bounteous

more bounteous (comparative)
most bounteous (superlative)

Hail, univerſal Lord, be bounteous ſtill / To give us onely good; […]

1667，John Milton，“Book V”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

“Your Grace may be well assured,” said the Friar, “that, with the grace of Saint Dunstan, I shall find the way of multiplying your most bounteous gift.”

1820，沃尔特·司各特，章號 XL, in 艾凡赫，卷 III, 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC，頁 266:

“I’d like to say it’s not just bounteous privilege, but it is. People like Boris Johnson, Rishi Sunak, they’re incredibly cut off from the world. […]

2023年March5日，Miranda Sawyer，引 Jason Williamson, “Sleaford Mods: ‘The UK is like a crazy golf course – all we’ve got left are landmarks’”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


peashooter

beanshooter

吹气以后射出小物体的管状玩具

bean-shooter

吹气以后射出小物体的管状玩具

Compared to my forty-five, it's a toy. Christ, Thanet, why did you buy it in the first place? I would have given you one of mine, a real weapon, one with knock down power, compared to that peashooter on your hip.

2012，Wayne Greenough，The Ferguson Murder，頁 41:


rile

源自roil的方言发音。

riles (third-person singular present)
riling (present participle)
riled (past participle)

Riled by a decision that went against him, Ziv kicked his displaced boot at the assistant referee and, after a short consultation between the officials, he was given his marching orders and the loudest cheer of the night.

2011年October20日，Michael da Silva，“Stoke 3 - 0 Macc Tel-Aviv”, in BBC Sport:


rambunctious

more rambunctious (comparative)
most rambunctious (superlative)

hyphy

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

robustious

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

rumbustious

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

shandy

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

unruly

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

wild

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

活泼的，闹腾的，吵闹的；难以控制的

The kids are being especially rambunctious today.

"Bad cess may attend you, where are you scampering to, you rambunctious"—but she could go no farther; the tears burst from her, and she gave way, without farther resistance, to an explosion of grief.

1852 November，O’Hara Family，“Clough Fionn; or, The Stone of Destiny”, in The Dublin University Magazine, a Literary and Political Journal，卷 XL, 號 CCXXXIX, Dublin: James McGlashan, […]; London: W[illia]m S[omerville] Orr and Company, →OCLC, chapter XI，頁 557，列 1:

"Not as you knows on, you rambunctious wool grower," said the indignant Yankee.

1856 October，“About These Books”, in The Western Literary Messenger […]，卷 XXVII, 期 II, Buffalo, N.Y.: Thomas & Lathrops, […], →OCLC，頁 64，列 1:

There was close by me a window, and, noiselessly as possible, I slid back a small piece, thereby rousing the light-sleeping mistress of the canary, who sharply requested it be closed again; [...] the other lady smiled despairingly, and signed me to obey, which I reluctantly did by closing the glass; but the shutter proved rumbunctious, and for no effort of mine would again move out of his groove; [...]

1862 January，“A Canal-boat Sketch”, in Duffy’s Hibernian Magazine. […]，卷 I (New Series), 期 1, Dublin, London: James Duffy, […], →OCLC，頁 92:

"I guess the governor'd be rambunxious, as usual, if I was to ask his permission," the dutiful son remarked; "but he's going away for a few days next week, and mother won't hinder me, I know."

1873 March，W[illia]m S. Walsh，“How We Watched the Grapes”, in Our Young Folks. An Illustrated Magazine for Boys and Girls，卷 IX, 期 III, Boston, Mass.: James R[ipley] Osgood and Company, […], →OCLC，頁 181:

It may sometimes appear that Canada is composed of nine complacent, cohesive English-speaking provinces and rambunctious Quebec. In fact, it is composed of ten provinces, each different and all occasionally rambunctious.

1979，“The Art of Government is the Art of Adjustment”, in Canada Today = Canada d’aujourd’hui，卷 10, 期 4, Washington, D.C.: Canadian Embassy, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 2:

Eventually the two rambunctious wolves decided to race back towards the carcass, no doubt forgetting I was still there.

1990 March，L[ucyan] David Mech，“Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?”, in Audubon，New York, N.Y.: National Audubon Society, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 82，列 2; reprinted in “Appendix 15. Article—Wolf Attacks on Humans”, in The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho: Final Environmental Impact Statement，Helena, Mont.: Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, May 1994, →OCLC，頁s 6-100:

Mrs. Tinkle, your son’s rambunctious behavior is quite common in children with unusually high intelligence levels.

2002年May1日，Jeffrey J. Rowland，Wigu Adventures，存檔自the original on 2009-01-06:

She was placid, stately and Juno-esque, soft-toned in her trance utterances, but she could become powerful in her office, an imposing presence. Sometimes a rumbunctious, chaffing persona emerged and was a little over the top for genteel spinsters to tolerate.

2015，Molly Whittington-Egan，“Preface: Into the Cabinet”, in Mrs Guppy Takes a Flight: A Scandal of Victorian Spiritualism，[Castle Douglas, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland]: Neil Wilson Publishing, →ISBN，頁 x:

She does the same thing as any parent worth their salt, and gets rambunctious youngsters engaged in daily drudgeries by refashioning the quotidian as adventure.

2018年December12日，Charles Bramesco，“A Spoonful of Nostalgia Helps the Calculated Mary Poppins Returns Go Down”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2019-05-24:


blistering

more blistering (comparative)
most blistering (superlative)

Dati launched a blistering attack on the prime minister, François Fillon, under whom she served as justice minister, accusing him of sexism, elitism, arrogance and hindering the political advancement of ethnic minorities.

2011年December14日，Angelique Chrisafis，“Rachida Dati accuses French PM of sexism and elitism”, in Guardian:

Messi showed some of the old touches while Mbappe demonstrated his blistering pace and eye for goal but Neymar was disappointing, too easily shrugged off the ball and missing a great chance to restore PSG's lead.

2021年November24日，Phil McNulty，“Manchester City 2 - 1 Paris Saint Germain”, in BBC Sport:


blistering

发疱疗法 （在皮肤上引起水疱来加速血流帮助愈合的疗法）

Inflammations are treated generally by allopathic practitioners by bleedings, blisterings, purgings, vomitings, Antimony and Mercury: and this is practised, more or less, with little variation, wherever the seat of the inflammation may be.

1852，The American Journal of Homoeopathy，卷s 7-9，頁 99:


blithe

源自中古英語 blithe (“高兴的，开心的；使人愉快的；温柔的；大方仁慈的；闪亮的；美丽的”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 blīþe (“高兴的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *blīþī，源自原始日耳曼語 *blīþiz (“友善的；温柔的；使人愉快的”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰlī- (“好；轻；愉”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰel- (“亮；白”)。

blither (comparative)
blithest (superlative)

There on Beds of Violets blew,
And freſh-blown Roſes waſht in dew,
Fill'd her with thee a daughter fair,
So buckſom, blith, and debonair.

a. 1645，John Milton，“L’Allegro”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […]，London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], 出版於 1646, →OCLC，頁 31:

For that fair femal Troop thou ſawſt, that ſeemd
Of Goddeſſes, ſo blithe, ſo ſmooth, ſo gay,
Yet empty of good wherein conſiſts,
Womans domeſtic honour and chief praiſe; […]

1667，John Milton，“Book X”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 610–613:

I was feeling blithe, almost jocund.

1876 June，Mark Twain，“The Facts Concerning the Recent Carnival of Crime in Connecticut”, in The Atlantic:


billion

At the last assessment it [the national debt] amounts to seven billion pounds (£7,000,000,000).

1921年January24日，“National Finances”, in Devon and Exeter Gazette，頁 5:

In America alone, people spent $170 billion on “direct marketing”—junk mail of both the physical and electronic varieties—last year. Yet of those who received unsolicited adverts through the post, only 3% bought anything as a result.

2013年May25日，“No hiding place”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8837，頁 74:

However, despite the prospect of HS2 being curtailed and the revelation that the programme is late and billions over budget, for now, at least, work on the scheme appears to be business as usual

2019 October，Dan Harvey，“HS2 costs rise as schedule slips”, in Modern Railways，頁 9:

The ChatGPT service which serves as Web front-end to GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 was the fastest-growing service in history to break the 100 million user milestone in January and had 1 billion visits by February 2023.

2023年October30日，Herbold et al.，“A large-scale comparison of human-written versus ChatGPT-generated essays” (18617), in Scientific Reports，卷 13，頁 1:

n = 1,000,000,000,000, that is, = a billion, or the square of a million

1778，Francis Maseres，“A Method of Finding, by the Help of Sir Isaac Newton's Binomial Theorem, a Near Value of the very Slowly Converging Infinite Series …”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society，卷 lxviii, 期 xli:

There is a bill to be picked up for cleaning the former Soviet countries of £1 billion. By that I mean a British billion, because when I was little I was told that a billion was a million million and then the Americans said that it was a thousand million. Well, I am talking about a million million pounds worth of clean-up to be done.

2000年November8日，Stephen Ladyman，“[Speech to the House of Commons]”, in Hansard:


ramshackle

首次可考于1830年，是ramshackled 的逆構詞，源自ransackled，ransackle (“洗劫”)的过去式，中古英語 ransaken (“掠夺”)的反复态。

more ramshackle (comparative)
most ramshackle (superlative)

/ˈɹæmˌʃæk.əl/

They stayed in a ramshackle cabin on the beach.

他们待在海滩上一个破破烂烂的小屋里。

A ramshackle old empire. (of Austria-Hungary).

So ramshackle was the locals' attempt at defence that, with energetic wingers pouring into the space behind panicked full-backs and centre-halves dizzied by England's movement, it was cruel to behold at times.

2012年September7日，Dominic Fifield，“England start World Cup campaign with five-goal romp against Moldova”, in The Guardian:

The alliance that pushed the Inflation Reduction Act into law in August was always a somewhat fragile and ramshackle one: Green New Dealers and the coal-state senator Joe Manchin, carbon-capture geeks and environmental justice warriors, all herded together in the sort of big-tent play you get with a 50-50 Senate and one party functionally indifferent on climate.

2022年October5日，David Wallace-Wells，“Progressives Should Rally Around a Clean Energy Construction Boom”, in The New York Times:


brachial

借自拉丁語 bracchialis，源自bracchium (“手臂”)。brachialis 的同源對似詞。

腕：腕足動物開合上方殼的構造

The first brachials are somewhat broader than long and are not entirely in contact interiorly. The second brachials are squarish. The first and most of the second brachials bear spines […]

1950，Austin Hobart Clark，A monograph of the existing crinoids，頁 33:

Cup conical, weakly developed basal flange, six arms per ray, one exotomous branching, all brachials biserial within two to five brachials of branching, cup ornamentation probably striae radiating from base of arms onto basals.

1997，Gary D. Webster, David D. Gillette，Lower Carboniferous Echinoderms from Northern Utah and Western Wyoming，頁 14:


bullion

源自中古英語 bulloin、bullioun，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 bullion，其词源不详，可能源自法語 bouillon，自“熔化”一意引申而来。中古荷蘭語 boelioen (“贱金属”)可能源自无关的法語 billon。

（肩章等上面的，贵金属制的）弯曲边缘

The hair was plaited with bullion and red riband, and then wound round the head, something after the fashion of a turban, save that it entirely displayed the forehead.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXII, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 257:


peddle

peddles (third-person singular present)
peddling (present participle)
peddled (past participle)

My hopes wa'n't disappointed. I never saw clams thicker than they was along them inshore flats. I filled my dreener in no time, and then it come to me that 'twouldn't be a bad idee to get a lot more, take 'em with me to Wellmouth, and peddle 'em out. Clams was fairly scarce over that side of the bay and ought to fetch a fair price.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 3, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

- How much you think this stuff is worth?
- Yeah, there must be a million bucks' worth.
- Think we could peddle it?
- Oh, you can always get rid of it.

Christine walked a dangerous line, peddling gossip about her detested son-in-law.

2009，Michael John Beashel，Unshackled，頁 166:

Roberts was a drug dealer, nicknamed 'King Krud', who peddled death and misery.

Yes, there were instances of grandstanding and obsessive behaviour, but many were concealed at the time to help protect an aggressively peddled narrative of [Oscar] Pistorius the paragon, the emblem, the trailblazer.

2014年October21日，Oliver Brown，“Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities: Bladerunner's punishment for killing Reeva Steenkamp is but a frippery when set against the burden that her bereft parents, June and Barry, must carry [print version: No room for sentimentality in this tragedy, 13 September 2014, p. S22]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Sport):

As for the IRP, Secretary of State Grant Shapps continues to peddle snake oil, smoke and mirrors. His reaction to near-universal IRP condemnation from politicians, local and national media, and all but a few rail specialists was to dismiss the lot of us (in the condescending and patronising tone we have now come to expect) as "critics and naysayers".

2022年January12日，Nigel Harris，“Comment: Unhappy start to 2022”, in RAIL，期 948，頁 3:


brackish

源自苏格兰brack（←中古荷蘭語 brac (“有盐味的”)） + -ish。同源词包括荷蘭語 brak (“有盐味的”)、德國低地德語 brack、brakerg、brakig (“有盐味的”)、德語 brackig (“有盐味的”)、丹麥語 brak (“有盐味的”)、瑞典語 bräck (“有盐味的”)、挪威語 brakk (“有盐味的”)。可能是brook的远亲同源对似词。

more brackish (comparative)
most brackish (superlative)

有盐味的，较咸的 （程度在海水与淡水之间，如在入海口的水）；太咸的

...by a low courſe and too long ſporting with the briny Ocean it taſts brackiſh and inſalubrious...

1638，Sir Thomas Herbert，Some years travels into divers parts of Asia and Afrique:

On all sides a powerful brackish marshland odor, the odor of damp, and decay, and black earth, black water.

1992, Joyce Carol Oates, Black Water, Penguin Books, paperback edition, page 4.

The water we took on at Chatham Isle is now brackish & without a dash of brandy in it, my stomach rebels.

2004, David Mitchell, Cloud Atlas, Random House.


bullshit

Oh, I get it! So it's not a pyramid, it's just pyramid-shaped. You know, like a Dorito, or an Angry Bird, or just a pile of bullshit.

2016年November6日，“Multilevel Marketing”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver，季数 3, 集数 29, John Oliver (actor), 經由 HBO:

乱讲的话，夸张的话，吹牛屄，放屁，胡话，胡说

Don't pay any attention to him. He talks a lot of bullshit.

别管他。他一天到晚净胡说。

The Illusive Man: Shepard. You're making a habit of costing me more than time and money.
Shepard: I'm sorry, I'm having trouble hearing you. I'm getting a lot of bullshit on this line.

2010，BioWare，Mass Effect 2 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC:

Respect for the truth and a concern for the truth are among the foundations for civilization. I was for a long time disturbed by the lack of respect for the truth that I observed... bullshit is one of the deformities of these values.

Illusive Man: Shepard, you're making a habit of costing me more than time and money.
Shepard: I'm sorry, I'm having trouble hearing you. I'm getting a lot of bullshit on this line.

2010，BioWare，Mass Effect 2 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC，幕：After Collector Base: Final Battle:


blossom

源自中古英語 blosme，源自古英語 blostm、blostma，源自原始日耳曼語 *blōsmaz（对比西弗里斯蘭語 blossem、荷蘭語 bloesem），*blōstaz（对比德語 Blust）的加长形式，源自原始印歐語 *bʰleh₃-s- (“花”)，源自*bʰleh₃- (“绽，盛开”)。同源词有阿爾巴尼亞語 bleron (“绽放，繁盛”)、拉丁語 flōs (“花”)、Flōra (“植物之神”)。详见blow的词源4。

花 （尤指果树结果前盛开的花）； （这种花的）花簇

The blossom has come early this year.

Foppiſh and fantaſtick Ornaments are only Indications of Vice, not criminal in themſelves. Extinguiſh Vanity in the Mind, and you naturally retrench the little Superfluities of Garniture and Equipage. The Bloſſoms will fall of themſelves, when the Root that nouriſhes them is deſtroyed.

1711年March16日，The Spectator，卷 I, 期 16, London: Printed for S[amuel] Buckley, at the Dolphin in Little-Britain; and J[acob] Tonson, at Shakespear's-Head over-against Catherine-street in the Strand, →OCLC，頁 89:

This beauty, in the blossom of my youth, / When my first fire knew no adulterate incense, / Nor I no way to flatter, but my fondness; / [...] long did I love this lady, / Long was my travail, long my trade to win her; / With all the duty of my soul, I served her.

c. 1619–1622，Philip Massinger，“A Very Woman”, in Three New Playes: viz. The Bashful Lover, Guardian, Very Woman. As They have been Often Acted at the Private-house in Black-Friers, by His Late Majesties Servants, with Great Applause，London: Printed for Humphrey Moseley, and are to be sold at his shop at the sign of the Prince's Arms in St. Pauls Church-yard, 出版於 1655, →OCLC, Act IV, scene iii; 再版為 The Plays of Philip Massinger, in Four Volumes. With Notes Critical and Explanatory，卷 IV, London: Printed for G[eorge] and W[illiam] Nicol [et al.] by W[illiam] Bulmer and Co., Cleveland-Row, St. James's, 1805, →OCLC，頁 317:

混杂有栗色或棕色的白色 （指马的毛色）

For colour he [Nobs, a horse] was neither black-bay, brown-bay, dapple-bay, black-grey, iron-grey, sad-grey, branded-grey, sandy-grey, dapple-grey, silver-grey, dun, mouse-dun, flea-backed, flea-bitten, rount, blossom, roan, pye-bald, rubican, sorrel, cow-coloured sorrel, bright sorrel, burnt sorrel, starling-colour, tyger-colour, wolf-colour, deer-colour, cream-colour, white, grey, or black. Neither was he green, like the horse which the Emperor [Septimus] Severus took from the Parthians, [...]

1834–1847，Robert Southey，“A Feeble Attempt to Describe the Physical and Moral Qualities of Nobs”, in The Doctor, &c.，London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, →OCLC; 第new版, London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1862, →OCLC，頁 358，列 2:


blossom

blossoms (third-person singular present)
blossoming (present participle)
blossomed (past participle)

The Utricularia vulgaris or bladder-wort, a yellow pea-like flower, has blossomed in stagnant pools.

1851年June22日，Henry D[avid] Thoreau，Summer: From the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau，London: T. Fisher Unwin, 26 Paternoster Square E.C., 出版於 1884，頁 210:

Since I came back from Pomona I have done many drawings to illustrate the Inferno of Dante [Alighieri] and I find my old Italian love blossoming all over again for this greatest of all master poets, bar none.

1961年January30日，Rico Lebrun，“New Haven · Capri · Rome (1958–1960) [To David Lebrun from Los Angeles, January 30, 1961]”, in In the Meridian of the Heart: Selected Letters of Rico Lebrun，Boston, Mass.: David R. Godine, Publisher, 出版於 2000, →ISBN，頁 66:


bearing

源自中古英語 bering、beringe、berynge，等价于bear + -ing。

She walks with a confident, self-assured bearing.

The little green men were clearly professional soldiers by their bearing, carried Russian weapons, and wore Russian combat fatigues, but they had no identifying insignia. Vladimir Putin originally denied they were Russian soldiers; that April, he confirmed they were.

2019年March18日，Steven Pifer，Five years after Crimea’s illegal annexation, the issue is no closer to resolution，The Center for International Security and Cooperation:

盾徽或饰牌上的纹章或图案

Jos Sedley's open carriage, with its magnificent armorial bearings.

1848，William Makepeace Thackeray，Notes of a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo:


beaut

beauty 的截斷形式。

Bruno lifted his left hand out of the bucket in order to point out to Catfoot a lump, the size of a darning egg, over his left eye. […] "Ain't it a beaut, Cat? It's where he butted me."

1942，Nelson Algren，Never Come Morning，出版於 2001，頁 282:

In his most famous quip, La Guardia once remarked, “When I make a mistake it's a beaut!”

1994，Stephen Jay Gould，Eight Little Piggies: Reflections in Natural History，頁 109:

Both of them were used to long surveillance stints. This looked like it might be a beaut.

2000，James Patterson，The Midnight Club，頁 272:


beaut

beauty 的截斷形式。

beauter (comparative)
beautest (superlative)

An' there was posies all round Jim, He had a bran new suit, The first un that he ever had, An' everything was beaut. An' when the preacher told 'bout Jim— How ' twas he got the swipe— I saw most all them dandy swells A feelin' fer a wipe.

1895，Elbridge Kingsley, Frederick Knab，Picturesque Worcester ...: Complete in Three Parts，頁 40:

It was beaut to have him home again, and gee, you should have seen the bike he bought me from Paris. From the same factory as his own was made.

She was very motherly towards me then and it was beaut. Before I was eighteen, there just wasn't any kind words. All I wanted to do was get away from there.

1978，Kevin Gilbert，Living Black: Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert:

Yes, it was beaut.

1996，Madeleine St. John，A Pure Clear Light，4th Estate, Limited:


bungle

动词词源不详，有可能：
* 最终是拟声词（对比bumble (“笨手笨脚；犯错，出错”)、fumble (“笨拙地摸索；犯错”)）；或
* 源自古諾爾斯語，对比古瑞典語 bunga (“击打”)，方言瑞典語 bangla (“做无用功”)。
名词派生自动词。
同源词
* 德語 Bengel (“棍棒；粗鲁的人”)
* 中古高地德語 bungen (“敲”)

bungles (third-person singular present)
bungling (present participle)
bungled (past participle)

blunder

笨手笨脚，失误连连；搞砸

（笨手笨脚，不熟练地）做；（因为不熟练，没有能力而）搞砸，弄糟

I always had an idea that it would be bungled; but was willing to hope, and am still so. Whatever I can do by money, means, or person, I will venture freely for their freedom; and have so repeated to them (some of the Chiefs here) half an hour ago.

1821年February24日，Lord Byron，“Extracts from a Diary of Lord Byron, 1821”, in Letters and Journals of Lord Byron: […]，Frankfurt am Main: […] H. L. Brönner, 出版於 1830, →OCLC，頁 468，列 1:


bungle

botch

笨手笨脚造成的失误，错误

muddle

笨手笨脚造成的失误，错误

笨手笨脚造成的失误，错误

The Soudan bungle was born partly of sentimental loyalty and partly of the aforementioned jealousy existing between the colonies, and now at a time when the colonies should club closer together our Government is doing all they can to widen the breach by trying to pass a bill enabling New South Wales to monopolise the name "Australia".

1888，Henry Lawson，United Division (essay):


beseech

源自中古英語 besechen、bisechen，古英語 sēċan (“寻求；询问”)的带前缀形式。同源词有薩特弗里斯蘭語 besäike (“拜访”)、荷蘭語 bezoeken (“拜访，参与”)、德語 besuchen (“拜访，参与”)、瑞典語 besöka (“拜访”)。

beseeches (third-person singular present)
beseeching (present participle)
beseeched (past participle)
besought (past participle)

Moost noble crysten Quene I byseche yow as ye haue ben euer my specyal good lady and I at al tymes your true poure knyghte vnto my power and as I neuer fayled yow in ryghte nor in wrong sythen the fyrst day kynge Arthur made me knyghte that ye wylle praye for my soule yf that I here be slayne;
"Most noble Christian queen, I beseech you as ye have been ever my special good lady, and I at all times your true poor knight unto my power, and as I never failed you in right nor in wrong sithen the first day King Arthur made me knight, that ye will pray for my soul if that I here be slain;"

1485，Thomas Malory，Le Morte Darthur Book XX, Chapter iii, leaf 401r:

after what manner, I beseech you, must the mind proceed in this operation?

1748，David Hume，Enquiries concerning the human understanding and concerning the principles of moral，London: Oxford University Press, 出版於 1973, § 25:

She besought him, for his Soul's sake to speak the truth.

1888，Rudyard Kipling，“Watches of the Night”, in Plain Tales from the Hills，Folio, 出版於 2005，頁 61:

[King Knight defeats the Troupple King.] / Troupple Acolyte: 'HALT! I BESEECH THEE! PLEASE, NO MORE!'

2019年December10日，Yacht Club Games，Shovel Knight: King of Cards，經由 Nintendo 3DS，關卡/區域：Royal Pond:

要求，请求 （某件事物）

[…]the tickets had all been given out, begged, besought long ago.

1990，Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky（譯者）, The Brothers Karamazov，San Francisco, North Point Press, →ISBN，頁 657:


beseech

Good madam, hear the suit that Edith urges, With such submiss beseeches; [...]

1617，pseudo-Francis Beaumont，John Fletcher，George Chapman，Ben Jonson，Philip Massinger，Rollo, Duke of Normandy, or the Bloody Brother, Act IV, Scene III:


beckon

源自中古英語 bekenen、beknen、becnen、beknien，源自古英語 bēacnian、bēcnian、bīecnan (“示意”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *bauknōn、*bauknijan (“示意”)，源自*baukn (“信号；烽火”)。与古撒克遜語 bōknian、古高地德語 bouhnen、古諾爾斯語 bákna同源。详见beacon。

（用招手、点头等的）示意

At the first beckon.

c. 1734, Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, A Dissertation on Parties

He turn to me, make a beckon with the key in his hand.

2020，Abi Daré，The Girl With The Louding Voice，Sceptre，頁 110:


beshrew

源自中古英語 beschrewen (“诅咒”)，等价于be- + shrew。

beshrews (third-person singular present)
beshrewing (present participle)
beshrewed (past participle)

（用于祈使句表示感叹性质的咒骂。）

Beshrew your heart, fair daughter!

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iii]:

"Now, beshrew his heart," quoth jolly Robin, "that would deny a butcher. And, moreover, I will go dine with you all, my sweet lads, and that as fast as I can hie." Whereupon, having sold all his meat, he closed his stall and went with them to the great Guild Hall.

1883，Howard Pyle，章號 V, in The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood of Great Renown, in Nottinghamshire，New York, N.Y.: […] Charles Scribner’s Sons […], →OCLC:


bespectacled

more bespectacled (comparative)
most bespectacled (superlative)

The choristers were as bespectacled as the audience. Are Protestants more bespectacled than Catholics because of too much Bible reading?

2002，Steven Barclay，A Place in the World Called Paris，頁 149:


peerless

more peerless (comparative)
most peerless (superlative)

Let's after him, / Whoſe care is gone before, to bid vs welcome: / It is a peerleſſe Kinſman.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iv]，頁 134:

Telegram! Malachi Mulligan, The Ship, lower Abbey street. O, you peerless mummer! O, you priestified Kinchite!

1922 February，James Joyce，“[9]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

Foden has also grown into this World Cup, having scored against Wales and creating two goals here. England's midfield and attack is taking shape with perfect timing for what will be the sternest of tests against France and the peerless Mbappe。

2022年December4日，Phil McNulty，“England 3-0 Senegal”, in BBC Sport:


reprieve

1571年，意为“带回监狱”，源自中古英語 repryen (“扣押，羁押”)（1494年），可能源自中古法語 repris，reprendre (“拿回”)的一个变位形式，与reprise同源。其词义已被泛化，但还暗含监狱或处刑的色彩。名词用法自1598年可考。对比拉丁語 privare。

reprieves (third-person singular present)
reprieving (present participle)
reprieved (past participle)

推迟，延迟，暂缓 （撤销、废除某物的计划）

At the time of writing the halts have been reprieved due to doubts as to the legality of the withdrawal of services. It is feared that this reprieve may not outlast the summer timetable which, on the section in question, provides only a skeleton of the former service.

1960 August，L. Hyland，“The Irish Scene”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 468:


reprieve

（痛苦的）减轻，缓解 （尤指暂时的）

Yet it was not easy, on the balance of play, to be convinced by Pellegrini and his defeated players that the reprieve might somehow be a defining moment over the two legs.

2015年February24日，Daniel Taylor，“Luis Suárez strikes twice as Barcelona teach Manchester City a lesson”, in The Guardian (London):

(受到公众反对的事件的) 取消；推迟


bravado

源自法語 bravade (“自夸”)，源自意大利語 bravata，源自动词bravare (“自夸”)，源自bravo。

/bɹɑːˈvɑːdoʊ/

/bɹəˈvɑːdoʊ/

The angry customer stood in the middle of the showroom and voiced his complaints with loud bravado.

For a bravado he had the organ taken down and conveyed to his father's house, where he had it put up in the chamber where it now stands. It was also for a bravado that he played on it every day. But, by−and−by, the amount of time which he spent at it daily began to increase rapidly.

1891，Rosa Mulholland，The Haunted Organist of Hurly Burly，頁 12:

Songs like "Hey Bobby", and "Do Ya" drip with innuendo and sexual bravado.

1990 Amy Longsdorf, K.T. Oslin: Personality, Wit and Style To Spare", The Morning Callhttp://articles.mcall.com/1990-08-11/entertainment/2758085_1_oslin-country-music-kt

Stripped of all bravado, Cersei breaks, and shows the very scared, vulnerable woman who has kept her emotions at bay. “I don’t want to die,” she whimpers, “Not like this.” It’s all the more moving for coming from a character who built her identity on steely resolve and contempt for such hoary conceits as fear.

2019年May12日，Alex McLevy，“Westeros faces a disastrous final battle on the penultimate Game of Thrones (newbies)”, in The A.V. Club:

The rise of SOS devices – satellite-synched gadgets that send a signal to rescue agencies when activated – give people bravado, Estrada says. “A lot of people carry these SOS devices and they think they can get into any trouble and they can get help,” he says, adding that he has seen more requests for assistance recently.

2023年February11日，Katharine Gammon，“A mountain of trouble? The draw – and danger – of California’s Mount Baldy”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

No doubt there is fear despite the bravado, but there is also no significant loss of Ukrainian military cohesion.

2023年April2日，Dan Sabbagh, Ed Ram，“Surrounded and outgunned, Ukraine’s tank crews prepare for battle of Bakhmut”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


brazen

源自中古英語 brasen，源自古英語 bræsen (“黄铜的”)，等价于brass + -en（对比golden）。
原意为“黄铜的”，动词的比喻义（brazen it out (“放肆”)）追溯至16世纪50年代（可能源自“脸像黄铜一样不见羞耻”），形容词义“厚颜无耻的”源自16世纪70年代。对比bold as brass。

more brazen (comparative)
most brazen (superlative)

Brazen or rather copper swords seem to have been next introduced; these in process of time, workmen learned to harden by the addition of some other metal or mineral, which rendered them almost equal in temper to iron.

1786, Francis Grose, Military Antiquities Respecting a History of the English Army, from the Conquest to the Present Time, London: Printed for S. Hooper […], OCLC 745209064; republished as Military Antiquities Respecting a History of the English Army, from the Conquest to the Present Time, volume II, new [2nd] edition with material additions and improvements, London: Printed for T[homas] Egerton, […]; & G. Kearsley, […], 1801, OCLC 435979550, page 262:

And Moses made a brass image of the fiery serpents, and put it up on a pole, where all the people could see it; and when any one was bitten, he could look upon the brazen serpent, and was cured.

1836，[Harvey Newcomb]，The Brazen Serpent: Being a Simple Illustration of Faith Drawn from Scripture History. […]，Philadelphia, Pa.: American Sunday-School Union, […], →OCLC，頁s 40–41:

The women, stout, strong, brazen-faced creatures, in most cases looked able to thrash any of the partners with whom they consorted.

1859年May2日，X. X. X. [pseudonym]，“Looking at Lodgings”, in The Ragged School Union Magazine，卷 IX, London: Ragged School Union, […]; Partridge & Co., […], →OCLC，頁 91:

Through the brazen hours that followed high noon, we crept onwards through a tunnel of glittering verdure.

And now the Trumpets terribly from far, / With rattling Clangor, rouze the sleepy War. / The Souldiers Shouts succeed the Brazen Sounds, / And Heav'n，源自Pole to Pole, the Noise rebounds.

1697, Virgil; John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. Translated into English Verse; […], London: Printed for Jacob Tonson, […], OCLC 839376905; republished as The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. Translated into English Verse by Mr. Dryden. In Three Volumes, volume III, 5th edition, London: Printed by Jacob Tonson […], 1721, OCLC 181805247, book IX, page 822, lines 667–670:

Often a traveller, when the air is quiet, / Will make the night reverberate with this riot / Of brazen sounds, whose singing cadence swells / The harmony of bleating and lambs' bells.

2001，R[alph] N[ixon] Currey，“The Horn”, in Collected Poems，Oxford: James Currey; Cape Town: David Philip Publishers, →ISBN，頁 246:

The giant [Goliath] was thus conquered by the youth [David]; the man-at-arms by the unarmed; the stone of the shepherd pierced the brazen defences of the warrior.

1870，The Sunday at Home: A Family Magazine for Sabbath Reading，卷 XVII, London: Religious Tract Society, →OCLC，頁 587:

In the autumn, when a small group of us heard him [Frank Wedekind] read from Heracles, his last work, I was amazed at his brazen energy. For two and a half hours without stopping, without once lowering his voice (and what a strong, brazen voice it was), barely pausing for breath for even a moment between acts, bent motionless over the table, he read – half from memory – those verses wrought in brass, looking deep into the eyes of each of his listeners in turn.

2015，Bertolt Brecht，“Frank Wedekind”, in Brecht on Theatre，第3rd rev. and updated版, London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Methuen Drama, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN，頁 19:

恬不知耻的，厚颜无耻的 （自16世纪70年代）

She was brazen enough to deny stealing the handbag even though she was caught on closed-circuit television doing so.

她脸皮厚到被监控拍到偷手提包了还拒不承认。

He looked at her for a long moment. Slowly, a smile lit in his eyes. "Never a shrew. A fighter and a brazen hussy." / Placing a finger beneath her chin, he tilted her face up. "And, I'd say, you're the only brazen hussy who blushes." / A brazen hussy. She should be offended. But the smile in his eyes, the touch of his finger moving slowly and feather-light from chin to throat and along the sensitive skin of her neck made it impossible to concentrate on rebuke.

1993，Karla Hocker，A Deceitful Heart (Zebra Regency Romance)，New York, N.Y.: Zebra Books, Kensington Books, →ISBN:

If one had to lie at all, the brazen lie was better because brazen lies were so outrageous many people failed to question them.

2012，Michelle West，Skirmish: A House War Novel (DAW Books Collectors; no. 1571)，New York, N.Y.: DAW Books, →ISBN:


brazen

brazens (third-person singular present)
brazening (present participle)
brazened (past participle)

[...] the meadows roughen, grow gutteral / with goldenrod, milkweed's late-summer lilac, / cat-tails, the wild lily brazening, / dooryards overflowing in late, rough-headed bloom: [...]

1986，Quarterly Journal of Ideology: QJI，卷 10, [Tahlequah, Okla.]: QJI Editorial Board, →ISSN，頁 93:

厚着脸皮做 （自16世纪50年代）

And though the word doth eat up all they can ſay, as Moſes rod did: yet they harden their hearts with Pharaoh, they brazen their brows with him in the text, that ſaid I will not: Nay ſaid the Iſraelites, but we will have a King. [Commentary on Matthew 21:29.]

1656，John Trapp，“A Commentary or Exposition upon the Gospel According to St. Matthew”, in A Commentary or Exposition upon All the Books of the New Testament. […]，第2nd enlarged版, London: Printed by R. W. and are to be sold by Nath. Ekins, […], →OCLC，頁 274:

His impudence is only less than his ignorance, in referring his questioner to [John] Milton, in proof of the scriptural angels being celestial women. That gentleman mildly remarks, "Milton's angels are not Ladies." Instead of blushing, he brazens it out, and replies, "No—but some scriptural angels are Ladies—I believe"—shewing that he is as ignorant of his Bible as of Milton.

1832 November，“Noctes Ambrosianæ. No. LXIV.”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine，卷 XXXII, 期 CCI, Edinburgh: William Blackwood, […]; and T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC，頁 870:

[T]he historically minded modernist poet is uncertain whether there is any excuse at all for the existence of poets. He brazens out the dilemma by making cruel jokes at his own expense—jokes which he expects no one to see or to laugh at if seen.

1949，Robert Graves，“Modernist Poetry (with Laura Riding, 1926)”, in The Common Asphodel, Collected Essays on Poetry, 1922–1949，London: Hamish Hamilton, →OCLC，頁 151:

[...] I've come to rely on a mental technique that I call powering through. [...] It's equivalent to brazening out an awkward social situation—accidentally squeezing the butt of a stranger wearing the same costume as your boyfriend at a Halloween party, say. Powering through or brazening out is almost always what I end up doing, but only after stifling my initial impulse to surrender or sink through the floor.

2007，Jennifer Brice，“Blue Storm”, in Unlearning to Fly，Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, →ISBN，頁 169:

The drivers of the 507s Lost Convoy knew they were in a world of deep fecal matter. Could they brazen a path through the city once more and pick up Route Blue on the other side? Or would this morning's chain of unfortunate events finally catch up with them?

2008，Charles W. Sasser，God in the Foxhole: Inspiring True Stories of Miracles on the Battlefield，New York, N.Y.: Threshold Editions、Simon & Schuster, →ISBN:


brume

借自法語 brume，源自拉丁語 brūma (“冬至；冬天；冬天的寒冷”)。brūma派生自brevima、brevissima (“最短的”)，brevis (“短暂的”)的最高级（因为每年的冬至日白天最短），最终源自原始印歐語 *mréǵʰus (“短暂的”)。

For, shou'd you come before the Brume's abated / Th' Opime you'd linquish for the Macerated.

1737，François Rabelais，“Book V”, in Peter Anthony Motteux, Sir Thomas Urquhart（譯者）, The Works of Mr. Francois Rabelais […] ，卷 2, Navarre Society, 出版於 1921，頁 438:

All around their bubble of stupidity I could feel the brume of the dragon.

1972，John Gardner，Grendel，André Deutsch，頁 77:


boggle

变化或派生自bogle，可能与bug同源。

boggles (third-person singular present)
boggling (present participle)
boggled (past participle)

（使...）僵住，（使...）定住，（使...）退缩

The dogs went on, but the horse boggled at the sudden appearance of the strange beast.

那群狗继续向前冲，但是马看到突然出现的奇怪野兽僵住了。

The horror of the deed and its consequences boggle the imagination.

这种行为和它后果的可怕让想象停了下来。

He boggled at arranging for bread to be left daily at some place within easy walking distance, but let that go.

1938，Norman Lindsay，Age of Consent，Sydney: Ure Smith, 出版於 1962，頁 18:


bogus

首个可考书面记载中是一个指假硬币制造机的黑话，后还指这些假硬币。之后其演变为指代劣质物品。最新的词义“没用的”可能派生自计算机黑客俚语。
其词源不详，但目前有两个理论：
* 源自豪薩語 boko (“伪造”)。bogus最初出现于美国，因此可能由奴隶运输船中传播来。
* 为tantrabogus的犯罪黑话缩略形式，该词在19世纪是一个指代危险物品的俚语用词；这一理论让一些人联想到bogy或bogey（见bogeyman）。在这个意义上，本词可能与bogle有关，其指的是苏格兰边境的一种在人家中做恶作剧（但不会给人财产损失）的骗子。

more bogus (comparative)
most bogus (superlative)

illegal

假的 （用于形容欺骗集邮爱好者的印着不存在国家的邮票）

[…] that he and David Whitmer swore falsley, stole, cheated, lied, sold bogus money, (base coin,), and also stones and sand for bogus; that letters in the post-office had been opened, read, and destroyed; and that those same men were concerned with a gang of counterfeiters, coiners, and blacklegs.

1842，Daniel Parish Kidder，Mormonism and the Mormons: A Historical View of the Rise and Progress of the Sect Self-styled Latter-Day Saints，Carlton & Lanahan:

They have printed bogus despatches, and unhesitatingly used what they knew was bogus matter in a way to mislead even newspaper men.

1895，Alphonso Alva Hopkins，Wealth and Waste: The Principles of Political Economy in Their Application to the Present Problems of Labor, Law, and the Liquor Traffic，Funk & Wagnalls Company:

The organization of “bogus companies,” started purely for the purpose of eliminating competitors, seems to have been a not infrequent practice.

1921，Burton J. Hendrick，The Age of Big Business:

What Jefferson was saying was, Hey! You know, we left this England place 'cause it was bogus; so if we don't get some cool rules ourselves - pronto - we'll just be bogus too! Get it?

1982，Cameron Crowe，Fast Times at Ridgemont High，spoken by Jeff Spicoli (Sean Penn):

假的 （用于形容欺骗集邮爱好者的印着不存在国家的邮票）

Bogus stamps are labels made to deceive stamp collectors. Many bogus stamps were made prior to 1900 when some had names of imaginary countries.

1962，Douglas Patrick，The International Guide to Stamps and Stamp Collecting: Includes the Answers to 1200 Questions Most Often Asked about Stamps:


bogus

（一种朗姆和糖蜜混合的）烈酒

BOGUS. A liquor made of rum and molasses.

1848，John Russell Bartlett，Dictionary of Americanisms: A glossary of words and phrases, usually regarded as peculiar to the United States:

"Calibogus," or "bogus" was cold rum and beer unsweetened.

1919，Harvey Washington Wiley，Beverages and Their Adulteration: Origin, Composition, Manufacture, Natural, Artificial, Fermented, Distilled, Alkaloidal and Fruit Juices:

The American colonists drank rum straight, spiced, or mixed. They combined it with a list of ingredients: rum mixed with hard cider was called stonewall; rum and beer made bogus; rum and molasses made blackstrap.

2014，J. Anne Funderburg，Bootleggers and Beer Barons of the Prohibition Era，頁 311:

“Ahem—it is the opinion of the court that the prisoner has been making bogus; so we must put him in the jug until Superior Court.[…]”

1841年December8日，“Western Court Eloquence”, in Carlisle Weekly Herald，頁 2:

There is not a merchant in this city but knows this fact, and also that there has been a large quantity of bogus in circulation.

1846，Joseph H. Jackson，The Adventures and Experience of Joseph H. Jackson: Disclosing the Depths of Mormon Villainy Practiced in Nauvoo，頁 15:

This being agreed to, they hand the soldier the same number of dollars they received from him—but all counterfeit. This new way of passing bogus they have practised to a considerable extent […]

1848年January26日，C. C.，“[Letter]”, in The Washington Union，出版於 1848年February28日，頁 3:

Edward Bonney, a bounty hunter who passed bogus on occasion, claimed to have been working to break up yet another gang operating on the Mississippi with a base at Nauvoo.

1994，John L. Brooke，The Refiner’s Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844, →ISBN，頁s 269–70:


penchant

借自法語 penchant，pencher (“偏，倾向”)的现在分词，源自中古法語，源自古法語 pengier (“偏倚”)，源自通俗拉丁語 *pendicāre，派生自拉丁語 pendere (“挂”)。

He has a penchant for fine wine.

Marie even then began the course which, in after-years, secured her so vast an influence in the court,—alternately taking up and laying down her claim to the youthful monarch's penchant; administering to his amusement, and ready to encourage his passing fancies.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXII, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 264:

THE LONDON & NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY. By O. S. Nock. Ian Allan. 30s.
[...] One scarcely imagined, for example, that the great steel works at Crewe owed its existence to Sir Richard Moon's penchant for the principle of "Do it yourself", a principle born of a methodical, economical and far-seeing mind.

1960 October，“New reading on railways”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 640:

I said I've got a penchant for smokes and kicking douches in the mouth / Sadly for you my last cigarette's gone out
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2019, Idles, "Never Fight a Man With a Perm", Joy as an Act of Resistance.

Just like Marple, there's a plaque at the London terminus [Paddington] commemorating a fictional character - a polite, friendly little bear from darkest Peru who has a penchant for marmalade sarnies.

2021年September22日，Stephen Roberts，“The writings on the wall...”, in RAIL，期 940，頁 74:


portly

portlier (comparative)
portliest (superlative)

当指肥胖的人时，本词的语气比fat轻。

His portly middle section, rising beyond like a small hill, heaved rhythmically.

1913，P. G. Wodehouse，章號 14, in The Little Nugget:

In Heavyweights, Tony Perkis (Ben Stiller) is a fitness guru who installs himself as the über-buff leader of Camp Hope, with the goal of helping portly youngsters shed their saggy stomachs and thunder thighs.

2011年July6日，Nick Carbone，“Top 10 Worst Fictional Camp Counselors”, in Time, retrieved 2014-05-08:

英俊的，潇洒的 （自15世纪）

Portly his person was, and much increast
Through his Heroicke grace and honourable gest.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto II”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Be studious well to imitate
My portly motion, mien, and gait

1728，Jonathan Swift，A Dialogue between Mad Mullinix and Timothy:


precipitous

源自法語 précipiteux (现已弃用)，源自通俗拉丁語 *praecipitosus。等价于precipice (“陡峭”) + -ous。

唐突的，鲁莽的，草率的，突然的，匆忙的

precipitous attempts

[…]humans have been responsible for a precipitous decline of elephants，源自perhaps 300,000 in the early 1970s to some 10,000 today.

2007 March，J. Michael Fay，“Ivory Wars: Last Stand in Zakouma”, in National Geographic，頁 46:


predicament

源自中古英語 predicament，源自古法語 predicament和中世紀拉丁語 prēdicāmentum，源自晚期拉丁語 praedicāmentum (“分类”)。

Culture, for me, is the effort to provide a coherent set of answers to the existential predicaments that confront all human beings in the passage of their life.

1978，Daniel Bell，The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism，頁 xv (20th edition):

The Midlanders will hope the victory will kickstart a campaign that looked to have hit the buffers, but the sense of trepidation enveloping the Reebok Stadium heading into the new year underlines the seriousness of the predicament facing Owen Coyle's men.

2011年December10日，Marc Higginson，“Bolton 1 - 2 Aston Villa”, in BBC Sport:


predilection

The young King looked tenderly at Mademoiselle Mancini, who gave him a glance quite as tender in return—not, however, unobserved. His mother had been for some time past a displeased spectator of a predilection which might become dangerous.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XIX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 219:

American operating practice aims at the minimum wastage of time by locomotives at water columns and coal stages, and this predilection for shunters with high capacity tenders is thereby explained.

1941 November，“Notes and News: American Tank Locomotives”, in Railway Magazine，頁 523:

It was an illusion, of course, generated by Clevinger's predilection for staring fixedly at one side of a question and never seeing the other side at all.

1961年November10日，Joseph Heller，“Lieutenant Scheisskopf”, in Catch-22 […]，New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁 66:

The appointment as Member of the B.T.C. with "special responsibility for railway workshops" of Sir Steuart Mitchell is in accordance with Mr. Marples' predilection for non-railwaymen in the highest posts.

1962 April，“Talking of Trains: 源自guided weapons to the B.T.C.”, in Modern Railways，頁 221:

A row of houses he regards as a row of necessary evils. The softening and degeneration of the human race he attributes to its progressive predilection for interiors and waning interest in the art of going out and staying there.

1967, Flann O’Brien, The Third Policeman, ch. 2,

But for him the first rule of judging was to set aside personal predilection and vote the law and the facts.

1987, Edwin M. Yoder Jr., "Lewis Powell a Fine Sense of Balance," Washington Post, 29 Jun.,

... youth’s predilection for revolt.

2000, Terry McCarthy, "Lost Generation," Time Asia, 23 Oct.,

Wilson doesn’t see any inconsistency between his socialism and his predilection for the high life.

2001, Marina Cantacuzino, "On deadly ground," The Guardian, 13 Mar.,


posthumous

源自拉丁語 posthumus，postumus的一拼写变体，posterus (“在之后的”)的最高级，因“埋葬”与humus (“地面”)的联想而添加了⟨h⟩。

The most favorable posthumous history the stay-at-home traitor can hope for is—oblivion.

1885，Ulysses S. Grant，“Chapter IV”, in The Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant，New York, United States: Charles L. Webster & Co.，頁 68:

Artists obscure during their life often receive posthumous recognition, too late for them to enjoy.

一生默默无闻的艺术家常在死后才得到认同，但他们已经无法享受了。

His memoirs were his posthumous revenge on enemies he dared not take on alive.

他死后出版的回忆录是他对在世时不敢动手的敌人的还击。

Eight posthumous albums have been released to date – two more than the man managed in his lifetime – often with conspiracy-baiting titles such as Still I Rise and Tupac Resurrection.

2012年April17日，Alex Macpherson，“Tupac's hologram reflects another milestone in his mythology”, in The Guardian:


preceptor

源自中古英語 preceptor、preceptur，源自拉丁語 praeceptor (“命令者；指示者”)，源自动词praecipiō + -or (施动者名词后缀)，源自prae- (“预先”) + capiō (“拿，得到，吸收；理解”)。

教师，导师 （自15世纪）

A man who had thought so much on the subjects of language and education was surely no ordinary preceptor.

c. 1793, Edward Gibbon, Memoirs, Penguin 1990, p. 64:

We shall resume our studies later on; but just now I am tired of playing the preceptor; and the eager thirst of my pupils for improvement does not console me for the slowness of their progress.

1905，George Bernard Shaw，The author's apology from Mrs. Warren's Profession，頁 61:


potation

源自中古英語 potacion，源自古法語 potacion，源自拉丁語 pōtātiō。

[…] perhaps his nocturnal potations, prevented him from recognizing accents which were tolerably familiar to him—[…]

1820，沃尔特·司各特，章號 VI, in 艾凡赫，卷 II, 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC，頁 90:

For as this is the Liquor of modern Hiſtorians, nay, perhaps their Muſe, if we may believe the Opinion of Butler, who attributes Inſpiration to Ale, it ought likewiſe to be the Potation of their Readers; ſince every Book ought to be read with the ſame Spirit, and in the ſame Manner, as it is writ.

1749，Henry Fielding，“Containing five Pages of Paper”, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 II, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book IV，頁 2:


potshot

（对简单目标的）批评，抨击，中伤

2018年July26日，Ignatiy Vishnevetsky，“A documentary muckraker takes on the tech sector of health in The Bleeding Edge”, in The Onion AV Club:


plenilune

拉丁語 plēnilūnium，源自plēnus (“完整的”) + lūna (“月亮”)

And white limbs glitter in the plenilune; / And where a voice more human, more divine, / Commends a brother dead to Proserpine.

1922，Clark Ashton Smith，Desire of Vastness:


power

源自中古英語 power、poer，源自古法語 poeir，源自通俗拉丁語 *potēre，源自拉丁語 possum、posse (“能够”)，见potent。对比法語 pouvoir。取代了古英語原生词汇anweald。

more power to someone, more power to your elbow

powersharing, power-sharing, power sharing

影响力，势力 影响力，控制力

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 III, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book iii:

“[…] That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh. Her own father recognised it when he bereft her of all power in the great business he founded. […]”

1913，Robert Barr，章號 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

Past and future obviously have no reality of their own. Just as the moon has no light of its own, but can only reflect the light of the sun, so are past and future only pale reflections of the light, power, and reality of the eternal present.

影响力，势力 权力，势力

The Party seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested in the good of others; we are interested solely in power. Not wealth or luxury or long life or happiness: only power, pure power. … We know that no one ever seizes power with the intention of relinquishing it. Power is not a means, it is an end. One does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a revolution; one makes the revolution in order to establish the dictatorship. The object of persecution is persecution. The object of torture is torture. The object of power is power.

1949, Eric Blair, aka George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four

In the face of expanding federal power, California in particular struggled to maintain control over its Chinese population.

It has jailed environmental activists and is planning to limit the power of judicial oversight by handing a state-approved body a monopoly over bringing environmental lawsuits.

2013年August10日，“Can China clean up fast enough?”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8848:

影响力，势力 影响力巨大的集体，如强国，大型企业等

Most of the Himalayan rivers have been relatively untouched by dams near their sources. Now the two great Asian powers, India and China, are rushing to harness them as they cut through some of the world's deepest valleys.

2013年August16日，John Vidal，“Dams endanger ecology of Himalayas”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 10，頁 8:

After the pylons collapsed, this town was without power for a few days.

输电塔塌了以后，这个镇子已经停电好几天了。

“My father had ideas about conservation long before the United States took it up.[…]You preserve water in times of flood and freshet to be used for power or for irrigation throughout the year. […]”

[Rural solar plant] schemes are of little help to industry or other heavy users of electricity. Nor is solar power yet as cheap as the grid. For all that, the rapid arrival of electric light to Indian villages is long overdue. When the national grid suffers its next huge outage, as it did in July 2012 when hundreds of millions were left in the dark, look for specks of light in the villages.

2013年July20日，“Out of the gloom”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8845:

Don't you mind my snuffling a little—becuz we're in a power of trouble.


power

powers (third-person singular present)
powering (present participle)
powered (past participle)

United keeper Edwin van der Sar was the unlikely provider as his clearance found Rooney, who had got ahead of last defender Richard Dunne, and the forward brilliantly controlled a ball coming from over his shoulder before powering a shot past Brad Friedel.

2011年February1日，Mandeep Sanghera，“Man Utd 3 - 1 Aston Villa”, in BBC:

Abdul Sattar Edhi came to Karachi as a poor man from an Indian village in 1947. Starting with a small pharmacy tent, his work rapidly expanded, powered by donations from ordinary citizens.

2017年April6日，Samira Shackle，“On the frontline with Karachi’s ambulance drivers”, in the Guardian:


power

more power (comparative)
most power (superlative)

Check out the POWER Mee Rebus & Lontong in this newly established Nasi Padang coffee shop at Market Street Carpark.

Their performance is very the Power!

2005，Bayya，Bayya Eats ... and Other Stuff:

His hokkien is damn power lah!

2010，Caihong Lim & Kesheng Lim，Footprints All Over: Love, Happiness,Joy:

Eh his soccer skills damn power one.

2015，SGMOJI，Your Ultimate Guide to Locally-Grown Emojis:


placid

源自法語 placide，源自拉丁語 placidus (“平静的，安稳的”)，源自placeō (“满足，取悦于”)。

placider (comparative)
placidest (superlative)

a placid disposition

a placid lake

April advanced to May: a bright serene May it was; days of blue sky, placid sunshine, and soft western or southern gales filled up its duration.

1847，Charlotte Brontë，章號 9, in Jane Eyre，第HTML版:

The ant has made himself illustrious / Through constant industry industrious. / So what? / Would you be calm and placid / If you were full of formic acid?

1941，Ogden Nash，“The Ant”, in The Face is Familiar，Garden City Publishing Company，頁 224:

[I]n the 575 days since [Oscar] Pistorius shot dead his girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp, there has been an unseemly scramble to construct revisionist histories, to identify evidence beneath that placid exterior of a pugnacious, hair-trigger personality.

2014年October21日，Oliver Brown，“Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities: Bladerunner's punishment for killing Reeva Steenkamp is but a frippery when set against the burden that her bereft parents, June and Barry, must carry [print version: No room for sentimentality in this tragedy, 13 September 2014, p. S22]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Sport):


platitude

源自法語 platitude，源自plat (“平的”)，源自通俗拉丁語 *plattus，源自古希臘語 πλᾰτῠ́ς (plătŭ́s)。

Beauty, I suppose, opens the heart, extends the consciousness. It is a platitude, of course.

1918，Algernon Blackwood，章號 XI, in The Garden of Survival:

Semiramis was the first woman to invent eunuchs and women have had sympathy for them ever since; […] and women can tell them what they can't tell other men. And Ivor, suddenly cheered by laughing at his absurd platitudes, and finding himself by the door, was going from the room.

1922，Michael Arlen，“2/1/2”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

For most of the past three decades, the natural world was treated almost as an afterthought by world leaders. If discussed at all, it was with platitudes about the need to save polar bears and tigers.

2019年August30日，Jonathan Watts，“Amazon fires show world heading for point of no return, says UN”, in The Guardian:

显而易见的事，不言自明的事 （过于显然而无趣的事）

The synthesis which he helped to effect was so successful that this aspect of his work escaped notice in the last century: all that Britomart stands for was platitude to our fathers. It is platitude no longer.

1963，James R. Kreuzer，Lee Cogan，Modern Writings on Major English Authors，Ardent Media，頁 109:

After explaining myself sufficiently, I now offer my own platitude: I believe that the institution of the cabaret has the right to exist only so long as it bears the character of dilettantism and improvisation.

1993，Harold B. Segel，The Vienna Coffeehouse Wits, 1890-1938，Purdue University Press, →ISBN，頁 210:

Indeed, in the ownership scenario the idealization is supported in a much thinner manner: we start with a platitude that characterizes individuals as coowners (that they are de facto seen as either property holders themselves or otherwise as […]

2012年September16日，Mathias Risse，On Global Justice，Princeton University Press, →ISBN，頁 149:

The former figures the typical prairie landscape-poet who who stops at the correction line (which itself literally denies the platitude of flatness) to notice the ever-present wind.

1992，Ed Jewinski, Andrew Stubbs，The Politics of Art: Eli Mandel's Poetry and Criticism，頁 31:

With the photograph, we enter into flat death. One day, leaving one of my classes, someone said to me with disdain, "You talk about death very flatly." — As if the horror of Death were not precisely its platitude!

2001，Elissa Marder，Dead Time: Temporal Disorders in the Wake of Modernity，頁 87:

Though we do not have a traditional correspondence theory, which sets up a structural similarity relation between statements and facts, we have the truth of sentences determined by word-to-world relations, in particular, relations between linguistic items and objects. This reflects the platitude behind correspondence, but the Tarskian appartatus gives the platitude more substance.

2013，Ernest Lepore, Kirk Ludwig，A Companion to Donald Davidson:

seemly platitude, flat-footed ordinariness, and well-enacted upper working class respectability cancel out any turpitude, exhilarating tension or satanic glamour a casino might be expected to have.

After a passage of what we feel to be true poetry, there follows, inevitably, a passage of platitude which no critical pre-judgment can force us to admire;

1984，Library of America, Edgar Allan Poe, Gary Richard Thompson，Essays and Reviews，頁 71:

Of the true steady-going German nature the bane is, as I remarked, flat commonness; there seems no end to its capacity for platitude; it has neither the quick perception of the Celt to save it from platitude, nor the strenuousness of the Norman;

2001，Daniel R. Davis, Matthew Arnold，On the study of celtic literature，頁 127:

More damning, this 'flat-pack kit' causes us to decline into platitude and predictablity, denies us from real political intellectual purchase and, as result, standard theoretical ideas become our ideological comforters.

2014，Hester du Plessis, Jeffrey Sehume, Leonard Martin，Concept and Application of Transdisciplinarity in Intellectual Discourse and Research，頁 29:


platitudinous

more platitudinous (comparative)
most platitudinous (superlative)

If [Lord George] Bentinck had been reared for office, if, as Wilberforce recommends, he had been harnessed early to official duty, and if he had been sent into Parliament a platitudinous thing, made up of statistics, red tape and priggishness, like Mr. [Benjamin] Disraeli's Tadpole and Taper, we could well understand his strong mind breaking the thralls of official conventionality, and forcing him to become the man he was, armed at all points, ever ready for attack or defence; […]

1852 March，“Art. II.—Lord George Bentinck. Lord George Bentinck: A Political Biography. By B. Disraeli, Member of Parliament for the County of Buckingham. London: Colburn and Co. 1851. [book review]”, in The Irish Quarterly Review，卷 II, 期 V, Dublin: Published by W. B. Kelly, 8, Grafton-Street; London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co.; Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, →OCLC，頁 77:

“House Decoration” is written with somewhat less verbosity and with a good deal more taste and common sense. But it is, however detailed in its suggestions, equally platitudinous where it is sensible.

1877 April，“Household Art”, in The Carpet Trade Review. Devoted to the Interest of the Trade in Carpets, Upholstery Goods, Oil Cloths, Paper Hangings, Mattings, Linings, Stair Rods, etc., etc.，卷 4, 期 4, New York, N.Y.: Thomas A. Kennett, →OCLC，頁 46，列 2:

As [Charles] de Gaulle's minister, he [André Malraux] was able to visit China in 1965 and to persuade the rather baffled Chinese authorities to grant him an audience with Mao [Zedong]. […] The meeting was brief and platitudinous, but in later accounts […] Malraux turned it into a major summit of great minds.

2005年April10日，Christopher Hitchens，“‘Malraux’: One man’s fate [review of Malraux: A Life (2005) by Olivier Todd]”, in The New York Times:

But surely it is possible for those tasked with ensuring public safety to imagine creative solutions beyond platitudinous expressions of sympathy, extra concrete barriers and additional airport security checks?

2017年August20日，“The Observer view on the attacks in Spain: We must now give into fatalism on terror [editorial]”, in The Observer，London，存檔自the original on 2017-09-16:


paparazzo

意大利語 paparazzo，源自由费德里柯·费里尼执导的《甜蜜的生活》的一个角色的名字Signor Paparazzo。

/ˌpɑpəˈɹɑtsoʊ/

/ˌpæpəˈɹætsəʊ/

单数形式paparazzo比复数形式paparazzi少见得很多，以致于paparazzi常被当做仅复数名词来使用，有时候被非标准地当做单数名词。

You may decide to shove the lens down the throat of your aggressor, in the style of an aggrieved celebrity seeking primal redress against a mischievous paparazzo; but then again, most ecstatic rituals are pacific in intent and you may find such violence inappropriate.

2005年April30日，Peter Aspden，“Bright Lights, Big Pity”, The Revolver, in FT magazine，期 № 103 (election special)，頁 46:


paparazzi

paparazzo的复数形式的重新解读，它才是意大利語的标准单数形。

The job of a paparazzi is, roughly, to ‘reveal the truth’ about the rich and the famous.

1997，Eeva Joniken，Soile Veijola，“The Disoriented Tourist: The Figuration of the Tourist in Contemporary Cultural Critique”, in Touring Cultures: Transformations of Travel and Theory，Routledge, →ISBN，頁 46:

A paparazzi is investigating the lives of a Royal couple.

2000，David Naccache，Michael Tunstall，“How to Explain Side-Channel Leakage to Your Kids”, in Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems — CHES 2000，Springer, →ISBN，頁 229:

What if someone I know sees me? Or what if a paparazzi is lurking somewhere?

2005，Jude Idada，“Ouch!”, in A Box of Chocolates，Trafford Publishing, →ISBN，頁 221:

“Tell Page that PAPARAZZI is here, in my apartment. And then tell her that their offices are right across from us …”

1989，Carol Muske-Dukes，Dear Digby，Viking, →ISBN，頁 148:

Rather, the business paparazzi is armoring itself for a backlash campaign against the entrepreneurial big mouths.

2001，Geert Lovink，“The Rise and Fall of Dotcom Mania”, in Dark Fiber: Tracking Critical Internet Culture，MIT Press, 出版於 2002, →ISBN，頁 354:

Nelishia—You are a special lady with an enormous heart with skills that are off the chains!!! You go girl!!! A definite multi-tasking Diva!! Get your Chanel shades paparazzi is lurking…lol

2006，Kisha Green，And Even If I Did，iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 vi:


tycoon

借自日語 大君 (taikun，“领主；王子”)，幕府将军的一个名号。与taipan有关，其源自粵語 大班 (daai6 baan1)。

Chairman Yu is a tycoon who owns multiple hotel chains.

Yu主席是一个坐拥多个酒店连锁产业链的巨头。

Dagobert had only one customer, an American who wore square, rimless glasses and a beige suit and looked like a Wall Street tycoon.

1956，Delano Ames，章號 24, in Crime out of Mind:


sissy

sissier (comparative)
sissiest (superlative)

[…] she’d decided the wrapping paper was too feminine. It had a viney pattern that wasn’t anything sissier than you’d see in the old Arabian Nights illustrations. But Richard might think they were flowers.

2000，Jeffery Deaver，Manhattan Is My Beat，第revised版, Bantam Books, →ISBN，頁 173:


sissy

多半是拟声词，可能与法語 pipi (“尿”)有关。对比piss; wee-wee。

She has to make. She has to make sissy.

1997，Clark Moustakas，Relationship Play Therapy, →ISBN，頁 160:


sissy

sissies (third-person singular present)
sissying (present participle)
sissied (past participle)

Joan recognized her as the girl whose son had sissied on her pants. She was still dabbing at her pantleg with a damp paper towel.

1979，Rhea Kohan，Save Me a Seat, →ISBN，頁 25:


surreptitious

借自拉丁語 surrēptīcius (“鬼鬼祟祟的，秘密的”)，源自surrēpō (“爬，爬过”)。

more surreptitious (comparative)
most surreptitious (superlative)

/ˌsʌɹɪpˈtɪʃəs/

/səˌɹɛpˈtɪʃəs/

/ˌsʌɹəpˈtɪʃəs/

/ˌsɛɹəpˈtɪʃəs/

鬼鬼祟祟的，偷偷摸摸的，悄悄的

He read the letter aloud. Sophia listened with the studied air of one for whom, even in these days, a title possessed some surreptitious allurement.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

It is also worth noting the case law on prisoners' correspondence which establishes that interception of a person's communications need not be surreptitious in order to amount to an interference with respect to Art 8 (1) [ECHR].

1998，Lee A. Bygrave，“Data Protection Pursuant to the Right to Privavy in Human Rights Treaties”, in International Journal of Law and Information Technology，卷 6, 期 3，頁s 260–261:


squirm

最早记录见于17世纪末叶，词源不详。可能是拟声词，或与worm (“蠕动”)或swarm有关。

squirms (third-person singular present)
squirming (present participle)
squirmed (past participle)

fidget

（因尴尬或羞耻而）扭动身子

The prisoner managed to squirm out of the straitjacket.

囚犯扭来扭去，最后把拘束衣挣脱开了。

The Dutchman then missed a retaken second spot-kick, before the Trotters hit back when Daniel Sturridge's shot squirmed under Heurelho Gomes.

2011年February5日，Michael Kevin Darling，“Tottenham 2 - 1 Bolton”, in BBC:


gangly

ganglier (comparative)
gangliest (superlative)

She was gangly and wild and walked with her wrists turned inside out...

Individuals of this rabbit species tend to be very large (about the size of a beagle dog); they have long ears and long, gangly legs and a very thin fur coats.

2007，Oswald J. Schmitz，Ecology and Ecosystem Conservation，頁 34:

[Peter Crouch] The gangly striker played a one-two with Jermaine Pennant as the winger cut in from the right, and although Pennant easily jinked past centre-half Brede Hangeland, he shot narrowly wide of the far post.

2011年October15日，Owen Phillips，“Stoke 2 - 0 Fulham”, in BBC Sport:


fucking

fecking

他妈的 （语气加强词，一般加强的是整句话的语气，而非仅仅其语法上修饰的成分）

freaking

他妈的 （语气加强词，一般加强的是整句话的语气，而非仅仅其语法上修饰的成分）

frigging

他妈的 （语气加强词，一般加强的是整句话的语气，而非仅仅其语法上修饰的成分）

fuckening

他妈的 （语气加强词，一般加强的是整句话的语气，而非仅仅其语法上修饰的成分）

他妈的 （语气加强词，一般加强的是整句话的语气，而非仅仅其语法上修饰的成分）

No fucking way.

Yeah, she caught my eye, as I walked on by / She could see from my face that I was fucking high

2005，James Blunt （作曲作詞）, “You're Beautiful”, in Back to Bedlam:

“Every time it’s shown, I get e-mail from young guys who want to get it on with me,” she said. “Which is wonderful. I’m seventy-seven fucking years old.”

2006年March6日，Lauren Collins，引 Harriet Sohmers Zwerling, “Last Bohemians”, in The New Yorker:

Get your fucking car out of the way.

把你的破车开到别的地方去。

Get me off your fucking mailing list.

把我移出你的傻逼邮寄清单

Even when Trump won, Murdoch was unconvinced, reportedly privately calling him a “fucking idiot” following one conversation about immigration.

2022年November10日，Adam Gabbatt，引 Rupert Murdoch, “Has ‘Trumpty Dumpty’ taken a great fall from Rupert Murdoch’s grace?”, in The Guardian:


fucking

You've never seen a bunch of guys more fucking shocked to lose

2004，Tommy Lee with Anthony Bozza, Tommy Land，頁 79:

A bit young to be so cynical and so superior, you may think. My reply is that you should fucking well have been there, and felt it for yourself.

2010, Christopher Hitchens, Hitch-22, Atlantic 2011, p. 81:


eat one's words

eats one's words (third-person singular present)
eating one's words (present participle)
ate one's words (past)
eaten one's words (past participle)

后悔说过的话，承认说过的话是错的

He didn't think I could do it, but I proved him wrong and made him eat his words.

他觉得我做不到，但我证明他错了，让他收回了自己的话。

This time, you have to eat your words, because, like it or not, you lost.

这次你说错了，因为不管你服不服气，你输了。

"Better retract that," she advised, "hadn't you?" "Why should I?" "Because if you're stupid enough to remain in Bombay, I'll make you eat your words one day."

1936，F.J. Thwaites，章號 II, in The Redemption，Sydney: H. John Edwards，頁 16:


tepid

uninterested

不冷不热的，漠然的，没有热情的

lukewarm

不冷不热的，漠然的，没有热情的

不冷不热的，漠然的，没有热情的

He gave me a tepid response to the proposal.

他给我的提案的回答不冷不热。

The erratic behaviour of Hariri now is largely explained by the fact that his best days may be behind him, given his long absences from the country for security reasons, his declining Saudi business interests, some local challenges to his tepid leadership in recent municipal elections, and his decline in stature in the eyes of his Saudi backers.

2016年October22日，Rami G Khouri，“Lebanese oligarchy preserves its interests once again”, in Aljazeera:


bigtime

more bigtime (comparative)
most bigtime (superlative)

Wait till you see your name in two-foot electrics over the front of every big-time house in the country.

1918，Edna Ferber，“That’s Marriage”, in Cheerful—By Request，Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co.，頁 169:

Krasnow is a big-time operator; I’ve always been, you might say, in the peanut end of the game.

1954 May，Richard Wilson，“Back to Julie”, in Galaxy Science Fiction，卷 8, 期 2，頁 69:

'On the level, honey, I have an all-time, big-time need for coffee.'

1959，Marc Brody，Low Dive for Lola，頁 i. 9:

Tired of shelling out bigtime bucks to see overpaid major leaguers with underwhelming stats and attitudes to match, baseball fans by the thousands are rediscovering a more relaxed—and cheaper—version of the national pastime: the minor leagues.

1997 July，Jennifer Zajac，“Get some major league fun at Little League dollars”, in Money，卷 26, 期 7，頁 158:

With a previous conviction in 1954 for receiving tins of corned beef, Betchley was hardly bigtime.

2006年April23日，“A twist in the tale”, in The Observer:


bigtime

This was the first test for that message -- and it failed bigtime.

2018年March15日，Bill Press，“‘Lamb the Sham’ beats ‘Trump the Chump’”, in Chicago Tribune:


bigtime

The Financial News Network’s SCORE program […] hit the bigtime last Monday by offering live coverage of Snow Chief’s victory in the Jersey Derby […]

1986年May30日，Larry Stewart，“It’s Time to Replace the Talking Heads With Racing Cars”, in Los Angeles Times:

Thirty years ago Rob Halford led Judas Priest, and heavy metal itself, out of the Midlands and into the bigtime.

2010年May20日，Roy Wilkinson，“How Judas Priest invented heavy metal”, in The Guardian:


big time

big league

（尤指演艺圈中的）最高名望

major league

（尤指演艺圈中的）最高名望

（尤指演艺圈中的）最高名望

This was a rare whiff of the big-time for a club whose staple diet became top-flight football for so long - the glamour was in short supply, however. Thousands of empty seats and the driving Yorkshire rain saw to that.

2012，Ben Smith，Leeds United 2-1 Everton:


big time

more big time (comparative)
most big time (superlative)

A Wheel of Fortune contestant was about to win a shot at the million dollar grand prize when he bumbled his answer and lost out big time.

2013年September18日，“Wheel of Fortune contestant loses chance at $1 million after mispronouncing a word”, in Daily Mail:

“American doesn’t hedge,” said Seth Kaplan, managing partner for the trade publication Airlines Weekly. “So, they have won big time.”

2015年January28日，Hugo Martin，“American Airlines’ fuel-buying bet pays off in record profit”, in Los Angeles Times:

North Vancouver condo buyers ‘won big time playing the long game’ [title]

2019年December6日，Kerry Gold，“North Vancouver condo buyers ‘won big time playing the long game’”, in The Globe and Mail (Vancouver):

Peterborough United almost missed out on signing star man Ivan Toney, but now they are set to cash in big-time [title]

2020年June22日，Alan Swann，“Peterborough United almost missed out on signing star man Ivan Toney, but now they are set to cash in big-time”, in Peterborough Telegraph:

But on other fronts there’s a clear case for optimism. Science has come to our rescue, big time, with the miraculously fast development of vaccines against the coronavirus.

2021年January1日，Paul Krugman，“Things Will Get Better. Seriously.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


artificial language

It is theoretically possible that structural ambiguity could be filtered out of natural languages. In (3)-(8) unambiguous paraphrases in English were given; perhaps structurally unambiguous paraphrases in English are always available. But it is unclear whether precise rules could be given which would effect this filtering. One can see why logicians might prefer artificial languages: they are constructed from the ground up in such a way that structural ambiguity is impossible.

2001，Mark Sainsbury，章號 1, in Logical Forms — An Introduction to Philosophical Logic，第2nd版, Blackwell Publishing, →ISBN, §12，頁 48:

The question remains open whether such a result could be achieved merely by tinkering with a natural language, or whether it requires starting from scratch. The idea of starting from scratch, constructing an artificial language constrained only by the demands of logic, has inspired a philosophical tradition (though one whose merits are nowadays being questioned). Russell, for example, coined the expression "philosophical logic" to represent his view that the workings of natural language, and of our thought, could be adequately represented only by an artificial language, the language of his Principia Mathematica.


slosh

sloshes (third-person singular present)
sloshing (present participle)
sloshed (past participle)

She greeted me with a bright smile, and said: “Back already? Did you find it?” With a strong effort I mastered my emotion and replied curtly but civilly that the answer was in the negative. “No,” I said, “I did not find it.” “You can't have looked properly.” Again I was compelled to pause and remind myself that an English gentleman does not slosh a sitting redhead, no matter what the provocation.

1960，P. G. Wodehouse，Jeeves in the Offing, chapter VIII:


spurious

借自晚期拉丁語 spurius (“私生的”)，可能与sperno有关或源自伊特拉斯坎語。

more spurious (comparative)
most spurious (superlative)

His argument was spurious and had no validity.

他的论点是假的，没有真实性。

We witness that there is a relationship between government, media and industry that is evident even at this most spurious and superficial level. These three institutions support one another. We know that however cool a media outlet may purport to be, their primary loyalty is to their corporate backers. We know also that you cannot criticise the corporate backers openly without censorship and subsequent manipulation of this information.

2013年September13日，Russell Brand，“Russell Brand and the GQ awards: ’It’s amazing how absurd it seems’”, in 衛報，倫敦: 衛報媒體集團, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2023-07-20:

[Ilhan] Omar was left twisting in the wind earlier this year after facing spurious charges of antisemitism, a display of Democratic cowardice co-signed by Chelsea Clinton、Chuck Schumer, and most every other Democrat with a congressional leadership position.

2019年July19日，Noah Kulwin，“Democrats Fail the Left, Once Again”, in Jewish Currents，存檔自the original on 2023-04-26:


check out

checks out (third-person singular present)
checking out (present participle)
checked out (past participle)

"Relax," said the night man / "We are programmed to receive / You can check out any time you like / But you can never leave!"

1977，“Hotel California”, in Don Henley, Glenn Frey 作詞, Don Felder 作曲, Hotel California，演出者 The Eagles:

Be sure to check out of the hotel before noon.

I'm done shopping, so I'll go check out now.

我选好东西了，我要去结账了。

（因失去兴趣而）冷漠地离开，走掉，不再参与，不再合作

The purpose of this exercise was to ignite reactions from students, but over the few years I used it, it backfired, culminating in a situation where I lost a significant number of the white students, who just "checked out" for the rest of the semester.

2010，S. Greggory Johnson III，The Black Professoriat: Negotiating a Habitable Space in the Academy，頁 189:

The first two leads check out; I'll assume the third one is also valid.

前两个线索没问题，我认为第三个应该也没问题。

Their stories checked out.

A comparison test was made with this weapon in laboratory. It definitely checks out as the murder gun.

1960，“The Case of the Ill-Fated Faker”, in Perry Mason，季数 4, 集数 3:

MySQL checks the validity of the account name and password, and checks whether the connection is coming from a host that's allowed to connect …. If everything checks out, MySQL accepts the connection.

2013, Steve Suehring, Janet Valade, PHP, MySQL, JavaScript & HTML5 All-in-One For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons (ISBN 9781118231340), page 459:


blow up

源自中古英語 blow up、blowe up，异化自早期形式中古英語 upblowen（→英語 upblow），等价于blow + up。对比西弗里斯蘭語 opblaze (“胀起，充气”)、荷蘭語 opblazen (“胀起，充气”)、德語 aufblähen以及aufblasen (“胀起，充气”)、瑞典語 blåsa upp (“胀起，充气”)、冰島語 blása upp (“胀起，充气”)、哥特語 𐌿𐍆𐌱𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌽 (ufblēsan，“胀起，充气”)。

blows up (third-person singular present)
blowing up (present participle)
blew up (past)
blown up (past participle)

义项3、4和5内，宾语可出现于助词（up）前或后。若代词作宾语，则必须出现在助词前。

Why do cars in movies always blow up when they fall off a cliff?

为什么电影里的汽车老是在飞下悬崖前就爆炸了。

In dense fog at about 10.25 p.m. on the night of October 25, two tank barges carrying petroleum [...] missed the entrance to the docks at Sharpness and were carried up the River Severn by the incoming tide. They collided with one of the piers of the Severn Bridge, carrying the Berkeley Road-Lydney branch of the Western Region, and as a result of the collision both tankers blew up.

1961 January，“Talking of Trains: The Severn Bridge disaster”, in Trains Illustrated，頁s 3, 5:

使...爆炸，爆破，炸毁，炸残，炸死

We had to blow up the bridge before the enemy army arrived.

我们不得不在敌军到来前把桥炸毁。

More civilians than soldiers have been blown up by anti-personnel mines.

被杀伤地雷炸死的平民比士兵还多。

Temporary bridges are now common in Moravia and Slovakia as so many permanent structures were blown up during the last phase of the war.

1947 January and February，Gerald Druce (Jun.)，“A Journey on the "Slovak Arrow"”, in Railway Magazine，頁 16:

"But we wanted to be more ambitious. We had established contacts with the Ukrainian railways, and they had all sorts of needs. Bridges blown up by the Russians, but also bridges blown up by themselves in tactical battlefield operations."

2023年May17日，Paul Clifton，“Building bridges to Ukraine...”, in RAIL，期 983，頁 31:

So I wish you luck, but don't come crying to me when it blows up in your face.

2002，Joan Barfoot，Critical injuries，頁 118:

使...骄傲，使...沾沾自喜，使...得意忘形

to blow someone up with flattery

blown up with high conceits engendering pride

1667，John Milton，“Book 4”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

[…] did not choose to comply with her wishes. Upon which Mrs. Basset, in the language of the Old Bailey, nabbed the rust; insisted upon some liquor, would not quit the house without it, and began to blow up the hostess and blast the rose.

用大量短信或电话轰炸，用大量短信或电话骚扰

I am the man
 So I’m sitting in the VIP
with my mains
We twisted up some Crip
but I am ready to dip
to the telly with my relly
cuz these fuckin git up chicks keep blowin up my celly.

aːm ðə meɪ̯n
soʊ̯ aːm sɪtɪn ɪn ðə vɪp
wɪθ maː meɪ̯ns
wiː twɪstəd ʌp sʊm kɹɪp
bʌt aːm ɹɛdi tu dɪp
tʊ ðə tɛli wɪθ maː ɹɛli
kʌz ðiːz fʌkɪn gɪt ʌp t͡ʃɪks kiːp blowɪn ʌp maː sɛli

2007，“Fucc & Git Up”, in DZ 作詞, Sleepless City Livin，演出者 DZ ft. Gangsta Nutt，from 1:59:

Don't let them sabotage a possible good thing by blowing up your phone while you're in the middle of a hot date with nonsense like, “Jason keeps asking for a Popsicle before bed. Do you think it's okay that I give him one?”

2009，RM Johnson，Why Men Fear Marriage: The Surprising Truth Behind Why So Many Men Can't Commit, →ISBN:

Dad sure knew how to kill a mood. He had blown up my phone all day, ensuring that I didn't back out of our agreement.

2011，Jaime Reed，Living Violet, →ISBN，頁 67:

Not knowing the whereabouts of his daughter, Tavon blew up her phone without once getting a response.

2012，Chris Hicks，Ebony Chronicles of Elevation，卷 1, →ISBN，頁 181:

He has never officially said that we are in a relationship, but he blows up my phone night and day, always wanting to know where I am.

2013，Michelle McKinney Hammond，The Real Deal on Love and Men, →ISBN:

“Danny Cipriani is blowing up my phone saying: ‘I’m going to sue you’,” she said, shortly before announcing her willingness to go to prison over the issue.

2014年September11日，Alexis Petridis，引 Kelly Brook, “A freedom fighter for our time: Kelly Brook will not be silenced over Danny Cipriani”, in The Guardian:

They're blowing up our phones, asking where we are / Just say we're almost there; we ain't even in the car

Halfway home, and my pager's still blowin' up

1992，Ice Cube （作曲作詞）, “It Was A Good Day”, in The Predator:


put out

more put out (comparative)
most put out (superlative)

生气的，发火的，被冒犯的

Gordon told GCN that when the bill was first reviewed in the House, it received a 70-49 vote, one vote short of the majority it needed to pass. Gordon said that gay and lesbian activists were "extremely put-out" over this narrow loss.

1991年May4日，Elizabeth Yukins，“Maryland Passes Gay Hate Crimes Bill”, in Gay Community News，頁 2:

He was put out at the mere suggestion of misconduct.

别人一说他可能失职，他就生气了。


put out

puts out (third-person singular present)
putting out (present participle)
put out (past participle)

所有及物义项的宾语可在助词前也可在助词后。若为代词，则必须在助词前。

England stumbled into the World Cup quarter-finals and almost certainly put Scotland out after an error-ridden victory at Eden Park.

2011年October1日，Tom Fordyce，“Rugby World Cup 2011: England 16-12 Scotland”, in BBC Sport:

Along about Tuesday Uncle Cal put out for San Antone on the last wagonload of wool.

Yet she must dye, else shee'l betray more men:
Put out the Light, and then put out the Light:
If I quench thee, thou flaming Minister,
I can againe thy former light restore,
Should I repent me. But once put out thy Light,
Thou cunning'st Patterne of excelling Nature,
I know not where is that Promethaean heate
That can thy Light re-Lume.

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene ii]:

They worked for days to put out the brushfire.

She put out her cigarette.

Don't them laundry queens put out good enough to suit you?

Christ, maybe that blond was only a bitch after all. Maybe she put out even to the punks. Come to think of it, she looked a little hard-boiled.

1934，James T. Farrell，章號 17, in The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan:

Aarfy […] tried to dissuade them from ever putting out for anyone but their husbands.

1961年November10日，Joseph Heller，Catch-22 […]，New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC:

If she won't put out the men will accuse her of being bourgeois and uptight.

1975，David Lodge，Changing Places: A Tale of Two Campuses，頁 232:

I can't afford to waste a Saturday night here with some married bird who isn't putting out.

2003，Elizabeth M. Noble，Reading Group，頁 205:

This Grosso dated this woman a couple of times, and then, when she wouldn't put out for him, he beat her up and forced her.


brick-and-mortar

Consolidating brick-and-mortar and online toy businesses may have been a good-faith strategy. What’s certain is that the deals helped generate $128 million in transaction fees for the owners.

2018年June13日，Bryce Covert，“The Demise of Toys 'R' Us Is a Warning”, in The Atlantic, →ISSN:


ammonium nitrate

According to the Lebanese government, about 2,750 tons of ammonium nitrate fertilizer was stored in a warehouse on the Beirut waterfront and caught fire, later exploding.

2020年August5日，John Ismay，“What Is Ammonium Nitrate, Blamed in the Beirut Explosion?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


ring in

rings in (third-person singular present)
ringing in (present participle)
ringed in (past participle)

All the world was only the two Copleigh girls, Saumarez and I, ringed in with the lightning and the dark; and the guidance of this misguided world seemed to lie in my hands.

He was ringed in on all sides by a solid circle of gleaming red sparks that shone from the grass. Held back by their fear, the graveyard rats surrounded him, squealing their hate.


rub out

rubs out (third-person singular present)
rubbing out (present participle)
rubbed out (past participle)

两个及物义项中，宾语可出现在助词前面或后面。若宾语为代词，则必须出现在助词前。

It was just a week to the day since Mr. Martin had decided to rub out Mrs. Ulgine Barrows.


serendipity

源自Serendip (“锡兰，斯里兰卡”，Serendib的变体) + -ity。由英国的作家及政治家Horace Walpole在1754造出，基于波斯故事锡兰三王子。据Walpole在给朋友写的信，故事中的王子“总是因偶然和卓识发现新的东西，而这些东西并不是他们一开始所探求的。”

Murphy's law

机缘巧合 （一系列偶然最终带来好的结果）

perfect storm

机缘巧合 （一系列偶然最终带来好的结果）

本词有时候用来作luck的广义同义词。在较为严谨的用法，比如科学领域，主要强调“能够发现其他东西的观察能力”。
19世纪70年代前，本词基本上不为人所知，而到了20世纪初叶才开始普及，到了中叶普及开来，现在得到广泛使用。

机缘巧合 （一系列偶然最终带来好的结果）

The most random serendipity brought the two of us together, and now, we are happily married! If I was just 15 seconds slower, I'd have never met her!

1754, Horace Walpole, The Letters of Horace Walpole, vol. 2, Letter 90, To Sir Horace Mann, Arlington Street, Jan. 28, 1754. The Project Gutenberg Etext of The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 2

After I got here, in the first lockdown, my mum suddenly passed. It was the week of my final interview with the Mayor. It is serendipity that I am here when my dad really needs me.

2020年December2日，Andy Byford talks to Paul Clifton，“I enjoy really big challenges...”, in Rail，頁 54:


serviceable

源自中古英語 servisable，源自古法語 servisable，源自servise，就词形分析为service + -able。

more serviceable (comparative)
most serviceable (superlative)

Maguire was always extravagantly priced at £80m but a player who is a solid and serviceable Premier League defender and has become one of England manager Gareth Southgate's most trusted squad members now looks hopelessly out of form.

2020年October14日，Phil McNulty，“England 0-1 Denmark: 'Harry Maguire looked devoid of confidence in Nations League loss'”, in BBC Sport:


sideways

We realized the project could go sideways very quickly if we didn't get the sales and marketing people on our side.

我们意识到，如果不拉拢好市场营销那边的人，项目很快就会泡汤。

As we walked deeper into the darkness, we both knew this could go sideways in a heartbeat. We were sitting ducks. Birds on a wire. Canaries in a coalmine.

2011，D. P. Lyle，章號 78, in Hot Lights, Cold Steel, →ISBN，頁 340:

It feels like the probability of something going sideways here is higher.

2023年May20日，Tabby Kinder, George Hammond，引 Ivan Matkovic, “So long, San Francisco”, in FT Weekend, Life & Arts，頁 1:


tabulate

源自table + -ate，对比晚期拉丁語 tabulātus (“有地板的”)，tabulō (“给...安装木板”)的完成时被动分词 + -ātus（最终源自原始印歐語 *-eh₂tos (从名词构成形容词的后缀，表示拥有某物或某种特质)。tabulō派生自tabula (“木板”)，其词源不详。可能源自原始印歐語 *teh₂-（*steh₂- (“站”)的变体） + *-dʰlom（*-trom (构成表示工具的名词的后缀)的变体）。

tabulates (third-person singular present)
tabulating (present participle)
tabulated (past participle)

enroll

将...登记在官方记录内

Let it be required to Tabulate or lay down this Number 3496. Firſt, from among your Sets of Rods (or out of your Caſe) take four of them, of which let one of them have the Figure 3 at the top thereof, and lay it upon your Tabellet cloſe to the Edge thereof, […]

1700，William Leybourn，“Instrumental Arithmetick. The Third Part. Teaching, by a New Artifice (not heretofore Published, to My Knowledge, in any Language.) The Manner how to Set Down any Decimal Fraction Required: … by Certain Scales Contrived, Suitable to the Coins, Weights and Measures Now Used in England. And for the Extracting of the Square and Cube Roots. Also, by Nepair’s Bones …”, in Arithmetick, Vulgar, Decimal, Instrumental, Algebraical. In Four Parts，第7th版, London: Printed by J. Matthews, for Awnsham and John Churchill, at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row, →OCLC, section II (By Nepair’s Bones), subsection IV (How to Apply to Lay Down any Numbers by the Rods), proposition I (Any Number being Given, how to Tabulate or Lay Down the Same by Rods)，頁 265:

It [the School Department] gives advice and instruction concerning their duties to thirteen thousand school directors and controllers, furnishes them blanks, receives and tabulates their reports, reviews their accounts, judges whether they have kept their schools open according to law, and, if so, pays them the State appropriation for their respecive districts.

1872 January，“[Official Department. Thirty-eighth annual report.] Report of the President of the Agricultural College”, in The Pennsylvania School Journal: An Educational Magazine，卷 XX, 期 7, Lancaster, Pa.: Wylie & Griest, Inquirer Printing House and Bindery, →OCLC，頁 226:

The inevitable deduction from the figures tabulated must be that the material prosperity of the people as a whole is making good progress.

1903年March25日，G[opal] K[rishna] Gokhale，引 Edward FitzGerald Law, “Budget Speech, 1903”, in Speeches of the Honourable Mr. G. K. Gokhale, […]，Madras: G[anapathi] A[graharam] Natesan & Co., […], 出版於 [1908], →OCLC，頁 62:

In addition to the evident needs mentioned above there is also a desire to standardize and tabulate results. The same desire in other fields has given rise to intelligence tests, psychological examinations, etc.

1924 November，William Hulbert Barrow，“A General Athletic Ability Test”, in American Physical Education Review，卷 XXIX, 期 9 (number 201 overall), [Springfield, Mass.]: [American Physical Education Association], →OCLC，頁 506，列 1:

[Herman] Hollerith, a statistician for the United States government, was faced with the task of tabulating the figures of the 1890 census at a time when such tabulating would take more than ten years if done by hand. […] Faced with this prospect, Hollerith conceived the idea of representing the census data as holes on punched cards and of building machines that would sort these cards according to the holes they contained and that would tabulate and otherwise analyze the data.

1974，Allan B. Ellis，“Common Conceptions about Computers”, in The Use & Misuse of Computers in Education，New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Book Company, →ISBN, part I (What is a Computer?)，頁 15:

Mr. [Edward Drinker] Cope has examined a collection from the territory of Arizona and in the Colorado district; it contained 44 species. […] He tabulates them according to their range into the neighbouring provinces, and points out that, herpetologically, the Sonoran and Lower Californian provinces are nearly as distinct from each other as the Sonoran is from the Central, […]

1867，Albert Günther，“Reptilia”, in The Record of Zoological Literature. 1866，卷 III, London: John Van Voorst、Paternoster Row, →OCLC，頁s 121–122:

[John] Whethemstede's literary productions show his preference for encyclopedias in which he could tabulate under special headings the limits of his wide reading.

1941，R[oberto] Weiss，章號 II, in Humanism in England during the Fifteenth Century，Oxford: Basil Blackwell, →OCLC，頁 35:

You have to be an artist and a madman, […] in order to discern at once, by ineffable signs—the slightly feline outline of a cheekbone, the slenderness of a downy limb, and other indices which despair and shame and tears of tenderness forbid me to tabulate—the little deadly demon among the wholesome children; she stands unrecognized by them and unconscious herself of her fantastic power.

1955，Vladimir Nabokov，章號 5, in Lolita，Paris: Olympia Press, →OCLC; 再版 New York, N.Y.: Crest Giant, Fawcett World Library, 1959年December13日, →OCLC，頁 19:

将...登记在官方记录内

The order of Tabulating Summonds is now much alter'd, for no Summonds are Tabulated except Actions of Declarators, Improbations, Contraventions, and other Actions at the King's Advocats inſtance, […]

1687，George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh，“King James the Fifth, Parl. 5. [Act 52.]”, in Observations on the Acts of Parliament, …，Edinburgh: Printed by the heir of Andrew Anderson, printer to His Most Sacred Majesty, and are to be sold by Thomas Brown, and other book-sellers, →OCLC，頁 134:


tabulate

℞. the three kindes of ſaunders, and Diarrhodon Abbatis, ana. ℈. j. the bone of the Hartes heart one in number, ſugar roſate tabulate, or white ſugar diſſolued in roſe water as much as ſufficeth, make an Electuarie, gild it with leaues of pure golde in weight ℥. ß.

1596，Philip Barrough [i.e., Philip Barrow]，“Of Electuaries, and Conserues: of Lozenges, and Manus Christi”, in The Method of Phisick, Containing the Cavses, Signes, and Cvres of Inward Diseases in Mans Body, from the Head to the Foote. Whereunto is Added, The Forme and Rule of Making Remedies and Medicines, which Our Physitions Commonly Vse at this Day, with the Proportion, Quantitie, and Names of Each Medicine，第3rd corrected and augmented版, book VII, Imprinted at London: By Richard Field, and are to be sold in Paules Church yard at the signe of the brasen Serpent, →OCLC，頁s 404–405:

A Bad ſtomacke is otherwhiles no ſmall cauſe of this ſwouning, for it procureth before the ſwouning come a heate ouer the whole bodie. As ſoone as this ſhall be perceiued, it is not amiſſe to vſe for it confected Balſam wood, but in the ſtead thereof take Tabulates of Xyloaloe, which are very requiſite for it.

1605，Christopher Wirtzung [i.e. Christof Wirsung]，“Of the Hart, the Most Precious Part of Mans Body”, in Jacob Mosan（譯者）, The General Practise of Physicke: Conteyning All Inward and Outward Parts of the Body, with All the Accidents and Infirmities that are Incident vnto Them, euen from the Crowne of the Head to the Sole of the Foote: … in the Germane Tongue, and now Translated into English, in Diuerse Places Corrected, and with Many Additions Illustrated and Augmented, …，London: [Printed by Richard Field] Impensis [at the expense of] Georg[e] Bishop, →OCLC, § 1 (Of the Fainting of the Hart in Generall. [The Order of Life or Diet for This Faintnes of the Hart.])，頁 259:

For all faintness, hot agues, heavy fantasies and imaginations, a cordial was prepared in tabulates, which was called Manus Christi: the true receipt required one ounce of prepared pearls to twelve of fine sugar, boiled with rose water, violet water, cinnamon water, "or howsoever one would have them."

1834，[Robert Southey]，“Quack and No Quack, being an Account of Dr. Green and His Man Kemp. Popular Medicine, Herbary, Theory of Signatures, William Dove, John Wesley, and Baxter.”, in The Doctor, &c.，卷 I, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, →OCLC，頁 236:


tabulate

Tabulata (“横板珊瑚亚纲”) + -ate。Tabulata派生自拉丁語 tabulāta，源自tabulātum (“铺设地面的”)，源自tabula (“木板”) + -tum（源自-tus，最终源自原始印歐語 *-tus (从动词词根构成动作名词的后缀)）。详见词源1。这一目名源自珊瑚的形状tabulae (“平板”)。

横板珊瑚亚纲的；有横隔板的 （指细胞内发达的水平分隔板）

[W]e find the Zoantharia, in section (1), divided into tabulate and non-tabulate corals. The specimen before us is evidently tabulate, and we therefore follow the reference to section (2), where we find the tabulate corals divided into those with and those without cœnenchyma.

1865，Samuel Haughton，“Lecture VIII”, in Manual of Geology (Galbraith and Haughton’s Scientific Manuals, Experimental and Natural Science Series)，London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, →OCLC，頁 192:

On the Zoological Affinities of the Tabulate Corals; by Prof. A. E. Verrill。—The questions discussed in this paper were the position of the tabulate corals among Polyps, and the true value of the tabulate structure in classification. […] Prof. [Addison Emery] Verrill, therefore, concludes that the tabulate structure is of secondary importance as a character, in fixing their affinities, and that the Tabulata must be dismembered,—Halisites, Millepora, and their allies, being classed as Hydroids; and Pocillopora and Favosites with other extinct tabulated genera, as true Polyps.

1868 January，“American Association for the Advancement of Science”, in The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist: A Bi-monthly Journal of Natural Science, Conducted by a Committee of the Natural History Society of Montreal (Second Series)，卷 III, 期 4, Montreal, Que.: Dawson Brothers, Great St. James Street, →OCLC，頁s 294–295:

The large corallites are tabulate, with indistinctly differentiated walls, provided with obtusely triangular and irregular septa, and having their visceral cavities more or less freely connected with one another by lateral horizontal channels, which penetrate the interstitial tubular tissue.

1879，H[enry] Alleyne Nicholson，“Thecidæ and Helioporidæ”, in On the Structure and Affinities of the “Tabulate Corals” of the Palæozoic Period: With Critical Descriptions of Illustrative Species，Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC，頁 236:


tabulate

Both tabulates and rugosans evolved independently as part of the Ordovician Radiation; the tabulates appeared first in the Early Ordovician (~488 Mya), followed by rugosans about 20 My later.

2013，Walter M. Goldberg，“A Brief History of Reefs and Corals”, in The Biology of Reefs and Reef Organisms，Chicago, Ill., London: University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, section 13-2 (An Introduction to Paleozoic Corals)，頁 272，列 2:


tantamount

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 tant amount，源自amunter，源自tant (“如此”) amonter (“总计”)。

more tantamount (comparative)
most tantamount (superlative)

等同的，基本上是...的

It's tantamount to fraud.

In this view, disagreement and treason are tantamount.

这个观点下，不同意就相当于叛变。

[…] expecting the woman to take her attacker into physical custody is tantamount to preventing the arrest. If she could handle him, she probably would not need to call the police in the first place.

In Bosnia, as in Rwanda, however, passive neutrality was tantamount to complicity with the perpetrators of “ethnic cleansing” and mass murder.

2003年March3日，Philip Gourevitch，“The Optimist”, in The New Yorker:

Russia has said that it considers the weapons and other increased military aid that Western governments are sending to Ukraine tantamount to war, and has implied that it might strike NATO convoys.

2022年March16日，Max Fisher，“As Russia Digs In, What’s the Risk of Nuclear War? ‘It’s Not Zero.’”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


tantamount

tantamounts (third-person singular present)
tantamounting (present participle)
tantamounted (past participle)

[…] and yet this will not tant’amount to an immediate Divine inſtitution for Deacons, and how can it then for Presbyters ?

a. 1657，Jeremy Taylor，“Of the Sacred Order and Offices of Episcopacy, By Divine Institution, Apostolical Tradition, and Catholick Practice”, in Συμβολον Ἠθικο-Πολεμικον: or a Collection of Polemical and Moral Discourses，R. Royston，頁 126:


tantamount

价值或数量等同的事物 (定于用法合并进入了形容词内)

For end thereof, not despondency but madness : for when Cossey understood that Hobday had called his wife a tantamount, he waited for him outside, and gave him what he called a pair of clippers over the ear.

1977，Last Essays of Maurice Hewlett，頁 42:


spiel

借自德語 Spiel (“游戏”)和/或意第緒語 שפּיל (shpil)，两者均源自中古高地德語 spil，源自古高地德語 spil，源自原始西日耳曼語 *spil。与古英語 spilian (“玩”)同源。见speel。

（常指用于说服别人的）长篇大论

I'd love to be there with a real pretty spiel / But three little words can explain how I feel

1910，Irving Berlin （作曲作詞）, “Dear Mayme, I Love You”:

The spiel ran on; the sale was brief and brisk; / The bargains fell to bidders, one by one. / Hope flushed my cheekbones with a scarlet disk.

1939 May，Theodore Roethke，“The Auction”, in Poetry Magazine: