patient

患者，接受治疗的人或动物

An artificial kidney these days still means a refrigerator-sized dialysis machine. Such devices mimic[…]real kidneys[…]。But they are nothing like as efficient, and can cause bleeding, clotting and infection—not to mention inconvenience for patients, who typically need to be hooked up to one three times a week for hours at a time.

2013年June1日，“A better waterworks”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8838，頁 5 (Technology Quarterly):

受动者 （接受动作的语法对象）

The subject of a passive verb is usually a patient.

被动动词的主语通常为受动者。

The number of a first or second person participant is generally marked for both agent and patient in all aspects.

1982，Paul J. Hopper，Tense-aspect: Between Semantics & Pragmatics, →ISBN:

Since we have argued that the absolutive argument in Dyirbal is the grammatical subject of its clause, we must conclude that in the antipassive construction the agent replaces the patient as grammatical subject.

2004，Paul Kroeger，Analyzing Syntax: A Lexical-Functional Approach, →ISBN，頁 292:

Malice is a passion so impetuous and precipitate, that it often involves the agent and the patient.

c. 1658，Dr. Henry More，Government of the Tongue:

For it seems clear that the subject of change is the changed, i.e. the patient -- on one proviso. the proviso is that there be an agent or changer.

1988，Sarah Waterlow, Sarah Broadie，Nature, Change, and Agency in Aristotle's Physics, →ISBN，頁 159:

How does a person change from a patient to an agent in shaping and living a course of life?

1994，Larry Cochran, Joan Laub，Becoming an Agent: Patterns and Dynamics for Shaping Your Life, →ISBN:

According to the tradition, when an agent acts on a patient, the change is located in the patient. If the patient reacts on the agent, then the agent is a patient in the new relation.

1999，Lloyd P. Gerson，Aristotle: Logic and metaphysics, →ISBN，頁 127:

The starting point is that all events involve an agent and a patient. Agents and patients are modelled as (material or non-material) objects, and can therefore be represented as points in conceptual spaces.

2010，Mohua Banerjee, Anil Seth，Logic and Its Applications: Fourth Indian Conference, ICLA 2011, →ISBN，頁 7:


starve

源自中古英語 sterven，源自古英語 steorfan (“死”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *sterbaną (“僵硬；死”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)terp- (“弱，麻”)，或原始印歐語 *sterbʰ- (“僵硬”)，源自*ster- (“僵”)，或者上述词的异文合并。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 sterve (“死，消失”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 stjerwa (“死”)、西弗里斯蘭語 stjerre (“死”)、荷蘭語 sterven (“死”)、德國低地德語 starven (“死”)、德語 sterben (“死”)、冰島語 stirfinn (“脾气差的；刚愎的”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 shterp (“贫瘠的；贫瘠的土地”)。

starves (third-person singular present)
starving (present participle)
starved (past)
starved (past participle)
starven (past participle)

famish

（尤指通过断粮）摧毁，使...屈服；使...饿死

while the grass grows, the steed starves

During the Cultural Revolution I was exiled to Xincai County in Henan Province. There, 36 percent of the people starved to death in the early 1960s.

1990，Chen Yizi (陳一諮)（被引）, Children of the Dragon: The Story of Tiananmen Square, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 48:

"When all of you starve to death, Shasta, don't come crying to me, that's all."

2007，Lisa Wingate，A Thousand Voices，頁 76:

I was half starved waiting out in that wind.

我在那风里等人，被冻了个半死。

Wheniver he wor starved, he used to get th' seck o' coils ov his back, an' walk raand th' haase till he gat warm agean.

1869 February，John Hartley，The original illuminated clock almanack:

One i' th' morning an' me starv'd to th' death wi' waitin' up.

1886，A Queer Supper，John Heywood, section 8:

Sometimes he remarks, “ ’Tis these dreadful frostis that spiles everything. ’Tis enough to sterve anybody.”

1898，J. Arthur Gibbs，“When the May-Fly is Up”, in A Cotswold village; or, Country Life & Pursuits in Gloucestershire，London: John Murray, →OCLC，頁 164:

死亡；（晚期用法中指）慢慢死去

Seuen moneths he ſo her kept in bitter ſmart, / Becauſe his ſinfull luſt ſhe would not ſerue, / Vntill ſuch time as noble Britomart / Releaſed her, that elſe was like to ſterue / Through cruell knife that her deare heart did kerue.

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book IV, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），第II部分 (卷 IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 4，頁 6:


suffer

源自中古英語 suffren，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 suffrir，源自拉丁語 sufferō (“献上，支撑，承受，遭受”)，源自sub- (“下”) + ferō (“撑着”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰer- (“负，持”)。取代了原生词古英語 þrōwian。

suffers (third-person singular present)
suffering (present participle)
suffered (past participle)

If you keep partying like this, your school-work will suffer.

你老是天天去聚会的话，你成绩会变差的。

Our correspondent found that timekeeping had suffered following the substitution of Class 5 4-6-0s on these workings.

1961 October，“Motive Power Miscellany: Scottish Region”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 638:

I've been suffering your insults for years.

我忍受你的侮辱已经很多年了。

We hope you never have to suffer the same pain.

我们希望你不用吃一样的苦。

Investors face a quandary. Cash offers a return of virtually zero in many developed countries; government-bond yields may have risen in recent weeks but they are still unattractive. Equities have suffered two big bear markets since 2000 and are wobbling again. It is hardly surprising that pension funds, insurers and endowments are searching for new sources of return.

2013年July6日，“The rise of smart beta”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8843，頁 68:

Thou shalt not suffer a witch to liue.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:18:

But Iesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not to come vnto me: for of such is þe kingdome of heauen.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 19:14:

"Employ" includes to suffer or permit to work.

1938, The U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 203:

[…] it shall be unlawful for any person to cause, allow, permit or suffer any vehicle to be parked […] beyond the period of time established by the duration of the parking meter […]

1978, Section 31-36 of the Code of Montgomery County, Maryland:


Handel

源自德語的姓氏：（尤指格奥尔格·弗里德里希·亨德尔（1685年–1759年），一位英籍德（神圣罗马帝国）裔巴洛克风格作曲家.

Handel's masterpiece, Messiah, is one of the incontrovertible masterpieces of the Western canon, a work whose place in the musical life of the nation looks, with the benefit of hindsight, to have been assured since its first performance in 1742.

2014年April17日，Tom Service，“Handel's Messiah: the sound of our better selves”, in The Guardian:


cajole

借自法語 cajoler，可能是中古法語 cageoler (“松鸦鸣叫”)（源自gajole，geai (“松鸦”)的方言指小词） + 古法語 gaioler (“诱至笼中”)的混成词，后者源自中世紀拉丁語 gabiola，源自晚期拉丁語 caveola（其衍生出英語 caveola），拉丁語 cavea (“笼子，畜栏”)的指小词。详见cage、cave、cavum和cavus。

cajoles (third-person singular present)
cajoling (present participle)
cajoled (past participle)

Then he cajoled with his brother, and persuaded him what service he had done him.

1722, Daniel Defoe, Moll Flanders, ch. 12:

If you are cajoled by the cunning arguments of a trumpeter of heresy, or the praises of a puritanic old woman, is not that womanish?

1820, Sir Walter Scott, The Abbot, ch. 27:

He had tried bullying, and without success. He would try cajoling and temptation.

1894, Horatio Alger, Only An Irish Boy, ch. 19:

[W]ith eloquent arts he had cajoled a young girl into a secret marriage.

1898, Gilbert Parker, The Battle Of The Strong, ch. 37:

Schulman, general manager of the "G. F. C.," had been sending out messengers to hunt for him, and finally had got him in his office, arguing and pleading, cajoling and denouncing him by turns.

For weeks, the White House, the Pentagon and Senate Democrats have been working overtime to cajole, convince and placate Republicans.

2010 August 4, Michael Scherer, "NonSTARTer? Obama's Troubled Nuclear Treaty," Time:

But the wife was visibly unimpressed by Ms. Baskin’s half-furnished home (they had just moved in) and thrown-together spaghetti dinner. “It was basically clear that his wife had been cajoled into attending,” said Ms. Baskin, 33. “She settled on to our rickety Ikea kitchen chairs like she was lowering herself into a coal mine.”

2012年July13日，Alex Williams，“Why Is It Hard to Make Friends Over 30?”, in New York Times:


calamity

源自中古法語 calamité，源自拉丁語 calamitās (“损失；灾难”)。

Yet, at that moment, she felt as if the acquisition of these gems were a calamity. Their possession involved separation from her uncle，源自every relic of home affections, and from all that yet lingered with her of her childhood.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“Age and Youth”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 I, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 15:

They were behind twice, first in the 11th minute when James Morrison scored a goal that was a personal calamity for Hart, and then four minutes into the second half when Kenny Miller eluded Gary Cahill to score with a splendid left-foot drive.


calendar

源自中古英語 kalender，源自古法語 calendier，源自拉丁語 calendarium (“账簿”)，源自kalendae (“一个月的第一天”)，源自calō (“严肃发表，召集”)，源自原始印歐語 *kelh₁-。

a calendar of bills presented in a legislative assembly; a calendar of causes arranged for trial in court

在立法大会上展示的（要讨论的）法案列表；法庭审判时列出的事由清单

Shepherds of People, had need know the Kalenders of Tempeſts in State; which are commonly greateſt, when Things grow to Equality; As naturall Tempeſts are greateſt about the Æquinoctia.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Seditions and Troubles. XV.”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC，頁 76:

The story struck the depressingly familiar note with which true stories ring in the tried ears of experienced policemen.[…]The second note, the high alarum, not so familiar and always important since it indicates the paramount sin in Man's private calendar, took most of them by surprise although they had been well prepared.

1963，Margery Allingham，“Eye Witness”, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC，頁 249:


admonish

源自中古英語 admonesten、admonissen，源自古法語 amonester（现代法语admonester），源自一不可考的晚期拉丁語或通俗拉丁語词*admonestrāre，源自拉丁語 admoneō (“提醒，警告”)，源自ad + moneō (“警告，忠告”)。见premonition。

admonishes (third-person singular present)
admonishing (present participle)
admonished (past participle)

reprimand

告诫，训诫；（不严重地）呵责

chide

告诫，训诫；（不严重地）呵责

告诫，训诫；（不严重地）呵责

Better is a poore and a wise child, then an old and foolish king who will no more be admonished.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ecclesiastes 4:13:

And further, by these, my sonne, be admonished: of making many bookes there is no end, and much studie is a wearinesse of the flesh.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ecclesiastes 12:12:

[…] But then things take a turn, the men starting to keel over as Walder seems to admonish them for leaving certain threads hanging. […]

2017年July16日，Brandon Nowalk，“Chickens and dragons come home to roost on Game Of Thrones (newbies)”, in The Onion AV Club:


appraisal

She hated that silent appraisal, watching someone compare her to a version that she might have been.

2020，Brit Bennett，The Vanishing Half，Dialogue Books，頁 47:


arduous

源自拉丁語 arduus (“高耸的，险峻的，难以企及的，困难的，费事的”)，与愛爾蘭語 ard (“高的”)有关。

more arduous (comparative)
most arduous (superlative)

/ˈɑːd͡ʒuːəs/

/ˈɑːɹd͡ʒuəs/

The movement towards a peaceful settlement has been a long and arduous political struggle.

这个和平解决争端的努力是一场费时费力的政治斗争。

Chelsea survived and can now turn their attentions to the Champions League final against Bayern Munich in Germany later this month as they face an increasingly arduous task to finish in the Premier League's top four.

2012年May5日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:arduous。

（因陡峭，险峻等）难以越过的

Beyond the river, an arduous slope rises 3286 feet in 13 miles.

1974，Sue Bowder，The American biking atlas & touring guide，頁 77:

Mike looked up from the arduous mountain trail. They'd been climbing for five hours and he was beginning to feel irritable.

1999, Scott Ciencin, Mike Fredericks, Dinoverse:

Survivor reaches as many as 28 million viewers who watch contestants win a new Pontiac or guzzle Mountain Dew after scaling an arduous cliff.

2006，Jack W. Plunkett，Plunkett's Entertainment & Media Industry Almanac 2006:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:arduous。


artery

晚期中古英語 arterie，借自古法語 artaire和拉丁語 artēria (“气管；动脉”)，源自古希臘語 ᾰ̓ρτηρῐ́ᾱ (ărtērĭ́ā，“气管；动脉”)。

As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels. The reason plaque forms isn’t entirely known, but it seems to be related to high levels of cholesterol inducing an inflammatory response, which can also attract and trap more cellular debris over time.

2013 July–August，Stephen P. Lownie，David M. Pelz，“Stents to Prevent Stroke”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 號 4, →DOI，頁 292:

The 98-mile Edinburgh-Carlisle 'Waverley Route' provided over a century of service as an Anglo-Scottish artery, prior to its closure by British Rail, and its loss provoked anger in the Scottish Borders.

2020年May6日，Graeme Pickering，“Borders Railway: time for the next step”, in Rail，頁 52:


asthma

借自古希臘語 ἆσθμα (âsthma，“费力呼吸，哮喘”)。

"He kind of spat," said Piggy. "My auntie wouldn't let me blow on account of my asthma. He said you blew from down here." Piggy laid a hand on his jutting abdomen.

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013年June29日，“A punch in the gut”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁s 72–3:


baffle

不详。可能与法語 bafouer (“藐视”)或已弃用的法語 befer (“嘲笑”)有关，经由苏格兰语bauchle (“羞辱”)。

baffles (third-person singular present)
baffling (present participle)
baffled (past participle)

hoodwink

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

deceive

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

制止，阻止，挫败 （自17世纪）

the art that baffles time's tyrannic claim

1798，William Cowper，On the Receipt of My Mother's Picture:

It may have been the failure of Christianity to emancipate itself from expiatory theories of moral responsibility, guilt, innocence, reward, punishment, and the rest of it, that baffled its intention of changing the world.

1898，George Bernard Shaw，Caesar and Cleopatra:

So they had to search the world again for a sphinx. And still there was none. But they were not men that it is easy to baffle, and at last they found a sphinx in a desert at evening watching a ruined temple whose gods she had eaten hundreds of years ago when her hunger was on her.

1915，Edward Plunkett, Lord Dunsany，Fifty-One Tales:

当众羞辱 （尤指骑士） （16-17世纪）

He by the heeles him hung upon a tree, / And baffuld so, that all which passed by / The picture of his punishment might see […].

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book VI, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

欺骗 （16-18世纪）

pretences to baffle with his goodness

a. 1678 (date written)，Isaac Barrow，“(please specify the chapter name or sermon number). The Duty of Prayer”, in The Works of Dr. Isaac Barrow. […]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VII), London: A[braham] J[ohn] Valpy, […], 出版於 1830–1831, →OCLC:


brim

源自中古英語 brim、brem、brimme (“河边，岸边，湖边，海边”)，可能源自中古英語 brim (“海，海浪，海滨”)。见上文。同源词包括荷蘭語 berm (“岸，河岸”)、巴伐利亞語 Bräm (“边界”)、德語 Bräme、Brame (“边界”)、丹麥語 bræmme (“边界，边缘”)、瑞典語 bräm (“边界”)、冰島語 barmur (“边界，边缘”)。与berm有关。

brims (third-person singular present)
brimming (present participle)
brimmed (past participle)

The room brimmed with people.

It was a hint of life in a place that still brims with memories of death, a reminder that even five years later, the attacks are not so very distant.

Djokovic, brimming with energy and confidence, needed little encouragement and came haring in to chase down a drop shot in the next game, angling away the backhand to break before turning to his supporters to celebrate.

2011年July3日，Piers Newbury，“Wimbledon 2011: Novak Djokovic beats Rafael Nadal in final”, in BBC Sport:


callous

源自拉丁語 callōsus (“皮肤硬的”)，源自callum (“硬的皮肤”) + -ōsus。

more callous (comparative)
most callous (superlative)

冷淡的，无情的，铁石心肠的

She was so callous that she could criticise a cancer patient for wearing a wig.

她无情到会因为癌症病人戴假发而责备他。

Re-watching some of the audition rounds of these shows now, you're struck by how callous the judges' comments often were, and how they presented a cruel spectacle in which the audience were set up to laugh at the "deluded" members of the public who believed they could sing.

2021年September15日，Laura Martin，“How talent shows became TV's most bizarre programmes”, in BBC:


candid

源自拉丁語 candidus (“白色的”)。

candider (comparative)
candidest (superlative)

He knew not where to look for faithful advice, efficient aid, or candid judgement.

1884，Washington Irving，The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus:

Asked about the Brexit vote, the candid president told Marr: «I am not the one to judge or comment on the decision of your people.»

21 January 2018, Oli Smith, in The Sunday Express


caustic

源自拉丁語 causticus (“腐蚀性的”)，源自καυστικός (kaustikós，“腐蚀性的”)。

more caustic (comparative)
most caustic (superlative)

"How now!" said Scrooge, caustic and cold as ever.

The bargain was not concluded as easily as might have been expected though, for Scadder was caustic and ill-humoured, and cast much unnecessary opposition in the way

Madame Beck esteemed me learned and blue; Miss Fanshawe, caustic, ironic, and cynical

The Secretary and the Assistant-Secretaries would say little caustic things about him to the senior clerks, and seemed somewhat to begrudge him his new honours.

this set of worthies, who were only too prone to shut up their emotions with caustic words.

1886，Thomas Hardy，The Mayor of Casterbridge:

The humor of my proposition appealed more strongly to Miss Trevor than I had looked for, and from that time forward she became her old self again;[…]。 Our table in the dining-room became again the abode of scintillating wit and caustic repartee, Farrar bracing up to his old standard, and the demand for seats in the vicinity rose to an animated competition.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 8, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

though he came too late / To join the martyrs, there was still a place / Among the tempters for a caustic tongue / / To test the resolution of the young / With tales of the small failings of the great


cleft

源自中古英語 clift，源自古英語 ġeclyft，源自原始西日耳曼語 *klufti，源自原始日耳曼語 *kluftiz，等价于cleave + -t。对比荷蘭語 klucht (“直白喜剧”)、瑞典語 klyft (“洞”)、德語 Kluft。还见cleave。

Then came some palsied oak, a cleft in him / Like a distorted mouth that splits its rim / Gaping at death, and dies while it recoils.

1855，Robert Browning，Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came, section XXVI:


cleft

clefts (third-person singular present)
clefting (present participle)
clefted (past participle)

将...单独提取出来并强调（指从句子中）

This may be so because in most languages the most natural clefting involves NP's, and it is in fact hard in most languages to cleft the verb, although some — notably Kwa languages in West-Africa — allow such clefting.

1983，Switch-reference and Universal Grammar: Proceedings of a Symposium on Switch Reference and Universal Grammar, Winnipeg, May 1981:

When the affected object is clefted, the clefted constituent may be assigned a contrastive reading on the event denoted by the clause, as is shown in (62).

2002，Claire Lefebvre，A Grammar of Fongbe，頁 521:

The strategy the language employs is to cleft the clause containing the wh-phrase, as exemplified in (3) […]

2013，Katharina Hartmann，Cleft Structures，頁 270:


collapse

She suffered a terrible collapse after slipping on the wet floor.

她在湿地板上滑倒后昏迷不醒。

The top six are assured of continental competition and after making a statement of intent against Stoke, it would take a dramatic collapse for Newcastle to surrender their place.

2012年April21日，Jonathan Jurejko，“Newcastle 3-0 Stoke”, in BBC Sport:

However the collapse in demand for rail and air travel caused by the pandemic has had a knock-on effect for the project's funding.

2021年May5日，Paul Clifton，“Network News: Heathrow Western Rail Access scheme 'on hold'”, in RAIL，期 930，頁 26:


complacence

源自late 中古英語 complacence，源自中世紀拉丁語 complacentia，源自拉丁語 complaceō (“高兴，满足”)。

O thou, my sole complacence.

1667，John Milton，“Book III”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

He told his sister, if she pleased, the new-born infant should be bred up together with little Tommy; to which she consented, though with some little reluctance: for she had truly a great complacence for her brother […]

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:


complexion

源自中古英語 complexion (“气质，性格”)，源自古法語 complexion（法語 complexion），源自中世紀拉丁語 complexiō (“气质，性格”)，源自complector，complexus (“缠绕，围绕”)的过去分词。

体液学说中，4种体液所构成的“气质”

Ne ever is he wont on ought to feed / But todes and frogs, his pasture poysonous, / Which in his cold complexion doe breed / A filthy blood […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto X”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

a rugged complexion

a sunburnt complexion

"I shall do nothing for the next week but study my costume and complexion," said she. "Ethel and myself will consider our conquests as proper compliments to your kindness."

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“Asking for an Invitation”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 28:

This new-comer was a man who in any company would have seemed striking. In complexion fair, and with blue or gray eyes, he was tall as any Viking, as broad in the shoulder.

1910，Emerson Hough，章號 I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise，Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

Nurse Cramer had a cute nose and a radiant, blooming complexion dotted with fetching sprays of adorable freckles that Yossarian detested.

1961年November10日，Joseph Heller，“The Soldier in White”, in Catch-22 […]，New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁 171:

It was a little unfortunate that the fib unfibbed gave their consultations something the complexion of that close understanding which exists between penitent and confessor.

1910，Bernard Capes，Why Did He Do It?，頁 207:

But the purely marginal jottings, done with no eye to the Memorandum Book, have a distinct complexion, and not only a distinct purpose, but none at all; this it is which imparts to them a value.


complexion

complexions (third-person singular present)
complexioning (present participle)
complexioned (past participle)

给...某种颜色，给...上色

源自the pale refinement of her genteel heroine to the sallow complexioning of poor white trash, Stowe colors her narrative with the hues of the body.

2003，Leland Krauth，Mark Twain & Company: Six Literary Relations，頁 118:


conspicuous

源自拉丁語 conspicuus (“可见的，引人注目的”)，源自cōnspicere (“注意到”)，源自con- (“与，和”) + specere (“看”)。

more conspicuous (comparative)
most conspicuous (superlative)

He was conspicuous by his absence.

“No, don't,” replied the superintendent; “in fact, I'd rather you made yourself conspicuous elsewhere. Go down to the landing stage and cross to New Brighton or Wallasey—doesn't matter which—and come back. No doubt you will be seen, and reported to have gone across.”

1928，Lawrence R. Bourne，章號 7, in Well Tackled!:

[...] 1. Handsignalmen, where needed, ought to wear a conspicuous orange/yellow cape (like many road workmen) to draw attention to them.

1964 April，“Letters: Rethinking emergency procedures”, in Modern Railways，頁 274:


cordial

繼承自中古英語 cordial，源自古法語 cordial，源自中世紀拉丁語 cordiālis (“心的”)，源自cor (“心”)。

more cordial (comparative)
most cordial (superlative)

/ˈkɔɹ.d͡ʒəl/

He, on his side / Leaning half raised, with looks of cordial love / Hung over her enamoured.

1667，John Milton，“(please specify the book number)”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The relations between the Earl of Bellomont and Colonel Schuyler were formal, but not cordial from the first.

1885，George Washington Schuyler，Colonial New York: Philip Schuyler and His Family，C. Scribner's Sons:

Who stooping op'n'd my left side, and took / From thence a Rib with cordial spirits warm, / And Life-blood streaming fresh;


cordial

/ˈkɔɹ.d͡ʒəl/

squash

（一种需要加水饮用的）甜果汁饮料

high juice

（一种需要加水饮用的）甜果汁饮料

Lucy. But, miss Polly—in the way of friendship, will you give me leave to propose a glass of cordial to you ?

1728, John Gay, The Beggar's Opera, Act III, Scene 1, in 1828, British Theatre, Comprising Tragedies, Comedies, Operas, and Farces, 827,

[Marilla] had put the bottle of raspberry cordial down in the cellar instead of in the closet [...].

1908，Lucy Maud Montgomery，Anne of Green Gables，L. C. Page & Co.:


cottage

晚期中古英語，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 cotage和中世紀拉丁語 cotagium，源自古諾曼語 cot、cote (“小屋，村舍”) + -age (“地产周边”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kutan、*kuta- (“棚屋”)，可能源自印欧语系以外，但也可能借自烏拉爾語系，对比芬蘭語 kota (“小屋，房子”)和匈牙利語 ház (“房子”)，两者均源自原始芬蘭-烏戈爾語/原始烏拉爾語 *kota。但亦对比荷兰语和英語 hut。
古北方法语cote可能是源自古諾爾斯語 kot (“小屋”)，与亦来自原始日耳曼語的古英語 cot同源。
俚语义“公厕”自19世纪，由于两者外观相似。

Thinks I to myself, “Sol, you're run off your course again. This is a rich man's summer ‘cottage’ and if you don't look out there's likely to be some nice, lively dog taking an interest in your underpinning.”

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 1, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

Most cottages in the area were larger and more elaborate than my home.

这一带的多数乡间别墅比我家更大更精致。


covert

源自中古英語 covert，源自古法語 covert，covrir (“盖”)（对应于拉丁語 coopertus）的过去分词，与cover同源。

more covert (comparative)
most covert (superlative)

whether of open war or covert guile

是巧施锦囊妙计，还是公开宣战

1667，John Milton，“Book 2”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

The use of algorithms in policing is one example of their increasing influence on our lives.[…]who, if anyone, is policing their use[?] Such concerns were sharpened further by the continuing revelations about how the US National Security Agency (NSA) has been using algorithms to help it interpret the colossal amounts of data it has collected from its covert dragnet of international telecommunications.

2013年July26日，Leo Hickman，“How algorithms rule the world”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 7，頁 26:


coward

源自中古英語 coward，源自古法語 coart、cuard（→法語 couard），源自coue、coe (“尾巴”) + -ard (贬义施动者名词后缀)。其中，coue、coe，源自拉丁語 cauda。可能指的是动物“转尾巴的方向或夹着尾巴（逃跑）”，尤其是狗。与英語 cower无关。取代了本土词古英語 earg。

Cowards dye many times before their deaths, / The valiant neuer taſte of death but once: […]

c. 1599，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Ivlivs Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, Act II, scene ii，頁 117, column 1:

He tortured himself to find out how he could make his declaration to her, and always halting between the fear of displeasing her and the shame of being such a coward, he wept with discouragement and desire. Then he took energetic resolutions, wrote letters that he tore up, put it off to times that he again deferred.

1856: Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Part II Chapter IV, translated by Eleanor Marx-Aveling


coward

cowards (third-person singular present)
cowarding (present participle)
cowarded (past participle)

The first he coped with was their captain, whom / His sword sent headless to seek out a tomb. / This cowarded the valour of the rest, […]

1820，John Chalkhill，Thealma and Clearchus:


demography

/dɪˈmɒɡɹəfi/

the schoolʼs demography began to change with the immigrants and their offspring pouring in

2019，Bernardine Evaristo，Girl, Woman, Other，Penguin Books (2020)，頁 297:


dilute

源自拉丁語 dīlūtus，源自dīluere (“冲掉，溶解，使...融化，冲淡”)，源自dī-、dis- (“离，走”) + luere (“洗”)。参见lave，对比deluge。

dilutes (third-person singular present)
diluting (present participle)
diluted (past participle)

Mix their watery store / With the chyle's current, and dilute it more.

1712，Richard Blackmore，Creation: A Philosophical Poem:


dilute

On average, blues and other dilutes have weaker coats and skin problems seem more prevalent in the dilutes.

2000，Joe Stahlkuppe，American Pit Bull Terrier Handbook，頁 131:


dip

源自中古英語 dippen，源自古英語 dyppan，源自原始西日耳曼語 *duppjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *dupjaną，见*daupijaną。与deep有关。

There is a dip in the road ahead.

They were all doomed to be disappointed, however, for the errant engine decided at Stanley junction to spend the remainder of its crowded hour of freedom on the Aberdeen line, and finally came to rest, short of breath, in the dip between Ballathie and Cargill, near the bridge over the Tay.

1941 October，“Notes and News: A Highland Runaway”, in Railway Magazine，頁 469:

After a signal check at Darley Dale, on the third run, the Pacific mounted the long 1 in 100 at a steady 53-54 m.p.h. and attained a brief 60 m.p.h. in the short dip before Monsal Dale.

1960 March，Cecil J. Allen，“Locomotive Running Past and Present”, in Trains Illustrated，頁s 177–178:

The Moocher was a "dip" in a dilettante sort of way, and his particular graft was boarding street-cars with his papers and grabbing women's pocket-books.

1906, Fred L. Boalt, "The Snitcher", McClure's Magazine v.26, p.633

To steal a housewife's purse might mean that her children would have to go hungry; but what of that, if the flash young “dip” could gain admiration from his mates by boasting that he had “frisked a judy's cly and lifted a skinful of bunce”?

1959，Frank Clune，Murders on Maunga-tapu，頁 10:

Packed a lip full of beluga caviar after mistaking a tin for a can of dip and then spat the juice into an urn that I thought was a sombre spittoon.

2018年October13日，Alex Watt，“Everything I've Done That Made a Rich Old Lady with Opera Glasses Faint or a Monocle Fall Out of a Rich Guy's Eye”, in The New Yorker，New York, N.Y.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2022-12-18:

I'd missed them by a couple of hours. This dip did not bode well for the Hudwit.

2005，Sean Dooley，The Big Twitch，Sydney: Allen and Unwin，頁 124:

My Dad, God bless him, rarely cooked anything, but if he ever did he would make himself an egg banjo! Fried bread? Or ‘dip’?

2020年May29日，Bocca della Verita (@BocaVerite)，Twitter:


dip

dips (third-person singular present)
dipping (present participle)
dipped (past participle)

dip me in honey and throw me to the lesbians

Dip your biscuit into your tea.

He dipped the end of a towel in cold water and with it began to flick him on the face, his wife all the while holding her face between her hands and sobbing in a way that was heart breaking to hear.

1897，Bram Stoker，章號 21, in Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:

new dipt Sectaries

(Can we date this quote?)，Thomas Fuller，The Appeal of Iniured Innocence:

[…] during the reigns of King James and King Charles I, there were but very few children dipped in the font.

c. 1722，Charles Wheatly，A rational illustration of the Book of Common Prayer:

A cold shuddering dew / Dips me all o'er.

1646 (indicated as 1645)，John Milton，“Comus”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […]，London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], →OCLC:

Strata of rock dip.

The tunnel dips approximately 15 metres below Regents Canal and has a rising gradient at its northern end of 1-in-107.

2021年June16日，Dr David Turner，“The latest face of Gasworks Tunnel”, in RAIL，期 933，頁 34, photo caption:

He dipped out of the room so fast.

Remember on my first lick, got lost in a house / Had to dip, bro, quick, before the dogs came out

2020年April7日，“Did Alotta”, Kai Bandz 作詞，1:07:

I assured him that I'd been birding long enough to know that there were no guarantees with birds and I wouldn't have held it against him if I'd dipped.


dip

A commander tells the soldiers, "We're going on a 5 mile run". And some dip asks, "Do we have to bring our kitbags?" At which point, the answer is yes. It wouldn't have been if the soldier hadn't asked the question.

2001年January1日，Lisa Beth，“Question of Conversion”, in soc.culture.jewish.moderated (Usenet):


dismal

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 dismal，源自古法語（li）dis mals（“不好的日子”），源自中世紀拉丁語 diēs (“日子”) mālī (“不好的”)。

more dismal (comparative)
most dismal (superlative)

She was lost in dismal thoughts of despair

So, after a spell, he decided to make the best of it and shoved us into the front parlor. 'Twas a dismal sort of place, with hair wreaths, and wax fruit, and tin lambrekins, and land knows what all. It looked like a tomb and smelt pretty nigh as musty and dead-and-gone.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 12, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:


ecstasy

源自古法語 estaise (“狂喜”)，源自拉丁語 ecstasis，源自古希臘語 ἔκστασις (ékstasis)，源自ἐξίστημι (exístēmi，“取代”)，源自ἐκ (ek，“出，外”) + ἵστημι (hístēmi，“站”)。

They were thrown into ecstasies of suspicion by finding that we possessed a French translation of Hitler's Mein Kampf.

1938 四月，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 XIV, in Homage to Catalonia，London: Secker & Warburg, →OCLC:

The instant I drew out my case of instruments, the lady roused herself from her ecstasy, and has never had a similar attack.

1822 April，John Ware，“Dr. Reid's Essays on Hypochondriasis”, in The New-England Journal of Medicine and Surgery，卷 11, 號 2，頁 185:

Ecstasy bears a strong resemblance to catalepsy: in both cases the patients, during the paroxysm, lose all connexion with the physical world, being deprived of sense and voluntary motion; but in ecstasy, associations of the most pleasing and enchanting nature are established with an ideal existence in an unknown region, which might perhaps be poetically designated the fairy land of an undescried Elysium.

1835年May2日，Andrew Ellis，“Clinical Lecture on a case of Catalepsy, Occurring in the Jervis-Street Hospital, Dublin”, in The Lancet，卷 2，頁 130:

In ecstasy the mind is absorbed with some fixed idea, generally of a religious character, and the patient becomes oblivious of surrounding events and objects.

1885，James Ross，Handbook of the Diseases of the Nervous System，頁 344:


ecstasy

ecstasies (third-person singular present)
ecstasying (present participle)
ecstasied (past participle)

Ali Agha jumped up, seized the visitor by the shoulder, compelled him to sit down, and, ecstasied by the old man's horror at the scene, filled a tumbler, and with the usual grotesque grimaces insisted upon his drinking it.

2011，Richard Francis Burton，Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah, →ISBN:


ejaculate

借自拉丁語 ēiaculātus，ēiaculor (“投掷，射出”)的完成时被动过去分词，源自ē (“出”) + iaculor (“扔，抛”)，源自iaculum (“投射物”)，源自iaciō (“丢出，掷出”)。

ejaculates (third-person singular present)
ejaculating (present participle)
ejaculated (past participle)

Vigors almost bounded on the pavement at the mention of the name; and he ejaculated, "It is he of whom I am in search ! But why do you ask? Is it possible that—"

1857，George W[illiam] M[acArthur] Reynolds，The Empress Eugenie's Boudoir，London: Published, for the proprietor, by John Dicks, No. 7, Wellington Street North, Strand，頁 52:

Lady Feng was at the moment having a little goodhumoured raillery with Yüan Yang, and was taken so much off her guard, that she was quite startled out of her senses. "Aiyah!" she ejaculated.

1892–1893，Cao Xueqin with H. Bencraft Joly, transl., Hung Lou Mêng; or, The Dream of the Red Chamber; a Chinese Novel，Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh, →OCLC:

—Half a crown, Stephen responded. I daresay he needs it to sleep somewhere.
—Needs! Mr Bloom ejaculated, professing not the least surprise at the intelligence, I can quite credit the assertion and I guarantee he invariably does.

1922 February，James Joyce，“[Episode 16]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

"We're not going to use magic?" Ron ejaculated loudly.

2003，J. K. Rowling，Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix:

The spermatophores begin to ejaculate immediately after leaving the penis and the whole process is completed in a very few seconds. Pulling the filament attached to the ejaculatory end of a spermatophore is all that is needed to start its ejaculation.

1910年June20日，Gilman A. Drew，“Sexual Activities of the Squid, Loligo pealii (Les.). I. Copulation, Egg-laying and Fertilization”, in Journal of Morphology，卷 22, 期 2, Philadelphia, Pa.: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 出版於 1911，頁 334:

（男性或雄性哺乳动物）射（精）；（女性或雌性哺乳动物）潮射，潮吹

Men can ejaculate between 0.1 and 10 milliliters of semen on average.

男性平均可射出0.1到10毫升精液。

With a groan, he ejaculated on his abdomen.

一声呻吟后，他射到了他的腹部上。

[I]n controlled studies some men have been observed to ejaculate but not have orgasm or have orgasm but are unable to ejaculate.

1994，Vern L. Bullough with Bonnie Bullough, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia [Garland Reference Library of Social Science; 685]，New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, →ISBN，頁 180:

The knowledge that some women ejaculate at the moment of orgasm was, like many other important aspects of sexuality, buried by Puritanism and patriarchy.

2003，Deborah Sundahl，“Foreword”, in Female Ejaculation and the G-spot，Alameda, Calif.: Hunter House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 ix:

However, it would be highly useful if the ejaculated spermatozoa could be successfully cryopreserved and the frozen-thawed spermatozoa used for in vitro fertilization, since this would allow the genetically valuable rats to be maintained alive rather than sacrificed.

2012，Germ Cells – Advances in Research and Application，Atlanta, Ga.: ScholarlyEditions, →ISBN，頁 38:

Bulls, rams and boars have the biggest testes among the larger domestic animals, so they would be expected to produce and ejaculate more sperms than others with smaller testes.

2012，Tim Glover，Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 78:

Rather, these men prefer an erotic exhibition – an uninhibited display of ejaculating semen onto themselves or someone else.

2012，Abjectly Boundless: Boundaries, Bodies and Health Work，Farnham, Surrey, Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, →ISBN，頁s 90–91:


ejaculate

射出的液体；（尤指）精液，阴道分泌物

If semen from two ejaculates obtained from one bull is mixed, and the conception rate for the mixed sample is compared with that obtained by the use of the two ejaculates independently, any tendency for the mixed sample's conception rate to be closer to that of either of the two individual ejaculates could be used as a sensitive measure of the relationship between the semen characteristics of the two ejaculates and conception rate.

1971 August，K. L. Macmillan with J. D. Watson, “The Effect on Conception Rate of Mixing Semen from First and Second Ejaculates”, in New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research，卷 14, 期 3, Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research，頁 703:

The ejaculate usually spurts out as the prostate gland and surrounding muscles, as well as those at the base of the penis, contract at orgasm. In young males, the force of the spurt can be strong enough for the ejaculate to hit the upper chest; in older males, it may roll out or go an inch or two up the abdomen.

1994，Vern L. Bullough with Bonnie Bullough, Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia [Garland Reference Library of Social Science; 685]，New York, N.Y., London: Garland Publishing, →ISBN，頁 181:

Female ejaculate is a clear liquid. Its consistency is akin to that of very light lubricant, but it is watery rather than slick. […] [B]oth women's and men's ejaculate is prostatic fluid (that is, both are created by the prostate).

2003，Deborah Sundahl，Female Ejaculation and the G-spot，Alameda, Calif.: Hunter House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 34:

A smaller mammal such as a dog has a sperm concentration of 300 000 000 per millilitre in an ejaculate of 8 ml in volume. Thus, each ejaculate will contain only 2 400 000 000 (24 × 10⁸).

2012，Tim Glover，Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 79:

Ejaculates are costly to produce for human males. Frequent ejaculation, especially more frequent than every other day, results in decreased sperm counts […], suggesting limits to sperm production. Men hardly seem limited by sperm production, however, given the apparent wastage of sperm. Sperm are continuously lost in the urine, and entire ejaculates are lost during nocturnal emissions and masturbation, although masturbatory ejaculates contain fewer sperm than do copulatory ejaculates […]。

2016，Todd K. Shackelford [et al.]，“Human Sperm Competition”, in The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Volume 2. Application，第2nd版, 卷 II, Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 431:


elegant

源自中古法語 elegant，最终源自拉丁語 elegans。

more elegant (comparative)
most elegant (superlative)

You could just use ordinary shop-bought kecap manis to marinade the meat, but making your own is easy, has a far more elegant fragrance and is, above all, such a great brag! Flavouring kecap manis is an intensely personal thing, so try this version now and next time cook the sauce down with crushed, split lemongrass and a shredded lime leaf.

2015年October27日，Matt Preston，The Simple Secrets to Cooking Everything Better，Plum, →ISBN，頁 192:

'An' how are ye, Jemmie—how's every inch iv you?' enquired Moggy of the boy, when his agitation was a little blown over.
'I'm elegant, thank ye,' he answered; 'an' what's the matther wid ye all? I cum through the kitchen, and seen no one.'

1863，Sheridan Le Fanu，The House by the Churchyard:


elicit

elicits (third-person singular present)
eliciting (present participle)
elicited (past participle)

激起，引起，诱导出 （情绪，感觉，回答等）；得到 （某种回答，回应）

Shouts of laughter were elicited, smart biddings drawn out, from the whispers of a timid miss, to the stentorian voice of a fox-hunting squire, and not a few fracas from parties either contending for a supposed prize, or disclaiming their chance for it,...

1842，[anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon]，“(please specify the page)”, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁s 223–224:

Fred wished to elicit the time of the meeting from Jane.

Fred本来想从Jane那里打听到会议的时间。

Did you elicit a response?

He visited three department stores in New York and asked the attendant a question that would elicit the answer fourth floor; for example, he might have asked Excuse me, where are women's shoes?

2009，William B. McGregor，Linguistics: An Introduction Answer Key:


elucidate

古典借詞，源自晚期拉丁語 ēlūcidātus (“照亮的；被照亮过的；（比喻义）得到启发的”) + 英語 -ate (表示以某种方式行动的后缀)。ēlūcidātus是ēlūcidō (“照亮；（比喻义）启发”)的完成时被动分词，源自拉丁語 ē-（ex- (表示“出，离”的前缀)的变体）+ lūcidus (“明亮的；闪耀的；清澈的；（比喻义）明晰的，清楚的”)（源自lūceō (“照；（比喻义）明显，显然”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *lewk- (“明；看；闪”)） + -ō (构成第一类变位动词不定式的后缀)。

elucidates (third-person singular present)
elucidating (present participle)
elucidated (past participle)

Another appendix elucidates the S.E.C.R. headcode system.

1961 July，“New Reading on Railways: The Locomotives of the South Eastern & Chatham Railway, by D. L. Bradley”, in Trains Illustrated，London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 vii:

O Lord! somewhere Thou elucidatest the traits of song and sound and somewhere Thou art the treasure of dancing and painting.

2005，Guru Gobind Singh，“Akal Ustat: Eulogy of the Non-temporal Lord”, in Surindar Singh Kohli（譯者）, The Dasam Granth = ਸ੍ਰੀ ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ [Shrī Dasama Grantha Sāhiba]: The Second Scripture of the Sikhs，New Delhi: Ashok Jain for Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 出版於 2020, →ISBN，頁 39，列 2:


elucidate

古典借詞，源自晚期拉丁語 ēlūcidātus (“照亮的；被照亮过的；（比喻义）得到启发的”)（详见词源1）+ 英語 -ate (构成表示以某种事物为特征的形容词的后缀)。

more elucidate (comparative)
most elucidate (superlative)

清楚的，明确的，易于理解的

There vvas not a greater Maſter of Perſpicuity, and elucidate Diſtinctions; vvhich look'd the better in his [John Williams'] Engliſh, that ran ſvveet upon his Tongue, eſpecially being ſet out vvith a graceful Facetiouſneſs, that hit the joint of the Matter: For his VVit, and his Judgment, never parted.

a. 1671 (date written)，John Hacket，Scrinia Reserata: A Memorial Offer’d to the Great Deservings of John Williams, D.D. […]，part I, In the Savoy [London]: […] Edw[ard] Jones, for Samuel Lowndes, […], 出版於 1693, →OCLC, paragraph 46，頁 39:


eminent

源自中古法語 éminent，源自拉丁語现在分词ēminēns、ēminentis，源自动词ēmineō (“伸出，突出”)，源自ex- (“自，从”) + mineō，与mons有关（→英語 mount），对比imminent。与emanate无关，其源自mānō (“流动”)。

more eminent (comparative)
most eminent (superlative)

distinguished

重要的，卓越的，优秀的，著名的

noteworthy

重要的，卓越的，优秀的，著名的

eminent和imminent发音非常相似，且弱押韵，在某些方言中可能会被混淆。输入两词时打错字母可能会导致拼写检查软件纠正为错误的单词。eminent还有可能与immanent、immanant或emanate相混淆。

重要的，卓越的，优秀的，著名的

In later years, the professor became known as an eminent historian.

在晚年，那位教授以杰出的历史学家的身份而出名。

“So. Miss Alice. Are you game?” The question is posed by an eminent novelist of about 70, who has sat on a Manhattan park bench and struck up conversation with a young woman reading a book.

2018年February28日，Justine Jordan，“Asymmetry by Lisa Halliday review – a dizzying debut”, in The Guardian:


endemic

源自古希臘語 ἐν (en，“...里”) + δῆμος (dêmos，“人民”)。可能经由ἔνδημος (éndēmos，“自己民族间的，家里的，本土的”)和/或法語 endémique。

endemic疾病是仅出现于某地区的疾病，且可能出现频率较低，而epidemic疾病则是流行性疾病，范围广，出现频率高。而sporadic疾病则是偶尔以低频率出现的疾病。

地方性的，（某地）特有的

Malaria is endemic to the tropics.

疟疾是热带地区的地方性疾病。

These problems are endemic to the theory of thematic roles as currently conceived, because the classification it implies simply does not correspond to legitimate linguistic semantic definitions.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1998, Gillian Catriona Ramchand, Deconstructing the Lexicon, in Miriam Butt and Wilhelm Geuder, eds. “The Projection of Arguments”

In a country where corruption is endemic, no evidence has been presented that Ms Yingluck took any money from the rice scheme, which in 2012 and 2013 cost Thailand billions of dollars. But a state-appointed committee last year ordered her to pay the fine, finding she was to blame, even though it was government policy.

2017 July 26，Lindsay Murdoch，“Yingluck Shinawatra, Thailand's first female PM, faces financial ruin and jail”, in The Sydney Morning Herald;:


endow

源自晚期中古英語 endowen、endouen、enduen、indouen、indw (“给...钱财，生计或特权；授予；（比喻义）有利于；赋予”)，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 endouer，源自古法語 en- (“进入”之意的后缀) + douer (“授予”)（源自拉丁語 dōtāre（dōtō (“授予”)的现在主动不定式），现代法語 douer）。 dōtō又源自dōs (“彩礼；捐赠，赠礼”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *deh₃- (“给”)） + -ō (构成规则第一类变位动词的后缀)。

endows (third-person singular present)
endowing (present participle)
endowed (past participle)

Men began to build Churches on their own Grounds, at their own Charges, and to endow theſe; and they were naturally the Maſters, and in the true Signification of the Roman word, the Patrons of them.

1713，Gilbert Lord Bishop of Sarum [i.e., Gilbert Burnet]，“The Additional Chapter. Chap. X. Of Presentations to Benefices, and Simony”, in The New Preface and Additional Chapter to the Third Edition of the Pastoral Care. […]，London: Printed for D. Midwinter […], and B. Cowse […]; [a]nd sold by A. Baldwin […], →OCLC，頁s 27–28:

Finding her quite incorrigible in this respect, Emma suffered her to depart; but not before she had confided to her that important and never-sufficiently-to-be-taken-care-of answer, and endowed her moreover with a pretty little bracelet as a keepsake.

1841 February–November，Charles Dickens，“Barnaby Rudge”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock，卷 III, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, chapter 20，頁 46:

The blessing of private initiative for public affairs is destined to be appreciated more deeply. Empty government coffers and a regular exchange of views with experts from all over the world add impetus, even if concepts developed indigenously sometimes still lack a realistic approach to the vital issue of endowing and funding new foundations.

1999，Rupert Graf Strachwitz，“Foundations in Germany and Their Revival in East Germany after 1989”, in Private Funds, Public Purpose: Philanthropic Foundations in International Perspective (Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies)，New York, N.Y.: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, →ISBN，頁 232:

Wherby we bith lerned þat it shalnot only be goode to owre prince, but also to vs selff, that he be well indowed; ffor ellis the patriarke wolde not haue made such a trety.

Whereby we have learned that it shall not only be good to our prince, but also to ourselves, that he be well endowed; for else the patriarch would not have made such a treaty.

[c. 1471，John Fortescue，“Here is Shewid, What off the Kynges Livelod Geven awey, mey Beste be Taken a Geyn”, in The Governance of England: Otherwise Called The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy […] (語言：中古英語), London: Oxford University Press; Humphrey Milford, 出版於 1885 (1926 printing), →OCLC，頁 135:

Vpon her eyelids many Graces ſate, / Vnder the ſhadow of her euen browes, / VVorking belgardes [beautiful looks], and amorous retrate [portrait], / And euerie one her with a grace endowes: […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto III”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 25，頁 225:

Father Omnipotent, our Lord and only Redeemer, / […] with thy grace my ſpirit endow: […]

1599，The First Booke of the Preservation of King Henry the Vij. when He was but Earle of Richmond, Grandfather to the Queenes Maiesty: […]，imprinted at London: By R. B. […], →OCLC; 再版為 The First Booke of the Preservation of King Henry the Vij. […] (Illustrations of Old English Literature; no. 11)，[London?: s.n.], 1866, →OCLC，頁 31:

Firſt, it is needfull that we be indowed with humility of ſpirit, that denying our owne ſelves and carnall reaſon, wee may ſubmit to take ſuch ſence and meaning of the Scripture, as it of it ſelfe affords, with the aſſiſtance of the helps of the Church; and not to impoſe upon it any ſenſe of our owne making; […]

1637，John Sym，“The Self-murderers Motives to Kill Themselves”, in Lifes Preservative against Self-killing. Or, A Vsefvl Treatise Concerning Life and Self-murder; […]，London: Printed by M[iles] Flesher, for R[obert] Dawlman, and L[uke] Fawne, […], →OCLC, §4 (Of Misunderstood Scripture Perverting the Iudgement; and the Remedy thereof)，頁 199:

[A]midst so many vicissitudes of fortune to which I have been exposed, amongst all the goods and evils, the joyful and gloomy, the pleasing and disagreeable circumstances of life, thou [God] endowest me with an equal, constant, manly, and superior spirit on every occasion.

1811，Benjamin Stillingfleet，章號 VIII, in Literary Life and Select Works of Benjamin Stillingfleet, […]，卷 I (Literary Life), London: Printed by J[ames] Nichols and Son, […]; for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […], →OCLC，頁 119:

Thus was he [John Boyle O'Reilly] fitted to fulfill worthily the vocation of a poet. For it is not aimlessly that Divine Providence endows a human being with qualities so exceptional and exalted.

1890年October13日，James Gibbons，“Introduction”, in James Jeffrey Roche, Life of John Boyle O’Reilly, […] Together with His Complete Poems and Speeches，New York, N.Y.: Cassell Publishing Company, […], 出版於 1891, →OCLC，頁 vi:

[P]roper use of sensory feedback is required to grant the industrial robot the required sensing capabilities and to endow it with the intelligence needed for detecting and adjusting to environmental disturbances.

1993，H. Zghal，D. R. Strong，“A Perspective on the Use of Sensors in Robot Materials Handling”, in Information Control Problems in Manufacturing Technology 1992: Selected Papers from the 7th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IMACS/ISPE Symposium, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 25–28 May 1992 (IFAC Symposia Series)，Oxford, Oxfordshire: Published for the International Federation of Automatic Control by Pergamon Press, →ISBN，頁 129，列 2:

General relativity endows spacetime with a causal structure described by observer-invariant light cones. […] Points inside a light cone are causally connected with its vertex, while points outside the same light cone are out-of-causal contact with its vertex.

2005，Maurice H. P. M. van Putten，“Superluminal Motion in the Quasar 3C273”, in Gravitational Radiation, Luminous Black Holes, and Gamma-ray Burst Supernovae，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 1:

Just as we may endow people with physical properties, so we sometimes endow physical objects with human-like personalities or subjective states. Perhaps because of their capacity for interior accommodation, cars, ships, airplanes and even houses are often given female characteristics or referred to as 'she'.

2015，Michael C[harles] Corballis，“Wandering into Other Minds”, in The Wandering Mind: What the Brain Does when You’re Not Looking，Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, →DOI, →ISBN，頁 77:

It's bulging with giant confidence and packed with outbursts of that mysterious epiphanic grandeur, like moments of sunlight breaking through cloud-cover, with which [Jacques] Audiard endows apparently normal sequences and everyday details.

2016年April7日，Peter Bradshaw，“Dheepan review – a crime drama packed with epiphanic grandeur”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2018-12-30:

Historic England explained the listing: "The station's unique design employs a high level of sophistication and innovation through its use of conoid shells supported on a cruck-like frame, which not only create a dramatic aesthetic form, but endow the building with a light and spacious interior."

2023年March22日，Philip Haigh，“Five configuration stages to boost Manchester rail capacity”, in RAIL，期 979，頁 31:

She was endowed with a beautiful voice.

And thus shal the aged Courtier, although he exercise not the qualities that he is indowed withal, comebye his ende at length, to instructe well hys Prince.

1561，Baldassare Castiglione，“The Fourth Booke of the Courtyer of Count Baldessar Castilio unto Maister Alphonsus Aristo”, in Thomas Hoby（譯者）, The Book of the Courtier: From the Italian of Count Baldassare Castiglione: Done into English (The Tudor Translations; XXIII)，London: Published by David Nutt […], 出版於 1900, →OCLC，頁s 337–338:

[T]he late Monſ. Du Faye [i.e., Charles François de Cisternay du Fay] obſerv'd, that there were two Sorts of Electricity, and that Bodies which are endow'd with one Sort of Electricity attract thoſe which are endow'd with the other Sort of Electricity, whilſt they repel thoſe which have the ſame Electricity.

1744，J[ohn] T[heophilus] Desaguliers，“Lecture X. Hydrostaticks.”, in A Course of Experimental Philosophy，卷 II, London: Printed for W. Innys, […]; M. Senex, […]; and T[homas] Longman, […], →OCLC，頁 349:

He [Richard Watson] produced many chemical, phyſical, and metaphyſical reaſons, which ſeem to render the ſuppoſition not altogether indefenſible, that vegetables are endowed with the faculty of perception.

1787 December，“Art. XI. Chemical Essays. By R. Watson, […] Vol. V. 12mo. 4s. sewed. Evans. 1787. [book review]”, in The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged，卷 LXXVII, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, […], 出版於 1794, →OCLC，頁 469:

A young violinist, thirteen years old—Mischa Elman—made his first appearance in Paris on April 2nd, in his own concert at the Salle de Agriculteurs. […] Mischa Elman, indeed, is endowed with most precious gifts, for his art combines the legendary virtuosity of [Niccolò] Paganini with the fulness of sound, the purity of style, and the nobility of expression of [Joseph] Joachim.

1905年June1日，“Letter from Paris”, in The Monthly Musical Record，卷 XXXV, 期 414, London: Augener Limited, […], →OCLC，頁 113，列 1:

给...逝世丈夫的遗产 （寡妇）；给...嫁妆 （新娘） （参见dower和dowry）

And if a man entice a maide that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he ſhall ſurely endow her to be his wife. If her father utterly refuſe to giue her vnto him, he ſhall pay money according to the dowrie of virgins.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Exodus 22:16–17，列 1:

A widow may be endowed of all her husband's lands, tenements, and hereditaments, corporeal or incorporeal, under the restrictions before-mentioned, unless there be some special reason to the contrary. Thus, a woman shall not be endowed of a castle built for defence of the realm, because it ought not to be divided. But of a castle that is only for the private use and habitation of the owner, a woman shall be endowed.

1823，Peter Lovelass，Niel Gow，“Of the Descent of Real Estates, or Estates of Inheritance. […]”, in The Law’s Disposal of a Person’s Estate who Dies without Will or Testament. […]，第11th版, London: Printed for R. Pheney, Charles Hunter, J. and W. T. Clarke, and H[enry] Butterworth, →OCLC, section II (How the Law Disposes of a Wife’s Real Estate; […])，頁 125:


epoch

源自中世紀拉丁語 epocha，源自古希臘語 ἐποχή (epokhḗ，“停止，中止，暂停；行星达到最高点时的停顿；历史的时期”)，源自ἐπέχω (epékhō，“压抑，停止”)，源自ἐπι- (epi-，“之上”) + ἔχω (ékhō，“有，拿着”)。

Phoenix and Lubbock are both caught in severe drought, and it is going to get much worse. We may see many such [dust] storms in the decades ahead, along with species extinctions, radical disturbance of ecosystems, and intensified social conflict over land and water. Welcome to the Anthropocene, the epoch when humans have become a major geological and climatic force.

2012 January，Donald Worster，“A Drier and Hotter Future”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 1，頁 70:


epoch

epochs (third-person singular present)
epoching (present participle)
epoched (past participle)

根据时间将...划分为小段

The continuous data were epoched into segments of 1500 ms (starting 500 ms before visual stimulus onset), time-locked to stimulus onset (0 ms) and sorted according to experimental conditions.

2015年July6日，“Stronger Neural Modulation by Visual Motion Intensity in Autism Spectrum Disorders”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


errand

源自中古英語 erande、erende，源自古英語 ǣrende，源自原始西日耳曼語 *ārundī (“消息，口信”)。

Carried somehow, somewhither, for some reason, on these surging floods, were these travelers, of errand not wholly obvious to their fellows, yet of such sort as to call into query alike the nature of their errand and their own relations. It is easily earned repetition to state that Josephine St. Auban's was a presence not to be concealed.

1910，Emerson Hough，章號 II, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise，Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:


exacerbate

源自拉丁語 exacerbo (“激怒；加劇”)；ex (“出”) + acerbo (“使更加痛苦或恶化”)。

exacerbates (third-person singular present)
exacerbating (present participle)
exacerbated (past participle)

/ɪɡˈzæsɚˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsəˌbeɪt/

/ɪɡˈzæsɚˌbeɪt/

The proposed shutdown would exacerbate unemployment problems.

建议中的关闭将加剧失业问题。

Sino-Soviet relations were exacerbated by a border incident on May 9. Beijing charged that thirty Soviet troops, supported by a helicopter and navy boats, crossed the Ussuri River into the Hulin area of Heilongjiang province.

五月九日的边界事件使中苏关系恶化。北京指控三十名苏联士兵在直升机和海军舰艇的支援下越过乌苏里江进入黑龙江省虎林地区。

1986，Peter P. Cheng，“1978: The Four Modernizations on the March [1978：四个现代化正在进行中]”, in Chronology of The People's Republic of China, 1970-1979 [中华人民共和国大事记，1970-1979]，Scarecrow Press, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 395:

Liz: It's just with Ed here, it's no wonder I always bring my flat-mates out and then that only exacerbates things.
Shaun: What do you mean?
Liz: Well you guys hardly get on, do you?
Shaun: No, what does "exacerbate" mean?

2004，Simon Pegg, Edgar Wright，Shaun of the Dead [活人甡吃]:

The reasons for this growing disconnect are myriad and complex but the situation is exacerbated by the reality that those English players who do smash through our game's "glass ceiling" command radically inflated transfer fees.

造成这种差距扩大的原因是多种多样且复杂的，但现实情况是，那些突破了英格兰足球“玻璃天花板”的球员需要支付高昂的转会费，这让情况更加恶化。

2013年August20日，Louise Taylor，“English talent gets left behind as Premier League keeps importing [英超联赛不断引进球员，英格兰球员人才被抛在后面]”, in The Guardian:


expound

源自中古英語 expounden，源自古法語 espondre，源自拉丁語 exponere。expose 的同源對似詞。

expounds (third-person singular present)
expounding (present participle)
expounded (past participle)

spell out

详细解释，阐释，阐述，详述

发表声明，说明 （一般指很长的声明）

He expounded often on the dangers of the imperial presidency.

他经常讲述帝王总统的危险性。

Fowler was also interested in metallurgy and the use of new materials that could withstand greater stresses, something he expounded on when giving his presidential address to the new Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1927.

2021年December29日，Stephen Roberts，“Stories and facts behind railway plaques: Evesham (1870)”, in RAIL，期 947，頁 59:


Fahrenheit

源自德語 Fahrenheit，以普鲁士科学家Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit命名。

For example, in the Fahrenheit scale 212°F is the boiling point of water.

2021，Claire Cock-Starkey，Hyphens & Hashtags，Bodleian Library，頁 142:

同類詞：Celsius、kelvin


feeble

源自中古英語 feble，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 feble (“弱的”)（对比法語 faible），源自拉丁語 flēbilis (“哭泣的，哀伤的”)。foible 的同源對似詞。

feebler (comparative)
feeblest (superlative)

Though she appeared old and feeble, she could still throw a ball.

虽然她看起来已老态龙钟，但还是有力气可以扔个球。

France were transformed from the feeble, divided unit that had squeaked past Wales in the semi-final, their half-backs finding the corners with beautifully judged kicks from hand, the forwards making yards with every drive and a reorganised Kiwi line-out beginning to malfunction.

2011年October23日，Tom Fordyce，“2011 Rugby World Cup final: New Zealand 8-7 France”, in BBC Sport:


furnace

源自中古英語 forneys，源自古法語 fornais（法語 fournaise），源自拉丁語 fornāx。

there may be snow on the rooftop but there is fire in the furnace

forged in the furnace of fierce competition

在残酷的竞争中得到了历练

For that heroic band—those children of the furnace who, in regions like Texas and Tennessee, maintained their fidelity through terrible trials—we of the North felt for them, and profoundly we honor them.

1866，Herman Melville，Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War, Supplement:


galaxy

源自中古英語 galaxye、galaxie，源自古法語 galaxie，源自拉丁語 galaxias，源自古希臘語 γαλαξίας (galaxías，“银河系”)，源自γάλα (gála，“奶”)。

So may thy cheekes red outweare scarlet dye, / And their white, whitenesse of the Galaxie [...].

星系图案，星系图样 （黑色背景下多种颜色混合构成的图案）

Her walls and ceiling were covered with galaxy wallpaper; it was like stepping into space.

Her nerdy glasses sat perched on her face, and she wore a May the Force Be With You T-shirt with a black lace skirt, galaxy leggings, and a pair of white Star Wars Vans.

2017，Rebekah L. Purdy，Incriminating Dating:

She hurriedly said that she found an^([sic]) faded galaxy blanket. She loved galaxy patterned things.


germinate

germinates (third-person singular present)
germinating (present participle)
germinated (past participle)

the Chalcites, which hath a Spirit that will put forth and germinate

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

Orchids rely on fungi to reproduce. Their tiny seeds don't have any on-board nutrients (like beans and apples) and will not germinate until they are infected by a symbiotic fungus which supplies them with food. Known as a protocorm, this tiny orchid-fungus ball grows, turns green and eventually starts to photosynthesise.

2014年April5日，“Quite interesting: A quietly intriguing column from the brains behind QI, the BBC quiz show. This week; QI orchids you not”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend)，頁 W22:

[…] The flesh [of the mistletoe berry] is sticky, and forms strings and ribbons between my thumb and forefinger. For the mistletoe, this viscous goop – and by the way, viscous comes to English from viscum – is crucial. The stickiness means that, after eating the berries, birds often regurgitate the seeds and then wipe their bills on twigs – leading to the seeds' getting glued to the tree, where they can germinate and begin the cycle anew.

2014年December23日，Olivia Judson，“The hemiparasite season [print version: Under the hemiparasite, International New York Times, 24–25 December 2014, page 7]”, in The New York Times，存檔自the original on 2014-12-23:

These were business hours, and a feeling of loneliness crept over him, perhaps germinated by his sight of the illustrated papers, and accentuated by an attempted perusal of them.

1913，Robert Barr，章號 5, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:


graze

源自古英語 grasian (“吃草”)，源自græs (“草”)。

If it be sundown, when the herds are returning from their daily graze in the long grass of the jungle, clouds of dust will be marking their track along every approach to the village […]


graze

源自古英語 grasian (“吃草”)，源自græs (“草”)。

grazes (third-person singular present)
grazing (present participle)
grazed (past participle)

Although it is perfectly good meadowland, none of the villagers has ever grazed animals on the meadow on the other side of the wall.

Cattle graze in the meadows.

The bird [Canada goose] is more often found on land than other waterfowl because of its love for seeds and grains. The long neck is well adapted for grazing.

1993，John Montroll，Origami Inside-Out，頁 41:

吃零食，（不在餐点时）[随便]]吃点

同類詞：snack

Furthermore, people who take the time to sit down to proper meals find their food more satisfying than people who graze throughout the day. If you skip meals, you will inevitably end up snacking on more high-fat high-sugar foods.

2008，Mohgah Elsheikh, Caroline Murphy，Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:

Many people, however, snack and graze from roughly the time they wake up until shortly before they go to bed.

2018年July24日，Anahad O’Connor，“When We Eat, or Don’t Eat, May Be Critical for Health”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Grazing refers to customers who consume food items before paying for them, for example, a customer bags one and a half pounds of grapes in the produce department, eats some as she continues her shopping […]

Had the Grievant attempted to pay for the Mylanta or actually paid for it, then she would not be guilty of grazing or shoplifting.

2001，Labor Arbitration Information System，卷 2，頁 59:

The sewers must be kept so as the water may not stay too long in the spring; for then the ground continueth the wet, whereby it will never graze to purpose that year.


grope

源自中古英語 gropien，源自古英語 grāpian，与grīpan有关（其派生出英語 gripe），亦对比grip。

gropes (third-person singular present)
groping (present participle)
groped (past participle)

摸黑寻找，（指盲人）用手寻找

to grope about a little longer among the miseries and sensualities of a worldly life

a. 1812. Joseph Stevens Buckminster, sermon

Yet there was no time to be lost if I was ever to get out alive, and so I groped with my hands against the side of the grave until I made out the bottom edge of the slab, and then fell to grubbing beneath it with my fingers. But the earth, which the day before had looked light and loamy to the eye, was stiff and hard enough when one came to tackle it with naked hands, and in an hour's time I had done little more than further weary myself and bruise my fingers.

Turning back, then, toward the basement staircase, she began to grope her way through blinding darkness, but had taken only a few uncertain steps when, of a sudden, she stopped short and for a little stood like a stricken thing, quite motionless save that she quaked to her very marrow in the grasp of a great and enervating fear.

1914，Louis Joseph Vance，章號 III, in Nobody，New York, N.Y.: George H[enry] Doran Company, 出版於 1915, →OCLC:


hectic

源自中古英語 etik、ethik，源自古法語 etique，源自中世紀拉丁語 *hecticus，源自古希臘語 ἑκτικός (hektikós，“习惯的，繁忙的，消耗性的”)，源自ἕξις (héxis，“（身体或精神的）状态，条件”)，源自ἔχειν (ékhein，“有；在（某种状态下）”)。

an angry hectic in each cheek, a fierce flirt of her fan, and two or three short sniffs that betokened mischief

1863，Sheridan Le Fanu，The House by the Churchyard:


heed

源自中古英語 hēden，源自古英語 hēdan (“注意，关心，观察，负责，占有，接受”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hōdijan (“注意，保卫”)，源自原始印歐語 *kadʰ- (“注意，保护”)。与西弗里斯蘭語 hoedje (“留心，注意”)、荷蘭語 hoeden (“留心，注意”)、德語 hüten (“留心，注意”)同源。

heeds (third-person singular present)
heeding (present participle)
heeded (past participle)

With pleasure Argus the musician heeds.

1567, John Dryden translating Ovid, Metamorphoses Book 1

"It comes back to me that I wanted to say something to the driver and that I couldn't make him heed me."

1913，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Poison Belt:

Tolokonnikova not only tried to adjust to life in the penal colony but she even tried to heed the criticism levied at her by colony representatives during a parole hearing.

2013 September 23, Masha Gessen, "Life in a Russian Prison," New York Times （获取于2013年9月24日）:

Barker's proposal to try out new equipment before mass introduction should also have been heeded, because traction components bought without trialling for the Glasgow and Great Eastern schemes gave trouble.

2020年July29日，David Clough，“AC/DC: the big switch in power supply”, in Rail，頁 65:


husk

源自中古英語 huske。可能源自古英語 *husuc, *hosuc (“很小的覆盖物”)，hosu (“壳，皮”)的指小词，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hosā，源自原始日耳曼語 *husǭ、*hausaz (“覆盖物，壳，裹腿”)，源自原始印歐語 *kawəs- / kawes- (“盖”)。若如此，等价于hose + -ock。
另可能源自中古低地德語 hūske(n) (“小房子，保护套”)、中古荷蘭語 hūskijn (“小房子，果核，盒子”)，hūs (“房子”)的指小词。对比荷蘭語 huisje、德語 Häuschen，两者均可指“蜗牛壳”。

（无用的）外壳，（没有任何有价值的内容物的）躯壳

His attorney was a dried-up husk of a man.

他的律师曾经是个没用的男人。

Unlike dogs, cats have retractable claws which do not wear down when walking. Instead, cats pull the old husk of nail from their claws by raking them down some convenient piece of wood, to expose a new sharp claw underneath.

1991，Morgan Kerr, Norman Kerr，An Introduction to Cat Care，頁 63:


husk

部分是拟声词，部分源自上方的词源1，受到了husky的影响。

The symptoms of Husk are a constant cough, rapid loss of flesh, difficulty in breathing and, in the later stages, loss of appetite and diarrhœa.

1876，John Walker，How to Farm with Profit Arable and Pasture Land: A Practical Manual on Modern Agriculture，London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co，頁 78:


husk

部分是拟声词，部分源自上方的词源1，受到了husky的影响。

husks (third-person singular present)
husking (present participle)
husked (past participle)

Back on the veranda he said to Lace gravely, "I do believe that poor child's in the family way." Lace, tracing the pattern of the matting with his boot, husked, and murmured, "Yes — I think so.

1938，Xavier Herbert，章號 XI, in Capricornia，New York: D. Appleton-Century, 出版於 1943，頁 181:

The French captain did not immediately respond; he looked at his men with a miserable expression [...]; still he hesitated, drooped, and finally husked, "Je me rends," with a look still more wretched.

2006，Naomi Novik，His Majesty's Dragon，Del Rey Books，頁 5:


incense

源自中古英語 encens，源自古法語 encens (“气味香甜的物质”)，源自晚期拉丁語 incensum (“熏香”，字面意思是“焚烧的东西”)，incendō (“将...点燃”)的中性过去分词。对比incendiary。同源词包括西班牙語 encender和incienso。

incenses (third-person singular present)
incensing (present participle)
incensed (past participle)

使...变香 （尤指熏香的香）

Neither, for the future, shall any man or woman, self-styled noble, be incensed,—foolishly fumigated with incense, in Church; as the wont has been.

1837，Thomas Carlyle，The French Revolution: A History […]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, (please specify the book or page number):


initial

2021年January21日，Alan Feuer, Nicole Long，“The First Capitol Riot Arrests Were Easy. The Next Ones Will Be Tougher.”, in New York Times:
An initial wave of arrests was based on news accounts and social media.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）
 起初一波逮捕，是基于新闻记载和社交媒体的。


lament

源自法語 lamenter，源自拉丁語 lāmentor (“哀嚎，恸哭”)，源自lāmenta (“哀嚎，恸哭”)，带构词要素-mentum，源自词根*la-，可能最终是拟声词。参见latrare。

laments (third-person singular present)
lamenting (present participle)
lamented (past participle)

Euston is so traditionally a part of the London scene that many will lament the passing of the old station when rebuilding is complete in readiness for the new electric service, which will probably be by multiple-units between Euston and Wolverhampton.

1960 February，R. C. Riley，“The London-Birmingham services - Past, Present and Future”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 99:

By the end, Sunderland were lucky to lose by the same scoreline Northampton Town suffered against Southampton, in 1921. The Sunderland manager, Gus Poyet, lamented that it was “the most embarrassed I’ve ever been on a football pitch, without a doubt”.

2014年October18日，Paul Doyle，“Southampton hammer eight past hapless Sunderland in barmy encounter”, in The Guardian:


leukemia

源自德語 Leukämie，源自古希臘語 λευκός (leukós，“白色的”) + αἷμα (haîma，“血”)。等同於leuk- + -emia。

In an era when political leaders promise deliverance from decline through America’s purported preeminence in scientific research, the news that science is in deep trouble in the United States has been as unwelcome as a diagnosis of leukemia following the loss of health insurance.

2012年January13日，Philip E. Mirowski，“Harms to Health from the Pursuit of Profits”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 1，頁 87:


meticulous

源自拉丁語 meticulōsus (“畏惧的，胆怯的，可怕的，惊人的”)，源自metus (“恐惧”)和-culōsus，后半部分取自perīculōsus (“危险的”)。“谨小慎微的”一意源自法語 méticuleux。

more meticulous (comparative)
most meticulous (superlative)

meticulous search

meticulous investigation

meticulous knowledge

meticulous report

The meticulous care with which the operation in Sicily was planned has paid dividends. Our casualties in men, in ships and materiel have been low—in fact, far below our estimate.

1943，Franklin D. Roosevelt，Roosevelt's Fireside Chat, 28 July 1943:


naive

借自法語 naïve，naïf的阴性形式，源自拉丁語 nativus (“本土的，天然的”)。native 的同源對似詞。

more naive (comparative)
most naive (superlative)

Google Ngram Viewer数据显示，naive在历史上比naïve更为常用，但后者在2000年以后开始逐渐被广泛使用，达到了前者的程度。但是不清楚Viewer是否能正确扫描该变音符。

词典收录情况：naive收录于梅里厄姆-韦伯斯特、AHD、柯林斯、麦克米伦、剑桥与《牛津英语词典》内。 naïve收录于梅里厄姆-韦伯斯特（作为变体）、AHD、柯林斯（作为变体）、麦克米伦（作为变体）、剑桥（作为变体）、《牛津英语词典》（作为变体）与Century 1911内。

美国政府出版局手册称“变音符号不适用于英语化的单词中”，并提到了naive和naivete两词。

“Guardian and Observer style guide”中的naive、naively和naivety均不带变音符号。

naïve中的分音符用于表示两个音节分开发音。

naïve在法语中是阴性形容词，阳性形式naïf或naif有时在英语中用来形容男性，但是一般来说naive/naïve更常作中性使用。

幼稚的；涉世未深的，不成熟的；天真的，纯朴的

I am sixteen going on seventeen, I know that I'm naive

1965，Richard Rogers, Oscar Hammerstein II （作曲作詞）, “Going on Seventeen”, in The Sound of Music:

The salarians believed the genophage would be used as a deterrent, a position the turians viewed as naive. Once the project was complete, the turians mass produced and deployed it. The krogan homeworld, their colonies, and all occupied worlds were infected.

2008，BioWare，Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, 經由 PC, →ISBN, →OCLC，幕：Krogan: Genophage Codex entry:

By 1921 when Miró painted his key work, naive painting had been recognized by the avantgarde art world as a genre in its own right.

We have experiments of running our matching algorithm and a naive matching algorithm for such a term tree and a tree, and have compared the performance of the two algorithms.

2007，Takao Terano, Huan Liu, & Arbee L.P. Chen，Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, →ISBN:


naive

As a seasoned woman—of nineteen—I felt it was my place to tell each of these naïves that such plans were easier made than followed.

In other words, they'd buy securities from these naives for 55 and sell them similar securities for 65. In plain English, they'd pay $550 per $1,000 bond and turn right around and sell them similar stuff for $650.

2018，King Midas，Stupid Brokers - Stupid Clients:


notwithstanding

源自中古英語 notwithstandinge、notwithstondyng、natwithstandyng，等价于not + withstanding。对比近义且构成类似的中古英語 notgainstonding、not aȝenstondynge。

He, notwithstanding, persisted in his inquiries.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

1789，United States Contitution，Supremacy Clause，(請指定書籍名或刊物名):

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:notwithstanding。


notwithstanding

notwithstanding personal preferences, the school district's rules on the topic govern our decision

Those on whom Christ bestowed miraculous cures were so transported that their gratitude made them, notwithstanding his prohibition, proclaim the wonders he had done.

1675，Richard Allestree，The Causes of the Decay of Christian Piety:

Notwithstanding the high resolution of Hawkeye he fully comprehended all the difficulties and danger he was about to incur.

1826，James Fenimore Cooper，章號 26, in The Last of the Mohicans:


notwithstanding

in accordance with school district rules on the topic, personal preferences notwithstanding

Van Gaal’s dismissal of his ability to play a central role notwithstanding, Shinji Kagawa began playing just behind the strikers Danny Welbeck and Javier Hernández.

2014年August26日，Richard Rae，“Manchester United humbled by MK Dons after Will Grigg hits double”, in The Guardian:

And be it declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that an Habeas Corpus, according to the true intent and meaning of this act, may be directed and seen in any county Palatine, the Cinque Ports, or other privileged places within the Kindgom of England, dominion of Wales, or town of Berwick upon Tweed, and the islands of Jersey and Guernsey; any law or usage to the contrary notwithstanding.


obstinate

源自中古英語 obstinate、obstinat，源自拉丁語 obstinātus，obstinō (“下定决心”)的过去分词，源自ob (“前”) + *stinare，源自stare (“站”)。ostinato 的同源對似詞。

more obstinate (comparative)
most obstinate (superlative)

From this consideration it is that we have derived the custom, in times of war, to punish […] those who are obstinate to defend a place that by the rules of war is not tenable […]

1686，Montaigne，譯者 Charles Cotton, That men are justly punished for being obstinate in the defence of a fort that is not in reason to be defended:

[…] the junior Osborne was quite as obstinate as the senior: when he wanted a thing, quite as firm in his resolution to get it; and quite as violent when angered, as his father in his most stern moments

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 21, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:


option

源自法語 option，源自拉丁語 optiō (“选择”)，源自optō (“选择”)。等价于opt + -ion。

选择，选项 （自19世纪）

Luiz struggled with the movement of Helguson in the box, as he collected a long ball and the Spaniard barged him over, leaving referee Chris Foy little option but to point to the spot.

2011年October23日，Becky Ashton，“QPR 1 - 0 Chelsea”, in BBC Sport:

Libertarian paternalism is the view that, because the way options are presented to citizens affects what they choose, society should present options in a way that “nudges” our intuitive selves to make choices that are more consistent with what our more deliberative selves would have chosen if they were in control.

2012年January13日，Steven Sloman，“The Battle Between Intuition and Deliberation”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 1，存檔自the original on 2012-01-08，頁 74:

At that time every emigrant who was made aware of such a notification submitted his application for option to the British Consuls within the period prescribed.

1928，Appeal to the Noble English Nation by the Committee of the Defenders of the Rights of Palestinian Arab Emigrants to the Palestinian Citizenship，頁 10:

A right of option, mostly in favour of the nationality of the predecessor State, has been accorded in most cases of partial State succession, either by treaty or by domestic legislation.

1998，Venice Commission，Consequences of State Succession for Nationality, →ISBN，頁 45:

This group constitutes around 9 percent of the total number of acquisitions of Dutch nationality through option.

2012，Oliver W. Vonk，Dual Nationality in the European Union: A Study on Changing Norms […], →ISBN，頁 243, note 154:


ordeal

源自中古英語 ordel、ordal，源自中世紀拉丁語 ordālium或其源头古英語 ordēl、ordāl (“磨难，审判”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *uʀdailī (“审判”)，源自*uʀdailijan (“分配，配给”)，等价于or- + deal。
与薩特弗里斯蘭語 Uurdeel (“判决”)、西弗里斯蘭語 oardiel (“审判”)、荷蘭語 oordeel (“审判”)、低地德語 Oordeel (“判决”)、德語 Urteil (“判断，判决”)同源。

Arsène Wenger confessed: "The result was not an accurate indication of the match." Certainly, at half-time it seemed unlikely that Arsenal would catch fire so spectacularly because the first half was a damp squib of a display from Wenger's team, as Newcastle initially showed no ill-effects from their Old Trafford ordeal.

2012年December29日，Paul Doyle，“Arsenal's Theo Walcott hits hat-trick in thrilling victory over Newcastle”, in The Guardian:


orifice

源自中古法語，源自古法語，源自晚期拉丁語 orificium (“开口；”字面义“做一张嘴巴”)，由os (“嘴巴”) + facio (“做”)构成的复合词。

“Peanuts aren't nuts, you orifice. They're legumes.”


palliative

源自中古法語 palliatif，源自新拉丁語 *palliātīvus，源自中世紀拉丁語 palliō (“遮盖”)，源自拉丁語 pallium (“披风”)。

治标的事物，尤指治标药物

The radiation and chemotherapy were only palliatives.

放疗和化疗只是治标手段。

Mary heard with sorrow, and fear also, of the projected journey; but the altered expression of Isabella's countenance was a great palliative—dreadful as it was that her husband should love another...

1842，[anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon]，章號 XXVIII, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 66:


patrol

源自法語 patrouille，源自古法語 patrouille、patouille (“守夜”，字面意思是“四处走”)，源自patrouiller、patouiller、patoiller (“蹚水；弄脏”)，源自patte、pate (“蹄”)，源自通俗拉丁語 *patta (“爪，脚”)，源自古法蘭克語 *patta (“爪子，脚底”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *paþjaną、*paþōną (“走，踏”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *(s)pent-、*(s)pat- (“径；走”)，原始印歐語 *pent-、*pat- (“径；走”)的变体。见find。同源词包括荷蘭語 pad、patte (“爪”)、低地德語 pedden (“走，踏”)、德語 patschen (“泼溅，蹚水；摇晃着走”)、德語 Patsche (“拍子；爪；水洼”)。与pad、path有关。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-patrol.wav

After cordial good-bye to our hospitable hostess we motored back to Chaumont where we dined with Colonel Mitchell; and then with another long drive we finally reached home tired but happy at 3.30 in the morning. There staring me in the face was an order directing me to lead my patrol over the lines in the morning at five o'clock, sharp! An hour and a half sleep for an utterly worn out aviator!

1919，Eddie Rickenbacker，“Chapter 7”, in Fighting the Flying Circus:

a customs patrol

a fire patrol

In France there is an army of patrols […] to secure her fiscal regulations.

1787-1788, Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist Papers

Philadelphia’s foot-patrol strategy was developed after a study in 2009 by criminologists from Temple University, which is in the 22nd district. A randomised trial overturned the conventional view that foot patrols make locals like the police more and fear crime less, but do not actually reduce crime. In targeted areas, violent crime decreased by 23%.

2013年August24日，“Boots on the street”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8850:

小队 （童子军中队的一个单位，一般由6到8人组成）

On a makeshift bed in the corner was an old woman looking very sick. Then a patrol of "Missioner" Scouts appeared on the scene: one seized a broom and swept out the room; the next made up the fire with some fuel he had procured and made her a cup of tea; another mended the rickety table, bed and chair, making them at any rate serviceable, while a fourth straightened out the bedclothes, propped the old lady up, and did his best to cheer her until the tea was ready.

1913，anonymous author，Boy Scouts and What They Do/Object of Scouting:

The formation of the boys into Patrols of from six to eight and training them as separate units each under its own responsible leader is the key to a good Troop.

1920，Lord Baden-Powell of Gilwell，Aids To Scoutmastership，頁 24:


peculiar

源自拉丁語 pecūliāris (“自己的”)，源自pecūlium (“私人财产”)，源自pecus (“牛”)。

more peculiar (comparative)
most peculiar (superlative)

odd

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

strange

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

uncommon

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

unusual

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

specific

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

common

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

mediocre

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

ordinary

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

usual

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

common

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

general

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

universal

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

怪异的，离奇的，不寻常的

The sky had a peculiar appearance before the storm.

风暴之前天空的样子很奇怪。

It would be rather peculiar to see a kangaroo hopping down a city street.

看到袋鼠在市里的街上跳着走很奇怪。

I saw nothing peculiar in his conduct, and thought that his arrangement of the ballot box was perfect.

1800，The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints，The Deseret Weekly，卷 41，頁 379:

"Wasn't it peculiar," I heard mother say, "How he wouldn't talk about himself?"
"Peculiar?" said father. "Well, yes, in a way."
"Everything about him is peculiar." Mother sounded as if she was stirred up and interested. "I never saw a man quite like him before."

（在某地或某场合）特有的，特定于...的

Kangaroos are peculiar to Australia.

袋鼠是澳大利亚特有的动物。

This philosopher found his ideas especially in all that is practical,^([29]) that is, which rests upon freedom, which in its turn ranks under cognitions that are the peculiar product of reason.

1855，Meiklejohn, John Miller Dow, transl.，Critique of Pure Reason，卷 1, division 2, 根據Immanuel KantCritik der reinen Vernunft改編的翻譯作品:

As soon as that operation has taken place, the food is passed down to the stomach, and there it is mixed with the chemical fluid called the gastric juice, a substance which has the peculiar property of making soluble and dissolving out the nutritious matter in the grass, and leaving behind those parts which are not nutritious;

But of late years extensive Tertiary deposits of Miocene age have been discovered, showing that it is not a mere congeries of volcanoes; it [Iceland] is connected with the British Islands and with Greenland by seas less than 500 fathoms deep; and it possesses a few mammalia, one of which is peculiar, and at least three peculiar species of birds.

1895，Alfred Russel Wallace，“XX: Anomalous Islands: Celebes”, in Island Life:

Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works.

hymns […] that Christianity hath peculiar unto itself

1597，Richard Hooker，Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie:

while each peculiar power forgoes his wonted seat

1629，John Milton，On the Morning of Christ's Nativity:

My fate is Juno's most peculiar care.


pedestrian

借自拉丁語 pedester，词根pedestri-（源自pedes） + -an (形容词构成后缀)。

more pedestrian (comparative)
most pedestrian (superlative)

平凡的，平平无奇的，无趣的，乏味的

His manner of dress was pedestrian but tidy.

a pedestrian life

England were hugely impressive in the first half in particular, when their supporters inside this magnificent bowl at Stade Velodrome roared their approval as Russia were pressed into submission and made to look pedestrian.

2016年June11日，Phil McNulty，“England 1-1 Russia”, in BBC Sport:


petroleum

源自中世紀拉丁語 petroleum，源自petra (“石头”) + oleum (“油”)。

petroleum-based products

Coal and petroleum do not occur hap-hazard in nature, but the aggregate occurrence of each product in any region forms a definite, limited horizon, which, in its continuance, is independent of the bedding plane.

1940，William Plotts，Isogeotherm, Or Monist Theory of Stratified Mineral Occurrence and Origin，頁 7:


philosophy

源自中古英語 philosophie、古法語 philosophie以及两者词源拉丁語 philosophia，源自古希臘語 φιλοσοφία (philosophía)，源自φίλος (phílos，“爱...的”) + σοφία (sophía，“智慧”)。可作philo- + -sophy分析。取代英语本土词古英語 ūþwitegung。

一般规则 （一般指道德）

As a matter of fact the Enlightment culture was based on a philosophy inspired to an ethical laicism whose aim was to create a better society based on principles such as solidarity, equality of rights and duties, and full freedom.

2012，Francesca Valensise，From Building Fabric to City Form: Reconstruction in Calabria at end of Eighteenth Century，Gangemi Editore spa, →ISBN，頁 8:


philosophy

philosophies (third-person singular present)
philosophying (present participle)
philosophied (past participle)

Plato hath (in my seeming) loved this manner of Philosophying, Dialogue wise in good earnest, that therby he might more decently place in sundry mouthes the diversity and variation of his owne conceits.

1603，Michel de Montaigne，章號 12, in John Florio（譯者）, The Essayes […]，book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:


plump

源自中古英語 plump、plompe，借自中古荷蘭語 plomp或中古低地德語 plump。

plumper (comparative)
more plump (comparative)
plumpest (superlative)
most plump (superlative)

丰满的，胖嘟嘟的，圆润的

a plump baby; plump cheeks

胖嘟嘟的婴儿，圆鼓鼓的脸

The god of wine did his plump clusters bring.

1651, Thomas Carew, To my friend G. N. from Wrest

My ideal is to be idle and to love a plump girl.

2015, Anton Chekhov, The Life and Genius of Anton Chekhov: Letters, Diary, Reminiscences and Biography: Assorted Collection of Autobiographical Writings of the Renowned Russian Author and Playwright of Uncle Vanya, The Cherry Orchard, The Three Sisters and The Seagull, e-artnow (ISBN 9788026838401)

He was a plump little man and we had been walking uphill at a pace—set by him—far too rapid for his short legs. He breathed stertorously, and half the drops which glimmered on his rotund face were not rain but sweat.

1956，Delano Ames，章號 23, in Crime out of Mind:


plump

plumps (third-person singular present)
plumping (present participle)
plumped (past participle)

(及物带 for) 赞成，支持

A recent poll by the New York Times found that although most Brazilians plump for arch-rival Argentina as the team they most want to lose, the second-biggest group want Brazil itself to stumble.

2014，“Brazil in a nutshell”, in The Economist:


plump

源自中古英語 plumpen，与中古荷蘭語 plompen、中古低地德語 plumpen、德語 plumpfen有关。

扑通 （重重掉落的声音）

As she beheld her, poor Mrs. Mack's heart fluttered up to her mouth, and then dropped with a dreadful plump, into the pit of her stomach.

1863，Sheridan Le Fanu，The House by the Churchyard:


congee

源自晚期中古英語 congie，源自古法語 congié、congiet（现代法語 congé），源自拉丁語 commeātus (“通行许可，批准离开”)，源自commeō (“来和去”)，源自con- + meō (“走，通过”)。比喻义借自法語 congé中的词义演化。

正式免职； 免职；(原意且尤其幽默讽刺地指) 突然离职

So courteous conge both did giue and take,
With right hands plighted, pledges of good will.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto I”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

屈膝礼，鞠躬等礼貌动作 （原指在离开时做的动作，但后来也指问候、表示服从或尊敬时做的）

“My daughter Rebecca, so please your Grace,” answered Isaac, with a low congee, nothing embarrassed by the Prince’s salutation, in which, however, there was at least as much mockery as courtesy.

1820，沃尔特·司各特，艾凡赫，卷 (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC:

His speech thus spake the Moor, and took his leave,
he and his meiny where the bátels lay:
formal farewells to chief and crews he gave,
exchanging congees with due courtesy.

1880，Richard Francis Burton，Os Lusíadas，卷 I，頁 23:


pox

源自中古英語 pocke的复数形式。见pock。

poxes (third-person singular present)
poxing (present participle)
poxed (past participle)

Jack had a moſt ſcandalous tongue, and perſuaded Peg that all mankind, beſides himſelf, were pox'd by that ſcarlet-faced whore, †Signiora Bubonia. “As for his brother Lord Peter, the tokens were evident on him, blotches, ſcabs, and the corona. […]”

[1750?]，Dr. [John] Arbuthnot，“The History of John Bull: Part II, Chapter III”, in The History of John Bull [by Dr. Arbuthnot]. And Poems on ſeveral Occasions by Dr. Jonathan Swift, with Several Miſcellaneous Pieces, by Dr. Swift and Mr. Pope，London: D. Midwinter, A. Tonson，頁 60:


precious

源自中古英語 precious，借自古法語 precios (“珍贵的，昂贵的，宝贝的，至爱的；做作的”)，源自拉丁語 pretiōsus (“珍贵的，昂贵的”)，源自pretium (“价值，价格”)，参见price。

more precious (comparative)
most precious (superlative)

People are a good thing, the most precious resource in a rich economy, so the progressive-minded feel. Only misanthropists disagree or the dottier Malthusians who send green-ink tweets deploring any state assistance for child-rearing.

2013年August16日，Polly Toynbee，“Britain's booming birthrate”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 10，頁 21:

The crown had many precious gemstones.

那个皇冠上镶着很多昂贵的宝石。

Writers are often very precious about their work.

Hearing what a struggle it was for her, I began to understand why some people are so precious about being Irish. Being second-generation Irish, she had the option to hide behind her accent. Instead she would thump her fist to defend Irish people from those speaking out against them.

2016年November20日，Katie Walsh，“Why are Irish people so precious about Irishness?”, in The Irish Times，Dublin: Irish Times Trust, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2023-04-01:

It’s all owing to your precious caution that they got hold of it. If you had let me burn it, and taken my word that it was gone, it would have been a heap of ashes behind the fire, instead of being whole and sound, inside of my great-coat.

In the abstract, Stuhlbarg’s twinkly-eyed sidekick suggests Joe Pesci in Lethal Weapon 2 by way of late-period Robin Williams with an alien twist, but Stuhlbarg makes a character that easily could have come across as precious into a surprisingly palatable, even charming man.

2012年May24日，Nathan Rabin，“Film: Reviews: Men In Black 3”, in The Onion AV Club:


precious

“It isn't fair, my precious, is it, to ask us what it's got in its nassty little pocketses?”

She sat down with the dogs in her lap. "I won't neglect you for any one, will I, my preciouses?"

1909，Mrs. Teignmouth Shore，The Pride of the Graftons，頁 57:


prelude

源自中古法語 prélude (“测试性地演奏乐器”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 preludium，源自拉丁語 praelūdere。

intrada

序曲，前奏曲 （自17世纪50年代）

overture

序曲，前奏曲 （自17世纪50年代）

（默认导入的）标准库或标准函数

In the same way that Rust has a general prelude that brings certain types and functions into scope automatically, the std::io module has its own prelude of common types and functions you'll need when working with I/O.

2018，Steve Klabnik，Carol Nichols，The Rust Programming Language，No Starch Press, →ISBN，頁 232:

Swimmings of the head and intestinal pains seemed the prelude of dissolution.

1869, William Chambers, Robert Chambers, Chambers's Miscellany of Instructive & Entertaining Tracts (page 2)

On the other hand, the nationalitarian phenomenon is one in which the struggle against the imperialist powers of occupation has as its object, beyond the clearing of the national territory, the independence and sovereignty of the national State, uprooting in depth the positions of the ex-colonial power— the reconquest of the power of decision in all domains of national life, the prelude to that reconquest of identity which is at the heart of the renaissance undertaken on the basis of fundamental national demands, and ceaselessly contested, by every means available, on every level, and notably on the internal level'.

1981，Anouar Abdel-Malek，Social Dialectics: Nation and Revolution，頁 13:


preponderance

preponderancy

（数量上的）优势；大量，很多，众多

preponderancy

（影响力、实力、质量上的）优势，优越性

preponderation

（影响力、实力、质量上的）优势，优越性

（数量上的）优势；大量，很多，众多

[S]trong proofs are at hand to shew, that in the Irish people there is a large admixture, if not an overwhelming praeponderance, of Iberian elements.

1857，R[obert] Harries Jones，“Part the Second”, in The Japhetic Races. A Historical and Ethnological Inquiry into the Consanguinity of Various European Races. […]，Göttingen: Printed at the University Press by W. Fr. Kaestner, →OCLC, section II，頁 36:

Is there a preponderance of female protagonists in commercial fiction, and if so, what does it mean?

1997年August17日，Patricia Holt，“Just add sand; trash fiction for end-of-the summer beach reading”, in San Francisco Chronicle，San Francisco, Calif.: Hearst Communications, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 1:

Subtle, institutional discrimination was evident in the preponderance of blacks and underprivileged whites fighting the war.

2000年April17日，Paul Van Slambrouck，“California’s brightest star is, well, gray”, in The Christian Science Monitor，Boston, Mass.: Christian Science Publishing Society, →ISSN, →OCLC:

（影响力、实力、质量上的）优势，优越性

In a few weeks he [William III of England] had changed the relative position of all the states in Europe, and had restored the equilibrium which the preponderance of one power had destroyed.

1851，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 XI, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 III, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 49:

But even less disgruntled observers have insisted that pain and unpleasure are more common in dreams than pleasure: for instance, Scholz (1893, 57), Volkelt (1875, 80), and others. Indeed two ladies, Florence Hallam and Sarah Weed (1896, 499), have actually given statistical expression, based on a study of their own dreams, to the preponderance of unpleasure in dreaming.

1953，Sigmund Freud，“Distortion in Dreams”, in James Strachey（譯者）, The Interpretation of Dreams (First Part) (The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud)，卷 IV, London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 出版於 1971, →ISBN，頁 134:


procession

源自中古英語 processioun，借自古法語 pourciession，源自拉丁語 prōcessiō (“行进，前进；（晚期拉丁语）宗教队伍”)，源自prōcēdere，prōcessus (“前行，前进”)的过去分词，详见proceed。

In many a form I see thee oft
In myriad manners are thy praises told
In old processions carved on Grecian urns

Before he closed and opened his eyes, the bails on the wicket behind Johnny Masih were shattered. That was the beginning of a procession. The second ball clean bowled the batsman. The third ball was a catch for the wicketkeeper.

2012，K. L. Mohana Varma，Cricket-Indo: The Story of an Indo-Pak One-Day Cricket Turf War，頁 205:

Scotland moved nicely to 45 without loss before I took the first wicket and then it became a procession.

2015，Steve Dolman，Edwin Smith: A Life in Derbyshire Cricket，頁 36:


procession

processions (third-person singular present)
processioning (present participle)
processioned (past participle)

To procession the lands of such persons as desire it.

1856，Alexander Mansfield Burrill，A Law Dictionary and Glossary, PROCESSIONING:


relapse

源自拉丁語 relapsus，relabi (“向后滑，掉回”)的过去分词，源自re- (“反，往后”) + labi (“滑，落”)。

relapses (third-person singular present)
relapsing (present participle)
relapsed (past participle)

倒退回，恢复，回到 （某种状态或行为）

Then we relapsed into a discomfited silence, and wished we were anywhere else. But Miss Thorn relieved the situation by laughing aloud, and with such a hearty enjoyment that instead of getting angry and more mortified we began to laugh ourselves, and instantly felt better.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

He has improved recently but keeps relapsing into states of utter confusion.

他近来情况有所好转，但是总是有混乱状态复发。

to relapse into a stupor, into vice, or into barbarism

重新陷入神志不清的状态，重新走上犯罪道路，重回野蛮

to relapse into slumber after being disturbed


relapse

a drug relapse

Alas! from what high hope to what relapse / Unlooked for are we fallen!

1671，John Milton，“The Second Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC: