faggot

源自中古英語 fagot，源自古法語 fagot (“一捆棒子”)，其词源不详。不太可能源自古奧克語 fagot或意大利語 fagotto，因为它们的出现晚于古法语词。亦对比意大利語 fangotto和西班牙語 fajo (“捆，摞”)。可能源自通俗拉丁語 *facus的一指小词，其源自拉丁語 fascis (“一捆柴”)。亦对比古高地德語 fazza (“捆，摞，堆”)。fagotto 的同源對似詞。参见fag。
与人有关的义项可能源自“一捆棒子”，并得到了faygele的增补，其源自意第緒語 פֿייגעלע (feygele，“同性恋”，字面意思是“小鸟”)，其与英語 fowl有关。

duck

（边角料或下水制成的）肉丸

在英国和爱尔兰以外，指肉丸的用法并不被广泛理解。由于恐同蔑称的广泛使用，它很可能被误解为仇恨发言。虽然在英国和爱尔兰不常作为恐同蔑称使用，但即使在这些地方的与同性恋有关的语境中，这一义项仍可能会冒犯别人。

一捆柴 （部分文献指出，faggot指的是两个藤条捆的，而bavin是一个藤条捆的）

In the depth of, winter, however, a faggot of real French Sticks — although of little intrinsic value — may possibly enliven for a few moments an English Fireside.

1853，Sir Francis Bond Head，A faggot of French sticks: or, Paris in 1851，頁 2:

Besides the logs and roots that simmered with turves and dung on the cottage fire, rapid heat for bread-making came from faggots - bundles of dry twigs about 4 ft long - which were fed into the oven, burned and then removed as ash before the dough went in.

1980，AA Book of British Villages，Drive Publications Ltd，頁 118:

He clambered back on his feet and grinned at them. The waning faggot cast red light over his fangs.

1961，Poul Anderson，Three Hearts and Three Lions:

To the east, the night grew a faggot of luminous gray, then seashell opalescence that dimmed the stars.

1965，Frank Herbert，Dune，New York: Berkley (1977)，頁 102:

（边角料或下水制成的）肉丸

現有時冒犯（见用法说明）

Today would be faggots in gravy and chocolate pudding with a white sauce. I didn't like faggots but picked at them and rolled the peas around my plate.

2008，Julie Hodgson，In My Father's Pockets，頁 16:

（多指女人气的）男同，死基佬 （对男同性恋的蔑称）

同類詞：dyke、scissor sister

Drag, Example: “All the fagots (sissies) will be dressed in drag at the ball tonight.

1914, Louis E. Jackson and C.R. Hellyer, Vocabulary of Criminal Slang (Portland, OR: Modern Printing Co., 1914) page 30:

See the little faggot with the earring and the makeup? / Yeah buddy, that's his own hair / That little faggot got his own jet airplane / That little faggot, he's a millionaire

1985，Sting & Mark Knopfler （作曲作詞）, “Money for Nothing”, in Brothers in Arms，演出者 Dire Straits:

We're a hot looking crew that's your average faggot's wet dream, so we pull some pretty max tricks.

Fleissner's explanation presumably implies that Dickens meant Fag as an allusion to the derogatory English words fag 'homosexual', and faggot 'homosexual'

2009，David L. Gold，Studies in Etymology and Etiology，頁 781:

Of course I'm a faggot, darling. I'm a flaming faggot, darling. I am fanning the flames of my faggotry.

2012, Margaret Cho, quoted (mimicking Karl Lagerfeld) in On Making Sense: Queer Race Narratives of Intelligibility

I appoynt thée no more continencie, than to eate while thy bellie is full, nor conﬅancie, but to brawle rather than burne: a filbert is better than a faggot, except it be an Athenian ſhe handfull: you know that Coſmoſophos, euer ſince your laﬅ mariage, how doth the father of your ſonne in law?

1591，T[homas] L[odge] of Lincolns，Catharos Diogenes in his Singularitie: Wherein is comprehended his merrie baighting fit for all mens benefits: Christened by him, A Nettle for Nice Noſes，London: Iohn Busbie，頁 12; 再版 [Glasgow]: [Hunterian Club], [1875]:

she wants me to go to bed to her, and I won't, ... for she is as crooked as a ram's horn ... and as ugly as sin besides ; rot her, the dirty little faggot, she torments me.

The woman, in accordance with the custom of the country, raised the Irish cry, in a loud melancholy wail ...
Darby, who prided himself on maintaining silence, could not preserve the consistency of his character upon this occasion ... "Your sowl to the divil, you faggot!" he exclaimed, "what do you mane? The divil whip the tongue out o' you! ..."

1834，William Carleton，The Midnight Mass:

he used to be pretending to be laid up with a sick voice doing his highness to make himself interesting for that old faggot Mrs Riordan that he thought he had a great leg of and she never left us a farthing all for masses for herself and her soul greatest miser ever was actually afraid to lay out 4d for her methylated spirit […]

To me she is fractious, tiresome, and a faggot. Yet the subtle desirableness is in her, for me. As it is in the brown hen, or even a sow.

1925，D. H. Lawrence，Reflections on the Death of a Porcupine and Other Essays: .. Love Was Once a Little Boy:

MOTHER: To see who?
DA: You faggot, you; don't let on you don't know.


indelible

源自拉丁語 indelebilis (“无法摧毁的”)。

more indelible (comparative)
most indelible (superlative)

unerasable

难以去除的，难以洗净的，难以清除的

unerasable

无法忘却的，无法磨灭的，无法丢失的

unforgettable

无法忘却的，无法磨灭的，无法丢失的

delible

难以去除的，难以洗净的，难以清除的

uninsertable

难以去除的，难以洗净的，难以清除的

难以去除的，难以洗净的，难以清除的

This ink spot on the contract is indelible.

合同上的这个墨迹擦不掉。

This stain on my shirt is indelible.

我衬衫上的这个污渍洗不掉。

Written with indelible pen.

The brow was smooth and fair; no deep thought, born of deep feeling, had grown there—those indelible lines which stamp even youth with age.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXII, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 235:

无法忘却的，无法磨灭的，无法丢失的

That horrible story just might make an indelible impression on the memory.

那个恐怖故事可能在我记忆里留下了难以磨灭的印象。

During our investigation it became clear that for three decades many other women had suffered at the hands of our abuser, but they had refused to testify against him because of the indelible stigma it would bring.

2014年August29日，Ruzwana Bashir，“The untold story of how a culture of shame perpetuates abuse. I know, I was a victim”, in The Guardian:

An indelible image from the Great Depression features a well-dressed family seated with their dog in a comfy car, smiling down from an oversize billboard on weary souls standing in line at a relief agency.

2020年April16日，Patricia Cohen，“Straggling in a Good Economy, and Now Struggling in a Crisis”, in New York Times:


wonky

源自英语方言词 wanky，变换自中古英語 wankel (“不稳的，摇摇晃晃的”)，源自古英語 wancol (“不稳定的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *wankul (“摇曳的，摇晃的，不稳的”)。

wonkier (comparative)
wonkiest (superlative)

rickety

虚弱的，不稳的，摇摇欲坠的

buggy

断断续续出现错误（bug）的

broken

断断续续出现错误（bug）的

虚弱的，不稳的，摇摇欲坠的

It seemed likely that he would need First Aid when those wonky steps yielded, at length, to the well-known law of gravitation.

1932，Frank Richards，The Magnet: The Terror of the Form:


vagabond

源自古法語 vagabond，源自晚期拉丁語 vagābundus，源自拉丁語 vagari (“游荡”)。

When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yeeld vnto thee her strength: A fugitiue and a vagabond shalt thou be in the earth.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 4:12:

"Here is the beastly thing. 'Every person professing to tell fortunes or using any subtle craft, means or device to deceive and impose on any of His Majesty's subjects shall be deemed a rogue and a vagabond', and so on and so forth."

1926，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Land of Mist:

Anoleis: You will excuse me if I don't stand up.
Anoleis: I have no time to entertain spaceborn vagabonds.

2008，BioWare，Mass Effect，Redwood City: Electronic Arts, 經由 PC, →ISBN, →OCLC，幕：Noveria:


vagabond

To heaven their prayers / Flew up, nor missed the way, by envious winds / Blown vagabond or frustrate.

1667，John Milton，“Book 10”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Truly, the worships of the Mystery wandered as did men, and between filchings and borrowings the gods had as vagabond a time of it as did we.


devout

源自中古英語 devout、devot，源自古法語 devot（法语dévot），源自拉丁語 dēvōtus，dēvōveō的过去分词。devote 的同源對似詞。

devouter (comparative)
more devout (comparative)
devoutest (superlative)
most devout (superlative)

a devout man, and one that feared God

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 10:2:

We must be constant and devout in the worship of our God.

a. 1729，John Rogers，The Difficulties of Obtaining Salvation:

I first became aware of changing Hui-Han social dynamics in the village from a discussion with one of the Han villagers in Team 1. She explained: “Since 1979, we have had less and less social contact with the Hui in the other teams. There are no problems between us, but the Hui are more devout [qian-cheng] now and less willing to come to our homes and visit or borrow tools. We raise pigs in our yards and eat pork, so they are afraid it will influence their religion [yingxiang tamende jiaomen]."

2002，Dru C. Gladney，“Ethnoreligious Resurgence in a Northwestern Sufi Community”, in China Off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom，Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 109:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:devout。


plight

源自中古英語 plit (“折痕，皱纹，不好的情况”)，中古英語 pliht, plight (“风险，危险”)（源自古英語 pliht (“危险，风险”)）和盎格魯-諾曼語 plit, plyte (“折叠，条件”)的异文合并，源自古法語 pleit (“条件，折叠的方式”)（源自通俗拉丁語 *plictum，源自拉丁語 plicitum (“折叠”)）。

困境，窘境，麻烦 （自14世纪）

Though we say we are quite clear about it and understand when someone uses the expression, unlike that other expression, maybe we're in the same plight with regard to them both.

2005, Lesley Brown, translating Plato, Sophist, 243c:

Gosling's plight worsened when he was soon shown a red card for a foul on Martin.

2011年December10日，Arindam Rej，“Norwich 4-2 Newcastle”, in BBC Sport:

Despite spending £1 billion of its own resources, that balanced budget became impossible and forced TfL to issue a 'Section 114' notice of impending financial plight and go to the government for support.

2020年June17日，Philip Haigh，“Capital for the capital to meet London's transport needs”, in Rail，頁 28:

健康 （14-19世纪）

All wayes shee sought him to restore to plight, / With herbs, with charms, with counsel, and with teares[…]。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


plight

源自中古英語 pliȝt、plight、plyt、pleit，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pleit (“褶，辫”)。详见plait。

Many a folded plight.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto III”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 26:


abomination

源自中古英語 abominacioun，源自中古法語 abomination (“恐怖，厌恶”)，源自晚期拉丁語 abōminātiō, abōminātiōnem。abominatio 的同源對似詞。

abhorrence

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

aversion

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

detestation

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

disgust

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

loathing

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

loathsomeness

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

odiousness

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

perversion

令人深恶痛绝的事物，令人发指的事物 （常有宗教色彩） （自约1350-1470年）

骇人听闻的暴行，罪行；招人鄙夷的习惯 （自约1150-1350年）

Religious sodomy was practised by male prostitutes in the Hebrew temple groves, which was one of the abominations of Israel that Josiah cleared away.

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 160:

Antony, most large in his abominations.

1606，Shakespeare，Antony and Cleopatra, III-vi:


apple

源自中古英語 appel，來自古英語 æppel (“蘋果；水果（統稱）；眼珠；球；球狀物；彈丸；藥丸”)，來自原始日耳曼語 *aplaz (“蘋果”)（對比低地蘇格蘭語 aipple、西弗里斯蘭語 apel、荷蘭語 appel、德語 Apfel、瑞典語 äpple、丹麥語 æble），來自原始印歐語 *h₂ébōl、*h₂ébl̥ (“蘋果”)（對比威爾士語 afal、愛爾蘭語 úll、立陶宛語 óbuolỹs、俄語 я́блоко (jábloko)，可能也與古希臘語 ἄμπελος (ámpelos，“葡萄酒”)有關）。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Nattes à chat-apple.wav

the apple doesn't fall far from the tree

the apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest

蘋果（水果）（自9世紀起）

I prayed pieres to pulle adown an apple.

c. 1378, William Langland, Piers Plowman:

Close by and under cover, I watched the juicing process. Apples were washed, then tipped, stalks and all, into the crusher and reduced to pulp.

2013年October28日，John Vallins，“Apples of Concord”, in The Guardian:

（伊甸園的）禁果（自11世紀起）

Him by fraud I have ſeduc'd / 源自his Creator, and the more to increaſe / Your wonder, with an Apple; […]

1667，John Milton，“Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 485–487:

Sharon you've got a husband

Woman ate the apple, and discovered sex, and lost all shame, and lift up her fig—leaf, and she must suffer the pains of hell. Monthly.

蘋果樹 （自15世紀起）

If the grafted portion of an Apple or other tree were examined after one hundred years, the old cut surfaces would still be present, for mature or ripened wood, being dead, never unites.

1913，John Weathers，Commercial Gardening，頁 38:

This allows a weak plant to benefit from the strong roots of another, or a vigorous tree (such as an apple) to be kept small by growing on 'dwarfing rootstock'.

2000 P. A. Thomas, Trees: Their Natural History, page 227:

Used to be apple orchards, used to be the river and irrigation ditches that watered the apples, used to be mining towns.

2009，Sid Gardner，The Faults of the Owens Valley, →ISBN，頁 34:

Other fruit trees, like apples, need well-drained soil.

2012，Terri Reid，The Everything Guide to Living Off the Grid，頁 77:

行爲、思考方式同白種人相似的美洲原住民。

The presenter, close to tears, told the audience that she's really an apple—white on the inside and red on the outside—Native American.

1998，Opal J. Moore，“Git That Gal a Red Dress: A Conversation Between Female Faculty at a State School in Virginia”, in Honey, Hush!: An Anthology of African American Women's Humor，W. W. Norton & Company, →ISBN，頁 537:

My ancestors five generations removed were "apples" who were "White" on the inside and "Red" on the outside.

2012年November12日，Joel Spring，The Cultural Transformation of A Native American Family and Its Tribe 1763-1995: A Basket of Apples，Routledge, →ISBN, ch. 9:


girl

源自中古英語 gerle、girle、gyrle (“任何性别的年轻人”)，之后的来源不详。可能是源自古英語 *gyrle、*gyrele，源自原始日耳曼語 *gurwilaz，原始日耳曼語 *gurwijaz的一个指小词形式（比较北弗里斯蘭語 gör (“女孩”)、低地德語 Gör、Göre (“任何性别的孩子”)、德語 Göre (“孩童”)、方言挪威語 gorre、方言瑞典語 garre、gurre (“小孩”)），源自原始印歐語 *ǵʰer- (“短的”)（对比古愛爾蘭語 gair (“短的”)、古希臘語 χρεώ (khreṓ，“需要”)、χρήσθαι (khrḗsthai，“需要”)、梵語 ह्रस्व (hrasva，“短的，小的”)）。

(任何年龄的女性)： 成年人称呼成熟女性为“girl”可能会根据语境和听话人的观念而被认为是褒义或者贬义。某些情况下，这种词义被用作处女的委婉用词，来将处女和已经有过性交经历的女性区分开。即使“girl”在大部分时候不会刻意用来表达贬义，但还是有一种高人一等的语气，特别是称呼比自己年龄大的人时。

(爱称)： 当用作爱称时，有时可以对男性使用，比如在同性恋群体内。

There isn't any guy going to steal my girl!

1922, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Girl from Hollywood

I took my girl to the cinema to watch your American movies.

1996，Elizabeth Wong，Kimchee and Chitlins: A Serious Comedy about Getting Along，頁 74:


girl

girls (third-person singular present)
girling (present participle)
girled (past participle)

女性化，将...当作女孩或女性

Quite different is the way in which the tomboy girled the rebel narrative. In recent years, queer theorists have taken a deep interest in the tomboy as a prefigure for the butch dyke.

2005，Leerom Medovoi，Rebels: Youth and the Cold War Origins of Identity，頁 293:

One can argue that the genre “yuppified” the popular romance novel or perhaps “girled” the not especially gender-specific concept of the young urban professional.

2011，Stephanie Harzewski，Chick Lit and Postfeminism:


rain

源自中古英語 reyn、rein，源自古英語 reġn，源自原始西日耳曼語 *regn，源自原始日耳曼語 *regną（对比西弗里斯蘭語 rein、荷蘭語 regen、德語 Regen、丹麥語以及挪威語 regn），之后词源不详。可能源自先日耳曼语言 *Hréǵ-no-，源自原始印歐語 *Hreǵ- (“流”)（对比拉丁語 rigō (“湿的”)、立陶宛語 rõki (“毛毛雨”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 rrjedh (“流，滴”)），但辅音重建无法匹配。

rains (third-person singular present)
raining (present participle)
rained (past participle)

It will rain fire and brimstone at the end of days.

世界末日时会有火焰和硫磺像雨点般落下。

The rain it raineth every day.

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

Tears rained from her eyes.

Leaves rained from the tree.

很多树叶从树上飘落下来。

Bombs rained from the sky.

炸弹像雨点般从天上落下。


pig

源自中古英語 pigge (“小猪”)（原指小猪，年长猪是swyn），多半源自古英語 *picga（仅可考于picgbrēad (“猪饲料”)等复合词中），源自原始西日耳曼語 *piggō、*puggō (“小猪”)。对比中古荷蘭語 pogge、puggen、pigge、pegsken (“猪崽”)、中古低地德語 pugge、pûke (“猪崽”)。本词使用于体重快速增加的动物幼崽，所以其可能是源自动词“to big”，源自中古英語 biggen、byggen，源自古諾爾斯語 byggja、byggva (“建造”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *būwijaną (“建造”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰuH- (“成为，成长为”)。Pokorny认为词根与*bū-、*bew- (“肿，胀”)有关，以解释“pig”和“big”之间的互换关系。
有时有人指出其与早期现代荷蘭語 bigge（现代big (“猪崽”)）、西弗里斯蘭語 bigge (“猪崽”)和中古低地德語的相似词有关，但是“发音难以解释”。一些文献指出这些词“多半无关”，其他人认为这一联系“有可能，但无法确定”。
指“警察”的俚语义至晚自1785年起可考。

Some religions prohibit their adherents from eating pig.

有些宗教禁止信徒吃豬肉。

"Miss Chastene, could you fetch me out an extra plate of pig and biscuit. My partner can't do without your marvelous cooking."

2005，Ross Eddy Osborn，Thorns of a Tainted Rose, →ISBN，頁 196:

条子，警察 （源自1785年前）

The protester shouted, “Don't give in to the pigs!” as he was arrested.

抗議者被捕時還喊著“不要向警察屈服！”

There will be no pictures of pigs shooting down brothers on the instant replay

1971，Gil Scott-Heron （作曲作詞）, “The Revolution Will Not Be Televised”:

“...Sounds too easy,” Marvin was saying. “What about the pigs?”

1989, Dan Simmons, Carrion Comfort, page 359,

The bank robberies went on and each raid became more bloody, Meinhof encouraging her followers to “kill the pigs” offering the slightest resistance, referring to policemen.

1990, Jay Robert Nash, Encyclopedia of World Crime: Volume 1: A-C, page 198,

Backing 300 of the more aggressive protesters was a supporting cast of several thousand more who stared down the small line of police. Those in front resumed their taunts of “Pig, pig, fascist pig,” and “pigs eat shit, pigs eat shit.” The rest of the crowd, however, backed off and sat down on the grass when reinforcements arrived. Police did not retaliate for the name-calling, and within minutes the line of demonstrators broke apart and the incident was over without violence.¹¹³

2008, Frank Kusch, Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention, page 63,

But me, I joined the party to fight the pigs. That′s why I joined. Because my experience with the police was always negative.

2011, T. J. English, The Savage City: Race, Murder and a Generation on the Edge, unnumbered page,

Got a mind for the undies
I'm tryna stay far from the pigs


encore

借自法語 encore (“再次”)，亦曾使用过该词义。

Encore, attachments thwarted by circumstance, or such as died the natural death of absence—these would be not a few; to say nothing of some half-dozen grand passions.

1831，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Romance and Reality，卷 2，頁 181:


stumble

源自原始日耳曼語 *stam- (“摔跤；结巴，口吃”)，从而与德語 stumm (“哑的”)、荷蘭語 stom (“笨的”)有关。stammer 的同源對似詞。

From the ground, Colombo’s port does not look like much. Those entering it are greeted by wire fences, walls dating back to colonial times and security posts. For mariners leaving the port after lonely nights on the high seas, the delights of the B52 Night Club and Stallion Pub lie a stumble away.

2013年June8日，“The new masters and commanders”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8839，頁 52:


stumble

stumbles (third-person singular present)
stumbling (present participle)
stumbled (past participle)

He stumbled up the dark avenue.

他跌跌撞撞地走在漆黑的街上。

1820，沃尔特·司各特，艾凡赫，卷 (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC:

I stumbled along through the young pines and huckleberry bushes. Pretty soon I struck into a sort of path that, I cal'lated, might lead to the road I was hunting for.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 1, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

He stumbled over a rock.


sick

源自中古英語 sik、sike、seek、seke、seok，源自古英語 sēoc (“生病的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *seuk，源自原始日耳曼語 *seukaz（对比西弗里斯蘭語 siik、荷蘭語 ziek、德語 siech、書面挪威語 syk、新挪威語 sjuk、丹麥語 syg），源自原始印歐語 *sewg- (“困扰，悲”)，对比中古愛爾蘭語 socht (“沉默，抑郁”)、古典亞美尼亞語 հիւծանիմ (hiwcanim，“变弱”)。

sicker (comparative)
sickest (superlative)

disturbed

精神不稳定的，心智失常的

twisted

精神不稳定的，心智失常的

warped

精神不稳定的，心智失常的

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a1420，The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056，“Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie."，London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, 根據Lanfranc of Milan原著改編的翻譯作品, 出版於 1894, →ISBN，頁 63:

‘Children crawled over each other like little grey worms in the gutters,’ he said. ‘The only red things about them were their buttocks and they were raw. Their faces looked as if snails had slimed on them and their mothers were like great sick beasts whose byres had never been cleared. […]’

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 7, in The China Governess:

She was sick all day with the flu.

We have to care for the sick.

I've heard that song on the radio so many times that I'm starting to get sick of it.

我在电台上听那首歌听到快吐了。

I'm so sick of that same old love, the kind that breaks your heart.

2015，“Same Old Love”, in Revival，演出者 Selena Gomez:


sick

He lay there in a pool of his own sick.

他躺在自己吐出来的东西里。

The bogan, true to form, laps it up like a dog does its own sick.

2010，McSween et al.，Things Bogans Like，Sydney: Hachette，頁 80:


sick

sicks (third-person singular present)
sicking (present participle)
sicked (past participle)

Our great-grandsire, Edward, sick'd and died.

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

Old man to pickney, so wave unno hand if you with me /To see the sufferation sick me.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2005, Damian Marley, "Welcome to Jamrock", Welcome to Jamrock(album) https://genius.com/Damian-marley-welcome-to-jamrock-lyrics.


hello

Hello（最早可考于1826年），源自holla、hollo（可考于1588年）。人们常认为这一hallo的变体是由托马斯·爱迪生为电话中使用造出的，但其在电话发明的几十年前就已经有书面使用。
最终源自古英语ēalā的变体，如hēlā，其类似于现在使用的hey和hi。因此等价于hey和lo构成的复合词。用来唤起别人的注意。
可能受到了古撒克遜語 halo!的影响，其为halōn (“喊，抓”)的命令式，为渡船船夫呼喊时使用，与古高地德語 hala、hola!有关，其为halōn、holōn (“抓取”)的命令式。详见hallo。

hello是最通用最中性的问候语之一。其使用于几乎所有社交场合，所有日常生活场景，很少带冒犯意。

寻求听到的人的回应，比如问有没有人在听，电话通信是否中断等：有人吗？喂？嘿！

Hello? Is anyone there?

I made a speaking trumpet of my hands and commenced to whoop “Ahoy!” and “Hello!” at the top of my lungs. […] The Colonel woke up, and, after asking what in brimstone was the matter, opened his mouth and roared “Hi!” and “Hello!” like the bull of Bashan.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 7, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:


hello

In many new buildings, though, neighbors are venturing beyond tight-lipped hellos at the mailbox.

2007年April29日，Stephanie Rosenbloom，“A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood”, in New York Times:


hello

hellos (third-person singular present)
helloing (present participle)
helloed (past participle)

I had to traipse around somewhat, helloing people and being helloed, before I spotted my mother and my father, sharing shade and a spread blanket with Pete and Marie Reese and Toussaint Rennie near the back of the park.


heavy

源自中古英語 hevy、heviȝ，源自古英語 hefiġ、hefeġ、hæfiġ (“重的，重要的，严重的，猛烈的，缓慢的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *habīg (“沉重的”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *habīgaz (“沉重的”)，源自原始印歐語 *keh₂p- (“拿，取”)。
同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 hevy、havy、heavy (“沉重的”)、荷蘭語 hevig (“严重的，猛烈的”)、中古低地德語 hēvich (“严重的，猛烈的”)、德語 hebig（对比heftig (“严重的，猛烈的”)）、冰島語 höfugur (“沉重的，重要的”)、拉丁語 capāx (“大的，宽的，有能力的，能干的”)。

heavier (comparative)
heaviest (superlative)

Can you help me carry this? It's really heavy.

能帮我拿一下这个吗？它好重。

Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke.[…]A silver snaffle on a heavy leather watch guard which connected the pockets of his corduroy waistcoat, together with a huge gold stirrup in his Ascot tie, sufficiently proclaimed his tastes.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 2, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

But now, ten years later, after his recent shipwreck, he cannot compete as a runner, though he can outthrow the slighter Phaeacians with the heaviest discus.

In other research, scientists have found that people who kept cereal out in the open were often about 20 pounds heavier than people who kept cereal behind closed doors.

2015年May18日，Angus Chen，How We Store Food At Home Could Be Linked To How Much We Eat:

沉重的，累赘的，负担大的

heavy yokes, expenses, undertakings, trials, news, etc.

沉重的枷锁，高昂的费用，重大的任务，沉重的审判（或艰难的考验），沉重的消息，等等

The hand of the Lord was heavy upon them of Ashdod.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Samuel 5:6:

The king himself hath a heavy reckoning to make.

1599，William Shakespeare，“The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

Sent hither by my Husband to impart the heavy news.

沉重的 （因困倦难睁开的）

Watch for the signs of fatigue, including yawning, blinking and heavy eyes.

2021年December13日，The Road Ahead，Brisbane，頁 11，列 3:

[Rural solar plant] schemes are of little help to industry or other heavy users of electricity. Nor is solar power yet as cheap as the grid. For all that, the rapid arrival of electric light to Indian villages is long overdue. When the national grid suffers its next huge outage, as it did in July 2012 when hundreds of millions were left in the dark, look for specks of light in the villages.

2013年July20日，“Out of the gloom”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8845:

it was a heavy storm; a heavy slumber in bed; a heavy punch

装满沉重的东西的，负担沉重的

his eyes were heavy with sleep; she was heavy with child

他的眼睛困得睁不开； 她怀孕了。

Seating himselfe within a darkesome cave, / (Such places heavy Saturnists doe crave,) / Where yet the gladsome day was never seene […]

缓慢而沉重的，笨重的；单调乏味的

a heavy gait, looks, manners, style, etc.

笨重的步伐，样子，举止，风格等

a heavy writer or book

whilst the heavy ploughman snores

c. 1595–1596，William Shakespeare，“A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

Neither [is] his ear heavy, that it cannot hear.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 59:1:

The next day we only made some eight miles, as the road was heavy beyond all belief. It lay through a desert region of country which was ancle-deep ^([sic]) in soda and alkali dust.

1861，E. J. Guerin，Mountain Charley，頁 37:

a heavy road; a heavy soil

The very low prices of brandy, and the continuance of a heavy market for such a length of time, have begun to attract buyers; […]

The oil market is heavy, each day bringing along further supplies of shares from people who have not tired of the long-continued decline in the market.

1922，The Investor's Monthly Manual: A Newspaper for Investors，頁 626:

起飞重量大的，载荷重的 （宽体飞机，起飞重量超过30万吨的）

In a firm voice he said, “World Wide Six heavy is ready for takeoff.”

1990，Perry Francis Lafferty，The Downing of Flight Six Heavy，頁 85:


heavy

more heavy (comparative)
most heavy (superlative)

Olive: What was it - booze? Barney: Yeh. Been hitting it pretty heavy.

1957，Ray Lawler，Summer of the Seventeenth Doll，Sydney: Fontana Books, 出版於 1974，頁 35:


heavy

A collection of topical themes and love songs, featuring session work by women's music "heavies" Holly Near, Mary Watkins, Linda Tillery, Robin Flower, and others.

1985年December21日，Nan Donald，“Flat-picking up a Storm”, in Gay Community News，卷 13, 號 23，頁 6:

The comment may be offered here that the 'heavies' have been the Design Award's principal scorers, both in the overall bronze plaque days and, since, in the Daily/Sunday Class 1.

1973，Allen Hutt，The changing newspaper，頁 151:

Reviewers in the heavies aim to impress with the depth of their knowledge and appreciation.

2006，Richard Keeble，The Newspapers Handbook:

I read five heavies, maybe transports or tankers...could be bombers.

2000，Philip Woods，Shattered Allegiance，頁 363:

A 76 Squadron pilot who later completed a second tour on Mosquitoes said that his colleagues on the light bombers “simply could never understand how awful being on heavies was.”

2012，Jon E. Lewis，The Mammoth Book of Heroes:

Payton boasted his range included "leading parts or genteel heavies, character old men, dialect parts, old women and, on occasion, soubrettes and leading ladies"; however, he was most at ease in light comedy roles.

2008，William L. Slout，Theatre in a Tent，頁 28:

Cavalry […] is divided into mediums, heavies, and light cavalry. The mediums consist of 13 regiments; the heavies of 2 regiments; and the light of 13.

1891，Ebenezer Cobham Brewer，The Historic Note-book: With an Appendix of Battles，頁 153:


heavy

heavies (third-person singular present)
heavying (present participle)
heavied (past participle)

The union was well known for the methods it used to heavy many businesses.

[…]the Prime Minister sought to evade the simple fact that he heavied Mr Reid to get rid of Dr Armstrong.

1985，Australian House of Representatives，House of Representatives Weekly Hansard, Issue 11, Part 1, page 1570:

But he is on the wrong horse, heavying me. My phone′s tapped. Well, he won′t find anything.

2001, Finola Moorhead, Darkness More Visible, Spinifex Press, Australia, page 557,

But the next two days of the Conference also produced some very visible lobbying for the succession and apparent heavying of contenders like Brereton, Anderson and Mulock - much of it caught on television.

2005, David Clune, Ken Turner (editors), The Premiers of New South Wales, 1856-2005, Volume 3: 1901-2005, page 421,


die

源自中古英語 deyen，源自古英語 dīeġan和古諾爾斯語 deyja，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *dawjan (“死”)。取代了古英語 sweltan，其派生出现代英语 swelt。

dies (third-person singular present)
dying (present participle)
died (past participle)

死 后接of，一般用法，表示死因：

He died of malaria.

In 1971 or 72, Mom's sister Carolyn Weimer died of breast cancer.

2000，Stephen King，On Writing，Pocket Books, 出版於 2002，頁 85:

死 后接from，一般用法，表示死因，但更常用于医学语境或科学语境：

He died from heart failure.

She lived several weeks; but afterwards she died from epilepsy, to which malady she had been previously subject.

1865年March4日，British Medical Journal，頁 213:

"Or all of them will die from the plague. Even if most of the candidates succumb […]"

2007，Frank Herbert, Kevin J. Anderson，Sandworms of Dune，Tor, 出版於 2007，頁 191:

死 后接for，常表示因上下文中的动机而死，但有时还表示间接原因：

He died for the one he loved.

Englishmen are dying for England, Americans are dying for America, Germans are dying for Germany, Russians are dying for Russia. There are now fifty or sixty countries fighting in this war.

1961，Joseph Heller，Catch-22，Simon & Schuster, 出版於 1999，頁 232:

Less than three days later, Johnson lapsed into a coma in his jail cell and died for lack of insulin.

死 后接with，表示间接死因：

And there were some who died with fevers, which at some seasons of the year was very frequent in the land.

1830，Joseph Smith，The Book of Mormon，Richards, 出版於 1854，頁 337:

死 后接to表示间接或直接死因（类似from）：

I can't believe I just died to a turret!

Dr Thomas concluded she had died to a blow to the head, which led to a bleed on the brain, probably a fall and had hit her head hard on the wooden bedpost, as there was blood on the bedpost.

2014，S. J. Groves，The Darker Side to Dr Carter，頁 437:

以...死亡（某种方式）

He died a hero's death.

They died a thousand deaths.

[…] he chose instead to suffer even greater personal pain, with unimaginable fortitude and resolve, albeit for a shorter time. Thus he died a small death, in order to benefit the living. Similarly, a small and voluntary death was died by Socrates.

2019，Lou Marinoff，On Human Conflict: The Philosophical Foundations of War and Peace，Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN，頁 452:

Of course, Nazis are not present in this game. Instead, we have animals that will try to cover you with dirt. As soon as you get too dirty, you will die.

1995，“Slobzone”, in Coming Soon! magazine (video game review):

Whenever my brother dies, he ragequits.

我哥一死，他就气得退游戏。

I'm dying for a packet of crisps.

I'm dying for a piss.

I could see that he was dying, dying for a cigarette, dying for a fix maybe, dying for a little bit of freedom, but trapped in a hospital bed and a sick body.

2004，Paul Joseph Draus，Consumed in the city: observing tuberculosis at century's end，頁 168:

被当做死了，被无视，被绝交

The day our sister eloped, she died to our mother.

我姐姐私奔以后，就被我们的妈妈当做死了。

"My dad […] beat us until we couldn't sit down." […] "What about your mother?" […] "She's alive. […] My aunt visits her once a year, but I don't ask about my mother. She died to me the day she chose my father over protecting us." Luke's voice hitched with emotion.

"You haven't been my son since you were ten years old. That boy died to me the day he ran away. I don't know you. You are merely a shell that resembles someone I used to know, but you are dead to me. You are the bringer of pain and death. Leave me be. Leave me with my son, Jyosh." "Mother..." Barlun pleaded.

2017，Mike Hoornstra，Descent into the Maelstrom，頁 366:

He died a little inside each time she refused to speak to him.

每次她拒绝和他说话，他的心就凉半截。

Do you know that I went down / To the ground / Landed on both my broken-hearted knees... / […]I didn't even cry / 'Cause pieces of me had already died

2011，Ingrid Michaelson （作曲作詞）, “Ghost”, in Human Again:

But it came to passe in the morning, when the wine was gone out of Nabal, and his wife had told him these things, that his heart died within him, and he became as a stone.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Samuel 25:37:

When the truth is found to be lies / And all the joy within you dies / Don't you want somebody to love? / Don't you need somebody to love?

1965，Darby Slick，“Somebody to Love”, in Surrealistic Pillow，演出者 Jefferson Airplane, 出版於 1967:


die

A pair of common dice with six sides each.
Various dice with different numbers of sides and distributions of values.
Dies (詞義3) on a wafer.
源自中古英語 dee，源自古法語 de（现代法語 dé），源自拉丁語 datum，源自datus (“被给予的”)，dō (“给予”)的过去分词，源自原始印歐語 *deh₃ (“展，铺”)。datum 的同源對似詞。

The number of dies per wafer is basically the area of the wafer divided by the area of the die.

2002，John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson，Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach，Elsevier, →ISBN，頁 19:

Once the wafer has undergone the wafer-probe test, it is separated into individual dice by sawing or scribing and breaking. The dice are visually inspected, sorted, and readied for assembly into packages.

2009，Paul R. Gray，Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits，第5th版, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 159:

Some young creatures have learnt their letters and syllables, and the pronouncing and spelling of words, by having them pasted or written upon many little flat tablets or dies.

1741，I[saac] Watts，The Improvement of the Mind: Or, A Supplement to the Art of Logick: […]，London: […] James Brackstone, […], →OCLC:


die

Most dice are six-sided.

I rolled the die and moved 2 spaces on the board.

我投了骰子，然后在板子上走了两步。

When you roll two dies—or three, or four—the odds of obtaining a specific number becomes complex in a logarithmic progression.

2000，Richard Shoup，Take Control Of Your Life: How to Control Fate, Luck, Chaos, Karma, and Life’s Other Unruly Forces，McGraw-Hill, →ISBN，頁 42:

We roll two dies repeatedly until we get the first double.

2012，Rinaldo B. Schinazi，“Probability Space”, in Probability with Statistical Applications，第2nd版, Birkhäuser, →ISBN, “Independent Events”, “Exercises”，頁 16:

Roll two dies 24 times. What is the probability of rolling at least one double 6?

2014，Ionut Florescu, Ciprian A. Tudor，Handbook of Probability，John Wiley & Sons, Inc., →ISBN:

When this creature enters the battlefield, roll a six-sided die. You gain life equal to the result.

2017年December8日，“Adorable Kitten”, in Unstable，Wizards of the Coast:

（可能由骰子决定的）偶然，随机事件

[…]For th'equall die of warre he well did know.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto V”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 13，頁 249:


quatre

面值为4的牌、骰子或多米诺

Accordingly the firſt beſt throw upon the dice is eſteemed aces, as it ſtops the ſix point in the outer table, and ſecures the cinque in your own, whereby your adverſary's two men upon your ace point cannot get out with either quatre, cinq, or ſix.

1775，“a Connoisseur”，“Containing an Account of the Game of Back-gammon, with the most approved Method of playing at it, and the Rules of the Game. Together with the Artifices and Legerdemains that are frequently practised at it.”, in Annals of Gaming; or, The Fair Player’s Sure Guide. Containing Original Treatises on the following Games. […]，London: […] G. Allen, […]，頁s 181–182:

The firſt beſt Throw upon the Dice is eſteemed Aces, as it ſtops the Six-Point in the outer Table, and ſecures the Cinque in your own, whereby your Adverſary’s two Men upon your Ace-Point cannot get out with either Quatre, Cinque, or Six.

1775，“Introduction to the Game of Back-Gammon; With the most approved Method of playing at it”, in Hoyle’s Games Improved. Being Practical Treatises on the following Fashionable Games, […]，London: […] J. Rivington and J. Wilkie, […]，頁 170:


large

源自中古英語 large，源自古法語 large，源自拉丁語 larga，largus (“富余的，大量的，大的，多的”)的阴性形式，最终词源不详。很大程度上取代了中古英語 stoor, stour (“大的”)（源自古英語 stōr）和muchel (“大的”)（源自古英語 myċel）。

larger (comparative)
largest (superlative)

free

自由的，无拘无束的，没有负担的

unencumbered

自由的，无拘无束的，没有负担的

We drove back to the office with some concern on my part at the prospect of so large a case. Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 2, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Russia is a large country. The fruit-fly has large eyes for its body size. He has a large collection of stamps.

俄罗斯是一个很大的国家。 果蝇的眼睛相对于其体型来说很大。 他收藏了很多邮票。

We have yet large day.

1667，John Milton，“Book 5”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

And where hit please yow to saye that I haue holden my lady youre Quene yeres and wynters / vnto that I shal euer make a large ansuer
"And where it please you to say that I have holden my lady your queen years and winters, unto that I shall ever make a large answer"

1485，Thomas Malory，Le Morte Darthur Book XX, Chapter xj, leaf 408r-v:

I might be very large upon the importance and advantages of education.

1711，Henry Felton，Dissertation on Reading the Classics:


large

Getting a car tricked out like that will cost you 50 large.

把车装饰成那样得花你五千块钱。

"We'll call you anything we want," Dave said. "You owe us eighty-five large, Ace, and what we've got for collateral on that money so far is a shitload of Arm & Hammer baking soda worth about a buck-fifty. We'll call you Hubert J. Motherfucker if we want to."

So send my sister a hundred large, and next time you come down to Jessup it won't be my grill talking at you. My word on that.

2008年January13日，David Simon，“Unconfirmed Reports” (片头起30:16), in The Wire，季数 2, 集数 2, spoken by Avon Barksdale:


dick

源自Dick，名字Richard的暱稱。最初意思是“普通人”、“凡夫俗子”，后来衍生出其他的含义。

dicks (third-person singular present)
dicking (present participle)
dicked (past participle)

Listen, this old gal we going to see probably don't like liquor and drinking, so be cool. I'm just gon borrow a few bucks off her. I ain't never dicked her or nothing.


dick

private dick, railroad dick

“I am a detective,” said Hercule Poirot with the modest air of one who says “I am a king.”
“Good God!” The young man seemed seriously taken aback. “Do you mean that girl actually totes about a dumb dick?”

1937年November1日，Agatha Christie，Death on the Nile:


dick

"He seems to set a deal of store by her, though. There's some young 'ooman at home, where she lives, I'd take my dying dick."

1875，Mrs. George Croft Huddleston，Bluebell:


silva

借自拉丁語 silva。selva 的同源對似詞。

The most interesting and striking features of the silva of California relate to its composition, the geographical distribution of the species and their biological history.

1909，Willis Linn Jepson，The Trees of California，頁 13:


dull

源自中古英語 dull、dul（亦作dyll、dill、dwal），源自古英語 dol (“乏味的，愚蠢的，错误的，谬误的，自以为是的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *dol，源自原始日耳曼語 *dulaz，源自早期形式*dwulaz，*dwalaz (“震惊的，疯狂的，愚蠢的，被误导的”)的一个变体，源自原始印歐語 *dʰwel-、*dʰewel- (“使...暗淡，遮蔽，隐晦”)。
同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 dull、doll (“迟钝的，聋的”)、北弗里斯蘭語 dol (“鲁莽的，草率的，晕眩的，轻率的”)、荷蘭語 dol (“疯狂的，失智的”)、低地德語 dul、dol (“疯狂的，愚蠢的，愚昧的”)、德語 toll (“疯狂的，鲁莽的，荒诞的”)、丹麥語 dval (“荒唐的，愚蠢的”)、冰島語 dulur (“遮掩的，守口如瓶的”)，西弗拉芒方言 dul (“生气的”)。

duller (comparative)
dullest (superlative)

all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy

无聊的，乏味的，无趣的，沉闷的

He sat through the dull lecture and barely stayed awake.

他撑过了那个无聊的讲座，都快睡着了。

"You are very dull this morning, Sheriff," said the youngest daughter of the house, who, being the baby and pretty, had grown pettishly privileged in speech.

1895，S. R. Crockett，A Cry Across the Black Water:

dull at classical learning

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 5, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:

She paused and took a defiant breath. ‘If you don't believe me, I can't help it. But I'm not a liar.’ ¶ ‘No,’ said Luke, grinning at her. ‘You're not dull enough! […] What about the kid's clothes? I don't suppose they were anything to write home about, but didn't you keep anything? A bootee or a bit of embroidery or anything at all?’

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 15, in The China Governess:

无精打采的，拖拖拉拉的，慢吞吞的，懒散的

This people's heart is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 13:xiii:

O, help my weak wit and sharpen my dull tongue.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“(please specify the book)”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


dull

dulls (third-person singular present)
dulling (present participle)
dulled (past participle)

使...变弱，缓解；使...变迟钝，使...变愚蠢

He drinks to dull the pain.

Use and custom have so dulled our eyes.

1850，Richard Chenevix Trench，Notes on the Miracles of Our Lord:


wile

源自中古英語 wile、wyle，源自古諾曼語 wile (“诡计，奸诈”)和古英語 wīl (“诡计，计谋”)和wiġle (“占卜”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *wīlą (“欺骗”)（←原始印歐語 *wey- (“转，弯”)）和原始日耳曼語 *wigulą、*wihulą (“预言”)（←原始印歐語 *weyk- (“奉为神圣”)）。同源词有冰島語 vél、væl (“诡计，计谋”)、荷蘭語 wijle。

He was seduced by her wiles.

to frustrate all our plots and wiles

1667，John Milton，“Book 2”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens,) the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake; since history and experience prove, that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of Republican Government.

1796，George Washington, "Farewell Address"，American Daily Advertiser:


wile

wiles (third-person singular present)
wiling (present participle)
wiled (past participle)

He was good to look on, brawly dressed, and with a tongue in his head that would have wiled the bird from the tree.

1902，John Buchan，The Outgoing of the Tide:


tan

源自法語 tan (“鞣料”)，來自高盧語 tanno- (“槲树”) – 對照布列塔尼語 tann (“紅櫟樹”)，上古康沃爾語 tannen –，來自原始凱爾特語 *tannos (“槲树”)，起源不明，但可能來自原始印歐語 *(s)dʰonu (“樅，冷杉”)。若按這種假說，與赫梯語 [需要文字] (tanau，“樅，冷杉”)、拉丁語 femur（feminis (“大腿”)的屬格），德語 Tann (“木頭”)、Tanne (“樅，冷杉”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 thanë (“莓果叢”)、古希臘語 θάμνος (thámnos，“樹叢”)、阿維斯陀語 𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (θanuuar^ə)、梵語 धनु (dhánu)相關。

用於提取鞣酸的樹皮，通常為橡樹。

In two pints of water boil one ounce of tan, and a like portion of nutgall till reduced to a pint.

1848，John Hannett，Bibliopegia, or, The Art of Bookbinding in all its branches，頁 65:


cicada

借自拉丁語 cicada，最终为拟声来源。cicala 的同源對似詞。

[sɪˈkʰɑː.də]

[sɪ̈ˈkʰeɪ̯.ɾə]

[sɪ̈ˈkʰɑ.ɾə]

The emergence years of the principal cicada broods have now been recorded for a long time, and the oldest record of a swarm is that of the appearance of the “locusts” in New England two hundred and ninety-five years ago.

2011，Robert Evans Snodgrass，Insects: Their Ways and Means of Living，頁 217:

Last year, the Brood I cicadas were found in Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee. The cicadas that will emerge in New Jersey this year are part of Brood II or The East Coast Brood. They will also be found in Connecticut, Maryland, North Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.

2013年May16日，Laura Kroon，“Magicidada coming to New Jersey on May 27”, in Hunterdon County Democrat:


adiós

adios的另一種拼寫法。

We began making our adióses.

1947，Hudson Strode，Now in Mexico，Harcourt, Brace and Company，頁 211:

The virgins of the village, Rosalina ironically among them, circled and recircled the plaza clockwise, replying adiós to the adióses of the eligible young men who were circling and re-circling the plaza counter-clockwise.

1950，Martin M. Goldsmith，The Miraculous Fish of Domingo Gonzales，New York, N.Y.: W. W. Norton & Company，頁 72:

As the adióses were said, Dan led Elizabeth around to the front of the wagon.

1989，Barbara Faith，Capricorn Moon，Silhouette Books, →ISBN，頁 59:

We said our adióses and Chulo left, leaving me sitting, waiting, and drinking whiskey.

1994，Giles Tippette，Wilson’s Gold，Penguin Group, →ISBN，頁 63:

After a bit, she and Son say their adióses and head out the door and get into the pickup truck, and the two of them damned bandits just drive right off.

2010，Susan Froderberg，Old Border Road，Back Bay Books, 出版於 2011, →ISBN:

Okay, Jefe, I’ll get us a car while you two say your adióses.

2019，Michael Curran，Connor Race: The Tontine Plot，Christian Faith Publishing, Inc., →ISBN:


adiós

adióses (third-person singular present)
adiósing (present participle)
adiósed (past participle)

adios的另一種拼寫法。

Adiós, first-rate bagels and cream cheese and marmalade, fresh-squeezed juice and fresh-ground coffee, as we’ve adiósed already our fine firm king-size bed: […]

Apparently deciding there might be more to this gringo than he was willing to deal with, the man adiósed.

1996，Frances Williams，Unbroken Vows，Silhouette Books, →ISBN:

It was hard, but adiósing the drama-loving diva needed to be done.


high

源自中古英語 high、heigh、heih，源自古英語 hēah (“高的，高耸的，高级的，上层的，杰出的，高傲的，深邃的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hauh (“高”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hauhaz (“高”)，源自原始印歐語 *kewk- (“升”)。
与低地蘇格蘭語 heich (“高的”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 hooch (“高的”)、西弗里斯蘭語 heech (“高的”)、荷蘭語 hoog (“高的”)、低地德語 hoog (“高的”)、德語 hoch (“高的”)、瑞典語 hög (“高的”)、挪威語 høy (“高的”)、冰島語 hár (“高的”)、立陶宛語 kaukas (“肿块，疮”)、俄語 ку́ча (kúča，“摞，沓”)同源。

higher (comparative)
highest (superlative)

从基础高度向上延伸距离长的： 高的

The balloon rose high in the sky. The wall was high. a high mountain

气球升到了高高的天上。 墙很高。 高山

The Chitistone River Valley offers a more direct route for travel from McCarthy to the White River and the Shushana gold placers than Skolai Creek, but it involves a high climb over the so-called “goat trail” to avoid the canyon above Chitistone[.]

1930，Philip Sidney Smith，Mineral Industry of Alaska in 1928 and Administration Report:

Like most human activities, ballooning has sponsored heroes and hucksters and a good deal in between. For every dedicated scientist patiently recording atmospheric pressure and wind speed while shivering at high altitudes, there is a carnival barker with a bevy of pretty girls willing to dangle from a basket or parachute down to earth.

2013年June7日，David Simpson，“Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 36:

She was like a Beardsley Salome, he had said. And indeed she had the narrow eyes and the high cheekbone of that creature, and as nearly the sinuosity as is compatible with human symmetry. His wooing had been brief but incisive.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

A nightgown with a high neck and long sleeves may have the fullness set into a yoke.

1919, Martha Van Rensselaer, Flora Rose, Helen Canon, A Manual of Home-Making, page 376:

three feet high three Mount Everests high

高3英尺 高三个珠穆朗玛峰

I told him about everything I could think of; and what I couldn't think of he did. He asked about six questions during my yarn, but every question had a point to it. At the end he bowed and thanked me once more. As a thanker he was main-truck high; I never see anybody so polite.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 4, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

"Conversely, just because I am not high on positivity, it does not mean I am necessarily high on negativity."

2016，David Chan，Enabling Positive Attitudes and Experiences in Singapore，頁 140:

I'm not that high about the relationship.

2010, Lena, quoted by S. Rosenbloom, The Multiracial Urban High School: Fearing Peers and Trusting Friends (ISBN 0230114733), chapter four:

The sea is as high as ever. I shouldn't think any boat could put out today.

1939，Agatha Christie，章號 11, in And Then There Were None:

富含...的（作表语时常带“in”指明哪种物质）

My bank charges me a high interest rate.

我的银行收我很高的利率。

I was running a high temperature and had high cholesterol.

我发高烧，胆固醇也很高。

high voltage high prices high winds a high number

The single-imaging optic of the mammalian eye offers some distinct visual advantages. Such lenses can take in photons from a wide range of angles, increasing light sensitivity. They also have high spatial resolution, resolving incoming images in minute detail.

2013 July-August，Fenella Saunders，“Tiny Lenses See the Big Picture”, in American Scientist:

Ignition voltage needs to be high enough to overcome the high resistance created by the air gap.

2005，Tracy Martin，How To Diagnose and Repair Automotive Electrical Systems，頁 16:

Carrots are high in vitamin A. made from a high-copper alloy

胡萝卜富含维生素A 使用富铜合金制成

Epicures do not cook game before it is high.

美食家到猎物快要开始腐败时才烹饪。

The tailor liked his meat high.

What he did know was this: something about the situation smelled wrong. Something about it smelled as high as dead fish that have spent three days in the hot sun.

NO NEARER! (arrive! Fr.) the command given by the pilot of quarter-master, to the helmsman, to steer the ship no higher to the direction of the wind than the sails will operate to advance the ship in her course.

1784，William Falconer，An Universal Dictionary of the Marine: Or, A Copious Explanation:


high

No sooner has a [synthetic] drug been blacklisted than chemists adjust their recipe and start churning out a subtly different one. These “legal highs” are sold for the few months it takes the authorities to identify and ban them, and then the cycle begins again.

2013年August10日，“A new prescription”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8848:


welcome

源自中古英語 welcome、wolcume、wulcume、wilcume，源自古英語 wilcuma （“受欢迎的宾客”，亦对比 wilcume (“欢迎！”，叹词)），源自原始西日耳曼語 *willjakwemō，源自原始日耳曼語 *wiljakwemô (“期望的现身或宾客”)，可能源自*wiljakwemaną (“受欢迎”)，等价于will (“希望”) + come (“到达，来临，光临”)。该词下半部分的“宾客”一意不再为人所理解后，其中的wil-被替换为了wel-，可能是受到了副词well的影响。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 walcome、西弗里斯蘭語 wolkom、荷蘭語 welkom（早期形式willecome）、德語 willkommen、德國低地德語 willkamen、丹麥語 velkommen、書面挪威語 velkommen、新挪威語 velkomen、velkommen、瑞典語 välkommen、冰島語 velkominn、法羅語 vælkomin和古法語 wilecome（→中古法語 willecomme (“欢迎”)），源自日耳曼语族。
动词繼承自中古英語 welcomen、wolcumen、wilcumen，源自古英語 wellcumian、wylcumian、wilcumian (“欢迎”)。
类似构式亦出现于罗曼语族内，例如意大利語 benvenuto、西班牙語 bienvenido, 法語 bienvenu、加泰羅尼亞語 benvingut、葡萄牙語 bem-vindo和羅馬尼亞語 bun venit，意为“[希望您经历了]顺利的[旅途]到达[这里]”。它们并非派生自古典拉丁语词根（因为拉丁语中找不到类似的构式），而考虑到历史上日耳曼王国取代了西罗马帝国，其应该是从某日耳曼语族语言仿译进入了原始罗曼语（通俗拉丁语，见拉丁語 *bene venūtus；至于历史上类似的仿译，对比*perdōnō和compāniō）。

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

The townspeople crossed freely from bank to bank, and it stayed that way until breakup in March or April or, in years when winter outstayed its welcome, maybe even May.

1992，Dana Stabenow，A Cold Day for Murder, →ISBN，頁 42:


welcome

welcomes (third-person singular present)
welcoming (present participle)
welcomed (past participle)

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

But Miss Thorn relieved the situation by laughing aloud,[…]。By the time we reached the house we were thanking our stars she had come. Mrs. Cooke came out from under the port-cochere to welcome her.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

We welcome suggestions for improvement.

CPS MerseyCheshire welcomes the jailing of Helen Dove who conned her friend into giving up her job for a dream post that never existed. Kimberley McDonnell lost around £50,000 because of the fraudster.

2020年January29日，“Woman jailed for conning her friend into giving up her job for a dream post that never existed”, in CPS Mersey-Cheshire，London: Crown Prosecution Service, retrieved 2020-04-02:

Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Lu Kang welcomed cooperation with South Korea.
#*::
 （美国）音频： (檔案)

2019, VOA Learning English (public domain)


milk

源自中古英語 milk、mylk、melk、mulc，源自古英語 meolc、meoluc (“奶”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *meluks，源自原始印歐語 *h₂melǵ-。
同源词
与西弗里斯蘭語 molke、荷蘭語 melk、下薩克森荷蘭語 melk、德語 Milch、德國低地德語 Melk、意第緒語 מילך (milkh)、丹麥語 mælk、書面挪威語 mjølk、melk、新挪威語 mjølk、瑞典語 mjölk、冰島語 mjólk、法羅語 mjólk、阿爾巴尼亞語 mjel (“挤奶”)、波蘭語 mleko、俄語 молоко́ (molokó)、威爾士語 blith、吐火羅語A malke、立陶宛語 malkas和拉脫維亞語 malks同源。也可能和古希臘語 μέλκιον (mélkion)同源。

m*lk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

mylk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

non-dairy milk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

plant milk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

cry over spilt milk, cry over spilled milk

在2017年欧盟法庭的一次裁定中，“milk”被禁止在欧盟地区用于宣发植物制品（词义2）。

Skyr is a product made of curdled milk.

[…] there's going to be that much less milk available to cover any other uses. Which means whether it's liquid milk or whether it's [milk that's been turned into] cheese or yogurt, the price gets pulled up right across the board.

2007 September 24, Chris Horseman (interviewee), Emily Harris (reporter), “Global Dairy Demand Drives Up Prices”, Morning Edition, National Public Radio

In the West it's' fairly normal to drink milk in various forms into adulthood.

2017，Adam Rutherford，A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived，The Experiment, →ISBN，頁 75:

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

Where it does fall down, however, is its nutritional value. While oats are largely a healthy grain to include in your diet, the milk is highly diluted with water, giving it little nutritional value.

2018年September16日，Alexandra Spring，“'Milk' mania: why most alternatives aren't great – but camel milk just might be”, in The Guardian:

For environmentally minded consumers, the news is hard to swallow: almond milk is not healthy for the planet and the popular milk substitute is especially hard on bees.

2020年January29日，Annette McGivney，“Almonds are out. Dairy is a disaster. So what milk should we drink?”, in The Guardian:


milk

源自中古英語 milken，源自古英語 melcan，源自原始日耳曼語 *melkaną，最终源自原始印歐語 *h₂melǵ-，和上方名词相同的词干。对比荷蘭語和德語 melken、丹麥語 malke、挪威語 mjølke，以及拉丁語 mulgeō (“挤奶”)、古希臘語 ἀμέλγω (amélgō，“挤奶”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 mjel (“挤奶”)、俄語 молоко́ (molokó)、立陶宛語 mélžti、吐火羅語A mālk-。

milks (third-person singular present)
milking (present participle)
milked (past participle)

masturbate

榨精，尤指仅为自己的快感给男性行手淫

The farmer milked his cows.

I haue giuen Sucke, and know / How tender 'tis to loue the Babe that milkes me[…]

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene vii]，頁 135，列 2:

过度使用；压榨，榨取；趁机榨取

When the audience began laughing, the comedian milked the joke for more laughs.

观众开始笑时，喜剧演员想从笑话中强行获得更多笑声。

They [the lawyers] milk an unfortunate estate as regularly as a dairyman does his stock.

July 21, 1877, "The Block in the Courts" in The Spectator

If nothing else, José Mourinho can be grateful there was no mutiny. He still heard his name being sung and at the final whistle Old Trafford was not too unkind on the manager or his players. He milked it, too, marching over to the Stretford End to thank them for their generosity.

2018年August27日，Daniel Taylor，“Lucas Moura double for Spurs deepens gloom at Manchester United”, in The Guardian (London):


Pacific

源自拉丁語 pācificus (“带来和平的”)，麦哲伦在驶过合恩角得以平安地渡过太平洋，因此他如此命名这片海洋。

When our last plenary session was held in November of last year the Pacific was threatened with imminent outbreak of war. Since the subsequent beginning of the Japanese campaign of aggression in that ocean, China, in the company of her allies, has become the most important member of the forces fighting on the continent of East Asia.

1942 [1942年October22日]，Kai-shek Chiang，“Endurance, conscientiousness”, in All We Are and All We Have，New York: Chinese News Service, →OCLC，頁 45:


faubourg

By the time that I was quite clear of the city's unlovely faubourgs and purlieus I needed petrol: the Silver Ghost is a lovely car but its best friend would have to admit that its m.'s per g. are few.

1973，Kyril Bonfiglioli，Don't Point That Thing at Me.，Penguin, 出版於 2001，頁 81:


fiancé

借自法語 fiancé。

传统上fiancé用于指未婚夫，而fiancée用于指未婚妻（反映了法语原来的区分方式）。但是现在用法未见严格遵守。

West said that she was proud of their relationship and is looking forward to meeting his fiancé.

2009，B. R. Laine，Tales from Suffolk County，頁 107:

He could not bear to think about the idea that his fiancé could die in their dream home where they had shared so many unforgettable moments together.

2018，Christina J. Easley -，Disaster Free Survivor Strikes Back: Storms of Love & Loss, →ISBN，頁 163:

Matt called his fiancé and told her to come to the office.

2018，T. K. Kohl，Quest of the Staff and the Sword, →ISBN，頁 153:


firmament

The firmament (sense 1) or sky.
One version of the Ptolemaic system of celestial spheres, with the firmament (indicated in Latin as Firmamentu[m]; sense 3) shown as the eighth heaven
源自中古英語 firmament、furmament (“天空”)，源自古法語 firmament (“天空”)，或源自其词源拉丁語 firmāmentum (“支撑；天空”)，源自firmāre (“增强，强化”) + -mentum (表示手段、媒介，或某个动作的结果的后缀)。firmāre是firmō (“使...稳固，固化”)的现在主动不定式，源自firmus (“稳固的，稳定的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰer- (“支撑”)。
拉丁语词用于《圣经》的武加大译本中，用于翻译七十士译本（希腊语的《旧约圣经》）中的古希臘語 στερέωμα (steréōma，“框架，基础；天空”)一词，该希腊语词又用于翻译希伯來語 רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ，“天穹”)，源自词根ר־ק־ע (r-q-`)，在古典叙利亚语中的相似词根ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ)（与“压紧”有关）派生出ܪܩܝܥܐ (rəqīʿā，“固实的，稳固的；天空，天穹”)。

Now to ye all, be firmaments to ſtars, / Be ſtars to Firmaments, and as you are / Splendent, ſo be fixed, not wandring, nor / Irregular, both keeping courſe together, [...]

1609，Everie VVoman in Her Humor，London: […] E[dward] A[llde] for Thomas Archer, […], →OCLC; reprinted as Every Woman in Her Humor (The Tudor Facsimile Texts)，[Amersham, Buckinghamshire]: [John S. Farmer] […], 1913, →OCLC:

And God ſaid, Let there be a firmament in the midſt of the waters: and let it diuide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament; and diuided the waters, which were under the firmament, from the waters, which were aboue the firmament: and it was ſo. And God called the firmament, Heauen: and the euening and the morning were the ſecond day.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:6–8:

[W]hat if all / Her ſtores were op'n'd, and this Firmament / Of Hell ſhould ſpout her Cataracts of Fire, [...]

1667，John Milton，“Book II”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 174–175:

And far above the gentle moon sails on / Through the blue firmament. It is a scene / That gives that spot of earth the air of Heav'n!

1825 January，H. G. B.，“The Bride of Parma”, in The Edinburgh Magazine, and Literary Miscellany; […]，卷 XVI, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC，頁 68，列 2:

Some of his [Confucius's] philosophical principles are, [...] that the cause or principle of things must have had a co-existence with the things themselves; [...] and that the central point of influence，源自which this cause chiefly acts, is the blue firmament (tien), whence its emanations are spread over the universe; [...] the sun, moon, stars, and elements, are considered also as composing the firmament, or Teen, as the immediate agents of the Deity, and as the productive powers in creation.

1831，James Bell，“[Chinese Empire.] Chapter IV.”, in A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific, […]，卷 V, Glasgow: Archibald Fullarton and Co. and Blackie and Son; […], →OCLC，頁 34:

On its far side, on the very horizon of the world, stood purple mountains, so tall and sharp that they bridged the firmaments.

2001 December，J. Robert King，“Who are We?”, in Lancelot du Lethe，New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, →ISBN，頁 229:

The feeling I dread the most is not fear but despair—the dim, oppressive sense that the more things change, the more they stay the same; that each of us with a frozen heart "like an old-stone savage armed" will continue to move in darkness, lifting boulders, patrolling the firmaments of divisive anger.

2002，Barbara Kingsolver，“Small Wonder”, in Small Wonder: Essays，New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, 出版於 2009, →ISBN:

[...] 'The Morning Star' and 'The Evening Star' have the same celestial object as Bedeutung, but present that object in different ways, perhaps in one case as the object that appears in such and such a place in the morning firmament and in the other as the object that appears in such and such a place in the evening firmament.

2013，Alexander Miller，“The Development of Theories of Meaning: From Frege to McDowell and Beyond”, in The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy，Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part II (The Development of Analytic Philosophy)，頁 658:

界，圈 （某个活动或利益的圈子）

the international fashion firmament

Europe dominated foreign policy concerns, followed by the Near East and China, where General George C[atlett] Marshall tried, in vain, to mediate a civil war. Japan glowed dimly in the foreign policy firmament.

1997，Michael Schaller，“Japan: From Enemy to Ally, 1945–50”, in Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation，New York, N.Y., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 7:

By this time, Seaford was a town of 2,000 people, and, in the next decade, the poultry industry became a rising star in the firmament of economic growth as new housing and feeding techniques were introduced.

1999，Shannon Wiley，“Introduction”, in Seaford, Delaware (Images of America)，Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 出版於 2001, →ISBN，頁 8:

She [Anna Pavlova] provided articulate, well-thought-out and educational interviews and articles from her first appearances in which she would lay out her life story, the course of her training, the place of ballet in the European and Russian artistic firmaments.

2008，Adrienne L. McLean，“A Channel for Progress: Theatrical Dance, Popular Culture, and (The) American Ballet”, in Dying Swans and Madmen: Ballet, the Body, and Narrative Cinema，New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN，頁 40:

[B]etweene the ſphere of Saturne and the Firmament, there is ſuch an incredible and vaſt ſpace or diſtance (7000000. ſemidiameters of the earth, as Tycho [Brahe] calculates) void of ſtarres: [...]

1638，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，“Ayre Rectified. With a Digression of the Ayre.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy. […]，第5th版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed [by Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 3，頁 254:

The World Cœlestial. Containing 11 Sphæres or Heavens, ſay the Theologians and Aſtronomers. [...] Theſe are called the Primum Mobile, the Chriſtaline Heaven, the Firmament adorned with the Fixed Stars, and the Heavens of the Seven Planets.

1715，H[enry] Curson，“A Cosmographical Introduction to the Geographical Description of the World”, in A New Description of the World. […]，第2nd版, […] Benj[amin] Barker, […], →OCLC:

Praiſe ye the Lord。Praiſe God in his Sanctuarie: Praiſe him in the firmament of his power.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalm 150:1，列 1:

Pins tipt with Diamond Point, and head, / By which the Curls are faſtened, / In radiant Firmament ſet out, / And all over the Hood ſur-tout: [...]

1690，[Mary Evelyn]，“A Voyage to Marryland; or, The Ladies Dressing-room”, in Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […]，London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN，頁 7:

Firmament. Diamonds, or other precious Stones heading the Pins which they stick into the Tour, and Hair, like Stars.

[1690，[Mary Evelyn]，“The Fop-dictionary. […]”, in Mundus Muliebris: Or, The Ladies Dressing-room Unlock’d, and Her Toilette Spread. […]，London: […] R[ichard] Bentley […], →OCLC; reprinted Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: The Toucan Press, 1978, →ISBN，頁 18:

Ten years ago, the Wall Street wirehouse brokerage firm seemed unassailable – part of the very firmament underpinning the entire investment industry from coast to coast.

2012年January25日，Josh Brown，“Perhaps I’ve Been a Bit too Harsh …”, in Wealth Manager Blog, The Wall Street Journal，存檔自the original on 2013-12-08:


fisc

源自法語 fisc，源自拉丁語 fiscus (“篮子，钱袋，国库”)，参见fiscal。

When they had resolved to appropriate to the Fisc, a certain portion of the landed property of their conquered country, it was their business to render their bank a real fund of credit […].

1790，Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，頁 340:


foison

源自中古英語 foisoun，源自古法語 foison，源自拉丁語 fūsiōnem。fusion 的同源對似詞。

The earth did never mean her foizon
For those who crown life’s cup with poison
Of fanatic rage and meaningless revenge—
But for those radiant spirits, who are still
The standard-bearers in the van of Change.

1820，Percy Bysshe Shelley，Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts:


fossé

沟，坑道 （17-19世纪）

The Major then went with me and Euphemia (Victoria staying at the inn) and showed us what is called the Ditch, being the fossé and ruinous banks of the old castle […] 。

1792, James Boswell, in Danziger & Brady (eds.), Boswell: The Great Biographer (Journals 1789–1795), Yale 1989, p. 165:

I saw him tied up between two boards, by way of the coffin, which was to be provided by contract; and deposited in the fossé that surrounded our prison […]。

1792，Charlotte Smith，Desmond，Broadview, 出版於 2001，頁 146:


foulard

The Empress and the little Grand Duchess wore simple suits of foulard (or foulard silk, I don't know which is proper,) with a small blue spot in it […]

A lot of foulard tie bulged out and was rain-spotted above his crossed lapels.

1939，Raymond Chandler，The Big Sleep，Penguin, 出版於 2011，頁 176:

"Frammis on the Antispode": The doubletalk heading this paragraph takes the sting out of Mr. Ruark's comment, even if his gay colored foulard Sinatra bow tie didn't contradict his comment[.]


factice

硫化非饱和植物或动物油（用于橡胶中）

Although factice is, strictly speaking, not a plasticizer, being added to mixes for a whole range of reasons including the improvement of dimensional stability and rigidity of unsupported articles in hot air cures, the improvement of surface finish and electrical insulation, it does nevertheless act as a softener, improving filler dispersion and decreasing the energy requirements of mixing.

1999，M.J. Loadman，Analysis of Rubber and Rubber-like Polymers，頁 56:


piano

pianoforte的缩短形式，源自意大利語 pianoforte，源自piano (“柔的”) + forte (“强的”)。与以大键琴为代表的早期键盘乐器不同，钢琴能够按音符发出范围很宽的响度，故名。llano、plain和plane 的同源對似詞。

pianos (third-person singular present)
pianoing (present participle)
pianoed (past participle)

Anyhow I pianoed to my own ear, and had no thought at that time for an audience.

1967，Harry F. Chaplin，A McCrae Miscellany，頁 41:

Who comforted me with Madeleines and lime tea, with whipped cream in my cocoa in far off Ann Arbor while others selfishly fiddled, bassooned, pianoed only for their own ugly self-advancement!

1978，Bertha Harris，Confessions of Cherubino，頁 96:

John Ashbery, Kenneth Koch, Arnold Weinstein, and others came to the house, taping their poems as I pianoed and zithered and drummed away.

2008，John Gruen，Callas Kissed Me...Lenny Too!，頁 138:

We guitared and drummed and head banged and pianoed.

像弹钢琴一样快速上下移动手指

He just stared at her, leaned back in his chair and pianoed his fingers along the tablecloth.

2013，Ann Blair Kloman，A Diamond to Die For，頁 29:

“Jean, it ain't right how you separated those two,” he said, and pianoed the little coffin with his fingers, tapping out his grievance.

2017，Kim Michele Richardson，The Sisters of Glass Ferry:

The superintendent pianoed his fingers on the surface of a nearby desk.

Holly pianoed her fingers over her throat.

Other buildings will also be erected and pianoed by the same architect.

1889，The Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer，頁 128:

A tabernacle has been built, burnt, rebuilt, electric lighted, organed, pianoed, and frequently filled — all during the last two years.

1892，The Japan Daily Mail - Volume 18，頁 772:


piano

源自意大利語 piano。

“You know, Mrs. Wrigglechops,” pianoed Miss Drucilla , even more meekly and mildly than before, "the ace is either one or eleven."

1839，Rosina Doyle Bulwer afterwards Bulwer Lytton (Baroness Lytton.)，Cheveley; Or, The Man of Honour，頁 385:

His tone pianoed on intimacy.

2000，David R. Beasley，Aspects of Love: Three novellas，頁 83:

A day pianoed, swelled acutest, pianoed.

2009，David Lau，Virgil and the Mountain Cat，頁 61:


drowsy

源自drowse + -y，然而，drowsy的书面记录（1520年）早于drowse（1570年）。对比古英語 drūsian (“下垂，变得无精打采”)。

drowsier (comparative)
drowsiest (superlative)

The narrative throughout holds the reader; it Is not a drowsy book.


dementia

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-dementia.wav

Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems— […]. Such a slow-release device containing angiogenic factors could be placed on the pia mater covering the cerebral cortex and tested in persons with senile dementia in long term studies.

2013 May-June，Charles T. Ambrose，“Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁 200:


eminence

源自古法語 eminence，源自拉丁語 ēminēntia (“卓越，显赫”)。

From the summit of an eminence I had already had a distant view of Osbaldistone Hall, a large and antiquated edifice, peeping out from a Druidical grove of huge oaks [...].

We stopped for a moment at the golf course to chat with members of the Consular staff, and then drove on to the Consulate, which was set upon an eminence, above evidences of landscape-gardening; a sweep of lawns, with coarse, whitened grass; flower-beds in which larkspur and nasturtiums fought against desperate odds.


glaucoma

借自古希臘語 γλαύκωμα (glaúkōma，“晶状体黯淡”)，派生自γλαυκός (glaukós，“蓝绿”)。

/ɡlɔːˈkəʊmə/

/ɡlɔːˈkoʊmə/

Professor Rosas, in his last work on Diseases of the Eye (Lehre von den Augenkrankheiten, Wien, 1834, p. 326), distinguishes three kinds of glaucoma, viz. glaucoma of the hyaloid, glaucoma of the retina, and glaucoma of the choroid. He makes no mention of lenticular glaucoma, which is much more common than any of the three which he particularizes. Indeed, vitreous, retinal, and choroidal glaucomata, are, to say the least of them, rare diseases.

1838，William Mackenzie，“Remarks on Lenticular Glaucoma”, in The London Medical Gazette; Being a Weekly Journal of Medicine and the Collateral Sciences，卷 II, London: […] Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans, […]，頁 105，列 2:

Nearly all of the so-called noncongestive glaucomata are of Types 1, 2, and 3.

几乎所有所谓的非充血性青光眼都是1型、2型和3型。

1948 June，Edward J. Curran，“Advances in the Treatment of Glaucoma: The Joseph Schneider Foundation Eye Presentation”, in Postgraduate Medicine，卷 III, 期 VI，頁 409，列 2:

The term primary glaucoma designates that group of glaucomata, the cause of which is not yet known, in contrast to secondary glaucoma, which is due to some obvious cause.

原发性青光眼是指病因尚不清楚的一类青光眼，与由某些明确原因引起的继发性青光眼相对。

1952，The West Indian Medical Journal，頁 180:

The development of latent glaucomata is usually slow and chronic, following the rhythm of primary glaucomata.

隐匿性青光眼的发展通常是缓慢而慢性的，遵循原发性青光眼的节律。

1960，Premier Congrès de la Société Européenne d’Ophtalmologie，頁 28:

Unfortunately, most of the older data are of limited value because the distinction between the various forms of glaucoma was often difficult and thus unreliable and because glaucomata are diseases of advanced age.

不幸的是，大多数旧数据的价值有限，因为各种形式的青光眼之间通常很难区分，因此不可靠，而且青光眼是老年病。

1962，Werner Kalow，“[Human Hereditary Defects With Altered Drug Response] Angle-Closure Glaucoma”, in Pharmacogenetics: Heredity and the Response to Drugs，Philadelphia, Pa., London: W. B. Saunders Company, →LCCN，頁 193，列 2:

Oh, I got the glaucoma, real bad.

2013年January15日，Dave Andron，“Where's Waldo?”, in Justified [火線警探]，季数 4, 集数 2:


hoarse

源自中古英語 hors、hos，源自古英語 hās、*hārs，源自原始日耳曼語 *haisaz、*haisraz，与 古諾爾斯語 háss（北诺尔斯）heiss（东诺尔斯）（→冰島語 hás、新挪威語 hås、書面挪威語 hes以及瑞典語 hes）同源。

hoarser (comparative)
hoarsest (superlative)

I am old and my voice is hoarse […]

1945年August17日，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 1, in Animal Farm […]，London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:


hoarse

hoarses (third-person singular present)
hoarsing (present participle)
hoarsed (past participle)

"[...] Madame! Is—that—your—horse?!"
"Ain't no horse!" she hoarses. "Thassa thuruly bred Great Dane!" The thuruly bred Great Dane's balls shine like big , bald onions as he squeezes to deposit 4 1⁄2 pounds of vitamin - enriched apcray near the lamp-post.

1980，Leo Rosten，King Silky!，HarperCollins Children's Books:

"See anything, mum?" she hoarsed. “No—I think it's lower down. Go back to bed, Jane. I'm sure there's nothing to worry about. Someone's forgotten something, that's all.” She wanted to get rid of Jane without knowing exactly.

2022年August1日，J. Jefferson Farjeon，Back to Victoria，DigiCat:

"Helene," he croaked, reaching out his arms—his voice tensed with the infinity of his desire. "Back," she iced. And then, "Why have you come here?" she hoarsed. "What business have you here?"


insidious

源自中古法語 insidieux，源自拉丁語 īnsidiōsus (“狡猾的，欺诈的，骗人的”)，源自īnsidiae (“埋伏，伏击，诡计，奸计”) + -ōsus，源自īnsideō (“坐在..里或上”)，源自in (“里，上”) + sedeō (“坐”)。

more insidious (comparative)
most insidious (superlative)

暗中造成伤害的，潜伏的，有害且隐匿的

Strong and vigorous man as he looks, Livingstone has been for years the victim of a secret and insidious disease.

1847，George Lippard，The Quaker City: or, The monks of Monk-Hall:

At some point in time they may become the source of an insidious cancer.

1997，Matthew Wood，The book of herbal wisdom: using plants as medicine:

The nurse always must be alert to signs of slow leak or insidious infiltration.

2007，Sharon Weinstein，Ada Lawrence Plumer，Principles and practice of intravenous therapy:

The impact on rural communities of rail closures was acute, but I would argue that the worst outcome it created was the long-term diminishment of suburban capacity outside London, which has had a far more insidious effect on rail usage nationally.

2023年March8日，Gareth Dennis，“The Reshaping of things to come...”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 49:

Gashford slid his cold insidious palm into his master's grasp, and so, hand in hand, and followed still by Barnaby and by his mother too, they mingled with the concourse.

1841 February–November，Charles Dickens，“Barnaby Rudge”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock，卷 III, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, chapter 48，頁 215:

All these facts clearly appear to me now to establish that the sanctioned scheme was a part of a bigger and […] more insidious scheme which was to hoodwink the creditors and to firmly establish and consolidate the position […]

1948, D.V. Chitaley (editor or publisher), All India Reporter, volume 3, page 341:

The atmosphere of this insidious city comes out to meet him the moment he touches the European shore; for in London he meets Maria Gostrey just over from France.

1969，Dorothy Brewster，John Angus Burrell，Dead reckonings in fiction:

They all sought the President's views on the world situation in general and the Asian situation in particular. Without mincing words he would comment on his favorite theme, namely, the insidious scheme of the international Communists to conquer the free world.

1983，James C. H. Shen，“Rejoining the Government”, in The U.S. & Free China: How the U.S. Sold Out Its Ally，Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books Ltd., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 28:

This seemed to her the worst defilement into which this insidious city had cheated her and in her agitation, she nearly ran into the latrine, […]

2005, Anita Desai, Voices in the City, page 189:

This is the insidious way sports entrap you: you follow a player, which commits you to his team. You begin to acquire scraps of utterly useless information about teammates, managers, owners, trainers, agents, lawyers.

2007，Joseph Epstein，Narcissus Leaves the Pool，頁 171:

Hansel and Gretel were lured by the witch’s insidious gingerbread house.

But with whom do you contract that alliance? With the natural enemy of France — that insidious house of Austria — which detests our country from feeling, system, and necessity.

1858，Phineas Camp Headley，The life of the Empress Josephine: first wife of Napoleon:

‘Believe me,’ he shouted, ‘these insidious folk talk dangerous nonsense. I hear they are spouting out their ridiculous platitudes not five miles from this park in which we are standing…’

1912，Ralph Straus，The prison without a wall:

The battle was lost due to the actions of insidious defectors.

因为有背叛者，所以这场战斗输了。


nostalgia

源自新拉丁語 nostalgia，造自古希臘語 νόστος (nóstos，“回家”) + ἄλγος (álgos，“痛苦”)。古希臘語 *νοσταλγία (*nostalgía)一词并不可考。对比意大利語 nostalgia、西班牙語 nostalgia、葡萄牙語 nostalgia、saudade和法語 nostalgie。

I can't have been the only person, last week, to feel a rush of nostalgia upon learning that Thames Water had removed a bus-sized, 15-tonne lump of food fat ("mixed with wet wipes") from the sewers under London. The fatberg was an August news story redolent of the old-fashioned silly season.

2013年August16日，Oliver Burkeman，“This is the cutest article”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 10，頁 20:


desolate

源自中古英語 desolate，源自拉丁語 dēsōlātus，dēsōlāre (“离开，使...孤独，蹂躏，使...人迹罕至”)的过去分词，源自sōlus (“独自的”)。

more desolate (comparative)
most desolate (superlative)

a desolate isle; a desolate wilderness; a desolate house

I will make Jerusalem […] a den of dragons, and I will make the cities of Judah desolate, without an inhabitant.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 9:11:

And the silvery marish flowers that throng / The desolate creeks and pools among.

1830，Alfred Lord Tennyson，The Dying Swan:


desolate

desolates (third-person singular present)
desolating (present participle)
desolated (past participle)

It is not to be supposed that when Cush left Armenia, he left it desolate, and that a rich and long settled country was abandoned altogether; for it would be an absurd way of founding an universal empire, to desolate one country in order to people another.

1828，Algernon Herbert，Nimrod: A Discourse on Certain Passages of History and Fable:

This completion of the Temple and attack upon Christians is the event that marks the apostasy that causes desolation, the detestable act that causes God to desolate (abandon) and destroy the Temple for the last time.

2007，James B. Jordan，The Handwriting on the Wall: A Commentary on the Book of Daniel, →ISBN:

Combining widowed, separated, and divorced elders into a single group ("desolated"), the data indicated that desolated elders were slightly more lonely than either married or never-married older people (although this trend was not statistically significant at the conventional .05 level).

2013，Tracey A. Revenson，“Debunking the Myth of Lonelines in Late Life”, in Redefining Social Problems, →ISBN，頁 126:


debug

debugs (third-person singular present)
debugging (present participle)
debugged (past participle)

（美国，计算机科学义）音频

It ranged from the pre-design development of essential components, through the stage of type test and flight test and "debugging" right through to later development of the engine to higher powers and efficiency.

1945，The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society，卷 49，頁 183:

It debugs all program errors, including those that are hardware initiated.

1970，Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation，卷 2，頁 36:

Additionally, it's up to you to remember to remove this cron entry when you've debugged the firewall.

2015，Steve Suehring，Linux Firewalls: Enhancing Security with nftables and Beyond，頁 140:

从...移除窃听装置等隐藏监控设备

Typical fees: $75 to check a particular telephone, $125 to debug one room, $500 to debug a suite of offices— all plus expenses and transportation.

1969，John Millar Carroll，The Third Listener: Personal Electronic Espionage，頁 30:

It conducts background investigations of new CIA employees and CIA contractors, administers polygraph tests to employees and agents, debugs offices at Langley and overseas stations, patrols the buildings and grounds, protects the director and other key CIA officials, and investigates security problems.

2012，Ronald Kessler，Inside the CIA，頁 172:

It is good to acquire information about how to perform the debugging operation and the type of tools that will be used，源自which you may already have an idea of the technical and instrumental skills, having acquired a plenty of technical information after reading this chapter.

2013，F. Garzia，Handbook of Communications Security，頁 620:

从...除虫，尤指除虱子

Mr. Moses started out his garden this year with only two toads. As they were differently marked, they soon became known as "Henry" and "Frank." Henry was strong in the pursuit of "ants." Every morning he is seen perched on his favorite hill "anting" for breakfast. Frank's occupation is that of debugging the roses and beating up the paths for miscellaneous insects.

1905年June15日，A. J. R.，“With the Long Bow”, in The Minneapolis Journal，Minneapolis, Minn., retrieved 2017-02-15，頁 14:

You can debug yourself at home with various over-the- counter medications.

1999，Stephen E. Goldstone，The Ins and Outs of Gay Sex: A Medical Handbook for Men，頁 59:

If you find nits, it's time for some serious debugging.

2011，Jay Heinrichs，Home Remedies from a Country Doctor:

Before we moved into our new quarters we, and our belongings, had to be deloused and debugged.

2013，Peter Jackson，Sacrifice, Captivity and Escape: The Remarkable Memoirs of a Japanese POW，頁 165:


debug

（美国，计算机科学义）音频

It may appear odd in the example that the no debug all command was entered before and after the debug was done. The first command is unnecessary, but getting into this habit can save you!

2009，Dale Liu，Cisco CCNA/CCENT Exam 640-802, 640-822, 640-816 Preparation Kit:

What should be the next steps following a test failure during debug?

2019, James K. Peckol, Embedded Systems: A Contemporary Design Tool (page 539)


template

templet变换而来，可能源自法語 templet，temple (“织布工的担架”)的指小词，其原形为tempe的变换形式，源自拉丁語 tempora (“寺庙”)。第二个音节的变换是因为与plate的类比。与法羅語 tamba (“伸展，放松”)、冰島語 þamb (“大肚子”)同源。

模板（为其他分子合成提供图案的大分子）

Classically, the functional product of coding genes is a protein whose synthesis is directed by an mRNA-template.

2002，S. Lottin et al.，“Thioredoxin post-transcriptional regulation by H19 provides a new function to mRNA-like non-coding RNA”, in Nature，卷 21, 期 10:


template

templates (third-person singular present)
templating (present participle)
templated (past participle)

Only that part of the floor timber that bears on the planking and keel need be templated; […]

1994，Howard I. Chapelle，Boatbuilding, →ISBN，頁 368:

Metal phosphates that are templated by transition-metal complexes are rare.

2003，Yu Wang et al.，“Synthesis and characterization of a new layered gallium phosphate templated by cobalt complex”, in Journal of Solid State Chemistry，卷 170, 期 1, →DOI:


fax

facsimile 的截斷形式，首次可考于1979年。

faxes (third-person singular present)
faxxes (third-person singular present)
faxing (present participle)
faxxing (present participle)
faxed (past participle)
faxxed (past participle)

Hands trembling with excitement and impatience, I faxxed my credit history to Jerry Raskin, the real estate agent listed, and received an appointment to view the place.

1990，Isaac Asimov’s Science Fiction Magazine，卷 14，頁 82:

Plaintiff contented that in a game show in London, England, in January of 1988, Mr. Steinberg entered into an oral agreement with Atari representatives to become the exclusive distributor of Atari Games’ products; that the proposed agreement was dictated at this meeting; and that within two days Mr. Steinberg sent defendant a faxxed confirmation of this oral arrangement reached at the London trade show.

SENATOR BAUCUS, IT IS THE THIRD STATEMENT, YOUR CHALLENGE, THAT HAS LED TO THE MOST FRUSTRATION FOR THE PEOPLE I AM REPRESENTING TODAY. WE TOOK YOU AT YOUR WORD AND HAVE RALLIED AND CONVOYED TO MAKE YOU AWARE OF US, TELEPHONED, WRITTEN LETTERS, FAXXED YOU, AND SPOKE WITH YOU PERSONALLY TO LET YOU KNOW HOW WE FEEL.

1992，Montana National Forest Management Act of 1991: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Public Lands, National Parks and Forests of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, First Session on S. 1696; October 22, 1991，Washington: United States Government Publishing Office, →ISBN，頁s 140–141:

A few of the corporations involved have frankly acknowledged the roadblock: their own fear of the POW/MIA movement. Some companies scheduled for a trade mission to Vietnam dropped out after receiving a faxxed message from the National P.O.W. Strike Force summed up by its leader: “We will go out of our way to destroy your company because you want to do business with filthy Communists who are holding American prisoners.”

1993，H. Bruce Franklin，M.I.A., or, Mythmaking in America，第revised and expanded paperback版, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, →ISBN，頁 194:

Thanks to Franz Amador and Tony Barrett for helpful discussions. We gratefully acknowledge Oren Etzioni’s emergency faxxing service. This research was funded in part by National Science Foundation Grant IRI-8957302, Office of Naval Research Grant 90-J-1904, and a grant from the Xerox corporation.

1993，Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence，Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, →ISBN，頁 737，列 1:

His logistic: to dress in the skin of the worker, / the technician, the programmer, / infiltrating himself in their milieu, / their offices, their plants, & their boards, / a bug in their systems, / crossing up the controls and the panels, / the wiring, the wave lengths, / the faxxing of messages, the spy-satellites / & their receptors, / changing their conceptions, their charts.

1994，Olga Elena Mattei，“Part One: Poetry [§] The Angel of the Millennium (Accident at the Nuclear Plant)”, in In Other Words: Literature by Latinas of the United States，Houston, Texas: Arte Público Press, →ISBN，頁 139:

He already has the copy of the other fingerprints that Leo faxxed to him for comparison.

1995，Lucha Corpi，Cactus Blood: A Mystery Novel，Houston, Texas: Arte Público Press, →ISBN，頁 151:

On May 12, 1995, Julie Hirshen (GAO) faxxed a draft portion of the GAO Cooperative Threat Reduction report dealing with MPCA.

1995年May17日，Ken Luongo，“Comments on GAO Report on CTR Program Concerning MPCA (note to Ken Sanders)”, in Weapons of Mass Destruction: Reducing the Threat 源自the Former Soviet Union: An Update (United States General Accounting Office, Report to Congressional Requesters)，出版於 June 1995, “Background”，頁 76:

[162] / Faxxing from Israel / 03-695-0132 / [163] / Calling from abroad / 972-3-695-6868 / Faxxing from abroad / 972-3-695-0132

1996，Middle East Peace Process: Hearing Before the Committee on International Relations House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session; September 20, 1995，Washington: United States Government Publishing Office, →ISBN，頁 25:

Please advise how one faxxes from the Pilot Pro. Faxxing would greatly enhance my use of the Pilot. / Thanks!

1997年May18日，Mike Story，“Confirmed....Pilot Modem Has FAX capability!!”, in alt.comp.sys.palmtops.pilot (Usenet):

Please have Georgia Dixon of Sen Craig’s office have a current copy of the Canadian Endangered Species list faxxed to her from Ottawa, Canada.

1999，Appendix E: Response to Public Comments: Final Environmental Impact Statement For Open Road and Open Motorized Trail Analysis (Motorized Road and Trail Travel Plan):


coast

源自中古英語 coste (“肋骨；身体的一边；建筑物的一边；立体图形的面；海岸；海湾；海洋；凹；界限；土地；国家；地区；地方，地点；天的分区；方位；方向；用来表示方向的地点”) [以及其他形式]，源自古法語 coste (“肋；侧；海岸”)（现代法語 côte (“肋骨；海岸；山丘”)），源自拉丁語 costa (“肋骨；边”)，源自原始印歐語 *kost-。

地区，区划 （14-17世纪）

P. Crescentius, in his lib. 1 de agric. cap. 5, is very copious in this subject, how a house should be wholesomely sited, in a good coast, good air, wind, etc.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，章號 II, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition ii, section 3:

空中的区域 （14-17世纪）

the learned Merlin, well could tell, / Vnder what coast of heauen the man did dwell […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto III”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


coast

源自中古英語 costeien (“在一个边界上移动；沿着...走；陪同；穿越，穿过；邻接于”) [以及其他形式]，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 [具體何詞?]、古法語 costoier (“靠在，与...邻接”) […]（现代法語 côtoyer (“划过，经过；擦肩”)），源自拉丁語 costicāre，源自拉丁語 costa (“肋骨；边”)，还见词源 1。

coasts (third-person singular present)
coasting (present participle)
coasted (past participle)

（指车等不依靠引擎动力）滑行

When I ran out of gas, fortunately I managed to coast into a nearby gas station.

我没油了，还好我想办法把车推到了附近的一家加油站。

We steamed easily across the first part of the Tay Bridge, and then after passing over the long spans in mid-stream we coasted smoothly down the 1 in 114 gradient, and around the sweeping curve through Esplanade Station.

1947 January and February，O. S. Nock，“"The Aberdonian" in Wartime”, in Railway Magazine，頁 7:

Avanti West Coast has introduced the use of coasting with its Pendolino fleet, in an effort to keep disruption during overhead line equipment failures to a minimum. [...] The Class 390s coasted for three miles without power between Harrow & Wealdstone and Wembley Central, running under damaged OLE.

2020年September23日，“Network News: AWC employs coasting to minimise disruption”, in Rail，頁 26:


diet

源自中古英語 diet、dyet、diete，源自古法語 diete，源自中世紀拉丁語 dieta (“养生；集会”)，源自拉丁語 diaeta，源自古希臘語 δίαιτα (díaita)。

The diet of the giant panda consists mainly of bamboo.

大熊猫的日常食物大多是竹子。

It is common policy to order no more diet than will be used within one month.

2013，Martin D Buckland, Lynda Hall, Alan Mowlem，A Guide to Laboratory Animal Technology，頁 56:

日常消费，日常消耗，日常使用

He's been reading a steady diet of nonfiction for the last several years.

这几年他都一直在读纪实文学。

Last week the aging video game retailer emerged as the hottest stock on Wall Street, a story just unexpected and absurd enough to fill the new Trump-shaped void in our nation’s media diet.

2021年February3日，Farhad Manjoo，“Can We Please Stop Talking About Stocks, Please?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


diet

lite

简化版的，精简的，迷你的

健康的，低脂、低盐、低糖的

diet soda

Many grocery chains offer premium-priced lean or diet hamburger; but the fat content is usually at least 10 percent, sometimes 15 percent or more.

1982，Consumer Guide，Dieter's Complete Guide to Calories, Carbohydrates, Sodiums, Fats & Cholesterol，頁 18:

The difference in weight (mass) of the regular and the diet drink of the same brand roughly equals to the amount of sugar in the regular drink.

1998，Andy Sae，Chemical Magic from the Grocery Store:

Diet Light (Pizarro 724; snacks S2-7; 9:30am-10pm)
This perennially busy place serves not-very-diet, but yummy nonetheless, ice cream (S2 to S5) and whopping servings of mixed fruit (S3) – with ice cream.

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:diet。


diet

源自中古英語 dieten、dyeten、diȝeten，源自古法語 dïeter以及中世紀拉丁語 diētāre。

diets (third-person singular present)
dieting (present participle)
dieted (past participle)

When all signs of effusion, dulness, pain, œgophony, and cough had disappeared he was dieted, stimulated, and tonicked.

1887，Medical Press and Circular，卷 94，頁 461:

As illustrating the belief that the Baptism by Blood was accompanied by a real regeneration of the devotee, Frazer quotes an ancient writer who says that for some time after the ceremony the fiction of a new birth was kept up by dieting the devotee on milk, like a new-born babe.

1920，Edward Carpenter，Pagan and Christian Creeds，New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 出版於 1921，頁 45:

Let him[…]diet in such places, where there is good company of the nation, where he travelleth.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Travel”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

But partly led to diet my revenge […]。

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (请用大写罗马数字指定剧本幕号，并用小写罗马数字指定剧本场号):


drown

源自中古英語 drownen、drounen、drunen (“溺死”)，其词源不详。
《牛津英语词典》提出一个不可考的古英语形式*drūnian。 Harper 2001指出古英语druncnian、ġedruncnian（→中古英語 drunknen、dronknen (“溺死”)），它们“可能受到了古諾爾斯語 drukkna的影响”（对比冰島語 drukkna、丹麥語 drukne (“溺死”)）。Funk & Wagnalls认为词源不详。有理论指出（如ODS）其可能直接借自古諾爾斯語 drukkna，但《牛津词典》认为在“发音和各种原因上解释不通”，除非引入不可考变体古諾爾斯語 *drunkna的可能性。

drowns (third-person singular present)
drowning (present participle)
drowned (past participle)

[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷaʊn]

用比喻义指掩盖其他事物的声音时，现在常用形式drown out。

We are drowning in information but starving for wisdom.

我们淹没在信息的海洋中，却仍希求智慧。

Penny Guy: Bloody hell, Rog, whadda you want? / Roger O'Neill: To drown in your arms and hide in yer eyes, darlin'.

He drowns his sorrows in buckets of chocolate ice cream.

他靠大桶巧克力冰淇淋来消愁。

Though most men being in sensuall pleasures drownd, / It seemes their Soules but in the Senses are.

1599，John Davies，Nosce Teipsum，London: John Standish，頁 19:

Unluckily that worthy Officer having, in a literal Sense, taken his Fill of Liquor, had been some Time retired to his Bolster, where he was snoaring so loud, that it was not easy to convey a Noise in at his Ears capable of drowning that which issued from his Nostrils.

1749，Henry Fielding，章號 XIV, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 II, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book VII，頁s 71–72:


flee

源自古英語 flēon，源自原始日耳曼語 *fleuhaną，源自原始印歐語 *plewk-、*plew- (“飞；流；跑”)。
同源词包括荷蘭語 vlieden、德語 fliehen、冰島語 flýja、瑞典語 fly、哥特語 𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þliuhan)。英语内与fly有关，还与flow有较远的关系。

flees (third-person singular present)
fleeing (present participle)
fled (past participle)

The prisoner tried to flee, but was caught by the guards.

囚犯企图逃跑，但是被看守抓住了。

The wicked flee when no man pursueth: but the righteous are bolde as a lyon.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 28:1:

As they turned into Hertford Street they startled a robin from the poet's head on a barren fountain, and he fled away with a cameo note.

1922，Michael Arlen，“Ep./4/2”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

When, however, the plant spirits were not strong enough in themselves, then the family called in the Medicine Man. He appeared, a "monster of so frightful mien", with noise making apparatus which produced such a terrifying din that even the hardiest demon was likely to flee.

1940，Rosetta E. Clarkson，Green Enchantments: The Magic Spell of Gardens，The Macmillan Company，頁 254:

Many people fled the country as war loomed.

战争将至，很多人都逃出了国外。

Thousands of people moved northward trying to flee the drought.

几千人为了逃离干旱而北迁。

The Government, having lit the fuse, is not going to be allowed to flee the explosion.

1962 October，“Talking of Trains: Passed to you, Mr. Macmillan”, in Modern Railways，頁 220:


kidnap

kidnaps (third-person singular present)
kidnapping (present participle)
kidnaping (present participle)
kidnapped (past participle)
kidnaped (past participle)

Hello, ladies. How’s the Big Apple?
Rotten, Jerry. Clover’s been kidnapped.
Oh dear. That’s the second time this month.

2002年September6日，Michelle and Robert Lamoreaux，“Model Citizens”, in Totally Spies!，季数 1, 集数 9, spoken by Alexandra “Alex” (Jess Harnell as Jerry and Katie Leigh), Marathon Media, 經由 Teletoon:


patient

源自中古英語 pacient，源自中古法語 patient，源自古法語 pacient，源自拉丁語 patiens，patior (“受苦；忍耐”)的现在分词，源自原始印歐語 *peh₁- (“恨；伤”)。

patienter (comparative)
more patient (comparative)
patientest (superlative)
most patient (superlative)

Be patient: your friends will arrive in a few hours.

耐心点，你朋友过几个小时就来了。

Asari Cultural VI: Due to our lifespan-sometimes reaching 1,000 years of age-we are patient in our decisions, and prefer long-term solutions over short-term gains.

2017，BioWare，Mass Effect: Andromeda (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC，幕：Nexus:

耐心的，坚持的，持之以恒的

patient endeavour

a patient wait

patient analysis

Whatever I have done […] is due to […] patient thought.

c. 1692, Sir Isaac Newton, letter to Dr. Richard Bentley

“Her personal life and her art were very intertwined: You can’t really separate them,” explains Sophia Jansson. “She mirrored her own a reality onto a fictional reality.” And this is perhaps the nub of the Moomin’s enduring appeal: a combination of adventuresome spirit and philosophy, all of which Jansson derived from close and patient observation, of human relationships and of the natural world alike.

December 15, 2016, Hettie Judah in the New York Times, Beloved Children’s-Book Characters, in Their Own Immersive World

In contrast, the Westminster Gazette in 1912 was much more positive about railway staff, praising the "...army of porters hustling and bustling hither and thither with barrows groaning under the weight of bags and baggage and... the ever-patient and long-suffering guards, courteously giving information and advice to the querulous passengers... to the porter the Christmas season means a continuous round of heavy labour, extremely tiring to both nerves and temper, and this fact the public too often seem either to forget or ignore."

2022年December14日，David Turner，“The Edwardian Christmas getaway...”, in RAIL，期 972，頁 35:

To this outward structure was joined that strength of constitution, patient of severest toil and hardship; insomuch that for the most part of his life, in the fiercest extremity of cold, he took no other advantage of a fire, than at the greatest distance that he could, to look upon it.

1661，John Fell，“Doctor Henry Hammond”, in Ecclesiastical Biography，卷 5, 出版於 1810，頁 380: