spiel

spiels (third-person singular present)
spieling (present participle)
spieled (past participle)

For a second our eyes met and he gave me a contemptuous smile, then he spieled again.

1952，Ralph Ellison，Invisible Man，Penguin Books (2014)，頁 433:


spiel

源自低地蘇格蘭語 spiel (“游戏；冰壶比赛”)，源自中古荷蘭語 或中古低地德語 spel。

The portion of ice set apart for a curling spiel was called the lead, rank, or rink (by which last name it is still described), and as it was then shorter than it is now — its ordinary length being 30 yards

1890，John Kerr，History of curling ... and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian curling club:

On the Dock and Greensands the classical discus, or quoit, has in season due its modicum of disciples, (b) When the Nith is frozen over its surface becomes the scene of many a curling spiel

1972，William M'Dowall, A. E. Truckell，History of the burgh of Dumfries:

A few organizational difficulties marred this spiel and the next, but thereafter most of the wrinkles were ironed out.

1989，Morris Kenneth Mott, John Allardyce，Curling Capital，Univ. of Manitoba Press, →ISBN，頁 13:


stark

源自中古英語 stark、starc，源自古英語 stearc、starc (“僵硬的；不屈的，固执的；强大的；猛烈的，凶猛的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *stark，源自原始日耳曼語 *starkuz (“强大的”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)terg- (“僵硬”)。
同源词包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 sterc (“强的”)、荷蘭語 sterk (“强的”)、低地德語 sterk (“强的”)、德語 stark (“强的”)、丹麥語 stærk (“强的”)、瑞典語 stark (“强的”)、挪威語 sterk (“强的”)、冰島語 sterkur (“强的”)。与starch有关。
短语stark naked实际上变换自中古英語 stert naked，源自stert (“尾巴”)，字面上等价于butt naked。

starker (comparative)
starkest (superlative)

猛烈的，凶猛的 （现在主要用于描述天气）

Of all the transitions brought about on the Earth’s surface by temperature change, the melting of ice into water is the starkest. It is binary. And for the land beneath, the air above and the life around, it changes everything.

2013年May11日，“The climate of Tibet: Pole-land”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8835，頁 80:

His heauie head, deuoide of carefull carke, / Whose sences all were straight benumbd and starke.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 44:


stark

现代标准英语中，副词基本上仅用于“stark naked”，以及表示“发狂”意的短语，如“stark raving mad”。

He's gone stark, staring mad.

She was just standing there, stark naked.

“… That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh. Her own father recognised it when he bereft her of all power in the great business he founded. …”

1913，Robert Barr，章號 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:


gern

gerns (third-person singular present)
gerning (present participle)
gerned (past participle)

[He] gaped like a gulfe, when he did gerne, / That whether man or monster one could scarse discerne

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book V, Canto XII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 13:


trinket

古英語 trenket (“一种刀”)，因此可能指的是一种作装饰的刀，可能源自trenchier (“切”)的一个古法語方言形式。对比trench。

trinkets (third-person singular present)
trinketing (present participle)
trinketed (past participle)

On June 26 the party of sun and wind - weathered visitors from the heart of the Texas plains , dressed in their blankets and buckskins , befeathered and trinketed , arrived at the capital city's Globe Hotel and took up residence there

1991，Stan Hoig，Jesse Chisholm, Ambassador of the Plains:


admonition

源自中古英語 amonicioun，源自古法語 amonicion，源自拉丁語 admonitio，admonere的词干。17世纪时-d-在英语中被恢复。

/ˌædməˈnɪʃən/

But modesty cannot be implanted by admonition only—the elders must set the example.

1892，Plato，譯者 Benjamin Jowett, Laws (Plato):


adulation

/ˌædʒʊˈleɪʃən/

/ˌædjʊˈleɪʃən/

/ˌæd͡ʒəˈleɪʃən/

He was uncomfortable with the adulation from his fans.

他受不了粉丝的过分追捧。

Now all this was very fine, but not at all in keeping with the Celebrity's character as I had come to conceive it. The idea that adulation ever cloyed on him was ludicrous in itself. In fact I thought the whole story fishy, and came very near to saying so.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 3, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:


ambivalence

源自德語 Ambivalenz (“同时存在的矛盾情感”)，源自拉丁語 ambo (“两者均”)和valentia (“强力”)，源自动词valere (“强，强大”)（参见valiant）。德语词由瑞士精神病学家尤金·布鲁勒在1910年造出，到了1929年，其义项在书面和一般语境中得到了拓展。

这个词常用于还常用于表达不在乎某个选择带来的后果。但表达这种词义更合适的词为indifference。

（对某事物、人等的）矛盾的感情，矛盾情绪

"I dearly loved my master, son," she said.
"You should have hated him," I said.
"He gave me several sons," she said, "and because I loved my sons I learned to love their father though I hated him too."
"I too have become acquainted with ambivalence, I said.

1952，Ralph Ellison，Invisible Man, Prologue:


apéritif

/ɑːˌpɛɹɪˈtiːf/

/əˌpɛɹɪˈtiːf/

A waiter brought his aperitif, which was a small scotch and soda, and as he sipped it gratefully he sighed.
 ‘Civilized,’ he said to Mr. Campion. ‘Humanizing.’ […] ‘Cigars and summer days and women in big hats with swansdown face-powder, that's what it reminds me of.’

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 5, in The China Governess:


armistice

源自晚期拉丁語 armistitium，源自拉丁語 arma (“武器”) + sistēre（源自sistō (“停止；不动”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *steh₂- (“站起”)） + -ium (构成抽象名词的后缀)。同源词包括法語 armistice、意大利語 armistizio、葡萄牙語 armistício、西班牙語 armisticio。

停火，休战 （自17世纪）

135. An armistice is the cessation of active hostilities for a period agreed upon between belligerents. It must be agreed upon in writing, and duly ratified by the highest authorities of the contending parties.
 136. If an armistice be declared, without conditions, it extends no further than to require a total cessation of hostilities, along the front of both belligerents.

1863年April24日，Francis Lieber，“Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field [General Order No. 100]”, in General Orders Affecting the Volunteer Force (Adjutant General’s Office; 1863)，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 出版於 1864, →OCLC, section VIII (Armistice—Capitulation)，頁 83:

It has also become routine to interrupt wars in more lasting fashion by imposing armistices. Again, unless directly followed by successful peace negotiations, armistices perpetuate the state of war indefinitely because they shield the weaker side from the consequences of refusing the concessions needed for peace. […] Armistices in themselves are not way stations to peace but rather frozen wars.

2002，Edward N[icolae] Luttwak，“The Coming Together of Opposites”, in Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace，第revised and enlarged版, Cambridge, Mass., London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 出版於 2003 (2nd printing), →ISBN, part I (The Logic of Strategy)，頁s 59–60:

The Fifth Volume of this Collection makes its appearance at the moſt eventful period of the war—it includes, therefore, matter of the higheſt importance, and contains all the official documents reſpecting the late Negotiation—the war between this country and Spain, the progreſs of the French arms in Italy and Germany—the armiſtices and treaties concluded with the German and Italian powers— […]

1797，John Debrett, compiler，“Preface”, in A Collection of State Papers, Relative to the War against France now Carrying on by Great Britain and the Several Other European Powers; […]，卷 V, London: Printed for J[ohn] Debrett, […], →OCLC:

The government of Great-Britain lost no time after the war was known, in making to our cabinet proposals for an armistice. Those proposals were like all propositions between equal states, perfectly reciprocal. They require of us to suspend hostilities only, in consideration of suspending hostilities on their part. They are silent as to impressments—and would any person inquire why? It may be answered, that impressments had never been presented to Great-Britain as in themselves the cause of war— […]

1813，[John Lowell Jr.]，“No. IV. The Several Proposals for an Armistice Considered.”, in Perpetual War, the Policy of Mr. Madison. […]，Boston, Mass.: Printed by C[hester] Stebbins, →OCLC，頁 17:

Twice during the last quarter of a century the same railway vehicle has provided the scene of the signature of an armistice between Germany and France, and this famous vehicle is at present in Berlin, where it was placed on public exhibition in the Lustgarten on March 23.

1941 July，“The Armistice Coach”, in Railway Magazine，頁 316:

The day armistice was signed [chapter title] […] At five o'clock on the morning of 11 November 1918, a group of high-ranking German politicians and military officers entered a railway carriage in the Forest of Compiègne. They were met by delegates from the countries with which they had been at war. Three days earlier the French, British and Americans had prepared an armistice document which they demanded the Germans accept within three days. Inside the carriage the Germans signed the surrender document put before them. The document signalled that the war would stop in six hours' time, at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918.

2003，John Malam，“The Day Armistice was Signed”, in 11 November 1918: The World War I Armistice (Dates with History)，London: CherrytreeBooks, Evans Brothers, →ISBN，頁s 12–13:


armistice

Armistice (“1918年，协约国与德国签订的停战协定；(引申义) 第一次世界大战的结束”)的大小寫替代形式

The armistice of November 1918 could represent many things: the end of the war, the victory. But for the Carnard [the newspaper Le Canard enchaîné], first and foremost, it represented dissention among the French. […] After the armistice and the emergence of the first difficulties of the peace, many more both on the right and in the center argued that the armistice should have been signed in Berlin—in a word, the armistice of November 11 was premature.

2002，Allen Douglas，“Web of Memory”, in War, Memory, and the Politics of Humor: The Canard Enchaîné and World War I，Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif., London: University of California Press, →ISBN，頁 151:

Later he [British Prime Minister David Lloyd George] meets with the House of Commons and, after an opening prayer is said, reviews the armistice terms, then moves for adjournment.

2018，Richard J. Connors，The Road to the Armistice 1918，Pittsburgh, Pa.: Dorrance Publishing Co., →ISBN，頁s 66–67:


artifice

The notion that consequence can be as easily managed as PR is the ultimate artifice and the ultimate delusion.

2021年November21日，Charles Hugh Smith，When Everything Is Artifice and PR, Collapse Beckons:

The heightened worlds of darkly comedic satire and soapy high-school romance make it easy enough to roll with unrealistic casting choices—and that goes for stage musicals, too, where some level of artifice is built into the format.

2021年September22日，Caroline Siede，“Dear Evan Hansen is a misfire on just about every level”, in AV Club:


artifice

artifices (third-person singular present)
artificing (present participle)
artificed (past participle)

The Creator has so cunningly endowed our bodies that there is no labor to be done, no skill in artificing or fashioning the metals, that is beyond our reach.

1867，Egbert Pomroy Watson，The Modern Practice of American Machinists and Engineers […] :

Some of the greatest artists of their day either furnished designs or with their own hands artificed ornaments for domestic use,

Splints and slings, already described, are easily artificed out of small saplings or from stiff bark.

1922，Appalachian Mountain Club，The A.M.C. White Mountain Guide: A Guide to Trails in the Mountains:


atelier

借自法語 atelier，源自中古法語 astelier，源自astelle (“一小块木头；固定断骨”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *h₂eḱs- (“轴”)） + -ier (表示住所位置的后缀)。

工坊，工作室，画室，作坊

The Dukes de Claulne, father and ſon, had laboratories for clock and vvatch making as vvell as for machinery. Theſe ateliers, as the French name them, vvere as fine and complete for the choice of tools as it vvas poſſible to find in Europe; […]

1792年November4日，W. Blakey，“[Mr. Blakey on Pendulums]”, in The Gentleman’s Magazine: And Historical Chronicle，卷 LXII, part II, 期 5, London: […] John Nichols, […]; [a]nd sold by Eliz[abeth] Newbery, […], 出版於 November 1792, →OCLC，頁 1005，列 1:

I paid a visit to the celebrated [Antonio] Canova in his vast and interesting atelier. He had been at Naples a short time before to form his own judgment of the situation intended for the equestrian statue of Napoleon, which we saw already almost finished in his atelier.

1839，Mathieu Dumas [i.e., Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas]，章號 VI, in [anonymous]（譯者）, Memoirs of His Own Time; including the Revolution, the Empire, and the Restoration. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC，頁 272:

At the meeting of the Society, February 6, it was stated that red glass was preferable to yellow for the windows of photographic ateliers.

1874年May8日，“Chemical News from Foreign Sources”, in The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science. […]，卷 XXIX, 期 754, London: Henry Gillman, […], →OCLC，頁 207，列 1:

Hats with transparent tulle and crêpe brims and hemp or leghorn crowns are succeeding the small martial styles of which this atelier made quite a feature earlier in the season.

1915 March，“Present Fad for Toques and Helmets Succeeded by Vogue for Second Empire Styles”, in The Illustrated Milliner，第manufacturers’版, 卷 XVI, 期 3, New York, N.Y.: The Illustrated Milliner Company, →OCLC，頁 15，列 1:

Education opportunities improved with the advent of the Second Empire in 1850 and more ateliers began to take women students. But the atelier system, in which master painters trained a number of students in their studio, was a male-dominated world to which women's access was still restricted, even though the number of ateliers taking women increased – not just because not all artists would teach women, but because the atelier was itself a gendered social space that was not suitable for women.

1996，Reina Lewis，“Professional Opportunities for Women in Art and Literature”, in Race, Femininity and Representation，London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 出版於 2003, →ISBN，頁 59:

The first thing Diane did when she arrived home was to hurry into the atelier. She removed the half-finished portrait on the easel and replaced it with a blank canvas. She began to sketch the face of the man who had tried to kill her, but her hands were trembling so hard that she had to stop.

2004，Sidney Sheldon，章號 1, in Are You Afraid of the Dark?，New York, N.Y.: William Morrow, →ISBN，頁 11:

During the time Theyskens was presenting his precollection, a rumor began circulating in Paris: Procter & Gamble, the American conglomerate that owns Rochas, had decided to close the fashion branch of the company. Soon enough, the story was confirmed. The beautiful gowns would never be shown or produced; the atelier would be shuttered. […] ["T]he French world of fashion is being destroyed little by little. The French factories and ateliers were once dedicated to the little nuances. That luxurious approach and that refinement disappeared in the 80's and 90's, and I fear it may be disappearing again."

2006年August6日，Lynn Hirschberg，引 Olivier Theyskens, “Is there a place for Olivier Theyskens?”, in The New York Times Magazine，New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2017-02-02:


averse

源自拉丁語 aversus，avertere (“背过身；避免”)的过去分词。

more averse (comparative)
most averse (superlative)

adverse和averse两词有时会混淆，虽然两者词义并不相同。adverse常指某物与某人的利益相悖，即某人会称作adversity或adversary的东西 — （adverse winds; an attitude adverse to our ideals——逆风；与我们理想相悖的态度）。averse一般形容人，表示人反对，抵触某物（a leader averse to war; an investor averse to risk taking——厌恶战争的领导人；不愿冒风险的投资者）。averse常与to连用，构成如“I am averse to…”的形式。adverse少用于此类构式，因为它形容的是物不是人。

be averse to something / to do something

This is why the most eminent intellects have always been strongly averse to any kind of disturbance, interruption and distraction, and above everything to that violent interruption which is caused by noise; other people do not take any particular notice of this sort of thing.

2004，Arthur Schopenhauer，章號 2, in Essays of Schopenhauer:

“I assure you, cousin,” replied the old gentleman, “that the Baron, notwithstanding his unpleasant manner, is really one of the most excellent and kind-hearted men in the world. As I have already told you, he did not assume these manners until the time he became lord of the entail; previous to then he was a modest, gentle youth. Besides, he is not, after all, so bad as you make him out to be; and further, I should like to know why you are so averse to him.” As my uncle said these words he smiled mockingly, and the blood rushed hotly and furiously into my face.


averse

源自拉丁語 aversus，avertere (“背过身；避免”)的过去分词。

averses (third-person singular present)
aversing (present participle)
aversed (past participle)

[…] and, in this panegyrick of the Teutonick blood, I have so prolixly insisted, not only to vindicate our own, as being a stream of the same, and to evince the nobility thereof, but withal to convince the folly of those wretches among us, who aversing ours do so much adhere unto, and dote upon descents from France and Normandy.

The inconveniences aversing from clandestine marriages are pointedly depicted in the last two lines, teaching lessons of morality to all romantic babies.

1859，The Yale Literary Magazine，卷 24, 期 7，頁 302:


azote

借自法語 azote，源自古希臘語 ἀ- (a-，“无”) + ζωή (zōḗ，“生命”) + -τικός (-tikós，“形容词后缀”)。由法国化学家和生物学家安托万·拉瓦锡所造，他认为这空气中的这部分气体无法支持生命。

Azote is one of the most abundant elements in nature, and combined with calorique or heat, it forms azotic gas or phlogistic air, and composes two thirds of the atmosphere […].

氮是自然界中最丰富的元素之一，它与热源或热量结合形成氮气或燃素空气，占大气的三分之二 […] 。

1791，Erasmus Darwin，The Economy of Vegetation，J. Johnson，頁 73:

The proportion of azote gas to that of the oxigen obtained is as 64 to 36.

所得氮气与氧气的比例为64：36。

1801，Christopher Girtanner，“A Memoir, in which the Queſtion is examined, whether Azote be a ſimple or complex body?”, in Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts，卷 4，頁 170:

Hence it is obvious that deutoxide of azote is a compound of one volume of azote and one volume of oxygen gas united together, without any alteration of volume, consequently its specific gravity is the mean of that of oxygen and azotic gases.It is composed, by weight, of azote 0.9722 or 1.75, oxygen 1.1111 or 2. If we reckon the atomic weight of azote 1.75, this gas is obviously a compound of one atom azote and two atoms oxygen.

1823, Chemistry, entry in Charles Maclaren (chief editor), Encyclopædia Britannica, 6th Edition, page 366,

Those who have adopted these opinions, represent the atom of azote by the number 1.75. We consider the 5 compounds of azote and oxygen, as composed of 1 atom azote, united with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, atoms of oxygen.

1831，Thomas Thomson，A System of Chemistry of Inorganic Bodies，卷 1，頁 133:


boucan

源自法語 boucan，源自古圖皮語 mokaém, bokaém (“木头烤架”)。

（图皮人或其他加勒比地区人口使用的）木质烤架

同類詞：grill、barbecue

These savages were so fond of this cookery, and of such endurance, that an Indian returning from the chase, fatigued and hungry, would often wait patiently by the boucan, or as they called it, the barbecu, the best part of a day, until a fish […]

1877，Angus Bethune Reach，Leonard Lindsay: or, The Story of a Buccaneer，頁 41:

The process is thus described: "The bones being taken out, the flesh was cut into convenient pieces and salted, and the next day was taken to the boucan". […] 源自adopting the boucan of the Carribees, the hunters in Hispaniola, the Spaniards excepted, came to be called boucaniers,

1891，James Burney，History of the Buccaneers of America，頁 49:

“Put them on the platforms in the boucans,” ordered Bart, pointing to a row of the curing huts. “We surrendered,” protested the officer, his face white under the moon. “What manner of brutes are ye? Would you roast us alive?”

"You will find it very unpleasant in the boucans after the charcoal gets properly started and the ammonia comes from the burning bones and hides."

2005，J. Allan Dunn，The Golden Dolphin and Other Pirate Tales from the Pulps，Wildside Press LLC, →ISBN，頁 212:


brancher

None of the brancher instructions have any effect whatsoever on any flags; instead, they are the instructions which look at the flags.

1983，Richard Mansfield，Machine Language for Beginners，頁 69:

This is pretty typical for a C-written brancher.

1999，Mickey Kawick，Real-time Strategy Game Programming Using DirectX 6.0，頁 37:


fuck

源自中古英語 *fukken，可能源自日耳曼語族：源自古英語 *fuccian或古諾爾斯語 *fukka，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *fukkōną，源自原始印歐語 *pewǵ- (“击，打，刺”)。对比windfucker及其有争议的词源。
可能在772年时可考于一提到了一处地名Fuccerham的章程内，其可能意为“肏者之家”或“肏者之牧场”；1278年时出现于某记录中的“John le Fucker”可能不过为“Fulcher”的变体，类似“Fucher”、“Foker”等形式。在英语的所有发展阶段中，本词最早明确使用于与性有关的语境内可能是英国柴郡的一个1310年12月8日的法庭文件内，其提到了一个叫做“Roger Fuckebythenavel”的男子（可能是半开玩笑，或者暗指其有淫乱行为）。本词1598年首次出现在词典内。 低地蘇格蘭語 fuk/fuck可考记录出现较早，可能进一步佐证了其源自北日耳曼/斯堪的纳维亚的词源理论。进入16世纪后，本词开始被频繁使用，接替了jape和sard并广泛取代了swive。
大量基于民间词源理论的逆构词，比如fornication under consent of the king和for unlawful carnal knowledge，均不实。
义项10源自相关词义feck。

fucks (third-person singular present)
fucking (present participle)
fucked (past participle)

bugger

屌，肏 （用于表达强烈的不满、鄙视。）

eff

屌，肏 （用于表达强烈的不满、鄙视。）

to hell with

屌，肏 （用于表达强烈的不满、鄙视。）

screw

屌，肏 （用于表达强烈的不满、鄙视。）

mess

使用于动词短语：fuck with (“乱玩；戏耍，戏弄”)。

toy

使用于动词短语：fuck with (“乱玩；戏耍，戏弄”)。

Would you fuck me? I'd fuck me. I'd fuck me hard. I'd fuck me so hard.

1991，Ted Tally，The Silence of the Lambs (motion picture), spoken by Jame "Buffalo Bill" Gumb (Ted Levine):

She wanted to fuck him more than she had ever wanted to fuck any man in her life.

2007，Lionel Shriver，The post-birthday world, →ISBN:

They're both New Yorkers coasting on their reputations, they've both had three marriages, neither of them can shut up when in front of a camera, and perhaps most importantly, they both want to fuck Ivanka, which-which is weird for Trump because Ivanka is in his family, and it's weird for Giuliani because she isn't.

2018年May6日，“Rudy Giuliani”, in 上周今夜秀，季数 5, 集数 10, 約翰·奧利佛 (actor), 經由 HBO:

幹，肏，插入 （使用阴茎，假阴茎插入某人身上的孔、腔或乳沟等）

She shoved them up and together, pushing into me, forcing my foot to fuck her tits harder and harder while gasping as if I was shoving it deep into her body...

2006，Rachel Kramer Bussel，Glamour Girls: Femme/Femme Erotica:

Her pussy had never taken this much cock in her entire life. […] Xander took the hint and began fucking her mouth with his fingers, moving both hands to the same rhythm while his cock gained even more speed and started moving the couch back a few inches with every push. […]

2019年September25日，April Lust，Outlaw in Black: A Dark Contemporary Bad Boy Motorcycle Club Romance，E-Book Publishing World Inc.:

We decided to switch things around and have him fuck me tonight.

我们决定互换一下，让他今晚插我。

fuck me in the ass, really fuck my ass

A skinny, boyish-looking guy getting fucked by a huge muscle man.

瘦得像小孩的男人被大块头肌肉男插入

屌，肏 （用于表达强烈的不满、鄙视。）

Fuck those jerks, and fuck their stupid rules!

去他妈的这帮王八蛋，他们都是什么傻逼规则！

Fuck the fuckin' Diaz Brothers, I bury those cockroaches!

1983年December9日，Scarface，spoken by Tony Montana (Al Pacino):

If he covered for a single motherfucker who's a kiddy-fucker, / fuck the motherfucker, he's as evil as the rapist.

I see you driving 'round town with the girl I love / and I'm like, "Fuck you!"

2010年August19日，“Fuck You”, 演出者 Cee Lo Green:

Goodman says he wants him to come in tomorrow and Moses is so afraid he's fucked up his chance again that he says yeah...

She knew something had fucked the plan when she grabbed the headset off the door.

Here we are a mile out to sea and you've fucked the motor.

2002，Peter Hawes，Royce, Royce, the people's choice:

The symbols, all warnings of impending doom, might well have read: “You have fucked the engine, you arsehole.

使用于动词短语：fuck with (“乱玩；戏耍，戏弄”)。

They couldn't hear a single note Ted was playing and the sound guy kept yelling at them to stop fucking with the levels so he could make adjustments.

2006，Kilian Betlach，This Feels Like A Riot Looks:

It's true. For 6 weeks in 1996, Chex Cereal fucked.

2022，“Snack Video Games”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver:


fuck

性伴侣 （常指随便的关系）

Let me ask you something, Rocky, man to man. I think she's the fuck of the century, what do you think?

1999，Joe Eszterhas，Basic Instinct (motion picture), spoken by Nick Curran (Michael Douglas):

In his mind, she was probably just another fuck, but in hers it had meant so much more than that.

2005, Jaid Black, Strictly Taboo, Berkley Sensations (2005), ISBN 9780425202456, unnumbered page:

If he's a lousy fuck, I can at least say I had a lousy fuck, and if he's a great fuck, well that's even better...

“He'd rather have his favorite fuck with him on the greatest adventure of his life than pay money to lie with ugly strangers. […]

2008, Nicole Galland, Crossed, Harper (2008), ISBN 9780060841805, page 32:

Finally he gets up his courage, crosses over to her and says in her ear, "Hello, Beautiful. Whaddya say to a little fuck?" She measures him coolly with her eyes. "Hello, little fuck."

1965，Gershon Legman，Rationale of the Dirty Joke: An Analysis of Sexual Humor:

She used to be a secretary but then she realized that she could run a business a hell of a lot better than those stupid fucks could.

I don't give a fuck.

Ryder: You know, it's hard to calculate how few fucks I give about Tann's opinion.

2017，BioWare，Mass Effect: Andromeda (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, 經由 PC, →OCLC，幕：Elaaden:


chétif

more chétif (comparative)
most chétif (superlative)

It was hard to believe this gay, good-looking young chap, laughing and making mock of the very religion he was going into, was the chétif little boy who used to follow the big Horace everywhere and couldn't live without him.

1974，GB Edwards，The Book of Ebenezer Le Page，New York, 出版於 2007，頁 130:


hang back

hangs back (third-person singular present)
hanging back (present participle)
hung back (past participle)

Ayala’s mix-up with Dean Whitehead left Cameron Jerome advancing from the flank, probably expecting at least one opponent would come across to block off the shot. It never happened. The next defender, Ben Gibson, hung back, mistakenly thinking Jerome would look for a team-mate, and the goalkeeper, Dimitrios Konstantopoulos, also seemed to be caught in two minds.

2015年May25日，Daniel Taylor，“Norwich reach Premier League after early blitz sees off Middlesbrough”, in The Guardian (London):


coqueluche

一种百日咳病人为了给头保暖而戴的兜帽

The coqueluchon or coqueluche was a kind of hood very generally worn at certain periods of the year, which seems to have given its name to the hooping-cough, because those who were attacked by that illness wore a coqueluche or monk's hood to keep their head warm.

1896，Alphonse Mariette，French and English idioms and proverbs: with critical and historical notes，頁 104:

[…] because the sick wore a coqueluche on their heads (as a part of the treatment prescribed) certainly owes its currency to Dr. Short, but he appears to have relied upon the authority of Schenkius […]

1922，Francis Graham Crookshank，Influenza，頁 73:


bona fide

源自拉丁語 bonā fidē (“以善意”)，bona fidēs (“善意”)的斜格。

Let thinking people, then, judge what must be the fate of a church, whose fundamental doctrines are disbelieved by men of sense and inquiry, whose articles are well known not to be subscribed bonâ fide by those who officiate in it […]。

1791，Joseph Priestley，Letters to Burke, section XII:


bona fide

有时被当做不存在的词*bonafy的过去分词，而误拼作*bonafied。

This is a bona fide Roman coin.

What intrigues us is what will happen when the ersatzes for the ersatzes come along. Will characters start substituting for actors, bona fide dogs for barking ladies; will people start looking at people again instead of television and at nature instead of at documentaries?

1955年June30日，“Ersatzes for Ersatzes”, in The Christian Science Monitor，卷 47, 期 182:

Ulysses Everett McGill: I am the only daddy you got! I’m the damn pater familias!
Wharvey Gal: But you ain’t bona fide!

2000，Joel Coen, Ethan Coen，O Brother, Where Art Thou?:


Jesus Christ

Jesus + Christ，源自中古英語 Jesu Crist、Jesus Crist，源自拉丁語 Iēsus Chrīstus。

Almighty God, give us the grace that we may cast away the works of darkness, and put upon us the armour of light, now in the time of this mortal life (in which thy son Jesus Christ came to visit us in great humility;)

1681，Church of England，The book of common prayer:


Jesus Christ

一些基督徒会认为属于亵渎神明。该用法的变体包括Jiminy Cricket、jeepers creepers及其他以J C起头的两个词。忌讳脏话但已经不小心说出了第一个辅音的人使用这些代替词通常可以接受。

我靠，天啊 （表达惊讶的秽语）

Oh Jesus Christ. Don't be so dramatic, okay?

2013，Richard Linklater, Julie Delpy, Ethan Hawke，Before Midnight (motion picture), spoken by Jesse (Ethan Hawke):


open up

opens up (third-person singular present)
opening up (present participle)
opened up (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-open up.wav

Some vacancies have opened up due to retirements.

因为有人退休所以出现了一些职位空缺。

Open up the door!

The executive pay gap is opening up again.

高管薪水差异又开始出现了。

Wilshire then opened up Everton's defence, but Van Persie lifted his finish over the onrushing Howard and also over the bar.

2011年February1日，Phil McNulty，“Arsenal 2 - 1 Everton”, in BBC:

The pigeon is moving as before with unhurried haste. [...] But it must be all out. If it wasn't, then it would open up and get away from that shadow of death behind it.

1934，Henry G. Lamond，An Aviary on the Plains，Sydney: Angus and Robertson，頁 211:


Chloe

借自古希臘語 χλόη (khlóē，“绿色新芽”)，女神得墨忒耳的别称。

源自古希腊语的女性人名，科洛、克洛伊、克洛艾或克蘿伊

For it hath been declared unto me of you, my brethren, by them which are of the house of Chloe, that there are contentions among you.

因為革來氏家裡的人，曾對我提起弟兄們來，說你們中間有分爭。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Corinthians 1:11:

Of Chloe all the town has rung; / By ev'ry Size of Poets sung. / So beautiful a Nymph appears / But once in Twenty Thousand Years.

Before he had met this one, Morgan had assumed that people called Chloe were either the neurotic brilliant daughters of Oxbridge dons or else silly screaming debutantes.

1981，William Boyd，A Good Man in Africa，H.Hamilton, →ISBN，頁 24:


exorbitant

源自晚期拉丁語 exorbitāns，exorbitō (“偏离道路”)的现在分词，源自ex (“出，离”) + orbita (“车辙”)，见orbit。对比法語 exorbitant。

more exorbitant (comparative)
most exorbitant (superlative)

/ɪɡˈzɔːbɪtənt/

/ɛɡˈzɔːbɪtənt/

It’s a nice car, but they are charging an exorbitant price for it.

这车不错，但是价格太贵了。

You also have to pay exorbitant interest if you have credit card debt.

如果你有信用卡欠款的话，你可能也要交高昂的利息。

But whatever might be the internal thoughts of Macedonian officers, they held their peace before Alexander [the Great], whose formidable character and exorbitant self-estimation would tolerate no criticism.

1856，George Grote，“Military Operations and Conquests of Alexander, after His Winter-quarters in Persis, down to His Death At Babylon”, in History of Greece，卷 XII, London: John Murray, […], part II，頁 282:

[M]any low-income people are "unbanked" (not served by a financial institution), and thus nearly eaten alive by exorbitant fees.

2015年January18日，Charles M[cRay] Blow，“How expensive is it to be poor [print version: International New York Times, 20 January 2015, page 7]”, in The New York Times:


Krug

德語及犹太姓氏，源自名词Krug的两个词源的义项。对比Krueger。

Director of the ALA's Office for Intellectual Freedom since 1967, Mrs. Krug was a national leader in several legal cases that rose to the Supreme Court.

2009年April14日，Patricia Sullivan，“Judith Krug”, in The Washington Post:


Louvre

借自法語 Louvre，之后词源不详。可能源自古法蘭克語和日耳曼語族，或源自louveterie，又或源自拉丁語 Lupara。参见英语维基百科。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-Louvre.wav

卢浮宫，罗浮宫 （位于法国巴黎的一座著名博物馆）

God above, this man was as chiseled as the statues she'd spied in the Louvre.

2011，Tara Kingston，Claimed by the Spymaster，頁 68:

I don't care if your split, power or squat position looks like it should be in the Louvre, you won't jerk a thing.

2010，Don McCauley，Power Trip: A Guide to Weightlifting for Coaches, Athletes and Parents，頁 130:

I preferred the Dutch apple pie, and my waitress for those few years had legs that belonged in the Louvre.

2006，Ted Nelson Lundrigan，Bob White，A Bird in the Hand，頁 85:

IF YOU ARE a young Joe DiMaggio or Mickey Mantle with a swing that belongs in the Louvre, somebody might get the idea you could win a batting title, even if it was only your second year with the New York Yankees.

1985 February，Phil Elderkin，“Don Mattingly: A.L. Batting Champion, A Born Hitter”, in Baseball Digest，卷 44, 期 2，頁 49:

For purposes of illustrating a lecture on calisthenics, a stick figure is a better picture of a squatting man than something from the Louvre.

1960，Thomas Felix Staton，How to Instruct Successfully: Modern Teaching Methods in Adult Education，頁 172:

They are cries which show that every one has his own place, and should stay in it, — M. de Guise in the streets, and you in the Louvre. Go to the Louvre, Sire; go to the Louvre.

1889，Alexandre Dumas，Dame de Monsoreau: Volume 1，頁 319:


Lyssa

Alyssa的缩短形式。

It was mornings like this when Lyssa really appreciated the indoor arena.

2002, Karle Dickerson, Joanna Campbell, Hoofprints in the snow

Anaisse sank down to the carpet in order to look her in her eye. She smiled. "My name is Anaisse. Where is your mother, Lyssa?"

2005，Anya Bast，Seasons of Pleasure: Summer and Autumn:

Lyssa, that's what I want to find out. Will you think about it?


Heimweh

For the long trail stretched before us, for we heard the call, / Left the hearthstone and the homeland, felt the rover's thrall; / Wandered to the far horizon, sought the joy of life— / Now the wanderlust is waning, heimweh now is rife.

1908年December12日，Harry Davids，Tom Springer，“Christmas Sorrows”, in The Argonaut，卷 LXIII, 期 1655, San Francisco, Calif.: Argonaut Publishing Company, →OCLC，頁 397，列 1:


Hitler

姓氏 Hitler 属 Hiedler 的一个变体，后者为住在Hiedl (“地下河”)（巴伐利亞語方言）附近的居民使用姓氏。早期理论认为该形式派生自Hüttler（亦作Huettler），或意为“住在棚屋里的人”，源自Hütte (“棚屋”)，或源自hüten (“照看”)。

阿道夫·希特勒，1933年到1945年在位的德国独裁者

The question makes no sense, unless the questioner is satisfied with such answers as: Death is evil, pain is evil, Hitler is evil.

1964，David Hugh Freeman，A Philosophical Study of Religion:

Similarly, the description we give of God’s knowledge concerning Hitler has to be different after Hitler’s death; it is manifest that there has been a change on Hitler’s side, and that this, in view of the logic of omniscience, makes a difference to what we can truly say about God’s knowledge; ...

1977，Peter Thomas Geach，Providence and Evil:

Mueller is even less convincing in his suggestion that World War II might never have happened if Hitler had never been born.

1994，Karen A. Rasler, William R. Thompson，The great powers and global struggle, 1490-1990:

People do evil things (Hitler, Stalin, Saddam Hussein).


Hitler

How does he support his position against the prima facie case in favor of the strongly counterintuitive claim that non-violence would necessarily defeat a Hitler?

1986，William Borman，Gandhi and Non-Violence:

“He was called a ‘little Hitler’ yesterday,” Stevens said. “A guy pointed at him in his car and then he said that we didn’t like brown people. I don’t understand that at all.”

2019年February18日，Tulsi Kamath，“Boy, 7, called ‘little Hitler’ for raising money for Wall, mom says”, in KXAN:


unheimlich

more unheimlich (comparative)
most unheimlich (superlative)

诡异的，离奇的 （自19世纪）

My point is that there is no grand single line, everything is in bits, & often absolutely dead, & always very unheimlich, almost macabre.

Werfner, damn him, keen-witted but unheimlich, is obsessed with railway lines

2006，Thomas Pynchon，Against the Day，Vintage, 出版於 2007，頁 272:

The music rings throughout the hall, somewhat unheimlich, given that the place is so empty.

2009，Søren Kirkegaard，譯者 MG Piety, Repetition，Oxford，頁 33:


Wehrmacht

非同化借詞，源自德語 Wehrmacht。

（纳粹德国的）国防军，纳粹德军

同類詞：Waffen-SS、Schutzstaffel、Sturmabteilung

In the end the Allies battered the Wehrmacht back to the Reich and ended whatever chance the Germans had of escaping their fate.

1996，Robert Doughty，World War II: Total Warfare Around the Globe，Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, →ISBN，頁 106:


grifo

[…] the smoking in cigarettes or pipes of marihuana or grifo. Its use is as demoralizing as the use of narcotics. Smoking grifo is quite prevalent along the Oregon Short Line Railroad; and Idaho has no law to cope with the use and spread […]

1972，United States. Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse，Marihuana: a Signal of Misunderstanding，頁 484:

The operator was a man who liked to smoke grifo. Just my luck that day, my friend backpack happened to have a good supply of what I needed to sell to him.

2017，Marcelo Mendoza, Robert L. Barnes，El Gato Negro: Escaping Thirteen Deaths，卷 IV，頁 657:


guapo

[…] It’s for the guapo,
can't waste time with the diamonds, I’m tryna git swallow

2020年October10日，“Toot That Sh!t Up”, Kai Bandz 作詞，0:47:


jefe

借自西班牙語 jefe (“领导人，老板”)，源自古法語 chief，源自拉丁語 caput。chief、chef、caput和head 的同源對似詞。

长官，头子 （有政治影响力的官员，包括警长等，常指拉丁裔或墨西哥裔）

Antonio Rivera Cabezas was chosen vice-jefe in March 1830.

1887，Hubert Howe Bancroft，History of Central America，History Company，頁 153:

before he stepped forward uttering the stereotyped greeting, the Texan had put him down as the jefe or head man....

1898, Southern Pacific Company Passenger Department, Sunset, Sunset Magazines Inc. (1912), pages 313-314

Hilario Saño, a suspect, resident here but much doubted by the jefe local, was put to the test

1900，United States War Department，Annual Reports of the War Department，U.S. Government Printing Office:

“They ain’t going to deliver the cattle across.... They’ve taken too much of a beating as it is. They’ve lost their big jefe and lots of men.”

1982 January，George Durham，Taming the Nueces Strip: The Story of McNelly's Rangers，University of Texas Press，頁 120:

When they were slacking off in the mine, for example, and a jefe arrived unexpectedly, they shouted loro (parrot) or fuego (fire) as warning signals.

1998 June，Thomas Miller Klubock，Contested communities: Class, Gender, and Politics in Chile's El Teniente Copper Mine, 1904-1948，Duke University Press，頁 147:

A jefe in this sense is a mentor, a person who is often a compadre of the migrant.... In any case, a jefe is not a loan shark

2004 December，Jeffrey Harris Cohen，The Culture of Migration in Southern Mexico，University of Texas Press:

A jefe in this sense refers to a true boss, the leader of the household, also known as Jose Rico.

2005 May, Monica Rico, EMails that Go Nowhere, Google Mail.


serenata

More’s the pity, for this work (technically a serenata) is a little gem, and Aulos polished it to a fine luster.

2007年January25日，James R. Oestreich，“The Shepherd, the Sea Nymph and the Big Rock, Abridged”, in New York Times:


sicario

源自西班牙語 sicario。

（多指拉美地区贩毒集团的）杀手

The traffickers created a Frankenstein's monster that gradually slipped out of their control: the sicarios.

1992，Tina Rosenberg，Children of Cain: Violence and the Violent in Latin America，頁 34:


tubular

就词形分析为tubule + -ar。一般认为义项“很棒的”源自冲浪界行话，指“很棒的”浪是那些像管子一样将冲浪者围起来的浪。

more tubular (comparative)
most tubular (superlative)

It was such a tubular party, Journal! But a few minutes later, I walked up to the Hermosa Beach Pier and left the girls with my things, thinking the totally bitchin' party would continue. But when I got back, they were all gone.

2007，Brian Laesch，The Verge of Psychosis: An Aspiring Actor's Journal:


abracadabra

源自晚期拉丁語 abracadabra，在魔咒中使用，其词源不详。有人认为其与Abraxas (一个诺斯替教的神祇)以及多个阿拉姆语或希伯来语词עַבְרָא כְּדַבְרָא (avra kedavra，字面意思是“所说的已经发生了”)、עַבְדָא כְּדַבְרָא (avda kedavara，字面意思是“所说的已经做了”); אַרְבַּע־אֶחַד־אַרְבַּע (arba-eḥad-arba，字面意思是“四一四”)有关，但无证据能佐证该说法。

/ˌæ.bɹə.kəˈdæ.bɹə/

阿布拉卡达布拉 （一种魔咒，或使用该魔咒的魔术） （自16世纪）

Where is the necessity of this provision in the Constitution? […] Can anyone believe that we, by any amendments of ours, by any of our scribbling on that parchment, by any amulet, any legerdemain—charm—Abrecadabra—of ours can prevent our sons from doing the same thing—that is, from doing as they please, just as we are doing as we please? It is impossible. Who can bind posterity?

1851，Hugh A. Garland，引 John Randolph of Roanoke, “The Virginia Convention—Every Change is Not Reform”, in The Life of John Randolph of Roanoke，卷 II, New York: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC，頁 329:

With a quiet bank holiday afternoon to fill, the Mill yesterday dug out the old magic kit, brushed the cobwebs off its top hat and practiced a few abracadabras.

胡言乱语；深奥难懂的话 （自19世纪）

I don’t know all the theoretical abracadabra about how it works, I’m only its pilot.

我不懂那些乱七八糟的原理，我只是个驾驶员。

Astrology was not specifically banned in the statutes against witchcraft, but so long as its technicalities remained abracadabra to the lay public there was always a risk that the practitioner might find himself arrested for sorcery.

1971，Keith Thomas，Religion and the Decline of Magic，Folio Society 2012，頁 335:


abracadabra

/ˌæ.bɹə.kəˈdæ.bɹə/

hey presto

阿布拉卡达布拉 （魔咒，魔术或幻术表演时使用） （自19世纪）

阿布拉卡达布拉 （魔咒，魔术或幻术表演时使用） （自19世纪）

Next, the conjuror filled a glass with water from a big jug and then covered the tumbler with a cloth. "Abracadabra," he cried and crumpled the cloth.

1971，Richard Carpenter，Catweazle and the Magic Zodiac，Harmondsworth: Puffin Books，頁 49:


abysmal

more abysmal (comparative)
most abysmal (superlative)

unending

深渊的，与深渊有关的，深不可测的 （首次可考于17世纪中叶）

profound

深渊的，与深渊有关的，深不可测的 （首次可考于17世纪中叶）

fathomless

深渊的，与深渊有关的，深不可测的 （首次可考于17世纪中叶）

immeasurable

深渊的，与深渊有关的，深不可测的 （首次可考于17世纪中叶）

Robben curled an effort against the foot of the post from the edge of the box after being gifted the ball by an abysmal clearance from keeper Stephan Andersen。

2012年June9日，Owen Phillips，“Euro 2012: Netherlands 0-1 Denmark”, in BBC Sport:


acerbic

17世纪起可考，源自拉丁語 acerbus (“酸的，苦的”)。

more acerbic (comparative)
most acerbic (superlative)

Those consumers who object to the acerbic taste of garlic can purchase de-odorized garlic or allicin extract.

1998年August5日，Dr. Peter Gott，“Can inhaler cause addiction?”, in Catoosa County News, retrieved 2009-09-19:

Supercompetent, superconfident and supercritical, Schmidt is a gifted orator whose acerbic wit earned him the nickname "Schmidt the Lip."

1986年September22日，“West Germany: Last Taunts From the Lip”, in Time, retrieved 2014-04-25:

[H]e is one of the most acerbic people in his field, quick to take offense and not shy about telling people with whom he disagrees how much he thinks they have failed in thought and action.

2005年May5日，Jay Mathews，“Don't Fire This Professor”, in Washington Post，頁 T6:


taciturn

taciturnity 的逆構詞，源自中古英語 taciturnite，源自拉丁語 taciturnitas；或者，源自法語 taciturne，得到了拉丁語 taciturnus的增强，源自tacitus (“秘密的，缄默的”)。

more taciturn (comparative)
most taciturn (superlative)

The two sisters could hardly have been more different, one so boisterous and expressive, the other so taciturn and calm.

两姐妹简直天差地别，一个又吵闹又有表现力，另一个显得沉默寡言而文静。

We are each of an unsocial, taciturn disposition, unwilling to speak, unless we expect to say something that will amaze the whole room, and be handed down to posterity with all the eclat of a proverb.

1813，Jane Austen，Pride and Prejudice, Chapter 18:

We spent a lot of time up on the staging of the great furnaces, trying to pick up the tricks of the trade from the taciturn furnacemen who sat around placidly smoking, or chewing twist, and occasionally throwing in more pig iron to the molten white-hot metal.

1945 January and February，A Former Pupil，“Some Memories of Crewe Works—III”, in Railway Magazine，頁 14:


straddle

作动词时，自16世纪60年代起可考。很可能是方言词striddle的变换形式。名词自17世纪10年代起可考。

straddles (third-person singular present)
straddling (present participle)
straddled (past participle)

As they approached the entrance of the port, the giant straddled clear across it, with a foot firmly planted on each headland,

The mountain-ringed Yukon Flats basin straddles the Arctic Circle and is bisected by the Yukon River.


schadenfreude

非同化借詞，源自德語 Schadenfreude (“幸灾乐祸”)，源自Schaden (“伤害；损失”) + Freude (“快乐”)。本词在20世纪末叶在英语中普及开来，可能是在《辛普森一家》的影响下进入主流。

/ˈʃɑː.dən.fɹɔɪ.də/

/ˈʃɑː.dən.fɹɔɪd/

But it is Schadenfreude, a mischievous delight in the misfortunes of others, which remains the worst trait in human nature.

1897，“Human Nature”, in Thomas Bailey Saunders（譯者）, The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer，根據Arthur Schopenhauer原著改編的翻譯作品:

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working girl

It was still September / When your daddy was quite surprised / To find you with the working girls / In the county jail

1973，Donald Fagen, Walter Becker （作曲作詞）, “My Old School”, in Countdown to Ecstasy，演出者 Steely Dan:


son of a bitch

变换自以中古英語 biche-sone (“荡妇的儿子”)、古諾爾斯語 bikkju-sonr (“荡妇的儿子”)为代表的早期短语。

sons of bitches (plural)
sons of a bitch (plural)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/En-au-son of a bitch.ogg

王八蛋，狗娘养的，龟儿子

My mother never saw the irony in calling me a son of a bitch.

我妈从来没有意识到叫我狗娘养的意味着什么。

There's that snarling cur, and son of a Bitch Boccaline.

1685，John Eachard，The grounds & occasions of the contempt of the clergy and religion enquired into，第9th版, London，頁 252:

He had the insolence obliquely to give me the name of Son of a Bitch.

他竟然还傲慢地间接骂了我“王八蛋”。

1691，Thomas Shadwell，The Humorists, a Comedy，London，頁 22:

[…] Count Davia, like a Son of a Bitch as he is, Chop'd upon mine and the Duke of Mantuu's Equipage, and rubb'd off with our Plate, Jewels, and other Knicknacks of Inestimable Value.

1703，Thomas Brown，Letters from the living to the living, relating to the present transactions both Publick and Private，頁 105:

But ya ought to thank me, before I die / For the gravel in ya guts and the spit in ya eye / Because I'm the son-of-a-bitch that named you Sue

1969，Shel Silverstein （作曲作詞）, “A Boy Named Sue”, 演出者 Johnny Cash:


amiss

more amiss (comparative)
most amiss (superlative)

He suspected something was amiss.

Something amiss in the arrangements had distracted the staff.

His wisdom and virtue cannot always rectify that which is amiss in himself or his circumstances.

1722，William Wollaston，The Religion of Nature Delineated:

Moreover, all were furnished with carbines and cartridge boxes, and the leader was armed with a sabre with a leather sheath. This was not so much amiss, and would do very well at a distance: but during the two hours' halt at the village aforesaid, I took it into my head, while the owners were enjoying their siesta under the shade of the gateway, just to stride in among them, and take a nearer inspection of the weapons.

1836，Charles Joseph La Trobe，The Rambler in Mexico:

There is a strong feeling across the land that something is amiss in America. You sometimes hear about these feelings when people discuss their concerns about how the baby boom generation is going to bankrupt our social security or Medicare programs, or about the growing size of the national debt that will be paid for by future generations.

2009，Robert Perrucci, Carolyn Cummings Perrucci，America at Risk: The Crisis of Hope, Trust, and Caring:


amiss

We shall not do amiss to notice, also, that in ordinary conversation, a few words are used as Turkish singulars, which are, in reality, Arabic plurals; but this is not correct in writing.

1856，J. W. Redhouse，An English and Turkish Dictionary，頁 xxvi:

Then Hrefna said she would coif herself with it, and Thurid said she had better, and Hrefna did so. When Kalf saw that he gave her to understand that she had done amiss; and bade her take it off at her swiftest. "For that is the one thing that we, Kjartan and I, do not own in common."

1899, The Laxdaela Saga (translated by Muriel A. C. Press) Chapter 44


amiss

Now by my head (said Guyon) much I muse, / How that same knight should do so foule amis[…]。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Yet Love, thou'rt blinder then thy self in this, / To vex my Dove-like friend for my amiss[…]。


Shangri-la

He couldn't believe it when he'd discovered there actually was a town called Bedford Falls. It seemed like fans of the film had all collected there to live out their lives in a self-created 1940s American Shangri-la.

1989，Grant Naylor [i.e., Rob Grant and Doug Naylor]，Red Dwarf: Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers，London: Penguin Books, →ISBN:

Tiki Style was forged in the business of bars and restaurants and celebrated in backyard luaus and at theme parks like Disneyland and roadside attractions such as Tiki Gardens. As these ersatz Shangri-las competed to outdo each other with the latest tropical-inspired styles, the popularity of the neighborhood Tiki lounge soared.

2004，Otto von Stroheim，“Introduction”, in Tiki Art Now!: A Volcanic Eruption of Art，San Francisco, Calif.: Last Gasp of San Francisco; The Shooting Gallery, →ISBN，頁 8:


stratagem

源自中古英語 stratageme，源自古法語 stratageme，源自拉丁語 strategema，源自古希臘語 στρατήγημα (stratḗgēma，“将军的行为，指挥作战”)，源自στρατηγέω (stratēgéō，“当将军；统率军队”)，源自στρατηγός (stratēgós，“将军；军队首脑”)。见strategy。

She will not yet be permitted to return to the Manor House: it is too convenient for 'treasons, stratagems,' &c.; and it is as well not to be put in the way of temptation: but she will be allowed perfect liberty in London.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“A Friend at Court”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 265:

While Collins does include a love triangle, a coming-of-age story, and other YA-friendly elements in the mix, they serve as a Trojan horse to smuggle readers into a hopeless world where love becomes a stratagem and growing up is a matter of basic survival.

2012 March 22, Scott Tobias, AV Club The Hunger Gameshttp://www.avclub.com/articles/the-hunger-games,71293/:


all-around

He is said to be a greater hunter and an all around sport.

1909，Horace A. Taylor，Tales of Travel All Around the World，頁 149:

If you want to polish your reputation as an all-around digital photographer, plan on developing at least a modicum of skill with a decent image editing program.

2004，David D. Busch，Digital Photography All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies，頁 15:

But it was as an all-around performer that Gill established his reputation.

2005，Frank Zarnowski，All-around Men: Heroes of a Forgotten Sport，頁 98:

While Willie Mays's famous catch off the bat of Vic Wertz and Dusty Rhodes's clutch hitting are what fans remember most about the 1954 World Series, Thompson was easily the all-around best in those four games.

1994，Larry Moffi，Crossing the Line: Black Major Leaguers, 1947-1959，頁 18:

Children must be given the opportunity to communicate in an all-around way, using language, drawing, music, drama, play, etc. (hence the expression "a child has a hundred languages").

2009，Ole Fredrik Lillemyr，Taking Play Seriously，頁 67:

As mentioned above, the construction of modern population culture is an important and difficult task toward realizing the goal of population development for building a well-off society in an all-around way.

2014，Xueyuan Tian，The Hope of the Country with a Large Population:


all-around

an all-around better player than me

Vacation with pay, annual passes, and all around better working conditions.

1911，The Railroad Telegrapher，卷 28，頁 1730:

In addition, be sure to reinforce - as persistently as possible - that addressing questionable behavior makes for an all-around better organization.

2005，Christopher Bauer，Better Ethics Now: How to Avoid the Ethics Disaster You Never Saw Coming:

He graduated from the Police Academy in 1957 winning the Police Commissioner's Trophy for all around highest scores-academically, physically, and for firearm proficiency.

2010，Anne T. Romano，Italian Americans in Law Enforcement，頁 84:

Collectively, the three sections in this chapter are intended to add to what has gone before regarding personal behavior and to serve as additional food for thought for those attempting to be all-around better people.

2013，Holland E. Bynam，On Being a Better You，頁 26:


amphibious

源自古希臘語 ἀμφίβιος (amphíbios)。源自ἀμφί (amphí) + βίος (bíos，“生命”)。

an amphibious vehicle

an amphibious attack

Most Dutch cities began on a terp or artificial mound to which the prehistoric amphibious folk rushed for refuge when floods rolled in.

Taiwan’s navy has taken delivery of a new, domestically made amphibious warfare ship that can be used to land troops and bolster supply lines to vulnerable islands, part of a push by Taiwan’s President Tsai Ing-wen to achieve defence self-sufficiency.

2022年September30日，“Taiwan adds new amphibious warfare ship to defence inventory”, in Al Jazeera，存檔自the original on 2022-09-30:


stalwart

借自低地蘇格蘭語 stalwart，受到了Walter Scott（沃尔特·司各特）的影响，取代了早期的stalworth，它也是本词的同源对似词。源自中古英語 stal-worth (“强壮的，威猛的；勇敢的”)，源自古英語 stǣlwierþe (“状态好的，能使用的”)，可能源自staþol (“机构”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *steh₂- (“站”)）或者stǣl (“地方；状态，条件”) + -wierþe (表示“能够做...”的后缀)（可能最终源自原始印歐語 *wert- (“转”)）。

more stalwart (comparative)
most stalwart (superlative)

This true Man ſoon aſſembled him beforn: / Three Sons he had that ſtalwart were and bold, / And twenty Men of Kin in his Houſhold.

1709，[Henry the Minstrel]，“How Wallace Came into Scotland Again at the Battel of Elchok-Park”, in The Life and Acts of the Most Famous and Valiant Champion, Sir William Wallace, Knight of Ellerslie; Maintainer of the Liberty of Scotland. With a Preface Containing a Short Sum of the History of that Time，Edinburgh: Printed by the heirs and successors of Andrew Anderson, printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, →OCLC, book XII，頁 304:

[A] stalwart leather-clad "boy," just returned from trapping on the waters of Grand River, on the western side the mountains, who interlards his mountain jargon with Spanish words picked up in Taos and California.

1849，George Frederick Ruxton，章號 III, in Life in the Far West (Plains and Rockies; 175)，Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC，頁 71:

The driver was a stalwart woman who sat at ease in the front seat and drove her car bare-headed. She left a cloud of dust and a trail of gasoline behind her.

1912 August，Willa Sibert Cather，“The Bohemian Girl”, in McClure’s Magazine，卷 XXXIX, 號 4, [New York, N.Y.]: McClure Publications, →OCLC, chapter I，頁 422:

Direct your attention now to the African turtles seen here migrating … Morbo wishes these stalwart nomads peace.

2002年November10日，Aaron Ehasz，“Crimes of the Hot”, in Futurama，季数 5, 集数 1, spoken by Morbo, 經由 Fox Broadcasting Company:

Many other learned men of the age followed him [Romolo Amaseo] to the field, and contended with much zeal for the cause of the Latin; some even went so far as to wish the Italian completely banished entirely from the world. But stalwart champions were not wanting on the other side; and, to be brief, the impulse of public opinion soon swept away all opposition, and the popular cause was triumphant.

1832 October，“Art II.— History of the Italian Language and Dialects. Saggi di Prose e Poesie de’ più celebri Scrittori d’ogni Secolo. VI. vol. 8vo. (Selected by L. Nardini and S. Buonaiuti。) In Londra. 1798.”, in The North American Review，卷 XXXV, 期 LXXVII, Boston, Mass.: Gray and Bowen, […], →OCLC，頁s 301–302:

Now Tomlins always acted as Morgan's major domo in tent or quarters, and was also a stalwart hand either against ox, sheep, or enemy.

1842，E[dward] Howard，章號 XXXI, in Sir Henry Morgan, the Buccaneer，Paris: Baudry's European Library, […] and Stassin and Xavier, […], →OCLC，頁 241:


stalwart

坚定支持者，（理想、思想、理念等的）坚定追随者

Too much authority, blind authority, mere authority, whether that of the Prince or the priest, of the Raja or the Nabob, of the oligarch or the official, of the wealty and the prosperous is the bane of Indian life, yet these stalwarts of reform always take shelter behind big names.

1920?，[Lala] Lajpat Rai，“A Fight for Crumbs”, in The Call to Young India，Madras, Tamil Nadu, India: S. Ganesan & Co., →OCLC，頁s 68–69:

But I am sure there must be a great many Socialists who would fairly turn in their graves if they knew how their successors in the Labour Party were "ratting" on the policy laid down by the old stalwarts.

1954年August17日，Thomas Leonard Hayman，“Financial Statement”, in New Zealand Parliamentary Debates: Fifth Session, Thirtieth Parliament: House of Representatives，卷 304 (Comprising the Period from 6 August to 1 October 1954), Wellington, N.Z.: By authority; R. E. Owen, government printer, 出版於 1955, →OCLC，頁 1200:

Other erstwhile stalwarts are also wavering. Southampton had two of the best full-backs in the league last season but Ryan Bertrand has been below par this season and Cédric Soares made an uncharacteristic lapse that led to Stoke's winning goal in Southampton's last outing.

2017年October14日，Paul Doyle，“Mauricio Pellegrino yet to find attacking solution for stuttering Southampton: Nothing so far this season suggests the Argentinian will be more successful than Claude Puel in finding the answer to the club’s continuing lack of firepower”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2017-11-10:

In August, the Los Angeles-area stalwart the Lab also closed its dance space, a 12,000-square-foot location in West Covina.

2021年December2日，Margaret Fuhrer，“Mothers of Reinvention: The Lab Pivots as Studios Close”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


trusty

源自中古英語 trusty、tristy、tresty，等价于trust + -y。

可信的人； 得到特权的囚犯

We usta have a rule that if a trusty shot an escaping convict, then the trusty would go free.

1941，James Howell Street，In my father's house:

The cell block is clean and doesn't smell of disinfectant. The trusties do all the work. The supply of trusties is always ample.

1953，Raymond Chandler，The Long Goodbye，Penguin, 出版於 2010，頁 58:


sporadic

源自中世紀拉丁語 sporadicus（亦衍生出法語 sporadique、意大利語 sporadico、西班牙語 esporádico），源自古希臘語 σποραδικός (sporadikós)，源自σποράς (sporás，“零星的，分散的”)，源自σπορά (sporá)、σπόρος (spóros，“（种子的）播撒”)。

more sporadic (comparative)
most sporadic (superlative)

It was a stodgy, weary display from Mourinho’s team with only sporadic moments when they threatened Salvatore Sirigu’s goal and their manager seemed bewildered afterwards when he tried to explain what had gone wrong.

2015年March12日，Daniel Taylor，“Chelsea out of Champions League after Thiago Silva sends 10-man PSG through on away goals”, in 卫报（伦敦）:


sullen

源自中古英語 solein，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 soleyn (“alone”)，源自古法語 sole (“一个的，单个的”)，源自拉丁語 sōlus (“独自”)。中古英语中，词义从“单独的”变成“闷闷不乐的”

sullener (comparative)
sullenest (superlative)

And sullen I forsook the imperfect feast.

Sullen and bored the kids stay / And in this way wish away each day
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2007, Steven Wilson, "Normal", Porcupine Tree, Nil Recurring.

a sullen atmosphere

He added not; and Satan bowing low / His gray diſſimulation, diſappear'd / Into thin Air diffuſ'd: for now began / Night with her ſullen wing to double-ſhade / The Deſert; Fowls in thir clay neſts were couch't; / And now wild Beaſts came forth the woods to roam.

1671，John Milton，“The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 27，行s 497–502:


sullen

And let them die that age and sullens have;

1595 December 9 (first known performance)，William Shakespeare，“The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act 2, scene 1]，行 139:


flustered

more flustered (comparative)
most flustered (superlative)

The speaker became quite flustered when she dropped all her notes.

演讲者弄掉了笔记以后慌了手脚。

Behind the scenes, Truss's camp feel positive too—claiming that while she stayed calm Sunak was “flustered”.

2022年July26日，“Tory leadership: Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss in fiercest clash yet over tax”, in BBC News:


sweat

源自中古英語 sweten，源自古英語 swǣtan，源自原始日耳曼語 *swaitijaną (“出汗”)。 对比荷蘭語 zweten、德語 schwitzen、丹麥語 svede。shvitz 的同源對似詞。

sweats (third-person singular present)
sweating (present participle)
sweated (past participle)
sweat (past participle)

Stop sweatin' me!

But I'ma smoke 'em now and not next time / Smoke any motherfucker that sweats me

用少油文火慢煮（来蒸掉水分）

Sweating is a generally a quiet operation; if the food is whispering, or worse, hissing, the moisture is probably evaporating too rapidly

2002，Judy Rodgers，The Zuni Cafe Cookbook:

Sweat the carrots, onion, celery, leeks, and cabbage in the butter until translucent not allowing them to color in any way.

2007，Patty Elsberry, Matt Bolus，Simply Vanilla: Recipes for Everyday Use，頁 93:

Reduce heat to low, cover pan, and gently sweat the celery for ten minutes, taking care not to brown it

2009，Bill Neal，Bill Neal's Southern Cooking，頁 11:

Sweat the onions and garlic in the oil, stirring occasionally, until they are completely soft (no crunch) but not caramelized.


staunch

源自中古英語 staunch、staunche (“状态良好的，不需维修的；稳固的，坚实的；防水的；（指人或伤口）不再流血的；肯定的；完好的；坚定地，稳健地”) [以及其他形式]，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 estaunche、古法語 estanche (“稳固的，防水的”)（现代法語 étanche (“气密的；防水的”)），estanc (“池塘”)的变体，源自estanchier (“堵塞（水流，血流等）；使...防水；解（渴）”)（现代法語 étancher），可能源自下列词之一：
* 源自通俗拉丁語 *stagnicāre，源自拉丁語 stāgnum (“一滩死水；池塘；沼泽”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *steh₂g- (“滴；渗”)。
* 源自通俗拉丁語 *stānticāre，源自*stānticus (“疲劳的”)，源自拉丁語 stāns, stāntis (“站立的；遗留的，停留的”)。stāns是stō (“站立；剩余，停留”)的现在主动分词，最终源自原始印歐語 *steh₂- (“站”)。
同源词
* 意大利語 stanco (“疲劳的”)
* 葡萄牙語 estanque (“防水的”)
* 羅曼什語 staunza (“房间”)
* 西班牙語 estanco (“关闭的，密闭的；气密的；防水的”)

stauncher (comparative)
staunchest (superlative)

constant

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

determined

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

persistent

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

firm

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

resolute

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

steadfast

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

unswerving

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

unwavering

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

unyielding

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

坚定不移的，坚持不懈的，不动摇的

Without our staunch front line the enemy would have split the regiment.

没有我们牢不可破的前线敌人已经把整个团分裂了。

Is it like you, who have known me so long and sought my advice in all matters—like you, who from a girl have had a strong mind and a staunch heart?

1841 February–November，Charles Dickens，“Barnaby Rudge”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock，卷 II, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, chapter 6，頁 265:

[T]ouching the much vexed question of stimulants he relished a glass of choice old wine in season as both nourishing and bloodmaking and possessing aperient virtues (notably a good burgundy which he was a staunch believer in) […]

1922 February，James Joyce，“[Episode 16: Eumaeus]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC, part III [Nostos]，頁 571:

The fast-food chain Chick-fil-A was founded by a staunch Christian, is closed on Sundays and has previously donated to organisations with anti-LGBTQ+ stances.

2023年June12日，Tom Dart，“US culture wars come to baseball as MLB celebrates Pride month”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

可靠的，忠实的，值得信任的 能够追寻到猎物踪迹的

He’s been a staunch supporter of mine through every election.

在每次选举中，他都是我忠实的支持者。

Never at any time in its history has there been so much universal anger at and criticism of the Southern. The railway's staunchest friends must concede that most of it is justified.

1959 April，P. Ransome-Wallis，“The Southern in Trouble on the Kent Coast”, in Trains Illustrated，London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 213:


staunch

源自中古英語 staunchen、staunche (“止血，止泻或阻止其他体液流出；缓解，缓和；安抚，满足；治疗；克服；结束，结果；抑制；（指河流或水流）停止流动；（指水，风，某种天气）平静下来；熄灭，扑灭”) [以及其他形式]，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 estauncher、estaunchier、estanger、古法語 estancher、estanchier (动词) [以及其他形式]。详见词源1以及stanch。

staunches (third-person singular present)
staunching (present participle)
staunched (past participle)

比起staunch，stanch更常用来作动词的拼写，特别是在美国，而staunch更常作形容词的拼写，此时stanch已古旧。在严格的规范语法中，部分读者会认为反过来使用是错误的。

stanch的另一種拼寫法

[T]he iron head of a square cross-bow bolt disengaged itself from the wound, the bleeding was staunched, the wound was closed, and the dying man was, within the quarter of an hour, walking upon the ramparts, […]

1820，沃尔特·司各特，章號 VII, in 艾凡赫，卷 III, 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC，頁 178:


dreamscape

He walked between his parents as though through a dreamscape towards the grand building.


gargantuan

源自法語 Gargantua，弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷所著《巨人传》中一个胃口很大的巨人的名字。该词系拉伯雷从葡萄牙语和西班牙語 garganta (“喉咙”)一词派生而来。

more gargantuan (comparative)
most gargantuan (superlative)

/ɡɑɹˈɡæn.t͡ʃu.ən/

Some distant observers of the Scottish football scene reckon that all - all! - Gerrard has to do is beat Celtic to become a legend. Even if that was true - and, demonstrably, it is not - then it would be a gargantuan task all on its own.

2018年May4日，Tom English，“Steven Gerrard: A 'seriously clever or recklessly stupid' Rangers appointment”, in BBC Sport:

Or the twinkling dining rooms: all frilly net curtains, pink walls, kaleidoscope-patterned carpets and tiny tables, crammed with teetering piles of hand-painted ceramic crockery (think plates covered in colorful swirls and cocktail mugs shaped like heaving bosoms or ladies’ faces) that showcase gargantuan portions of Italian fare.

2019年September14日，Elizabeth Paton，“A Fashion/Food Blowout in the Shadow of Brexit”, in New York Times:

Boxy and unrefined, the Hummer embodied an outlandishly masculine aesthetic that seemed to almost revel in its gargantuan fuel consumption.

2022年April7日，Oliver Milman，“I test-drove the all-electric Hummer. Can it win over America’s EV skeptics?”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


svelte

源自法語 svelte，源自意大利語 svelto (“伸出的”)，svellere (“拔，使...伸展”)的过去分词，源自通俗拉丁語 *exvellere，源自ex + vellere (“拔，扯”)。

svelter (comparative)
sveltest (superlative)

一般用作褒义，而thin、scrawny和skinny等词常带负面色彩。

苗条的，纤美的，纤细的 （自19世纪10年代）

Psychoanalytic theory[…]seemed to promise to introduce a certain becoming amplitude into discussions of what different people are like — only to turn, in its streamlined trajectory across so many institutional boundaries, into the sveltest of metatheoretical disciplines, sleeked down to such elegant operational entities as the mother, the father, the preoedipal, the oedipal, the other or Other.

1990，Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick，Epistemology of the Closet，出版於 2008，頁 24:

Clearly the producers of “The Producers” were so little inclined to tinker with a winning formula that they chose not to excise a few lines of dialogue to accommodate the svelter physique of their new leading man, preposterous though it is that anyone in a fit of pique would deride a fellow as “once-husky.”

2007年January19日，Charles Isherwood，“Welterweight Bialystock Treads Softly on Big Shtick”, in New York Times:

My first priority was to help Trumps lose her pudgy look and gain a healthier, svelter size.

2009，Kim Bloomer，Animals Taught Me That，頁 73:

If her dream of being naked in front of Simon were to come true – and she knew, somehow, that it would – she needed to be the sveltest version of herself that had ever existed. Fries wouldn't help peel away those pounds.

2010，M. S. Simpson，Kabuki in a G-String，頁 158:

Peering down from the cockpit at grazing elephant, you have the feeling that what you are beholding is wonderful, but not authentic. It is not only incongruous in the sense that animals simply are not as big as trees, but also in the sense that the twentieth century, tidy and svelte with stainless steel as it is, would not possibly permit such prehistoric monsters to wander in its garden.

At 61, Bryant looks good – smart and svelte in an electric blue suit, youthful, a full head of hair except for a white scar at the back that looks like a side door into his brain.

2023年August5日，Simon Hattenstone，“Labour MP Chris Bryant on cleaning up parliament, and why he’s not afraid to pick a fight: ‘I’ve got in more scrapes than most people’”, in The Guardian:


serenity

源自中古英語 serenyte，源自古法語 serenité，源自拉丁語 serēnitās，等价于serene + -ity。

There is no passion, there is serenity.

1987，Greg Costikyan，“The Jedi Code”, in Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game，頁 69，行 3:


skirmish

源自中古英語 skirmish (动词)，源自古法語 escarmouche (“小规模冲突”)，源自意大利語 scaramuccia，早期形式schermugio。escarmouche和Scaramouche 的同源對似詞。

skirmishes (third-person singular present)
skirmishing (present participle)
skirmished (past participle)

参与小规模冲突；参与打斗

Other historians might also remark that […] they have persisted all this time, constantly wrestling and skirmishing and yet never destroying themselves.

2019，Adrian Tchaikovsky，Children of Ruin，Macmillan，頁 376:


sanctity

源自中古英語 sanctity，源自古法語 sanctete，源自拉丁語 sānctitās。

神圣的事物，不可侵犯的事物

Or would they have it believed, that there is in their ſelves ſome ſuperior ſanctity, ſome peculiar privilege, by which theſe things are lawful to them, which are unlawful to all the world beſides?

1776，Jeremy Bentham，“A Short Review of the Declaration”, in John Lind, An Anſwer to the Declaration of the American Congress，London: Thomas Cadell，頁 121:


tryst

源自中古英語 tryst、trist，源自古法語 tristre (“等待地点，打猎时约定的地方”)，可能源自北日耳曼語支，比如古諾爾斯語 treysta (“保全”)，源自traust (“信任，安全，帮助，藏身处”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *traustą (“信任，避难所”)，源自原始印歐語 *deru-、*dreu-、*drū- (“确信”)。trust 的同源對似詞（亦参见）。

But, for the most part, we shall mark our progress to the dawn of life by the measure of those 40 natural milestones, the trysts that enrich our pilgrimage.

2004，Richard Dawkins，The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life，頁 11:

If someone trusts you, what is lost if you betray that trust? As Scarlett is tempted to see it, sometimes nothing at all. If her husband remains ignorant of her tryst, then his trust in her will remain intact. ‘No one gets hurt’ runs her reasoning, so why not go ahead?

2005, Julian Baggini, The Pig that Wants to be Eaten: And 99 other thought experiments, №91: “No one gets hurt”, page 271 (Granta; ISBN 1862078556, 9781862078550)


scowl

源自中古英語 scowlen、scoulen、skoulen（亦作中古英語 schoulen），可能源自。对比丹麥語 skule (“皱眉”)、挪威語 skule (“皱眉”)。

scowls (third-person singular present)
scowling (present participle)
scowled (past participle)

She scould, and frownd with froward countenaunce

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto II”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 35:


avaricious

源自中古英語 avaricious，源自古法語 avaricieux，源自avarice，源自拉丁語 avaritia (“贪婪”)，源自avarus (“贪婪的”)，源自avere (“觊觎”)。

more avaricious (comparative)
most avaricious (superlative)

/ˌævəˈɹɪʃəs/

In a word, he was called a hard, avaricious, rapacious man, whose chief business was to enrich himself...

1835，Robert Montgomery Bird，The Hawks of Hawk-Hollow:


suffering

Her last night was very suffering, the anodyne she took gave her no relief, and for the first time she lay till near noon.

1839 August，Beacon，“The deathbed of Voltaire”, in The Christian Beacon，號 8，頁 118:

My heart is full, but my body too suffering to go on.

1862，Ruth Bryan，Handfuls of purpose，頁 427:

I said that Miss Kinney opened the wound; I had not seen the burn then, myself; I was too ill and too suffering to rise up to see the whole surface of it; this was on Thursday morning, the morning after the operation, that I complained of such pain I must have something to relieve it, so she brought these strips of bandages and vaseline, and then she examined the wound, and without saying anything she took this brass pin and pricked it in several places;

1900年May8日，Abram I. Elkus，Supreme Court : Helen D. Ward, Plaintiff, against Saint VIncent's Hospital, of the City of New York, Defendant.，頁 28:

Just to hear them was very suffering ... It must have been so unbearable to have to yell like that.

2005，Great Britain: Parliament: House of Lords: Select Committee on the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill，Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill (HL)，頁 73:

I was listening her because she was telling me she was very suffering and that she was praying for her pains, for sinners, for poor, for ill people and for afflicted.

2014，Silvia Michela Carrassi，Travels Through Spirit，頁 114:


suffering

Robins, of Torquay, had denied a single charge of causing unnecessary suffering to an animal. She claimed the microwave was accidentally turned on by one of the cats after the kitten got inside. But Knutton said the kitten was too small to even get onto the work surface.

2011年December14日，Steven Morris，“Devon woman jailed for 168 days for killing kitten in microwave”, in Guardian:


telling

more telling (comparative)
most telling (superlative)

意味深长的，有信息量的，重要的

a telling smile

But ever since the concept of "hamartia" recurred through Aristotle's Poetics, in an attempt to describe man's ingrained iniquity, our impulse has been to identify a telling defect in those brought suddenly and dramatically low.

2014年October21日，Oliver Brown，“Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities: Bladerunner's punishment for killing Reeva Steenkamp is but a frippery when set against the burden that her bereft parents, June and Barry, must carry [print version: No room for sentimentality in this tragedy, 13 September 2014, p. S22]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Sport):


telling

知道某事物的方法，判断某事物的方法

"One white man." said Bill, after a brief inspection. "Out on his line, I s'pose, and there's no tellin' when he'll be back. So we won't wait. We'll just serve notice on him."

1922，A[rthur] M[urray] Chisholm，A Thousand a Plate:


aphrodisiac

借自古希臘語 ἀφροδισιακός (aphrodisiakós，“性欲的”)，源自Ἀφροδίσιος (Aphrodísios，“阿芙罗狄蒂的”)。

Power is the ultimate aphrodisiac.

c. 1970, Henry Kissinger, quoted in The New York Times (28 October 1973)

This brother told me a secret on how to get more chicks / Put a little Medina in your glass, and the girls'll come real quick / It's better than any alcohol or aphrodisiac

1989，“Funky Cold Medina”, in Lōc’ed After Dark，演出者 Tone Lōc:


ailment

He had always been remarkably immune from such little ailments, and had only once in his life been ill, of a vicious pneumonia long ago at school. He hadn't the faintest idea what to with a cold in the head, he just took quinine and continued to blow his nose.

1922，Michael Arlen，“2/9/1”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:


trickle

trickles (third-person singular present)
trickling (present participle)
trickled (past participle)

Here the water just trickles along, but later it becomes a torrent.

现在水只是细细地在流，但后面它会变成很大的洪流。

The film was so bad that people trickled out of the cinema before its end.

这部电影太烂了，还没结束就已经有人慢慢地走掉了。

Her white night-dress was smeared with blood, and a thin stream trickled down the man's bare chest which was shown by his torn-open dress.

1897，Bram Stoker，章號 21, in Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:

The period of intensive traffic is over by about 5.30 p.m. and for the rest of the evening steadily diminishes, the main activity being the Channel Islands boat trains which trickle in after about 6.30 p.m. and depart again for Weymouth an hour or so later.

1962 April，J. N. Faulkner，“Summer Saturday at Waterloo”, in Modern Railways，頁 265:

Their only shot of the first period was a long-range strike from top-scorer Ebanks-Blake which trickled tamely wide.

2010年December29日，Sam Sheringham，“Liverpool 0 - 1 Wolverhampton”, in BBC:


shimmer

源自中古英語 schimeren，源自古英語 sċymrian、sċimrian、sċimerian，源自原始日耳曼語 *skimarōną。同源词有荷蘭語 schemeren、德語 schimmern。

shimmers (third-person singular present)
shimmering (present participle)
shimmered (past participle)

twinkle

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

sparkle

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

glisten

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

glimmer

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

微弱地发光，断断续续地发光

With dusky shimmering wanny globe, her lampe doth pale appeare

1581, John Studley (translator), Medea, Act 4, in Seneca his Tenne Tragedies, London: Thomas Marsh, p. 135,

The shimmering glimpses of a stream

1850，Alfred Tennyson，The Princess: A Medley，第3rd版, London: Edward Moxon, Conclusion, p. 173:

I looked then and saw that his robes, which had seemed white, were not so, but were woven of all colours, and if he moved they shimmered and changed hue so that the eye was bewildered.

1954，J. R. R. Tolkien，The Fellowship of the Ring，New York: Ballantine Books, 出版於 1973, Book 2, Chapter 2, p. 339:

Pale tourists, tired but excited, emerge like apparitions from the heat haze that shimmers over the tarmac.

2018，Tsitsi Dangarembga，章號 22, in This Mournable Body，Minneapolis: Graywolf Press:


shimmer

The hives […] were scattered towards the back of the clearing, like small mounds of clean vegetable refuse. Over each mound there hung a dusty golden shimmer of bees.

1922，Katherine Anne Porter，“María Concepción”, in Flowering Judas and Other Stories，New York: The Modern Library, 出版於 1940，頁 6:

He’d aimed film lamps at the rectangular pools, which sent reflections up the gallery wall in veined and fractured shimmers.

2013，Rachel Kushner，章號 16, in The Flamethrowers，New York: Vintage, 出版於 2014，頁 294:

同類詞：jitter

As such, perturbation measures can only be derived from vowels, most accurately, sustained vowels or steady-state portions of vowels extracted from connected speech. Two commonly obtained perturbation measures are jitter and shimmer.

2010，Daniel R. Boone，The Voice and Voice Therapy，Pearson College Division, →ISBN:


unfettered

more unfettered (comparative)
most unfettered (superlative)

unrestricted

自由的，无拘无束的，不受限制的

unbridled

自由的，无拘无束的，不受限制的

fettered

自由的，无拘无束的，不受限制的

In a corner of the market among the pens for cattle, Barnaby knelt down, and pausing every now and then to pass his hand over his father’s face, or look up to him with a smile, knocked off his irons. When he had seen him spring, a free man, to his feet, and had given vent to the transport of delight which the sight awakened, he went to work upon his own, which soon fell rattling down upon the ground, and left his limbs unfettered.

1841，Charles Dickens，章號 68, in Barnaby Rudge:

自由的，无拘无束的，不受限制的

We declare the right of the people of Ireland to the ownership of Ireland, and to the unfettered control of Irish destinies, to be sovereign and indefeasible.

1916，Thomas Clarke，Proclamation of the Irish Republic:

Alexander says she has been accused of censorship "worse than a Syrian dictator" over her quest to have gang-related videos taken down. But her campaign shows the debate over a completely unfettered internet is not clear-cut.

2012年April19日，Josh Halliday，“Free speech haven or lawless cesspool – can the internet be civilised?”, in the Guardian:

The EU was established to oppose the unfettered power of nation states and defuse the rivalries between them.

2018，Michael Cottakis – LSE，“Colliding worlds: Donald Trump and the European Union”, in LSE's blog:

The underlying problem with transport policy is that there no coherent strategy. Ministers have tended to encourage greater use of motor vehicles through both transport and (particularly) planning policies, while simultaneously warning of the terrible consequences of unfettered growth of road use.

2020年December2日，Christian Wolmar，“Wales offers us a glimpse of an integrated transport policy”, in Rail，頁 56:


tenacity

tenac(ious) + -ity，源自中古法語 ténacité，源自拉丁語 tenācitās。

意志坚定，坚持不懈，顽强不屈

— Our opponents may be younger, faster and less out of shape than we are, but we have something they’ll never have!
— Tenure?
— Tenacity!

2009，Jorge Cham，“PHD Comics: Softball: younger and faster”, in (請指定書籍名或刊物名):


apostate

源自晚期拉丁語 apostata，源自古希臘語 ἀποστάτης (apostátēs，“反叛”)，源自ἀφίστημι (aphístēmi，“脱离，背叛”)，源自ἀπό (apó，“从，自，离”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi，“站起”)。

We must punish this apostate priest.

我们必须惩罚这个叛教的祭司。

So ſpake th' Apoſtate Angel,

1667，John Milton，“Book I”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行 125:

An enormous number of monks and priests gave themselves up to sorcery, and there was no lack of apostate priests to perform the ceremonies of the Black Mass.

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 101:


slipshod

slip + shod (“穿着鞋的”)，原指“穿着拖鞋的”。“仓促”一意自19世纪初叶出现。

more slipshod (comparative)
most slipshod (superlative)

slapdash

草草了事的，敷衍的，仓促的

草草了事的，敷衍的，仓促的

Surely there is not another language that is so slipshod and systemless, and so slippery and elusive to the grasp.

1880，Mark Twain，The Awful German Language:

Newspapers pointed at greedy contractors who used shoddy materials, slipshod methods and the help of corrupt officials to bypass building codes.

1999年August22日，Johanna McGeary，“Buried Alive”, in Time:

[T]hey wandered up and down hardly remembering the ways untrodden by their feet so long, and crying [...] as they slunk off in their rags, and dragged their slipshod feet along the pavement.

1840，Charles Dickens，Barnaby Rudge, Chapter 67:

That glossy, well-brushed individual, who lets himself in with a latch-key at the front door at night, is a very different being from the slipshod wretch who growls of mornings for hot water at the door of the kitchen.


scamper

1687年首次可考。词源不详，但可能源自荷蘭語 schamperen，其源自古法語 escamper，源自通俗拉丁語 *excampāre。

scampers (third-person singular present)
scampering (present participle)
scampered (past participle)

The dog scampered after the squirrel.

Three minutes later, Luka Modric scampered down the right, clipped a cross to the near post and Ronaldo’s clipped finish gave the remainder of the match an air of inevitability.

2017年June3日，Daniel Taylor，“Real Madrid win Champions League as Cristiano Ronaldo double defeats Juv”, in The Guardian (London):


scurry

scurries (third-person singular present)
scurrying (present participle)
scurried (past participle)

Shakespeare has gone back to the formula of last season, by encouraging his players to press high up the pitch and restoring Shinji Okazaki to the starting XI to scurry around between midfield and attack.

2017年March14日，Stuart James，“Leicester stun Sevilla to reach last eight after Kasper Schmeichel save”, in the Guardian:

Then the piglet tore loose from the creepers and scurried into the undergrowth.


scurry

Found a fox in Deerstone, and after a great deal of music, and a scurry or two round the wood, went away over Whigford Down, but he was too far before them to make any more quick music […]


supercilious

源自拉丁語 superciliōsus (“自大的，傲慢的”)，源自supercilium (“眉；傲慢”)。

more supercilious (comparative)
most supercilious (superlative)

"I've tried to be a good man, sir, and do my duty honest, and if it wasn't for the supercilus [sic] kind of way in which father carried on last night - a sort of sniffing at me as it were, as though he hadn't no opinion of my references and testimonials - I should feel easy enough in my mind."

1887，H. Rider Haggard，She: A History of Adventure:

Buffeted by criticism of his policy on Europe, battered by rebellion in the ranks over his bill to legalize same-sex marriage and wounded by the perception that he is supercilious, contemptuous and out of touch with mainstream Conservatism, Mr. Cameron earlier this week took the highly unusual step of sending a mass e-mail (or, as he called it, “a personal note”) to his party’s grass-roots members.

2013 May 23, Sarah Lyall, "British Leader’s Liberal Turn Sets Off a Rebellion in His Party," New York Times (retrieved 29 May 2013):


tortuous

源自中古英語 tortuous、tortuose，源自盎格魯-諾曼語和古法語 tortuos，源自拉丁語 tortuōsus，源自tortus (“缠绕”)。

more tortuous (comparative)
most tortuous (superlative)

/ˈtɔːt͡ʃuːəs/

/ˈtɔɹt͡ʃuəs/

本词有很强的负面色彩，可能是受到了发音相近的torturous的影响。 勿与法律用词tortious，及torturous相混淆。

绕的，绕来绕去的，复杂纷繁的，拐弯抹角的

The badger made his dark and tortuous hole on the side of every hill where the copsewood grew thick.

1848，Thomas Babington Macaulay，The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 1, Porter & Coates，頁 243:

The Southern acquired them because the little Class "B4" 0-4-0 tanks were finding heavy modern rolling stock more and more of a handful, and at war's end the railway had nothing of suitable power but short wheelbase on its books to take their place on the more tortuous of the dock lines.

1959 February，G. Freeman Allen，“Southampton—Gateway to the Ocean”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 91:

It still takes almost half a year for the average veteran’s claim for disability benefits to be decided in a tortuous process that can involve four separate hearings.

2007 October 6, “Slogging on the Home Front”, editorial in The New York Times,

But the early Tubes still tended to follow the public streets in order to save money, hence some tortuous curves.

2012，Andrew Martin，Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube，Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，頁 109:


spearhead

先锋，发起者；领导者，倡导者

Spearheads of the NER bargain fares attack this year have been the introduction of weekend fares at a 7s 6d in the £ discount on ordinary rates between principal stations throughout the Region—[...].

1964 September，G. Freeman Allen，“Interim report on the East Coast Route express service”, in Modern Railways，頁s 158–159:

England played at a tempo in attack that was too much for Bulgaria, with width provided at various times by Walcott、Young and Stewart Downing and Rooney acting as the potent spearhead.

2011年September2日，Phil McNulty，“Bulgaria 0-3 England”, in BBC:


spearhead

spearheads (third-person singular present)
spearheading (present participle)
spearheaded (past participle)

发起，倡导，领导 （一次项目，一次活动等）

He spearheaded the entire project from day one.

他从第一天就开始领导整个项目。

Newcastle have put themselves within touching distance after a fantastic run which has been spearheaded by the goals of Senegal striker Cisse.

2012年April21日，Jonathan Jurejko，“Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, in BBC Sport:

George Monks spearheaded the project to solve this problem with a funicular, and work on the Lynton & Lynmouth Cliff Railway (L&LCR) began in 1887.

2021年January13日，Dr Joseph Brennan，“Spectacular funiculars”, in RAIL, issue 922，頁 53:


swath

源自中古英語 swath、swathe，源自古英語 swæþ、swaþu (“轨道；轨迹；足迹；印记；遗迹；疤痕”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *swaþō (“被风扫过之处；阔野；边境；土地”)，源自原始印歐語 *swem(bʰ)- (“折；转；荡”)。
与荷蘭語 zwade、zwad (“刈幅；干草列”)、德語 Schwade (“刈幅；干草列”)、冰島語 svæði (“区域，地区”)同源。
其他词源资料
对应中古低地德语和中古荷兰语swat，中古高地德语swade，古弗里斯蘭語 swethe (“边界”)。词干意为切割留下的痕迹。
在888年可考于英语中，意为“痕迹”，在1475年可考为更现代的词义。与德語 Schwaden (“一排割下的草或谷物”)同源。
在日耳曼语系外无确切的同源词。
* 见F. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch (De Gruyter)，词条Schwaden，和OED。

一大片，大量（的人，土地等）

A large swath of the population is opposed to this government policy.

很大一部分人口反对这项政府政策。

Five days after Hurricane Katrina, large swaths of New Orleans are still submerged in water.

飓风卡特里娜离开5天后，新奥尔良市的大片区域仍浸在水中。

It is undeniable that Malcolm was a beacon of huge strength in his lifetime. He could connect with swaths of people when others could not.

2015年February20日，Jesse Jackson，“In the Ferguson era, Malcolm X’s courage in fighting racism inspires more than ever”, in The Guardian (London):


scram

可能是：
* scramble 的截斷形式，带尾音脱落，或
* 源自方言德語 schramm，schrammen (“抓，挠”)的单数命令式，源自中古高地德語 schramm、schramme (“擦，划”)，之后词源不详。

scrams (third-person singular present)
scramming (present participle)
scrammed (past participle)

匆忙离开；滚开 （自20世纪初叶）

What are you kids doing on my lawn? Scram!

你们这帮小孩在我家草地上干嘛？走开走开！

Maybe when he found that Chet's jalopy was gone, he felt he'd better scram, and forgot the coat and hat.

1927，Franklin W. Dixon [pseudonym; Leslie McFarlane]，“Rival Detectives”, in The Tower Treasure (The Hardy Boys; 1)，New York, N.Y.: Grosset & Dunlap, 出版於 1987 (2006 printing), →ISBN:

The boy who was playing glowered at the intruder and growled. "Well, scram Kibitzer; scram."

1935，Harry Carr，“So This is Los Angeles”, in Los Angeles, City of Dreams，New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton-Century Company, →OCLC，頁 241:

"Come on!" barked Harry. "Scram!"

1935年February23日，J. Lane Linklater，“The Signal: A Short Short Story”, in Liberty，卷 12, 期 8, New York, N.Y.: Liberty Publishing, →OCLC，頁 35，列 2:

Jus' go on like we was gonna buck barley the rest of our lives, then all of a sudden some day we'll go get our pay an' scram outta here.

1937，John Steinbeck，Of Mice and Men，New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 出版於 1994, →ISBN:

"You scram out of here!" she admonished me fiercely. "Get out, or I'll scream so loud I'll wake the whole house up! You—you Peeping Tom!"

1943，Hans Natonek，“The Affair of the Semi-private Bathroom”, in Barthold Fles（譯者）, In Search of Myself，New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, part 2 (The Year before the Decision)，頁 89:

One day he packs in here with a new convertible, tells me he's moving out and scrams. Never give me a dime.

1950，Mickey Spillane，My Gun is Quick，New York, N.Y.: Signet, New American Library, 出版於 2014, →ISBN:

George was going to Haiti and he knew Lee would feel that the one man whgo took an interest in him was scramming out the door.

1988，Don DeLillo，Libra，New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 出版於 2006, →ISBN:

[T]wo vampires had picked up the guy who needed a new face, and they scrammed.

2005 July，MaryJanice Davidson，章號 28, in Undead and Unappreciated (Berkley Sensation)，第mass-market版, New York, N.Y.: Berkley Books, 出版於 December 2005, →ISBN，頁 225:


scram

不详，动词可能派生自词源 1。有人认为其为“safety control rod actuator mechanism”、“safety control rod axe man”、“safety control rods activation mechanism”之类的缩写，不过大概率是逆向字母补齐得来的。
名词可能派生自动词

scrams (third-person singular present)
scraming (present participle)
scramming (present participle)
scramed (past participle)
scrammed (past participle)

使...紧急停堆 （指核反应堆）； 使...紧急停止，紧急叫停

The NCR [Nuclear Regulatory Commission] further demands the plant conform to all the safety requirements put into effect during construction. This means constant re-design. There must also be several ways to scram (emergency shut down) the reactor. Some of these are automatic and some are manual.

1976 December，Randy Warsaw，“Fermi II – A Plant Tour”, in The Michigan Technic，卷 XCV, 期 3, [Ann Arbor, Mich.]: College of Engineering, University of Michigan, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 15:

Startup of reactor recirculating pump resulted in flux spike scraming plant.

1978，“Appendix II—Answers to Written Questions Posed to Nuclear Regulatory Commission before the Hearings”, in Nuclear Regulatory Commission Authorization Requests: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-fifth Congress, Second Session, on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s Requests for an Increased Authorization for Fiscal Year 1978 and for a Fiscal Year 1979 Authorization of $330,000,000: […] (Serial No. 95-161)，Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 794:

The slightest problem in a reactor will cause the control rods to plunge automatically in the uranium core at high speeds (this is called scramming the reactor) and stop the chain reaction.

1983，Nuclear Power, Both Sides: The Best Arguments for and against the Most Controversial Technology，New York, N.Y.: W[illiam] W[arder] Norton, →ISBN，頁 22:

Both active and manual methods scram by tripping power to a dedicated pump that unbalances the flows to the^([sic]) passively scram the reactor.

2000，Ralph R. Fullwood，“Analyzing Nuclear Reactor Safety Systems”, in Probabilistic Safety Assessment in the Chemical and Nuclear Industries，Boston, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann, →ISBN, section 6.1.4.3 (ABB PIUS)，頁 218:

The reactor was then "scramed", but the control rods did not slide back into the reactor.

2007年June22日，Samuel Upton Newtan，“Nuclear Reactor Disasters: Part I: Stationary Reactors (Non-breeders)”, in Nuclear War I and Other Major Nuclear Disasters of the 20th Century，Bloomington, Ind., Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire: AuthorHouse, →ISBN，頁 113:

Raising group eight rods and brining a nuclear reactor fully to life for the first time in nearly ten years—everyone was so ready they were all ready to pee in their pants. Andrews did not know he could do it without SCRAMing the reactor—in other words, pushing it into an automatic shutdown that might be too little too late.

2012年December12日，D. Michael Battey，章號 35, in Tenacity Gene，Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 174:

（指核反应堆） 紧急停堆； 紧急停止

This shut off current to the control rod mechanism, and the reactor scrammed (shut off) automatically.

1984，Charles Perrow，“Nuclear Power as a High-risk System”, in Normal Accidents: Living with High-risk Technologies，Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 出版於 1999, →ISBN，頁 44:

As soon as the earthquake struck, the reactors "scrammed"—shut down automatically—as they were supposed to.

2012，Daniel Yergin，“The Urgency of Fuel Choice”, in The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World，第revised版, New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, →ISBN, part 3 (The Electric Age)，頁 415:

Immediately after the earthquake, following government regulations, the remaining reactors, 1–3, automatically SCRAMed; control rods shut down sustained fission reactions.

2016，Nabil Abu el Ata，Rudolf Schmandt，“Understanding the Hidden Risk of Dynamic Complexity”, in The Tyranny of Uncertainty: A New Framework to Predict, Remediate and Monitor Risk，Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, part I (Once upon a Time)，頁 21:


scram

（核反应堆的） 紧急停堆； 紧急停止，紧急叫停

During scram operation, a scram signal de-energizes the inlet and outlet scram valves. The outlet scram valve vents the volume above the drive piston to a scram dump tank. The inlet scram valve supplies scram pressure obtained from an accumulator to the under side of the vented piston.

1960年October5日，John Roberts，S. F. Armour，“Introduction”, in T7 Tanker Locking Piston Control Rod Drive Scram Analysis (GEAP 3561)，Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Office of Technical Information, United States Atomic Energy Commission, →OCLC，頁 2:

Of the 14 scrams experienced, none was caused by operation exceeding the design parameters. Eight scrams occurred with the control rods withdrawn. [...] Six scrams occurred while the rods were inserted. Five were intentional to prevent accidental rod withdrawal, and one was the unintentional result of an instrument adjustment.

1966 fall，staff of First Atomic Ship Transport, Inc.，“Operating Experience of the N.S. Savannah in Commercial Service”, in Nuclear Safety: A Quarterly Technical Progress Review，卷 8, 期 1, [Oak Ridge, Tenn.]: Division of Technical Information, United States Atomic Energy Commission, →ISSN, →OCLC, section VI，頁 65:

By the time scram is completed, coolant temperatures would likely be climbing due to the combination of a large heat capacity within the fuel pins and low coolant flow.

1981，Alan E. Waltar，Albert B. Reynolds，“Unprotected Transients”, in Fast Breeder Reactors (Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies)，New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Pergamon Press, →ISBN, section 15-5.D (Loss of Ultimate Heat Sink)，頁 604:

Although fission stops almost immediately with a SCRAM, fission products in the fuel continue to release decay heat, initially about 6.5% of full reactor power. [...] Corresponding with the SCRAM, emergency generators were automatically activated to power electronics and cooling systems.

Other indicators can be used to measure the performance of an NPP [nuclear power plant] including the number of scrams (emergency shutdowns of a nuclear reactor), the collective dose (a measure of the total amount of effective dose multiplied by the size of the exposed population), the amount of low-level waste generated, and the fuel reliability. The number of scrams dropped from the peak of 30 in 1984 to only one in 2004 and 2–3 in the last two years.

2011，Min Lee，“The Past, Present and Future of Nuclear Power in Taiwan”, in Nuclear Energy Development in Asia: Problems and Prospects，Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, →DOI, →ISBN，頁 171:

Each room housing a radiation source has a red-buttoned "scram" switch on the wall. One touch of the switch and all equipment stops abruptly.

1963 June，Kenneth Calkins，“Linac and Dynamitron”, in Boeing Magazine，卷 XXXIII, 期 6, Seattle, Wash.: Public Relations Division, Boeing Airplane Company, →OCLC，頁 6，列 2:

She watched as the Marine technical team leader pressed the red SCRAM buttons for each reactor, setting off a chorus of alarms.

1993，Tom Clancy，Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit，New York, N.Y.: Berkley Books, 出版於 November 1996, →ISBN:

In particular, measures have been taken to make the scram system more fast-operating and to exclude any possibility of its being deliberately shut off by the personnel.

1998，Vladimir M. Munipov，“Ergonomics [Disregarding Ergonomic Design Principles: Chernobyl]”, in Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety，第4th版, 卷 I, Geneva: International Labour Office, →ISBN，頁s 29-96:

Today it is considered to be true that the accident paradoxically was ultimately caused by the emergency shut down of the reactor. By sending in the practically completely withdrawn scram and control rods, the reactivity of the reactor by the faulty conception of the rods was for a short time not lowered, but augmented.

2004，Dieter Berg，“Radionuclides Released into the Environment”, in Man-made and Natural Radioactivity in Environmental Pollution and Radiochronology (Environmental Pollution)，Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, →DOI, →ISBN，頁 119:


scram

动词是英语方言词scramb (“用手拉起；从地上抓起；用指甲、爪子挠；猛地拉下；撕开；撕咬；从地上捡起的一抓东西”)的一个变体，可能与荷蘭語 schrammen (“擦，划”)和德語 schrammen (“抓”)有关，参见词源 1。
名词派生自动词。

scram [...] Verb. [...] 2. To scratch, with claws or fingernails. E.g. "It's my own fault the cat scrammed me, I was teasing it." [South Wales use]

[1996–2020，Ted Duckworth，“scram”, in A Dictionary of Slang，存檔自the original on 2013-08-30:

A woman has praised firefighters and her cat for saving her life following an alleged arson attack. Two-and-a-half-year-old tortoiseshell Taffy repeatedly bit owner Tracie Horgan-Hodgkiss on the hand until she woke up when her flat filled with acrid smoke in the early hours of this morning. [...] "I’d like to say thank you very much to the firefighters for coming to rescue me. And I am sorry that Taffy scrammed one of them!"

2013年December19日，Abby Bolter，“Firefighters Rescue Woman Trapped in Bridgend Flat following an Alleged Arson Attack”, in WalesOnline，存檔自the original on 2013-12-24:

（在已经开发过的矿道中）采零碎的矿石

Just west of this pit is another one, which has been nearly worked out; but three men are scramming about five tons per day in it.

1880，“Marquette Iron District”, in Annual Report of the Commissioner of Mineral Statistics of the State of Michigan, for 1879，Lansing, Mich.: W. S. George & Co., […], →OCLC，頁 167:

Recently, Capt. Oliver, [...] set a couple of experienced miners to work scramming in this underground pit, when it was soon discovered that what the former mining captain had conceived to be a regular foot-wall, was, in fact, a thin shale of rock, which hid from view what now appears to be a very large body of clean blue ore.

1882，A. P. Swineford，“The Cyclops Mine”, in Annual Review of the Iron Mining and Other Industries of the Upper Peninsula for the Year Ending Dec. 31, 1881，[Marquette, Mich.]: Mining Journal, →OCLC，頁 141:


scram

scram [...] Noun. [...] 2. A scratch. [South Wales use]

（已经开发过但现在仍小规模开采的）矿道，矿井

[page 64] Many of these old openings still afford places where ore is mined. A man can start in almost anywhere and fine ore. There is a great deal of this "scramming" done at the Jackson. Quite a proportion of the annual product comes in this way. Not unfrequently one of these "scrams" leads to the finding of a large deposit of ore. [...] [page 67] South from the east part of the Incline pit they have a scram of good ore which furnished a small product.

1887，Cha[rle]s D. Lawton，“The Jackson Iron Co.”; “The Cleveland Mining Co.”, in Mines and Mineral Statistics，Lansing, Mich.: Thorp & Godfrey, […], →OCLC，頁s 64 and 67:

There are numbered workings running to about 20, representing small pits and scrams, sometimes worked by contract by "scrammers."

1891，N[ewton] H[orace] Winchell，H[orace] V[aughn] Winchell，“The Chandler Mine”, in The Iron Ores of Minnesota, […] (Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota Bulletin; no. 6)，Minneapolis, Minn.: Harrison & Smith, […], →OCLC, part II (Methods of Exploration and Mining, and Descriptions of the Various Mines)，頁 196: