scram

不及物，英國，方言，古舊

（指身体、躯体因寒冷或缺乏运动而） 麻痹，僵硬

The bean-setters can fully appreciate the nipping, biting keenness of the air, and avow frankly, in their own peculiar idiom, "that they be pretty nigh scrammed!"

1857，Frances Freeling Broderip，“Murder Will Out. An ‘Owre True Tale.’”, in Way-side Fancies，London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, part 2，頁 13:

（因伤病、意外而）变虚弱

"But they will be scrammed!^* the children will be scrammed, Mary, before morning," cried Jim, scratching his head with perplexity and distress at the very thought of two young creatures sleeping on the bare boards, in a cold garret with only a shawl to cover them. [Footnote *: Starved.]

[1867]，章號 I, in How Mary Edmonds Did What She Could; and What Came of it after Many Days，London: The Religious Tract Society, […], →OCLC，頁s 14–15:


seismic

基于古希臘語 σεισμός (seismós，“摇晃；地震”) + -ic。

With Spurs having avoided a seismic Cup upset, Newport's heroic display will be rewarded with a lucrative replay at Wembley.

2018年January27日，Dafydd Pritchard，“Newport 1 - 1 Tottenham Hotspur”, in BBC Sport:


telomere

/ˈtiːləmɪəɹ/

Chromosome ends or telomeres are composed of guanine-rich repeat sequences and associated proteins. A minimum number of repeats is essential for proper telomere function and to avoid sustained activation of DNA damage pathways that may result in replicative senescence or cell death.

2004, Peter M. Lansdorp, 11: Telomeres and Telomere Regulation, Robert Paul Lanza (editor), Handbook of Stem Cells, Volume 2: Adult and Fetal Stem Cells, page 127,

Previous studies have examined telomere lengths as an indirect measure of aging in cloned animals. Sheep were reported to have shorter telomeres suggestive of premature aging while cattle had either age-appropriate or longer telomeres.

2007，Peter Sutovsky，Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer，頁 78:


terse

源自拉丁語 tersus (“干净的，清洁的，擦干净了的；整洁的”)，tergō、tergeō (“清洁；擦拭”)的过去分词，源自原始印歐語 *terh₁- (“擦；转”)。

terser (comparative)
tersest (superlative)

concise

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

succinct

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

prolix

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

verbose

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

wordy

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

简练的，简洁的，开门见山的

In eight terse lines has Phædrus told / (So frugal were the Bards of old) / A Tale of Goats; and clos'd with grace / Plan, Moral, all, in that ſhort space.

1777，[George Riley]，The Asses Ears, a Fable. Addressed to the Author of The Goat's Beard [William Whitehead]，London: Printed for G. Riley, […], →OCLC; quoted in “Art. VIII. Asses Ears: A Fable. Addressed to the Author of The Goat’s Beard. 4to. 6d. Riley. 1777. [book review]”, in The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged，卷 LVI, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, […], March 1777, →OCLC，頁 194:

Your last series contains some of the neatest, tersest, and most unpretendingly original criticism, I have lately met with.

1832 September，[John Wilson]，“Noctes Ambrosianae。No. LXII.”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine，卷 XXXII, 期 CXCVIII, Edinburgh: William Blackwood; London: T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC，頁 409:

The book contains some happily done portrait touches of Napoleon, [...] and this and other aphoristical sentences scattered throughout this volume, [...] form as terse and trenchant a character-sketch of the Emperor as may be found almost anywhere.

1902，G. W. Parker，“Things and Other Things: Letters to Living Authors—IX. Sir [Arthur] Conan Doyle”, in Good Words，London: Isbister and Company Limited […], →OCLC，頁 817，列 1:

Many protested that they had nothing to do with the fighting. At a word from the General the soldiers ripped off the men's shirts and examined the front of their shoulders. If they found bruises that might have been made from the butt of a gun when it had been fired—the terse order was, "Shoot him!" And many of the young men of Trujillo had disappeared.

1946，Clayton Knight，The Quest of the Golden Condor，New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →OCLC，頁 94:

[...] [Samuel] Beckett has become virtually mute, musewise, having progressed from marvellously constructed English sentences through terser and terser French ones to the unsyntactical, unpunctuated prose of Comment C'est and 'ultimately' to wordless mimes.

1977，John Barth，“The Literature of Exhaustion”, in The Novel Today: Contemporary Writers on Modern Fiction，Manchester: Manchester University Press by arrangement with Fontana Books; Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, →ISBN，頁 73:

Mr SPEAKER: If the honourable member could be terse. / Mr O'Flynn: I shall be very terse. It may be my fault, Mr Speaker, but I doubt if you have quite appreciated the point.

1979年August23日，John Richard Harrison, Speaker of the House, Francis Duncan O’Flynn，“[Questions for Oral Answer] Leased Cars—Exemptions”, in Parliamentary Debates (Hansard): First Session, Thirty-ninth Parliament (House of Representatives)，卷 425, Wellington: P. D. Hasselberg, government printer, 出版於 1980, →OCLC，頁 2480:

Having attempted to identify a role for the society and its magazine, Quest, "for the next 40 years", the society chairman, Rhea Williams, decided it was time to close. She announced the group's demise in a terse message to members following the annual meeting, which just 22 people attended.

2012年June4日，Lewis Smith，“Queen’s English Society says enuf is enough, innit?: Society formed 40 years ago to protect language against poor spelling and grammar closes because too few people care”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2016-03-10:

'Laura!' The voice halting her was terse. Brusque. She turned. [...] 'Before I go,' he said, and his voice was terse, tighter than ever. 'I want to ensure you understand something.'

2008，Julia James，The Italian's Rags-to-riches Wife (Bedded by … Blackmail; Harlequin Presents; 2716)，Toronto, Ont., New York, N.Y.: Harlequin, →ISBN，頁 107:

My voice was terser than I intended, but what the hell. The night was turning out to be interesting in some ways and extremely frustrating in others.

2018，Zara Cox，Close to The Edge (Mills & Boon Dare)，London: Mills & Boon, →ISBN:


succinct

源自中古英語 succinte、succynt，源自古法語 succinct，源自拉丁語 succinctus，succingō (“从下方束缚”)被动完成时分词，源自sub + cingō (“束缚，包裹，包住”)。

more succinct (comparative)
most succinct (superlative)

You should give clear, succinct information to the clients.

你应该给客户清晰简洁的信息。

The Derby Carriage Works foreman, when informed that this coach was to be run at 90 m.p.h. to obtain information on bogie hunting, is reported to have offered one succinct word of advice - "Don't!"

1961 February，R. K. Evans，“The role of research on British Railways”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 94:


tapestry

源自中古英語 tapiestre，源自古法語 tapisserie (“绣帷”)。

Sepia Delft tiles surrounded the fireplace, their crudely drawn Biblical scenes in faded cyclamen blending with the pinkish pine, while above them, instead of a mantelshelf, there was an archway high enough to form a balcony with slender balusters and a tapestry-hung wall behind.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 3, in The China Governess:

形形色色的事物；错综复杂的事物

European adventurers found themselves within a watery world, a tapestry of streams, channels, wetlands, lakes and lush riparian meadows enriched by floodwaters from the Mississippi River.

2013 January-February，Nancy Langston，“The Fraught History of a Watery World”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 1，頁 59:


tapestry

tapestries (third-person singular present)
tapestrying (present participle)
tapestried (past participle)

用绣帷或绣帷一般的饰品来装饰

We had run above twenty miles when the sun set, carpeting the sea, and tapestrying the sky with a rare unison of delicate green and golden hues […]

1833，Adolphus Slade，Records of Travels in Turkey, Greece, &c., "Captain Pasha's Alarm"，頁 152:

The banqueting-hall, all open to the sky, and with thick curtains of ivy tapestrying the walls, and grass and weeds growing on the arches that overpass it, is indescribably beautiful.

1854年September13日，Nathaniel Hawthorne，English Note-Books, "Conway Castle":

I present Bosnavina to its Duchess, I kiss the hem of her Majesty's robe and will tapestry her Palace with conquered flags.

1921，Israel Zangwill，The Cockpit: Romantic Drama in Three Acts，頁 255:


scarcity

源自古諾曼語 escarcete，by surface analysis, scarce + -ity。

Praise […] owes its value only to its scarcity.

July 6, 1751, Samuel Johnson, The Rambler No. 136

To understand the events of the next fifty years, then, one must understand environmental scarcity, cultural and racial clash, geographic destiny, and the transformation of war.

1994 February，Robert D. Kaplan，“The Coming Anarchy”, in The Atlantic:

a scarcity of grain

The crucial and intersecting challenges of scarcities, both emerging and intensifying, will consume China’s custodians over the next decade.

2013年September24日，Damien Ma, William Adams，“China's Next Great Challenge: Scarcity”, in The Atlantic:


sappy

源自中古英語 sappy、sapy，源自古英語 sæpiġ (“多汁的”)，等价于sap + -y。同源词包括西弗里斯蘭語 sappig (“多汁的”)、荷蘭語 sappig (“多汁的”)、中古高地德語 saffic、seffec (“多汁的”)（→德語 saftig、丹麥語 saftig (“多汁的”)、瑞典語 saftig (“多汁的”)。zaftig 的同源對似詞。

sappier (comparative)
sappiest (superlative)

To himself, already beginning to resent the new employer as all that morning he had been resenting the old one, Dr. Planish groaned, “He’s getting saintly on me! A careerist in holiness! I'll never be happy till I've got an organization where I’m sole boss—unless it’s one run by a fellow like Colonel Marduc, who has real brains and power—and cash!—and not a lot of sappy sentimentality like Vesper or psychopathic malice like Sneaky Sandy—Oh dear!”

1943，Sinclair Lewis，章號 23, in Gideon Planish:

It was a sappy love song, but it reminded them of their first dance.

这是一首肉麻的情歌，但是让他们想起了他们第一次跳舞。

（指植物）多汁液的，汁液丰富的

But these, tho’ fed with careful dirt,
Are neither green nor sappy;
Half-conscious of the garden-squirt,
The spindlings look unhappy,

As always, there was a fizzing, popping blaze of pine and sappy apple logs in the fireplace.

1976，Kurt Vonnegut，章號 8, in Slapstick，Delacorte Press，頁 61:

The corridor stinks of sweat and cigarette smoke, and I daringly open the window a little. The freshest air floats in, smelling of sappy grasses, the delicate pollens of wild flowers, the resins of the pine forests; hinting atthe chill blue scent of distant snows.

2013，Margaret Leroy，The English Girl, →ISBN:

海绵质的 （有大量空隙让树的汁液流动的）

In flush-framing if is observable, that the failure of all timber in old buildings has commenced much sooner than they otherwise would have done, owing to the sappy wood being at the corners of the principal beams, which soon decays, as its spongy quality attracts the moisture; whereas the heart, espescially of oak, will be as sound as the first day it was used.

1816，George Gregory，A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences - Volume 3，頁 5:

...wood is of a soft spungy nature ; sappy, and alluring to the worm.

1834，William Gilpin, Thomas Dick Lauder，Remarks on Forest Scenery and Other Woodland Views，頁 98:

I can state some of them here on a. book ; I have the particulars at home, but I can give you some of them here ; this is the Twelfth street pier, number fifty-four [reading from memorandum], 12x12 pine sticks, wormy and sappy ; one sappy ; one piece 12x12 completely rotten

1876，Documents of the Senate of the State of New York:

The reason of which difference may probably be, that the charring of Vegetables, being an operation quickly perform'd, and whilest the Wood is sappy, the more solid parts may more easily shrink together, and contract the pores or interstitia between them, then in the rotten Wood, where that natural juice seems onely to be wash'd away by adventitious or unnatural moisturel and so though the natural juice be wasted from between the firm parts, yet those parts are kept asunder by the adventitious moystures, and so by degrees settled in those postures.

2007，Robert Hooke -，Micrographia Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies, →ISBN，頁 107:


sappy

对比拉丁語 sapere (“尝”)。

more sappy (comparative)
most sappy (superlative)

sappie or unsavourie flesh

Sapy [denotes] a moisture contracted on the outward surface of meats, which is the first stage of dissolution.

Some housekeepers prepare their hung beef in this manner: Take the navel piece, and hang it up in your cellar as long as it will keep good, and til it begins to be a little sappy.

1804，John Farley，The London Art of Cookery, and Housekeeper's Complete Assistant:

Sappy meat was explained to consist of a number of little vesicles filled with very minute particles, which presented the Brownian motion, and which Mr. Berkeley suggested, from their known effects on meat, might possibly be the cause of cholera, hospital gangrene, or other diseases.

1875，English mechanic and world of science:

In this respect lamb is peculiarly suspectible to deterioration on passing the “sappy” stage.

1921，National Wool Grower - Volumes 11-12，頁 17:


be born yesterday

几乎仅用于否定，来表示自己不无知，不天真等。

I was not born yesterday, you know. I have done this before!

这还用你说。我之前做过！

"Do you think," he added, with an ironical grin, "that you'll go for to gammon me into that air! I'm hinnocent, I know, but I wasn't born yesterday exactly."

1840，Henry Cockton，章號 60, in The Life and Adventures of Valentine Vox, the Ventriloquist，頁 508:

"Say, do I look like I was born yesterday? See any green in my eye, Cactus Center?"

1915，William MacLeod Raine，章號 6, in Steve Yeager:

"Compared to me, you were born yesterday."

If you don't know important things about history, then it's as if you were born yesterday.

2005，Howard Zinn, Donaldo Pereira Macedo，Howard Zinn on Democratic Education，頁 69:


Gestapo

Fortunately this was Spain and not Germany. The Spanish secret police had some of the spirit of the Gestapo, but not much of its competence.

1938 四月，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 XI, in Homage to Catalonia，London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:


self-effacing

more self-effacing (comparative)
most self-effacing (superlative)

内敛的，害羞的，不愿意表现自己的，不愿意出风头的，极度谦虚的

Clark Kent's self-effacing behavior is to purposefully make people ignore him.

Clark Kent的低调是为了故意不让人注意到他。

His personality was also extremely endearing, his interviews were very self-effacing (and), he came over as gentle and was generous in his praise of others.

2007年January3日，Ian Gillan，“DEEP PURPLE Frontman: ELVIS PRESLEY 'Was The Greatest Singer That Ever Lived'”, in blabbermouth.net:

I'm sorry if I seem self-effacing / Consumed by selfish thoughts / It's only that I still love you deeply / It's all the love I got

2010，“Age of Adz”, in The Age of Adz，演出者 Sufjan Stevens:


atrophy

借自法語 atrophie，源自拉丁語 atrophia，源自古希臘語 ἀτροφία (atrophía，“衰弱”)，源自ἄτροφος (átrophos，“营养不良的，饮食不足的”)，源自ἀ- (a-，“不”) + τροφή (trophḗ，“营养”)，源自τρέφω (tréphō，“使...变胖”)。等价于a- + -trophy。

atrophies (third-person singular present)
atrophying (present participle)
atrophied (past participle)

衰弱，枯萎，衰退 （自18世纪初叶）

Boy. I love summer vacation. I can feel my brain beginning to atrophy already.

1987年June13日，Bill Watterson，Calvin & Hobbes (comic):

The M10 highway looks normal enough at the southern limits of St. Petersburg, but then, with a jolt, it begins to atrophy. For the next 430 miles the surface of the highway, while paved, varies from corduroy to jaw-rattling patchwork.

2013年October13日，Ellen Barry，“The Russia Left Behind: A journey through a heartland on the slow road to ruin”, in The New York Times:

使...衰弱，弱化To cause to waste away or become abortive; to starve or weaken.

Cold silence has a tendency to atrophy any sense of compassion


troubadour

经由古法語 troubadour源自古奧克語 trobar (“找到”)。trouveur 的同源對似詞。

Sitting in the courtroom ..., their laptops and tablets propped before them, power cables snaking through convoluted adapters, the Twitterati have sight of witnesses at all times – the troubadours, or perhaps the tricoteuses, of the digital revolution.

2014年April24日，Alan Cowell，“At Pistorius trial, Twitterati have their day in court”, in The New York Times:


angler

源自中古英語 angler、angleer、angeler，等价于angle + -er。

/ˈæŋ.ɡlə(ɹ)/

用钩子从商店橱窗等偷东西的小偷

They are sure to be clyd in the night by the angler, or hooker, or such like pilferers that liue upon the spoyle of other poore people.

c. 1608–1610，Samuel Rid，Martin Mark-all, Beadle of Bridewell:

Rogue or rascal, frater, maunderer, / Irish Toyle, or other wanderer; / No dimber damber, angler, dancer, / Prig of cackler, prig of prancer

1834，William Harrison Ainsworth，Rookwood，卷 2, Oath of the Canting Crew，頁s 339–340:


ass

源自中古英語 asse，源自古英語 assa，逆构自assen (“母驴”)，源自凱爾特語族（对比古愛爾蘭語 asan、上古康沃爾語 asen），源自拉丁語 asinus。取代了古英語 esol，其源自原始西日耳曼語 *asil，亦借自同一个拉丁语词。

In this section "animal" means any horse, cattle, ass, mule, sheep, pig, goat or dog.

1972，Parliament of the United Kingdom，“Part I, section 20(3)”, in Road Traffic Act 1972，頁 14:

Sometimes by way of joke, and sometimes by way of irritation, compositors are called Asses by the pressmen.

1841，William Savage，Dictionary of the Art of Printing，頁 24:


ass

arse的北美变体。最终源自中古英語 ars、ers，源自古英語 ærs、ears，源自原始西日耳曼語 *ars，源自原始日耳曼語 *arsaz（对比古高地德語 ars（德語 Arsch）、古諾爾斯語 ars、古弗里斯蘭語 ers），源自原始印歐語 *h₃érsos（对比古希臘語 ὄρρος (órrhos)）。
有不少人认为该词曾为委婉词，但它其实原是为了反映舌尖音（尤其是/s/）前/ɹ/被合并的发音拼写（更早期的形式arse仍通用于英国、澳大利亚、新西兰等地），该现象在中古英语起的非标准口语中就有出现。该现象与之后出现R音脱落不同，因为/ɹ/在能影响其前驱音之前就已经脱落。该现象影响到的其他词（部分词保留了两种形式且词义有所不同）有cuss←curse、gash←garsh、bass (“鲈鱼”)←barse、bust←burst、passel←parcel，参见:en:Category:English terms with assimilation of historic /ɹ/。

On a recent episode of "The Justin Dunning Podcast," Starkel shared his thoughts on Martell, a former Ohio State quarterback, saying "he's ass my dude" in reference to Starkel.

2019年February5日，Alex Miller，“Former Texas A&M QB Nick Starkel breaks down old Twitter beef with Tate Martell”, in Dallas Morning News:

For some reason, the teenager thought it’d be a good idea to criticize Newton and say he's "ass" and that he’s "about to be poor" because he's a free agent.

2021年February21日，Thomas Carannante，“Patriots: Cam Newton getting disrespected by a teenager is everything that’s wrong with society”, in Fansided:

"You're so ass," Murray says to another player.

2021年October28日，Josh Weinfuss，“What we learned about Arizona Cardinals quarterback Kyler Murray by watching him on Twitch”, in ESPN:


ass

poontang

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

poon

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

punani

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

pussy

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

tail

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

tang

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

ass-backwards, ass backward, ass-backward

know one's ass from a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and one's elbow

think the sun shines out of someone's ass

work someone's ass off, work one's ass off

当使用转喻意，其给整个句子带来负面色彩，带有恼怒的语气：“he has trouble getting his ass up in the morning”比“he has trouble getting up in the morning”语气更重，更带负面色彩。

不一定表示对被指代人的不赞成：“And who do you think has to clean this mess up? My ass does!”（“你觉得是谁要来擦屁股？是他妈的老子！”这句话没有体现对自己的不赞同，而表示对搞砸的人的不赞同）（可能会体现一定的厌烦）

这一用法粗俗，因此仅限于非正式语域，其用于正式上下文中有一定的冒犯意。

其词义的内涵在于通过使用身体的一部分转喻整个人，来物化一个人（甚至包括指自己的时候），暗中强调了其身体而非其人格（亦从该观点对比watch his hide (“看好他，保护好他”)、show his face (“露面”)、what's-his-face (“无名氏”)、meatbag或crackhead）。

其变格形式在语法上有代词功能：my ass = I、me、myself your ass = you、yourself his ass = he、him、himself her ass = she、her、herself your asses = y'all、y'all、yourselves their asses = they、them、themselves

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

I'm going to go down to the bar and try to get me some ass.

我准备去酒吧找个屄来肏。

Acid, booze, and ass / Needles, guns, and grass

1971，Joni Mitchell （作曲作詞）, “Blue”, in Blue:


aghast

源自中古英語 agast、agasted，agasten (“使...恐惧”)的过去分词，源自古英語 a-（对比哥特語 𐌿𐍃- (us-)、德語 er-，原指“外，出”） + gæstan (“惊吓，虐待”)：对比哥特語 𐌿𐍃𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usgaisjan，“惊吓”，字面意思是“通过恐惧定住”)，与拉丁語 haerere (“粘住，附着于”)同源。对比gaze、hesitate。

more aghast (comparative)
most aghast (superlative)

惊呆了的，惊诧的；恐惧的

I was aghast when the incident unfolded in front of me.

事情在我眼前发生，把我吓住了。

And while the revellers stood aghast at the fury of the man, one more wicked or, it may be, more drunken than the rest, cried out that they should put the hounds upon her.

1902，Arthur Conan Doyle.，The Hound of the Baskervilles:

I am agog! I am aghast! Is Marius in love at last?

1985, Les Misérables, the song "Red and Black"

We sat at a long table with a huge salmon on a platter in the center, prepared Szechuan style. Dad sat at one end of the table, and regaled all present with his stories. In the middle of one convoluted yarn, he rose and went around to the salmon in the center of the table. Using his fingers, he dug an eyeball out of the fish, popped it in his mouth and swallowed it whole as we looked on, aghast. “A real delicacy,” he said, with a boyish smirk.

2003，Brian Herbert，“Xanadu”, in Dreamer of Dune，New York: Tom Doherty Associates, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 259:

Hart, for one, will not remember the night for Lambert's heroics. Morrison, not closed down quickly enough, struck his shot well but England's No1 will be aghast at the way it struck his gloves then skidded off his knees and into the net.


snivel

古英語 *snyflan，还有记载作snyflung (“鼻涕，粘液”)，源自snofl，最终源自snout的词根。
与sniff、snuff有关。.

snivels (third-person singular present)
snivelling
sniveling
snivelled
sniveled

[…] a Hagg, a Fury by my side;

1611, Josuah Sylvester (translator), Du Bartas His Deuine Weekes and Workes, London, Book 4, Week 2, Day 4, p. 623,

[…] in severe frosty weather, snivelling and tears are produced by the coldness and dryness of the air.

1794, Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia, London: J. Johnson, Volume 1, Section 16, Subsection 2, p. 149,

[…] he began to snivel, and wherever he tried to hide he was found out by the terrific explosions of his suppressed sneezes.

1937，J. R. R. Tolkien，章號 9, in The Hobbit，New York: Random House, 出版於 1982，頁 187:

啜泣，呜咽；哭哭啼啼，哭诉

Let things come to the Worst; when we have Overturned the Government;—Polluted the very Altar, with our MASTERS BLOOD—Cheated the Publick, &c. ’Tis but to Whine and Snivel to the People; tell them we were mis-led, by Cardinall Appetites;

1660，Roger L’Estrange，“No Fool to the Old Fool”, in A Short View of Some Remarkable Transactions，London: Henry Brome，頁 95:

[…] after a good deal of sniveling and sobbing, she owned, that so far from being an heiress of a great fortune, she was no other than a common woman of the town, who had decoyed me into matrimony […]

1748，Tobias Smollett，章號 61, in The Adventures of Roderick Random，卷 2, London: J. Osborn，頁 267:

I never snivel over trifles like that.

1868，Louisa May Alcott，章號 15, in Little Women:

ANNE: Aunt Sara’s in the garden, snivelling in a deck chair.
BASTON: What a hard child you are.
ANNE: It’s no good being mushy, is it? It’s the truth that matters. and she is snivelling.
BASTON: You could have said “crying.”
ANNE: But crying’s quite a different thing.

1957，Graham Greene，The Potting Shed，New York: Viking, act 1, scene 1，頁 17:

I, the Socman, am shorn of my lands that you may snivel Latin and eat bread for which you never did hand’s turn.

1891，Arthur Conan Doyle，章號 9, in The White Company:

‘Oh, hell! I’d snivel psalms to oblige the padre, but I can’t stick the way these damned native Christians come shoving into our church.’

1934 十月，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，“Chapter 2”, in Burmese Days，New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, →OCLC:


snivel

So Parson Hugh, with Groan and Snivel
Made half his Congregation drivel,

1692，John Dennis，“The Triumvirate: or, The Battle”, in Poems in Burlesque，London，頁 2:

[…] after a bit of a snivel, for you know I am a woman in these matters, I had her treated with all decency, and then committed her to Davy Jones’s locker; and for want of a chaplain, I said the burial service myself […]

1792，Charles Dibdin，章號 5, in Hannah Hewit: or, The Female Crusoe，卷 1, London，頁 50:

Uriah Heep gave a kind of snivel. I think to express sympathy.

1849 May – 1850 November，Charles Dickens，章號 42, in The Personal History of David Copperfield，London: Bradbury & Evans, […], 出版於 1850, →OCLC:

He did let his snot and snivel fall in his pottage […]

1653，Thomas Urquhart（譯者）, The First Book of the Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais，London: Richard Baddeley, Book 1, Chapter 11, p. 53:

In streams the blood and snivel flows

1770, Thomas Bridges, A Burlesque Translation of Homer, London: S. Hooper, 3rd edition, Volume 2, Book 8, p. 44,

On quitting this den of furious heat, I got a sight of a lair, exceeding all the rest I had seen in Hell, but one, in frightful stinking filthiness, where was a herd of accursed drunken swine, disgorging and swallowing, swallowing and disgorging, continually and without rest, the most loathsome snivel.

1860，Ellis Wynne，譯者 George Borrow, The Sleeping Bard; or, Visions of the World, Death, and Hell，London: John Murray，頁 86:

[…] he ran his sleeve under his nose to stop the snivel.

1952，Flannery O’Connor，章號 3, in Wise Blood，New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 出版於 1962，頁 59:


requin

The big gullet of the requin shark, for example, could do so. It has been killed with men inside whole.

1893，Rev. H. J. Foster，“Jonah”, in The Thinker，卷 9，頁 124:


get a grip

gets a grip (third-person singular present)
getting a grip (present participle)
got a grip (past)
got a grip
gotten a grip

But the bannock ran […] down the road to the next house, and in and snug by the fireside. The folk were just sitting down to their soup, and the goodwife scraping the pot. "Look," quoth she, "there's a wee bannock come in to warm itself at our fireside."
"Shut the door," quoth the goodman, "and we'll try to get a grip of it."
When the bannock heard that, it ran out of the house and they after it with their spoons, […]

1894，Joseph Jacobs，“More English Fairy Tales”, in The Wee Bannock，D. Nutt:

I attempted to get a grip in the snow with my frozen fingers, to stem myself with my heels, but with no success, […]

1898，Arnold Henry Savage Landor，In the Forbidden Land，Heinemann, Chapter XIII:

Thereupon the conger, taking the offensive, made a grab at him; it tried to seize him again […], but in both cases it failed to get a grip of the slippery skin, and the next minute the otter was at the surface.

1909，John Coulson Tregarthen，The Life Story of an Otter，John Murray, page 111:

Heber, using the argument which he felt would be of most avail, tried to frighten the man into soberness by picturing his wife's wrath; whereupon the adroit scamp replied that he knew what that would be, and had taken the precaution to have his hair cut short, so that she could not get a grip on it.

1912，Agnes Repplier，Americans and others，Houghton Mifflin Company, page 67:

"The Government needs to get a grip on the cost of electricity," she noted.

2022年February9日，Tom Allett，“Network News: Improved planning the key for advancing rail freight”, in RAIL，期 950，頁 28:

[…] the great antiquarian, Duald MacFirbis […], who was able to penetrate and get a grip of the long forgotten language of the ancient law tracts […]

1913，Douglas Hyde，“Eugene O'Curry”, in Catholic Encyclopedia，The Encyclopedia Press:

"Grogan, the truth is, I travel to keep away from New York. There I'm lost: too many friends. When I'm at sea I get away from it all and kind of get a grip on life again. You understand?"

1917，Harold MacGrath，The Luck of the Irish，Harper & Brothers, page 206:

"You're looking at the thing wrong end to. Get a grip on your facts first. […]"

1918，William MacLeod Raine，The Sheriff's Son，Houghton Mifflin Company, page 65:

He needs to get a grip if he's getting that angry over such a little thing.

如果他要为这么小的事生那么大的气的话，那他得冷静点了。

She made her innocent bow, and retired without a suspicion that she had been an embarrassment. Nothing would have happened, now, perhaps, if quiet could have been maintained for a few minutes, so that the people could get a grip upon themselves, but the strain overpowered my old maid partner and she exploded like a bomb; a general and unrestrained crash of laughter followed, of course, the happy tears flowed like brooks, and no one was sorry of the opportunity to laugh himself out and get the blessed relief that comes of that privilege in such circumstances.

1907，“Mark Twain's Fables of Man”, in Little Nelly Tells a Story Out of Her Own Head，University of California Press:

When I reached this stage of visual chaos I stopped for a moment to get a grip on myself. It would not do to let my nerves get the better of me at the very outset of what would surely be a trying experience, […]

1929，H.P. Lovecraft, Zealia Bishop，The Mound, Part VII:

Panic thoughts chased about in my brain. I attempted to get a grip upon myself.

1950，William Frederick Temple，The Triangle of Terror:

Fuck all you hoes.
Get a grip, motherfucker.

1994，片头起0:00, in Juicy (Hip Hop), spoken by The Notorious B.I.G.:


scrawny

方言词scranny (“薄的，骨瘦如柴的，欠缺的，劣质的”)的变体，可能是源自古諾爾斯語 skran (“垃圾”) + -y。对比挪威語 skran (“骨瘦如柴的”)、英語 scrannel (“瘦的，无价值的”)。
另可能源自古諾爾斯語 skrælna (“枯萎”).

scrawnier (comparative)
scrawniest (superlative)

“Tell him, in these words, that I will have his scrawny bones before me now. Tell him, Byar, and bring him if you must arrest him and those filthy wretches who disgrace the Children. Go.”

1992，Robert Jordan，“Chapter 31: Assurances”, in The Shadow Rising (The Wheel of Time; 4)，London: Orbit Books, 出版於 2021, →ISBN，頁 498:


knock up

knocks up (third-person singular present)
knocking up (present participle)
knocked up (past participle)

敲门吵醒，敲门叫醒； 叫醒，叫来； （在选举日）上门提醒...投票 （见knocker up）（自17世纪）

“Very sorry to knock you up, Watson,” said he, “but it's the common lot this morning. Mrs. Hudson has been knocked up, she retorted upon me, and I on you.”

1892，Arthur Conan Doyle，The Adventure of the Speckled Band, page 1:

‘I didn't knock you up when I came in,’ Peregrine said. ‘There seemed no point. It was getting light. I just thought I’d leave the note to wake me at seven. And oddly enough I did sleep. Heavily.’

1966，Ngaio Marsh，Death at the Dolphin，頁 160:

使...筋疲力竭，使...无法再继续 （自18世纪）

‘Now, mamma,’ he said, when he went out, ‘take notice, you are not to knock up your god-daughter with gossip,’ [...]

1835，Charlotte Brontë，章號 XVII, in Villette:

The day being exceedingly hot, the want of food had knocked up my followers […]

1861，John Petherick，Egypt, the Soudan and Central Africa，頁 389:

筋疲力竭；无法再继续下去 （自18世纪）

[…] the horses were beginning to knock up under the fatigue of such severe service […]

I met one of your dons at tea, and he said that your degree was not in the least a proof of your abilities: he said that you knocked up and got flurried in examinations.

1907, E.M. Forster, The Longest Journey, Part I, VII [Uniform ed., p. 87]:

使...怀孕（尤指婚外孕，参见knocked up） （自19世纪）

I guess his summer plans are shot now that he knocked his girlfriend up.

看来他把女朋友整怀孕了以后暑期计划要泡汤了。

“And how many other girls has he knocked up?” “Would you keep your voice down? Mom's home.” She pressed her hands to her head. “I just don't understand how you could ditch Rowan and get knocked up by Scott, like, right away.”

2015，Jaime Loren，Waiting for April，Pan, →ISBN:


deus ex machina

非同化借詞，源自拉丁語 deus ex māchinā (即设备，脚手架等机械，字面意思是“来自机械的神”)，源自古希臘語。

dei ex machina (plural)
dei ex machinis (plural)
deus ex machinas (plural)

罕见地，复数作dii ex machina, di ex machina, dii ex machinis及di ex machinis。

以ex machina结尾的复数形式直译为“从一台机械降临的神们”，而以ex machinis结尾的则意为“从几台机械降临的神们”，使用时，这些复数形式的词义通常保留这一语义上的差别，但是仅为比喻义。

强行生硬，不合逻辑的故事转折，故事结尾

The repeated tactic of deus ex machina (without a deus) has a deplorable effect on both the plot and the dialogue.

2007年August12日，Christopher Hitchens，“Harry Potter: The Boy Who Lived”, in New York Times:

Despite the government shutdown, at the end of the last season Knope is able to put on a children's concert in the abandoned lot she's been trying to turn into a park due to a quick deus ex machina.

2011年January20日，Dave Thier，“‘Parks and Recreation’: Comedy Imitates Life (Sort Of)”, in The Atlantic:

Compared to that, the season-four finale “Server Error” felt comparatively tame, focusing mostly on Richard’s maniacal efforts to create a new kind of internet, which were helped along by a confusing deus ex machina.

2017年June26日，David Sims，“How Will ‘Silicon Valley’ Work Without T.J. Miller?”, in The Atlantic:

意外且依靠外部力量的解决方案，鬼使神差

Handler’s bad advice for generals […] is mostly notable as the most extreme expression of peculiar pleas by Trump opponents who seek some deus ex machina that will stop the president: generals simply disobeying the president, other civil servants refusing to follow through on orders, or even the invocation of the 25th Amendment to remove him from office.

2017年August14日，David A. Graham，“The Search for a Magical Way to Stop Trump”, in The Atlantic:

机械降神 （在希腊或罗马戏剧中，依靠舞台器械登台救场的神祇）

I was going to wait for Monsieur Hyppolyte and, like a craven, hand the whole thing over to him. Let the deus ex machina fly in out of the clouds...

1959，Mary Stewart，章號 XVII, in Nine Coaches Waiting，M. S. Mill Company，頁 268:


memento mori

源自拉丁語 mementō morī (字面意思是“留心死亡”)。

memento moris (plural)
mementos mori (plural)

死亡的象征物 （提醒人自己终有一死的物品，比如骷髅等）

I have often heard you express your dislike of any impertinent memento moris—you have even thought it irreligious, and unthankful for present good; and tending to chill the life-blood, the little that is left in the old, and to throw a wet blanket over the cheerfulness of the young, out of which cheerfulness elastic manhood is to spring, and to take upon itself to do the manly responsible duties of life vigorously. I repeat that you have always maintained, that to thrust a memento mori in every man’s face, or to carve it upon his walking-stick, is irreligious, because it is essential unthankfulness.

1854 October，“Civilisation.—The Census.”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine，卷 LXXVI, 期 CCCCLXVIII, Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood & Sons, […]，頁 447，列 2:

On All Saints’ day, Toussaint, the festival of the dead, the fête des morts, the whole town, and especially the cemetery of Rheims, was a scene of lively, and I may say cheerful, excitement. Along the street leading to the latter were arranged on both sides stalls and tables, gayly festooned with crowns, crosses, and memento moris, and attended by female hucksters.

1867，Robert Tomes，“A Cheerful Resort—Cemetery at Rheims—Death and Champagne— […]”, in The Champagne Country，New YorK, N.Y.: […] [Melancthon M.] Hurd and [Henry Oscar] Houghton, […]，頁s 193–194:

The series of moments [which] the clock records is not only a succession of “nows” but a memento mori diminishing the number of seconds that remain before death.

1995，Richard Klein，“Introduction”, in Cigarettes are sublime，第Paperback版, Durham: Duke University Press, 出版於 1993, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 8:

And there were even stranger sides to this kind of behaviour: when his mother died, Bruckner commissioned a photograph of her on her death bed and kept it in his teaching room. He had no image of his mother when she was alive, just this grotesque-seeming token of her death staring out at him as an unsettling memento mori.

2014年April1日，Tom Service，“Sex, death and dissonance: the strange, obsessive world of Anton Bruckner”, in The Guardian:

As a student of the fossil record, I can assure you that it’s not often that creatures are transformed, in flagrante delicto, into memento mori.

2018，Tim Flannery，Europe: A Natural History，頁 65:

Bright enamel is a feature of posies around the late sixteenth to mid-seventeenth century, with darker enamels continuing into the eighteenth century on memento moris like this example.

2021，Jo Ahmet，50 Finds 源自Kent: Objects from the Portable Antiquities Scheme，Amberley Publishing, →ISBN:


emoji

借自日语 絵文字 (えもじ, emoji)，絵 (え, e，“图片”) + 文字 (もじ, moji)。虽然看起来与英语 emotion和emoticon有关联，实际上只是一个巧合。

同類詞：emoticon、kaomoji、sticker

In order to communicate quickly, many mobile phone users use emoji characters (similar to emoticons) while sending messages. Service providers have also created a set of emoji characters and have added support for it.

2002，Language International: The Business Resource for a Multilingual Age，卷 14, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 45:

One of the most exciting announcements at Twitter's Chirp conference this week was "Annotated Tweets". […] The data attached doesn't have to be simple text. Twitter suggests examples such as MIDI data (for music) or emoji (for fancy emoticons).

2010年April17日，Martin Bryant，“Twitter Reveals Details of New ‘Annotated Tweets’ Feature”, in The Next Web，存檔自the original on 2017-02-22:

So what do a bunch of dudes with iPhones do when they haven't eaten all day, are waiting at your restaurant table, starving, annoyed, and need to pass the time. They innovate. They bring emojis to life. In public. […] Give it a shot – it's probably the one semi-practical thing you can do with an emoji[…].

2011年April5日，Sam Biddle，“IRL Emojis: Our New Favourite Way to Waste Time on the Phone”, in Gizmodo，存檔自the original on 2013-03-20:

Like any natural language grammar, the distribution of emoji in texts, as well as the construction of phrases and sentences with emoji symbols in them, implies a systematic structure, otherwise it would be impossible to literally "read" the emoji texts.

2017，Marcel Danesi，“Emoji Grammar”, in The Semiotics of Emoji (Bloomsbury Advances in Semiotics)，London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN，頁 77:

At present, Emoji functions not to replace the linguistic mode, but to complement it – the good old-fashioned English word is not going to be in danger any time soon. Emoji enables, arguably for the first time, a multimodal component to text-based digital communication, providing a code that fills out the communicative message in the linguistic mode, conveyed through text.

2017 August，Vyvyan Evans，“What’s in a Word?”, in The Emoji Code: The Linguistics behind Smiley Faces and Scaredy Cats，第1st US版, New York, N.Y.: Picador, →ISBN，頁 102:

Apple wants to introduce new emojis to better represent people with disabilities. A guide dog, a wheelchair user and prosthetic limbs are just some of the symbols it's suggested.

2018年March24日，“Apple Wants to Introduce New Emojis for Disabled People”, in BBC News，存檔自the original on 2018-07-09:


transphobia

It is not really a debate about privacy and personal safety versus politics, so much as an impulse towards pride and a rejection of internalized transphobia.


benzodiazepine

同類詞：barbiturate

That week we were in the desert I couldn't sleep—perhaps a couple of hours each night at the most even with a steady intake of benzodiazepine.

2023，Bret Easton Ellis，章號 1, in The Shards:


nihonium

源自日語 日本 (Nihon) + -ium。2016年IUPAC因日本理化学研究所發現該元素而以日本的國名來命名。

Japanese scientists behind the discovery of element 113, the first atomic element found in Asia - indeed, the first found outside Europe or the United States - have dubbed it "nihonium" after the Japanese-language name for their country.

2016年June9日，“First element discovered in Asia named 'nihonium', after Japan”, in Reuters:


copernicium

Copernicus + -ium，以Nicolaus Copernicus（尼古拉斯·哥白尼）命名

kōpərnĭsʹēəm

Copernicium is one of a group of superheavy elements made artificially in a particle accelerator by colliding ions into a heavymetal target; and, like the other superheavy elements, it is radioactive and decays very quickly.

2013，Eric Scerri，30-Second Elements, →ISBN:


death toll

Food, clothing, bedding, and fire, were supplied in sufficient proportions to maintain life and health; and the three years of severe suffering passed over the cotton districts without any sensible increase of disease, and without increasing the frequency of the death toll.

1866，John Watts，The Facts of the Cotton Famine，頁 232:

Fascinated by the fact that the death toll of this singular storm was the fifth highest on record as regards overall effects/death tolls for a natural disaster in the United States in the 20th century […]

2011，Angela Mason，Death Rides the Sky: The Story of the 1925 Tri-State Tornado:


death knell

The sound was the stroke of a bell from the tower of East Endelstow Church. . . . The death-knell of an inhabitant of the eastern parish was being tolled.

1873，Thomas Hardy，章號 25, in A Pair of Blue Eyes:

Its recurrence was regular, but as slow as the tolling of a death-knell.

1890，Ambrose Bierce，章號 1, in An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge:

The thought was a death-knell to Helen's last hope.

1901，Upton Sinclair，章號 10, in King Midas:

"It is the death knell of an orchestra if it doesn't have its own home," he says.

2004, Jamie James, "The Rise of a Musical Superpower," Time, 28 June:

A rupture would represent a death knell for the West and would harm the US worker.

2018，Michael Cottakis – LSE，“Colliding worlds: Donald Trump and the European Union”, in LSE's blog:


unsplit

unsplits (third-person singular present)
unsplitting (present participle)
unsplit (past participle)

Like it or not, we are in a motor age and we can no more turn back the clock than we can unsplit the atom.

To unsplit the split, click on the View Menu buttons and choose Unsplit Left/Right (v6.2) or Unsplit Main (v6.3).

2012，Lee Lanier，Digital Compositing with Nuke:


trimethylphosphine

In this work, phosphorous-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes have been synthesized by the thermal decomposition of trimethylphosphine using a high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition method.

2016，Georgina Ruiz-Soria, Toma Susi, Markus Sauer, Kazuhiro Yanagi, Thomas Pichler, Paola Ayala，“On the bonding environment of phosphorus in purified doped single-walled carbon nanotubes”, in Carbon，卷 81，頁s 91-95:


skerry

源自設得蘭、奧克尼低地蘇格蘭語 skerry，源自古諾爾斯語 sker (參見丹麥語 skær、書面挪威語 skjær)。

礁，岩，嶼；小型石質島嶼，漲潮時可能被淹沒

The Seal (phoca vitulina, Lin. Syft.) which is here generally known by the name of selchy, is very common on most of our low shores, but particularly on those of the small holms and remote skerries, where it is frequently seen reposing and basking in the sun [...].

1805，George Barry，History of the Orkney Islands，頁 322:

Grim the Halogalander's crew sailed along Borgarfjord beyond the skerries, then cast anchor until the storm died down and the weather brightened up.

1997，Bernard Scudder, transl.，Egil's Saga，Penguin Books，頁 46:

The three men proceeded, with a little difficulty, to scale the skerry, finding Gannets and Guillemots on the upper reaches.

2000，Jeremy Gaskell，Who Killed the Great Auk?，Oxford University Press，頁 20:


brownie point

不详，但可能源自brownnose，且常与女童子军中的幼女级别（6到8岁）做某些任务得到的分数关联起来，这些分数可用来兑换别在童子军制服上奖章。在20世纪60年代造出。

该词作讽刺用法，来强调某人的阿谀奉承。

（常指拍马屁得到的）表扬，赞赏，肯定，好印象

You're really going to get some brownie points from the teacher for that fantastic essay!

你写的这篇优秀的论文肯定会让老师表扬你。

However, you get Brownie points for having spelled my names right—all of them, and the first time too!

1967 November，Harriette Bailey Conn，“Women legislators”, in Ebony，頁 14:


ethereal

源自拉丁語 aetherius (“与天空、高空有关的”)，源自古希臘語 αἰθέριος (aithérios，“与高空有关的”)。可作ether + -ial分析。

more ethereal (comparative)
most ethereal (superlative)

/ɪˈθɪə.ɹɪ.əl/

/ɪˈθɪɚ.i.əl/

ethereous

缥缈的，纤薄的，轻飘飘的

delicate

缥缈的，纤薄的，轻飘飘的

light

缥缈的，纤薄的，轻飘飘的

ethereal space

ethereal regions

Since to part, / Go heavenly Gueſt, Ethereal Meſſenger, / Sent from whoſe ſovran goodneſs I adore.

既然要启程离开，就请上路，天上的客人，太空中的信使，接受派遣，来自我所崇拜的至善的上帝。

1667，John Milton，“Book VIII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 1282–1284:

The fanciful fables of fairy land are but allegories of the young poet's mind when the sweet spell is upon him. Some slight thing calls up the visionary world, and all the outward and actual is for the time forgotten. It is a fever ethereal and lovely; but, like all other fevers, leaving behind weakness and exhaustion.

1837，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Ethel Churchill，卷 2，頁s 25–26:

I trust that we shall be more imaginative, that our thoughts will be clearer, fresher, and more ethereal, as our sky,[…]

1862，Henry David Thoreau，“Walking”, in The Atlantic Monthly，卷 9, 期 56:

She was very young—at the most nineteen, with a pale somewhat refined face, yellow hair, merry blue eyes, and shining teeth. Her beauty was of an ethereal type.

1885，Arthur Conan Doyle，The Man 源自Archangel:

缥缈的，纤薄的，轻飘飘的

Strange mystery of our nature, that those in whom genius developes itself in imagination, thus taking its most ethereal form, should yet be the most dependent on the opinions of others!

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 1，頁 3:


cross-examination

盘问，诘问（法庭上对对方提出的证据进行质问）

When Horsley finished his testimony, Richardson began the cross-examination, which was to last for twenty-six hours over the course of an entire week.

1999，Patrick J. Gallo，The American Paradox: Politics and Justice，頁 62:


non-fungible token

How do you know if you need a fungible or non-fungible token for your use case?

2020年October9日，Jamiel Sheikh，Mastering Corda，O'Reilly Media, →ISBN，頁 298:


cryptocurrency

Bitcoin was the first decentralized cryptocurrency.

Then there is bitcoin, the cryptocurrency that has been skyrocketing in value lately. Bitcoin is basically virtual cash — anonymous, untraceable currency stuffed into a mobile wallet.

2013年November17日，Nick Bilton，“Disruptions: A Digital Underworld Cloaked in Anonymity”, in New York Times:


no can do

源自洋涇浜英語，仿译自漢語 不能做 (bùnéng zuò)。

Tony Stark: If Thanos needs all six, why don't we just stick this one down a garbage disposal?
Doctor Strange: No can do.
Wong: We swore an oath to protect the Time Stone with our lives.

2018，复仇者联盟3：无限之战:


scotch

源自中古英語 scocchen (“剪切”)，可能源自盎格魯-諾曼語 escocher (“砍，切”)，源自es- (程度加强前缀)（源自拉丁語 ex-）+ 古法語 coche (“切”)。与Scotch无关。

scotches (third-person singular present)
scotching (present participle)
scotched (past participle)

We have scotched the snake, not killed it.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:


scotch

Scotch (“苏格兰威士忌”)的另一種寫法

A waiter brought his aperitif, which was a small scotch and soda, and as he sipped it gratefully he sighed.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 5, in The China Governess:


sussy

more sussy (comparative)
most sussy (superlative)

Brit Suspicious; suspected.

2008，The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang (2 ed.):


hold water

可能源自耶利米书 2:13的詹姆士王译本：For my people have committed two evils; they have forsaken me the fountain of living waters, and hewed them out cisterns, broken cisterns, that can hold no water.

holds water (third-person singular present)
holding water (present participle)
held water (past participle)

At the parlay, Tyrion also tries to claim Tywin’s murder was self-defense, which holds some water, and despite Jaime’s anger, I suspect he can see it from that side.

2017年August13日，Brandon Nowalk，“Oldtown offers one last game-changing secret as Game Of Thrones goes behind enemy lines (newbies)”, in The Onion AV Club:

"Young man," he said, "upon this point I can only say that your story is grossly improbable. It won't hold water."

1888, Horatio Alger, The Errand Boy, ch. 35:


epiphany

源自中古英語 epiphanie，源自古法語 epyphanie，源自晚期拉丁語 epiphania，源自古希臘語 ἐπιφάνεια (epipháneia，“展示，突现”)，源自ἐπιφαίνω (epiphaínō，“出现，展示”)，源自ἐπί (epí，“之上”) + φαίνω (phaínō，“发光；出现”)。英语中Epiphany（基督教用法）自14世纪起有使用，一般用法出现于17世纪。

theophany

（神仙，超人等）降临，下凡，登场，显现

It came to her in an epiphany what her life's work was to be.

她一下子想明白了她这一生要做什么。

Instead of examining institutions and classes, structures of economic production and social control, one had to think about “moments”—moments of love, hate, poetry, frustration, action, surrender, delight, humiliation, justice, cruelty, resignation, surprise, disgust, resentment, self-loathing, pity, fury, peace of mind—those tiny epiphanies, Lefebvre said, in which the absolute possibilities and temporal limits of anyone's existence were revealed.

1989，Greil Marcus，Lipstick Traces，Faber & Faber, 出版於 2009:

But after spending most of my pocket money to get those developed, I had an epiphany: I was never going to be a professional photographer. My pictures were god-awful. I put the camera away.

2013，Chris Hadfield，章號 11, in An Astronaut's Guide to Life on Earth，Pan Macmillan, →ISBN:


run for it

runs for it (third-person singular present)
running for it (present participle)
ran for it (past)
run for it (past participle)

Quick! We'd better run for it! Someone is coming.

快！有人来了，我们得赶紧溜！

`Run for it!' I shouted, setting the example by starting up the cave as hard as my legs would carry me.

1887，H. Rider Haggard，She: A History of Adventure:


rigor mortis

*来自拉丁語 rigor mortis，字面意思“死亡的僵硬”

Then we carried in poor Austin from the yard. His muscles were set as hard as a board in the most exaggerated rigor mortis, while the contraction of the fibres had drawn his mouth into a hard sardonic grin.

1913，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Poison Belt:


stoat

（1400年代中期），源自中古英語 stote (“貂，夏天棕色皮毛的”)，来源不详。该单词和古諾爾斯語 stutr (“公牛”)、瑞典語 stut (“公牛”)和丹麥語 stud (“阉公牛”)（另见英語 stot）有点类似，但难以将它们的语义关联起来，除非它们共有一个来源“（棕色？）雄性哺乳动物”。

I have never seen Stoats hunt in packs, but it is certain both Weasels and Stoats do so.

1886，Transactions of the Edinburgh Naturalists' Field Club，卷 1，頁 135:

In 1953 it was reported that the stoat had increased to a high population level, but that the weasel introduced at the same time had disappeared (de Vos et al. 1956).

2003，John Long，Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence，頁 272:

European stoats were long ago introduced to New Zealand (along with ferrets and weasels!) in the mistaken belief that they would control the burgeoning populations of introduced rabbits.

2005，T. C. R. White，Why Does the World Stay Green?: Nutrition and Survival of Plant-eaters，頁 91:


strafe

源自德語 strafe (“惩罚”)（strafen的变位形式），源自“Gott strafe England”（“上帝惩罚英格兰！”）等英国人在第一次世界大战期间见到的短语。

We also have added a new game control called the "defensive strafe," in which the user can press a button and stay facing forward.

2004，Marc Saltzman，Game Creation and Careers: Insider Secrets from Industry Experts:


Mary Sue

源自《星际迷航》二创小说《A Trekkie's Tale》（Paula Smith著）中一个被作者故意写得很优秀的角色的名字。

Bella may be a Mary Sue, but if we don't identify with her, and even if we do, there's no other interpretive place for us in the universe.

2010年August3日，Ta-Nehisi Coates，“A Whole New World”, in The Atlantic:

She was a mashup of ideals that made her feel very fake; a Mary Sue who was popular, pretty, athletic, artistic, all the while loved by everyone who met her.

2015年January20日，Sian Cain，“Why a non-white Nancy Drew could be amazing”, in The Guardian:

So here's a radical suggestion: instead of being concerned about whether her Mary Sue flawlessness is a problem, why not, just this once, enjoy it for what it is?

2015年December19日，Tasha Robinson，“With Star Wars' Rey, we've reached Peak Strong Female Character”, in The Verge:


metaverse

meta- + (uni)verse。科幻义项由作家Neal Stephenson在1992造出。

It is closer, in other words, to another science fiction vision, the “metaverse” Neal Stephenson envisioned in his 1992 Snow Crash. That particular moniker has not caught on, but many of Stephenson's ideas about what the on-line world can look like are driving a new generation of entrepreneurs to try to match it.

1997年July7日，Zina Moukheiber，“The geeks have inherited the earth”, in Forbes, →ISSN，頁s 354–356:

But now, with 350 million players who are used to hanging out in a vibrant, ridiculous online world filled with dancing bananas and cartoon skirmishes, Party Royale could be the experience that finally realises the idea of a playful, mass participation online metaverse.

2020年May15日，Keith Stuart，“Fortnite Party Royale is the most fun you can have in the metaverse”, in The Guardian:

Video games like Roblox and Fortnite and Animal Crossing: New Horizons, in which players can build their own worlds, have metaverse tendencies, as does most social media. If you own a non-fungible token or even just some crypto, you’re part of the metaversal experience. Virtual and augmented reality are, at a minimum, metaverse adjacent.

2021年July10日，John Herrman，Kellen Browning，“Are We in the Metaverse Yet?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

In the world of Snow Crash, the metaverse is not viewed as particularly cool—it is necessary, because the real world has become so unbearable.

2021年July30日，Brian Merchant，“The Metaverse Has Always Been a Dystopian Idea”, in VICE:


other-worldly

more other-worldly (comparative)
most other-worldly (superlative)

In Just My Type: A Book about Fonts (2010) Simon Garfield describes Johnston as 'a gaunt fine-boned man with a full moustache', and there's a picture of him at work with a quill pen that makes him look as other-worldly as a medieval sprite.

2012，Andrew Martin，Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube，Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，頁 160:


thy

僅用於for thy、for-thy，其为forthy (“因为”)的另一種寫法。

For-thy it round and hollow shaped was, Like to the world itselfe, and seem'd aworld of glass.

Wallace knew well the Englishmen would flee, For thy he thrusted in the thickest to be, Hewing full fast on whomsoever he fought, Against his dint fine steel availed nought.

1713，Robert Sanders (translator)，The Life and Acts of Sir William Wallace:

For thy it bring: us nearer to the Godhead is nonsense, Daya, if not blasphemy.

1791，Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, William TAYLOR (of Norwich.)，Nathan the Wise. A dramatic poem，頁 24:


éclat

借自法語 éclat，源自éclater (“迸发”)，源自中古法語 esclater (“毁坏”)，源自古法語 esclater (“从...分离”)（亦派生为古法語 esclat），源自古法蘭克語 *slaitan (“分开，毁坏”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *slaitijaną，*slītaną (“切碎”)的使役形。与古高地德語 sleizan (“撕碎”)、古英語 slītan (“分片”)有关。详见slice、slit。slate 的同源對似詞。

The distressing explanation she had to make to Harriet, and all that poor Harriet would be suffering, with the awkwardness of future meetings, the difficulties of continuing or discontinuing the acquaintance, of subduing feelings, concealing resentment, and avoiding éclat, were enough to occupy her in most unmirthful reflections some time longer, and she went to bed at last with nothing settled but the conviction of her having blundered most dreadfully.

"All she needs is a year or two at a fashionable finishing school, so that at eighteen she can come out with éclat," put in Aunt Clara.

1875, Louisa May Alcott, Eight Cousins, ch. 4,

Against this background, made mutable by T. J. Gerckens's ethereal lighting, simple props and gestures are used with startling visual éclat.

2002, Ben Brantley, "Theater Review," New York Times, 5 Mar., p. E1,


pull a fast one

pulls a fast one (third-person singular present)
pulling a fast one (present participle)
pulled a fast one (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/En-au-pull a fast one.ogg

This isn't worth anything like what you paid them. I think they pulled a fast one on you.

这才不值你给他们的那么多钱，我觉得你被他们骗了。

President Bush today made his most aggressive assault yet on Gov. Bill Clinton, asserting that the Democratic nominee would "pull a fast one on the American people" and raise taxes by hundreds of billions of dollars.

1992年August7日，Andrew Rosenthal，“The 1992 Campaign: Bush Says Rival Would ‘Pull a Fast One’ Over Taxes”, in New York Times, retrieved 2017-11-03:

The man known as Chainsaw Al pulled a fast one last week, buying three companies when everyone assumed he would be selling his own.

1998年March16日，Daniel Kadlec，“Is That You, Al Dunlap?”, in Time, retrieved 2017-11-03:

7. Claimants are pulling a fast one. No. Less than 1% of the welfare budget is lost to fraud.

2013年April2日，Ricky Tomlinson，“10 lies we're told about welfare”, in The Guardian, retrieved 2017-11-03:

But then came Jan. 6, when I watched my Ivy League-educated senator, Ted Cruz, try to pull yet another fast one on the American people as he fought — not long before the certification process was disrupted by a mob of Trump supporters storming the Capitol and forcing their way into the Senate chamber — to challenge the election results.

2021年January11日，Mimi Swartz，“Never Forget What Ted Cruz Did”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


show the ropes

shows the ropes (third-person singular present)
showing the ropes (present participle)
showed the ropes (past)
shown the ropes (past participle)

教给...基础，帮...熟悉基础

When I got there, Bill showed me the ropes

我刚来的时候，Bill帮我指点了基础。

Bill showed the ropes to the new guy.

Bill给新人指点了基础。

Mr. Danzinger sent other roomers for Fonville to show the ropes.


dead last

That high-school football team only scored 18 points all year! No wonder they were dead last in the league.

那个高中足球队全年才进了18分！怪不得他们在联赛里是吊车尾。

And compared with Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and 14 European countries, the United States ranks dead last, with the highest death rate for people under age 75 from conditions that could have been treated or prevented with timely medical care.

2008 October，Mark Jenkins，“Need surgery? Call a travel agent”, in Men's Health，卷 23, 期 8, →ISSN，頁 152:


at length

She led us through the tunnels for some time, until at length we reached a small door in the rock.

她领着我们在隧道里走了好久，然后我们终于到了一处石头里的小门前。

How long I slept I cannot tell, for I had nothing to guide me to the time, but woke at length, and found myself still in darkness.

1898，J. Meade Falkner，章號 4, in Moonfleet:

The proceedings of Congress are not given, since they are inserted at length in the "Congressional Globe;" but the principal bills are noticed under the date of their passage.

1800，Francis Vincent，United States Register，頁 4:


Amitābha

借自梵語 अमिताभ (amitābha，“无量的光”)，源自अमित (amita，“无法测量的，无尽的”) + आभा (ābhā，“光辉，光”)。

阿弥陀佛 净土宗中的主佛

Devotion to Amitābha Buddha is found within most schools of the Mahāyāna, but is the essence of Pure Land practice, which centres on the ‘Buddha invocation’ (Ch. nien-fo, Jap. nembutsu). This is the repetition of ‘Nan-mo A-mi-t’o Fo’ (Ch.) or ‘Nama Amida Butsu’ (Jap.), translations of the Sanskrit ‘Namo Amitābhāya Buddhāya’, meaning ‘Hail to Amitābha Buddha’.

1990，Peter Harvey，“Buddhist Practice: Devotion”, in An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 187:

"Pure Land Buddhism" refers to a set of beliefs and practices that espouses for its aspirants the realization of the stage of non-retrogression (avaivartika; pu t'ui-chuan) either in the present life or through rebirth in a Buddha land or realm (Buddha-kṣetra; fo-kuo) called "Sukhāvatī" (Land of Bliss). […] The Buddha Amitāyus (Wu-liang-shou; Immeasurable Life) or Buddha Amitābha (Wu-liang-kuang; Immeasurable Light) is the 'transcendant' Buddha who presides over the Sukhāvatī world-realm.

1990，Kenneth K[en'ichi] Tanaka，“Pure Land Buddhist Development in India and China prior to Hui-yüan”, in The Dawn of Chinese Pure Land Buddhist Doctrine: Ching-ying Hui-yüan's Commentary on the Visualization Sutra (SUNY Series in Buddhist Studies)，Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, →ISBN，頁 1:

The Shorter Sukhavativyuha Sutra is chiefly concerned with describing the wonders of Amitabha Buddha's Pure Land, although it also discusses in some detail the characteristics of Amitabha himself.

2004，Mark L. Blum，“Mahayana Scriptures”, in Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide，New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 202:

Less well recognized, however, is the central role played in much of early medieval Pure Land Buddhism by deathbed practices and accompanying beliefs about the radical salvific power of one's last nenbutsu, whether understood as the contemplation of the Buddha Amitābha (or Amitāyus, Jpn. Amida) or the invocation of his name.

2004，Jacqueline I. Stone，“By the Power of One's Last Nenbutsu: Deathbed Practices in Early Medieval Japan”, in Approaching the Land of Bliss: Religious Praxis in the Cult of Amitābha (Kuroda Institute Studies in East Asian Buddhism; 17)，Honolulu, Hi.: University of Hawai‛i Press, →ISBN，頁 77:

The overall programme of the Pure Land Hall represents the process of rebirth in Sukhāvatī, and the three standing Amitābhas in the shrine represent the three possible manifestations of Amitābha to the dying believer on earth, which is the beginning of that process.

2007，Amy McNair，“Salvation for One”, in Donors of Longmen: Faith, Politics, and Patronage in Medieval Chinese Buddhist Sculpture，Honolulu, Hi.: University of Hawai‛i Press, →ISBN，頁s 151–152:

In East Asia, the cult of Amitābha eventually became so widespread that it transcended sectarian distinction, and Amitābha became the most popular buddha in the region. In Tibet, Amitābha worship dates to the early propagation of Buddhism in that country in the eighth century, although it never became as prevalent as in East Asia.

2013，Robert E[vans] Buswell Jr.，Donald S[ewell] Lopez Jr.，“Amitābha”, in The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism，Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, →ISBN，頁 35, column 1:

阿弥陀佛 密宗中的五方佛之一

A letter from Mr. [Brian Houghton] Hodgson to Mr. Bayley, was then read, giving an outline of the theocracy of the Buddha system of Nepal. […] According to the information now communicated, the northern Buddhas acknowledge four sets of divine beings, or of superhuman objects of veneration. The first of these is, contrary to the generally supposed atheistical tendency of the faith, one primæval and uncreated deity. This first Buddha manifested five of his attributes, as five secondary Buddhas; in one of whom, Amitabha, or the 'immeasurably splendid,' in Prakrit and Pali, Amitabo, we recognise the Amito of the Japanese.

1827 July，“Asiatic Society of Calcutta”, in The Oriental Herald, and Journal of General Literature，卷 XIV, 期 43, London: Printed [by J. R. Gordon, 147, Strand] for the editor, and sold by all booksellers, →OCLC，頁 147:

In the upper corner, above Mañjushrī's sword, is the figure of the Dhyāni Buddha Amitābha, the 'One of Boundless (or Incomprehensible) Light', of whom the Tashi Lāmas are believed to be incarnations. […] Amitābha presides over the Western Paradise known as Devachān.

2000，“Description of Illustrations”, in The Tibetan Book of the Great Liberation: Or the Method of Realizing Nirvāṇa through Knowing the Mind，New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 xxi:

In the period in which Sávarńi shall be the Manu, the classes of the gods will be the Sutapas, Amitábhas, and Mukhyas; twenty-one of each.

1840，H[orace] H[ayman] Wilson, transl.，“Of the Seven Future Manus and Manwantaras. Story of Sanjná and Chháyá, Wives of the Sun. Sávarńi, Son of Chháyá, the Eighth Manu. His Successors, with the Divinities, &c., of Their Respective Periods. Appearance of Vishńu in each of the Four Yugas.”, in The Vishńu Puráńa, a System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition, Translated from the Original Sanscrit, and Illustrated by Notes Derived Chiefly from Other Puráńas，London: Published by John Murray, Albermarle Street, →OCLC，頁 267:


hell no

heck no

表示坚决的否定：才不。绝不，才怪

hecks no

表示坚决的否定：才不。绝不，才怪

表示坚决的否定：才不。绝不，才怪

- Will you mow the lawn? - Hell no!

——你能去修草坪吗？——才不！

No, no, hell''' no. The true answer is that there is no one answer; […]

2012年March3日，Jon Evans，“Pair Programming Considered Harmful?”, in TechCrunch，存檔自the original on 2017-07-15:


crack wise

cracks wise (third-person singular present)
cracking wise (present participle)
cracked wise (past participle)

"Whenever I commit a crime?" expostulated Paul. "Where do you get that stuff, Ferret?" / "Out of me nut, kiddo. Why don't you stop cracking wise, and go back to the ribbon counter?"

1917，George Bronson-Howard，Slaves of the Lamp:

Reagan displayed his usual aplomb and even cracked wise about his age at a White House banquet.

1985 Aug. 5, Jacob V. Lamar Jr., "Coming Along Just Fine," Time:


ex post facto

源自拉丁語 ex (“来自”) + post (“在...之后”) + facto，factum (“行为”)的离格。拉丁语中，ex支配离格，而post支配宾格（参见英语维基百科中关于该短语语法和用法的相关讨论。）

事后的，回顾的 有追溯效力的（比如在某事之后颁布但其效力追溯回某事）

Coupled with the Constitution's proscription of ex post facto laws is a similar prohibition against bills of attainder.

1998，Daniel E. Troy，Retroactive Legislation，頁 56:

That the tax would take effect after some of the payments were made also raises issues. Says former Attorney General Richard Thornburg, also in an e-mail: "Such legislation could well run afoul of constitutional restrictions on bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, laws impairing the obligations of contract, unauthorized takings of property and the like."

2009年March21日，Jim McTague，“Would a Tax on Bonuses Be Constitutional?”, in Barron's:


cold case

‘I had my researchers check the files on all the mispers and cold cases five years either side of that date estimate, on females of that approximate age. This is what they found. Fill your boots.’ He took a large gulp of his drink. / ‘I’m impressed, you've been moving fast.’ / ‘On it like a car bonnet, mate.’

2015，Peter James，You Are Dead，New York, N.Y.: Minotaur Books, →ISBN:

（用于贩卖冰凉商品的）冰柜

We'd each grab a twenty-ounce Coke from the cold case, and at the end of the movie, Kate would still have a nearly full bottle.

2015，Andie Mitchell，It Was Me All Along: A Memoir, →ISBN，頁 61:


have a ball

has a ball (third-person singular present)
having a ball (present participle)
had a ball (past participle)

The kids had a ball playing in the fountain.

孩子们在喷泉中开心地嬉戏。

Are you hanging up a stocking on your wall? / It's the time that every Santa has a ball / Does he ride a red-nosed reindeer? / Does a ton up on his sleigh / Do the fairies keep him sober for a day?

In my dreams I have a plan / If I got me a wealthy man / I wouldn't have to work at all, I'd fool around and have a ball

When the party was nice, the party was jumpin' / And everybody havin' a ball

1998，“Who Let the Dogs Out”, 演出者 Baha Men:

“Well, after they retired down here, they must have had a ball ordering anything and everything.”

2002，H.H. Fuller，It's a Wrap，Writers Club Press，頁 72:

I hope you had a ball in effacing lives!

2006，Chrigel Glanzmann （作曲作詞）, “Your Gaulish War”, in Spirit，演出者 Eluveitie:

Yesterday was Thursday, Thursday / Today i-is Friday, Friday / We-we-we so excited / We so excited / We gonna have a ball today

2011，“Friday”, 演出者 Rebecca Black ft. Patrice Wilson:


digon

源自di- (表示“二”的前綴) + -gon (用於表示含有某一數量角度的形狀的後綴)。

They [the students] also came upon new and unusual mathematical figures: the digon, a two-sided polygon on a spherical space, and the apeirogon, an open polygon with infinitely many sides […]。All these discoveries brought up even more questions. Is a circle a polygon? What makes an octagon an octagon – its eight vertices, its eight sides, or both? Can a polygon cross itself? Does a polygon need to be closed?

2013，Brent Davis，Moshe Renert，章號 6, in The Math Teachers Know: Profound Understanding of Emergent Mathematics，New York, N.Y., Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge, →ISBN，頁 102:


gravitas

借自拉丁語 gravitās (“重量”)。gravity 的同源對似詞。

/ˈɡɹæv.ɪ.tɑːs/

“Because he refuses to level with the American people about the dangers which he has placed American troops and our diplomatic corps, personnel and civilians, as well as our partners and allies, or demonstrated even a modicum of presidential gravitas, I will attempt to do that,” said Mr. Biden, who is one of 14 candidates seeking the Democratic presidential nomination.

2020年January7日，Katie Glueck，Shane Goldmacher，“Joe Biden, Seeking Commander-in-Chief Moment, Denounces Trump’s Iran Escalation”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

The other campaign against Ms. Yellen has been subtler, involving repeated suggestions — almost always off the record — that she lacks the “gravitas” to lead the Fed. What does that mean? […] Sorry, but it’s hard to escape the conclusion that gravitas, in this context, mainly means possessing a Y chromosome.

2013年August2日，Paul Krugman，“Sex, Money and Gravitas”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Unlike most moons of the solar system, ours has the heft, the gravitational gravitas, to pull itself into a sphere.

2014年September7日，Natalie Angier，“The Moon comes around again”, in The New York Times:


uncanny valley

仿譯自日語 不気味の谷 (ぶきみのたに, bukimi no tani)，源自中古漢語 不 (pjuw) + 氣味 (kì-mjɨ̀j，“感觉，感受”) + 日語 の (no，名词修饰助词) + 谷 (たに, tani，“峡谷”)。首次是由机器人专家森政弘于1970年使用。

So in this case, the appearance is quite human like, but the familiarity is negative. This is the uncanny valley.

1970，Masahiro Mori，“The Uncanny Valley”, in Energy，卷 7, 號 4，頁s 33–35:

However, when the robot is so similar that it may be momentarily mistaken for real, the transition has a local minimum characterized by a sudden decrease of familiarity, the "uncanny valley"—a dip of frustration due to unmet expectations.

2006，Sebastiano Bagnara，Gillian Crampton Smith，Theories and Practice in Interaction Design:

Almost human in appearance, yet not quite, the characters in 3-D computer animations are more disturbing than overt caricatures. The realm these creatures occupy is called the uncanny valley […]。

2007，Jonathon Keats，Control + Alt + Delete: A Dictionary of Cyberslang:

More unusual is perhaps the appropriation of a psychoanalytical theory to robotics–which is, in effect, what the uncanny valley aims to do. Mori's own descriptions of the uncanny follow a similar pattern to Freud's, where he indicates the kinds of events, states, processes or objects that might provoke the uncanny valley, particularly the theme of the dead.

2015，Kathleen Richardson，An Anthropology of Robots and AI，Routledge, →ISBN:


status quo

源自拉丁語 status (“状态，境况”)（有时作斜格形式statu）+ quō (“在其中...的东西”，关系代词)，quī (“...的东西”，关系代词)的斜格，即“所处在的状态”。

“As a black woman,” Jemisin tells me, “I have no particular interest in maintaining the status quo. Why would I? The status quo is harmful, the status quo is significantly racist and sexist and a whole bunch of other things that I think need to change. With epic fantasy there is a tendency for it to be quintessentially conservative, in that its job is to restore what is perceived to be out of whack.”

2015年July27日，Noah Berlatsky，“NK Jemisin: the fantasy writer upending the 'racist and sexist status quo'”, in The Guardian:


exhilarating

more exhilarating (comparative)
most exhilarating (superlative)

What most delights us today in Candide is not the 'conte philosophique', nor its satire, nor the gradual emergence of a morality and vision of the world: instead it is its rhythm. With rapidity and lightness, a succession of mishaps, punishments and massacres races over the page, leaps from chapter to chapter, and ramifies and multiplies without evoking in the reader's emotions anything other than a feeling of an exhilarating and primitive vitality.

1991，Italo Calvino，Martin McLaughlin, transl.，“Candide, or Concerning Narrative Rapidity”, in Why Read the Classics?，New York, N.Y.: Mariner Books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 出版於 2014, →ISBN，頁 103:

Writing a "Treehouse Of Horror" segment has to be both exhilarating and daunting. It's exhilarating because it affords writers all the freedom in the world.

2012年April29日，Nathan Rabin，“The Simpsons (Classic): ‘Treehouse Of Horror III’”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2016-10-17:

"Like many other large resorts, the town operated electric tramways, with open-topped cars. The journey down the steep incline to the harbour must have been exhilarating at times, testing the brakes on the vehicles to the limit."

2021年September8日，Dr Joseph Brennan，“Electric tramways at the heart of our seaside story”, in RAIL，期 939，頁 59:


exhilarate

源自拉丁語 exhilarāre (“使...高兴，使...欢快”)，源自ex- (“出，离”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₁eǵʰs (“外”)） + hilarāre，hilarō (“鼓舞，使...高兴”)的现在时不定式，源自hilaris (“愉快的，轻松的，活泼的”)（源自古希臘語 ἱλαρός (hilarós，“高兴的，愉快的”)，源自ἵλαος (hílaos，“亲切的，吉祥的”)，源自原始印歐語 *sōlh₂- (“宽慰，宽容”)）。

exhilarates (third-person singular present)
exhilarating (present participle)
exhilarated (past participle)

/ɪɡˈzɪləɹeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzɪləˌɹeɪt/

振奋，鼓舞，使...开心

Good news exhilarates the mind; wine exhilarates the drinker.

For the Philiſtian preſcribeth Cures of the minde in Phrenſies, and melancholy Paſsions; and pretendeth alſo to exhibite Medicines to exhilarate the minde, to confirme the courage, to clarifie the wits, to corroborate the memorie, and the like; but the ſcruples and ſuperſtitions of Diet, and other Regiment of the body in the ſect of the Pythagoreans, in the Hereſy of the Manicheas, and in the Lawe of Mahumes doe exceede; […]

1605，Francis Bacon，The Tvvoo Bookes of Francis Bacon. Of the Proficience and Aduancement of Learning, Diuine and Humane. To the King，book II, London: Printed [by Thomas Purfoot and Thomas Creede] for Henrie Tomes, and are to be sould at his shop at Graies Inne Gate in Holborne, →OCLC，頁 37, recto:

Any and ſundry are the meanes, which Philoſophers and Phyſicians haue preſcribed to exhilarate a ſorrowfull heart, to diuert thoſe fixed and intent cares and meditations, which in this malady ſo much offend; but in my judgement none ſo preſent, none ſo powerfull, none ſo [a]ppoſite as a cup of ſtrong drinke, mirth, muſicke, and merry company.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，“Musicke a Remedy”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 6, subsection 3，頁 276:

I slept soundly, and without feeling the least uneasiness, and am a great deal better this morning; neither do I find that the henbane has affected my head, which，源自the great effect it had on me,—exhilarating me to the most extraordinary degree, and yet keeping me sleepy,—I feared it would.

1838年November1日，Charles Dickens，“XV. Mrs. Charles Dickens.”, in Life, Letters, and Speeches of Charles Dickens with Biographical Sketches of the Principal Illustrators of Dickens’s Works: Illustrated with Engravings on Steel: In Two Volumes，卷 I, Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Houghton Mifflin Company; The Riverside Press Cambridge [Mass.], 出版於 1894, →OCLC，頁 118:

It is now for us to say, that with very considerable powers of fancy, and a deep feeling of enthusiasm, he [James G. Small] has described the scenes of his romantic rambles, and recorded the historical or traditional events for which he cherishes such a warm veneration, in song that by turns exhilarates, captivates, and melts; and that will especially arouse Scotland's associations.

1843 June，“Art. XI. The Highlands, The Scottish Martyrs, and Other Poems. By the Rev. James G. Small. Edin. Whyte & Co.”, in The Monthly Review (New and Improved Series)，卷 II, 期 II, London: G. Henderson, 2, Old Bailey, Ludgate-Hill, →OCLC，頁 235:

Returning to their desks at the beginning of April 1966, exhilarated by the size of the Labour majority, Ministers found that there had been no improvement in the economic outlook while they had been away; indeed it had grown worse.

1978，Michael Stewart，“The Light that Failed: April 1966 – June 1970”, in Politics & Economic Policy in the UK since 1964: The Jekyll & Hyde Years，Oxford: Pergamon Press, →ISBN，頁 64:

[A]lcohol, as all the world knows, or should know, does not nourish, but only stimulates,—exhilarates if you will, but exhilarates as fire exhilarates! Would carbon or any other combustible exhilarate only to burn up, consume, and destroy?

1856，Joel Pinney，“The Effects of Alcoholic Liquors, and the Customs of Drinking and Inebriety”, in The Duration of Human Life and Its Three Eras: When Men Attained to More than Nine Hundred Years of Age; when They Attained to Only Four Hundred and Fifty; when They Reached to Only Threescore Years and Ten; Shewing the Probable Causes and Material Agents that have Shortened the Lives of the Human Race, and the Barriers that Prevent a Return to the Longevity of the Early Patriarchs，London: Longman & Co., →OCLC，頁 116:

Harriet became suddenly conscious that every woman in the room was gazing furtively or with frank interest at Wimsey and herself, and the knowledge exhilarated her.

1932, Dorothy L Sayers, Have his Carcase, Chapter 12.


throw up

throws up (third-person singular present)
throwing up (present participle)
threw up (past)
thrown up (past participle)

“No!” returned the spy. “I throw up. I confess that we were so unpopular with the outrageous mob, that I only got away from England at the risk of being ducked to death, and that Cly was so ferreted up and down, that he never would have got away at all but for that sham. Though how this man knows it was a sham, is a wonder of wonders to me.”

1859，Charles Dickens，A Tale of Two Cities:

In 1944, believing, as people in Leeds tended to do, that flying bombs or no flying bombs, things were better Down South, Dad threw up his job with the Co-op and we migrated to Guildford.

2011, Alan Bennett, "Baffled at a Bookcase", London Review of Books, XXXIII.15:


catch on

catches on (third-person singular present)
catching on (present participle)
caught on (past participle)

They waited for the pot roast to "catch on," sticking to the pot just enough to brown

2011，Mark Gaier, Clark Frasier, Rachel Forrest, and Ron Manville，Maine Classics: More than 150 Delicious Recipes from Down East，Philadelphia: Running Press, →ISBN，頁 172:


pull someone's leg

该短语源自苏格兰，原意为“捉弄某人”，尤其是通过欺骗的方式。一理论认为其来自通过猛拽某人的腿来使其摔倒而捉弄他/她的说法。

pulls someone's leg (third-person singular present)
pulling someone's leg (present participle)
pulled someone's leg (past participle)

捉弄某人，开某人的玩笑，戏耍某人

I hadn't pulled Mrs. Barstow's leg for any of that stuff, she had just handed it to me on a platter, and that wasn't my fault.

1934, Rex Stout, Fer-de-Lance, 1992 Bantam edition, ISBN 0553278193, page 111:

No, I'm just pulling your leg, it's crucifixion really.

1979，Life of Brian，spoken by Mr. Cheeky (Eric Idle):

从某人骗钱（通过借钱或敲竹杠等方式）（19世纪末）

I'm very glad to hear of his good fortune; but it's a deuced strange thing, for I saw him at the club last night and he never said a word of it. I'll pull his leg when I see him.

1886，Mark Well，“An Old-Time Tip”, in Wallace's Monthly，卷 12:

The verb 'to-pull-his-leg' means to extract from his pocket all the lucre it will yield.

1893，John Kendrick Bangs，Coffee and Repartee:

"I would 'pull his leg,' but Laura will not work with me." The expression "pulling his leg," Miss Sullivan explained as meaning to coax or wheedle his wealth out of him.


all-knowing

常用于修饰神明名字，也可用于描述很有智慧的人。

She waited on her horse passive and all-knowing.

1974，John Boorman，Zardoz，London: Pan Books，頁 19:


hot air

"You'll never get anywhere so long as youse trail with that reform bunch. It's all hot air and tomfool theory."

1913，William MacLeod Raine，章號 8, in The Vision Splendid:

"You give me a lot of hot air about your conscience. Why don't you get a soap-box and preach on the street-corners?"

Some of the steam in Washington rises from real issues, but a lot is the hot air of partisan politics.

2001 June 24, Johanna McGeary, "How Bad Is China?," Time (retrieved 22 Sept 2013):

Klein diagnoses impressively what hasn’t worked. No more claptrap about fracked gas as a bridge to renewables. Enough already of the international summit meetings that produce sirocco-quality hot air, and nonbinding agreements that bind us all to more emissions.

2014年November6日，Rob Nixon，“Naomi Klein’s ‘This Changes Everything’”, in New York Times:


skinship

skin + kinship 組成的混成詞，亦可分析为skin + -ship。早在1966年便在牛津英语词典内有记载，可能是仿譯自日語 スキンシップ (sukinshippu)，其本身是一个可追溯到至早1955年的和制英语（日本创造的伪英语词），另可能源自朝鮮語 스킨십 (seukinsip)（1971年或更晚）。日语内亦早在1955年就有拉丁字母书写的该单词。

（爱人、亲人间的）身体接触

In Mexico, interdependence among people in emphasized and expressed through cosleeping and "skinship." … A similar type of "skinship" also exists throughout Mexico—all one had to do is look at the way people walk or sit together. … women are always patting touching ...

1994，Nicole Landry Sault，Many Mirrors: Body Image and Social Relations，Rutgers University Press, →ISBN，頁 311:

However, there were times that folks needed that skinship to feel hearten'd and Dan often felt when others had that need.

2015，LT Wolf，The World King (fiction), →ISBN:

This relationship of parents to children is especially enhanced by bathing together—commonly known as skinship (sukinshippu). Other groups, from businessmen or to neighboring housewives to hikers and classmates, often seek to increase the strength of a relationship by engaging in hadaka no tsukiai at a sentō, health center, or onsen.

(Can we date this quote?)，Scott Clark，“The Japanese Bath: Extraordinarily Ordinary”, in Re-made in Japan: Everyday Life and Consumer Taste in a Changing Society (social science), Yale University Press, 出版於 1992，頁 102:


magical girl

仿譯自日語 魔法少女 (mahō shōjo /まほうしょうじょ/)。

The magical girl starts out as a typical schoolgirl. Her transformation—via a glamorous costume, and amplified by special powers—gives her a new identity.

2013，Christopher Hart，Magical Characters，Watson-Guptill Publications, →ISBN，頁 17:

Contrary to conventional magical girl anime, in which protagonists happily accept their superpower, shōjo heroines are reluctant to become Magical Girls in Puella Magi Madoka Magica.

2014，Lien Fan Shen，“The Dark, Twisted Magical Girls: Shōjo Heroines in Puella Magi Madoka Magica”, in Heroines of Film and Television: Portrayals in Popular Culture，Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN，頁 183:

The magical girl genre was originally aimed at girls: series like Sailor Moon were first serialized in shōjo manga (girls' comics) magazines and contained many traits common to that genre.

2015，Deborah Shamoon，“The Superflat Space of Japanese Anime”, in Asian Cinema and the Use of Space: Interdisciplinary Perspectives，Routledge, →ISBN，頁 98:


KGB

源自俄語 КГБ (KGB)，Комите́т госуда́рственной безопа́сности (Komitét gosudárstvennoj bezopásnosti，“国家安全委员会”)的首字母缩略词。

（苏联）国家安全委员会，克格勃

But in 1967 Treholt's trenchant opposition to the Vietnam War attracted the attention of the KGB.

2019 [2018]，Ben Macintyre，章號 4, in The Spy and the Traitor，Penguin Books, →ISBN，頁 75:


pipe dream

源自抽鸦片烟时出现的幻觉。

I think that his plan to become a professional athlete is a pipe dream and that he should stay in school.

我觉得他要成为专业田径选手的目标就是做梦，他应该待在学校里。

Only a year ago it would have needed a "super-Micawber" to be optimistic that the railways would once again pay their way. But it was no longer a pipe dream that B.R. could make a profit, the way to do it was now clear.

1962 December，“Dr. Beeching previews the plan for British Railways”, in Modern Railways，頁 376:


jet ski

"Jet ski" is actually Kawasaki's name for their PWC (personal water craft) models, but like hoovers and speedos has become genericised.

2006 October，“Gimme Fuel: High Octane Advise for Buying a Ski”, in Tracks magazine，頁 154:


ancillary

源自拉丁語 ancillāris (“附属的；与女仆有关的”)，源自ancilla (“女仆”)。

more ancillary (comparative)
most ancillary (superlative)

[…] how easily he took all things along with him,—the persons, the opinions, and the day, and nature became ancillary to a man.

1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature, Chapter 3:

[E]very organ of the body, whatever function it may perform, must also perform the other four functions in an ancillary manner.

1898, John Wesley Powell, Truth and Error, Chapter 7

The cafeteria is primarily used by students and staff (academic, administrative, and ancillary).

2019，Li Huang，James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 4:


ancilla

源自拉丁語 ancilla (“女仆，婢女”)。

The filter achieves this two-qubit filtering effect by using two ancilla photons as probes that detect whether or not the two input photons are in the desired states.

2009年January23日，Ryo Okamoto et al.，“An Entanglement Filter”, in Science，卷 323, 期 5913, →DOI:


willies

自1896年起有记载的“紧张的咒语”一意可能来自woollies，“紧张，窘迫”一意的方言词，可能指代的是穿着羊毛（wool）衣物时身上的瘙痒感。

Staying in the haunted house gave me the willies.

待在鬼屋里让我心里毛毛的。

I get the willies when I see closed doors. Even at work, where I am doing so well now, the sight of a closed door is sometimes enough to make me dread that something horrible is happening behind it, something that is going to affect me adversely.

1974，Joseph Heller，Something happened，頁 3:


birthday suit

源自出生时一丝不挂的说法。

一般用于短语“in one's birthday suit”，但有时亦单独使用。如“Guess what she was wearing? Her birthday suit! (“你猜猜她穿了啥？啥都没穿！”)”。

出生时穿的衣服，即一丝不挂

George embarrassed his aunt by answering the door in his birthday suit.

George一丝不挂地去应门，让他的阿姨尴尬不已。

Nature, the universal tailor, provides for every other animal a birthday suit of clothes which is to outlast his life; but man, though so peculiarly sensitive to the assaults of the elements, is ushered into this nether sphere without any covering, in order that he may be compelled to exert his faculties, and become his own tailor, and thereby his own civilizer.

1842，H.，“Short Rides in an Author's Omnibus”, in The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist，頁 267:

At last I'm down to the nitty-gritty, my original birthday suit. Where do I put my hands? I need pockets.

1998，Paul Vaughn，“Confessions of a Naked Writer”, in Orange Coast，頁 185:

The terms naturalistic and naturalism suffer from the fact that they have a range of meanings, covering a variety of things from the Romantic submission to nature or the collecting of butterflies to the practice of bathing on the beach clad only in one's birthday suit.

2000，Denis Charles Phillips，The Expanded Social Scientist's Bestiary: A Guide to Fabled Threats to, and Defenses of, Naturalistic Social Science，頁 85:

A person suddenly caught naked by the collapse of a building wall is treated quite differently than a person who intentionally “streaks” a public gathering in his or her birthday suit.

2001，Tom Slattery，Immodest Proposals: Through the Pornographic Looking Glass，頁 181:


without a hitch

So far Mr. Martindale's journey had been without a hitch

1908，Herbert Strang，Samba: A Story of the Rubber Slaves of the Congo:


snazzy

未知，但可能是snappy + jazzy 組成的混成詞，或源自愛爾蘭語 snas (“娴熟；好看的外貌”)。

snazzier (comparative)
snazziest (superlative)

dapper

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

elegant

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

pizazzy

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

smart

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

cool

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

cool

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

nifty

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

smart

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

inelegant

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

scruffy

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

sloppy

时髦的，时尚的；优雅的；俗艳的

crappy

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

duff

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

lame

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

naff

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

rubbishy

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

聪明的；娴熟的；很好的，很棒的

Those Friday afternoon dances in the gym are really snazzy.

1938年April17日，Jane Murdock，“Friday Afternoon Dances”, in Washington Post，頁 PY8:

Of those migrating to the iPhone from other devices, a good number of them are former Treo users who found Apple's device to be a souped-up, snazzier and even easier-to-use version of the Treo.

2009年January8日，Suzanne Choney，“Palm looks to regain place in smartphone race”, in msnbc.com，存檔自the original on 2009-01-21:


cough up

coughs up (third-person singular present)
coughing up (present participle)
coughed up (past participle)

不情愿地交出
（指钱） （不情愿地）给，支付

Do you think he'll be able to cough up the three grand by Tuesday?

你觉得他周二前能交出三千美元吗？

"[…] Usually businessmen. Married, middle-aged guys who'll cough up fifty bucks to smoke my pole."

2006，K. M. Soehnlein，You Can Say You Knew Me When，頁 240:

不情愿地交出
（指其他事物） 交出

"Anyhow, you go and cough it up and then we shall see."

1926，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Land of Mist:

Cough it up, Cooper.

2013, The Big Bang Theory, season 6, episode 14:

England had never before come back to win from a margin of more than 12 points, and the errors continued to come thick and fast as Tom Croft became the latest to cough up the ball.

2011，Tom Fordyce，Rugby World Cup 2011: England 12-19 France:


mouth breather

乡巴佬；傻子，呆子；无趣的人

She's a philosophy major from Brown, now working retail at Niagara Falls, living in a trailer and working for a "mouth breather" of a boss.

2004年March12日，Tim Goodman，“Trinkets are spirit guides in Fox's brilliant 'Wonderfalls'”, in San Francisco Chronicle:


reach for the sky

reaches for the sky (third-person singular present)
reaching for the sky (present participle)
reached for the sky (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/En-au-reach for the sky.ogg

Far better to start modestly and grow gradually than to reach for the sky with grand plans that could only end in the collapse of the institution.

1993，Robert Emmett Curran，The Bicentennial History of Georgetown University: From academy to university, 1789-1889，Georgetown University Press, →ISBN，頁 27:

Resigned to his blue-collar status, Donna's father's belief was “Why reach for the sky when you can be happy on earth?” Donna says, “My dad was trying to save me from disappointment. The daughter of peasant stock shouldn't strive to be in the ruling class, he thought.”

2010，Alfred Lubrano，Limbo: Blue-Collar Roots, White-Collar Dreams，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 33:

Indeed, career counseling encourages individuals to “reach for the sky.”

2014，Gideon Arulmani, Anuradha J. Bakshi, Frederick T. L. Leong, A. G. Watts，Handbook of Career Development: International Perspectives，Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN，頁 306:


servitude

源自中古法語 servitude，源自拉丁語 servitūs，源自拉丁語 servus (“奴隶”)。

to place in the servitude of somebody

In spite of the importance of this route it remained until a few years ago very insecure. Overhung almost its entire length by the inaccessible fastnesses of Lololand, the passing caravans dared journey only with convoy, and even then were frequently overwhelmed by raiders from the hills, who carried off both trader and goods into the mountains, the former to lifelong servitude.

1913, Elizabeth Kimball Kendall, A Wayfarer in China

The Enlightment worldview, which considered the order of "Nature" as a basis and, at the same time, the subject of explorations of scientific natural sciences, has, at the same time, considered this order as a criterion of the artistically-aesthetic qualities of art. From an "ideological" point of view, it liberated art from its feudal religious and courtly servitude.

1986，Theories of Ideology and Ideology of Theories，Rodopi, →ISBN, →ISSN，頁 57:


scoot

不详。可能源自古諾爾斯語 skjóta (“射击”)或可能与中古英語 scottlynge (“快速动脚，蹦蹦跳跳”，字面意思是“碎步走”)有关，参见scuddle、scuttle。

Instinctively, he lifted the chair a fraction, and gave it a little scoot away from her.


scoot

scoots (third-person singular present)
scooting (present participle)
scooted (past participle)

The dog was scooting all over our new carpet.

狗狗正用牠的前爪到處擦咱們的新地毯。

If you ever see your dog scooting its hind end along the floor, chances are that anal sac irritation or impaction exists.

1990，Chris C. Pinney，Guide to Home Pet Grooming，頁 44:

What if my cat is biting its tail, scooting or rubbing its bottom on the ground?

1997，J. M. Evans and Kay White，Catopedia:

The old wives tale is that a dog that scoots on its rear has worms, but that's rarely the case. Dogs that scoot, lick, or chew underneath their tails usually have anal gland issues.

2008，Sandy Blackburn，The Everything Dog Grooming Book: All You Need to Help Your Pet Look and Feel Great!，頁 62:


Shangri-La

源自英国作家詹姆斯·希尔顿(1900–1954)在1933年所著《消失的地平线》内的虚构地名，参见下方引文。有提出了藏語词源，源自ཞང (zhang，卫藏地区一个地名) + རི (ri，“山”) + ལ (la，“关卡”)。

/ˌʃæŋɡɹɪˈlɑː/

He spoke a kind of Chinese that I don't understand very well, but I think he said something about a lamasery near here—along the valley, I gathered—where we could get food and shelter. Shangri-La, he called it. La is Tibetan for mountain-pass. He was most emphatic that we should go there.

[1933 September，James Hilton，Lost Horizon，London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, St. Martin's Street, London, 出版於 October and November 1933 (2nd printing), →OCLC，頁 64:

The length of the journey gives a measure of the anachronism, which as [César] Vallejo said in one of his stories made the hill town a Shangri-La, forgotten by the rest of Peru.

1976，Jean Franco，“Poetry as a Mode of Existence”, in César Vallejo: The Dialectics of Poetry and Silence，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN; 第1st paperback版, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, →ISBN，頁 2:

With the fragmented policy-making system which results, America is a Shangri-La for interest groups and lobbyists.

1989，Clive S. Thomas，“Understanding Interest Group Activity in the American States”, in Studies in US Politics，Manchester, New York, N.Y.: Manchester University Press, →ISBN，頁 182:

He couldn't believe it when he'd discovered there actually was a town called Bedford Falls. It seemed like fans of the film had all collected there to live out their lives in a self-created 1940s American Shangri-la.

1989，Grant Naylor [i.e., Rob Grant and Doug Naylor]，Red Dwarf: Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers，London: Penguin Books, →ISBN:

Tiki Style was forged in the business of bars and restaurants and celebrated in backyard luaus and at theme parks like Disneyland and roadside attractions such as Tiki Gardens. As these ersatz Shangri-las competed to outdo each other with the latest tropical-inspired styles, the popularity of the neighborhood Tiki lounge soared.

2004，Otto von Stroheim，“Introduction”, in Tiki Art Now!: A Volcanic Eruption of Art，San Francisco, Calif.: Last Gasp of San Francisco; The Shooting Gallery, →ISBN，頁 8:

The human species was lucky, because the only time in the development of bacterial populations when diversity is sacrificed for reproductive expediency is during the exponential burst of growth that follows their discovery of an unprotected ecosystem. The two notable instances in which bacteria find these Shangri Las are in test tubes filled with fresh media and in naive animals that have not seen these particular bacteria in recent immunological memory.

2007，J. William Costerton，“Replacement of Acute Planctonic by Chronic Biofilm Diseases”, in The Biofilm Primer，Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN:

The desire for a better life in a better place, for a land of happiness, is perhaps one of the most basic human desires that has found many expressions in various forms—a paradise, a Golden Age, a Shangri-La, an ideal society or—generically speaking—a utopia.

2015，Zhang Longxi，“In Search of a Land of Happiness: Utopia and Its Discontents”, in From Comparison to World Literature (SUNY Series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture)，Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, →ISBN，頁 103:


bum out

源自bum (“不好的，劣質的”)。

bums out (third-person singular present)
bumming out (present participle)
bummed out (past participle)

“It bums me out that I can’t play, but I’m glad my brother has the opportunity,” Austin Baker said.

2008年March5日，Rick Weegman，“Cloquet-Esko-Carlton: childhood dreams come true”, in Duluth News Tribune:


uninitiated

His jargon-filled talk was gibberish to the uninitiated, but clear and concise to practitioners.

他的谈话充满了专业术语，对门外汉来说听着莫名其妙，但对从业者来说清晰而简练。

Even in the midst of the full swing of fancy, swayed to and fro by the many currants of thought that arise out of a single word, snatches of the verse from which the flight was taken will suddenly appear on the surface like a refrain or a keynote, showing that in reality there is a connexion, though hidden to the uninitiated.

1863，A Dictionary of the Bible: Comprising its Antiquities, Biography, Geography and Natural History，Volume III. Red Sea-Zuzims, Little, Brown, and Co, Versions, Ancient (Targum)，頁s 1653-1654:

To the uninitiated, the belief not merely in the influence of the dead, but in their actual presence during secret rites is, or has until lately been, very real, and in so far as the uninitiated are brought into relation with the societies will possess a religious character.

1914，William Halse Rivers Rivers，The History of Melanesian Society，卷 2, Part 1, Adegi Graphics, 出版於 2001, →ISBN, Chapter XXXIII. Religion and Magic，頁 411:

A quick guide for the uninitiated

1962年January13日，“Tape recorders: A quick guide for the uninitiated”, in Changing Times: The Kiplinger Magazine，卷 16, 期 1, Kiplinger Washington Editors, →ISSN，頁 13:

Although the priests are the initiated, they remain ignorant and incapable of instructing the uninitiated in the proper method of painting the temples.

2008，David E. Johnson，Anthropology's Wake: Attending to the End of Culture，Fordham University Press, →ISBN, Ex-Cited Dialogue，頁 107:


shmup

Highlights include the great-looking shmup Judgement Silversword.

Galaga was probably the most influential of all of these because it added bonus levels and the power-up, a concept that has become standard in every shmup.

2005，Raph Koster，A Theory of Fun for Game Design:


all-you-can-eat

自助餐的 （支付固定价格后可无限享用食物的）

It's an all-you-can-eat deal, and students can use their meal cards at numerous campus snack bars and sandwich shops.

1995，Edward B Fiske，The Fiske Guide to Colleges 1995:

JT's serves all-you-can-eat prime rib on Wednesday nights for $18.99.

2007, Bob Sehlinger, Grant Rafter, Katie Brandon, Beyond Disney


trailblazing

more trailblazing (comparative)
most trailblazing (superlative)

开创性的，先驱的，创新的

One can only wonder what led Rothstein to claim that Neville was such a trail-blazing pornographer.

2011，Patrick Spedding，James Lambert，“Fanny Hill, Lord Fanny, and the Myth of Metonymy”, in Studies in Philology，卷 108, 期 1，頁 120:

The trailblazing Oaxacan chef Alejandro Ruiz […] has spiked this black-bean sauce with a hidden depth charge of flavor: patches of foliage from a local avocado tree. The leaves electrify the sauce with an unexpected thrum of black licorice.

2014年October25日，Jeff Gordinier，“In search of the perfect taco”, in T: The New York Times Style Magazine (international edition)，頁 100:


schnozz

可能借自意第緒語 שנויץ (shnoyts)，其源自德語 Schnauze (“鼻子”)。对比schnozzle。另一较少见理论认为其是一个受到schm-的影响或者和意第绪语单词联想而得到的nose的变体。至少1940年起已可考。

[…] you have got J-E-W written right across the middle of that face—look at the shnoz on him, for God’s sakes!

1969, Philip Roth, Portnoy’s Complaint, New York: Vintage, 1994, pp. 149-150,

In another talk, a DinoNose collaborator, Scott Sampson of the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, pointed out a number of ridges in the ceratopsian schnozz that probably supported curtains of cartilage; these in turn may have served as scaffolding for layers upon layers of mucous membranes.

1999年November5日，Carl Zimmer，“Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: The Stories Behind the Bones”, in Science，卷 286, 期 5442, →DOI, →ISSN，頁s 1071-1074:


skanky

skankier (comparative)
skankiest (superlative)

Heavy Metal, Music from the Motion Picture (1981, Elektra): This movie is pretty lousy if you're sober and/or an adult, and the soundtrack should be either glammier or skankier, or maybe both.

2010，Chuck Klosterman，“The Jack Factor”, in Chuck Klosterman on Rock: A Collection of Previously Published Essays:


egg on

* 源自中古英語 eggen (“煽动；催促；唆使”)，源自古諾爾斯語 eggja (“促使”)，源自egg (“边缘”)。详见edge。
* 古旧形式“edge on”的变体。

eggs on (third-person singular present)
egging on (present participle)
egged on (past participle)

唆使，怂恿，哄骗 （尤指让某人去干蠢事或鲁莽的事）

Then I heard that at morning one brother the other / With edges of irons egged on to murder,

1892，Lesslie Hall (translator)，章號 35, in Beowulf:

He resented the idea of interference from those who had […] egged him on to a new peril.

1908，Robert Louis Stevenson，章號 25, in In the South Seas:

She had deliberately egged him on to wreck his prospects.

1912，P. G. Wodehouse，章號 8, in The Adventures of Sally:


the lady doth protest too much

出自莎士比亚作品《哈姆雷特》，为哈姆雷特之母女王葛楚的一句台词。剧中，“protest”指“坚持自己所言为实”（剧中即指戏子女王对爱的发言），而非“坚持他人所言为虚”。

the lady doth protest too much, methinks

（用于暗示某人过分强调自己说的是真的，因此反而其所说的肯定是假的。）此地无银三百两

In all Penelope's devotion to her husband there is an ever present sense that the lady doth protest too much.

1897，Samuel Butler，The Authoress of the Odyssey: