bright

形容词派生自中古英語 bright (“光亮的，明亮的；强烈的；闪亮的；辉煌的；（指人）美丽的，面色红润的；极佳的；清晰的；（指视觉）明晰的；（比喻义）无罪过的；开明的”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 bryht、breht (诺森伯兰)，字母换位自byrht (盎格鲁)、beorht (西萨克逊)、berht (“明晰的”) [以及其他形式]，源自原始西日耳曼語 *berht，源自原始日耳曼語 *berhtaz (“明亮的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *bʰerHǵ- (“照，使...变白”)。
名词派生自中古英語 bright (“光亮，闪亮；阳光；光”)，源自bright (形容词)：见上文。
英语词的同源词包括阿爾巴尼亞語 bardhë (“白的”)、荷蘭語 brecht (用于人名)、冰島語 bjartur (“明亮的”)、立陶宛語 brekšta (“破晓”)、中古愛爾蘭語 brafad (“眨眼”)、挪威語 bjart (“光亮的，明晰的”)、波斯語 برازیدن (barâzidan，“美化；适宜于”)、北盧里語 بڵێز (bełız，“火焰”) 俄語 бре́зжить (brézžitʹ，“破晓；发微光；（比喻义，指希望，思想等）出现，显现”)、梵語 भ्राजते (bhrājate)、低地蘇格蘭語 bricht (“明亮的”)、威爾士語 berth (“美丽的”) (弃用)。

brighter (comparative)
brightest (superlative)

明亮的，发光的，闪耀的，照耀的；炫目的

The sky was remarkably bright and blue on that beautiful summer day.

夏天里的那天，蓝色的天空格外的闪耀夺目。

Where the bright Seraphim in burning row / Their loud up-lifted Angel trumpets blow; / And the Cherubick hoſt in thouſand quires / Touch their immortal Harps of golden wires, […]

1646 (indicated as 1645)，John Milton，“At a Solemn Musick”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […]，London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], →OCLC，頁 22:

Thee Father firſt they ſung Omnipotent, / […] that brighteſt Seraphim / Approach not, but with both their wings veil thir eyes.

1667，John Milton，“Book III”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 372 and 381–382:

There were very few people about, and though the sun was bright, and the air clear and fresh, the big, grim-looking waves, that seemed dark themselves because the foam that topped them was like snow, forced themselves in through the narrow mouth of the harbour—like a bullying man going through a crowd.

1897，Bram Stoker，“Cutting from ‘The Dailygraph,’ 8 August (Pasted in Mina Murray’s Journal.)”, in Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC，頁 95:

It was said that the Irish whom [Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of] Feversham had let loose were marching on London and massacring every man, woman, and child on the road. At one in the morning the drums of the militia beat to arms. […] Before two the capital wore a face of stern preparedness which might well have daunted a real enemy, if such an enemy had been approaching. Candles were blazing at all the windows. The public places were as bright as at noonday.

1849，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 X, in The History of England from the Accession of James II，卷 II, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 564:

[H]e felt the influence of the bright sky, and looked up smiling into its deep unfathomable blue.

1841 February–November，Charles Dickens，“Barnaby Rudge”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock，卷 III, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, chapter 77，頁 392:

Serene, smiling, enigmatic, she faced him with no fear whatever showing in her dark eyes. The clear light of the bright autumn morning had no terrors for youth and health like hers.

1910，Emerson Hough，“A Lady in Company”, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise，Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC，頁 6:

They gathered soberly in the farthest recess of the ward and gossiped about him in malicious, offended undertones, rebelling against his presence as a ghastly imposition and resenting him malevolently for the nauseating truth of which he was bright reminder.

1961年November10日，Joseph Heller，“The Soldier in White”, in Catch-22 […]，New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁 169:

Her step was quick; her eye piercing, and of the brightest blue; […]

1838 May，L. M.，“The West Fifty Years Since”, in The Southern Literary Messenger: Devoted to Every Department of Literature and the Fine Arts，卷 IV, 期 V, Richmond, Va.: T. W. White, […], →OCLC, chapter II，頁 308，列 1:

The orange and blue walls of the sitting room were much brighter than the dull grey walls of the kitchen.

客厅的橙色蓝色相间的墙壁比厨房的单调灰色的墙鲜艳多了。

Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke. He was dressed out in broad gaiters and bright tweeds, like an English tourist, and his face might have belonged to Dagon, idol of the Philistines.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 II, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC，頁 15:

透明的，澄明的；纯净的，无杂质的； 纯净的，无悬浮物的，优质的

From […] the brighteſt Wines / He'd turn abhorrent.

1728，[James] Thomson，Spring: A Poem，London: […] A[ndrew] Millar and G[eorge] Strahan, →OCLC，頁 10:

And 'twas the worſt, if not the only ſtain, / I'th' brighteſt Annals of a Female Reign.

1681，Charles Cotton，The Wonders of the Peake，London: […] Joanna Brome, […], →OCLC，頁 16:

I woke up today feeling so bright that I decided to have a little dance.

今天起床心情特别好，好到我跳了支舞。

Their spirits had risen a little at the discovery of the path, but now they sank into their boots; and yet they would not give it up and go away. The hobbit [Bilbo Baggins] was no longer much brighter than the dwarves. He would do nothing but sit with his back to the rock-face and stare[…]。

1937年September21日，J[ohn] R[onald] R[euel] Tolkien，“On the Doorstep”, in The Hobbit: Or There and Back Again，第3rd版, London: Unwin Books, George Allen & Unwin, 出版於 1966 (1970 printing), →ISBN，頁 191:

Bright eyes / Burning like fire / Bright eyes / How can you close and fail? / How can the light that burned so brightly / Suddenly burn so pale? / Bright eyes

1978年October19日，Mike Batt （作曲作詞）, “Bright Eyes”, in Fate for Breakfast，演出者 Art Garfunkel, 出版於 19 January 1979:

Come on: / Gentle my Lord, ſleeke o're your rugged Lookes, / Be bright and Iouiall among your Gueſts to Night.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]，頁 140，列 2:

She has a bright future ahead.

Things are going great, and they're only getting better / I'm doing all right, getting good grades / The future's so bright, I gotta wear shades

1986，Pat MacDonald （作曲作詞）, “The Future’s So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades”, in Greetings from Timbuk3，演出者 Timbuk3:

She’s very bright. She was able to solve the problem without my help.

她很聪明，不需要我帮忙就解决了那个问题。

―Ah, God, Corley replied, sure I couldn't teach in a school, man. I was never one of your bright ones, he added with a half laugh, Got stuck twice in the junior at the Christian Brothers.

1922 February，James Joyce，“[Episode 16: Eumaeus]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC, part III [Nostos]，頁 573:

Think of banking today and the image is of grey-suited men in towering skyscrapers. Its future, however, is being shaped in converted warehouses and funky offices in San Francisco, New York and London, where bright young things in jeans and T-shirts huddle around laptops, sipping lattes or munching on free food.

2013年August3日，“Revenge of the nerds: An explosion of start-ups is changing finance for the better”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8847, London: Economist Group, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2013-08-03:

[T]he Queriſt muſt not proceed too ſwiftly towards the Determination of his Point propos'd, that he may with more Eaſe, with brighter Evidence, and with ſurer Succeſs draw the Learner on to aſſent to thoſe Principles ſtep by ſtep, from whence the final Concluſion will naturally ariſe.

1741，I[saac] Watts，“The Socratical Way of Disputation”, in The Improvement of the Mind: Or, A Supplement to the Art of Logick: […]，London: […] James Brackstone, […], →OCLC, paragraph V，頁 172:


bright

humanist

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

nonsupernaturalist

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

atheist

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

super

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

supernaturalist

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

Thee Father firſt they ſung Omnipotent, / […] when thou ſhad'ſt / The full blaze of thy beams, and through a cloud / Drawn round about thee like a radiant Shrine, / Dark with exceſſive bright thy ſkirts appeer, / Yet dazle Heav'n, […]

1667，John Milton，“Book III”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 372 and 377–381:

人文主义者，信奉自然主义世界观的人

Brights constitute 60% of American scientists, and a stunning 93% of those scientists good enough to be elected to the elite National Academy of Sciences (equivalent to Fellows of the Royal Society) are brights.

2003年June20日，Richard Dawkins，“The future looks bright”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2021-03-22:

Many of us brights have devoted considerable time and energy at some point in our lives to looking at the arguments for and against the existence of God, and many brights continue to pursue these issues, hacking away vigorously at the arguments of believers as if they were trying to refute a rival scientific theory. But not I.

2006，Daniel C[lement] Dennett，“Breaking Which Spell?”, in Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon，New York, N.Y.: Viking, →ISBN, part I (Opening Pandora’s Box), section 5 (Religion as a Natural Phenomenon)，頁 27:

[Richard] Dawkins has received appreciative letters from people who were formerly what he derisively calls "faith-heads" who have abandoned their delusions and come over to the side of the brights, the pleasant green pastures where clear-eyed, brave, bold, and supremely brainy atheists graze contentedly.

2008 April，David Aikman，“The Attack of the Four Horsemen”, in The Delusion of Disbelief: Why the New Atheism is a Threat to Your Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness，Carol Stream, Ill.: SaltRiver, Tyndale House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 28:


bright

源自中古英語 brighten (“照亮；变亮；破晓；（比喻义）净化，纯化；解释，阐明”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 beorhtian (“照亮，照耀；发声清晰洪亮”) [以及其他形式]，可能源自beorht (“明亮的”，形容词)（详见词源 1） + -ian (从形容词和名词构成动词的后缀)。该词之后的使用可能亦直接派生自形容词。

brights (third-person singular present)
brighting (present participle)
brighted (past participle)

embrighten

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

enliven

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

delight

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

gladden

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

please

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

brighten

（变得符合形容词的多个义项）

使...开心，让...乐观，给...带来活力

Toward Mid-day he [the Sun] brighteth the Air into a chearful Saphir, and guildeth the Borders of the very Clouds with a coſtly limbus.

1686，J[ohn] Goad，“The Sun, the Great Light, Justly Admired. […]”, in Astro-meteorologica, or, Aphorisms and Large Significant Discourses of the Natures and Influences of the Cœlestial Bodies; […]，第2nd版, London: […] O[badiah] B[lagrave] and sold by John Sprint, […], 出版於 1699, →OCLC, book I, § 2，頁 14:

（变得符合形容词的多个义项）

Day brighteth at the smile o' her and yea, He hath aplanted full o' seed for harvesting by thy loving.

1915，The Patience Worth Record，卷 I, [Morrisville, N.C.]: Lulu.com, 出版於 2008, →ISBN，頁 238:


ravine

借自法語 ravin (“溪谷”)，源自古法語 raviner (“洗劫；突袭；倾泻”)，源自ravine (“劫掠；激流，雪崩；冲动”)，源自拉丁語 rapīna（对比rapine）。

He fell into a reverie, a most dangerous state of mind for a chauffeur, since a fall into reverie on the part of a driver may mean a fall into a ravine on the part of the machine.

1913，Robert Barr，章號 3, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

Thirty feet below her, where the Persians were crashing through the brush, the streambed kinked to the left side of the ravine and ran under an enormous thorn tree with a thick base.

2007年April1日，Thomas Harlan，The Shadow of Ararat: Book One of 'The Oath of Empire'，頁 294:


ravine

源自中古英語 ravene、ravine，源自古法語 raviner (“强抢”)，源自ravine (“劫掠”)，源自拉丁語 rapīna (“洗劫”)，源自rapere (“占领，洗劫”)。

raven (“劫掠”)的另一種寫法

And he, shall he,
Man, her last work, who seem’d so fair, […]
Who trusted God was love indeed
And love Creation’s final law—
Tho’ Nature, red in tooth and claw
With ravine, shriek’d against his creed—
Who loved, who suffer’d countless ills,
Who battled for the True, the Just,
Be blown about the desert dust,
Or seal’d within the iron hills?

1849，Alfred, Lord Tennyson，In Memoriam A.H.H.:


music

源自中古英語 musik、musike，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 musik、musike、古法語 musique，及它们的来源拉丁語 mūsica，源自古希臘語 μουσική (mousikḗ)，源自古希臘語 Μοῦσα (Moûsa，“缪斯”)，古希腊的艺术女神。词形分析作muse + -ic (“与...有关的”)。取代了日耳曼语系本土词古英語 drēam，其与英語 dream同源。

I keep listening to this music because it's a masterpiece.

我总是听这个音乐因为它是杰作。

Music lessons in early childhood lead to changes in the brain that could improve its performance far into adulthood, researchers say.

2013年November22日，Ian Sample，“Music lessons in early childhood may improve brain's performance”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 24，頁 32:

“Oh! this was very kind,” she said, with that simplicity and tenderness, which at times made her voice pure music, “I could not have expected you so soon.”

1856，John Esten Cooke，The Virginia Comedians，頁 247:


king's ransom

源自被绑架的王需要大笔赎金才能救回的说法。

king's ransoms (plural)
kings' ransoms (plural)

"But to yonder pavilion . . . the moon is glimmering on the gilded ball which crowns its roof, and which is worth a king's ransom."

1825，Sir Walter Scott，章號 12, in The Talisman:

These gold, silver and pewter pieces are part of a king’s ransom of Spanish treasure salvaged from the sea off Florida where they had lain for 250 years.

1967 March 10, Archeology: An Ill-Starred Treasure Comes into Its Own (pictorial), LIFE, page 101:

“ […] This commercial message is sponsored by Lebenthal in the heartfelt belief that we’re not the only ones who are going to miss the bonds when they’re gone and it costs a king’s ransom to turn on the lights, boil water, or haul the garbage.”

1986 March 24, Bernice Kanner, The Real James Bond: Jim Lebenthal’s Tax-Bill Crusade, New York, page 46:

Solving longitude was one of the major preoccupations of European nations from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries. King’s ransoms were offered for its solution.

2005, Michael R. Matthews, Colin F. Gauld, Arthur Stinner, The Pendulum: Its Place in Science, Culture and Pedagogy, Michael R. Matthews, Colin F. Gauld, Arthur Stinner (editors), The Pendulum: Scientific, Historical, Philosophical and Educational Perspectives, page 7:

Except that Clarissa Astley would not have been decked out in a king's ransom of diamonds.

2010，Jane Feather，Rushed to the Altar，Pocket Books, 出版於 2010, →ISBN，頁 386:


ablaze

more ablaze (comparative)
most ablaze (superlative)

猛烈燃烧的，炽热的 （18世纪）

On entering the walls which surround the house, then all ablaze, a most dreadful conflict took place […]

1791, The Bee, Volume 4, Short Chronicle of Events, 27 July, 1791, p. v,

The canoe, a dim shadowy thing, moves across the black water, / Bearing a torch ablaze at the prow.

1881，Walt Whitman，“The Torch”, in Leaves of Grass，Boston: James R. Osgood，頁 305:

So Wang and Tiger’s men rushed into such houses as were not too ablaze and they began to drag out booty of silken pieces and yards of cloth and garments and anything they could carry.

1932, Pearl S. Buck, Sons, Wakefield, RI: Moyer Bell, 1992, Chapter 13, pp. 128-129,

Mario Balotelli, in the headlines for accidentally setting his house ablaze with fireworks, put City on their way with goals either side of the interval as United struggled to contain the array of attacking talent in front of them.

2011年October23日，Phil McNulty，“Man Utd 1 - 6 Man City”, in BBC Sport:

耀眼的，亮眼的 （18世纪）

The Heav’ns are all a-blaze, the face of night
Is cover’d with a sanguine dreadful light:

1716，John Gay，Trivia，第3rd版, London: Bernard Lintot, 出版於 1730, Book 3, p. 64:

All ablaze with crimson and gold.

1872，Henry Wadsworth Longfellow，Christus: A Mystery:

The day being June the thirtieth, which is the very high-tide time of summer flowers, the immediate neighbourhood of the castle was ablaze with roses, pinks, pansies, carnations, hollyhocks, columbines, larkspurs, London pride, Canterbury bells, and a multitude of other choice blooms.

1923，P. G. Wodehouse，章號 I, in Leave It to Psmith:

She loved this hour when the lights were coming up in the causeway: white and blue and orange lights and the hotels and coloured adverts ablaze but not yet effective in the pale twilight.

1961，Cyprian Ekwensi，章號 3, in Jagua Nana，Greenwich, CT: Fawcett, 出版於 1969，頁 13:

Autumn is a lovely time to visit as the tree cover near the line is ablaze with colour.

2021年July28日，Paul Bigland，“Calder line captures picturesque Pennines”, in RAIL，期 936，頁 69:

非常激动的，非常兴奋的 （17世纪）

And this Fire of your Eyes easily strikes those of your Auditors, who have theirs constantly fixt upon yours; and it must needs set them a-blaze too upon the same Resentment and Passion.

大約1680, uncredited translator, An Essay upon the Action of an Orator by Michel Le Faucheur, London: Nicholas Cox, pp. 184-185,

The young Cambridge democrats were all ablaze to assist Torrijos.

1851，Thomas Carlyle，The Life of John Sterling:

Raoul was ablaze with indignation.

1880，George Washington Cable，章號 40, in The Grandissimes，New York: Scribner，頁 318:

His indifference to Carmen, who has all the other males in sight quivering with a passion never seen on land or sea, sets her ablaze; in a series of scenes which it is difficult to call erotic without adding that they are also infantile, she goes after him and he falls.

1955，James Baldwin，“Carmen Jones: The Dark is Light Enough”, in Notes of a Native Son，New York: Dial, 出版於 1963，頁 48:

[…] Dawit, glorious and fearless, charging at the enemy, […] his eyes ablaze with a hatred so pure that for a moment, the ascaro draws back before he lifts his weapon and aims.

2019，Maaza Mengiste，The Shadow King，Edinburgh: Canongate:


ablaze

燃烧着 （19世纪初叶）

[…] with the spontaneous combustion the house smouldered ablaze.

1969，Ray Bradbury，“The Haunting of the New”, in I Sing the Body Electric!，New York: Knopf，頁 143:


zany

源自中古法語 zani、zanni，源自意大利語 zanni (“戴面具的丑角”)，源自Zanni，Giovanni的方言形式。

zanier (comparative)
zaniest (superlative)

And I will admit now but never then that, more than once, listening to the Viennese chattering their zany German on the pavements, or taking himself to one of the struggling small theatres that were cropping up in cellars and bombed houses...

Press articles emphasized his [Dizzy Gillespie's] ambassadorial role and drew attention to the paradox that he was a shrewd musician and leader despite his zany image.

1999，Alyn Shipton，“Gillespiana”, in Groovin' High: The Life of Dizzy Gillespie，Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 293:

When playing for Connie Mack, Rube [Waddell]'s pattern after one of his zany outbursts usually involved promises of good behavior and a spurt of excellent pitching.

2000，Alan H. Levy，Rube Waddell: The Zany, Brilliant Life of a Strikeout Artist，Jefferson, N.C.: London: McFarland & Company, →ISBN，頁 241:

This runs counter to the play, where Grandpa is always benignly indulgent of all his zany progeny and their equally zany spouses, and is even somewhat zany himself.

2013，William Paul，“No Escaping the Depression: Utopian Comedy and the Aesthetics of Escapism in Frank Capra's You Can't Take it with You (1938)”, in A Companion to Film Comedy，Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 280:

The montage goes on to show scenes of Carla singing, dancing, meditating, breaking the tension amongst her co-cheftestants with sing-a-longs and “hootie-hoo” lessons, and ultimately wooing the judges with a combination of her zany personality and solid cooking skills.

2015，Kimberly D. Nettles-Barcelón，“The Sassy Black Cook and the Return of the Magic Negress: Popular Representations of Black Women's Food Work”, in Dethroning the Deceitful Pork Chop: Rethinking African American Foodways from Slavery to Obama，Fayetteville, Ark.: University of Arkansas Press, →ISBN，頁 117:


zany

小丑 （尤指滑稽模仿主要丑角的）

Then write that I may follow, and so be / Thy echo, thy debtor, thy foil, thy zany.

a. 1631, John Donne, Epistle to Mr. I. W.

O great restorer of the good old stage, / Preacher at once, and Zany of thy age!

1728，Alexander Pope，“Book III”, in The Dunciad:

Part of the illusory world is the 'quack' or mountebank who can be seen standing on his own special platform in the centre of the crowd[…]。Such a person travelled round to fairs and markets selling his nostrums or medicines. This character is dressed in a lace hat, long periwig and embroidered coat with lace cuffs, and is attended by his zany, who is wearing a chequered harlequin outfit and is 'quacking' or 'puffing' his master's wares. No seventeenth- or eighteenth-century mountebank was complete without his zany or 'Merry Andrew' – a term originally applied to Dr Andrew Boorde, physician to Henry VIII and noted for his ready wit and humour, who was the subject of many broadside ballads.

1996，Fiona Haslam，From Hogarth to Rowlandson: Medicine in Art in Eighteenth-century Britain，Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, →ISBN，頁 69:


zenith

源自中古英語 cenyth，源自中世紀拉丁語 cenit，源自阿拉伯語 سَمْت (samt，“方向，小路”)，源自完整形式سَمْت اَلرَّأْس (samt ar-raʔs，“头的朝向”)。以-ni-代-m-的情况有时被认为是误读了三个笔画。这个说法确实有道理，但是也可能只是发音模仿导致的。

nadir

天顶 （观测者头顶水平向上的位置）

perigee

天顶 （观测者头顶水平向上的位置）

Winning the continental championship was the zenith of my career.

在洲际锦标赛中夺冠是我生涯的巅峰。

It was during those civil troubles […] this aspiring family reached the zenith.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 13, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

"There for a while I enjoyed myself in the zenith of glory and pleasure."

1900，William Beckford，The History of the Caliph Vathek，頁 173:


daft

源自中古英語 dafte、defte (“温柔的；礼貌的；谦逊的；尴尬的；无聊的；粗野的”)，源自古英語 dæfte (“乐于助人的；温柔的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *daftī (“合适的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰh₂ebʰ- (“适”)。与古英語 dafnian、dafenian (“合适的”)、俄語 до́брый (dóbryj，“好的”)有关。
对比silly，其原指“很好的；无辜的；可怜的；弱小的”，但现在指“愚蠢的”。
与daff (“笨蛋；愚蠢的”)（过去式daffed）无关，但可能受到了其影响。

dafter (comparative)
daftest (superlative)

a daft idea

Thou art the daftest fuill that ever I saw. / Trows thou, man, be the law to get remeid / Of men of kirk? Na, nocht till thou be deid.

You are the daftest fool that ever I saw. / Trust you, man, by the law to get a remedy / 源自men of the church? No, not till you are dead.

1602，David Lyndesay [i.e., David Lyndsay]，Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaits, in Commendation of Vertew and Vitvperation of Vyce (語言：低地蘇格蘭語), Edinburgh: Printed be Robert Charteris, →OCLC; 再版為 Ane Satyre of the Thrie Estaits, in Commendation of Vertew and Vitvperation of Vyce (Early English Text Society, Original Series; no. 37)，[London]: [Published for the Early English Text Society, by N[icholas] Trübner & Co.], [1869], →OCLC，頁 451，行s 2008–2010:

In case you haven't heard of them [the Taipings], I must tell you that they were another of those incredible phenomena that made China the topsy-turvey mess it was, like some fantastic land from Gulliver, where everything was upside down and out of kilter. Talk about moonbeams from cucumbers; the Taipings were even dafter than that.

1985，George MacDonald Fraser，章號 1, in Flashman and the Dragon: 源自the Flashman Papers, 1860，London: Collins Harvill, →ISBN; 再版 New York, N.Y.: Plume, 1987, →ISBN:

You haven't exactly been playing the master tactician through all this, but that seems the daftest course you could possibly have taken.

1990，Iain Pears，The Raphael Affair，London: Gollancz, →ISBN; 再版 New York, N.Y.: Harper, 2014, →ISBN，頁 22:

The boy gathered himself up, shook his shaggy head, and, said, in a piteous tone: 'Davie's daft!' 'Davie's daft!' He then kicked the poor idiot till his cries attracted the attention of the guests, some of whom immediately came to the spot: […]

1843 April，“The Vale of Glencoe: A Tale of Scotland”, in The Knickerbocker, or New-York Monthly Magazine，卷 XXI, 期 4, New York, N.Y.: Published by John Allen, […], →OCLC，頁 339:

‘It’s a lee [lie],’ says the man; ‘she’s either drunk or daft.’ / ‘Me drunk, you ill-tongued vagabond!’ says my Auntie Kirsty, who couldna bear such a reproach on her good name, ‘I’m a’ but blackfasting this day from either meat or drink; you had better no meddle wi’ my character.’

1876，S[arah] R. Whitehead，“On the Wrong Coach”, in Daft Davie and Other Sketches of Scottish Life and Character，London: Hodder and Stoughton, […], →OCLC，頁 220:

There's mirth in the barn and the ha', the ha', / There's mirth in the barn and the ha': / There's quaffing and laughing, / And dancing and daffing; / And our young bride's daftest of a', of a', / And our young bride's daftest of a'.

1825，“Who’s at My Window”, in The Songs of Scotland, Ancient and Modern; […] In Four Volumes，卷 III, London: Printed for John Taylor, […], →OCLC，頁 334:


termination

Long indeed did that morning appear to Francesca—the longer as her anxiety was unexpressed; for it certainly does shorten a period of waiting not a little to spend it in talking over its various probabilities of termination, wondering what will happen, while we are consoled by the strong sympathy we excite in the listener.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XIV, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 111:

1. Some adjectives of the third declension have three terminations in the nominative singular,—one for each gender; some two,—one for the masculine and feminine, the other for the neuter; and some, only one for all genders.
1. Verbs whose terminations are alike, are said to be of the same conjugation.
 2. Latin verbs are divided into four conjugations.

1849，E. A. Andrews，A First Latin Book; Or Progressive Lessons in Reading and Writing Latin，第2nd版, Boston，頁 52 & 69:


red tape

一般认为指以前用红带子将政府文件绑起来的习惯。

比喻义一般使用加长构式cutting [through] red tape、bound up in red tape。

All the red tape and paperwork that goes on there prevents any progress.

那边要办一大堆手续，工作根本没法继续。

One conspicuous cost of the compromise reached was a promise made by Senator Chuck Schumer to Manchin on what was vaguely called permitting reform: a catchall phrase referring to a whole host of efforts to cut red tape and ease the rollout of energy infrastructure.

2022年October5日，David Wallace-Wells，“Progressives Should Rally Around a Clean Energy Construction Boom”, in The New York Times:


crescendo

crescendos (plural)
crescendi (plural)
crescendoes (plural)

/kɹɪˈʃɛn.dəʊ/

/kɹəˈʃɛn.dəʊ/

音乐词义表示比喻应该是升高而非升高后达到的顶峰。以该词指“顶峰”非标准但不鲜见。

（逐渐增强后的）高潮，顶点

Their arguing rose to a fearsome crescendo.

他们的争论达到了可怕的顶点。

With the Stoke supporters jeering Ziv's every subsequent touch, the pantomime atmosphere created by the home crowd reached a crescendo when Ziv was shown a straight red shortly after the break in extraordinary circumstances.

2011年October20日，Michael da Silva，“Stoke 3 - 0 Macc Tel-Aviv”, in BBC Sport:


slump

可能源自，对比丹麥語 slumpe (“碰巧遇到”)、挪威語 slumpe (“碰巧发生”)、瑞典語 slumpa (“变卖”)。亦对比德語 schlumpen (“跟踪；拖湿；马虎”)。

slumps (third-person singular present)
slumping (present participle)
slumped (past participle)

Real estate prices slumped during the recession.

经济萧条期间地产价格锐减。

The Gunners captain demonstrated his importance to the team by taking his tally to an outstanding 28 goals in 27 Premier League games as Chelsea slumped again after their shock defeat at QPR last week.

2011年October29日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 3-5 Arsenal”, in BBC Sport:


sod

源自中古英語 sod、sodde 首次記錄於15世纪中叶，源自中古荷蘭語 zoden (“草皮”)或中古低地德語 sôde、soede (“草皮”)，两者与荷蘭語 zode (“草皮”)、德語 Sode (“草皮”)、古弗里斯蘭語 sātha (“草皮”)有关。上述词最终词源不详。

She there shall dress a sweeter sod / Than Fancy's feet have ever trod.

1746，William Collins，Ode written in the year 1746:

In Walachia, green sods are laid on the window-sills and on the lintels of the doors to avert the uncanny crew [i.e. witches].

1890，James George Frazer，The Golden Bough，卷 2，頁 338:


sod

The Empire, in particular, was always thick with sods: they strolled side-by-side with the gay girls of the promenade, or stood, in little knots, exchanging gossip, comparing fortunes, greeting one another with flapping hands and high, extravagant voices.

1998，Sarah Waters，Tipping the Velvet，Virago (2018)，頁 207:


sod

源自古英语复数过去式，或逆構詞自过去分词sodden。

And Mart the cook the shovel took / And swung the damper to and fro. / 'Another sod, so help me God, / That's fourteen in a flamin' row.

1954，Tom Ronan，Vision Splendid; quoted in Tom Burton, Words in Your Ear，Wakefield Press, 1999, →ISBN，頁 120:


veneer

源自德語 Furnier，源自furnieren (“覆盖”)，源自法語 fournir (“布置；达成”)，源自中古法語 fornir，源自古法語 fornir、furnir (“布置”)，源自早期古法蘭克語 frumjan (“提供”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *frumjaną (“使...更进一步”)。同源词有古高地德語 frumjan、frummen (“达成，执行，提供”)、古英語 fremian (“执行”)。详见furnish。

（覆盖在粗糙材质上的装饰性质的）精制薄层

Compartment and corridor partitions are of blockboard, with appropriate decorative veneers to suit the varied interior decoration.

1951 May，“British Railways Standard Coaches”, in Railway Magazine，頁s 327-328:

A very neat old woman, still in her good outdoor coat and best beehive hat, was sitting at a polished mahogany table on whose surface there were several scored scratches so deep that a triangular piece of the veneer had come cleanly away, […].

1963，Margery Allingham，“Foreword”, in The China Governess:

（掩饰内心想法或本性的）表面，伪装

“Yalda,” Dabashi says, “has managed to survive the centuries because it has been gently recodified with a Muslim veneer.”

2014年December5日，“Joy From the World”, in The New York Times Magazine, retrieved 2014-12-06:


veneer

veneers (third-person singular present)
veneering (present participle)
veneered (past participle)

to veneer a piece of furniture with mahogany

The stateroom walls are veneered with finely figured English chestnut with the skirting and mouldings in English walnut.

1947 January and February，“South African Royal Train”, in Railway Magazine，頁 36:


madam

源自中古英語 madame，源自古法語 madame，源自ma (“我的”) + dame (“贵妇；夫人”)，源自晚期古典拉丁語 mea domina。Madonna 的同源對似詞。

同類詞：sir、gentleman

Mrs Grey wondered if the outfit she was trying on made her look fat. The sales assistant just said, “It suits you, madam”.

Grey夫人想知道她试的那件衣服是不是显胖。店员就说：“很合适您，夫人。”

Later, Mrs Grey was sitting in her favourite tea shop. “Would madam like the usual cream cakes and patisserie with her tea?” the waitress asked.

之后Grey夫人坐在她最爱去的茶店。“夫人，您想要常点的奶油蛋糕和法式蛋糕来配您的茶吗？”店员问道。

“Nothing, madam, but a tumbler of wine with a little water—thank you, madam. Mesdames, great events have occurred since I left you.”

1857，Charles Reade，White Lies. A Story.，卷 I, London: Trübner & Co., […]，頁 276:

I leaned on the hoe, in classic pose, and watched the cowbird try to bust his buttons in that agonizing split whistle which is his serenade to the madam. Perhaps I should say to the mesdames, for this fellow is the Don Juan of the feathered world, with no moral standards and a distinct aversion to anything that resembles domestic ties.

1951 April，John H. Day，“The Breath of April”, in Pennsylvania Game News，卷 XXII, 期 1, Pennsylvania Game Commission，頁 27，列 1:

“[…] This size, madam!” Certainly, the mesdames would not have been interested.

After two years, Madam X was busy enough to take on a partner: Madam Z, aged twenty. Both regularly scouted new marks and told Stead that ‘nurse girls’ (nannies) were the best: ‘there are any number in [the parks] every morning and all are virgins’. Selling maidenhoods was their speciality. ‘Our gentlemen want maids,’ they said, ‘not damaged articles.’ ‘Come,’ he said to the mesdames, ‘what do you say to delivering me five [girls] on Saturday next? . . . Could you deliver me a parcel of maids, for me to distribute among my friends?’ Within a fortnight, the Mesdames had supplied Stead with seven girls between the ages of fourteen and eighteen.

2012，Bridget O’Donnell，Inspector Minahan Makes a Stand: The Missing Girls of England，Picador, →ISBN:


madam

madams (third-person singular present)
madaming (present participle)
madamed (past participle)

Don’t madam me, — I can’t bear none of your lip service. I’m a plain-spoken woman, that’s what I am, and I like other people’s tongues to be as plain as mine.

He bowed to me, he madamed me, he was throughout as gentlemanlike and respectful as I had ever found him when we met at Old Harbour House or in Old Harbour Town.

1905，William Clark Russell，The Yarn of Old Harbour Town，頁 208:

"I don't care," she said. "They'll be dead in a few minutes if you'll just do your job. Stop madaming me and get to work."

1988，Gahan Wilson，Eddy Deco's Last Caper，頁 123:


caballero

caballeros (plural)
caballeroes (plural)

（尤指拉丁美洲的）骑手，骑马人

Here we usually find the caballero aiming his pistol in one direction while pointing his reined-in steed in another, as if ready to wheel and dash to safety.

2007年January26日，Roberta Smith，“Outside In”, in New York Times:


cacophonous

源自古希臘語 κακός (kakós，“坏的”) + φωνή (phōnḗ，“嗓音”)。

more cacophonous (comparative)
most cacophonous (superlative)

[…] Huple had rescued them just in time by seizing the controls back from Dobbs and leveling the ship out almost as suddenly right back in the middle of the buffeting layer of cacophonous flak from which they had escaped successfully only a moment before.

1961年November10日，Joseph Heller，“The Texan”, in Catch-22 […]，New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁 46:

The good thing about this job is that it gives me time and space to contemplate the future at my leisure, whilst the city sleeps, free from the cacophonous curiosity of the hoi polloi.

1993，Mike Leigh，Naked，spoken by Brian (Peter Wight):

The first time I saw the NYC quartet [Sonic Youth] was in 1983 for their Confusion Is Sex album, when they filled The Venue in Victoria, London with a cacophonous maelstrom of mangled sounds that still reverberates, more than two decades on.

2006，Everett True，Nirvana: The Biography，Da Capo Press, 出版於 2007, →ISBN，頁 58:

[…] and the cacophonous clatter of pots and pans accompanied the vociferous complaints of the ship's cook.

2011，Fern Michaels，To Taste the Wine，Kensington Books, 出版於 2011, →ISBN，頁 153:

A colony of pelicans can be cacophonous.

2012, Michael D. Breed & Janice Moore, Animal Behavior, Academic Press (2012), ISBN 9780123725813, page 199 (image caption):


cacophony

源自法語 cacophonie，源自古希臘語 κακοφωνία (kakophōnía)，源自κακός (kakós，“坏的”) + φωνή (phōnḗ，“声音”)。

Not more unutterable could have been the chaos of hellish sound if the pit itself had opened to release the agony of the damned, for in one inconceivable cacophony was centered all the supernal terror and unnatural despair of animate nature.

1921-1922, H. P. Lovecraft, Herbert West: Reanimator,

A blistering start from the Scots served to steady the ship amid a cacophony that defied the quarter-full national stadium.

2021年June14日，Scott Mullen，“Scotland 0-2 Czech Republic”, in BBC Sport:


charitable

more charitable (comparative)
most charitable (superlative)

St. Martin [of Tours] looks round, first, deliberately;—becomes aware of a tatterdemalion and thirsty-looking soul of a beggar at his chair side, who has managed to get his cup filled somehow, also—by a charitable lacquey. St. Martin turns his back on the Empress, and hobnobs with him!

1884，John Ruskin，“By the Rivers of Waters”, in “Our Fathers Have Told Us.”: Sketches of the History of Christendom for Boys and Girls who have been Held at Its Fonts，part I (The Bible of Amiens), Orpington, Kent: George Allen, →OCLC，頁s 30–31:

Pakistan can sometimes be a cruel environment, its residents caught between the dual pressures of poverty and violence. Yet it is also a place of great kindness, with a strong culture of charitable giving.

2017年April6日，Samira Shackle，“On the frontline with Karachi’s ambulance drivers”, in the Guardian:


chasm

源自拉丁語 chasma，源自古希臘語 χάσμα (khásma，“深渊，裂口”)。

chasma

（太阳系行星中的）狭长大裂谷

But always and ever there is a yawning chasm below[.]

2019，Li Huang, James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 1:

Chelsea may not have regarded themselves as title rivals to City over the whole season but this was a harrowing illustration of the current chasm between the two sides and made for disturbing viewing for the Italian.

2019年February10日，Phil McNulty，“Manchester City 6-0 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport:


camouflage

借自法語 camouflage，源自camoufler (“掩盖，伪装”)，（因camouflet (“扑到脸上的烟”)）变换自意大利語 camuffare (“裹住头”)，源自ca-（源自意大利語 capo (“头”)）+ muffare (“蒙住，裹住”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 muffula, muffla (“暖手筒”)。该中世纪拉丁语词亦派生出英語 muffle。其源自古法蘭克語 *molfell (“皮制软衣物”)，源自*mol (“软化的，穿旧的”)（与古高地德語 molawēn (“软化”)、中古高地德語 molwic (“软的”)同源）+ *fell (“皮”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“皮，羊毛”)；或者，另一词源理论追溯回古法蘭克語 *muffël (“暖手筒，包裹物”)，其为由*mauwa (“袖子，包裹物”)←原始日耳曼語 *mawwō (“袖子”) + *fell (“皮”)←原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“皮，羊毛”)构成的复合词。

/ˈkæ.məˌflɑːʒ/

保护色，保护图案，保护形状

Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close[…]above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them. Many insects probably use this strategy, which is a close analogy to crypsis in the visible world—camouflage and other methods for blending into one’s visual background.

2013 May-June，William E. Conner，“An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁s 206-7:


camouflage

camouflages (third-person singular present)
camouflaging (present participle)
camouflaged (past participle)

/ˈkæ.məˌflɑːʒ/

THE CONCISE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF WORLD RAILWAY LOCOMOTIVES. Edited by P. Ransome-Wallis. Hutchinson. 50s.
A gaudy jacket, remarkably out of keeping with the contents, camouflages the weightiest and meatiest work on a railway topic since the war.

1960 January，“New reading on railways”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 26:

Elegant brick and stone buildings, with iron and glass canopies and decorative wooden scalloping and fencing—all evidencing care on the part of the architect to produce a pleasing, well-planned building—were submerged beneath a profusion of ill-conceived additions and camouflaged by vulgar paint schemes; and the original conception was lost.

1962 October，Brian Haresnape，“Focus on B.R. passenger stations”, in Modern Railways，頁s 250-251:


chicanery

源自法語 chicanerie (“欺诈”)，源自chicaner，借自中古低地德語 schicken，最终源自原始西日耳曼語 *skikkijan，源自原始日耳曼語 *skikkijaną。与德語 schicken (“派遣”)、中古英語 skekken (“发行，发布”)有关。

They do not always find manors, got by rapine or chicanery, insensibly to melt away, as the poets will have it ; or that all gold glides, like thawing snow, from the thief’s hand that grasps it.

1823，Charles Lamb，“Popular Fallacies”, in Elia，第new版, London: Edward Moxon, 出版於 1835, →ISBN，頁 241:

He covered his tracks, he got that idiot at the copy shop to lie for him. You think this is something? You think this is bad? This? This chicanery? He's done worse. That billboard! Are you telling me that a man just happens to fall like that? No! He orchestrated it! Jimmy!

2017，Gordon Smith，“Chicanery”, in Better Call Saul，季数 3, 集数 5, spoken by Chuck McGill (Michael McKean):

Having survived “The Long Night,” Daenerys will now be turning her attention back to the problem that originally vexed her: Cersei Lannister. It will be interesting to see how the show tries to raise the stakes of an internecine squabble between competing monarchs when compared to an existential threat to humanity’s very existence, but this series has always excelled when it goes deep on the machinations of political chicanery.

2019年April28日，Alex McLevy，“Game Of Thrones Suffers the Fog of War in the Battle against the Dead (Newbies)”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2021-05-31:


childbearing

源自中古英語 childberyng、childbering、chyldberynge、child berynge。By surface analysis, child + bearing。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-childbearing.wav

源自the Swedish returns (1776-1855) it appears that 100 childbearings produced 101.62 children, viz., 2.82 stillborn, 98.80 quickborn; consequently 100 quickborn children imply 101.21 childbearings.

1865，Great Britain. General Register Office, Annual Report ... of Births, Deaths, and Marriages in England and Wales ...，卷s 26–30，頁 243:


childbearing

Women in the latter stages of childbearing should not be permitted to attend the toll of the manufactories.

1836，Edward Bulwer Lytton Lytton，England and the English:

In these cases, fish intake rates specific to females of childbearing age are most appropriate when assessing exposures to developmental toxicants.

2000，Methodology for deriving ambient water quality criteria for the protection of human health:

Hips that in the old country would be considered good childbearing hips, but in this country are too wide.

2004，Jack Canfield，Mark Victor Hansen，Stephanie Marston，Chicken Soup to Inspire a Woman's Soul: Stories Celebrating the Wisdom, Fun and Freedom of Midlife，頁 256:


chinchilla

/t͡ʃɪnˈt͡ʃɪlə/

It's important to put a lot of thought into owning a chinchilla since they have a considerably long lifespan of 10 to 20 years.
Chinchillas are most widely known for their exceptional fur coat.

2004，Jamie Huggins，Chinchillas - from Pets to Profession，頁 3:

Chinchillas inhabit high elevations (3,000–5,000m) of the Chilean Andes Mountains. The chinchillas kept as pet or research animals in North America are all descendents^([sic]) of 13 founders wild caught in 1927.

2008，Jeff Wyatt，“Chapter 17: Anesthesia and Analgesia in Other Mammals”, in Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals，頁 469:

Chinchillas are long-lived rodents that are native to South America, primarily Peru, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. The chinchilla is a hystricomorph (hedgehoglike) rodent closely related to guinea pigs, porcupines, and agoutis (Hrapkiewicz et al., 1998).

2009，Ron E. Banks, Julie M. Sharp, Sonia D. Doss, Deborah A. Vanderford，Exotic Small Mammal Care and Husbandry，頁 125:


carapace

借自法語 carapace (“龟壳”)，源自西班牙語 carapacho，其词源不详，但可能源自某已经绝迹的伊比利亚-地中海底層語言。
对比加泰羅尼亞語 carabassa、古希臘語 κάραβος (kárabos，“甲虫”)、拉丁語 scarabaeus（→英語 scarab），亦对比西班牙語 galápago (“一种乌龟”)。calipash 的同源對似詞。

So, little by little, youth loosens the hard carapace of confining custom their elders have built over the human heart.

1928，Edward A. Ross，World Drift，New York, London: The Century Co.，頁 12:

This is all a massive failure of science to pierce the carapace of public ignorance.

2010年January8日，Simon Jenkins，“The proliferation of nuclear panic is politics at its most ghoulish”, in The Guardian, §: “Comment & Debate”, page 29, column 4:


chummy

chummier (comparative)
more chummy (comparative)
chummiest (superlative)
most chummy (superlative)

源自what Brandon tells me, Andrea is getting pretty chummy with her dorm advisor!

1993，“Moving Targets”, in Beverly Hills, 90210，季数 4, 集数 7 (television production), spoken by Brenda Walsh (Shannen Doherty):

Yeah, I was just being nice! I was being nice and chummy!

2001，Larry David，“Thor”, in Curb Your Enthusiasm，季数 2, 集数 2 (television production), Larry David (actor):


carnage

借自中古法語 carnage ，源自古法语charnage的一个诺曼语或皮卡第语（古諾曼語）变体，源自char (“血肉”)，或源自通俗拉丁語 *carnaticum (“屠戮动物”)，其本身源自拉丁语carnem，caro (“血肉”)的宾格。

The lads had recently returned from a wild summer on the party island of Ibiza, an increasingly popular hotspot for working-class British youth. But this was not a scene of drunken holiday carnage in tacky discos.

2014，Simon Spence，Happy Mondays: Excess All Areas:

Within three hours we'd drunk the place dry. Miraculously, we all made it back on the bus, but I've never seen a more bacchanalian scene of wanton debauchery than the ride back to the hotel. It was total carnage.

Mothers and children trapped in poverty in our inner cities, rusted out factories, scattered like tombstones across the across the landscape of our nation, an education system flush with cash, but which leaves our young and beautiful students deprived of all knowledge, and the crime, and the gangs, and the drugs that have stolen too many lives and robbed our country of so much unrealized potential. This American carnage stops right here and stops right now.


circumspect

more circumspect (comparative)
most circumspect (superlative)

Being aware of the danger of upsetting her audience, she was somewhat circumspect in her comments.

她注意到可能会让观众们不快，在发表评论时较为谨慎。

Comment must be circumspect until fuller particulars are available, [...].

1959 March，“Talking of Trains: Scottish reorganisation”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 119:


catapult

源自中古法語 catapulte，源自拉丁語 catapulta，源自古希臘語 καταπέλτης (katapéltēs)，源自κατά (katá，“（向下）朝，向”) + πάλλω (pállō，“在投掷物丢出前使其偏向”)。

The visitors were given notice of what was to come when Huth headed wide from a Rory Delap long throw but failed to heed the warning, allowing the German defender to rise unmarked to meet another Delap catapult and plant his header into the net after 12 minutes.

2011年March13日，Chris Bevan，“Stoke 2 - 1 West Ham”, in BBC:


catapult

catapults (third-person singular present)
catapulting (present participle)
catapulted (past participle)

The candidate selection for running mate has catapulted her to the national scene.

竞选伙伴的候选人提名使她一跃站上了国家级别的舞台。

England will not be catapulted among the favourites for Euro 2012 as a result of this win, but no victory against Spain is earned easily and it is right they take great heart from their efforts as they now prepare to play Sweden at Wembley on Tuesday.

2011年November12日，“International friendly: England 1-0 Spain”, in BBC Sport:


catfight

hairpulling contest

（尤指女人之间的）打架，吵架

scragfight

（尤指女人之间的）打架，吵架

（尤指女人之间的）打架，吵架

Nancy and Sheila got into a catfight when Nancy's boyfriend cheated on her with Sheila.

Female conflict, seen in this kind of structure, works conveniently—it takes note of aggression in women and sets it against other women. Men are spared. The audience applauds. Everyone loves a catfight.

1980，Louise Bernikow，Among Women，New York: Harmony Books，頁 207:

There was a time when I would get furious and fire off an angry note if someone cast me in a catfight with a woman colleague. I assumed that catfights would fade as women progressed. They seemed so retro.

2005，Maureen Dowd，Are Men Necessary?, →ISBN，頁 310:


catoptrophobia

源自古希臘語 κάτοπτρον (kátoptron，“镜子”) + -phobia。

I wondered what was at the root of Shingo's catoptrophobia - his irrational dread of mirrors.

1999年June28日，Vctr113062 [username]，“[TK3 fanfic] "Phoenix" Ch. 17, 2/3”, in rec.games.video.sony (Usenet):

Pundit Bill O'Reilly grapples with "panophobia" (the fear of everything) while, strangely, Rush Limbaugh battles both "catoptrophobia," the fear of mirrors and "Walloonphobia," the fear of the Walloons.

2008年February6日，Gordon (quoting Ed Naha)，“We have nothing to fear...but these bozos”, in misc.news.internet.discuss (Usenet):

If someone suffers from catoptrophobia (fear of mirrors), he sees mirrors, and their reflections, as dangerous.

2013，Macalester Bell，Hard Feelings: The Moral Psychology of Contempt，Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 72:


cauldron

源自中古英語 caudroun，借自古諾曼語 caudron，最终源自晚期拉丁語 caldāria (“锅”)，源自拉丁語 caldus (“热的”)。后添加了“l”来使其偏向拉丁语词形。还见chowder、caldera。
军事义项意譯自德語 Kessel，对比英語 kettling。

Double, double, toile and trouble; / Fire burne, and Cauldron bubble.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]，頁 143，列 2:

[…] I don't expect you will really understand the beauty of the softly simmering cauldron with its shimmering fumes, the delicate power of liquids that creep through human veins, bewitching the mind, ensnaring the senses … […]

1997，J. K. Rowling，Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone，Raincoast Books, →ISBN，頁 102:

Large cauldrons are a little tricky to locate, but are well worth the search if you have a place to safely store and use one.

2004，Carl Neal，The Magick Toolbox: The Ultimate Compendium for Choosing and Using Ritual Implements and Magickal Tools，Red Wheel/Weiser, LLC, →ISBN:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:cauldron。

同類詞：kettle

After having defended the constantly shrinking perimeter of their position for over two weeks, the encircled German units in the Cherkassy “cauldron” were ordered to break out.

1966，George H. Stein，The Waffen SS: Hitler’s Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945, →ISBN，頁 217:

The cauldron had been formed, and some 2,000 Soviets had been encircled in it; the division estimated this quite a success.

2012，Hans Wijers，Winter Storm: The Battle for Stalingrad and the Operation to Rescue 6th Army, →ISBN，頁 153:

This could have been avoided had the Ukrainian Army either evacuated the troops in the southern cauldron once it became clear that their position was untenable or reinforced them substantially in order to reopen supply lines.

2016，Paul Robinson，“Explaining the Ukrainian Army’s defeat in Donbass in 2014”, in The Return of the Cold War: Ukraine, the West and Russia, →ISBN，頁 120:


certifiably

more certifiably (comparative)
most certifiably (superlative)

能够得到认证地，能够得到证明地

Was the accused at the time of the commission of the act with which he is charged, and before that time, laboring under such mental disease as to render him certifiably insane? […] He goes on to ask, How is a jury to determine whether a man is " certifiably insane?" How is any man to attach a definite meaning to "certifiably insane?" "The phrase can only mean that a couple of doctors can be found to certify that in their opinion the man is insane."

1894，The Medical and Surgical Reporter，卷 71，頁 583:

Must such a neighborhood or district maintain a certain percentage of certifiably ethnic residents to maintain its eligibility?

1997，Robert E. Stipe, Antoinette Josephine Lee，The American Mosaic: Preserving a Nation's Heritage，頁 277:

One or two were hurriedly fetching ropes and yelling contradictory orders，源自which I deduced that Mr. Brown had indeed fallen into the gorge, but was not yet certifiably dead.

2007，Diana Gabaldon，A Breath of Snow and Ashes，頁 320:

Further, the infrastructure core software, the Plugin modules and configuration information are all designed to be certifiably intact and secure.

2012，Mike Hinchey, Lorcan Coyle，Conquering Complexity，頁 384:

The main purpose for California Certified Organic Farmers is to certify that the products that growers are selling are certifiably organic

1990 June，Orange Coast Magazine，卷 16, 號 6，頁 114:

He is certifiably nuts.

Due mostly to his latest creation, the whacked-out Guggenheim branch that opened this fall in Bilbao, Spain, the 68-year-old Gehry has gone from being tagged the scary cousin in architecture's dysfunctional family to being certifiably huge.

I don't think the numbers are quite that high today; still, we're glad to be up, up and away and soon over the top— headed for the North Face, Mount Snow's hidden cache of bumped-up, certifiably scary steeps.

2002 November，“Ski”, in (請指定書籍名或刊物名)，卷 67, 號 3，頁 191:

It is brought up when we gather, often voiced by some of the most physically attractive men there, many of whom are objectively gorgeous, certifiably buff.

2003，David Nimmons，The Soul Beneath the Skin:

The Tofu Cheesecake Bake-Off, which ten daring bakers had entered, was a special event held mid-week. It was, certifiably, the world's first such tofu pie contest

1981 December，Vegetarian Times，號 52，頁 74:

You can get a long way into the Presley or Lennon mythology before you have to worry about the way these certifiably electric personalities dealt with the vocal problems of a particular phrase

1981年February23日，New York Magazine，卷 14, 號 8，頁 47:

Besides that, Mir was certifiably loaded ... she didn't need my Mom to buy her squat ... but apparently Mom had insisted.

2007，Mitch Reed，Blessings of the Father: Book One，頁 44:

Now that you're certifiably — albeit temporarily — unemployed, you can explore places you've never before had the time, or the inclination, to explore.

2008，Nicholas J. Nigro，No Job? No Prob!:


censer

源自中古英語，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 censier，源自古法語 encensier，源自encens (“香”)

A thousand wax tapers burned in honour of the Madonna. Four beautiful children swung the silver censers before her picture, till a cloud of incense arose and floated in broken masses to the fretted roof, and the whole air was heavy with perfume.

1831，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Romance and Reality，卷 3，頁 215:


claimant

古法語和盎格魯-諾曼語 clamant，动词clamer及其变体的现在分词，源自拉丁語 clāmō (“喊出”)。

“Two or three months more went by ; the public were eagerly awaiting the arrival of this semi-exotic claimant to an English peerage, and sensations, surpassing those of the Tichbourne case, were looked forward to with palpitating interest. […]”

1905，艾玛·奥希兹，章號 2, in 义律小姐谋杀案:


clandestine

源自拉丁語 clandestīnus (“秘密的，隐瞒的”)，对比法語 clandestin。

more clandestine (comparative)
most clandestine (superlative)

covert

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

furtive

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

hush-hush

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

secret

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

secretive

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

undercover

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

秘密的，隐蔽的，隐瞒的，暗中的，地下的

clandestine military operations

Monimia, who while she yielded to his earnest entreaties had always felt, from the natural rectitude of her understanding, the impropriety of their clandestine correspondence, would, he feared, be more than ever sensible of her indiscretion, when she found that a servant was entrusted with it...

1793，Charlotte Smith，章號 1, in The Old Manor House，卷 3:

Whether the torments of absence were softened by a clandestine correspondence, let us not inquire. Mr. and Mrs. Morland never did.

1818，Jane Austen，章號 31, in Northanger Abbey:

Wildeve's clandestine plan with her was to take a little gravel in his hand and hold it to the crevice at the top of the window shutter, which was on the outside, so that it should fall with a gentle rustle, resembling that of a mouse, between shutter and glass.

1878，Thomas Hardy，章號 11, in The Return of the Native:

Lady Bullingdon could not, of course, countenance such an arrangement for a moment, and the two unhappy persons escaped for a clandestine marriage.

1912，G. K. Chesterton，章號 9, in Manalive:

Bodies were always a nuisance -- even the small guinea-pig bodies from the slight clandestine experiments in West’s room at the boarding-house.

1922，H. P. Lovecraft，Herbert West: Reanimator:

Probably, the Master-at-arms' clandestine persecution of Billy was started to try the temper of the man...

1924，Herman Melville，章號 13, in Billy Budd:

As I stand at the edge of existence; nameless shores of infinity. Perpetual unbirth unraveling distance, clandestine truths unveiled.

2003，“Fugue”, in Trivium 作曲, Ember To Inferno:

In my imagination, all work place encounters between men and women result in clandestine sex.

And I don't want anyone to think I dislike Catholicism because I don't. It's actually my favourite form of clandestine global evil.


claret

源自中古英語 claret，源自中古法語 claret，源自中世紀拉丁語 claratum vīnum，源自clārus。
对比tent (“西班牙红酒”)，其亦派生自颜色名。

同類詞：hock、sack、tent

The vesper bell had rung its parting note; the domini were mostly caged in comfortable quarters, discussing the merits of old port; and the merry student had closed his oak, to consecrate the night to friendship, sack, and claret.

The New Sporting Magazine (volume 15, page 23)

CLARET JELLY SANDWICH: Soak one box of gelatine in one cup of cold water, then dissolve in one cup of boiling water, add one cup of sugar and strain. When cold, add the juice of half a lemon, and one cup of claret and set in a cool place. When ready for use, cover thin slices of lightly buttered white bread with the jelly, cover with another slice of buttered bread and cut in strips.

1909，Eva Greene Fuller，The Up-To-Date Sandwich Book: 400 Ways to Make a Sandwich，頁 155:

claret：

Honey smiled hugely, so that Alex was shown every one of her claret gums.

2002，Zadie Smith，The Autograph Man，Penguin Books (2003)，頁 243:

Time being called, Johnson rose from his second’s knee with the heart of a lion—the immense size and weight of his opponent seemed lost sight of—not a particle of fear belonged to him; and screwing his courage up to the sticking-place, boldly faced his man, putting all the excellence of his science into action, put in such a tremendous blow on the sensitive plant of Perrins—otherwise his sneezer, or nose—whichever term you like best—that split it all the way down as if cut open with a carving-knife; the claret flowing in torrents; and the Giant floored!

1851，Pierce Egan，Every Gentleman’s Manual: A Lecture on the Art of Self-Defence，頁 46:

I then gave him a dig on the head with my fist. He squared up, and pouted like an enraged chameleon, looking savagely at me. I gave him another dig, which sent him staggering. He squared again: I gave him another; till at last, as the claret was flowing, he sulked off, and said he would not serve me any more.

1863，John Hanning Speke，Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile，頁 271:

Blooded warrior Paul Ince, with his head bedecked in a bandage – if not quite possessing quite the amount of claret spilled by Terry Butcher in Stockholm in 1989 – enforcing order on a patch of green in Rome to help his country triumph in the face of adversity and clear a path to the World Cup finals of 1998.

2017年October1日，“Bygones: Ince gives blood for the cause as he leads from the front in Rome”, in Yorkshire Post:

You play as one of these Revenants, but there’s no feeding on human blood, as instead the most reliable source of claret comes from things called blood beads, which grow on plants.

2019年September27日，“Code Vein review – it's an anime version of Dark Souls”, in Metro:

He was rejuvenated within a week, thanks to a diet of fresh claret direct from the jugular, while the lawyer slept.

2020年January2日，Roxy Simons，“'How the hell am I supposed to sleep tonight, BBC?': Viewers are left terrified by first episode of Dracula with its decapitated nun and blood-thirsty babies (but some are distracted by vampire's quirky accent)”, in Daily Mail:

DeLuca beat the count but Brook had the stench of claret filling his nostrils and he was close to getting the finish before the bell saved the overmatched 31-year-old.

2020年February8日，Wally Downes Jr，“KELL OF A WIN: Kell Brook enjoys triumphant return in Sheffield as he knocks out Mark DeLuca in the seventh round”, in The Sun:


claret

clarets (third-person singular present)
clareting (present participle)
clareted (past participle)

We clareted and champagned till two—then supped, and finished with a kind of regency punch composed of madeira, brandy, and green tea, no real water being admitted therein. There was a night for you!

By night, again, we miss the bright cafe, the brilliantly illuminated offices, and the fringe of guests smoking and clareting […]

1869，Andrew Wynter，Subtle Brains and Lissom Fingers:


clement

源自古法語，源自拉丁語 clēmēns (“慈悲的”)。 等价于clīnō + *-mh₁nos。

more clement (comparative)
most clement (superlative)

The weather is clement, though there was a downpour yesterday and I was obliged to take precautions.

1984，Edna O'Brien，“The Bachelor”, in A Fanatic Heart，New York: Plume，頁 66:

The earth was still dry and the air was perfectly clement.

1992，A. B. Yehoshua，譯者 Hillel Halkin, Mr. Mani，New York: Doubleday，頁s 314–5:


confidant

Heaven made you love me for no other end, / But to become my confidant and friend: / As such, I keep no secret from your sight, […]

1675, John Dryden, Aureng-zebe, William Miller (1808), page 223:

One in thought and purpose, linked by the necessity of combating one hostile fate, a power antagonistic ever, - a power we lived to evade, - we had no confidants save ourselves.

1895，Kenneth Graham，The Golden Age，London，頁 5:


confide

源自中古蘇格蘭語 confide、confyde (“相信”)，源自拉丁語 confīdere (“相信，信任”)，，源自con- (“一起”) + fidēre (“信任”)。17世纪初叶首次出现于英语中。faith和fidelity 的同源對似詞。

confides (third-person singular present)
confiding (present participle)
confided (past participle)

"Be calm, lovely Antonia!" he replied; "no danger in near you: confide in my protection."

1796，Matthew Lewis，The Monk，Folio Society, 出版於 1985，頁 269:

In thy protection I confide.

After several drinks, I confided my problems to the barman.

酒过三巡，我把我的秘密告诉了酒吧店员。

She confided that her marriage had been in trouble for some time.

她透露说她的婚姻已经出问题挺久了。

One student had been so afraid to come out to our meetings that he would secretly meet me in the bookshelves of the library and confide about the miseries of being gay, closeted, and a a virgin.

1977年December10日，Mark N. Silber，“Gays On Campus — One Story”, in Gay Community News，卷 5, 號 23，頁 15:


confound

源自中古英語 confounden (“摧毁；迷惑”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cunfundre和古法語 confondre，源自拉丁語 confundō (“混合，搅混”)。与found (“冶炼”)（与found (“创始”)和find无关）、fusion有关。

confounds (third-person singular present)
confounding (present participle)
confounded (past participle)

And the brother of Jared being a large and mighty man, and a man highly favored of the Lord, Jared, his brother, said unto him: Cry unto the Lord, that he will not confound us that we may not understand our words.

1830，Joseph Smith, Jr.，Book of Mormon: Ether, i, 34:

The fightback when it came was in the [Roger] Federer fashion: unfussy, filled with classy strokes from the back with perfectly timed interventions at the net that confounded his opponent. The third set passed in a bit of a blur, the fourth, which led to the second tie-break, was the most dramatic of the match.

2012年June29日，Kevin Mitchell，“Roger Federer back from Wimbledon 2012 brink to beat Julien Benneteau”, in The Guardian，存檔自the original on 2016-11-15:

Don't confound the situation by yelling.

While she had obeyed him, smiling sweetly all the time, she had nursed a growing resentment of what she called his "Latin American macho attitude." To confound the problem, his mother, who lived with them on and off, was described by the wife as being as domineering as her son.

1983，Carol M. Anderson, Susan Stewart，Mastering Resistance: A Practical Guide to Family Therapy:

There the freſh and ſalt water would meete and be confounded together, […]

But God hath choſen the fooliſh things of the woꝛld, to confound the wiſe: and God hath choſen the weake things of the woꝛld, to confound the things which are mighty:

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Corinthians 1:27:

O Lord our God ariſe, / Scatter his enemies, / And make them fall: / Confound their politics, / Fruſtrate their knaviſh tricks, / On him our hopes we fix, / O ſave us all.

a. 1745，unknown author，“God Save the King”, in The Gentleman's Magazine，卷 15，頁 552:

I am now, in order the better to confound your politics, going to give you a true account of the means we intend to use, and of the rules, signs, and pass-words of our new United Irish Society Lodge A. 1.—They are so simple that you will never believe them.

1848 February 12, John Mitchel, The United Irishman, Letter to Lord Clarendon,

诅咒 （语气较轻的骂人话）

Confound you!

Confound the lady!

"Number 43 is no better, Doctor," said the head-warder, in a slightly reproachful accent, looking in round the corner of my door.
"Confound 43!" I responded from behind the pages of the Australian Sketcher.

1882，Arthur Conan Doyle，“My Friend the Murderer”, in The Gully of Bluemansdyke and Other Stories:

To mortal men, he with his horrid crew / Lay vanquiſht, rowling in the fiery Gulfe / Confounded though immortal: But his doom[…]

1667，John Milton，“Book I”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 51–53:


confound

The participants certainly differ in how their practice is distributed (1, 2, or 3 days), but they also differ in how much total practice they get (3, 6, or 9 hours). This is a perfect example of a confound—it is impossible to tell if the results are due to one factor (distribution of practice) or the other (total practice hours); the two factors covary perfectly.

2009，C. James Goodwin，Research In Psychology: Methods and Design，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 175:


clout

源自中古英語 clout，源自古英語 clūt，源自原始日耳曼語 *klūtaz，源自原始印歐語 *gelewdos，源自原始印歐語 *gel- (“积”)。词义“（尤指政治上的）影响力”源自芝加哥方言，后传播普及。
同源词包括古諾爾斯語 klútr (“方头巾”)、瑞典語 klut、丹麥語 klud、中古高地德語 klōz (“块”)，其派生出德語 Kloß，及俄语方言глуда (gluda)。参见cleat。

Having relinquished his clout in City Council to run for a place on the county board, and having lost stature by reason of his failure to win the presidency, Duffy was in no position to seek the party chairmanship for himself

1975，Len O'Connor，Clout--Mayor Daley and His City，頁 74:

The chopped mushrooms add depth to both the Waitrose and the Go-Go Vegan recipe, but what gives the latter some real clout on the flavour front is a teaspoon of Marmite.

2011年December15日，Felicity Cloake，“How to cook the perfect nut roast”, in Guardian:

It's funny how they judge you when they see you made a change / I poured another four just to take away the pain / My friends weren't my friends, they was ^([sic]) looking for some clout / I had what they wanted so they always came around

2017，Kimetrius Foose (Lil Skies), Myron Goedhart （作曲作詞）, “Fake”, 演出者 Lil Skies:

Rowan, like most teenagers on the internet, wasn’t after fame or money, though he made a decent amount — at one point $10,000 a month and more, he said. What Rowan wanted was clout. On the internet, clout is a social currency that can be used to obtain just about anything. Rack up enough while you’re young, and doors everywhere begin to open.

2019年November29日，Taylor Lorenz，“Here’s What’s Happening in the American Teenage Bedroom”, in New York Times:

‘Such a clout on the ear as you gave me… But I soon taught you.’

1910，Katherine Mansfield，Frau Brenchenmacher Attends A Wedding:

'... allowed Boston to score all of its runs on homers, including a pair of clouts by Jacoby Ellsbury ...'

2011年August17日，Michael Vega，“Triple double”, in The Boston Globe，頁 C1:

When a new-hatched savage running wild about his native woodlands in a grass clout, followed by the nibbling goats, as if he were a green sapling; even then, in Queequeg’s ambitious soul, lurked a strong desire to see something more of Christendom than a specimen whaler or two.

1851，Herman Melville，Moby Dick, Chapter 12:

We condol’d with each other, and observ’d how wretchedly we look’d, all naked, except a small Clout about our Middles […]

1743，Robert Drury，The Pleasant, and Surprizing Adventures of Mr. Robert Drury, during his Fifteen Years Captivity on the Island of Madagascar，London，頁 74:

The Byzantines, wrote Robert of Clari, hooted and jeered from the battlements, "and let down their clouts and showed them their backsides."

1980，Colin Thubron，Seafarers: The Venetians，頁 33:

垫片 （装在轴承等物上防止磨损的铁片）

Clouts were thin and flat pieces of iron, used it appears to strengthen the box of the wheel; perhaps also for nailing on such other parts of the cart as were particularly exposed to wear.

1866，James Edwin Thorold Rogers，A History of Agriculture and Prices in England，卷 1，頁 546:


clout

clouts (third-person singular present)
clouting (present participle)
clouted (past participle)

A wizard? Him? How could he possibly be? He'd spent his life being clouted by Dudley, and bullied by Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon; if he was really a wizard, why hadn't they been turned into warty toads every time they'd tried to lock him in his cupboard?

1997，J. K. Rowling，Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone，New York: Arthur A. Levine Books, 出版於 1998，頁 57:

用布、皮革等盖；用该等物品修补

Paul, yea, and Peter, too, had more skill in mending an old net, and in clouting an old tent than to teach lawyers what diligence they should use in the expedition of matters.

1549，Hugh Latimer，“[The Second Sermon of Master Hugh Latimer, which He Preached before the King’s Majesty, within His Grace’s Palace at Westminster, the Fifteenth Day of March, 1549.] To the Reader.”, in Sermons by Hugh Latimer, Sometime Bishop of Worcester, Martyr, 1555 (The Works of Hugh Latimer; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] University Press, 出版於 1844, →OCLC，頁 110:

if fond Bavius vent his clouted song

1633，Phineas Fletcher，The Purple Island:


connive

源自法語 conniver (“默许而成为共犯”)或直接源自其词源拉丁語 connīvēre、cōnīvēre，connīveō、cōnīveō (“闭眼，眯眼，使眼色；忽视，不管”)（可能和两个一起私下阴谋做某事的人相互使眼色有关）的复数第三人称主动完成时直陈式，源自con- (表示使几个物体在一起的后缀) + *nīvēre（与nictō (“眨眼，使眼色”)有关，源自原始印歐語 *kneygʷʰ- (“弯，垂”)）。

connives (third-person singular present)
conniving (present participle)
connived (past participle)

私下共谋，私下阴谋（自17世纪中叶）

This very Law of Libel provides that "if any one connives with a guilty man and alleges him to be innocent, he renders himself liable to punishment."

1876年June24日，“The Law of Libel”, in The Japan Mail. A Fortnightly Summary of Intelligence from Japan, for Transmission to Europe and the United States, via Suez and San Francisco，卷 VII, 期 13, Yokohama: [H. Collins], →OCLC，頁 358:

The Christchurch City Council has connived with the Government to take over all the surrounding local bodies, and it is not without comment that none of the Labour members from Christchurch has spoken on the Bill.

1985年March22日，Philip Ralph Burdon，“Local Government Amendment Bill (No. 2)”, in Parliamentary Debates (Hansard): First Session, Forty-first Parliament (House of Representatives)，卷 462, Wellington: V. R. Ward, government printer, →OCLC，頁 3947:

While some of Joe [Kennedy]'s classmates had connived to get into battle, joining the French Foreign Legion or the Canadian forces, Joe connived to get out.

2001，Laurence Leamer，“Aristocratic Instincts”, in The Kennedy Men: 1901–1963: The Laws of the Father，第1st Perennial版, New York, N.Y.: Perennial, HarperCollins Publishers, 出版於 2002, →ISBN, book 2，頁 33:

This species [...] differs from other species of this genus in the upper pinnæ being contracted, which are sinuously lobed, each lacinæ and lobe bearing a sorus, furnished with a nearly orbicular indusium, the free exterior margin of which connives with the margin of the lobe, [...]

1875，John Smith，“118.—Nephrolepis, Schott. (1834).: Hook Sp. Fil.”, in Historia Filicum; an Exposition on the Nature, Number, and Organography of Ferns, […]，London: Macmillan & Co., →OCLC, part 2 (General Arrangement and Characteristics of Tribes and Genera, […])，頁 227:

For ſince the affairs of the world have in them the varieties and perplexities beſides, it happens that in ſome caſes men know not how to govern by the ſtricteſt meaſures of religion, becauſe all men will not do their duty upon that account; and therefore laws are not made [...] with exact and pureſt meaſures, but in compliance and by neceſſity, not always as well as they ſhould, but as well as they may: and therefore the Civil power is forc'd ſometimes to connive at what it does not approve.

1659，Jeremy Taylor，Ductor Dubitantium，第2nd版, London: Printed by Roger Norton, for Richard Royston, […], 出版於 1671, →OCLC, Question V. Whether is to be Obeyed, the Prince or the Bishop, if They Happen to Command Contrary Things?，頁 571:

Though all this Good be found in thee, I an offended that thou ſo conniveſt at the Hereſie of the falſe Teachers, as to permit ſome of them in your Communion, [...]

1695，Richard Baxter，“The Revelation of St. John the Divine, chapter 2, verse 14”, in A Paraphrase on the New Testament, with Notes, Doctrinal and Practical. […]，第2nd corrected版, London: Printed for T. Parkhurst, […]; S. Spring, […]; J. Taylor, […], and J. Wyat, […], →OCLC，列 1:

Nor can we reaſonably think, that Chriſt ſo waſhed us from our Sins in his own Blood, that we might wallow more ſecurely in them; or that he freeth us from the Guilt and Puniſhment, and conniveth at the Filth and Practice of them.

1711，Thomas Rawbone，“The Efficient Cause of Our Sanctification [marginal note]”, in The Path to Liberty: Or, The Method of Man’s Redemption by Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. In Two Parts. […]，London: Printed for W[illiam] Taylor, […], →OCLC, part II，頁 115:

That the evils in India have solely arisen from the court of proprietors is grossly false. In many of these, the directors were heartily concurring; in most of them, they were encouraging, and sometimes commanding; in all they were conniving.

1783年December1日，Edmund Burke，“Debate in the Commons on the Motion for Going into a Committee on Mr. [Charles James] Fox’s India Bill”, in The Parliamentary History of England，源自the Earliest Period to the Year 1803. […]，卷 XXIII, London: Printed by T[homas] C[urson] Hansard, […] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown; [et al.], 出版於 1814, →OCLC，列 1375:

A nation of hardy archers and spearmen might, with small risk to its liberties, connive at some illegal acts on the part of a prince whose general administration was good, and whose throne was not defended by a single company of regular soldiers.

1849，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 I, in The History of England from the Accession of James II，卷 I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 36:


connoisseur

约1705年–1715年，源自法語 connoisseur，源自动词connoître（connaître (“知道，了解”)的在1835年前的已弃用拼写）。

Real connoisseurs know that to nose and taste properly you have to add still water to your tulip-shaped glass so that the alcohol doesn't overwhelm you.

2002年October20日，Bob Morris，“The Age of Dissonance”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


cringe

动词派生自中古英語 crengen (“高傲地俯身，屈尊”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 *crenċan、*crenċġan、*crengan (“使...倒下，使翻转”)，crinċġan (“屈服；畏缩；倒下；死亡”)的使役动词，源自原始日耳曼語 *krangijaną (“使倒下”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kringaną、*krinkaną (“倒下；翻转；屈服”)（源自原始印歐語 *grenǵʰ- (“翻转”)）+ *-janą (从强变化动词构成“导致某人某物做某事”一意的使役动词)。英语词与丹麥語 krænge (“翻出内侧，使...外翻”)、荷蘭語 krengen (“猛然转向”)、低地蘇格蘭語 crenge、creenge、creinge、crienge (“畏缩，耸肩”)、瑞典語 kränga (“猛然转向；猛然前倾；掷”)和西弗里斯蘭語 kringe (“捏；戳；推；坚持，催促”)同源，且是crinkle 的同源對似詞。
名词和形容词派生自动词。

cringes (third-person singular present)
cringing (present participle)
cringed (past participle)

He cringed as the bird collided with the window.

那只鸟撞到窗子上，让他[吓得]缩了一下身子。

Here the angel ceased, and frowning, / Hurled his heavy gauntlet at him; / Hurled, as best he could, the creature, / Cringing as the Serpent cringeth, / Coiled, and with his crest uplifted; / And then prone upon his belly, / Crawled away upon his belly, [...]

1860，[John B. Newman]，“The Combat”, in Wa-Wa-Wanda: A Legend of Old Orange，New York, N.Y.: Rudd & Carleton, […], →OCLC，頁 28:

（卑微地）躬身或蹲伏，卑躬屈膝

[I]f they keepe their wits, yet they are accompted fooles by reaſon of their carriage, becauſe they cannot ride a horſe, which euery Clowne can doe; ſalute and court a Gentlewoman, carue at table, cringe and make congies, which euery common ſwaſher can doe, [...]

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，“Loue of Learning; or Ouer-much Study. With a Digression of the Misery of Schollers, and Why the Muses are Melancholy.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 1, section 2, member 3, subsection 15，頁 113:

And thou ſly hypocrite, who now wouldſt ſeem / Patron of liberty, who more then thou / Once fawn'd,and cring'd, and ſervilly ador'd / Heav'ns awful Monarch?

1667，John Milton，“Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 958–961:

Lady, receive a tributary lay / 源自one who cringeth not to titled state / Conventional, and lacking will to prate / Of comeliness— [...]

1846，Thomas Cooper，“To the Countess of Blessington”, in The Baron’s Yule Feast: A Christmas-rhyme，London: Jeremiah How, […], →OCLC:

Humbly thou cringest that with nod of head / Couldst fling me seaward from they steepest cliffs!

1891，Edgar Fawcett，“How a Queen Loved”, in Songs of Doubt and Dream: (Poems)，New York, N.Y., Toronto, Ont.: Funk & Wagnalls, →OCLC, stanza I，頁 155:

Here the beggar accoſts me; had I appeared as himſelf, he had aſked nothing: but now he uncovers, he cringeth, he cries for relief.

1782，John Brown，“The Christian Journal of a Summer-day”, in The Christian Journal; or, Common Incidents, Spiritual Instructors. […]，第4th版, Edinburgh: […] Gavin Alston; [s]old by William Coke, […], →OCLC，頁 119:

Their [the clergy's] chief business, during a quarter of a century, had been to teach the people to cringe and the prince to domineer.

1851，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 XI, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 III, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 105:

Even to the present day the Arabs consider treating a Hutaymi as unmanly as to strike a woman. When a Felláh says to another, "Tat'hattim" (= Tat'maskin, or Tat'zallí), he means, "Thou cringest, thou makest thyself contemptible (as a Hutaymi)."

1880年June23日，Richard F[rancis] Burton，“The Ethnology of Modern Midian”, in Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom，卷 XII (Second Series), London: John Murray, […]; Trübner and Co., […], 出版於 1882, →OCLC, part I (Notices of the Tribes of Midian, …)，頁 286:


consist

源自中古法語 consister，源自拉丁語 consistō (“站在一起；停下；变硬，固化；同意；继续；存在”)，源自com- (“一起”) + sistō (“站立；使...站立”)。

consists (third-person singular present)
consisting (present participle)
consisted (past participle)

本动词主要为状态动词，基本上不用进行时。参见:Category:英語狀態動詞

District number twenty-five (25) shall consist the counties of Tompkins, Seneca and Yates.

1846，District School Journal for the State of New-York - Volume 7，頁 183:

First, because it is granted by all divines, that hypothetical necessity, or necessity upon a supposition, may consist with liberty.

1841，“The” Questions Concerning Liberty, Necessity and Chance:

All things do not consist by Christ today, and all the way back to Adam all things have not consisted by Christ.

2010，Michael O'Buck，Eternal Life: A Question of Honor, →ISBN:

It is that contact between the mind and things does not consist, at any level, in perceptions of simple data or in associations of such unities, but always consists in apprehensions of more or less “structured” complexes.

1953，Jean Piaget，Origin of Intelligence in the Child，出版於 2013:

由...构成，由...组成，包含

The greeting package consists of some brochures, a pen, and a notepad.

欢迎礼包里有几本小册子，一支钢笔和一本笔记本。

The men resided in a huge bunk house, which consisted of one room only, with a shack outside where the cooking was done. In the large room were a dozen bunks ; half of them in a very dishevelled state,[…]。

1913，Robert Barr，章號 6, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

Hidden behind thickets of acronyms and gorse bushes of detail, a new great game is under way across the globe. Some call it geoeconomics, but it's geopolitics too. The current power play consists of an extraordinary range of countries simultaneously sitting down to negotiate big free trade and investment agreements.

2013年July19日，Timothy Garton Ash，“Where Dr Pangloss meets Machiavelli”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 6，頁 18:


conspiracy

源自中古英語 conspiracie，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 conspiracie，源自拉丁語 cōnspīrātiō。conspiration 的同源對似詞。

Conspiracies, like all other exercises of human ingenuity, are of very different kinds. The gloomy plots arranged in old Italian halls...

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 3，頁 23:

Modern political religions may reject Christianity, but they cannot do without demonology. The Jacobins, the Bolsheviks and the Nazis all believed in vast conspiracies against them, as do radical Islamists today. It is never the flaws of human nature that stand in the way of Utopia. It is the workings of evil forces.

2007，John Gray，Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia:

Indeed, as I sat, forlorn, never having found my particular conspiracy of lemurs (how about that for a name for a group of lemurs? The name lemur itself comes from the Latin for “spirits of the dead”) …

2018年February8日，Jeffrey T. Laitman，“The Search for the Intersection of Form and Function: Looking for Clues into What Has Determined How, Why, and When Animals Came to Move the Way They Do”, in The Anatomical Record，卷 301, 期 3, →DOI:

The Oregon Zoo welcomed two red-ruffed lemurs this week, bringing the total number in the conspiracy — the name for a group of lemurs — to seven.

2018年November9日，“Red alert: New lemurs join zoo conspiracy”, in Oregon Zoo, retrieved 2019-11-05:


cobweb

源自中古英語 copweb、coppeweb，等价于弃用词cop (“蜘蛛”) + web。对比中古荷蘭語 kopwebbe、德國低地德語 Kobbenwebbe (威斯特伐利亚)。

蜘蛛网 （尤指图案混乱不规则的）

[…] there was stretched across his gateway a circular cobweb of the largest kind and quite entire. This looked so ominous that I actually turned aside and went in the back way.

1865，Henry David Thoreau，章號 X, in Cape Cod，Provincetown，頁 200:

A cobweb, night-spun, hung in an insidious circle from branch to branch, facing her. Early as it was, its first victim struggled in its gummy meshes.

1907，Barbara Baynton，Human Toll (Portable Australian Authors: Barbara Baynton)，St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 出版於 1980，頁 286:

Once the cobwebs of a lack-lustre first half were blown away, Spurs were irresistible and Arsenal were simply unable to cope with the power of Mousa Dembele in midfield and the creation and running of Christian Eriksen and Dele Alli - combined with the inevitable goalscoring prowess of Kane.

2018年February10日，Phil McNulty，“Tottenham Hotspur 1 - 0 Arsenal”, in BBC:

I washed my face, trying to get the cobwebs of hard sex and an alcohol-induced sleep out of my head

2008，Burlan Eugene Ellison，The Ebony Coffin: A Jim Kirkwood Novel，頁 98:

Veyz mir, meaning something like “Oh . . . my!,” was a Yiddish expression that I had not employed for a long, long time. Yet in the cobwebs of my memory, that expression was still lurking inside. How interesting!

2012，Stanley M. Bierman，Napoleon's Penis: Plus Other Engaging and Outrageous Tales，頁 16:


consternation

"Out!" exclaimed her husband, with something like genuine consternation in his voice.

Their audience had been listening in increasing consternation.

2003，Terrance Dicks, Barry Letts，章號 17, in Deadly Reunion:

It was probably worth four millennia of consternation and regret.

February 27, 2006，Chuck Klosterman，“Invention's New Mother”, in Esquire:


cockeyed

more cockeyed (comparative)
most cockeyed (superlative)

This morning I paid seventy cents for two little old dried-up slivers of bacon and one cockeyed egg.

1950, Langston Hughes, Simple Speaks His Mind, Chapter 12, in The Early Simple Stories, The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, Volume 7, edited by Donna Akiba Sullivan Harper, University of Missouri Press, 2002, p. 60–61,

The Velcro closure of one sneaker had come loose and stuck up like a cockeyed tongue.

荒唐的，愚蠢的 （一般形容想法而非人）

I'm not going to go along with your cockeyed plot.

我可不想掺和进你那荒唐的阴谋里。

As time went on, and the desultory rifle-fire rattled among the hills, I began to wonder with increasing scepticism whether anything would ever happen to bring a bit of life, or rather a bit of death, into this cock-eyed war.

1938 四月，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 III, in Homage to Catalonia，London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:

While he [Bob Dylan] spent six decades singing about heartache, apocalypse and betrayal, a cockeyed humor has always informed his bleak worldview.

2021年May24日，Jason Zinoman，“Happy Birthday, Bob Dylan, Our Most Underappreciated Comic”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

In the private office he said, "Mr. Barrow, I was going to quit."
 "Don't do that, son! You're the only executive I've got that isn't cockeyed all the time! […]"

1934，Sinclair Lewis，章號 12, in Work of Art，New York: P.F. Collier & Son，頁 166:


crud

源自中古英語 crud、crudde (“凝结的牛奶；污物；凝结的物质；糟粕”)，源自古英語 crūdan (“压”)。curd 的同源對似詞。

Crud is caked in the crevices of her jewellery. All of it needs cleaning.

2018，Tsitsi Dangarembga，This Mournable Body，Faber & Faber (2020)，頁 30:


crud

cruds (third-person singular present)
crudding (present participle)
crudded (past participle)

The covered cardboard boxes held and the packings in the crates suffered no further crudding.

2011，Henry Z. Kister，Distillation Troubleshooting，頁 203:


culminate

自1647年起可考，源自中世紀拉丁語 culminatus，culminare (“给...加冕”)的过去分词，源自拉丁語 culmen (“顶点”)，早期形式columen (“顶峰”)，源自原始意大利語 *kolamen，源自原始印歐語词根*kol-, *kelH- (“展现；顶”)，其亦派生出英語 hill和holm。

culminates (third-person singular present)
culminating (present participle)
culminated (past participle)

peak

登顶，达到顶峰 （可指物理上的顶峰，也可指比喻义）

登顶，达到顶峰 （可指物理上的顶峰，也可指比喻义）

As when his beams at noon / Culminate from the equator.

1667，John Milton，“Book 3”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The type of Cycads culminated in the Mesozoic

1875，James Dwight Dana，Manual of Geology:

This culminates in a timetable change in December 2020, at which point EMR will introduce a sixth train each hour out of St Pancras.

2019 October，Tony Miles and Philip Sherratt，“EMR kicks off new era”, in Modern Railways，頁 53:

达到高潮，达到关键点，（尤指）结果，告终，收场

Mr. Bush has been marking the fifth anniversary of Sept. 11 with a series of speeches about terrorism that culminated with his televised address last night.

2006年September12日，“President Bush’s Reality”, in New York Times:

Their messy breakup culminated in a restraining order.

他们闹的一场分手最后以限制令收场。

The class will culminate with a rigorous examination.

这堂课最后会有一场严格的考试。

Approaching from the south on foot, elements of the CG battalion were first to come into contact and their attack culminated because the rate and accuracy of the VC small arms fire. The CG battalions attempted two assaults to penetrate[…]

2014年August15日，Major Kevin R. Kilbride，Military Assistance Advisory Group-Vietnam (1954-1963): The Battle Of Ap Bac，Pickle Partners Publishing, →ISBN:

As a result, the attack culminated the first day without additional artillery support. The towns of Eclisfontaine and Epinonville were not held on the first day as originally directed in the Corps plan.

2014年August15日，Major Bryan L. Woodcock，91st Infantry In World War I--Analysis Of An AEF Division's Efforts To Achieve Battlefield Success [Illustrated Edition]，Pickle Partners Publishing, →ISBN，頁 33:

以...告终，以...收场

The announcement by Tony Windsor and Rob Oakeshott in Canberra culminated more than a fortnight of intensive political horse-trading.

2010年September7日，“By the skin of her teeth”, in The Economist:


collude

colludes (third-person singular present)
colluding (present participle)
colluded (past participle)

William understood Diana more but idealized her less. He was privy to her volatile love life. He knew the tabloids made her life hell, but he also knew she colluded with them.

April 5 2022，Tina Brown，“How Princess Diana’s Dance With the Media Impacted William and Harry”, in Vanity Fair:


corny

源自中古英語 corny，等价于corn + -y。至于义项“陈腐的”，源自“corn catalogue jokes”，即印在邮寄作物种子目录内的笑话，常被认为质量较低。

cornier (comparative)
corniest (superlative)

kitsch

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

kitschy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

cheesy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

tacky

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

campy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

schlocky

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

schmaltzy

老套的，陈腐的；无病呻吟的

Country Cornbread Muffins (page 290) / Marlene Says: The cool crunchy salad and slightly sweet corny muffins are perfect partners to the creamy, spicy black bean soup.

2012，Marlene Koch，Eat More of What You Love，Running Press, →ISBN:

There are cornbread recipes, and there are cornbread recipes. This one absolutely sings. Based on her daddy’s, and then her sister’s, beloved skillet-made bread, Maggie’s own recipe developed over time. It’s more about method, she says, but using stone-ground cornmeal and whole buttermilk are just as important. And a hot, seasoned cast-iron skillet is a must. What emerges is a rich “corny” bread, an almost melting soft interior encased in a ridiculously toothsome crust.

2014，Nancy Vienneau，The Third Thursday Community Potluck Cookbook: Recipes and Stories to Celebrate the Bounty of the Moment，Nelson Books, Thomas Nelson，頁 180:

“CORNY” BREAD MUFFINS + HONEY BUTTER (GRAIN-, DAIRY-, SOY-, NIGHTSHADE-FREE) Well, making cornbread without corn is kinda tricky, but since corn is indeed a grain, “real” cornbread will not be found here.

2015，Jennifer Robins，Down South Paleo: Delectable Southern Recipes Adapted for Gluten-Free, Paleo Eaters，Page Street Publishing Co., →ISBN，頁 139:

Fiesta Corny Muffins / Cornbread goes with everything: salad, soup, and chili.

2016，Stephanie Clarke，Willow Jarosh，Healthy, Happy Pregnancy Cookbook，Atria Paperback, →ISBN，頁 83:

Have beans, bacon, and cornbread for dinner.[…]Have peas, bacon, and corny bread for dinner.

2019，George O. Wilson, Jr.，Osborne Wilson’s Civil War Diaries，Christian Faith Publishing, Inc., →ISBN:

产玉米或谷粒的；含玉米的

The corny ear.

Yen day when aw was corney.

1850，Joseph Philip Robson，France's Songs of the Bards of the Tyne:


corny

拉丁語 cornu (“角”)。

more corny (comparative)
most corny (superlative)

Up stood the cornie Reed.

1667，John Milton，“Book 7”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


corollary

源自中古英語，源自晚期拉丁語 corōllārium (“为花冠支付钱；礼物，酬金；推导”)，源自corōlla (“小花冠”)，corōna (“冠，王冠”)的指小词。

/ˈkɔɹəˌlɛɹi/

/kɔˈɹoʊˌlɛɹi/

However, given current sensibilities about individual privacy and data protection, the recording of oral data is becoming increasingly onerous for researchers who are obliged to navigate an often time-consuming and complex series of administrative requirements and corollary review processes in order to be granted ethics clearance.

2019，Li Huang，James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 11:


commensurate

源自拉丁語 com- (表示一起的前缀) + mēnsūrō。

more commensurate (comparative)
most commensurate (superlative)

/kəˈmɛnʃəɹət/

/kəˈmɛnʃəɹət/

commensurate punishments

If it is essential in our interests to maintain a quasi-permanent position of power on the Asian mainland as against the Chinese then we must be prepared to continue to pay the present cost in Vietnam indefinitely and to meet any escalation on the other side with at least a commensurate escalation of commitment of our own.

1962, Senator Mike Mansfield, "Report to the President on Southeast Asia-Vietnam"

Kettering will become an important interchange for passengers making these journeys, and EMR is considering improvements to the station's facilities commensurate with this status.

2019 October，Tony Miles and Philip Sherratt，“EMR kicks off new era”, in Modern Railways，頁 54:


complacency

晚期中古英語 complacence，源自晚期拉丁語 complacentia。对比法語 complaisance。

[…] looking at Mr. George Osborne's pale interesting countenance, and those beautiful black, curling, shining whiskers, which the young gentleman himself regarded with no ordinary complacency, she thought in her little heart that in His Majesty's army, or in the wide world, there never was such a face or such a hero.

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 5, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

There was something pathetic in his concentration as if his complacency, more acute than of old, was not enough to him any more. When, almost immediately, the telephone rang inside and the butler left the porch Daisy seized upon the momentary interruption and leaned toward me.

1925，F[rancis] Scott Fitzgerald，章號 I, in The Great Gatsby，New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, →OCLC:


couth

源自中古英語 cǒuth (“熟悉的，知道的；显然的，真实的；著名的；文雅的，文质彬彬的”)，源自古英語 cūþ (“熟悉的，知道的；显而易见的；著名的；很好的；友好的；有关的”)，cunnan (“熟悉，知道；知道，了解，会，能够”)的过去分词，源自原始日耳曼語 *kunnaną (“熟悉，知道，分辨；会，能够”)（对比*kunþaz (“知道的，已知的”)），最终源自原始印歐語 *ǵneh₃- (“知道”)。同源词包括荷蘭語 kond (“已知的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 cut (“已知的”)、哥特語 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (kunþs，“已知的”)、冰島語 kuður、kunnur (“已知的”)、拉丁語 gnosco (“知道”)、古高地德語 kund、chund、chunt、中古高地德語 kunt （现代德語 kund (“知道的”)）、古撒克遜語 kūth、cûth、cuð (“为人所知的；著名的”)、低地蘇格蘭語 couth (“熟悉的，知道的”)。且是could 的同源對似詞。

more couth (comparative)
most couth (superlative)

Squad leaders were responsible for doing periodic checks to make sure soldiers were living a couth lifestyle, as Joes would compete regularly to see whose room was nicer.

2012，La’Vez Robinson Sr.，“Deutschland”, in On My Own: Putting the Past behind Me，[Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN，頁 203:


couth

uncouth

有教养的，文雅的，礼貌的

有教养的，文雅的，礼貌的

So Dennis May thrilled me in a recent issue when he described Raymond Mays' 1939 E.R.A. racer as a "couth" little Merc-like model.

1943，Henry Sturmey, H. Walter Staner，The Autocar: A Journal Published in the Interests of the Mechanically Propelled Road Carriage，卷 88, London: Iliffe, Sons & Sturney, →OCLC，頁 632，列 3:

Yet the dancers are beautiful, their cool movement has a couth simplicity, and there are moments when a gesture of almost absolute beauty stands transfixed in some transom of sublime comprehension.

1991，Dance and Dancers，London: Dance & Dancers Ltd., →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 37:

[John] Dankworth's care over the shaping and presentation of his music led occasionally to complaints that it was clever, lightweight stuff, lacking the rough passion which many regarded as the mark of authentic jazz, a view summed up by the critic Kitty Grime in the much-quoted phrase "couth, kempt and shevelled".

2010年February7日，“Sir John Dankworth [obituary]”, in The Daily Telegraph，London: Telegraph Media Group, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2019-01-24:


couth

That man has no couth.

There is an aspect of the cultural conservative argument that sometimes drifts dangerously close to tha view, elitist to the core, as elitist as the New Class, as elitist as limousine liberalism: The public ain't got no couth. You can hear those old-fashioned elitist wheels spinning: Maybe we need a few government regulations to deal with the couth shortage.

1995，Ben[jamin] J[oseph] Wattenberg，“Those Darn Cultural Issues”, in Values Matter Most: How Democrats or Republicans or a Third Party Can Win and Renew the American Way of Life，Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, →ISBN, part 2 (What It’s Not)，頁 107:

My daughters have long and inappropriately been members of the Committee to Reform Dad's Hygiene, taking me to task for my supposed lack of couth.

2004，W[illiam] Bruce Cameron，“How to Increase a Man’s Couth”, in How to Remodel a Man: Tips and Techniques on Accomplishing Something You Know Is Impossible but Want to Try Anyway，New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, →ISBN; 再版為 How to Remodel a Man: You Know It’s Impossible but You Want to Try Anyway，London: HarperCollins, 2005, →ISBN，頁 62:

Couth and manners are intensely subjective concepts. Each culture has its own standards of acceptable table manners, for instance.

2005，Heidi Munan，Culture Shock!: Malaysia: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette (Culture Shock!)，Portland, Or.: Graphics Art Center Pub. Co., →ISBN，頁 86:

You got no couth, Ed. You was raised no-count is what you were. No count and you ain't got a lick of couth.

2006，Mark Powell，Blood Kin: A Novel，Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, →ISBN，頁 97:

We transformed the uncouths into couths, the unkempts into kempts, the inerts into erts! We did it all by speaking to teen-agers on their own terms and in their own language.

[1967，Bernice Fitz-Gibbon，Macy’s, Gimbels, and Me: How to Earn $90,000 a Year in Retail Advertising，New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁 91:

I'm going to hit that "Gulf of Texas" beach with a bundle of couths and suaves because those Texas gals that hang around the big shrimp boats are used to good living.

1968 November，“C. R. Terror”, in The MAC Flyer (USAF Recurring Publication; 62-5)，卷 XV, 期 11, Scott Air Force Base, Ill.: Directorate of Safety, Headquarters Military Airlift Command, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 28，列 1:


couture

It was the branding of these products, rather than the couture itself, that would become the foundation of the industry, generating huge global sales by the last quarter of the century.

2007，Cally Blackman，100 Years of Fashion Illustration, →ISBN，頁 166:


cower

源自中古英語 couren、cowre，源自中古低地德語 kûren (“潜伏；游荡”)或北日耳曼語支（冰島語 kúra (“打盹”)）。同源词包括德語 kauern (“蹲伏”)、荷蘭語 koeren (“蹲守”)、塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 kutriti (“躺着缩成一团”)、瑞典語 kura (“蜷缩”)。与coward无关，其源自拉丁语。

cowers (third-person singular present)
cowering (present participle)
cowered (past participle)

Some sterner virtues o’er the mountain’s breast
May sit, like falcons, cowering on the nest

使...蜷缩；吓住，恐吓...并使其屈服

This done, their doubts will vanish, and they will stand confronted by an object lesson which must have the effect either to arouse them to a determination to banish despotism from the land, or cower them into submission and servitude.

1895，Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industry of Kansas:

My spirit will cower them and make them wish they had never risen up against me.

2007，DJ Birmingham，The Queen's Tale: The Struggle for the Survival of Ireland，頁 170:

A vicious Mafia threat intended to cower him—but the chief doesn't cower.


coy

源自中古英語 coy，源自古法語 coi，早期形式quei (“安静的”)，源自拉丁語 quiētus (“在休息的”)。quiet 的同源對似詞。

coyer (comparative)
coyest (superlative)

The ill-bred miss, the bird-brained Jill, / May simper and be coy at will; / A lady, sir, as you will find, / Keeps counsel, or she speaks her mind, / Means what she says and scorns to fence / And palter with feigned innocence.

1981，A. D. Hope，“His Coy Mistress to Mr. Marvell”, in A Book of Answers:


coy

coys (third-person singular present)
coying (present participle)
coyed (past participle)

Come sit thee down upon this flowery bed, / While I thy amiable cheeks do coy.

c. 1595–1596，William Shakespeare，“A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

For now there are ſprung up a wiſer generation in this kind, who have the Art to coy the fonder ſort into their nets

1635，Edward Rainbowe，Labour Forbidden, and Commanded. A Sermon Preached at S^(t.) Pauls^([sic]) Church, September 28. 1634.，London: Nicholas Vavasour，頁 29:


concoct

源自拉丁語 concoctiō (“消化”)，源自con- (“一起”)和coquō (“烹煮”)。

concocts (third-person singular present)
concocting (present participle)
concocted (past participle)

[kʰəŋˈkʰɒkt]

to concoct a potion

to concoct a new dish

Their only regret was, that Mademoiselle Carrara would taste none of the conserves and the pastry they were so busily concocting.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 IX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 103:

Pecan shells make good fuel, and they are used by leather tanners to concoct their foul-smelling compounds, and sometimes we mix them with charcoal in hand-soap to make a really good scrubbing agent

2007，Cecilia Dart-Thornton，The Well of Tears: Book Two of The Crowthistle Chronicles，Tor Books, →ISBN:

The twelve include Jill (she used to be a chicken-and-potatoes girl, but now she's willing to try whatever I concoct), […]

2014, Lisa Howard, Healthier Gluten-Free, Fair Winds Press (MA) (ISBN 9781592335985), page 171:

to concoct a cunning plan

On the other hand, the finest argument ever concocted, the concentrated wisdom drawn from men and books, will fail to charm, like the hilarity of a dance, or the splendour of a gala, the young, gay girl, whose spirits are exuberant, and whose heart is untouched by care, and who, a dozen years afterwards, would, in calm cheerfulness, listen lovingly, and examine carefully, the pleaded reasons offered to her judgment.

1842，[anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon]，章號 XXVI, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 34:

He had two beautiful daughters who fell in love with men he approved of and he wanted to give them the most lavish double wedding he could concoct.

2005，Jean Ferris，Into the Wind: Part One，iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 161: