smothered or stifled.

1723，Daniel Waterland，A Second Vindication of Christ's Divinity:

In fact, there was no suggestion of that, although Wolves deployed men behind the ball to stifle the league leaders in a first-half that proved very frustrating for City.

2011年October29日，Neil Johnston，“Norwich 3-3 Blackburn”, in BBC Sport:


stubborn

源自中古英語 stiborne、stibourne、stoburn、stoburne、styburne、stiborn。其词源不详。
一理论认为可能源自*stybor、*stibor，源自古英語 stybb (“树桩”) + 形容词构成后缀 -or，如出现于古英語 bitor、英語 bitter的后缀。

But I have to say that one thing you inherited from your mother is a whole lot of stubborn.

2003，Dana Stabenow，A Grave Denied, →ISBN，頁 86:

That takes a lot of stubborn for a seventy-something man.

2014，Victoria Hamilton，Muffin But Murder, →ISBN:

Stubborn is not eating pizza out of a square pan because you know it won't taste as good as a round one. Stubborn is spending twelve thousand dollars to fix a five-hundred-dollar truck just because it's “your baby.”

2016，Ken Robert Baugh，Just Passing Time, →ISBN:

The extremely low number of control plants infected by stubborn disease suggests that natural spread of stubborn in the vicinity of the experiments is much slower than that reported for psylla-borne greening in South Africa (Schwarz, 1964).

1966，Israel Journal of Botany - Volumes 15-17，頁 131:

With evidence that the causal agent of stubborn is spread by insects, control or prevention of this disease will prove more difficult than formerly thought to be.

1967，Walter Reuther，The Citrus Industry, Volume IV, →ISBN，頁 129:

Sectorial infection of stubborn could be stable for long periods, but may be manifested once the trees are severely pruned, this causing the system spread of S. citri to other non-infected parts.

2012，Vincenzo Vacante & Uri Gerson，Integrated Control of Citrus Pests in the Mediterranean Region, →ISBN:


suffocate

源自拉丁語 suffōcāre，源自sub- (“在...之下”) + fōx (“喉咙”)

suffocates (third-person singular present)
suffocating (present participle)
suffocated (past participle)

（使...）窒息，（使...）缺氧

Open the hatch, he is suffocating in the airlock!

打开舱口！他在气闸室里要窒息了！

It is because of freedom, one netizen replied: Like air, you may not realize its importance, but when suffocating, you would know how precious it is.

2020年November2日，Jiu Xiao，“Chinese Communist Party Officials Push Anti-U.S. Propaganda While Sending Families to Live in the U.S.”, in Minghui:

He suffocated his wife by holding a pillow over her head.

他用枕头盖住妻子的头使她窒息而死。

Let not hemp his windpipe suffocate.

1599，William Shakespeare，“The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene vi]:

（使...）窒息，（使...）喘不过气，压倒

I'm suffocating under this huge workload.

这一大堆工作让我喘不过气来。

If the trend to private cars continues, the more quickly will the road traffic suffocate itself, [...].

1962 April，“London Airport rail link”, in Modern Railways，頁 222:


sumptuous

源自法語 somptueux，源自拉丁語 sumptuōsus，源自sūmptus (“耗费，费用”)，源自sumō (“拿”) + -tus (名词构成后缀)。

more sumptuous (comparative)
most sumptuous (superlative)

Though poor the peasant’s hut, his feasts though small,

I wandered on until I came to a sumptuous palace with a garden adorned with fountains and fishponds, and groves and flowers, and orchards laden with delicious fruit.

Cabaye pulled all the strings in a dominant home performance and capped a majestic individual display with a sumptuous first-time finish into the far corner for his second goal of the afternoon.

2012年April21日，Jonathan Jurejko，“Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, in BBC Sport:


syllabus

借自中世紀拉丁語 syllabus (“列表”)，因一次印刷错误而普及使用。在15世纪70年代版的西塞罗著“Ad Atticum” IV.5和8内，其宾格复数本是 sittybas，卻印刷成了 syllabos。这个变化形式受到了古希臘語 συλλαμβάνω (sullambánō，“放在一起”)的词干的影响，该词衍生出σῠλλᾰβή (sŭllăbḗ，“音节”)；而其实际上来自σιττύβα (sittúba，“羊皮纸标签，目录”)，词源不详。

In the first half of the year, teachers attended the training workshop for the new K-10 Chinese syllabus. In July, almost all the teachers attended the teacher training courses provided by OCAC.

2019年November23日，A Falun Dafa practitioner in Australia，“Eliminating Attachments While Helping Coordinate a Minghui School”, in Minghui:

‘I checked online for a beginner syllabus,’ she say. ‘A syllabus is a plan for how we would work, what I can teach you.’

2020，Abi Daré，The Girl With The Louding Voice，Sceptre，頁 183:


taper

源自中古英語 taper，源自古英語 tapor (“蜡烛，灯芯”)，其词源不详。可能源自拉丁語 papyrus (“纸莎草”，中世纪时指“蜡烛芯”)。若如此，则是papyrus和paper 的同源對似詞。另可能源自凱爾特語族中某个与愛爾蘭語 tapar、威爾士語 tampr (“火把”)有关的词，亦对比梵語 तपती (tápati，“温暖，发热”)。还见tepid。

Strike on the Tinder, hoa: / Giue me a Taper: […]

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]，頁 311，行 157:

He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me.

1813年August13日，Thomas Jefferson，Letter to Isaac McPherson:

The red glare of the tapers flung a strange unnatural hue on the painted windows of the little Gothic chapel, where none slept save the noble of name, and the high of blood—purple and crimson, the colours mingled together in fantastic combinations, till the rainbow-hued figures seemed to move with supernatural life.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XIX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 160:

Love used to carry a bow, you know,
But now he carries a taper;
It is either a length of wax aglow,
Or a twist of lighted paper.

the taper of a spire

The legs of the table had a slight taper to them.

Her hair hangs over her ears and flows to a taper at the back of her neck where it is held in place with a wide and circular black clasp.


throng

源自中古英語 throng、thrang，源自古英語 þrang、ġeþrang (“挤压，人群，吵嚷”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *þrangwą、*þrangwō (“人群”)，源自*þrangwaz (“挤压”)，源自原始印歐語 *trenkʷ- (“殴打，击打；砍劈；按压”)。与荷蘭語 drang、德語 Drang同源。亦对比德語 Gedränge (“人群”)。

Not to know me argues yourselves unknown,
The lowest of your throng.

不认得我证明你们自己不出名，
你们的群体地位最低。

1667，John Milton，“Book 4”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Perhaps you suppose this throng / Can't keep it up all day long?

1885，Gilbert and Sullivan，“Act 1”, in The Mikado:

Miss Phyllis Morgan, as the hapless heroine dressed in the shabbiest of clothes, appears in the midst of a gay and giddy throng; she apostrophises all and sundry there, including the villain, and has a magnificent scene which always brings down the house, and nightly adds to her histrionic laurels.

1905，Baroness Emmuska Orczy，章號 2, in The Affair at the Novelty Theatre:

Here, mingled with the Persians, who were rushing to the higher ground with the same effort as ourselves, we remained motionless until sunrise of the next day, so crowded together that the bodies of the slain, held upright by the throng, could nowhere find room to fall, and that in front of me a soldier with his head cut in two, and split into equal halves by a powerful sword stroke, was so pressed on all sides that he stood erect like a stump.

1939, en:Ammianus Marcellinus, John Carew Rolfe, Ammianus Marcellinus, Volume 1, Harvard University Press, page 463:

I imagine throngs of people – well-dressed, sipping spritzes – in front of a boat that, to me, is a coffin which held 700 people.

2019年May12日，Lorenzo Tondo，“I have seen the tragedy of Mediterranean migrants. This ‘art’ makes me feel uneasy”, in The Guardian:


throng

throngs (third-person singular present)
thronging (present participle)
thronged (past participle)

By one o'clock the place was choc-a-bloc. […] The restaurant was packed, and the promenade between the two main courts and the subsidiary courts was thronged with healthy-looking youngish people, drawn to the Mecca of tennis from all parts of the country.

1935，George Goodchild，章號 5, in Death on the Centre Court:


trance

动词派生自中古英語 traunce、trauncen、trancen (“四处移动(?)；蹦跳(?);踏地”)（派生出现代英語 trounce，同义，参见该词条）。动词应该派生自名词。

trounce

(英國，以外，棄用，方言) 冗长的旅途

(英國，以外，棄用，方言) 冗长的旅途

So saying, he led the way out through halls and trances that were weel kend to my gudesire, and into the auld oak parlour; […]


turgid

源自拉丁語 turgidus (“肿胀的”)，源自turgeō (“肿胀”)。

more turgid (comparative)
most turgid (superlative)

I have a turgid limb.

A vegetable that is fully moist and firm will seem both crisp and more tender than the same vegetable limp from water loss. When we bite down on a vegetable turgid with water, the already-stressed cell walls readily break and the cells burst open; in a limp vegetable, chewing compresses the walls together, and we have to exert much more pressure to break through them.

2004，Harold McGee，章號 5, in On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen，Scribner, →ISBN:

These were all basic tenets, but the principals wrote them down as if they had never heard them before—and maybe they hadn’t, or at least not for many years. Perhaps that’s why bureaucratic prose becomes so turgid, whatever the bureaucracy.

1976，William Zinsser，On Writing Well, 30th Anniversary Edition，第Kindle版, Harper Perennial, 出版於 2012, →ISBN，頁 172:

Published TV-scholarship sure reflects this mood. And the numbingly dull quality to most “literary” television analyses is due less to the turgid abstraction scholars employ to make television seem an OK object of aesthetic inquiry […]

1997，David Foster Wallace，“E Unibus Pluram: television and U.S. fiction”, in A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again，第Kindle版, Little, Brown Book Group:


vanguard

By some paradoxical evolution rancour and intolerance have been established in the vanguard of primitive Christianity. Mrs. Spoker, in common with many of the stricter disciples of righteousness, was as inclement in demeanour as she was cadaverous in aspect.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 4, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

[O]ne minute this "Jihadi John" was struggling to get by, and get accepted, in drizzly England, unemployed with a mortgage to pay and a chip on his shoulder, and the next he stands in brilliant Levantine sunlight, where everything is clear and etched, at the vanguard of some Sunni Risorgimento intent on subjecting the world to its murderous brand of Wahhabi Islam.

2014年November17日，Roger Cohen，“The horror! The horror! The trauma of ISIS [print version: International New York Times, 18 November 2014, page 9]”, in The New York Times:


versatile

源自拉丁語 versātilis (“容易转的，容易转变的”)，源自versātus，versō (“转；改变”)的过去分词，vertō (“转”)的反复态。

more versatile (comparative)
most versatile (superlative)

[ˈvɜː.səˌtaɪɫ]

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-versatile.wav

double-decker

可攻可受的 （既能插入又能被插入的）

The versatile anther is an important step up in flowering plant evolution and it may be the most widespread of all simple anther types.

1996，William G. D'Arcy，The anther: form, function, and phylogeny:

可攻可受的 （既能插入又能被插入的）

Among men who do engage in anal intercourse, about one-quarter are tops, one-quarter are bottoms, and one-half are versatile.

2017，Simon LeVay，Gay, Straight, and the Reason why: The Science of Sexual Orientation:


wretched

源自中古英語 wrecched (“经历悲惨的；可悲的，不幸的，不高兴的；贫困的；低贱的；可怜的人”) [以及其他形式]，源自wrecche (“经历悲惨的；可悲的，不幸的，不高兴的；贫困的；低贱的；可鄙的，恶劣的，邪恶的；小气的；无足轻重的”)（源自晚期古英語 wrecc，源自古英語 wreċċa (“被驱逐者”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *wreg- (“跟；猎”)） + -ed (构成形容词的后缀)。 英语词可作wretch (已弃用形容词，与本词同义) + -ed (构成形容词的后缀)分析。

wretcheder (comparative)
more wretched (comparative)
wretchedest (superlative)
most wretched (superlative)

damned

讨厌的，该死的 （表达某事物令自己讨厌）

bloody

讨厌的，该死的 （表达某事物令自己讨厌）

blasted

讨厌的，该死的 （表达某事物令自己讨厌）

bleeding

讨厌的，该死的 （表达某事物令自己讨厌）

I felt wretched after my wife died.

我妻子死了以后我痛不欲生。

Mario Balotelli replaced [Carlos] Tevez but his contribution was so negligible that he suffered the indignity of being substituted himself as time ran out, a development that encapsulated a wretched 90 minutes for City and boss Roberto Mancini。

2011年April11日，Phil McNulty，“Liverpool 3 – 0 Man City”, in BBC Sport，存檔自the original on 2023-01-27:

All those wretched quarrels, in his humble opinion, stirring up bad blood – bump of combativeness or gland of some kind, erroneously supposed to be about a punctilio of honour and a flag, – were very largely a question of the money question which was at the back of everything, greed and jealousy, people never knowing when to stop.

1922 February，James Joyce，“[Episode 16: Eumaeus]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC, part III [Nostos]，頁 598:


asinine

源自拉丁語 asinīnus (“驴的”)。

more asinine (comparative)
most asinine (superlative)

They danced on silently, softly. Their feet played tricks to the beat of the tireless measure, that exquisitely asinine blare which is England's punishment for having lost America.

1922，Michael Arlen，“2/2/2”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

Don Quixote had put himself but a little way ayont the village of Don Diego, when he encountered two apparent priests, or students, and two husbandmen, who came mounted on four asinine beasts.

1881，Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra，The Ingenious Knight: Don Quixote de la Mancha，頁 84:


asshole

早期形式arsehole的变体，源自中古英語 arshole、arcehoole，等价于ass + hole。同源词包括挪威語 rasshøl (“屁眼”)、瑞典語 arsle (“屁眼”)。亦对比德語 Arschloch (“屁眼，混蛋”)。自14世纪70年代起可考，取代了早期古英語 earsþyrel (“肛门”，字面意思是“屁股的洞”)。中古英语中最初的记录作ers hole (Glouc. Cath. Manuscript 19. No. I., dated 1379, cited after OED)、ars-hole (Bodleian Ashmole MS. 1396, dated ca. 1400, ed. Robert Von Fleischhacker as Lanfrank's "Science of Cirurgie", EETS 102, 1894, cited after OED.)
俚语比喻用法可追溯回20世纪，当时，20世纪20年代，用于指让人讨厌的地方（对比shithole），然后至晚在20世纪50年代用来指让人讨厌的人(Harvard Advocate 137, March 1954)。也有同位用法（如“You're an asshole moralist”, T. Chamales, 1957）。

asshole是美式英语形式，对应的英式英语形式为arsehole。

指人作贬义词时，粗俗程度和语气不如fucker或cunt。尽管本质上是中性词，但一般指男性，指女性时一般使用特指性别的bitch等词。

She said she couldn't wiggle when she had the doorknob in her asshole.

1910，“Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York Third Department”, in Google Books, retrieved 2014-07-27:

'You talk as if you were born without an asshole,' he cried to Commander Semmes.

1954，Ira Wolfert，An Act of Love: A Completely Retold Version of the Novel, →OCLC，頁 54:

混蛋，混球，傻屄，狗东西

He philosophised all day about Morandi, Klee, Miró and Picasso, and was such an asshole that he spelled "cunt" with a "d".

1965，Jan Cremer，譯者 R. E. WyngaardandAlexander Trocchi, I, Jan Cremer, →OCLC，頁 78:

You oughta have better sense than to trust anyone with anything in this asshole place.

1976，Felix Goodson，Sweet Salt, →ISBN，頁 254:

... but when he started bugging the bartender to shut the asshole TV off because he wanted to have a serious discussion...

1979，Ronald Sukenick，Long Talking Bad Conditions Blues, →ISBN，頁 83:


asshole

Esshole, Asshole, the hole under the fire to hold ashes.

1775，Tim Bobbin [John Collier]，The Miscellaneous Works of Tim Bobbin, Esq., →OCLC，頁 68:


astute

拉丁語 astūtus，源自astus (“精明，技艺”)。

astuter (comparative)
astutest (superlative)

astute analysis

astute observation

astute remark

The best headteachers are like submarine captains – cool-headed, astute decision-makers – who trust their colleagues and surroundings to indicate where their ship is headed.

23 September 2014，A teacher，“Choosing a primary school: a teacher's guide for parents”, in The Guardian:


Cretaceous

As with the Lejeuneaceae, this pattern of massive speciation appears to be correlated with the Cretaceous explosion of the angiosperms and the simultaneous creation of a host of new microenvironments, differing in humidity, light intensity, texture, etc.

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁s 3–4:


Jurassic

借自法語 Jurassique，名取自瑞士的侏罗山。

Those fears and excuses seem positively Jurassic more than eighty years later.

2009 March，Byron Rempel，“Women's Ski Jumping Takes Aim at the Winter Olympics”, in Skiing Heritage Journal，卷 21, 號 1，頁 17=:

For every three shops or restaurants that looked as if they might have had a poster of Che Guevara somewhere on the premises, there was one stubborn Jurassic retailer offering knit suits for older women or an Italian restaurant that offered all-you-can-eat garlic bread and didn't call itself a trattoria.

2017，Dean Koontz，The Silent Corner，頁 93:

Well, thirty compared to twenty-five seemed Jurassic to me back then.

2017，Giuliana Prada，Hiding Boys in Bathrooms: A Decade of Dating Debacles:


Cenozoic

ceno- + -zoic，源自古希臘語 καινός (kainós，“新的”) + ζωή (zōḗ，“生命”)

/ˌkeɪnəʊˈzəʊɪk/

/ˌsɛnɵˈzəʊɪk/

/ˌsiːnɵˈzəʊɪk/

The whole history of the earth is divided into five eras, with corresponding rock-systems. These are: 1. Archæan or Eozoic¹ era, embodied in the Laurentian system; 2. Palæozoic² era, embodied in the Palæozoic or Primary system; 3. Mesozoic³ era, recorded in the Secondary system; 4. Cenozoic,⁴ recorded in the Tertiary and Quaternary systems; and, 5. The Psychozoic era, or era of Mind, recorded in the recent system.

1883, Joseph Le Conte, Elements of Geology: A Text-book for Colleges and for the General Reader, D. Appleton and Company, New York,

The researchers found that the first day of the Cenozoic was peppered with cataclysms. When the asteroid struck, it temporarily carved a hole 60 miles across and 20 miles deep.

2019年September10日，Katherine Kornei，“A New Timeline of the Day the Dinosaurs Began to Die Out”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


cinema

借自法語 cinéma，截断自cinématographe（由卢米埃尔兄弟在19世纪90年代造出），源自古希臘語 κίνημα (kínēma，“运动，移动”) + γράφω (gráphō，“书写，记录”)。

电影产业，电影业，影视业

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013年June29日，“Travels and travails”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁 55:

In the long history of Spanish cinema[…].

在西班牙電影業的漫長歷史中 […] 。


delirious

源自delirium + -ous，参见拉丁語 delirus (“愚蠢的，糊涂的，疯狂的”)。

more delirious (comparative)
most delirious (superlative)

/dɪˈlɪɹɪ.əs/

/dɪˈlɪəɹɪ.əs/

[…]the angelic form of a creature whose very existence was a gigantic balm of Gilead to the lacerated body of our hero, and, in a half delirious state of mind, he felt like leaping mountains to raise prostrate female forms, and to become blessed with hymeneal joys of the most glorious character; but, his imagination soon forsook him, and a raging fever, accompanied by the most violent deadly delirium, ensued, which lasted a fortnight.

1872，Simon Mohler Landis，The Social War, Chapter III: Deacon Stew raves at Lucinda's Love for Victor:


kiln

源自中古英語 kilne，源自古英語 cylene或cyline (“大炉子”)，源自拉丁語 culīna (“厨房，厨房火炉”)。

One typical Grecian kiln engorged one thousand muleloads of juniper wood in a single burn. Fifty such kilns would devour six thousand metric tons of trees and brush annually.

2006，Edwin Black，章號 2, in Internal Combustion:


languid

借自拉丁語 languidus (“虚弱的，迟缓的，懒散的”)。

more languid (comparative)
most languid (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-languid.wav

无精打采的；懒散的，懒洋洋的

languid movements

languid breathing

As love without esteem is capricious and volatile; esteem without love is languid and cold.

March 10 1753，Samuel Johnson (attributed)，The Adventurer:

George had an air at once swaggering and melancholy, languid and fierce.

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 21, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

Toil is the portion of day, as sleep is that of night; but if there be one hour of the twenty-four which has the life of day without its labour, and the rest of night without its slumber, it is the lovely and languid hour of twilight.

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 1，頁 1:


languid

As may be required, a small hole is bored in either of the languids, or in the back of the pipe in the space between the two languids. By this means, in addition to the current of air passing between the languids and the lower lip, […]

1913，William Horatio Clarke，Standard Organ Building，頁 150:


alizarin

glass headed pins,
oil-golds and copper greens,
anthracite blues, alizarins,

1946，Elizabeth Bishop，“Roosters”, in North and South:

In 1883, the German output of alizarin, the brilliant red chemical that imitated natural carmine, reached twelve thousand tons, dwarfing the amount being produced by Perkin's factory in London.

1883年，德国生产的茜素——一种可仿制天然胭脂红的鲜艳红色化学染料——年产量已达1.2万吨，使得伦敦珀金工厂的产量相形见绌。

2010，Siddhartha Mukherjee，The Emperor of all Maladies，Fourth Estate, 出版於 2011，頁 82:


antipathy

源自古希臘語 ἀντιπάθεια (antipátheia)，ἀντιπαθής (antipathḗs，“感觉相悖的”)的状态名词，源自ἀντί (antí，“反对”) + πάθος (páthos，“感觉”)的词根。

"Truly I am one very likely to encourage romance in any young lady! Did you ever know me to patronise moonlight walks, or talk even forgivingly of cottages and roses? and have I not a natural antipathy to honeysuckle?"

1831，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Romance and Reality，卷 3，頁s 164-165:

Deep antipathy to Hillary Clinton exists within the FBI, multiple bureau sources have told the Guardian, spurring a rapid series of leaks damaging to her campaign just days before the election.

4 November 2016, Spencer Ackerman writing in The Guardian, The FBI is Trumpland': anti-Clinton atmosphere spurred leaking, sources say

The sagebrush belongs to the composite family, and its immediate cousins are widely distributed. They are known as the artemisias, and there are a host of them, many with important uses in the economy of civilization. Artemisia absinthium is popularly known as wormwood; from it comes the bitter, aromatic liquor known as eau or crême d'absinthe. Many of its cousins grow in Asia and Europe, including the mugwort, used by the Germans as a seasoning in cookery; southernwood, used by the British to drive away moths from linen and woolens and to force newly swarmed bees, which have a peculiar antipathy for it, into the hive

June 1917, The National Geographic Magazine Volume 31, No. 6, Our State Flowers/The Sagebrush

Now when the Master-at-arms noticed whence came that greasy fluid streaming before his feet, he must have taken it—to some extent wilfully, perhaps—not for the mere accident it assuredly was, but for the sly escape of a spontaneous feeling on Billy's part more or less answering to the antipathy on his own.

1891，Henry Melville，章號 13, in Billy Budd:


azure

源自中古英語 asure，源自古法語 azur，派生自阿拉伯語 لَازَوَرْد (lāzaward，“青金石”)，l 被误解为法语冠词 l' 而被删去。阿拉伯语词源自古典波斯語 لاجورد (lājward，“青金石”)，源自巴达克山处Lajward地区的名字。
对比意大利語 azzurro及西班牙語 azul。

天青色，蔚蓝色；天青色染料

In robes of azure.

1815，William Wordsworth，Extracts from An Evening Walk:

For our blues we have the azures and ceruleans, lapis lazulis, the light and dusty, the powder blues, the deeps: royal, sapphire, navy, and marine […]

2014，William H. Gass，On Being Blue: A Philosophical Inquiry，頁 59:

azure：

In Bb [Glover's Roll], the conventional letter B is used to indicate azure in most items.

azure (纹章学)：

Not like those steps / On heaven's azure.

1667，John Milton，“Book I”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


azure

When Britain first, at Heaven's command / Arose from out the azure main.

‘I forget your coat of arms.’
‘A human foot d’or, in a field azure; the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are imbedded in the heel.’

1846，Edgar Allan Poe，The Cask of Amontillado:


azure

azures (third-person singular present)
azuring (present participle)
azured (past participle)

Our readers are aware that much of the sugar sold in many countries goes through an azuring treatment; blue is added to granulated sugar with the view of making it appear whiter than it actually is.


bristle

源自中古英語 bristil、bristel、brustel，源自古英語 bristl、*brystl、*byrstel，源自原始西日耳曼語 *burstilu，原始西日耳曼語 *bursti的指小词，源自原始日耳曼語 *burstiz（对比荷蘭語 borstel、德語 Borste (“野猪的鬓毛”)、冰島語 burst），源自原始印歐語 *bʰr̥stís（对比中古愛爾蘭語 brostaid (“招惹”)、拉丁語 fastīgium (“顶部的”)、波蘭語 barszcz (“猪草”)），等价于brust + -le。

bristles (third-person singular present)
bristling (present participle)
bristled (past participle)

過時，新英格兰和纽约上州农村口音

He sat down with his elbows upon the desk, his gorilla hands clasped together, his beard bristling forward, and his big grey eyes, half-covered by his drooping lids, fixed benignly upon me.

1929，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Disintegration Machine:

the hill of La Haye Sainte bristling with ten thousand bayonets

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 5, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

ports bristling with thousands of masts

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 2, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

Kieran Tierney did not want to risk a challenge on Pulisic, who darted on to the ball with far greater purpose, and the dink over Emi Martínez bristled with composure.

2020年August1日，David Hytner，“Aubameyang at the double as Arsenal turn tables on Chelsea to win FA Cup”, in The Guardian:

（带at）警惕，警觉，惧怕

The employees bristled at the prospect of working through the holidays.

员工们害怕整个假期都要工作。

Private-equity nabobs bristle at being dubbed mere financiers. Piling debt onto companies’ balance-sheets is only a small part of what leveraged buy-outs are about, they insist. Improving the workings of the businesses they take over is just as core to their calling, if not more so. Much of their pleading is public-relations bluster.

2013年June22日，“Engineers of a different kind”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 70:

If only the industry could be honest and explain why it has been forced, owing to government policies, to increase fares over the quarter century since privatisation. Instead, it is defensive and clearly bristles with annoyance when someone merely states the facts.

2021年May5日，Barry Doe，“The Independent has a better grasp than GWR's spokesman”, in RAIL，期 930，頁 58:


cave in

caves in (third-person singular present)
caving in (present participle)
caved in (past participle)

cave

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

break

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

crush

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

give way

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

stave

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

stave in

（使...）塌陷，（使...）塌方

cave in to someone's threats

After he asked me a few times, I finally caved in and had a slice of cake.

他问了我好几次，我拗不过去就吃了一块蛋糕。

Eventually the NUR overplayed its hands with an all-out strike. And when Peter Parker, the then-chairman of BR, who was well regarded among his staff, called their bluff by threatening to close down the entire network, they caved in.

2022年December14日，Christian Wolmar，“Productivity should play no part in pay negotiations”, in RAIL，期 972，頁 46:


ignominy

借自法語 ignominie，源自拉丁語 ignōminia，源自ig- (“不”) + nomen (“名声”)（前缀为in-的同化形式）。

/ˈɪɡnəˌmɪni/

/ˈɪɡnəˌmɪni/

Calvin: Our great plan backfired and I'm the one who got soaked! Oh, the shame! The ignominy!

a. 1994, Bill Watterson, Homicidal Psycho Jungle Cat, Andrews McMeel, ISBN 0-83621769-1, page 168:

It was tribal, almost relentless and, in the case of the official England band, there was a degree of ignominy, too, for repeatedly playing a tune for which the words go “Fuck the IRA”, something that could lead to a full breakdown of their relationship with the FA.

2014年November18日，Daniel Taylor，“England and Wayne Rooney see off Scotland in their own back yard”, in The Guardian:

The lawyer who shot to ignominy last week with a racist rant at a Manhattan lunch spot apologized Tuesday on social media, where a video of his threat to call immigration agents on Spanish-speaking workers had first gone viral.

2018年May22日，Liz Robbins, Maya Salam，“‘I Am Not Racist’: Lawyer Issues Apology One Week After Rant”, in New York Times:

"I studied to be a diplomat and have been a diplomat for twenty years," Bondarev wrote. "The (Russian foreign) ministry has become my home and family. But I simply cannot any longer share in this bloody, witless and absolutely needless ignominy."

2022年May23日，“Russian diplomat in Switzerland says he resigns over Ukraine invasion”, in Reuters，存檔自the original on 2022-05-26, Europe:


Christmas

专有名词派生自中古英語 Cristemasse、Criste-mas (“圣诞节；圣诞季节；圣诞节庆祝活动”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 Cristes mæsse (“圣诞节”，字面意思是“基督的弥撒”)，源自Crist (“基督”) + -es (属格标记词) + mæsse (“弥撒”)。英语词作Christ + -mas (表示节日或神圣的日子的后缀)分析。
名词、形容词和动词均派生自专有名词。
形容词词义指传统上与圣诞节联想起来的颜色。

Christmases (plural)
Christmasses (plural)

Charlie Brown Christmas tree, Charlie Brown's Christmas tree

Christmastime, Christmas time, Christmas-time

if ifs and buts were candy and nuts, we'd all have a merry Christmas

like turkeys voting for Christmas, like turkeys voting for an early Christmas

think all one's Christmases have come at once

Do you celebrate Christmas?

This Christmas we’ll open presents, then go to grandma’s for dinner.

这个圣诞节我们先拆礼物，然后去奶奶那里吃晚饭。

Be gladde, lordes, bothe more and lasse, / For this hath ordeyned our stewarde / To chere you all this christmasse / The bores heed with mustarde.

[[15th century] (date written)，“A Caroll Bringyng in the Bores Heed”, in [Christmasse Carolles]，London: […] Wynkyn de Worde, 出版於 1521, →OCLC; republished in Joseph Ames，Typographical Antiquities: Being a Historical Account of Printing in England: […]，London: […] W[illiam] Faden, and sold by J. Robinson, […], 1749, →OCLC，頁 96，列 2:

The lord chancellor holds his fittings in this hall, and in former days, like the Temple, it had its revels and great Chriſtmaſſes. […] The account of the great feaſt in the hall of the Inner Temple, by the ſerjeants, in 1555, is extremely worth conſulting: and alſo of the hoſpitable Chriſtmaſſes of old times.

1798 July，“Account of Lincoln’s Inn: With a Perspective View of the Hall and Chapel”, in The Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure; […]，卷 CIII, London: […] W[illiam] Bent, […], →OCLC，頁 42，列 2:

“Lawk!” says our old granddam, who has taken the liberty of looking over our manuscript while we were gone to mix a glass of water and something. “Lawk!” says she, “how can you write such stuff? Christmas, indeed! you’ve no Christmas now. Do you call this Christmas? It’s more like a vapour bath. Such weather! Lawk, how times are changed! the Christmasses I remember! the good, old-fashioned Christmasses, when there was snow on the ground six feet deep, and poor people were starved to death by dozens, and you couldn’t go out without having your fingers frost-bitten, and coals were at six shillings a hundred, and canals froze up so that you couldn’t get your goods, and the roads all impassable, and daren’t ask a few friends to merrymake for fear of losing three or four of ’em going home in snow-drifts, and—oh, those were Christmasses! we shall never see such times again!”

1840 January，Sylvanus Swanquill [pseudonym; John Hewitt]，“Merry Christmas and Happy New Year”, in The New Sporting Magazine，卷 XVIII, 期 105, London: Walter Spiers, […], →OCLC，頁 53:

Reader have your Christmasses hitherto been marked with happiness? Thank God for it. […] Then mamma died—and later in your college days, dear Herbert, when you were both as tall as men, but as fond of play as ever—and we used to spend such happy Christmasses, till our dear father died, / “That was our first sad winter, the one which followed his death, for you remember how sadly we all missed him, and we were still in mourning—but the next one was a happy day, for Lawry was so full of spirits—and that was our last happy Christmas. Herbert darling, Lawrence has left the last impression of happiness on my memory—he, who has since broken up our domestic peace, and for a long time spoilt our Christmasses—Heaven bless him![…]”

1859，[Florence] Marryatt，章號 XXIX, in Temper. A Novel.，New York, N.Y.: Dick & Fitzgerald, […], →OCLC，頁 205:

I'm dreaming of a white Christmas / With every Christmas card I write / May your days be merry and bright / And may all your Christmases be white

1942年July30日，Irving Berlin （作曲作詞）, “White Christmas”, 演出者 Bing Crosby, New York, N.Y.: Decca Records, →OCLC:

Have yourself a merry little Christmas / Let your heart be light / Next year all our troubles will be out of sight

1943 (date written)，“Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas”, in Ralph Blane 作詞, Hugo Martin 作曲, Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas: 源自the M.G.M. Picture Meet Me in St. Louis，演出者 Judy Garland, New York, N.Y.: Leo Feist, 出版於 1944, →OCLC:

The last time I saw her was a week before Christmas, 1980. We took down a fat branch of berried Megginch holly, which we stuck in a pot for a Christmas tree, hung with silver balls and glitters. Aunt Victoria looked at it, smiled and unexpectedly said, “Christmas.” Surely she was sitting there dreaming of Christmasses long past: Christmas in the South China Sea, the Christmas lights of Hong Kong, hot Christmasses so long ago in the Anchises under the Southern Cross stars, or even longer ago of Christmasses at Megginch, singing carols round the lighted Christmas tree in the hall, while Queen Victoria’s goddaughter in her starched white dress and bronze shoes had worn the sparkling pendant given her by the great Queen.

1994，Cherry Drummond，The Remarkable Life of Victoria Drummond, Marine Engineer，London: The Institute of Marine Engineers, →ISBN，頁 354:

I don't want a lot for Christmas / There is just one thing I need / I don't care about the presents / Underneath the Christmas tree / I just want you for my own / More than you could ever know / Make my wish come true / All I want for Christmas is you

1994年October29日，Mariah Carey, Walter Afanasieff （作曲作詞）, “All I Want for Christmas Is You”, in Merry Christmas，演出者 Mariah Carey, New York, N.Y.: Columbia Records, →OCLC:


Christmas

Two of the girls carry between them on a stick what they call "the garland", […] The "garland" in shape reminds me of the "Christmas" which used to form the centre of the Christmas decorations in Yorkshire some few years ago, except that the latter had a bunch of mistletoe inside the hoops.

1893 September，Percy Manning，“[Folk-lore Miscellanea.] May-Day at Watford, Herts.”, in Folk-lore: A Quarterly Review of Myth, Tradition, Institution, & Custom，卷 IV, 期 III, London: David Nutt, […] for The Folk-lore Society, →OCLC，頁 403:


Christmas

Christmases (third-person singular present)
Christmasses (third-person singular present)
Christmasing (present participle)
Christmassing (present participle)
Christmased (past participle)
Christmassed (past participle)

(Moving to the holly boughs.) Come on; let's finish Christmassing the place.

1966，James Goldman，The Lion in Winter: A Comedy in Two Acts，New York, N.Y., Hollywood, Los Angeles, Calif.: Samuel French, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii，頁 17:

Haddonfield was completely Christmased deep in December. It was lovely to see the beautifully decorated shops. Huge bows adorned the streetlamps, aerosol snow framed the windows, and people bundled up were moving in and out of the shops as the aroma of spice and clove from holiday candles scented the air.

2012，Robin S. Shapiro，“It’s Never too Late to Play the Violin”, in Touchstones: Essays on Spirituality and Healing，[Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN，頁 27:

The 2016 campaign via TBWA Sydney asks the question, ‘How do Australians Christmas?’ with a film to be launched today featuring global superstar and style icon, Cate Blanchett.

2016年November3日，Ricki Green，“David Jones asks ‘How do Australians Christmas?’ in new campaign via TBWA Sydney”, in Campaign Brief，存檔自the original on 2023-12-24:

I've Christmased since those palmy days / In many a varied spot, / And suffered many a weary phase / Of Christmas cold and hot.

1878，“Ironbark” [pseudonym; George Herbert Gibson]，“Christmas in Australia”, in Southerly Busters，Sydney, N.S.W.: John Sands, […], →OCLC，頁 73:

I have spent Christmas on the Severn, at Sharpness Point; in Paris, under siege, and among scenes of heartrending distress; among the Scotch hills, with Presbyterian severity, and I have Christmased in Normandy, where every tree seems green with mistletoe.

1878 December，Horace L. Nicholson，“Baulked by a Berry”, in The St. James’s Magazine and United Empire Review，卷 XXXIV, London: Charing Cross Publishing Company, […], 出版於 1879, →OCLC，頁 1107:

Prince Albert Victor on arrival in India will land at Bombay, and travel through Southern India, proceeding from Madras by sea to Calcutta. He will Christmas at Calcutta, and then make a tour through Bengal, and pay a visit to the frontier.

1889年July6日，“Facts and Fancies”, in St. Stephen’s Review，期 330, London: The Publishing Company, →OCLC，頁 9，列 1:

André Maurois will be one of the spearheads of the Harold R[eginald] Peat list for the coming season, a result of Mr. Peat’s holiday visit to England, where he Christmassed with H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells.

1938 January，Program: A Magazine for Program and Entertainment Committees，卷 4, 期 4, New York, N.Y.: Program Company, →OCLC，頁 7:

Christmasing in Khartoum, writing in his Cairo study about the Al Azhar University, overseeing the publication of learned articles about Moslem medievalism, attending conferences and tea parties hosted by his former AUB students, feted constantly in many an Arab capital, and filling up his diary with descriptions of the bazaars of Lucknow and the exotic birds of Asia, [Bayard] Dodge was reaping the bounty of a life devoted to the Arabs and Moslem culture.

1993，Robert D[avid] Kaplan，“End of the Rainbow”, in The Arabists: The Romance of an American Elite，New York, N.Y.: The Free Press, →ISBN, part I (Dream)，頁 80:

In particular, please keep my brother in your prayers as he Christmases in Afghanistan.

2012年October26日，Lorrene Desbien，“December 22”, in Losing Sarah: A Mother’s Journey to Peace，Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse, →ISBN，頁 64:


Christmas

略自Jiminy Christmas，可能是Jiminy Cricket或Jiminy Crickets的变体，是Jesus Christ的委婉形式。

真是的，天啊，我靠 （表示厌烦或惊讶）

"I've been tottering on the edge … Christmas!" His eyes brightened with a sudden thought. "How stupid I've been!" he cried at once.

1930，Ellery Queen [pseudonym; Frederic Dannay, Manfred Bennington Lee]，“‘The Time has Come …’”, in The French Powder Mystery: A Problem in Deduction，New York, N.Y.: Frederick A[bbott] Stokes Company, →OCLC，頁 269:

She said, "All right with you, Bertie?" / "Oh Christmas! he said. "I suppose so."

1959，Ngaio Marsh，“On the Scent”, in False Scent，New York, N.Y.: Jove Books, 出版於 November 1981, →ISBN, section 3，頁 158:


fig

源自中古英語 fige、fygge（←fyke，源自古英語 fīc，见fike），借自盎格魯-諾曼語 figue，借自古法語 figue，源自古奧克語 figa，源自通俗拉丁語 *fīca (“无花果”)，源自拉丁語 fīcus (“无花果树”)，源自某先印欧语系语言，可能是腓尼基語 𐤐𐤂 (pg，字面意思是“成熟无花果”)（对比聖經希伯來語 פַּגָּה (paggâ，“掉下来的新鲜无花果”)、古典敘利亞語 ܦܓܐ (paggāʾ)，方言阿拉伯語 فَجّ (fajj)、فِجّ (fijj)）。（另一閃米特語族词根（对比阿卡德語 𒈠 (tīʾu，字面意思是“无花果”)）被借入古希臘語，作σῦκον (sûkon)（→英語 sycophant；皮奥夏τῦκον (tûkon)）以及亞美尼亞語中作թուզ (tʻuz)。）肥皂制造相关义项的出现是因为肥皂上的颗粒类似无花果上的。fico 的同源對似詞。

fico

无价值的事物，不值一提的事物 （自15世纪）

whit

无价值的事物，不值一提的事物 （自15世纪）

无价值的事物，不值一提的事物 （自15世纪）

About Rebecca and Jos he did not care a fig.

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 6, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

“You may flog, and welcome, master,” said he, “if you'll give me a fig o' tibbacky.”

1874，Marcus Clarke，For the Term of His Natural Life，Penguin, 出版於 2009，頁 109:

This was followed by his presenting his sable acquaintance with a fig of tobacco, whereupon, instead of thanking the donor in the usual way, the black signified his gratitude by throwing a spear at twenty or thirty yards' distance.

1887，Harriet W. Daly，Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia，頁 289:


fig

figs (third-person singular present)
figging (present participle)
figged (past participle)

认为...无意义，侮辱说...是无意义的

When Pistol lies, do this, and fig me like / The bragging Spaniard.

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:

使...出现白色颗粒 （肥皂） （19世纪中叶至20世纪中叶）

For filling figged soaps silicate of potash is best adapted, as soda prevents in a measure the proper crystallization. [...] Artificially figged soap [...makes] a very close imitation of the naturally figged soap.

1893，Henry Gathmann，American Soaps，頁 204:

Figging is usually considered to indicate a good quality of soft soap, but such is really not the case. A first-class soft soap can be made which will not fig, while, on the other hand, a poor soap can be produced which will fig.

In the cold soaps, the water soluble color is added in liquid form after saponification has started. In figged soaps, the color is crutched in after saponification is completed.

1938，Harry Bennett，The Standard Book of Formulas:


fig

Ginger, a showy, fast horse — as if he had been figged with ginger under his tail; a red-haired man.

1874，The Slang Dictionary: Etymological, Historical, and Anecdotal，頁 176:

He must be "figged." Figging consists in pushing a piece of crushed ginger into the return of the wretched creature — a practice which is now illegal, and of which information should be given to the R.S.P.C.A. whenever detected.

“Is something amiss with the horse, Parr?” His gaze left the horse for a second as he glanced at Grace. “Yes, the horse has been figged. Now I just need to figure out who the culprit is.”

2015，Becky Lower，The Cotillion Ball Saga，Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:


tsunami

借自日語 津(つ)波(なみ) (tsunami)，源自津 (tsu，“港口”) + 波 (nami，“波浪”)。

浪潮 （大规模难以阻挡的趋势，事态）

It seemed that what started out as a handful of isolated cases gradually turned into a tsunami of complaints.

2009，John Bernard Kelly，An Accidental Atheist: A Memoir，Aquinine books, →ISBN，頁 306:

It set off a tsunami of debate among the more esoteric critics, who either loved it or hated it but could not ignore it.

2009，Marc Eliot，American Rebel: The Life of Clint Eastwood，Crown Archetype, →ISBN，頁 86:

The next decade would culminate in a tsunami of legislation, civil litigation, and criminal prosecutions in which assisted suicide was both criminalized (as in Michigan) and decriminalized (as in Oregon).

2012，Demetra M. Pappas，The Euthanasia/Assisted-Suicide Debate，ABC-CLIO, →ISBN，頁 60:

The editor paid a heavy price - he was subsequently compelled to offer a grovelling and humiliating personal apology, following a tsunami of protest.

2020年August26日，Nigel Harris，“Comment Special: Catastrophe at Carmont”, in Rail，頁 4:


Cape Verde

对葡萄牙语 Cabo Verde 的部分翻译。源自 cabo （“角，岬”） + verde （“绿色的”）。

2013年10月，佛得角政府要求其国名在所有语言中都为 Cabo Verde 而不使用先前的部分翻译的译名（如 Cape Verde , Kaap Verde）。Cabo Verde的名称已开始在英语中使用，但仍不如 Cape Verde 常用。

佛得角（西非岛国）。官方名称：佛得角共和国（Republic of Cabo Verde）

In the Cape Verde Islands, the electoral victory of Movement for Democracy ushered out sixteen years of one-party rule.

1992，Richard Nixon，“The Southern Hemisphere”, in Seize the Moment，Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 250:


Peking duck

仿譯自漢語 北京烤鴨／北京烤鸭 (Běijīng kǎoyā)。等价于Peking + duck。

During out third day in Peking, we received word that Premier Chou En-lai would have dinner with us. We sat in a banquet room in the Great Hall of the People and enjoyed a fabulous meal of Peking duck.

1980，Gerald Ford，A Time to Heal，New York: Berkley Books, →ISBN，頁 94:


meander

源自拉丁語 Maeander，源自古希臘語 Μαίανδρος (Maíandros)，小亚细亚地区（现位于土耳其）的一条蜿蜒曲折的河流（现代土耳其語 Menderes）。

See, how the streams advancing to the main, / Through crooked channels draw their crystal train! / While lingering thus they in meanders glide, / They scatter verdant life on either side.

1712，Sir Richard Blackmore，Creation: A Philosophical Poem:

That journey in the spring of 1891 tracked historical underpinnings of the edifice that Einstein built. Our story will be an extremely interesting mental meander to trace the evolution some of the aspects of relativity theory from the beginning.

2014年August1日，Enders A. Robinson, Dean Clark，Remote Sensing in Action: The Curious Case of Sherlock Holmes and Albert Einstein，SEG Books, →ISBN，頁 30:

Markings on Meander Corners. On all meander corners, the letters “M. C.” ( for meander corner) will be cut into the side facing the stream or lake to be meandered. On post or tree meander corners, within township exteriors[…]

1894，United States Bureau of Land Management，Manual of Surveying Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States and Private Land Claims，頁 44:

And as to the lands that were within the national meander boundaries, that description was based upon a state survey?

1911，United States House Committee on Public Lands，Providing for Appeals from Decisions of the Interior Department in Land Matters: Hearing Held Before the Committee on the Public Lands of the House Representatives, June 22, 1910, on H.R. 27071, "To Provide for Appeals from Decisions of the Secretary of the Interior to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, and for Other Purposes."，頁 56:


meander

meanders (third-person singular present)
meandering (present participle)
meandered (past participle)

The stream meandered through the valley.

Instead of a rivulet meandering downwards, there was a foaming brown torrent racing over the ledge, carrying down great loose stones with it and falling with a loud roar far down into the unseen chasm below.

1881，Edwin Lester Arnold，On the Indian Hills:

I'd forgotten how scenic parts of the line are - the railway crosses a host of streams while meandering through meadows or skirting woodland.

2020年November18日，Paul Bigland，“New infrastructure and new rolling stock”, in Rail，頁 51:


washout

wash out 的動詞派生詞。

washaway

冲刷造成的侵蚀；冲出来的水渠

No. 21C9 was in need of a boiler washout and though she was carefully and assiduously fired and use made of the fire-irons during the run, it was not possible to maintain steam, which often fell as low as 210 lb.

1944 March–April，E. S. Waterhouse，“Two Footplate Rides on ‘Merchant Navy’ Locomotives”, in The Railway Magazine，London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 88:

In recent months, as we have already reported, boiler washouts of Stratford's "Britannia" Pacifics have been carried out at Norwich, owing to the better staff situation at the latter shed, […]

1959 April，“Motive Power Miscellany: Eastern Region”, in Trains Illustrated，London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 224:

冲刷造成的侵蚀；冲出来的水渠 洪水造成的铁路或路面缺口

同類詞：slipout

In a message to NR [National Rail] staff on August 14, Haines said: "It's not just Scotland impacted by extreme wet weather. This week we have seen, and will continue to see, heavy rain fall. This has caused washouts and landslips across the length and breadth of Great Britain."

2020年August26日，“Network News: [Grant] Shapps Orders Rapid Review of Flash Flood Resilience from NR”, in Rail，Peterborough, Cambridgeshire: Bauer Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 9:

The Austin picnic was a washout, rained all day.

1939，The Railroad Telegrapher，卷 56, Peoria, Ill.: Order of Railroad Telegraphers, →OCLC，頁 779:

Illawarra turns blue in Liberal washout [title]

2011年March28日，“Illawarra turns blue in Liberal washout”, in ABC News，Sydney, N.S.W.，存檔自the original on 2023-03-03:

[Joe] Biden failed to flip crucial toss-up states such as Florida and Ohio and pull off the blue washout his supporters had been touting.

2020年November5日，Jack Elsom，“‘We were told this was going to be a landslide!’ Piers Morgan blames the Democrats and Joe Biden’s lacklustre campaign for closer than predicted presidential race”, in Daily Mail，London: DMG Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2020-11-19:

With the ex-president [Donald Trump] facing heat for the GOP's midterm washout, there is conflict on if he should hold off next week's event [subtitle]

2022年November11日，Hugo Lowell，“Rift in Trump’s inner circle over 2024 presidential campaign announcement”, in 衛報，倫敦: 衛報媒體集團, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2023-05-16:


equilibrium

源自拉丁語 aequilībrium，源自aequus (“相等”) + lībra (“平衡”)。

equilibriums (plural)
equilibria (plural)

/ɛkwɪˈlɪbɹɪəm/

It now appears that the locomotive did not blow up, as was commonly stated at the time, but that the aeroplane flew so low as to come into contact with the dome of the engine, knocking it off. It was the combination of the impact and the uprush of steam that so disturbed the equilibrium of the raider as to cause it to crash.

1943 May and June，“Notes and News: Effective Locomotive "Ack-Ack" Fire”, in Railway Magazine，頁 180:


remember

源自中古英語 remembren，源自古法語 remembrer，源自晚期拉丁語 rememorari (“想起，回想起”)，源自re- + memor (“留心的”)，源自原始印歐語 *mer-、*(s)mer- (“想，留心，记”)。同源词包括古英語 mimorian、mymerian (“记忆”)、古英語 māmorian (“权衡，思量，策划”)。还见mammer。
古法语的继承因该与现存日耳曼词的发音词义相近而得到推动：古英語 mimorian、mymerian (“记忆”)←原始日耳曼語 *mimrōną、*mīmrōną (“记得，留心”)，源自同一印欧语词源，且与薩特弗里斯蘭語 mīmerje (“考量”)、中古低地德語 mimeren (“考量，思索”)、中古荷蘭語 mimeren (“考量”)（荷蘭語 mijmeren (“沉思，深思”)）、古英語 mimor (“留心的”)、古諾爾斯語 Mímir、Mim (“斯堪的纳维亚的记忆之神”)、古英語 māmrian (“想起；策划”)有亲缘关系。与mourn有关。
取代了本土词中古英語 ȝemuneȝen (“记忆”)，源自古英語 ġemynegian (“记忆；提醒”); 中古英語 minnen (“记得”)，源自古諾爾斯語 minna (“提醒”); 中古英語 munden、ȝemunden (“留意，记得”)，源自古英語 ġemynd (“记忆力”)、中古英語 ithenchen、ȝethenchen (“回想；记得”)，源自古英語 ġeþencan、中古英語 manien (“提醒，提到，记忆”)，源自古英語 manian (“劝诫，提醒，提到”)。

remembers (third-person singular present)
remembering (present participle)
remembered (past participle)

义项1中，本词是搭配动名词形式的链接动词。 义项3中，本词是搭配to不定式的链接动词。

In the lightness of my heart I sang catches of songs as my horse gayly bore me along the well-remembered road.

1852，Mrs M.A. Thompson，“The Tutor's Daughter”, in Graham's American Monthly Magazine of Literature, Art, and Fashion，頁 266:

[…] I remember a lady coming to inspect St. Mary's Home where I was brought up and seeing us all in our lovely Elizabethan uniforms we were so proud of, and bursting into tears all over us because “it was wicked to dress us like charity children”.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 6, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

A man's vision reflects his memories. As I looked out on the nation from the President's Oval Office, my reflections included images burned deep in my mind for over a half a century. I remembered my father's concern for the tenant farmer and for the workers' need for collective bargaining. I remembered my mother's deep faith in the value of education. I remembered the pinched and hopeless look of poverty I saw on the faces of the Mexican-American children I had taught. I remembered the army of jobless and ragged men who rode grimy boxcars across our country during the Depression. These and a hundred other separate recollections of struggle and hope were all part of my heritage. They formed a portion of the background against which I developed the programs I felt America wanted and needed.

1971，Lyndon Johnson，The Vantage Point，Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 104:

Remember me? I live in your building.
#*::
 音頻 (美國)： (檔案)

2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

To heal, we must remember. It's hard sometimes to remember, but that's how we heal. It's important to do that as a nation.

But soon, remembering her how brief the whole
Of joy, which its own hours annihilate,
Her set gaze gathered

1870，Dante Gabriel Rossetti，Secret Parting，行s 5–7:

My aunt remembered me in her will, leaving me several thousand pounds.

我姨妈在遗嘱里写了我的名字，给了我几千英镑。

Waitresses, mail carriers, and teachers were often remembered on Boxing Day.

2003，Little Visits 365 Family Devotions: Building Faith for a Lifetime，Concordia Publishing House:


remember

knit 'this scattered corn into one mutual sheaf, / these broken limbs again into one body' - in other words, how to resurrect the dismembered god, to remember Osiris. Yet the only body made whole in these expert, lowering poems is the body of this death.

According to these mysteries, the rites of fashioning or remembering Osiris came to be interpreted as remembering Egypt. Egypt was the body of Osiris, dismembered and scattered across the land.

2008，Jan Assmann，Of God and Gods: Egypt, Israel, and the Rise of Monotheism，頁 42:

She remembered Osiris by putting his pieces back together and mating with him one last time, conceiving Horus, who eventually avenged his father's death.

2010，Sandra Ingerman，Medicine for the Earth，頁 100:

To dismember is to tear apart; / To re-member is to put back together. / The old must be dismembered / So that which was prior to it / May be remembered. / Therefore, to re-mind is / To dismember and then re-member.

2012，Roy Melvyn，The Lost Writings of Wu Hsin: Pointers to Non Duality in Five Volumes，Lulu Press, Inc, →ISBN:


could

源自中古英語 coude、couthe、cuthe，源自古英語 cūþe，cunnan (“能够”)（对比相关词cūþ，派生出couth）的直陈过去式或虚拟式。受到与should和would类比的影响，“L”在16世纪初叶引入，两词的“L”常被错误略去的现象（产生了shudd和wode等词形）可能也起到了推动作用。

When the golf ball is there, the whole self-interference package — the hopes, worries, and fears; the thoughts on how-to and how-not-to; the woulds, the coulds, and the shoulds — is there too.

1996，Fred Shoemaker，Extraordinary Golf: The Art of the Possible，頁 88:

Shushona you must learn to rightfully prioritize all the woulds, shoulds and coulds of your life.

2010，Shushona Novos，The Personal Universal: A Guidebook for Spiritual Evolution，頁 395:


hate

源自中古英語 hate (名词)，可能源自古英語 hatian (“恨”，动词)和/或古諾爾斯語 hatr (“恨”，名词)。与中古英語 hete、hæte、heate (“恨”)产生合并，它们源自古英語 hete，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz (“仇恨”)，源自原始印歐語 *keh₂d- (“强烈情感”)。同源词包括西弗里斯蘭語 haat、荷蘭語 haat、德語 Hass、挪威語及瑞典語 hat。
动词源自中古英語 haten，源自古英語 hatian (“恨，仇视”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hatēn，源自原始日耳曼語 *hatāną (“恨”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hataz，源自上面的同一词根。

hates (third-person singular present)
hating (present participle)
hated (past participle)

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

一般作状态动词，罕用进行时态。见:Category:英語狀態動詞。

People who hate broccoli may have super-sensitive taste buds.


wait

源自中古英語 waiten，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 waiter、waitier（对比法語 guetter←古法語 gaitier、guaitier)，源自古法蘭克語 *wahtwēn (“看守，守卫”)，派生自古法蘭克語 *wahtu (“看守”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wahtwō (“看守”)，源自原始印歐語 *weǵ- (“鲜，快乐”)。同源词有古高地德語 wahtēn (“看守，守卫”)、德國低地德語 wachten (“等”)、荷蘭語 wachten (“等”)、法語 guetter (“守候”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 wachtje (“等”)、西弗里斯蘭語 wachtsje (“等”)、北弗里斯蘭語 wachtjen (“待命”)。详见watch。
很大程度上取代了本土词古英語 bīdan。

waits (third-person singular present)
waiting (present participle)
waited (past participle)

await

等待；期待 （现在多用wait for）

等待；期待 （现在多用wait for）

to wait one’s turn

The Court had assembled, to wait events, in the huge antechamber known as the Œil de Boeuf.

1992，Hilary Mantel，A Place of Greater Safety，Harper Perennial, 出版於 2007，頁 30:

Wait here until your car arrives.

No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or otherwise his man would be there with a message to say that his master would shortly join me if I would kindly wait.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC，頁 46:

The South London tramway replacement will have to wait, possibly five years, because of the slowing down of bus manufacture due to national requirements.

1948 March and April，“Notes and News: London Transport Plans”, in Railway Magazine，頁 132:

Remorse and heaviness of heart shall wait thee, / And everlasting anguish be thy portion.

1714，Nicholas Rowe，The Tragedy of Jane Shore:

Montague Thorold, who impatiently watched her wherever she went, came to tell her that his mother waited breakfast for her.

1791，Charlotte Smith，Celestina，Broadview, 出版於 2004，頁 185:

等待，盼望 （自己的伴侣长时间离开后归来）

She did not question him. Before leaving, she asked only, "When will I see you again?" He answered, "I don't know. Don't wait for me, Dagny. Next time we meet, you will not want to see me."

1957，Dagny Taggart, Francisco d'Anconia, Ayn Rand's，Atlas Shrugged:

I will wait / Even if it takes forever / I will wait / Even if it takes a lifetime


wait

They lay in wait for the patrol.

an enemy in wait

1667，John Milton，“Book 4”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


blind

源自中古英語 blynd，源自古英語 blind，源自原始西日耳曼語 *blind，源自原始日耳曼語 *blindaz。

blinder (comparative)
blindest (superlative)

even a blind pig can find an acorn once in a while

even a blind squirrel can find a nut once in a while

in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king

there are none so blind as those who will not see

死的，不通的，没有出路的

a blind alley

a blind fistula

a blind gut

The naric-hypophysial canal was blind at both ends, and paired olfactory sacs opened into it, as well as a narrow canal from the front of the gut.

1898, Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society (page 498)

North Richmond street, being blind, was a quiet street except at the hour when the Christian Brothers' School set the boys free.


blind

A blind bearing the monogram G.V.T. is pulled down over the waiting room window as if still in mourning for the passing of the railway.

1941 June，“Notes and News: The Derelict Glyn Valley Tramway”, in Railway Magazine，頁 279:

Light filtered in through the blinds of the french windows. It made tremulous stripes along the scrubbed pine floor.

1956，Delano Ames，章號 12, in Crime out of Mind:


fidelity

15世纪，源自中古英語 [具體何詞?]，源自中古法語 fidélité，源自拉丁語 fidēlitās，源自fidēlis (“忠实的”)，源自fidēs (“忠诚”)（英语faith），源自原始印歐語 *bʰidʰ-，*bʰeydʰ- (“命令；托付”)（英语bide）的零母音形式。fealty 的同源對似詞。

By placing them closer to the source, we can reduce the number of messages in the system and this in turn is likely to improve the fidelity of the system.

2003，Proceedings of the Twenty-ninth International Conference on Very Large Databases, Berlin, Germany, 9-12 September, 2003，頁 58:


fjord

非同化借詞，源自挪威語 fjord，源自古諾爾斯語 fjǫrðr，源自原始日耳曼語 *ferþu、*ferþuz (“水湾，峡湾”)，源自原始印歐語 *pértus (“交叉口”)，源自*per- (“前”) + *-tus (从动词词根构成动作名词的后缀)。firth、ford和port 的同源對似詞。

About 20 English miles beyond this river, which is the largest in Norway, the road crosses the fjord which forms the boundary of the two kingdoms [Norway and Sweden]; and whose waters but too often in former days were dyed with the life-blood of many a bold mountaineer who crossed the "border stream" never to return.

1839，T. D. W[hatley]，“Section II. Norway.”, in A Hand-book for Travellers in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Russia, being a Guide to the Principal Routes in Those Countries, […]，London: John Murray, […]; Leipzig: Black and Armstrong, →OCLC，頁 73:

At last one gave a deep groan, and another declared that the spirits of the fiord were against them, and there was no doubt that their boat was now lying twenty fathoms deep, at the bottom of the creek; drawn down by the strong hand of an angry water-spirit. [...] Another said he would not go till he had looked abroad over the fiord, for some chance of seeing the boat.

1841，Harriet Martineau，“The Water Sprites’ Doings.”, in Feats on the Fiord. A Tale (The Playfellow; a Series of Tales to be Published Quarterly; 3)，London: Charles Knight & Co., […], →OCLC，頁s 123–124:

Like most of the larger inlets, and some of the inland lakes, the Sogne fjord is much deeper than the sea beyond, the depth in places being upwards of 4,000 feet, [...] Before the "glacial epoch," thousands of streams commenced the work of erosion and produced valleys and gorges. During the glacial epoch these channels were enlarged, and lake basins were hollowed out. The descending glaciers ground out fjords to their full length when the glacial epoch was at its height, but as it declined they ground out the inner parts to a still greater depth, producing the present character of the marine fjords, and giving rise to lake hollows in other places.

1894 August，Spitzbergen and Norway in August 1894: Itinerary of the Pleasure Cruise of the “S.S. Lusitania.” From 1st August to 2nd September (33 Days)，London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Limited […], →OCLC，頁 46:

Disenchantment Bay, as the Yakutat Bay inlet is called north of Point Latouche, is bordered on the east by the steep hills of the peninsula and on the west by the main mountain front. Its coast is precipitous and through nearly its entire length it is a true mountain-walled fiord. The two mountain walls approach each other at Point Latouche almost at right angles, and Disenchantment Bay enters between them with a nearly north-south axis.

1909，Ralph S[tockman] Tarr，“General Physiography”, in The Yakutat Bay Region, Alaska (United States Geographical Survey, Department of the Interior, Professional Paper; 64)，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, part I (Physiography and Glacial Geology)，頁 15:

In the center of Mount Desert Island is deep Somes Sound, almost bisecting the island and forming the only natural fjord on the entire Atlantic Coast of North America.

1951，Richard A. Hebert，“Hancock County”, in Modern Maine: Its Historic Background, People and Resources，卷 II, New York, N.Y.: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, part III (A County by County Descriptive Outline of City, Town and Country in Maine)，頁 281:

The warm Alaska Current raises the water temperature off the coast of the monument to approximately 55°F. in the summer, while winter temperatures range from 37.5° to 40°F. Temperatures in individual fjords vary due to tidewater glaciers and fresh water flowing into the fjords [...].

1973 December，“Description of the Environment”, in Proposed Harding Icefield–Kenai Fjords National Monument, Alaska: Draft Environmental Impact Statement DES 73-86，[Washington, D.C.: Alaska Planning Group, National Park Service, Department of the Interior], →OCLC, section II.A.1 (Physical Environment)，頁 51:

Why should the flow of water within a fjord be of interest to the geologist? After all, fjordic geomorphology has changed little over the last few thousand years. One reason is that attention has recently focused on fjords as archives of Holocene climate change.

2010，M. E. Inall, P. A. Gillibrand，“The Physics of Mid-latitude Fjords: A Review”, in Fjord Systems and Archives (Geographical Society Special Publication; no. 344)，London: The Geological Society, →ISBN，頁 17:

Fiords are glacially carved oceanic intrusions into land. They are often deep and narrow with a sill in the mouth. Waters from neighboring seas and locally supplied fresh water fill up the fiords, often leading to strong stratification. Fiords with tidewater glaciers also contain glacial ice. During transport into and stay in the fiord, mixing processes modify the properties of imported water masses.

2019，J. N. Moum, W. D. Smyth，“Upper Ocean Mixing”, in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences，卷 I (Marine Biogeochemistry), London, San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press, →ISBN，頁 75:


funnel

源自中古英語 funell、fonel，可能经由古法語 *founel（对比中古法語 fonel、古奧克語 fonilh、enfounilh），源自拉丁語 fundibulum、infundibulum (“漏斗”)，源自infundere (“倒入”)；in (“内”) + fundere (“倾倒”)，对比布列塔尼語 founilh (“漏斗”)、威爾士語 ffynel (“气孔，烟囱”)。参见fuse。

funnels (third-person singular present)
funnelling (present participle)
funneling (present participle)
funnelled (past participle)
funneled (past participle)

导向，引导到 （资金，资源，感情等）

Our taxes are being funnelled into pointless government initiatives.

Like so many others, I was awestruck by the first season, which captured a moment in time and successfully funnelled its rage outwards at a world in which women are indeed silenced, controlled and killed by men.

2018年June16日，Fiona Sturges，“Cattleprods! Severed tongues! Torture porn! Why I’ve stopped watching the Handmaid’s Tale”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2020-02-05:

用漏斗喝 （常指聚会上活跃氛围的活动）

The first time he did it was to this freshman Kevin Ryers and we all just burst out laughing, watching Kevin try to funnel a beer.

2013，Jonathan Caren，The Recommendation，頁 31:


glower

源自glore的一个（可能是苏格兰语的）变体，源自中古英語 glōren、glouren (“照耀；瞪着”)，或原子glow (“盯着”，弃用)，最终源自某斯堪的纳维亚（北日耳曼语支）语言。同源词有低地德語 gloren (“闪烁；发微光”)、中古荷蘭語 gloren、冰島語 glóra。还见glare。

glowers (third-person singular present)
glowering (present participle)
glowered (past participle)

怒视 （自15世纪末叶）

[...] Last Morning I was unco airly out, / Upon a Dyke I lean'd and glowr'd about; / I ſaw my Meg come linkan o'er the Lee, / I ſaw my Meg, but Maggie ſaw na me: [...]

[1720?]，[Allan Ramsay]，Patie and Roger: A Pastoral Inscribed to Josiah Burchet Esq; Secretary of the Admiralty，[Edinburgh?: Thomas Ruddiman for the author?], →OCLC，頁 9:

Here the Neapolitan appeared at the door, glouring at us both. Velvet-Hood was back in her place in an instant. Said he, in his snarling way, his black eyes shooting out sparkles. "What is this hole and corner work? These confidences when I am gone—speak?"

1858年May1日，[Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald]，“By Night Express”, in Household Words. A Weekly Journal，卷 XVII, 期 423, London: Published at the office, 16, Wellington Street North, Strand; printed by Bradbury & Evans, Whitefriars, London, →OCLC，頁 479:

Andersonville, to-day, presents a striking contrast to the Andersonville of the "Confederacy." [...] No bayonet gleams from the sentry-boxes on the stockade or the dark red earthworks; no frowning muzzle of field artillery glowers from the embrasures of the battery, overlooking town and prison; [...]

1868，S. H. M. Byers，“Appendix. Andersonville as It Was and Is. [From the Boston Transcript.]”, in What I Saw in Dixie; or Sixteen Months in Rebel Prisons，Dansville, N.Y.: Robbins & Poore, printers, Express Printing House, →OCLC，頁 92:

This soothed the irascible fellow somewhat. Still glowering, he spraddled out of the cabin with the boys after him, and presently indicated one of the small temporary cabins with a jerk of his thumb.

1917，T[homas] S[igismund] Stribling，“The Dry Dock”, in The Cruise of the Dry Dock，Chicago, Ill.: The Reilly & Britton Co., →OCLC，頁s 20–21:

She glowered at me; nothing would quiet her.

1974，Algernon D. Black，“Marriage”, in Without Burnt Offerings: Ceremonies of Humanism，New York, N.Y.: Viking Press, →ISBN，頁 107:

[Charles Francis] Harding was a kindly, quiet man, though he seemed to glower through his pince nez spectacles.

1988，Robert W. Topping，“Growth under Edward C. Elliott”, in A Century and Beyond: The History of Purdue University，West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, →ISBN，頁 227:

[A] less interesting character here than in the previous two films, Caesar glowers through the movie, as though aware that he has been condemned to a script that is rushing to clear the stage for the straightforward Planet Of The Apes remake first teased in Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes.

2017年July7日，Ignatiy Vishnevetsky，“The Ambitious War For The Planet Of The Apes Ends Up Surrendering to Formula”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2017-11-27:


glower

怒视 （自15世纪末叶）

She sure has an awful glower on her face.

[H]e [Rab, a dog] growled and gave now and then a sharp impatient yelp; he would have liked to have done something to that man. But James had him firm, and gave him a glower from time to time, and an intimation of a possible kick;—all the better for James, it kept his eye and his mind off Ailie.

1862，John Brown，“Rab and His Friends”, in Spare Hours，Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC，頁 33:

"I thought we could go a bit farther to the back pasture. You can get a better view." / "Of the extensive Bannister estate?" she said with a wry tone. / "Of the ranch," he said, a glower showing her that he didn't fully appreciate her comment.

2015，Carolyne Aarsen，章號 6, in The Cowboy’s Homecoming (Love Inspired Books)，New York, N.Y.: Harlequin, →ISBN，頁 89:

"Enough," Nathaniel repeated as he kept a tight hold on their suspenders. "What's been said was said. What's been done has been done. It's over. Let is go." / The glowers the boys gave him warned Nathaniel that he was wasting his breath.

2016，Jo Ann Brown，章號 1, in His Amish Sweetheart (Love Inspired Books; Amish Hearts; 3)，New York, N.Y.: Harlequin, →ISBN:


gorilla

源自古希臘語 Γόριλλαι (Górillai，“毛人（一个女性毛发旺盛的部落）”)，记载于汉诺的手记内，他是一位迦太基航海家，可能到达了一片现在是塞拉利昂的区域，该古希腊语词源自布匿語，最终源自某非洲语言。

In three of these twenty gorillæ 14 ribs are present, and the additional rib in each of them is below. […] The conclusion that the usual place of commencement of the dorsal type in the gorilla is between the 12th and 13th dorsal vertebræ is founded on notes taken of this character in 13 of these gorillæ.

1893，Journal of Anatomy and Physiology，卷 27，頁s 133, 135:

"I'll do the old gorilla the justice to say that he is open-handed with money."

1929，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，When the World Screamed:


kibble

不详，约1790年出现动词用法，系什罗普郡方言。可能是chip的变体或派生自词源2。

粗磨的产物，（尤指）饲料

The pope had already signaled his kids-over-kibbles stance in a 2014 interview with the Rome daily Il Messaggero. When asked whether some in society valued pets more than children, he said that it was a reality that reflected a “sign of cultural degeneration.”

2022年January6日，Elisabetta Povoledo，“Pope Scolds Couples Who Choose Pets Over Kids”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


grief

源自中古英語 greef、gref，源自古法語 grief (“严重的，重的，痛苦的，悲伤的”)，源自拉丁語 gravis (“重的，痛苦的，悲伤的”)。grave 的同源對似詞。

Surely, he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 53:4:


grief

griefs (third-person singular present)
griefing (present participle)
griefed (past participle)

本词一般使用动名词分词形式griefing，及派生动词griefer。

骚扰，故意破坏，捣乱 （自20世纪90年代末）

While ban and his pals stand squarely in this tradition, they also stand for something new: the rise of organized griefing, grounded in online message-board communities and thick with in-jokes, code words, taboos, and an increasingly articulate sense of purpose. No longer just an isolated pathology, griefing has developed a full-fledged culture.

2008年January18日，Julian Dibbell，“Mutilated Furries, Flying Phalluses: Put the Blame on Griefers, the Sociopaths of the Virtual World”, in Wired:


iceberg

借自荷蘭語 ijsberg（由ijs (“冰”) + berg (“山”)构成的复合词），源自中古荷蘭語 ijsberch。一开始指的是在船上从远处看到的冰川，后指的是这种冰川崩落下来的浮冰。与德語 Eisberg、丹麥語 isbjerg、挪威語 isberg和瑞典語 isberg同源。

冰山一角，（问题表面的）一小部分

He has little to lose: at present he will go down in history, alongside George W. Bush, as a skipper who ignored the looming fiscal iceberg.

2013，“How Barack Obama can get at least some of his credibility back”, in The Economist:


impervious

源自拉丁語 impervius (“无法穿过的”)，源自in- (“不”) + pervius (“能透过的”)。

more impervious (comparative)
most impervious (superlative)

The man was completely impervious to the deception we were trying.

那个男人完全没有被我们的骗术骗到。

Although the Celebrity was almost impervious to sarcasm, he was now beginning to exhibit visible signs of uneasiness, the consciousness dawning upon him that his eccentricity was not receiving the ovation it merited.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

For the past decade there were two more or less universally acknowledged truths about digital advertising. First, the rapidly growing industry was largely impervious to the business cycle.

2022年September18日，“The $300bn Google-Meta advertising duopoly is under attack”, in The Economist, →ISSN:

Although patchworked and sagging, the roof proved impervious to the weather.

The white faience façade, the glazed Doultonware Carrera marble, was made locally. And being glazed, it was impervious to London's sooty atmosphere, enabling easier cleaning.

2023年December13日，Robin Leleux，“Restored... and a richly deserved award: Findlater's Corner”, in RAIL，期 998，頁 43:


level

源自中古英語 level，源自古法語 livel、liveau m（后作nivel）、niveau，源自拉丁語 libella f (“平衡，水平”)，libra f (“平衡，水平”)的指小词。参见libra、librate。libella和niveau 的同源對似詞。
动词源自中古英語 levelen，其派生自名词。

leveler (comparative)
leveller (comparative)
levelest (superlative)
levellest (superlative)

This table isn't quite level; see how this marble rolls off it?

这个桌子有点歪，你看弹珠都往下滚了。

the smooth and level pavement

1667，John Milton，“Book 1”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

After a poor start to the season, Roy Hodgson's men are now unbeaten in four matches and 10th in the Premier League table, level with Aston Villa on 11 points.

2011年October22日，Sam Sheringham，“Aston Villa 1 - 2 West Brom”, in BBC Sport:

a very plain and level account

1873，Matthew Arnold，Literature and Dogma:

a level head; a level understanding

a level consideration

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

Intonation or tone is either level, rising, or falling, marked respectively

1891，Henry Sweet，A History of English Sounds from the Earliest Period:


level

In order to grant the rich these pleasures, the social contract is reconfigured. […] The public realm is privatised, the regulations restraining the ultra–wealthy and the companies they control are abandoned, and Edwardian levels of inequality are almost fetishised.

2013年May17日，George Monbiot，“Money just makes the rich suffer”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 23，頁 19:

The sound level is much too high; this hurts my ears. We've reached a new level of success.

音量太高了，吵的我耳朵痛。 我们的成功达到了新的高度。

The troops grow mutinous—the revenue fails—
There’s something rotten in us—for the level
Of the State slopes, its very bases topple,
The boldest turn their backs upon themselves!

1820，Percy Bysshe Shelley，Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts:


level

levels (third-person singular present)
leveling
levelling
leveled
levelled

You can level the table by turning the pads that screw into the feet.

调整桌角上用螺丝固定的垫子可以把它调平。

This pitfall, beginning in February and finishing in May, resulted in a drop of about 3 ft. in the platform level; during this period it was necessary to level the track three times weekly, and impose a service slack of 15 m.p.h. The subsidence appears now to have finished, and normal speed is once again permitted.

1939 June，“Pertinent Paragraphs: Pitfalls”, in Railway Magazine，頁 456:

The work involved a complete rewiring of the system, while the addition of four higher-capacity Mechan jacks and the increased length of the new train meant the entire floor (the length of four train carriages) had to be dug up, levelled and strengthened to meet tolerance requirements.

2020年August12日，“Network News: Four new jacks at Clacton depot”, in Rail，頁 18:

将...对准，将...瞄准，使...针对于

He levelled an accusation of fraud at the directors.  The hunter levels the gun before taking a shot.

Bertram de Gordon, standing on the castle wall, levelled a quarrel out of a crossbow.

The force of her horror must have been palpable in the air, because Jorge's eyes opened as she raised the bayonet up. \"Fina?\"

2023年October12日，HarryBlank，“Fire in the Hole”, in SCP Foundation，存檔自the original on 2024-05-22:

对...施加 （惩罚等）

If the right of killing salmon belong exclusively to the King, and consequently to his donatories, why has not the Legislature secured the right by levelling penalties against such as should encroach upon it … ?

1809, William Ross (Jr.), Abridgement of the laws of Scotland relating to hunting [etc], page 60:

How can the Minister reconcile the first statement with the clause, when he is in fact levelling punishment at the woman and not at the errant father … ?

1978, Parliamentary Debates of the New Zealand House of Representatives, page 4955:

There is no purpose in levelling fines because they would be merely paid from the £1.8 billion which the BBC collects.

1995，The Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) of the [Great British] House of Lords:

Ultimately, Ms. Kroes [European Union Antitrust Commissioner] could level a fine and order Intel to change its business practices.

2007, Mary Jacoby, EU investigators endorse charges against Intel, Wall Street Journal Europe, 17 January, page 32, column 5:

Holt was furious referee Michael Oliver refused to then award him a penalty after Ledley King appeared to pull his shirt and his anger was compounded when Spurs immediately levelled.

2012年April9日，Mandeep Sanghera，“Tottenham 1-2 Norwich”, in BBC Sport:

Sean, I'll level with you. This could get ugly. Do you have a gun?

2010，James William Jones，Triple Crossed:


ooze

* （名词） 中古英語 wose (“汁，液”)，源自古英語 wōs (“汁，液，沫”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wōsą（对比中古低地德語 wose (“渣滓”)、古高地德語 wasal (“雨”)、古瑞典語 os, oos），源自原始印歐語 *wóseh₂ (“汁，液”)（对比梵語 वसा (vásā，“油脂”)）。
* （动词） 中古英語 wosen，源自古英語 wōsan，见上。

oozes (third-person singular present)
oozing (present participle)
oozed (past participle)

I promised him I would keep silence, but the story gradually oozed out, and the Cronsons left the country.

1868，Charlotte Riddell，A Strange Christmas Game:

Pale slime oozed through all the surfaces; some of it dripped from the ceiling and burned Dennis as badly as the blazing sparks had done a moment before.

1988，David Drake，The Sea Hag，Baen Publishing Enterprises, 出版於 2003, →ISBN:

He was hard to understand because he spoke softly, and his Vermont accent was as thick as maple syrup oozing down a pile of pancakes.

1994，Madeleine May Kunin，Living a Political Life，Vintage Books, 出版於 1995, →ISBN:

Her heart constricted when she saw thick blood oozing from a wide gash in his forehead.

2011，Karen Mahoney，The Iron Witch，Flux, →ISBN，頁 278:

散发，显露 （某种特质）

"Good servants are so hard to find," Chesna said, oozing arrogance.

1989，Robert R. McCammon，The Wolf's Hour，Open Road Integrated Media, 出版於 2011, →ISBN:

There are no two ways about it: a Berardi dress oozes sex appeal from its very seams.

1999，Tamsin Blanchard，Antonio Berardi: Sex and Sensibility，Watson-Guptill Publications, →ISBN，頁 16:

Newcastle had failed to penetrate a typically organised Stoke backline in the opening stages but, once Cabaye and then Cisse breached their defence, Newcastle oozed confidence and controlled the game with a swagger expected of a top-four team.

2012年April21日，Jonathan Jurejko，“Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, in BBC Sport:


peak

早期形式peake、peek、peke，源自中古英語 *peke、*pek（可考作peked，是piked的变体），变换自pike、pyke、pyk (“尖端”)，源自古英語 pīc、piic (“针，尖刺，顶端，锥”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *pīkaz (“顶”)。同源词有荷蘭語 piek (“顶峰”)、丹麥語 pik (“矛，尖端”)、瑞典語 pik (“矛，尖端”)、挪威語 pik (“尖端，顶峰”)。还见pike。

apex

（某段时间内数值的）顶峰，最高值

pinnacle

（某段时间内数值的）顶峰，最高值

A less risky method is to lift your whisk or beater to check the condition of the peaks of the egg whites; the foam should be just stiff enough to stand up in well-defined, unwavering peaks.

2002，Joy of Cooking: All About Cookies, →ISBN，頁 29:

（某段时间内数值的）顶峰，最高值

The stock market reached a peak in September 1929.

证券市场在1929年9月达到了最高值。

By last year, family income was 8 percent lower than it had been 11 years earlier, at its peak in 2000, according to inflation-adjusted numbers from the Census Bureau.

2012年October23日，David Leonhardt，New York Times, retrieved 2012-10-24:

（整座）山，丘 （尤指独立时的）

To the South we observed a large plain some ten miles wide, with snowy peaks rising on the farther side. In front was a hill projecting into the plain, on which stood a mani wall; and this latter discovery made me feel quite confident that I was on the high road to Lhassa.

1898，Arnold Henry Savage Landor，章號 62, in In the Forbidden Land:


peak

peaks (third-person singular present)
peaking (present participle)
peaked (past participle)

使...接受性别批判主义或排跨基女观点（略自peak trans）

I came to this via sport but the thing that really peaked me was this.

My friend peaked me last year, at the GRA [Gender Recognition Act] consultation.

Solidarity from Spain, @jk_rowling. Thank you for peaking so many people all over the world.

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:peak。


peak

more peak (comparative)
most peak (superlative)

When they're tryna get the girl to the crib and she leaves, it's peak / Tryna keep it discreet and she tweets, it's peak / See me rolling with 20 man deep, it's peak / Yo rudeboy, pull up, repeat, it's peak

2015，“Its Peak”, 演出者 Tinie Tempah (featuring Stormzy and Bugzy Malone):

Tempting, but I think it's actually something I need to do. Like, I get what they did was peak, but I have to take some responsibility, you know?

2023，Nathan Bryon, Tom Melia，Rye Lane，spoken by Dom (David Jonsson):


peak

Dwindle, peak, and pine.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:


asunder

原为两个词，源自古英語 on (介词，等同于a) sundran (“分开的位置”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *sunder、*sundraz。同源词包括丹麥語 sønder、瑞典語 sönder、荷蘭語 zonder、德語 sonder、冰島語 sundur、法羅語 sundur和挪威語 sunder/sønder，与哥特語 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍂𐍉 (sundrō)有关。

more asunder (comparative)
most asunder (superlative)

apart

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

in twain

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

成碎片，成碎屑，七零八落

Lest anyone find her treasure, she tore the map asunder and cast its pieces into the wind.

她将地图撕碎撒向风中，以防有人找到她的宝藏。

Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 2:3:

On both of those occasions, he came back to the fire with the inexplicable air upon him which I had remarked, without being able to define, when we were so far asunder.

You don't want to hurt me, but see how deep the bullet lies. Unaware that I'm tearing you asunder. There is thunder in our hearts.

1985，Kate Bush （作曲作詞）, “Running Up That Hill”:


poise

源自中古英語 poys、poyse，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pois、中古法語 pois (“重量”)和盎格魯-諾曼語 poise、中古法語 poise (一种重量单位)，源自拉丁語 pēnsāre (“衡量，斟酌，思考”)。

as an huge rockie clift, / Whose false foundation waues haue washt away, / With dreadfull poyse is from the mayneland rift, / […] So downe he fell […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto XII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


poise

poises (third-person singular present)
poising (present participle)
poised (past participle)

one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

to poise with solid sense a sprightly wit

1699, John Dryden, Epistle to John Dryden

给...加重负荷 （16-18世纪）

Every man poiseth [譯 poise] upon his fellowes sinne, and elevates his owne.

1603，Michel de Montaigne，章號 2, in John Florio（譯者）, The Essayes […]，book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:


prospector

A large number of prospectors have crossed over the divide to the British head waters of the Yukon, in search of the rich diggings found by a lucky few last year.

1886年June9日，“Geographical Notes”, in Science，卷 VIII, 號 179, New York: The Science Company，頁 27:


Herculean

more Herculean (comparative)
most Herculean (superlative)

/ˌhɜːɹkjəˈliːən/

a Herculean labour

He replied in a dry manner, that I would find it a Herculean task to chastise everybody who should laugh at my expense;

1748，Tobias George Smollett，The Adventures of Roderick Random:

The guys at Volkswagen have a Herculean task.

2006, Jeremy Clarkson, Top Gear (TV show), commenting on the Bugatti Veyron automobile

There are thousands of known isotopes, and to have a functional and easily maintainable exhibit for all of these would require a Herculean effort.


staggering

more staggering (comparative)
most staggering (superlative)

The army suffered a staggering defeat.

军队遭受了一次惨烈的失败。

It is this stretch which provides what is perhaps the most staggering scenic prospect of all; the impression made on the mind by the overwhelming height of the Eiger, towering over the train, is almost impossible to describe.

1960 December，Voyageur，“The Mountain Railways of the Bernese Oberland”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 754:


staggering

There are to whom the gods, in their bounty, give glory: but far oftener it is given in wrath, as a curse and a poison; disturbing the whole inner health and industry of the man; leading onward through dizzy staggerings and tarantula jiggings […]

1837，“Memoirs of Mirabeau”, in The Westminster Review，卷 26，頁 436:

But these doubts, and fears, and staggerings, although they may be in the believer, yet they are not in his faith; these things argue the infirmity of his faith, indeed; but under all this, faith is fighting for the victory[…]

1738，Ebenezer Erskine，The Annals of Redeeming Love:


macabre

借自法語 macabre，其词源不详，但可能源自danse macabre —— 其作定语时为形容词 —— 一般认为是圣经名字Maccabees的变体，对比拉丁語 Chorea Machabaeorum。
另一理论认为其派生自西班牙語 macabro，源自阿拉伯語 مَقَابِر (maqābir，“墓地”)，مَقْبَرَة (maqbara)或مَقْبُرَة (maqbura)的复数形式。而直接借用阿拉伯语复数的例子并不鲜见。

more macabre (comparative)
most macabre (superlative)

There are four fundamental figures. One is a man measuring and comparing his world[…] In front of him is a macabre figure, a cadaver ready to be dissected. This symbolizes man serving mankind. The third figure is the scientist, the man who makes use of the information gathered in the first two fields of mensurable science.

1941，George C. Booth，Mexico's School-made Society，頁 106:

Indeed, in the 1854 draft of Tristan he planned to have Parzival visit the dying knight, and both operas display the same macabre obsession with bloody gore and festering wounds.

1993，Theodore Ziolkowski，“Wagner's Parsifal between Mystery and Mummery”, in The Return of Thematic Criticism，頁s 274-275:

The appeal of the spectrally macabre is generally narrow because it demands from the reader a certain degree of imagination and a capacity for detachment from every-day life.

1927，H. P. Lovecraft，“Introduction”, in Supernatural Horror in Literature，出版於 1938:


engulf

engulfs (third-person singular present)
engulfing (present participle)
engulfed (past participle)

Desperation engulfed her after her daughter's death.

她女儿死后，她陷入了绝望中。

Shaken by the biggest challenge to their authority in years, Brazil’s leaders made conciliatory gestures on Tuesday to try to defuse the protests engulfing the nation’s cities.

2013年June18日，Simon Romero，“Protests Widen as Brazilians Chide Leaders”, in New York Times, retrieved 2013-06-21:

The blank spaces of Mallarmé, the silence of Maesterlinck, the inaniloquous repetitive babblings of Gertrude Stein are the abyss which threatens to engulf creative effort if it continues in this direction.