ostracize

源自古希臘語 ὀστρακίζω (ostrakízō，“通过陶片放逐法放逐”)，源自ὄστρᾰκον (óstrăkon，“陶片”) + -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō，构成动词的后缀)。英语词与法語 ostraciser同源。

ostracizes (third-person singular present)
ostracizing (present participle)
ostracized (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ostracize.wav

blackball

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

cut someone dead

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

give someone the cold shoulder

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

send to Coventry

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

leper

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

以陶片放逐法放逐（五或十年） （自19世纪中叶）

Republics have been accused of being ungrateful. Aristides was ostracised for being called the Just, and Themistocles banished, after saving his country from desolation.

1836年December15日，Eleazer Wheelock Ripley，“The President’s Message”, in Register of Debates in Congress, Comprising the Leading Debates and Incidents of the Second Session of the Twenty-fourth Congress: […] (United States House of Representatives)，卷 XIII, Washington, D.C.: Printed and published by Gales and Seaton, 出版於 1837, →OCLC，列 1097:

[T]he person who was ostracised was obliged to leave Athens within ten days after the sentence, and unless a vote of the people recalled him before the expiration of that time, to stay in exile for ten years.

1840，“OSTRACISM”, in The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge，卷s XVII (Organ–Pertinax), London: Charles Knight and Co., […], →OCLC，頁 55，列 2:

The Athenian Hyperbolus, who had been ostracized some years before by the coalition of Nikias and Alkibiades, together with their respective partisans—ostracized (as Thucydides tells us) not from any fear of his power and over-transcendent influence, but from his bad character and from his being a disgrace to the city—and thus ostracized by an abuse of the institution—was now resident at Samos.

[1849]，George Grote，“Twenty-first Year of the War.—Oligarchy of Four Hundred at Athens.”, in A History of Greece from the Earliest Period to the Close of the Generation Contemporary with Alexander the Great。[...] In Four Volumes，第2nd版, 卷 III, New York, N.Y.: W. L. Allison Co., publishers, →OCLC, part II (Continuation of Historical Greece)，頁 203:

排挤，排斥 （自17世纪中叶）

You then moſt Noble Equivocations and Alluſions, whom Rhetorick would Oſtraciſe, ſeek Revenge for your Baniſhment; [...]

1704，[Antoine Furetière]，“Bombast’s Speech to His Army”, in The Rebellion: Or, An Account of the Late Civil-wars, in the Kingdom of Eloquence，London: Printed [for John Nutt ...], →OCLC，頁 48:

The inflexible advocate[s] of the people's rights, were either expelled the Senate Chamber, ostracised, or immolated on the reeking altars of patriotism, by the encrimsoned sword of slaughtering persecution.

1811年July4日，Henry A[lexander] S[cammell] Dearborn，An Oration, Pronounced at Boston, on the Fourth Day of July, 1811, before the Supreme Executive and in the Presence of the Bunker-Hill Association，Boston, Mass.: Printed by Munroe & French, printer to the state, →OCLC，頁s 4–5:

[O]thers may wonder at the mawkish taste of a community which, instead of ostracising such a palpable charlatan at once, attended and praised all that he had to say!

1841，Anthony Grumbler [pseudonym; David Hoffman]，章號 VII, in Miscellaneous Thoughts on Men, Manners, and Things，Baltimore, Md.: Published by Plaskitt & Cugle, →OCLC，頁 179:

No party worthy of the name will submit, permanently, to any regime which ostracises its best men and selects the worst, which has become an epidemic condition of party politics, and may take off most of what is worth recognizing in the pride of our boasted institutions.

1852 August，“Death of Henry Clay: The Convention System”, in Democratic Review，卷 II, 期 II (New Series; volume XXXI, number CLXX, overall), New York, N.Y.: Published at the office of the Democratic Review, […], →OCLC，頁 151，列 1:

Fashion not only sustains bad writers, but ostracizes and banishes good ones. [William] Shakespeare's writings were popular while he lived, but almost forgotten for two centuries after his death.

1860 January，“Art IX.—Ancient and Modern Art and Literature.”, in De Bow’s Review and Industrial Resources, Statistics, etc.: […]，卷 III (New Series; volume XXVIII overall), 期 I, New Orleans, La., Washington, D.C.: [J. D. B. De Bow], →OCLC，頁 83:

Q. Have you any knowledge aside from your own case of their socially ostracizing a man?—A. There are almost a dozen in this room, I guess, that I know of; perhaps a dozen.

1877年January13日，[Francis] Kernan (questioner), Edward Howard (witness)，Mississippi. Testimony as to Denial of Elective Franchise in Mississippi, at the Elections of 1875 and 1876, […] (The Miscellaneous Documents of the Senate of the United States for the Second Session of the Forty-forth Congress; volume III, number 45)，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 22:

Our honest and conservative financiers should frown upon and ostracize these black sheep, whether they are cornering the wheat market or manipulating prices on the Stock Exchange by wash sales and otherwise, or promoting a Shipyard Trust, or playing profitably with the surplus funds of a life insurance company.

1905年May4日，“Financials: The Fall of [F. G.] Bigelow”, in The Independent，卷 LVIII, 期 2944, New York, N.Y.: The Independent, […], →OCLC，頁 1030，列 2:

I long to be one with the birds and trees and with the green earth. The call comes to me from the air to sing, but, wretched creature that I am, I lecture—and by doing it, I ostracise myself from this great world of songs to which I was born.

1921年March18日，Rabindranath Tagore，“New York, March 18, 1921”, in Letters from Abroad，Madras, Tamil Nadu: S. Ganesan publisher, […], 出版於 1924, →OCLC，頁 86:

[T]raditions such as the bouquet toss and the "singles" table at the wedding reception often marginalize and ostracize lesbians and gays in attendance.

2003，Cele C. Otnes, Elizabeth Hafkin Pleck，“Romance, Magic, Memory, and Perfection”, in Cinderella Dreams: The Allure of the Lavish Wedding (Life Passages)，Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif., London: University of California Press, →ISBN，頁 22:

Ostracism can be observed from an early age, and continues throughout the life-cycle. Children ostracize other children in the playground, choosing carefully who they wish to play with. Adults ostracize other adults, such as marriage partners using the silent treatment.

2007，Kipling D. Williams, Jonathan Gerber，“Ostracism: The Making of the Ignored and Excluded Mind”, in Making Minds: The Shaping of Human Minds through Social Context (Benjamins Current Topics; 4)，Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, →ISSN，頁 132:

[A] traditional chief attended our Human Rights Defenders Forum in Atlanta and then returned home to discover that a local soldier had raped a fourteen-year-old girl. The chief personally found the soldier, tied him to a chair, and waited for the police to arrive and arrest him. He then used his influence to prevent anyone from condemning or ostracizing the girl. The benefits from this kind of bold action have been proven in Malawi, Senegal, Liberia, Ghana, and other African countries.

2015 March，Jimmy Carter，“The Road to Progress”, in A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power，New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, →ISBN，頁 195:

A common practice by established parties in liberal democracies that often accompanies delegitimisation efforts is ostracising a challenger party. In this book's first chapter we have defined ostracising a party as systematically ruling out all political cooperation with that party [...].

2018，Joost van Spanje，“Pariah Parties: Established Parties’ Systematic Boycotting of Other Parties”, in Controlling the Electoral Marketplace: How Established Parties Ward off Competition (Political Campaigning and Communication)，Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan、Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN，頁s 37–38:


prodigal

源自中古法語 prodigal，源自晚期拉丁語 prōdigālis (“浪费的”)，源自拉丁語 prōdigus (“浪费的，挥霍的”)，源自prōdigō (“消耗，浪费”)，源自prōd-（←prō (“前，向前”)） + agō (“驱动”)。还见prodigy。

more prodigal (comparative)
most prodigal (superlative)

[ˈpʰɹɑɾɪɡɫ̩]

He found himself guilty of prodigal spending during the holidays.

他想起放假时没节制地乱花钱，就很有罪恶感。

The prodigal son spent his share of his inheritance until he was destitute.

浪子把自己分到的遗产花到身无分文。

The prodigal heir can only waste his own substance, and the punishment falls, as it should, upon himself; but the prince has an awful responsibility,—the welfare of others is required at his hands;...

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXIII, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 257:

乱用...的，大量使用...的

She was a merry person, glad and prodigal of smiles.

她是一个很快乐的人，一直都面带微笑。

How can he be so prodigal with money on such a tight budget?

预算那么紧，他是怎么敢这样乱花钱的。

He generally falls backwards and sometimes succumbs to the fever which ensues; hence as soon as the ordeal is over the women are prodigal of their attentions to him, and rub the swollen arm with a particular kind of herb.

1911，James George Frazer，The Golden Bough，卷 10，頁 63:

Granville poised himself over a vast sirloin, stropped his knife briskly, then began to hack away ruthlessly. He was a prodigal server and piled about two pounds of meat on my plate, then he started on the Yorkshire puddings.

1974，James Herriot，Vet in Harness，頁 201:

浪子的 （起源自《新约圣经》内通常叫做“Parable of the Prodigal Son”（浪子回头的比喻）的故事）

Simon Hart of the Daily Telegraph has tweeted that the prodigal triple-jumper has come home, in preparation for tomorrow's qualification round.

2012年August12日，Paul Owen，“London 2012 Olympics: day 10”, in The Guardian:


prodigy

源自中古英語 prodige (“征兆”)，源自拉丁語 prōdigium (“预兆，预示”)。

预兆，先兆 （自15世纪）

John Foxe believed that special prodigies had heralded the Reformation.

1971年，Keith Thomas，Religion and the Decline of Magic, Folio Society 2012, p. 87:

These on the farther bank now stood and gazed,
By Heaven alarm’d, by prodigies amazed:
A signal omen stopp’d the passing host,
Their martial fury in their wonder lost.

1715，Homer，Iliad，translated by Alexander Pope, Book XII:


ogle

可能源自
* 荷蘭語，源自中古荷蘭語 *ooghelen、oeghelen (“盯着”)，oogen (“看”)的反复态，源自oge (“眼睛”)，
* 或源自低地德語 oegeln，oegen (“看”)的反复态，源自Oog (“眼睛”)。
对比德語 äugeln (“盯着”)。详见eye、-le。

Will you take a varder at the cartz on the feely-omi in the naf strides: the one with the bona blue ogles polarying the omi-palone with a vogue on and a cod sheitel.

1997，James Gardiner，Who's a Pretty Boy Then?，頁 137:

Slick, she bamboozles the ogles / of old Lilly Law.

2015年October12日，Adam Lowe，“Poem of the week: Vada That”, in The Guardian:


perennial

1644年，源自拉丁語 perennis (“持续一整年的”)（源自per- (“贯穿”) + annus (“年”)） + -al，可作per- + -ennial分析。

The perennial existence of bodies corporate and their fortunes are things particularly suited to a man who has long views…

1790，Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France:


otherworld

We do not want, of course, to return to all the crudities and barbarities of the past; but also we do not want to become attenuated and spiritualized out of all mundane sense and recognition, and to live in an otherworld Paradise void of application to earthly affairs.

1920，Edward Carpenter，Pagan and Christian Creeds，New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 出版於 1921，頁 192:


otherworldly

more otherworldly (comparative)
most otherworldly (superlative)

ethereal

来世的，阴间的，冥界的，超脫塵俗的，另一世界的

mystical

来世的，阴间的，冥界的，超脫塵俗的，另一世界的

transcendental

来世的，阴间的，冥界的，超脫塵俗的，另一世界的

alien

怪异的，不自然的；超凡的；不属于这个世界的

来世的，阴间的，冥界的，超脫塵俗的，另一世界的

Every religion that becomes ascendant, in so far as it is not otherworldly, must necessarily set its stamp upon the methods and administration of the law.
每一種宗教，只要不是超凡脫俗的，就必然會在法律的方法和管理上打上自己的烙印。

1917, H. G. Wells, God, the Invisible King, ch. 5,

Dana has the otherworldly temperament of a mystic.

2007年August26日，Clive Davis，“Simphiwe Dana: The One Love Movement on Bantu Biko Street”, in Times of London:

怪异的，不自然的；超凡的；不属于这个世界的

An almost otherworldly resilience has characterized the 40-year arc of the Clintons’ political lives, a well-documented pattern of dazzling success, shattering setback and inevitable recovery.

2015年April15日，Jonathan Martin，“For a Clinton, It’s Not Hard to Be Humble in an Effort to Regain Power”, in The New York Times:

The sudden inundation from the remnants of Ida transformed familiar scenes of life in New York into otherworldly and waterlogged chaos on Wednesday night.

2021年September1日，Michael Levenson，Anne Barnard，“Scenes from New York City as Ida paralyzes region”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


prefect

源自中古英語 prefect及prefecte，源自古法語 prefect（现代法语préfet），源自拉丁語 praefectus (“监督者，监察者，长官”)，源自praeficere (“使...负责”)。

（古罗马的）长官，队长等

the prefect of the aqueducts; the prefect of a camp, of a fleet, of the city guard, or of provisions; the pretorian prefect, who was commander of the troops guarding the emperor's person

It seems that in the autumn of 803 he went on leave. His uncle Po Chi-chên, had recently been moved from his post at Hsü-chou and promoted to be Prefect of Hsü-chʻang in Central Honan.

1951，Arthur Waley，The Life and Times of Po Chü-i，London: George Allen & Unwin, →OCLC，頁 33:


perfidious

more perfidious (comparative)
most perfidious (superlative)

背信弃义的，不忠的，背叛的 （自16世纪末）

The perfidious Ricimer soon became dissatisfied with Anthe'mius, and raised the standard of revolt.

1851，Oliver Goldsmith，“ch. 26”, in Dr. Goldsmith's History of Rome:

[S]he knew Huntly for the ambitious traitor he was, a man peculiarly perfidious and self-seeking.

1905，Andrew Lang，“ch. 14”, in John Knox and the Reformation:

When the Nazis branded Feininger a "degenerate artist" in 1937, he left 54 paintings for safekeeping with a Bauhaus friend named Hermann Klumpp. After the war, and for the rest of Feininger's life, the perfidious Klumpp refused to give them back.

2005 June 21，Robert Hughes，“Art: The Velocipede of Modernism”, in Time:


overstay

overstays (third-person singular present)
overstaying (present participle)
overstayed (past participle)

Thailand’s Constitutional Court ruled Wednesday that Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha must suspend his active duties while the court decides whether he has overstayed his legal term in office.

2022年August24日，Tassanee Vejpongsa & Grant Peck，“Thai court suspends PM Prayuth pending ruling on term limit”, in The Washington Post, retrieved 2022-08-24:

overstay one's visa


plummet

源自中古英語 plommet (“铅球，摆锤”)，自1382年有书面记录，源自古法語 plommet或者plomet，plom、plum (“测深锤”)的指小词，源自拉丁語 plumbum (“铅”)。动词最早记录见于1626年，表示“测量，测深”，其源自名词。

Iudgement also will I lay to the line, and righteousnesse to the plummet: and the haile shall sweepe away the refuge of lyes, and the waters shall ouerflow the hiding place.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 28:17:

His parachute was shot half away, and if he'd jumped he would have fallen like a plummet.

1945，Ernie Pyle，Here Is Your War: Story of G.I. Joe，The World Publishing Company，頁 93:

Yet another seriously under-par performance is unlikely to provide any real answers to their remarkable plummet in form - but it proves they can at least churn out a much-needed result.

2010年December29日，Chris Whyatt，“Chelsea 1 - 0 Bolton”, in BBC:


plummet

plummets (third-person singular present)
plummeting (present participle)
plummetting (present participle)
plummeted (past participle)
plummetted (past participle)

重重地，快速地跌落；暴跌，骤降

After its ascent, the arrow plummeted to earth.

箭上升以后，快速地射向地面。

Some speculated Twitter’s stock would plummet, while another said the company would not have to be owned by “a moron,” using an expletive to refer to Mr. Musk.

2022年October4日，Kate Conger，Lauren Hirsch，“Elon Musk Suggests Buying Twitter at His Original Price”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Passenger numbers had been rising sharply. But the replacement of the services by buses, which take far longer because of the number of stations in out-of-the-way villages on the route, will ensure they plummet again.

2022年December14日，Christian Wolmar，“No Marston Vale line trains... and no one in charge seems to 'give a damn'”, in RAIL，期 972，頁 46:


pageant

14世纪末叶作中古英語 pagent，源自中世紀拉丁語 pagina (“奥迹剧”)，多半源自拉丁語 pāgina (“页”)。

spectacle

（尤指穿传统服饰的）盛大游行

（尤指穿传统服饰的）盛大游行

The artists who painted these murals brought the pageant of America vividly to life. Everyone knew that the construction of this pageant, and the celebration of America that it implied, was the work of the New Deal.

2022，Gary Gerstle，章號 1, in The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order […] ，New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, Part I. The New Deal Order, 1930–1980:


prowess

源自中古英語 prowesse、prouwesse、proues、prouesce、prouesse (“战斗中的英勇；英勇行为；杰出优越；（人格的）高尚；聪慧”)，源自古法語 proeche、proesce、proeësche (“好，佳；优秀；勇敢”)，源自古法語 preu、prou、prouz、proz、pruz (“好的；优秀的；英勇的”)。对比英語 proud。

高超的技艺，技能，本领，造诣

When in liquor he would make foolish wagers. On one of these too frequent occasions he was boasting of his prowess as a pedestrian and athlete, and the outcome was a match against nature. For a stake of one sovereign he undertook to run all the way to Coventry and back, a distance of something more than forty miles.

1888年October14日，Ambrose Bierce，“An Unfinished Race”, in The San Francisco Examiner, →OCLC; republished in Can Such Things Be?，Washington, D.C.: The Neale Publishing Company, 1903, →OCLC，頁 313:

There is such a sense of inferiority sometimes when it comes to facing Germany, with all their World Cups, their penalty prowess and easy sophistication, it might come as a surprise to learn that, in head-to-head encounters, England actually match their opponents.

2017年November10日，Daniel Taylor，“Youthful England earn draw with Germany but Lingard rues late miss”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2018-03-28:

英勇，勇敢，无畏，英雄气概 （尤指在战斗中）

[…] But, wroth because this man in full assembly, / Came and reviled thee, thou wouldst shew thy prowess, / The prowess that attends thee, that henceforth / Not e'er a man might think to scorn thy prowess, […]

1863，Homer，T[homas] S[tarling] Norgate, transl.，The Odyssey; or, The Ten Years’ Wandering of Odusseus, after the Ten Years’ Siege of Troy. Reproduced in Dramatic Blank Verse，London: Williams and Norgate, […], →OCLC，頁 158:

A beautiful great lady, past her prime, / Behold her dreaming in her easy chair; / Grey robed, and veiled, in laces old and rare, / Her smiling eyes see but the vanished time / Of splendid prowess, and of deeds sublime.

1910，Ella Wheeler Wilcox，“England, Awake!”, in Poems of Experience，London: Gay & Hancock, Ltd., 12 and 13 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, 出版於 1917, →OCLC，頁 38; 再版為 More Poems，Toronto, Ont.: McClelland & Stewart Publishers, 1919, →OCLC, stanza 1，頁 246:

显示出上述特质的行为 熟练，高超的手法

I recollect hearing […] of his [Sir William Hamilton's] simple, independent, meditative habits, ruggedly athletic modes of exercise, fondness for his big dog, etc. etc.: […] I did not witness, much less share in, any of the swimming or other athletic prowesses.

1869 July，“Art. VI.—Memoir of Sir William Hamilton, Bart., Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. By John Veitch, M.A., Professor of Logic and Rhetoric in the University of Glasgow. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1869.”, in The North British Review，卷 L, 期 C, Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas, →OCLC，頁 493:

As the Middle Ages drew to a close and the Renaissance rose like a new sun, knowledge of philosophy and the sciences became objects of interest to a nobility that had once held only skill in battle as a prowess worth attaining.

2007，Christopher Hodapp，“From Darkness to Light”, in Solomon’s Builders: Freemasons, Founding Fathers and the Secrets of Washington, D.C.，Berkeley, Calif.: Ulysses Press, →ISBN，頁s 35–36:

显示出上述特质的行为 英勇行为

Thenne the batails approuched and ſhoue and ſhowted on bothe ſydes / many men ouerthrowen / hurte / & ſlayn and grete valyaunces / proweſſes and appertyces of werre were that day ſhewed […]

a. 1472，Thomas Malory，“Capitulum viij”, in [Le Morte Darthur]，book V, [London: […] by William Caxton], 出版於 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 87, recto; 再版為 Le Morte Darthur […]，London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC，頁 173，行s 11–15:

If it is deemed of so much importance, why has no attention been paid to the effects of general friendship, such as certain military prowesses, in which you see a portion of a regiment sacrifice itself in support of another portion?

1851，Charles Fourier，Hugh Doherty, transl.，“Ulterlogue”, in The Passions of the Human Soul, and Their Influence on Society and Civilization. […] In Two Volumes，卷 II, London: Hippolyte Bailliere, […], →OCLC，頁 88:


prowl

源自中古英語 prollen，其词源不详。

prowls (third-person singular present)
prowling (present participle)
prowled (past participle)

鬼鬼祟祟地四处徘徊； 觅食或寻找猎物

He prowls each place, still in new colours decked.

a. 1587，Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney]，“(please specify the page number)”, in The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia]，London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC:

Watch the lioness prowling in the shrubbery for zebras.

看那只母狮子在灌木丛里狩猎斑马。

It's easy to sneak vandalism into Wiktionary as there are few other users prowling the Recent Changes page.

维基词典很容易就会被人偷偷破坏，因为没有多少用户盯着“最近更改”页面。

While McCarthy prowled the touchline barking orders, his opposite number watched on motionless and expressionless and, with 25 minutes to go, decided to throw on Nicolas Anelka for Kalou。

2011年January5日，Mark Ashenden，“Wolverhampton 1 - 0 Chelsea”, in BBC:


ordain

源自中古英語 ordeynen，源自古法語 ordiner，源自拉丁語 ordinare (“命令”)，源自ordo (“命令”)。ordinate 的同源對似詞。

ordains (third-person singular present)
ordaining (present participle)
ordained (past participle)

On once more we swung, bumping uneasily along in the antique narrow-gauge coach, with gloomy woods and gathering night outside, shouts and songs (and quacks) inside—this was not at all the sort of train ordained by the logical strategists in Paris—then grinding to a stop at a mysterious halt which was no more than a nameboard in the pinewoods, without even a footpath leading to it, but nevertheless with a solitary passenger stolidly waiting.

1961 November，H. G. Ellison and P. G. Barlow，“Journey through France: Part One”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 668:


oxymoron

首次記錄於17世纪，名词用法见于5世纪拉丁語 oxymōrum (形容词)，oxymōrus (形容词)的中性主格形式，源自古希臘語 ὀξύμωρος (oxúmōros)，由下列成分构成的复合词：ὀξύς (oxús，“尖锐的，尖端的”)（英语oxy-，亦出现于oxygen (“氧气”)） + μωρός (mōrós，“愚蠢的”)（英语moron (“蠢货”)）。字面义为“尖锐愚蠢”。 – 这个词本身就是自相矛盾，因此是一种自描述词。对比sophomore (字面意思是“聪明笨蛋”)，其得到了相似的解释。复合词形式ὀξύμωρον (oxúmōron)在现在流传下来的古希腊语文献中不可考。

/ɒksɪˈmɔːɹɒn/

/ɑksɪˈmɔɹɑn/

历史上，oxymoron曾指“有道理的悖论”，或者“聪慧但愚蠢的说法”，“大智若愚的说法”。它本意用于指出这种说法中深藏的道理，论点。白话中，oxymoron常用来指“自相矛盾”，但是部分使用者认为是错误的，因此在某些情况下最好避免使用。

For Theodor Adorno and his colleagues at the Frankfurt School who coined the term, "culture industry" was an oxymoron, intended to set up a critical contrast between the exploitative, repetitive mode of industrial mass production under capitalism and the associations of transformative power and aesthetico-moral transcendence that the concept of culture carried in the 1940s, when it still meant "high" culture.

1996，John Sinclair，“Culture and Trade: Some Theoretical and Practical Considerations”, in Mass Media and Free Trade: NAFTA and the Cultural Industries，University of Texas Press:


odious

源自中古英語 odious，源自古法語 odieus，源自拉丁語 odiōsus，源自odium (“恨”)。

more odious (comparative)
most odious (superlative)

Scrubbing the toilets in the bar at the end of a Saturday night is an odious task.

You told a lie, an odious damned lie: / Upon my soul, a lie, a wicked lie!

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]，行s 179-80:

I own no crime, unless it be a crime to've hindered you from perpetrating that which would have made you odious to mankind, at least the fairest half.

1750，“Theodora”, Thomas Morell 作詞, George Frideric Handel 作曲:

He looks upon study as an odious fetter; his time is spent in the open air, climbing the hills or rowing on the lake.

1818，Mary Shelley，章號 6, in Frankenstein，存檔自the original on 2013-05-08:


pareidolia

借自德語 Pareidolie，由古希臘語 παρα- (para-，“在...一边”) + εἴδωλον (eídōlon，“图像”) + -ία (-ía)构成。

This last is called by Dr. Kahlbaum, changing hallucination, partial hallucination, perception of secondary images, or pareidolia.

1868 July，John Sibbald，The British Journal of Psychiatry，卷 13，頁 238:

Pareidolia underlies several forms of divination.

1993，Raymond Moody, Paul Perry，Reunions: Visionary Encounters with Departed Loved Ones，New York, N.Y.: Random House, →ISBN，頁 13:

Pareidolias aren't solely limited to images. When I was a youngster, I remember listening to The Beatles' song "Strawberry Fields" over and over to hear what seemed to be "I buried Paul."

2006，Steve W. Martin，“Choosing Your Battles”, in Heavy Hitter Selling: How Successful Salespeople Use Language and Intuition to Persuade Customers to Buy，Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 150:

Pareidolia is a state of mind where a vague or unclear image is perceived to be something recognizable, regardless of whether it's something you expect to see. The most famous example of pareidolia is the familiar face of the Man in the Moon.

2010，Rick Emmer，“Nessies of the New World”, in Loch Ness Monster: Fact or Fiction? (Creature Scene Investigation)，New York, N.Y.: Chelsea House Publishers, Infobase Publishing, →ISBN，頁 81:


poignant

源自中古英語 poynaunt、poynant，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 puignant、poynaunt等，poindre (“刺”)的现在分词，源自拉丁語 pungō (“刺”)。pungent 的同源對似詞。

more poignant (comparative)
most poignant (superlative)

distressing

感人的，动人的，让人感伤的

moving

感人的，动人的，让人感伤的

His siluer shield, now idle maisterlesse; / His poynant speare, that many made to bleed [...].

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

感人的，动人的，让人感伤的

Flipping through his high school yearbook evoked many a poignant memory of yesteryear.

翻了翻他的高中年鉴，很多人想起了去年那些动人的回忆。

A particularly poignant example of this is a child called Genie (see Curtiss 1977; Rymer 1993), who was deprived of speech input and kept locked up on her own in a room until age thirteen. When eventually taken into care and exposed to intensive language input, her vocabulary grew enormously, but her syntax never developed.

2004，Andrew Radford，Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the Structure of English，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, §1.4，頁 13:

Hanks shepherds the young girl to safety – first brusquely, and then with a sudden outburst of affection made all the more poignant for the way it is reserved previously. He once again reminds us, quite literally, that he is in many ways the ultimate dad.

2021年February9日，Christina Newland，“Is Tom Hanks part of a dying breed of genuine movie stars?”, in BBC:


preposterous

源自拉丁語 praeposterus (“前后倒置的，颠倒的，扭曲的”)，源自prae (“前”) + posterus (“跟着的”)。

more preposterous (comparative)
most preposterous (superlative)

/pɹɪˈpɒstəɹəs/

/pɹəˈpɑstəɹəs/

荒谬的，违反常理的；离奇的，古怪的

[...] I did incounter that obſeene and moſt prepoſterous euent that draweth frõ my ſnowhite pen the ebon coloured Incke, which here thou vieweſt, beholdeſt, ſuruayeſt, or ſeeſt. [...] There did I ſee that low ſpirited Swaine, [...] hight Coſtard, (Clow[ne]. O mee) ſorted and conſorted contrary to thy eſtabliſhed proclaymed Edict and continent Cannon; Which with, o with, but with this I paſſion to ſay wherewith: / Clo[wne]. With a Wench.

c. 1595–1596，W. Shakespere [i.e., 威廉·莎士比亞]，A Pleasant Conceited Comedie Called, Loues Labors Lost. […] (First Quarto)，London: […] W[illiam] W[hite] for Cut[h]bert Burby, 出版於 1598, →OCLC; 再版為 Shakspere’s Loves Labours Lost (Shakspere-Quarto Facsimiles; no. 5)，London: W[illiam] Griggs, […], [1880], →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

So I am to send Mrs. Churchill down to the very spot where a treasonable correspondence is most easily managed; and by the ease with which she gets out of a first scrape, give her all possible encouragement to get into another. Well, I was quite right in asking what preposterous request had you come here about!

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“An Audience”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 257:

Leading the attack on the president's very citizenship is the professional vulgarian Donald Trump, who gets away with the kind of preposterous, race-based comments granted few black public figures.

2014年December4日，Timothy Egan，“A deficit of dignity”, in The New York Times:

Democrats, too, must be criticised. While they have not made preposterous statements or been threatening or demagogic, they, all too often, have come up short, failing to propose new ideas that can help unwind conflicts raging across the Middle East.

2016年January30日，“America deserves more from presidential hopefuls”, in The National, retrieved 2016-01-31:


poinsettia

名取自弃用属名Poinsettia，取自乔尔·罗伯茨·波因塞特（一位19世纪美国驻墨西哥外交使节），等价于Poinsett + -ia。

/ˌpɔɪnˈsɛ.tɪə/

Masses of scarlet Poinsettias glowed bravely against the dark green background formed by broad-leafed plantains, whose great tattered leaves rustled with every gust of wind that reached them.

1887，Harriet W. Daly，Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia，頁 22:


parhelion

源自拉丁語 parelion，源自古希臘語 παρήλιον (parḗlion)，源自παρά (pará) + ἥλιος (hḗlios，“太阳”)。

The short (166 lines) Canto One, with all those amusing birds and parhelia, occupies thirteen cards.


pariah

源自泰米爾語 பறையர் (paṟaiyar)，源自பறையன் (paṟaiyaṉ，“鼓手”)，源自பறை (paṟai，“鼓”)或馬拉雅拉姆語 പറയർ (paṟayar)，源自പറയൻ (paṟayan，“鼓手”)，源自പറ (paṟa，“鼓”)。泰米尔语中的parai或马来语中的para指的是一种王要宣布消息时敲的大型鼓。专职敲parai的人称为paraiyar，在基于种姓的社会阶层中属较低等级，因此派生出了这个词。
或者，派生自梵語 पर (para，“遥远的；局外人”)。

As ecological conditions became unfavorable for pig raising, there was no alternative function which could redeem its existence. The creature became not only useless, but worse than useless—harmful, a curse to touch or merely to see—a pariah animal.

2013，Marvin Harris，“The Abominable Pig”, in Food and Culture: A Reader，第3rd版, New York City, →ISBN，頁s 64–65:

This scenario could lead to war crimes the scale of which has not been seen in Europe since the Nazis — crimes that would make Vladimir Putin, his cronies and Russia as a country all global pariahs.

2022年March2日，Thomas L. Friedman，“I See Three Scenarios for How This War Ends”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


parking lot

Should we park in that parking lot, or in the garage up the street?

我们要停在停车场里，还是那条街下去的那个车库里？

They paved paradise and put up a parking lot.

1970，Joni Mitchell （作曲作詞）, “Big Yellow Taxi”:


prerogative

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 prerogative (名词)，源自拉丁語 praerogātīva (“之前的裁决；特权”)，praerogātīvus (“有特权的，有最先发言权力的”)阴性单数的名词用法。

/pɹɪˈɹɒɡ.ə.tɪv/

/pɹəˈɹɑɡ.ə.tɪv/

/pəˈɹɑ.ɡə.tɪv/

（君主等的）裁决权，决定权；君权

Despite being a constitutional monarchy, the British sovereign still retain many royal prerogatives.

尽管英国属于君主立宪制政体，但英国君主仍保留了很多君主特权。

The military fame of a subject was considered as an insolent invasion of the Imperial prerogative; and it became the duty, as well as interest, of every Roman general, to guard the frontiers intrusted to his care, without aspiring to conquests which might have proved no less fatal to himself than to the vanquished barbarians.

1776，Edward Gibbon，The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol I, ch 1-pt i:

Lord Avonleigh had decided on taking refuge in wounded dignity, when he was again addressed by the King. "The castle holds another prisoner, to whom I intend extending the best prerogative of my crown—mercy. Will you order Robert Evelyn to be brought before me?"

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XLII, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 352:

I hear my chair in the hall; and to keep Lord Marchmont waiting, when he has announced his intention of supping at home, far exceeds my prerogative; so good night, dearest, you will either see or hear from me to-morrow.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“Reminiscences”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 206:

"Ah, that's your prerogative as an Intelligence officer, Jimmy. But it's been your prerogative for weeks, months, and nothing has happened, as I told you […]"

2002，Patrick Robinson，The Shark Mutiny，頁 48:

If you want to wear your hair a certain way, that's your prerogative. You don't have to check with all your friends to make sure it's okay.

2004，Joel Osteen，Your best life now: 7 steps to living at your full potential，頁 92:

If you choose another approach — that's your prerogative. But the problem is that parents often don't realize they're making the choice […]

2005，Tracy Hogg, Melinda Blau，Secrets of the Baby Whisperer: How to Calm, Connect, and Communicate，頁 56:

"I know what is important to Sadiq [Khan, London Mayor], and I know how to explain things to him in a way that maximises our chances of getting the right thing. If he chooses not to take my advice, that is absolutely his prerogative. But he gave me the job, and I intend to pay him back by delivering what he needs."

2020年December2日，Andy Byford talks to Paul Clifton，“I enjoy really big challenges...”, in Rail，頁 55:


prerogative

more prerogative (comparative)
most prerogative (superlative)

/pɹɪˈɹɒɡ.ə.tɪv/

/pɹəˈɹɑɡ.ə.tɪv/

/pəˈɹɑ.ɡə.tɪv/

Law-eroding prerogative developments cannot only be witnessed in hybrid regimes, but also in democratic states, which resort to reflections and practices of an ‘enemy criminal law’, and in the European Union’s recent crisis politics.

2020，Jan Christoph Suntrup，“Between prerogative power and legality – reading Ernst Fraenkel’s The Dual State as an analytical tool for present authoritarian rule”, in Jurisprudence，卷 11, 期 3, →DOI，頁s 335–359:


palpable

more palpable (comparative)
most palpable (superlative)

The imagination shuns to reveal its workings, unless it can clothe them in some lovely and palpable shape, and create into existence the high romance, the mournful song, the animated canvass, or the carved marble;...

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 I, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 227:

I had felt that some palpable although invisible object had passed lightly by my person.

The next morning the fog had given way to a palpable, horizontally driving rain.

1894, Bret Harte, "The Heir of the McHulishes" in A Protegee of Jack Hamlin's and Other Stories:

Although the Celebrity was almost impervious to sarcasm, he was now beginning to exhibit visible signs of uneasiness,[…]。It was with a palpable relief that he heard the first warning notes of the figure.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Her voice, her palpable agitation, prepared us for something extraordinary.

1913, Sax Rohmer, The Insidious Dr. Fu Manchu chapter 24:

No use in raging, in reasoning, in arguing. No use in setting forth the facts, the palpable right and wrong.

1916, Kathleen Norris, The Heart of Rachael, chapter 7:

By Thursday, there was a palpable sense of frustration with the opposition’s strategy on the streets of Caracas, people in the capital said.

2019年May2日，Ana Vanessa Herrero，Rick Gladstone，“Maduro Speaks to Troops, Trying to Discredit Guaidó’s Call for Mutiny”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Elena Remigi, of the In Limbo Project, which is documenting the experiences of EU citizens in the UK, said: “The anxiety among EU citizens is palpable. My inbox is full of messages of people asking for reassurance or guidance.[…]”

2021年June28日，Lisa O'Carroll，Amelia Gentleman，引 Elena Remigi, “‘The anxiety is palpable’: EU citizens face looming settled status deadline”, in The Guardian:


ornery

ordinary的缩约形或方言读法。

ornerier (comparative)
orneriest (superlative)

Seemingly here was an intruder who was violating custom. Moreover, the partners had come to look upon this exceedingly rich district as their exclusive property. And so their indignation was extreme. / "The low-down, ornery cuss!" said Dobbs. "The nerve of him, crowdin' in on us, just as if there wasn't lots of other places for him to go!"

I ain't sayin' I don't share your sentiments, Buck, but you're a born fool. First place Luke would kill the Kid in a gun-fight. Second place if Luke did get shot he's got two brothers just as ornery as he is, and if Ike Plummer didn't kill the Kid then Hank Plummer would.

1939，Dudley Nichols，Stagecoach (motion picture), spoken by Marshal Curley Wilcox (George Bancroft):

after a lifetime of being sweet as pie, once Grandpa died, she got kinda ornery.

2013，Richard Linklater、Julie Delpy and Ethan Hawke，Before Midnight (motion picture), spoken by Jesse (Ethan Hawke):

But in many instances, the complainers are not just being ornery; they could have a condition called misophonia, in which one experiences strong negative feelings to specific sounds — like the proverbial nails on a chalkboard.

2020年May25日，Abby Ellin，“Couples Who Eat Together May Not Stay Together”, in New York Times:


prescient

源自praesciēns (“预知的，预测的”)，拉丁語 praesciō (“预知”)的现在分词，源自prae- (“...之前”之意的前缀)（最终源自原始印歐語 *preh₂- (“在...之前”)）+ sciō (“知道”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *skey- (“解剖，分割”)）。与中古法語 prescient（现代形式法語 prescient (“有先见之明的”)）、意大利語 presciente (“有先见之明的”)同源。

more prescient (comparative)
most prescient (superlative)

clairvoyant

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

foreknowing

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

foreseeing

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

prescious

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

prescientific

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

prevoyant

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

unforeseeing

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

有先见之明的，预知的 （自17世纪初叶）

And if the præſcient Muſes guide my Lay, / Or, future Secrets, Phœbus can diſplay, / The Day ſhall ſhine diſtinguiſh'd from the reſt, / That Anna dignify'd, and Hymen bleſt; […]

1733–1734，Stephen Duck，A Poem on the Marriage of His Serene Highness the Prince of Orange with Ann Princess-royal of Great Britain. […]，London: Printed for Weaver Bickerton […], →OCLC，頁 7:

Mean time the king, aſtoniſh'd at the ſign, / Haſtes to conſult his præſcient ſire divine.

1753，Virgil，Christopher Pitt, transl.，“Virgil’s Æneid. The Seventh Book.”, in The Works of Virgil, in Latin and English. […]，卷 III, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], →OCLC，頁 283，行s 103–104:

Benignant Heaven, præscient and kind, / Made man for toil, and left sweet Sleep behind, / To nerve the arm which labour had unstrung— […]

[1812]，William Grisenthwaite，Sleep, a Poem in Two Books, with Other Miscellaneous Poems, […]，Lynn: Printed for the author, by W. G. Whittingham, and sold by R. Baldwin, […], →OCLC, book I，頁 5，行s 77–79:

Members opposite seem to be prescient; they seem to know what I am going to say before I have said it.

1960年August24日，Roy Emile Jack，“Business of the House—Urgency”, in Parliamentary Debates (Hansard): Fourth Session, Thirty-second Parliament: House of Representatives，卷 323, Wellington: R. E. Owen, government printer, →OCLC，頁 1740:

[Neil] Warnock described City as the best team in Europe in the build-up to this match and joked that his players had been preparing for the game – and City's inevitable dominance – by training without a ball. It proved to be a prescient quip, as the home side had to toil for long periods, struggling to lay a glove on their stylish opponents.

2018年January28日，Dafydd Pritchard，“Cardiff City 1 – 1 Manchester City”, in BBC Sport，存檔自the original on 2018-03-17:


propitious

源自盎格魯-諾曼語和古法語 propicius，源自拉丁語 propitius (“有利的，支持的，善良的”)。对比法語 propice、葡萄牙語 propício和西班牙語 propicio。

more propitious (comparative)
most propitious (superlative)

/pɹoʊˈpɪʃəs/

But counterrevolutions are reversible. Klein devotes much of her book to propitious signs that this can happen — indeed is happening.

2014年November6日，Rob Nixon，“Naomi Klein’s ‘This Changes Everything’”, in New York Times:


paltry

源自中古低地德語 paltrig (“破旧的，劣质的，无价值的”)，源自palter、palte (“破布”)，源自古撒克遜語 *paltro、*palto (“布，破布”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *paltrô、*paltô (“碎屑，破布，补丁”)。 与低地德語 palterig (“破败的，破碎的”)、方言用词德語 palterig (“微不足道的”)同源。亦对比低地德語 palte (“破布”)、西弗里斯蘭語 palt (“破布”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Palte (“布条，袋子”)，德語方言Palter (“破布”)、丹麥語 pjalt (“破布，碎布”)、瑞典語 palta (“破布”)。另见palterly。

paltrier (comparative)
paltriest (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-paltry.wav

insignificant

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

unimportant

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

petty

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

trivial

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

无价值的，无用的，微不足道的，蹩脚的

This is indeed a paltry flyer about a silly product.

这就是一个愚蠢产品的垃圾传单。

She made some paltry excuse and left.

她找了点蹩脚的借口离开了。

There are a great many languages, like Eskimo and Nootka and, aside from paltry exceptions, the Semitic languages, that cannot compound radical elements.

1921，Edward Sapir，Language: An introduction to the study of speech:

Could someone hope to survive on such a paltry income?

能有人指望这丁点收入过活吗？

Student grants these days are paltry, and many students have to take out loans.

现在的助学金都没有几个钱，很多学生得去借贷款。

"An aged man is but a paltry thing, / A tattered coat upon a stick"

1928，William Butler Yeats，Sailing to Byzantium:


parsimonious

more parsimonious (comparative)
most parsimonious (superlative)

penurious

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

niggardly

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

stingy

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

pennywise

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

tight-fisted

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

过分节俭的；吝啬的，悭吝的

Our fathers would have an economical government, even if grand people called it a parsimonious one, and taxes should be no greater than were absolutely necessary to pay for such a government.

1898，William Graham Sumner，“The Conquest of the United States by Spain”, in War and Other Essays，New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 出版於 1911, →OCLC，頁 333:

The first three college-savings plans stand out for their parsimonious expenses […]

2002 January，“55 great personal-finance ideas”, in Kiplinger's Personal Finance，卷 56, 期 1, Washington, D.C.: Kiplinger Washington Editors, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 53, col. 3:

Statistical methods offer the ability to enforce parsimonious selection of the most influential potential predictors of each gene's state.

2006，Richard Bonneau [et al.]，“The Inferelator: An Algorithm for Learning Parsimonious Regulatory Networks from Systems-biology Data Sets de Novo”, in Genome Biology，卷 7, 期 5, London: BioMed Central, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, →PMCID，頁 R36:

They played like a team that was in a hurry to get back to the Premier League. Norwich City had dismantled the most parsimonious defence in the Championship inside the opening quarter of an hour and at the final whistle it was the yellow end, rather than Middlesbrough’s banks of red, where the euphoria could be found.

2015年May25日，Daniel Taylor，“Norwich reach Premier League after early blitz sees off Middlesbrough”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2015-11-01:


parsimony

源自中古英語 parcimonie，源自中古法語 parsimonie，源自拉丁語 parsimōnia (“节约，节俭”)，源自pars-，parcere (“节约”)的过去分词词干， + -monia (表示动作、状态或条件的后缀)。

Parsimony, and not industry, is the immediate cause of the increase of capital. Industry, indeed, provides the subject which parsimony accumulates. But whatever industry might acquire, if parsimony did not save and store up, the capital would never be the greater.

1776，Adam Smith，An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations:

If mere parsimony could have made a man rich, Sir Pitt Crawley might have become very wealthy […]

1848, William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair, Chapter 9:

We used three search heuristics, Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony, to construct phylogenies from unique COI haplotypes and used default parameters for analyses unless otherwise noted.

2019年February15日，Boyd A. Mori et al.，“A new species of Contarinia Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induces flower galls on canola (Brassicaceae) in the Canadian prairies”, in Canadian Entomologist，卷 151, →DOI，頁s 131-148:


puerile

源自拉丁語 puerīlis (“幼稚的”)，源自puer (“小孩，男孩”)。

more puerile (comparative)
most puerile (superlative)

The French have been notorious through generations for their puerile affectation of Roman forms, models, and historic precedents.

1850, Thomas De Quincey, French and English Manners (originally published in Hogg's Instructor

源自the table he had received the gout; from the alcove a tendency to convulsions; from the grandeeship a pride so vast and puerile that he seldom heard anything that was said to him and talked to the ceiling in a perpetual monologue; from the exile, oceans of boredom, a boredom so persuasive that it was like pain,—he woke up with it and spent the day with it, and it sat by his bed all night watching his sleep.

1927, Thornton Wilder, The Bridge of San Luis Rey, page 79:

[…] I have always found it hard that Hamlet, a character that I love and admire, is guilty of a puerile misogyny and, perhaps, more worryingly, of the unnecessary deaths of his old friends from university, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern。

2014年April12日，Simon Russell Beale，“Why Shakespeare always says something new: As the 450th anniversary of Shakespeare's birth approaches, the great Shakespearean actor Simon Russell Beale explains his secrets [print version: The king and I]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review)，London，頁 R7:

Today we should welcome, and even study, every serious attempt to envisage the future of our race, not merely to grasp the very diverse and often tragic possibilities that confront us, but also that we may familiarize ourselves with the certainty that many of our cherished ideals would seem puerile to more developed minds.

1930 July, West Kirby, Last and First Men by Olaf Stapledon, Preface (page 9 of the Dover 1968 reprint of L&FM and Star Maker):


outstanding

more outstanding (comparative)
most outstanding (superlative)

Charles S. Peirce, 1839 to 1914, was one of America's most outstanding intellects. Philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, he wrote profusely, the equivalent of almost 100,000 printed pages in all.

1978，Arthur Burks，The New Elements of Mathematics (review by Burks):

The Gunners captain demonstrated his importance to the team by taking his tally to an outstanding 28 goals in 27 Premier League games as Chelsea slumped again after their shock defeat at QPR last week.

2011年October29日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 3 - 5 Arsenal”, in BBC Sport:

At a distance of about seven or eight miles to the northeastward of the landing, there is an outstanding group of mountains crowning a spur from the main chain of the Coast Range, whose highest point rises about eight thousand feet above the level of the sea;...

You must pay any outstanding corporate card balance immediately.

您必须立即支付所有尚欠的商务卡结欠款。

The distribution of the capital shall in the case of each loan be based on the capital amount outstanding at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty.

I kept account of every farthing I spent, and my expenses were carefully calculated. Every little item such as omnibus fares or postage or a couple of coppers spent on newspapers, would be entered, and the balance struck every evening before going to bed. That habit has stayed with me ever since, and I know that as a result, though I have had to handle public funds amounting to lakhs, I have succeeded in exercising strict economy in their disbursement, and instead of outstanding debts have had invariably a surplus balance in respect of all the movements I have led. Let every youth take a leaf out of my book and make it a point to account for everything that comes into and goes out of his pocket, and like me he is sure to be a gainer in the end.

1927-29, M.K. Gandhi, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, translated 1940 by Mahadev Desai, Part I, Chapter xvi:


pungent

借自拉丁語 pungens（词根：pungent-），pungo (“刺”)的现在分词。poignant 的同源對似詞。

more pungent (comparative)
most pungent (superlative)

I accidentally dropped the bottle of ammonia and after few seconds, a very pungent stench could be detected.

我不小心弄掉了一瓶氨水，过了几秒后就闻到了一股刺鼻的臭味。

I can almost smell the fir scent… resinous, pungent.

1991，Paul Chadwick，Concrete: American Christmas，Dark Horse Books:


quaint

源自中古英語 queynte、quoynte，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cointe、queinte和古法語 cointe (“聪明的”)，源自拉丁語 cognitus，cognōscō (“知道”)的过去分词。

quainter (comparative)
quaintest (superlative)

fastidious

过度细致的，苛求的 （15-19世纪）

精妙的，巧妙的 （14-19世纪）

describe races and games, / Or tilting furniture, imblazon'd shields, / Impresses quaint, caparisons and steeds, / Bases and tinsel trappings […]。

1667，John Milton，“Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Till that there entered on the other side / A straunger knight，源自whence no man could reed, / In quyent disguise, full hard to be descride […]。

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book IV, Canto IV”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

What none would dispute though many smiled over was the good-humored, necessary, yet quaint omission of the writer's name from the whole consideration.

过度细致的，苛求的 （15-19世纪）

She, nothing quaint / Nor 'sdeignfull of so homely fashion, / Sith brought she was now to so hard constraint, / Sate downe upon the dusty ground anon […]。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

奇怪而有趣的；古老的，古色古香的 （自18世纪）

If you're fond of sand dunes and salty air, / Quaint little villages here and there, / You're sure to fall in love with old Cape Cod.

1957，Claire Rothrock，Milton Yakus，Allan Jeffrey （作曲作詞）, “Old Cape Cod”, 演出者 Patti Page:

The rock is a haven for rare wildlife, a landscape where pretty hedgerows and quaint villages are bordered by a breathtaking, craggy coastline.


quaint

quim的变体，可能是为了委婉。

The rest looked on, horrified, as Clarice trussed up her habit and in open view placed her hand within her queynte crying, ‘The first house of Sunday belongs to the sun, and the second to Venus.’

2003，Peter Ackroyd，The Clerkenwell Tales，頁 9:


pugnacious

借自拉丁語，派生自pugnāx，源自pugnō (“战斗”)，源自pugnus (“拳头”)。

more pugnacious (comparative)
most pugnacious (superlative)

Not that the doctor was a bully, or even pugnacious, in the usual sense of the word; he had no disposition to provoke a fight, no propense love of quarrelling.

1858，Anthony Trollope，章號 3, in Dr Thorne:

In the face of bad news Churchill normally became even more pugnacious, always wanting to respond to defeat by going on the attack.

2003，Ken Follett，Hornet Flight, →ISBN，頁s 249-250:

[I]n the 575 days since [Oscar] Pistorius shot dead his girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp, there has been an unseemly scramble to construct revisionist histories, to identify evidence beneath that placid exterior of a pugnacious, hair-trigger personality.

2014年October21日，Oliver Brown，“Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities: Bladerunner's punishment for killing Reeva Steenkamp is but a frippery when set against the burden that her bereft parents, June and Barry, must carry [print version: No room for sentimentality in this tragedy, 13 September 2014, p. S22]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Sport):


quell

源自中古英語 quellen，源自古英語 cwellan (“杀死”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *kwalljan，源自原始日耳曼語 *kwaljaną (“杀死”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *gʷelH-。同源词有德語 quälen (“折磨”)、瑞典語 kvälja (“折磨”)、冰島語 kvelja (“折磨”)。亦对比古典亞美尼亞語 կեղ (keł，“疮，溃疡”)、古教會斯拉夫語 жаль (žalĭ，“痛”)。参见kill。它可能是本词的同源对似词。

quells (third-person singular present)
quelling (present participle)
quelled (past participle)

镇压，压制 （10世纪起）

The nation obeyed the call, rallied round the sovereign, and enabled him to quell the disaffected minority.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 1, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

终止，消灭 （14世纪起）

to quell grief

to quell the tumult of the soul

However, after quelling Burnley's threat, Southampton failed to build on their growing danger culminating in Tadic's missed penalty.

2014年December13日，Mandeep Sanghera，“Burnley 1-0 Southampton”, in BBC Sport:

Well prov'd in that same day, when Jove those gyants quelled.

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book V”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Yet he did quake and quaver, like to quell.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


quell

The quell of the rebellion raised Justinian to the acme of power.

1903，Knowledge: A Monthly Record of Science:

Hu had been supportive of Chiang's role throughout the northern expedition and the quell of southern rebellion.

1978，Shiu Heng Chook，Chiang Kai-shek Close-up: A Personal View:

The consequences have not been significant in terms of the quell of any of the three drugs into the United States.

1994，United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary，U.S. international drug control policy: recent experience, future options : seminar proceedings，Government Printing Office, →ISBN:

Each Martial Law was marked by the quell of civil liberties or human rights.

1998，Mirza Arshad Ali Beg，Democracy Displaced in Pakistan: Case History of Disasters of Social Pollution:

But to make things even worse, this is the year of the Seventy-fifth Hunger Games, and that means it's also a Quarter Quell. They occur every twenty-five years, marking the anniversary of the districts' defeat with over-the-top celebrations and, for extra fun, some miserable twist for the tributes.

2013，Suzanne Collins，Catching Fire，UK: Scholastic:

An example can be found in the data about the campaigns of Aššur-bān-apli against Arab tribes after the quell of the revolt of Šamaš-šumukīn.

2014，Markham J. Geller，Melammu: The Ancient World in an Age of Globalization，epubli, →ISBN，頁 136:


quell

源自中古英語 *quelle（因动词quellen (“喷出”)），源自古英語 cwylla、*cwielle (“泉”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *kwalljā (“泉”)。对比德語 Quelle。

And when they had eaten, and sat resting in a grotto, he was still singing, and she was the goddess of his Muse, — the quell of living waters out of which he drew fresh strength for new lays.

Other excruciations replaced her namesake's loquacious quells so completely that when, during a lucid interval, she happened to open with her weak little hand a lavabo cock for a drink of water, the tepid lymph replied in its own lingo […]

1969，Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov，Ada, Or, Ardor, a Family Chronicle，Vintage, →ISBN:

The strategists had access to a wide array of private polling and information from focus groups; a quell of information stretching back over his years as a state-wide candidate and office holder.

2001，Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Andrea Römmele，Public Information Campaigns and Opinion Research: A Handbook for the Student and Practitioner，SAGE, →ISBN，頁 82:

A quell of strength over took Robin with each of his words. She was about to fall apart, but Jacob was as brave as a warrior going into battle.

2001，Zane Gates，The Cure，iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 241:

For a moment their eyes locked, and she felt a quell of anger rise above her apprehension. Reality struck with appalling clarity, yet she could only lie down, partially drugged and untidy as she was from such rough traveling.

2011，Linda Lee Chaikin，Hawaiian Crosswinds，Moody Publishers, →ISBN:

I read on. It will cost two hundred and fifty quid. I felt a quell of alarm, that's quite expensive.

2012，Molly Hopkins，It Happened at Boot Camp: Exclusive Novella，Hachette UK, →ISBN:


querulous

源自古法語 querelos，源自晚期拉丁語 querulōsus，源自拉丁語 querulus，源自queror (“抱怨”)。

more querulous (comparative)
most querulous (superlative)

爱抱怨的，爱发牢骚的；烦躁的，抱怨的

"But how am I to obtain such treaty?" asked Monsieur, in a querulous tone.

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 1，頁 101:

The nights were now cold, gemmed with a multitude of bright stars, uncanny with the querulous wail of coyotes and the occasional deep voices of wolves.

1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:


personable

源自中古英語 personable、personabil，等价于person + -able。对比出现于13世纪末英国文献内的中世紀拉丁語 personabilis (“个人的”)。中古法语personable (“重要的”)在1528年前无记载。

more personable (comparative)
most personable (superlative)

friendly

友好的，友善的；优雅的，有风度的

amiable

友好的，友善的；优雅的，有风度的

I admit him a personable man, for I have seen him; and I will suppose him courteous and agreeable.

1822，Sir Walter Scott，章號 19, in The Fortunes of Nigel:

Barefoot, bare-chested, radiant and personable against the shadowy woods, he called: "Hullo, Miss Honeychurch! Hullo!"

1908，E. M. Forster，章號 12, in A Room With a View:

友好的，友善的；优雅的，有风度的

Wise, warlike, personable, curteous, and kind.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto IV”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 5:

I'm bound to admit that you're a personable young rascal, with the best manners I've met in a long time.

1919，Joseph A. Altsheler，章號 5, in The Sun Of Quebec:

Aside from being incredibly funny and personable he is generous, kind and is great fun to play catch with.

2009年October5日，Randy James，“2-Min. Bio: Stephanie Birkitt: Letterman's Lover?”, in Time:

The Queen be by that name personable to plead

The demaundant was iudged personable to maintaine this action


perspiration

借自晚期中古法語 perspiration，源自perspirer (“流汗”)，源自拉丁語 perspirare (“持续吹气或呼吸”)，源自per (“经过，通过”) + spirare (“呼吸，吹”)
就词形分析：perspire + -ation。

/ˌpɜːspəˈɹeɪʃən/

/ˌpɝspəˈɹeɪʃən/

genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration

Genius is 1 per cent. inspiration and 99 per cent. perspiration.

1910，Frank Lewis Dyer，Thomas Commerford Martin，引 Thomas Edison, Edison: His Life and Inventions，卷 II, New York: Harper & Brothers，頁 607:


preternatural

源自拉丁語 preternātūrālis/praeternātūrālis，源自praeter nātūram，源自praeter (“超越”) + nātūra (“自然”)，对比supernatural。

more preternatural (comparative)
most preternatural (superlative)

现代的一般用法中，指的是奇怪但是仍属自然范畴内的现象，比如“preternatural talent”。而在宗教或玄学用法中，和supernatural类似，指“超自然的”，但相较于supernatural较为低级 – 其能作它的同义词，下义词或同类词。比如在天主教神学中preternatural用来形容天使一类生物，而supernatural只用来形容神。

I have employed cold air, and very often spongings with cold water, in order to moderate the preternatural heat of the skin, and to check the increased velocity of the circulation.

1815，William Shearman，New Medical and Physical Journal:

Doubtless there has been some exaggeration in the picturesque and fanciful relations of the almost preternatural skill and cunning of the Indian […]

1882，George Edward Ellis，The Red Man and the White Man in North America，頁 152:

"Villette! Villette! wrote George Eliot。"It is a still more wonderful book than Jane Eyre. There is something almost preternatural in its power."

2014年January4日，Lucy Hughes-Hallett，“The other Charlotte Brontë girl [online version (3 January 2014): Why Villette is better than Jane Eyre: Everybody knows Jane Eyre, but Charlotte Brontë's greatest and most original novel was her last, Villette]”, in The Daily Telegraph，London，頁 R14:

D.B. Woodside as Amenadiel: "Something Charlotte said made me think. Maybe celestial beings and humans, Luci maybe they aren't that different."
Tom Ellis as Lucifer Morningstar: "What, are we talking in bed? 'Cause we know all know my skills are preternatural. But I suppose you on the other hand..."

2018，“Quintessential Deckerstar”, in Lucifer:

Macbeth is like a record of a preternatural and tragical event.

1817，William Hazlitt，“Macbeth”, in Characters of Shakespeare's Plays:

Not Leonore, in that preternatural midnight excursion with her phantom lover, was more terrified than poor Maggie in this entirely natural ride on a short-paced donkey, [...]

1860，George Eliot，The Mill on the Floss, Book 1, Chapter 11:

Vansittart Smith, fixing his eyes upon the fellow's skin, was conscious of a sudden impression that there was something inhuman and preternatural about its appearance.

1925，Arthur Conan Doyle，The Ring of Thoth:


pushy

pushier (comparative)
pushiest (superlative)

Pushy parents 'ruin sports days'


pantomime

约17世纪，源自拉丁語 pantomīmus，源自古希臘語 παντόμιμος (pantómimos)，源自πᾶς (pâs，“全”) + μιμέομαι (miméomai，“模仿”)。

一种面向儿童的童话剧 （自18世纪）

With the Stoke supporters jeering Ziv's every subsequent touch, the pantomime atmosphere created by the home crowd reached a crescendo when Ziv was shown a straight red shortly after the break in extraordinary circumstances.

2011年October20日，Michael da Silva，“Stoke 3 - 0 Macc Tel-Aviv”, in BBC Sport:


regale

源自法語 régaler (“取悦于，款待”)，源自古法語 regale、rigale，源自gale (“欢乐”)，可能源自日耳曼語族（参见古法語 galer）。受到了古法語 se rigoler (“开心，愉悦”)的影响，其词源不详。对比中古高地德語 begalen (“迷住”)、英語 gale (“唱歌；使...陶醉”)。亦对比英語 gala。

The noise from the servants' hall was rendered more acutely painful by her headach; for her aunt, partly with a view of annoying her niece, whom she disliked—as we always dislike those we have used ill—had left orders for a general regale.

1831，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 IX, in Romance and Reality. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC，頁 136:


regale

regales (third-person singular present)
regaling (present participle)
regaled (past participle)

使...愉快，使...开心，取悦于 （自17世纪）

You’ve Got Mail is certainly the basic model for the plot, which finds corporate candy shill Joel ([Paul] Rudd) and indie-sweetshop owner Molly ([Amy] Poehler) regaling their dinner companions with the very long, digressive story of how they met and fell in love.

2014年June26日，A. A. Dowd，“Paul Rudd and Amy Poehler Spoof Rom-com Clichés in They Came Together”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2017-12-07:


pestilence

源自中古英語，源自古法語，源自拉丁語 pestilentia (“瘟疫”)，源自pestilens (“感染的，不健康的，有害的”)。等价于pestilent + -ence。

Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by night; nor for the arrow that flieth by day;

1611, King James Translators, Psalms 91:5-6:

"Take it, Christian dogsǃ take the palaces, the gardens, the mosques, the abode of our fathers - take plague with them; pestilence is the enemy we fly; if she be your friend, hug her to your bosoms. The curse of Allah is on Stamboul, share ye her fateǃ"

1826, Mary Shelley, The Last Man, part 2, chapter 2

It was reserved for Christians to torture bread, the staff of life, bread for which children in whole districts wail, bread, the gift of pasture to the poor, bread, for want of which thousands of our fellow beings annually perish by famine; it was reserved for Christians to torture the material of bread by fire, to create a chemical and maddening poison, burning up the brain and brutalizing the soul, and producing evils to humanity, in comparison of which, war, pestilence, and famine, cease to be evils.

1831年July15日，“Of the Blood”, in Western Journal of Health，卷 4, 期 1, L. B. Lincoln，頁 38:

The snowshoe-rabbits build up through the years until they reach a climax when they seem to be everywhere; then with dramatic suddenness their pestilence falls upon them.

1949 - Bruce Kiskaddon, George R. Stewart, Earth Abides


prevarication

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 prevaricassion、中古法語 prevarication和其来源，拉丁語 praevāricātiō (“与对手串通；偏离正轨；欺瞒”)，源自praevāricor的词干。

/pɹɪˌvæɹɪˈkeɪʃən/

/pɹɪˌvæɹəˈkeɪʃən/

Prevarication became the order of the day in his government while truth was a stranger in those halls.

Mr Rajoy frustrates many with his prevarication over a fresh euro-zone bail-out, which now comes with a conditional promise from the European Central Bank (ECB) to help bring down Spain’s stifling borrowing costs.

2012年October6日，“Charlemagne: Mysterious Mariano”, in The Economist:


revulsion

The recent financial revulsion has revealed the feeble basis on which credit now stands[…]

1858，“Our Window”, in Emerson's Magazine and Putnam's Monthly，卷 6，頁 329:

突然的情感波动，突然的反应

We resolve, and our resolutions melt away with a word and a look: we are the toys of an emotion. And yet I think Norbourne was right in his sudden revulsion in favour of his uncle. We are rarely wrong when we act from impulse.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“The Result”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 I, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 234:

A sudden and violent revulsion of feeling, both in the Parliament and the country, followed.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 1, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:


osprey

源自晚期中古英語 ospray，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 ospriet，源自中世紀拉丁語 avis prede (“猛禽”)，该一般词在古法语中形似ossifrage，因此被误当做特指这种鸟的词。

I will provide thee of a princely osprey.

1594, George Peele (attributed), The Battle of Alcazar

A pair of ospreys bred at a confidential nesting site in Co. Fermanagh in what has been described as like finding long-lost treasure.

2023年August24日，Mairead Sheehy，“'Like finding long-lost treasure': Ospreys breed in Ireland for first time in 200 years”, in Irish Examiner:


ruffian

源自中古法語 rufian，源自意大利語 ruffiano (“皮条客”)。

ruffians (third-person singular present)
ruffianing (present participle)
ruffianed (past participle)

Methinks the wind does speak aloud at land; A fuller blast ne'er shook our battlements. If it hath ruffianed so upon the sea.

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:


quizzical

more quizzical (comparative)
most quizzical (superlative)

But I did see things that aren't yet quite right, and at which I raised a quizzical eyebrow.

2022年July27日，Sir Michael Holden，“In praise of Crossrail 1... and in search of Crossrail 2”, in RAIL，期 962，頁 34:


primeval

源自拉丁語 primaevus (“生命的初期阶段”) + -al，源自primus (“第一的”) + aevum (“阶段，时期”)，见prime和age。

more primeval (comparative)
most primeval (superlative)

A letter from Mr. [Brian Houghton] Hodgson to Mr. Bayley, was then read, giving an outline of the theocracy of the Buddha system of Nepal. […] According to the information now communicated, the northern Buddhas acknowledge four sets of divine beings, or of superhuman objects of veneration. The first of these is, contrary to the generally supposed atheistical tendency of the faith, one primæval and uncreated deity. This first Buddha manifested five of his attributes, as five secondary Buddhas; in one of whom, Amitabha, or the 'immeasurably splendid,' in Prakrit and Pali, Amitabo, we recognise the Amito of the Japanese.

1827 July，“Asiatic Society of Calcutta”, in The Oriental Herald, and Journal of General Literature，卷 XIV, 期 43, London: Printed for the editor, and sold by all booksellers [printed by J. R. Gordon, 147, Strand, →OCLC，頁 147:

But if life has a happiness over which the primeval curse has passed and harmed not, it is the early and long enduring affection of blood and habit.

1831，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 VI, in Romance and Reality. […]，卷 III, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC，頁 116:

If their views were entrancing their sanitation was primeval; if they possessed stables they were also next to the gas-works; if their gardens were delightful there were odours suspicious of mice in the bedrooms.


rehash

rehashes (third-person singular present)
rehashing (present participle)
rehashed (past participle)

重新将...切成小片，重新将...切碎 （见hash）

I never did care for Sunday joint that was served up cold on Monday, hashed on Tuesday, rissoled on Wednesday, and re-hashed on Thursday[.]

1942年July1日，The Newcastle and Maitland Catholic Sentinel，Newcastle, NSW，頁 224，列 2:


petulant

源自中古法語，源自拉丁語 petulāns，与petere有关。

more petulant (comparative)
most petulant (superlative)

Lack of sleep is causing Dave's recent petulant behavior.

睡眠不足让Dave最近特别任性。

Former associates have described Musk as petty, cruel and petulant, particularly when frustrated or challenged.

December 13 2021，Molly Ball, Jeffrey Kluger and Alejandro de la Garza，“Elon Musk: Person of the Year 2021”, in Time Magazine:

Who hath not like cause to complain, and is not so troubled, that shall fall into the mouths of such men? for many are of so petulant a spleen

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:


run-down

In the Seventies the system was run-down and demoralised. Road transport was the future, the Underground was being 'managed for decline', and the system was filthier than the streets above.

2012，Andrew Martin，Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube，Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，頁 xiii, Preface:

Among its findings, the report says: "In recent years we have seen more stations transformed from run-down Victorian hulks, or spartan bus-sheltered platforms, into places that people can take pride in, feel comfortable in using, and which are fulfilling more of their wider potential.

2020年August26日，“Network News: Stations investment boosts regeneration, says report”, in Rail，頁 17:


run-of-the-mill

1922年出现，源自磨坊（mill）每批次（run）产出来的东西都应该一致标准的说法。

more run-of-the-mill (comparative)
most run-of-the-mill (superlative)

普通的，平凡的，平平无奇的

This isn’t your run-of-the-mill refrigerator; you’ll find the extra features well worth the price.

这款不同于那种普普通通的冰箱，您会发现附加功能很值这个价。

The other had the most run-of-the-mill news which make some of my recent run-of-the-mill columns appear like the raciest escapist fare.

1971 November 30, Martin Lapidus, Class Notes: 62, Princeton Alumni Weekly, Volume 72, page 26,

For a deeper, less familiar philosophy, you have to listen to your more run-of-the-mill dossers, and they don't come more run-of-the-mill than Ratso.

In one side of the prestigious commissions, public and private, sacred and profane, which could make the name of an artist, there was a more run of the mill style of painting which already enjoyed a vast clientéle at all levels of society.

1995, Alain Mérot, French Painting in the Seventeenth Century, page 42,

Who the more run-of-the-mill victims were is unclear, since they are often not named or have no emblem glyphs attached to them.

1999，David Drew，The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings，頁 284:

Or even more run-of-the-mill murders which usually turn out to be family or business affairs and where someone's usually heard something or, in the case of the more professional killings, someone wants to do a deal.

2001, Gabrielle Lord, Death Delights, 2002, unnumbered page,


rundown

The rundown of LNER's Class 91/Mk 4 fleet continues, with two more locomotives sent for store at Doncaster and a rake of coaches moving to Worksop,

2020年May20日，“Fleet News: LNER sends more '91s' off-lease”, in Rail，頁 22:


ravenous

more ravenous (comparative)
most ravenous (superlative)

The most rapid and most seductive transition in all human nature is that which attends the palliation of a ravenous appetite. There is something humiliating about it.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

Supply-and-demand? One begins to be weary of such work. Leave all to egoism, to ravenous greed of money, of pleasure, of applause: — it is the Gospel of Despair!

1843, 托马斯·卡莱尔，Past and Present，卷3，章节IX，Working Aristocracy

Mrs. Michael turned out to be a ravenous, fast-fading woman in a slashed skirt and a low blouse over an unappetising chest. While her husband did things in his shed, where he appeared to live, Pym inexpertly mixed the Yorkshire pudding and fought off her embraces...


phallic

A little later the phallic explanation of everything came into fashion. The deities were all polite names for the organs and powers of procreation.

1920，Edward Carpenter，Pagan and Christian Creeds，New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 出版於 1921，頁 10:

The natural rhythm of the male is a phallic one of rise and fall, whether it involves towers, stock markets, or whole civilizations.

1981，William Irwin Thompson，The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture，London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co.，頁 128:

My mother has a very phallic salt shaker.

我妈有个看起来特别像阴茎的盐罐。

For many first-time visitors, a common initial impression of the Washington Monument is that it is incredibly phallic.

1993，Joseph Downton，Washington D.C.: An Alternative Guide，頁 T-221:

The incinerator and a big smoke stack / It's a phallic symbol and it makes me laugh

Opposing the war in El Salvador and opposing the phallic aggression everywhere.

1990年April14日，Jeremy Grainger，Read Weaver，“You Don't Gotta!”, in Gay Community News，頁 8:


paradox

源自中古法語 paradoxe，源自拉丁語 paradoxum，源自古希臘語 παράδοξος (parádoxos，“意外的，奇怪的”)。

(悖论)： 与自己本身相悖的论点叫做paradox (“悖论，自相矛盾”)，两个相悖的论点叫做antinomy (“矛盾”)

(反直觉的结果)： 该义项可能会被认为错误或不准确。1995年January14日，Ian Stewart，“Paradox of the Spheres”, in New Scientist:
Banach and Tarski's theorem (commonly known as the Banach-Tarski paradox, though it is not a true paradox, being counterintuitive rather than self-contradictory) […]
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯） 1998，Encyclopedia of Applied Physics，頁 270:
It is not a true paradox, merely highly nonintuitive behavior, if one accepts the realistic and local assumptions of EPR.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

(难解的问题)： 该义项可能会被认为错误或不准确。1917，George Crabb，“ENIGMA, PARADOX, RIDDLE”, in Crabb's English Synonymes，第Centennial版:
An enigma, therefore, is not a paradox, but a paradox, not being intelligible, may seem like an enigma.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

"This sentence is false" is a paradox.

“这句话是假的”是悖论。

According to one version of an ancient paradox, an Athenian is supposed to say "I am a liar." It is then argued that if the statement is true, then he is telling the truth, and is therefore not a liar […]

1962，Abraham Wolf，Textbook of Logic，頁 255:

反常结果，意外结果，似非而是的事实

It is an interesting paradox that drinking a lot of water can often make you feel thirsty.

喝很多水会意外地让你很渴。

The most fundamental paradox is that if we're never to use force, we must be prepared to use it and to use it successfully.

1983年May21日，Ronald Reagan，Presidential Radio Address:

Not having a fashion is a fashion; that's a paradox.

不随时尚就是一种时尚，真是矛盾。

How quaint the ways of Paradox! / At common sense she gaily mocks! / Though counting in the usual way years twenty-one I've been alive, / Yet reck'ning by my natal day, / Yet reck'ning by my natal day, / I am a little boy of five!

1879，W. S. Gilbert，“The Pirates of Penzance”, in The Complete Plays of Gilbert and Sullivan，出版於 1941:

He is a paradox; you would not expect him in that political party.

他这个人真是矛盾，怎么就进了那个政党。

You are a paradox of bitch and angel.

1999，Virginia Henley，A Year and a Day, →ISBN，頁 315:

And only by dismantling our preconceptions of age can we be free to understand the paradox: How young are the old?

1994，James Joseph Pirkl，Transgenerational Design, →ISBN，頁 3:

Ay, truly; for the power of beauty will sooner / transform honesty from what it is to a bawd than the / force of honesty can translate beauty into his / likeness: this was sometime a paradox, but now the / time gives it proof.

1594，William Shakespeare，The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Act III:

they contended to make that Maxim, that there is no faith to be held with Infidels, a meere and absurd Paradox [...].

1615，Ralph Hamor，A True Discourse of the Present State of Virginia，Richmond, 出版於 1957，頁 3:

The need for paradox is no doubt rooted deep in the very nature of the use we make of language.

1906，Richard Holt Hutton，Brief Literary Criticisms，頁 40:

Thus, like modern disputants, they aimed either to confute the respondent or to land him in paradox.

1866，Edward Poste，Aristotle on Fallacies, Or, The Sophistici Elenchi，根據Aristotle原著改編的翻譯作品，頁 43:

逆反心理指示 （心理治疗师给出的希望患者不遵从或无法遵从的指示）

Defiance-based paradox is employed so that the family will actively oppose and deliberately sabotage the prescription.

1988，Martin Lakin，Ethical Issues in the Psychotherapies, →ISBN，頁 103:


pooh-pooh

pooh-poohs (third-person singular present)
pooh-poohing (present participle)
pooh-poohed (past participle)

In England, until very late days, we have been accustomed rather to pooh-pooh national Orders, to vote ribbons and crosses tinsel gewgaws, foolish foreign ornaments, and so forth.

c.''' 1861，W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray，“On Ribbons”, in Roundabout Papers，London: Smith, Elder & Co., 出版於 1863, →OCLC:

Pooh-poohing the IPCC's science has been one line of attack by [George W.] Bush's backers.

2001年June21日，Murray Sayle，“After George W. Bush, the deluge”, in London Review of Books，卷 23, 期 12，存檔自the original on 2016-09-09，頁s 3–9:

[Bill] Clinton haters will pooh-pooh all of these acknowledgements as the index of a compulsive sociability that knows no limits and upholds no standards, a psychic necessity we should not make into a moral virtue.

2004年September23日，David Simpson，“The kid who talked too much and became President”, in London Review of Books，卷 26, 期 18，存檔自the original on 2016-03-18，頁s 3–5:


peaceable

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pesible、peisible、中古法語 paisible，源自pais (“和平”) + -ible，后改为peace + -able。

more peaceable (comparative)
most peaceable (superlative)

热爱和平的，拒绝暴力的 （自14世纪）

But in the Muslim world we are dealing with regimes who have banished, imprisoned, silenced or neutralised all opposition, even where this is entirely peaceable.

But if you talk to people here privately, they suggest there are three possible scenarios. The first (intended to sound incredible) is that Israel’s biggest neighbour will be transformed into a peaceable, pluralist democracy.

2011年February8日，‘Feeling understandably twitchy’，The Economist:


phantasmal

more phantasmal (comparative)
most phantasmal (superlative)

Phantasmal mirth, folded away: muskperfumed.

1922 February，James Joyce，“[Episode 1]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:


banger

源自bang + -er。香肠这么称呼的原因是因为它们水很多，但表皮不透水，因此如果在烹饪前不戳破的话很容易爆炸。

节奏有活力的音乐，尤指舞曲

My frequencies are transient and resonate your eardrums / I make bangers, not anthems

2002，Mike Skinner （作曲作詞）, “Let's Push Things Forward”, in Original Pirate Material，演出者 The Streets:

Morris' melding of influences ranging from mid-'80s computer technology to Baltimore club bangers to the U.K. rave scene has cemented his reputation as one of London's most formidable DJs.

2008, Billboard (volume 120, number 32, page 44)

'lce Ice Baby' was an absolute banger, though, wasn't it? And knowing the history of that song, it had proper rap credentials.

2012, Mike Skinner, The Story of The Streets (page 31)


populace

勿与形容词populous相混淆。

The populace despised their ignorant leader.

民眾鄙視他們愚昧的領導者。

Throughout the 1500s, the populace roiled over a constellation of grievances of which the forest emerged as a key focal point. The popular late Middle Ages fictional character Robin Hood, dressed in green to symbolize the forest, dodged fines for forest offenses and stole from the rich to give to the poor. But his appeal was painfully real and embodied the struggle over wood.

2006，Edwin Black，章號 2, in Internal Combustion:

Thomas Brassey (1805-70) should be equally famous, yet he is unknown to swathes of the greater populace. His plaque is at Chester.

2021年December29日，Stephen Roberts，“Stories and facts behind railway plaques: Chester (1848)”, in RAIL，期 947，頁 57:


based

指代精炼可卡因（freebase cocaine），经由basehead一词。由美国歌手Lil B所创来形容自己的生活方式。

more based (comparative)
most based (superlative)

unwoke

很棒的，值得赞赏的，令人钦佩的，中肯的

cringe

很棒的，值得赞赏的，令人钦佩的，中肯的

unbased

很棒的，值得赞赏的，令人钦佩的，中肯的

不在乎世俗眼光的，我行我素的

Based means being yourself. Not being scared of what people think about you. Not being afraid to do what you wanna do. Being positive. […] Based is positive.

You have to work as a human with empathy and love in your heart, staying positive and staying based and staying normal.

2012, Duncan Cooper, "Based Scripture: The Full Transcript of Lil B’s Lecture at NYU", The Fader, 12 April 2012:

很棒的，值得赞赏的，令人钦佩的，中肯的 （因反对政治正确或左翼价值观而）值得赞赏的

OP is based as fuck

Based and red pilled.

My last account got banned for being too based.

Those who are against Trump are not based at all. On February 16th, The Donald users comment on a “based” post in r/DankMemes which uses a classic Squidward sleeping meme to criticize those who are upset by Chris Pratt going to “church” (one which was purportedly anti-LGBT) but “ok” with sex predators in Hollywood: […]

2019, Kira Stalker, "The Fracturing of the Alt Right: Conflicting Online Discourses Of White Nationalist Communities", thesis submitted to George Mason University, page 139:

His [Brenton Tarrant's] meme-themed shooting greatly represents the spirit of the aussie people, in the sense of shitposting until their last moment, based and redpilled he is.

2019, anonymous, quoted in Cathrine Thorleifsson, "From cyberfascism to terrorism: On 4chan/pol/ culture and the transnational production of memetic violence", Nations and Nationalism, Volume 28, Issue 1, page 293:

Then, in the same month, noted feminist Christina Hoff Sommers was branded “white supremacy-adjacent” by feminist Roxane Gay. Her reasoning? That our beloved “Based Mom” once appeared at an event with Milo Yiannopoulos and didn't disavow him enough.

2020，David Rubin，Don't Burn This Book: Thinking for Yourself in an Age of Unreason，頁 未標明:


paragon

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 paragone、peragone、中古法語 paragon，源自意大利語 paragone (“对比”)或西班牙語 parangón，源自paragonare，源自古希臘語 παρακονάω (parakonáō，“削尖，研磨”)，源自παρά (pará) + ἀκόνη (akónē，“磨刀石”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₂eḱ- (“尖”)）。

榜样，模范 （自16世纪）

In the novel, Constanza is a paragon of virtue who would never compromise her reputation.

小说中，Constanza是一个永远不背弃自己声望的道德模范。

Yes, there were instances of grandstanding and obsessive behaviour, but many were concealed at the time to help protect an aggressively peddled narrative of [Oscar] Pistorius the paragon, the emblem, the trailblazer.

2014年October21日，Oliver Brown，“Oscar Pistorius jailed for five years – sport afforded no protection against his tragic fallibilities”, in The Daily Telegraph (Sport):

Liz Cheney and her father are positioning themselves as protectors of the old order, as paragons of truth and as defenders of our American norms.

2021年May6日，Charles M. Blow，“Liz Cheney, We Have a Memory. You’re No Hero.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

旗鼓相当者，势均力敌者（16至19世纪）

Philoclea, who indeed had no paragon but her sister

a. 1587，Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney]，“(please specify the page number)”, in The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia]，London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC:

Nathlesse proud man himselfe the other deemed,
Having so peerlesse paragon ygot

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book IV, Canto II”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

竞赛 （16至17世纪）

good by paragone / Of euill, may more notably be rad, / As white seemes fairer, macht with blacke attone […]。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto IX”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


paragon

paragons (third-person singular present)
paragoning (present participle)
paragoned (past participle)

for want of a bigger , to paragon the little one with Artesia's length

(我們能否查找並添加Edmund Spenser引用過本詞的語句？)

He hath achieved a maid / That paragons description and wild fame.

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:


bibelot

In her own eyes she was indeed living in a state approaching to penury, but the spectacle of her pictures, her furniture and her bibelots had impressed John with a very different idea.

1886, F. Marion Crawford, A Tale of a Lonely Parish, 2012, Project Gutenberg (Tredition Classics), unnumbered page,

Barbara's glance now falls on the bibelot, which she picks up. She catches sight of the curtain and, bibelot in hand, goes to align it. She suddenly becomes aware of the bibelot in her hand.

1960，Arthur Kober, George Oppenheimer，A Mighty Man is He，Dramatists Play Service，頁 31:

Excluded from the world of 'true,' high culture, women, it was claimed, loved books primarily as bibelots, like silks, lace, sconces, fans, or porcelain.

2008，Willa Z. Silverman，The New Bibliopolis: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914，University of Toronto Press，頁 191:


beguile

源自中古英語 begilen、begylen，等价于be- + guile。对比中古荷蘭語 begilen (“欺骗”)。bewile 的同源對似詞。

beguiles (third-person singular present)
beguiling (present participle)
beguiled (past participle)

（因快乐等）让...过的更快 （时间）

We beguiled the hours away

我们在欢乐中很快度过了好几个小时。

They beguile the tedium of this enforced leisure by weaving baskets and playing on certain sacred flutes.

1911，James George Frazer，The Golden Bough，卷 11，頁 241:


procrastinate

procrastination 的逆構詞，或源自拉丁語 prōcrastinātum，prōcrastinō (“推迟到明天”)的过去分词，源自prō (“为了”) + crāstinus (“明天的”)，源自crās (“明天”)。

procrastinates (third-person singular present)
procrastinating (present participle)
procrastinated (past participle)

Hence It became manifest to the publishers of Webster, that some device must be resorted to, to induce apathy in the publick mind, and thereby procrastinate the inevitable crisis which they foresaw was approaching, the expulsion of his elementary works from our primary schools.

1816，John Pickering，A vocabulary; or, Collection of words and phrases，頁 4:


relish

变换自reles (“气味，味道，回味”)，源自古法語 relais、reles (“残留物”)，源自relaisser (“残留”)。

One of the first acts which he was under the necessity of performing must have been painful to a man of so generous a nature, and of so keen a relish for whatever was excellent in arts and letters.

1849, Thomas Macaulay, History of England, Chapter 11:

I have a relish for moderate praise, because it bids fair to be judicious.

1785, William Cowper, letter to the Rev. John Newton (dated December 10, 1785)

Jews and Israel are not synonymous; nor is support for Palestine synonymous with anti-Semitism; nor is questioning the orthodoxy of the Republican party, which the majority of us do with relish, an insult to Jewry.

2019年July17日，Talia Lavin，“When Non-Jews Wield Anti-Semitism as Political Shield”, in GQ:

（用蔬菜或水果制作的）佐料

Congressmen gleefully wolfed down every imaginable version of the hot dog – smoked kielbasas, jumbo grillers, Big & Juicy's, kosher dogs and spiced dogs – topped with every imaginable condiment – hot mustard, sweet mustard, jalapenos, spaghetti sauce, regular relish, corn relish, maple syrup salsa and the secret sauce of Rep. Jack Kingston (R-Ga.). ("If I told you the recipe," an aide explained, "I'd have to shoot you.")

1994年July21日，Faye Fiore，“Congress relishes another franking privilege: Meat lobby puts on the dog with exclusive luncheon for lawmakers – experts on pork”, in Los Angeles Times:


relish

relishes (third-person singular present)
relishing (present participle)
relished (past participle)

有...的味道，尝起来 （16到19世纪）

honourable enterprises are accompanied with dangers and damages, as experience evinceth; they will make the rest of thy life relish the better.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 3, member 3:

A theory, which, how much soever it may relish of wit and invention, hath no foundation in nature.

1695, John Woodward, An essay toward a natural history of the earth


belie

源自中古英語 belyen、beleoȝen，源自古英語 belēogan (“欺骗”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *bileugan (“欺骗”)。等价于be- (“关于”) + lie (“欺骗”)。对比荷蘭語 beliegen (“说关于...的谎”)、德語 belügen (“欺骗，对...说谎”)。

belies (third-person singular present)
belying (present participle)
belied (past participle)

slander

说关于...的谎 （自13世纪）

calumniate

说关于...的谎 （自13世纪）

misrepresent

歪曲，歪曲关于...的事实，错误代表

contradict

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

give lie to

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

give the lie to

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

歪曲，歪曲关于...的事实，错误代表

Should I do ſo I ſhould bely my thoughts, / Comfort's in heauen, and we are on the earth[…]

1595 December 9 (first known performance)，[William Shakespeare]，The Tragedie of King Richard the Second. […] (First Quarto)，London: […] Valentine Simmes for Androw Wise, […], 出版於 1597, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

He found it by experience, and made good uſe of it in his owne perſon, if Plutarch bely him not[…]。

1638，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy. […]，第5th版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed [by Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 2, member 6, subsection iv，頁 198:

Cambodia's apparent relative insignificance belied its geopolitical importance.

2013年April3日，Patrick Heenan，The Southeast Asia Handbook，Taylor & Francis, →ISBN，頁 132:

Opposite, the Loram site contains a real ragbag of yellow, blue or rust-streaked kit whose appearance belies their importance in keeping the railways running.

2020年November18日，Paul Bigland，“New infrastructure and new rolling stock”, in Rail，頁 49:

与...相反，与...矛盾；表明...是错误的 （自17世纪）

Her obvious nervousness belied what she said.

她慌张的神态与她说的话相矛盾。

Early Chinese Buddhist travellers like O'Kong (AD 759-763) mention the use of kesar in Buddhist Viharas for various rituals, and also in making paint for Buddhist scrolls and thankas. This fact belies the earlier myth that would have us believe that kesar was not known prior to Lalitaditya's reign.

2001，Arun Kaul，“Kesar: The cultural geography of Kashmir”, in The Human Landscape，頁 227:

In smooth RP tones that belie his German parentage, he explains that none of his hachet jobs were written out of personal animosity.

2016年April9日，Philip Oltermann，“Michael Hofmann: ‘English is basically a trap. It’s almost a language for spies’”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

指责...说谎 （自17世纪）

They haue belyed the Lord, and ſaid; It is not he, neither ſhall euill come vpon vs, neither ſhal we ſee ſwoꝛd noꝛ famine.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 5:12，列 1:

Three belied you, three betrayed you! One you betrayed was three times true! Lord Voryn Dagoth, Dagoth Ur, steadfast liegeman, faithful friend, bids you come and climb Red Mountain!

2002年May1日，Bethesda Softworks，The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind, →OCLC, Microsoft Windows，幕：Ashlander Informant:

His calm demeanor belied his inner sense of guilt.

他虽然淡定自若，心里却十分愧疚。

The rosy outlook belies a struggle to achieve statewide eradication that has persisted since the insect first crossed the border from Mexico around 1892.

2013年August31日，Elizabeth Koh，“Fighting Pest, Farmers Find Strange Ally: A Drought”, in New York Times:

At NIE the virtually monolingual linguistic landscape basically belies a quite different multilingual reality.

2019，Li Huang, James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 8:

展示，暴露 （某种矛盾或出乎意料的事物）

A host of evidence is adduced by the accused, evidence whose sometimes self-contradictory nature belies a certain desperation

1993，Carol A. Mossman，Politics and Narratives of Birth: Gynocolonization from Rousseau to Zola，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 28:

[…] a low, flat, boring building that belies its past as an IRS facility […]

2016年August3日，Jeanne Marie Laskas，“Inside the Federal Bureau Of Way Too Many Guns”, in GQ Online:


portend

借自拉丁語 portendere (“预测，预知”)，源自por- (“向前”) + tendere (“伸展”)，tendo的现在主动不定式。

portends (third-person singular present)
portending (present participle)
portended (past participle)

A kingdom they portend thee, but what kingdom, / Real or allegoric, I discern not; Nor when: eternal sure--as without end,

1671，John Milton，“The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 4:

Let it be known that the Rapture portends the End of Days.

When the staccato, Neptunes-ian single “Boyfriend” was released in March, musical prognosticators were quick to peg the album it portended, Believe, as Justin Bieber’s Justified, a grown-and-sexy, R&B-centric departure that evolved millennial teenybopper Justin Timberlake into one of the unifying pop-music figures of the aughts.

2012年June26日，Genevieve Koski，“Music: Reviews: Justin Bieber: Believe”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2020-08-06:


ragtag

The small group of ragtags, who had followed him to the cave a day prior had arrived and kept a short distance away.

2013，Casper Parks，Ages Past: The Isolation，頁 258:


bidding

Do their biddings, and they will lead you to "whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report."

1868，Fulwar William Fowle，Sermons preached in the cathedral church of Salisbury，頁 172:

Their biddings forced existing owners into ruinous competition; they mortgaged their ancestral acres to buy up outlying properties or round off their boundaries.

1912，Rowland Prothero, 1st Baron Ernle，English Farming, Past and Present，頁 322:


baignoire

Then enter Durien the sculptor, who had been presented with a baignoire at the Odéon to see "La Dame aux Camélias," and he invited Trilby and another lady to dine with him "au cabaret" and share his box.


brethren

源自早期现代英语brethren，brother的复数，源自中古英語 brethren，源自中古英語 brethere、brether + -en (复数后缀)。 最终源自古英語 brōþor、brōþru (“兄弟们”)，受到了古英語 brēþer的影响，其为brōþor (“兄/弟”)的与格复数。等价于brother + -en 複。对比德語 Brüder (“兄弟们”)。详见brother。这种元音变化（自o到e）称为元音变音。

more brethren (comparative)
most brethren (superlative)

The principle still sounds good, but our astronomical knowledge is limited, and we haven't yet discovered any such brethren solar systems.

2009，Seth Shostak，Confessions of an Alien Hunter:


bubbly

We're getting married–this calls for a bottle of bubbly!

我们要结婚啦！开一瓶香槟庆祝一下！

“[…] Maybe some bubbly for the ladies, since we just bought the house of life, and break camp . . . since they are very appreciative that things got wrapped up so fast.”

2007，L. A. Banks，The Cursed，St. Martin's Griffin, →ISBN:


blazer

源自blaze + -er。原指剑桥大学圣约翰学院一个赛艇俱乐部Lady Margaret Boat Club会员所穿的“炫目的”（blazing）猩红色夹克。对比古英語 blæsere、blasere (“炉膛，易燃物”，字面意思是“燃烧物”)。

blazers of crime

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto IX”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 25:

"What'd I tell you?" said Bill. "The old wolverine was tryin' to run a blazer on us. All he needed was to be showed we meant business. And he can't make no trouble for us when he gets out, 'cause our two words are better'n his."

1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate

These folks don't take kindly to no brash stranger comin' in here tryin' to run a blazer on 'em.

2004，Louis L'Amour，Utah Blaine: A Novel, →ISBN:

Bad, he doubtless was. But when he tried to run a blazer on this grim little cowman, Slaughter had run him.

2016，Eugene Cunningham，Triggernometry: A Gallery Of Gunfighters, →ISBN:


bleak

源自中古英語 bleke（亦bleche，→同源对似词bleach (“苍白的”)），和bleike（源自古诺尔斯语）及早期中古英語 blak、blac (“苍白的”)，源自古英語 blǣc、blǣċ、blāc (“苍白的，憔悴的，乌青的；明亮的，闪亮的，闪闪发光的”)和古諾爾斯語 bleikr (“苍白的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *blaikaz (“苍白的”)。同源词有荷蘭語 bleek (“苍白的”)、低地德語 blek (“苍白的”)、德語 bleich (“苍白的，蜡黄的”)、丹麥語 bleg (“苍白的”)、瑞典語 blek (“苍白的”)、書面挪威語 bleik、blek (“苍白的”)、新挪威語 bleik (“苍白的”)、法羅語 bleikur (“苍白的”)、冰島語 bleikur (“苍白的；粉色的”)。

bleaker (comparative)
bleakest (superlative)

不快的，不高兴的；悲怆的

Dany didn’t necessarily have to die, but letting her live would’ve been an assessment of humanity so bleak that even George R.R. Martin, it seems, wants to hope for something better.

2019年May19日，Alex McLevy，“The final Game Of Thrones brings a pensive but simple meditation about stories (newbies)”, in The A.V. Club:

Downtown Albany felt bleak that February after the divorce.

A bleak future is in store for you.

The news is bleak.

The survey paints a bleak picture.

调查描绘出一副悲凉的光景。


righteous

源自早期形式rightuous、rightwose、rightwos、rightwise，源自中古英語 rightwise、rightwis，源自古英語 rihtwīs (“正直的，正义的”)，对应于right + -wise（第二个词素的发音被同化成了-ous），又或者right + wise (“方式”)。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 richtwis (“正直的”)、古高地德語 rehtwīsic (“正直的，正义的”)、冰島語 réttvíss (“正直的，正义的”)。亦对比thefteous、mighteous。

more righteous (comparative)
most righteous (superlative)

The wicked flee when no man pursueth: but the righteous are bolde as a lyon.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 28:1:

The sportos, the motorheads, geeks, sluts, bloods, wastoids, dweebies, dickheads - they all adore him. They think he's a righteous dude.

1986，John Hughes，Ferris Bueller's Day Off (Motion Picture), spoken by Grace Wheelberg (Edie McClurg):

He sold me a bulging paper sack full of Cambodian Red for two dolla' MPC. A strange experience, copping from a kid, but it was righteous weed.

1995，Norman L. Russell，Doug Grad，Suicide Charlie: A Vietnam War Story，頁 191:

Tonight the kids will go out and party down in a more righteous mode. Alcohol and not a few tabs of X will be ingested. Club music will throb through big speakers.

He found Richard in one piece near a large circular container, thankfully, staring at a righteous mess of blood and gore.


righteous

righteouses (third-person singular present)
righteousing (present participle)
righteoused (past participle)

使...正当化； 赦免...的罪行

Thus for the purposes of being ‘righteoused’, the Law was irrelevant; yet Paul could not bear to see all the Law disappear.

2009，Diarmaid MacCulloch，A History of Christianity，Penguin, 出版於 2010，頁 101:


bouncer

doorman

（酒吧，夜店等处的）保安，保镖，门卫

chucker-out

（酒吧，夜店等处的）保安，保镖，门卫

BNC

重定向服务器，重定向账户

（酒吧，夜店等处的）保安，保镖，门卫

At 199 centimetres and a hundred kilos going up, he was scary big and he found work as a bouncer and enforcer[.]

2010，Peter Corris，Torn Apart，Allen and Unwin，頁 117:

‘You try to hit the bouncer that you should duck under. Your bat misses it completely. The ball strikes your temple, whack!’

1998，Kamila Shamsie，In the City by the Sea，Bloomsbury (2004)，頁 165:

The stone must be a bouncer.

1842，Thomas De Quincey，“Modern Greece”, in Blackwood's Magazine:

"… when he wants to accomplish his purpose, he does not hesitate to invent—I am not quite sure of the word, but I think it is “bouncers.”

1877，W. S. Gilbert，“Engaged”, in Original Plays, Second Series，London: Chatto & Windus, 出版於 1899，頁 83:

（能让小孩在上面弹跳的）弹弹椅

He shook his head and took up the child—Dilly kicked out her feet in tiny electric jolts to the full stretch of the Babygro.[…]He put the child in the bouncer again.

2019，Kevin Barry，Night Boat to Tangier，New York: Doubleday, →ISBN，頁s 82–83: