glancing

more glancing (comparative)
most glancing (superlative)

His fist caught a glancing blow to my jaw.

She looked with a grudging eye on this waste of life and beauty—there was none for him; and the sight of the coffin, with its deep black pall borne slowly along the glancing path, was a contrast of unutterable misery. It was a relief to change the cheerful meadow for the dark umbrage of the forest which they now entered.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁s 324–325:


glancing

No doubt, sometimes there are comprehensive glancings at, and interminglings of different future eras of prophecy.

1856，David Brown，Christ's second coming: will it be pre-millennial?:


grisly

源自中古英語 grisely、grysly、grissliȝ、griselich、grislich，源自古英語 grisliċ (“恐怖的，骇人的”)，源自grīsan (“使...因惧怕而战栗；颤抖，恐惧；使...颤抖，使...害怕”) （不直接可考，但āgrīsan暗示其存在） + -lic (构成形容词的后缀，表示“像...的，与...有关的”)。
其还可能是古英語 ongrislic、agrisenliċ的词首非重音形式，其为agrīsan (“使...因惧怕而战栗”，派生出agrise)的过去分词。
对比丹麥語 grusom、瑞典語 gräslig、中古荷蘭語 grezelijc（现代荷蘭語 griezelig）、中古高地德語 grisenlich（现代德語 grässlich、grausen）。

grislier (comparative)
grisliest (superlative)

The photographs of the killings depict a grisly scene.

杀人现场的相片惨不忍睹。

Then clad in cloake of mistie fogges the darke night vp did come, / And with grim grislie looke did seeme to bid me get me home; […]

1610，Richard Niccols，“The Indvction”, in A Winter Nights Vision; being an Addition of such Princes Especially Famous, who were Exempted in the Former Historie，part IV, London: Felix Kyngston, →OCLC; 再版為 Mirror for Magistrates，卷 II, part II, London: Printed for Lackington, Allen, and Co. Finsbury Square; and Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orms, and Brown, Paternoster Row, 1815, →OCLC，頁 548:

It was sore travelling for horse and man under the blazing sun, with no food nor water save what he pressed from the pith of the palms, and even these were growing scarce. The only life on the plains was the hard and dusty scrub. Every hour brought a more hopeless and grislier desolation.

1878，John Boyle O'Reilly，“On the Trail”, in Moondyne: A Story from the Under-world，London: George Routledge and Sons, 出版於 1879, →OCLC; 再版為 Moondyne: A Story of Convict Life in Australia，London: George Routledge & Sons, Limited, Broadway House, Ludgate Hill, [1880s], →OCLC, book first，頁s 23–24:

We know too well the bestial assault you are making upon the Russian people, to whom our hearts go out in their valiant struggle. We will have no truce or parley with you, or the grisly gang who work your wicked will. You do your worst and we will do our best.

1941，Winston Churchill，The Unrelenting Struggle:

In his [Galway Kinnell's] new book, Body Rags, he has brought this style to a kind of perfection, especially in two poems about the killing of animals, "The Porcupine" and "The Bear." These are the grisliest poems I have ever read.

1968 summer，Hayden Carruth，“Making It New”, in The Hudson Review，卷 XXI, 期 2, New York, N.Y.: Hudson Review, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC; reprinted as “From ‘Making It New’ [Body Rags]”, in On the Poetry of Galway Kinnell: The Wages of Dying (Under Discussion)，Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1987, →ISBN，頁 75:

Perhaps you have to have seen the first film to like this one; to feel, like the young fans of Harry Potter, that without knowing or wanting it, you have grown up with its grisly protagonists.

2017年January19日，Peter Bradshaw，“T2 Trainspotting review – choose a sequel that doesn’t disappoint”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2017-01-20:


grisly

源自grisle (“恐怖”) + -ly，对比中古荷蘭語 griselike、中古低地德語 grislike。

more grisly (comparative)
most grisly (superlative)

[A] very fair young gentlewoman [Sir Roger Wentworth's daughter], of twelve years of age, in marvellous manner vexed and tormented by our ghostly enemy, the devil, her mind alienated and raving, with despising and blaspheming of God, and hatred of all hallowed things, […] finally being brought and laid before the image of our blessed lady, was there, in the sight of many worshipful people, so grievously tormented, and in face, eyes, look, and countenance, so grisly changed, with her mouth drawn aside, and her eyes laid out upon her cheeks, that it was a terrible sight to behold. And after many marvellous things, […] restored to their good state, perfectly cured and suddenly.

1850，William Tyndale，引 Thomas More, “[The Solutions and Answers unto M. More’s First Book.] The Sixteenth Chapter”, in An Answer to Sir Thomas More’s Dialogue, The Supper of the Lord after the True Meaning of John VI. and 1 Cor. XI. and Wm. Tracy’s Testament Expounded. By William Tyndale, Martyr, 1536. Edited for the Parker Society, by the Rev. Henry Walter, B.D. F.R.S. [...]，Cambridge: Printed at the University Press, →OCLC，頁 90, footnote:

A valiant Captain of great prowess, as fierce as a fox assaulting a goose, was so hardy to give the first stroke: then got they so grisly together, that great was the activity that day to be seen there on both sides: the one very eager for purchase of prey, the other utterly stout for redemption of liberty: thus, quarrel enflamed the fury on both sides: twice the Danes had the better, but at the last conflict, beaten down, overcome, and many led captive for triumph by our English women.

1870，George Adlard，“A Letter: Whearin Part of the Entertainment unto the Queen’s Majesty at Killingworth Castl in Warwiksheer in this Somers Progress—1575 is Signified: 源自a Freend Officer Attendant in the Court unto His Freend a Citizen and Merchaunt of London. [...] With Explanatory Notes.”, in Amye Robsart and the Earl of Leycester; a Critical Inquiry into the Authenticity of the Various Statements in Relation to the Death of Amye Robsart, and of the Libels on the Earl of Leycester, with a Vindication of the Earl by His Nephew Sir Philip Sydney. And a History of Kenilworth Castle, including an Account of the Splendid Entertainment Given to Queen Elizabeth by the Earl of Leycester, in 1575，源自the Works of Robert Laneham and George Gascoigne; together with Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir Robert Dudley, Son of the Earl of Leycester，London: John Russell Smith, 36 Soho Square, →OCLC，頁 142:


glean

源自中古英語 glenen，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 glener，源自晚期拉丁語 glen(n)ō (“收集”)，源自高盧語，可能源自原始凱爾特語 *glanos。

gleans (third-person singular present)
gleaning (present participle)
gleaned (past participle)

learn

（一点点地）收集，挑拣（有用信息）

He [August Strindberg] gleaned a living from newspaper work for a few months, but in the summer went to a fishing village […] where […] he wrote his great historical drama Master Olof.

1912，Edith and Warner Oland，“Biographical Note”, in Three Plays By August Strindberg，頁 xi:


glee

源自中古英語 gle，源自古英語 glēo、glīġ、glēow、glīw (“开心，欢乐，愉悦，玩乐；音乐；嘲弄”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *glīwą (“欢乐”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʰlew- (“开玩笑，享”)。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 gle、glie、glew (“游戏，玩耍，运动，欢乐，开心，娱乐，音乐，旋律”)、冰島語 glý (“开心，欢乐”)、古希臘語 χλεύη (khleúē，“玩笑，笑话，蔑视”)。中古英语中为诗歌用词，16世纪时被弃用，18世纪被重新起用。

merriment

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

mirth

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

gaiety

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

gloat

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

I watched with glee while your kings and queens fought for ten decades for the gods they made.

1968，“Sympathy for the Devil”, in The Rolling Stones 作曲, Beggars Banquet:

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013年June29日，“Travels and travails”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁 55:


gleeful

more gleeful (comparative)
most gleeful (superlative)

During [Tucker] Carlson’s keynote, he wedged sneers at his critics for crying “racist!” in between racist remarks about [Ilhan] Omar, jeremiads against the media (“I know there’s a bunch of reporters here, so . . . screw you”), and an attack on Elizabeth Warren and her donors (“She’s a tragedy, because she’s now obsessed with racism, which is why the finance world supports her”)—all to gleeful applause.

2019年July24日，David Austin Walsh，“Flirting With Fascism”, in Jewish Currents:


gaunt

源自中古英語 gawnt、gawnte (“瘦的”)，源自古法語 [具體何詞?]，可能源自斯堪的纳维亚或北日耳曼語支源头，与古諾爾斯語 gandr (“魔杖，棍”)有关，源自原始日耳曼語 *gandaz (“棍”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʷʰen- (“打，驱使”)。
与冰島語 gandur (“魔杖”)、挪威語 gand (“高而尖的棒子；又高又瘦的人”)、丹麥語 gand、gan、挪威語 gana (“修剪的树枝”)、巴伐利亞語 Gunten (“一种楔或钉”)。亦与古英語 gūþ (“战斗”)、拉丁語 dēfendō (“抵挡，避开，防御”)有关。亦对比瑞典語方言用词gank (“瘦马”)。

gaunter (comparative)
gauntest (superlative)

Hanging from the beam,
 Slowly swaying (such the law),
Gaunt the shadow on your green,
 Shenandoah!

1866，Herman Melville，Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War, The Portent:

A gaunt Wolf was almost dead with hunger when he happened to meet a House-dog who was passing by.

1894，Joseph Jacobs，章號 1, in The Fables of Aesop:

Far away I saw a gaunt cat slink crouchingly along a wall, but traces of men there were none.

1898，H.G. Wells，The War of the Worlds，London: William Heinemann，頁 239:

In the dim light of a foggy November day the sick room was a gloomy spot, but it was that gaunt, wasted face staring at me from the bed which sent a chill to my heart.

1917，Arthur Conan Doyle，章號 5, in His Last Bow:

The present stage of progress in Christian Science presents two opposite aspects, — a full-orbed promise, and a gaunt want.

1896，Mary Baker Eddy，“The Way”, in Miscellaneous Writings 1883-1896，頁 355:

Behind me, rose up, to an extraordinary height, gaunt, black cliffs.

1908，William Hope Hodgson，章號 14, in The House on the Borderland:


groovy

源自短语in the groove，原指代早期留声机唱片的沟槽。

groovier (comparative)
grooviest (superlative)

时髦的，炫酷的 （20世纪40年代、60-70年代流行）

When you move me, everything is groovy.

2012，Pat Monahan (Train)，Drive By (song lyrics):

Men In Black 3 lacks the novelty of the first film, and its take on the late ’60s feels an awful lot like a psychedelic dress-up party, all broad caricatures and groovy vibes.

2012年May24日，Nathan Rabin，“Film: Reviews: Men In Black 3”, in The Onion AV Club:

Well, I love it! Move really fast, reverse time, save everyone? That sounds groovy! I’m gonna have to try that some day!

2015年February12日，Tina Alexander and Daniel Baxter，“How X-Men: Days of Future Past Should Have Ended”, in How It Should Have Ended，季数 7, 集数 3, spoken by Superman (Daniel Baxter), How It Should Have Ended, 經由 YouTube:


grossly

grossly inflated expectations

grossly enlarged hepatic lobes, evident on palpation

明显肥大的肝叶，通过触诊非常明显

Third-class carriages are grossly overcrowded, with passengers lying on the luggage racks, standing between the benches, and occasionally even riding on the footboards and clinging to the outsides of the coaches for short distances.

1950 February，W. Dendy，“Impressions of the Indian Railways—3”, in Railway Magazine，頁 120:

Barker believed that evidence was emerging that a "solid proportion" of operations were "grossly uneconomic", and that no amount of improvement in equipment would make them viable. He suggested that "while the superstructure of the report is correct, the foundations require radical re-examination".

2023年March8日，David Clough，“The long road that led to Beeching”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 42:


gecko

现代形式可能是由荷蘭語 gekko（1718年）借入英语和其他欧洲语言 (1718）。当时在英语中的形式为chacco（1711年）和jackoa（1724年）。之后的来源不详。一些文献提出了馬來語 gekok、gekoq或gekop，它们可能是仿自壁虎的叫声。其他理论认为源自亞齊語 gèh-gòh (“忙的”)。

Order II. Sauria. […] The heart has two auricles. The body is covered with scales, and there are three or four feet. The lungs are large, and extend along the back. The mouth is armed with teeth, and the toes with claws. The tail is long, and often thick at the base. […] Geckotida—geco

1839，William Rhind，“Reptiles”, in Elements of Zoology; Embracing a View of Life as Manifested in the Various Gradations of Organized Beings，Edinburgh: Fraser & Crawford; John Anderson, Junior; and Maclachlan & Stewart; Smith, Elder, & Co. and H. Washbourne, London; W. Curry, Junior, & Co. Dublin, →OCLC，頁s 85–86:

Leishmania infantum in Experimental Animals.—Experiments were carried out with geckoes, white mice, field mice (Microtus güntheri) and hamsters (Cricetus auratus and Cricetulus griseus).

1931，Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences，卷 108, London: Royal Society of London, →OCLC，頁 456:

GECKOES constitute a family of lizards remarkable for the large number of species it contains. They are also remarkable for a number of other features: for the readiness with which they have taken to living in houses, for their voices, the structure of their feet, the variation in the shape of the tail and for their eyes. […] As with the more familiar lizards, geckoes have the ability to cast the tail, and counts show that in some species two out of every five individuals have cast the tail and regenerated a new one.

1962，Maurice Burton，“Geckoes”, in The Illustrated London News，卷 CCXL, 期 II, London: Illustrated London News & Sketch Ltd., →OCLC，頁 548:

Family Gekkonidae (gekkos). In gekkos the skull is short and flat; the upper temporal bone arch is missing; the post-orbital and lacrimal bones are absent; and the jugal bone is very reduced.

1971，Victorian Year Book，Melbourne, Vic.: Government Printer, →OCLC，頁 23:

Many lizards, including the British common and sand lizards of the family Lacertidae, clamber over rocks with great agility; none matches the geckoes, some of which can run up, down, or across vertical glass as easily as most beasts run on the flat, and indeed can happily traverse ceilings.

1975年September27日，Colin Tudge，“How Gekko gecko defies gravity: A careful anatomical study of geckoes, those extremely agile climbing lizards, reveals an extraordinary degree of adaptation of the foot bones and muscles”, in New Scientist，卷 67, 期 968, London: New Science Publications, →OCLC，頁 696:

Other reptiles found in the district are the chamaeleon, geco and monitor lizard, the last getting extinct due to netting and shooting. It is now protected by law.

1988，Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Aligarh，卷 20, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: Government of Uttar Pradesh, →OCLC，頁 15:

The marvelous ability of geckos to run down trees, surefooted and head first, was first noted by Aristotle over two thousand years ago. However, Aristotle was not able to see the tiny hairs, called setae, that cover the toes of geckos and empower this feat. The setae are part of an adhesive system that allows geckos to maneuver on a wide variety of substrates, to run upside-down, and to arrest their falls. Geckos can run vertically at over 1 m/s and can carry over twice their body weight up smooth, vertical surfaces.

2009 January，Ginel Corina Hill，“Introduction”, in Dual-axis MEMS Force Sensors for Gecko Adhesion Studies (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation)，Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University, →OCLC，頁 1:

The potential uses for gecko-inspired adhesive products are nearly endless. People have found possible uses for them from sports and robotics, to medicine and home improvement.

2014，Wil Mara，From Gecko Feet to Adhesive Tape (Innovations from Nature)，Ann Arbor, Mich.: Cherry Lake Publishing, →ISBN，頁s 21–22:

By day, Golden-tailed Geckoes rest under curls of bark, the underside of branches, or in tree hollows but they seem to be fond of heat so these geckoes may even be in a situation where the sun shines on their daytime retreat all day. The Golden-tailed Gecko is an invertebrate-eater and by night its adhesive toe pads allow it to prowl the branches of Brigalow trees with ease, looking for small insects and spiders to capture.

2016，Martyn Robinson，Australian Wildlife after Dark，Clayton, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing, →ISBN:


gecko

geckos (third-person singular present)
geckoing (present participle)
geckoed (past participle)

像壁虎一样移动（贴在垂直或朝下的平面上）

An emergency handpad, geckoed to the expanding bulkhead, slid past to one side. Sarasti grabbed it and tapped commands.

2006 October，Peter Watts，Blindsight，New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, Tom Doherty Associates, →ISBN，頁 344:

And as Dave geckoed his way along the walls, he began seeing more and more skid marks left behind by Damien's Sewer Cruiser.

2009，Wendelin Van Draanen，The Gecko & Sticky: The Greatest Power，New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN，頁 33:

"H-h-here, boss!" Angelo called, and with that Dave kicked into gear, geckoing across the rest of the ceiling to the safety of the adjacent service room.

2010，Wendelin Van Draanen，The Gecko & Sticky: Sinister Substitute，New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN，頁 121:


grove

源自中古英語 grove、grave，源自古英語 grāf、grāfa (“树林，矮林”)，对比英語 groove。与古英語 grǣf、grǣfe (“矮林，树丛”)和古英語 grǣfa (“树丛”)有关。更多参见greave。

Religious sodomy was practised by male prostitutes in the Hebrew temple groves, which was one of the abominations of Israel that Josiah cleared away.

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 160:


grovel

源自中古英語 *grovelen，源自古諾爾斯語 grufla、grœfla (“拜倒”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubilōną (“挖，潜入”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʰrebʰ‑ (“挖，挠”)，等价于古諾爾斯語 á grufu (“趴着”)（→古諾爾斯語 grúfa (“趴着”)）同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 grovel、gruvil (“拜倒”)、德語 grübeln (“思考”)、新挪威語 gruvla (“趴着”)。亦对比西弗里斯蘭語 groebeltsje (“弄乱，搞糟；逃学”)、荷蘭語 grobbelen (“挖出”)。

grovels (third-person singular present)
grovelling
groveling
grovelled
groveled

In the tube station, the old ones who were on the way out / Would dribble and vomit and grovel and shout

1985，Shane MacGowan （作曲作詞）, “The Old Main Drag”, in Rum Sodomy & the Lash，演出者 The Pogues:


grub

源自中古英語 grubben、grobben，源自古英語 *grubbian，源自原始西日耳曼語 *grubb-，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubb-（对比中古荷蘭語 grobben (“刮；爬；拿”)、古高地德語 grubilōn (“挖；搜”)、德語 grübeln (“思考，斟酌”)），源自原始日耳曼語 *grub- (“挖”)（对比*grabaną）。
“幼虫”一意源自中古英語 grub、grubbe、grobbe、crubbe，可能发展自将上面动词解读成“挖昆虫”的说法，或源自中古英語 grub (“矮子”)，其不确定是否与本词有关。对比西弗里斯蘭語 krobbe (“昆虫”)。俚语义“食物”首个记载见于1659年，被认为是与鸟吃幼虫产生联想而发展来的，或者可能与bub (“饮料”)产生了联想。

pub grub

"The rice ration's down to nearly damn-all in the kampongs, but we keep finding dumps of grub in the forest."

1958，Anthony Burgess，The Enemy in the Blanket (The Malayan Trilogy)，出版於 1972，頁 298:


grub

grubs (third-person singular present)
grubbing (present participle)
grubbed (past participle)

挖；将...连根挖起 （常后接up）

to grub up trees, rushes, or sedge

连根挖起树，灌木丛或莎草

They do not attempt to grub up the root of sin.

1846，Julius Hare，The Mission of the Comforter:


ghastly

源自古英語 gǣstan (“惊吓，折磨”)的衍生词 + -lic与ghostly（中古英语中亦作“gastlich”）的异文合并。等价于ghast/gast + -ly。16世纪时因异文合并，带“gh”的拼写发展起来。

ghastlier (comparative)
ghastliest (superlative)

苍白的，阴沉的，死气沉沉的

His face was so ghastly that it could scarcely be recognized.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 11, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:


generalissimo

generalissimos (plural)
generalissimi (plural)

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəɹəˈliːsɪməʊ/

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəɹəˈlɪsɪməʊ/

Where stands Marshal Chiang Kai-shek in this conflict of opinion concerning the tactics which China should adopt towards the aggressor? Chiang Kai-shek, according to officials who know his mind with whom I have talked, is all for resistance—as soon as he thinks he can win! “It is a fatal mistake for the Japanese to imagine that I will not fight under any circumstances,” he has said. But the Chinese Generalissimo is too well versed in the philosophy of his country not to recollect that it is foolish to fight with the certainty of defeat.

1936，H. Hessell Tiltman，The Far East Comes Nearer，Jarrolds，頁 249:


guff

“… That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh.[…]If she had her way, she’d ruin the company inside a year with her hare-brained schemes ; love of the people, and that sort of guff.”

1913，Robert Barr，章號 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:


guff

guffs (third-person singular present)
guffing (present participle)
guffed (past participle)

"Let me see if I get you. You can't bear to help convict Ashe of murder because you doubt if he's guilty, so you're scooting. Right?"
[…]"That's close enough," Wolfe said.
"Not close enough for me. If you expect me to[…] invite a stiff fine for running out on a subpoena[…], don't try to guff me. Say we doubt if Ashe is guilty, but we think he may get tagged because we know Mandelbaum wouldn't go to trial without a good case. Say also our bank account needs a shot in the arm, which is true. So we decide to see if we can[…]"

1955 October，Rex Stout，“The Next Witness”, in Three Witnesses，Bantam, 出版於 1994, →ISBN，頁 14:


guffaw

He walked to the edge and they heard his hoarse guffaw of laughter as the arrows clanged and clattered against his impenetrable mail.

1906，Arthur Conan Doyle，章號 XX, in Sir Nigel:

He heaved up with a sulfurous curse, braced his legs and glared about him, with a burst of coarse guffaws in his ears and the reek of unwashed bodies in his nostrils.

1936，Robert E. Howard，章號 15, in The Hour of the Dragon:


guffaw

guffaws (third-person singular present)
guffawing (present participle)
guffawed (past participle)

He guffawed at his adversaries.

1891，Oscar Wilde，章號 15, in The Picture of Dorian Gray:

Peter, on the contrary, threw back his head and guffawed thunderously.


guillotine

借自法語 guillotine，以法国医师Joseph-Ignace Guillotin（1738–1814）命名，其提出了使用该器械来执行死刑。

/ˌɡɪləˈtiːn/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-guillotine.wav

断头台；使用断头台执行的死刑

For two-and-twenty years he [Joseph-Ignace Guillotin], unguillotined, shall hear nothing but guillotine, see nothing but guillotine; then dying, shall through long centuries wander, as it were, a disconsolate ghost, on the wrong side of Styx and Lethe; his name like to outlive [Julius] Cæsar’s.

1837，Thomas Carlyle，“The Procession”, in The French Revolution: A History […]，卷 I (The Bastille), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, book IV (States-General)，頁s 143–144:

The right hon. Gentleman is making a great stooshie about time in relation to this Bill, but was it not the case that, when the SNP [Scottish National Party] Scottish Government introduced their continuity Bill in the Scottish Parliament, they operated a ruthless guillotine to prevent proper scrutiny of it? That is the case; they ran a guillotine on that Bill, and there was a very limited amount of time allowed for debate and scrutiny, yet he complains about that happening here.

2019年October22日，Stephen Kerr, Member of Parliament for Stirling，“Second Reading of the European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill”, in House of Commons Debates (House of Commons)^(https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000813/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2019-10-22/debates/277C5A20-456D-469B-A415-D04AFFD83248/EuropeanUnion(WithdrawalAgreement)Bill)，卷 666，存檔自the original on 2019-10-24，列 860:


gluttonous

源自中古英語 glotenose、glotenouse、glotonos、glotonous、glotounius、glotynous，源自中古法語 glotonos，等价于glutton + -ous。

more gluttonous (comparative)
most gluttonous (superlative)

Look your last on your dearest ones,
Brothers and husbands, fathers, sons:
Swift they go to the ravenous guns, / The gluttonous guns of War.

One day the mail-man found no village there, / Nor were its folk or houses seen again; / People came out from Aylesbury to stare – / Yet they all told the mail-man it was plain / That he was mad for saying he had spied / The great hill's gluttonous eyes, and jaws stretched wide.


gluttony

古法語 glutonie，源自gloton + -ie ← 拉丁語 glutio。

The most rapid and most seductive transition in all human nature is that which attends the palliation of a ravenous appetite.[…]Can those harmless but refined fellow-diners be the selfish cads whose gluttony and personal appearance so raised your contemptuous wrath on your arrival?

1922，Ben Travers，章號 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:


gunman

"I've known a heap of gun fighters in my day. An' Jean Isbel don't ran true to class. Shore there never was a gunman who'd risk cripplin' his right hand by sluggin' anybody."

1921，Zane Grey，章號 5, in To The Last Man:


gutter

源自中古英語 gutter、guttur、goter，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 guttere，源自古法語 goutiere（法語 gouttière），最终源自拉丁語 gutta (“滴”)。

They a not so clean as they might be, since the water [is] carried off by only one gutter, in the centre of t[he] street

1836，Charles F. Partington，“Paris”, in The British Cyclopaedia of Literature, History, Geography, Law and Politics，頁 202:

In nearly all of the towns the gutters are filled with vegetation, or have been neglected for so long a time that the roadway becomes its own drainage bed.

1902，Massachusetts Highway Commission，Annual Report of the Massachusetts Highway Commission，卷 9:

‘Children crawled over each other like little grey worms in the gutters,’ he said. ‘The only red things about them were their buttocks and they were raw. Their faces looked as if snails had slimed on them and their mothers were like great sick beasts whose byres had never been cleared.[…]’

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 7, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

As Mike parked the vehicle, its right wheels sank into an unpaved gutter gradually worn irregular and deep by the rush of rainwater flowing down the street.

Gutters separated the sidewalk from the road on both sides and flowed with muddy water.

2008，Khaled Hosseini，A Thousand Splendid Suns:

Meltwater gathered in the icy ruts of the unpaved road, the pressure wearing thin channels in the packed snow. Along the gutter the rivulets of spring runoff cut a course to the storm sewer


gutter

gutters (third-person singular present)
guttering (present participle)
guttered (past participle)

The light in his eyes guttered like a candle in a mighty wind and finally went out. She had no time to grieve[…]

2020年November16日，Emma Castle，Devastate Me: A Next-door Neighbor Romance，Lauren Smith, →ISBN:

Alex's eyes gutter, and his face goes cold. He stands there mutely through my apology, stiff and frozen. I want to touch him, but I'm scared he'll flinch away.

2023年October10日，Clare Gilmore，Love Interest: A Novel，St. Martin's Griffin, →ISBN:

The gutter'd-Rockes, and Congregated Sands,

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act 2, scene 1]:


gnarly

gnarl (“木结”) + -y。俚语义在20世纪70年代在美国冲浪文化的影响下普及开来。

gnarlier (comparative)
gnarliest (superlative)

该词有两个互相矛盾的义项。它的词义因使用人群和上下文而不同，且可能由用词外的因素决定，比如语调。“很棒的”一意尤其与冲浪文化有联系，甚至到有点老套的程度，比如“gnarly wave, dude!”。

Out of one window I can see the garden, those mysterious deep-shaded arbors, the riotous old-fashioned flowers, and bushes and gnarly trees.

1892 January，Charlotte Perkins Gilman，The Yellow Wall Paper，Boston, Mass.: Small, Maynard & Company, 出版於 1901, →OCLC，頁 13:

极佳的，很棒的，吸引人的

There ain't nothing gnarlier (apparently) than slapping on some brightly coloured sunblock to ward off the blinding spectre of dangerous, snow-reflected sunlight.

a gnarly problem

When the swell struck, the North Shore got gnarly, and the wise ones hit the outer islands where the energy was just as juicy but a bit more organized.

Work that makes you unhappy is what I mean by "a gnarly problem." The trouble is, the market pays for solutions to gnarly problems, not solutions to easy problems. As the Yorkshire lads say, "Where there's muck, there's brass."

2008，[Avram] Joel Spolsky，More Joel on Software: Further Thoughts on Diverse and Occasionally Related Matters that will Prove of Interest to Software Developers, Designers, and Managers, and to Those who, whether by Good Fortune or Ill Luck, Work with Them in Some Capacity，Berkeley, Calif.: Apress, →ISBN，頁 152:

差劲的，讨厌的，难看的 刺耳的，难听的

We're not talking about a lame chick and a gnarly guy. We're talking about a couple of far-out dudes.

1981, Dan Jenkins, Baja Oklahoma, New York, N.Y.: Atheneum Books, ISBN 978-0-689-11173-0; reprinted New York, N.Y.: Pocket Books, 1982, ISBN 978-0-671-45163-9, page 269:

Funky Kong: 'Those Snowmads are a gnarly bunch! I hear they're enjoyin' your island. Go get 'em, DK!'

2014 February，Retro Studios，Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze，Nintendo，關卡/區域：Funky's Fly 'n' Buy:

[She] displays the same love of gnarly fuzztones and shout-it-out-loud choruses that began back in her daze^([sic]) with local all-girl rockers the Runaways.


go-getter

He's a promising young go-getter, but he needs to learn some things about office politics.

他是个前途光明，积极向上的年轻人，但是他在办公室政治方面还要多学习学习。

Tom Pitella is a go-getter and does not rely on others to prove things in the field of mathematics to him.

Tom Pitella是一个积极主动的人，不依靠别的数学领域的人向他证明东西。

I must get it from my dad. Can't be from Mom, the world-class go-getter, hand shaker, and baby kisser.”

2008，Ellen Hopkins，Identical, →ISBN，頁 31:


gyp

可能和词源1一样。早期理论认为其派生自古希臘語 γύψ (gúps，“秃鹫”)（/ɡýps/，对比希臘語 γύπας (gýpas) /ˈʝi.pas/），“指仆人偷东西的习惯”（由此派生出词源1），但这一理论无法解释发音。

All was neglect. The outer door of this room, which was open, was nearly on a level with the Quadrangle — some coats and trousers and boots were upon the ebony table and a "gyp" was brushing away at them just within the door — in wet weather he performed these functions entirely within the library, as innocent of the incongruity of his position as my guide himself.

1880，William Blades，The Enemies of Books，頁 40:

'Why, what is the matter with you, John?' I asked of the gyp who waited on Vincey and myself.

1887, H. Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, 1919, Longmans, page 15,

Had he acted discourteously to his bedmaker or his gyp, he would have minded just as much … .

1907, E.M. Forster, The Longest Journey, Part I, I [Uniform ed., p. 14]:

同類詞：porter、bedder


goblin

源自中古英語 gobelyn，源自古諾曼語 gobelin（对比諾曼語 goubelin、瓦隆語 gobelin），可能是由古荷蘭語 *kobeholdo (“哥布林”)（对比荷蘭語 kabouter、德語 Kobold）及晚期拉丁語 cobalus (“山妖”)构成的混成词，源自古希臘語 κόβαλος (kóbalos，“无赖”)。取代了本土词古英語 pūca。

From yͤ hagg & hungry Goblin,
yͭ into raggs would rend yee,
& yͤ spirit yͭ stand’s by yͤ naked man,
in yͤ booke of moones defend yee

1620世紀, anonymous, “Tom o’ Bedlam’s Song” in Giles Earle his Booke (British Museum, Additional MSS. 24, 665):

"[…]If he had struck a stroke more to the side just here," said the goblin, tapping the very stone, as it seemed to Curdie, against which his head lay, "he would have been through; but he's a couple of yards past it now, and if he follow the lode it will be a week before it leads him in.[…]"

1872，George MacDonald，The Princess and the Goblin，頁 50:

At last the goblins had a chance to rid themselves of one of the troublesome defenders, and two goblin warriors snatched the opportunity.

2006，Charlotte Bishop，Norty: The Chosen Ones，頁 187:

The goblin shifted the two younger ones closer to him. It looked like he was hiding behind them, using them as a shield.
The goblin looked pure evil. His eyes were brown.

2010，Thom L. Nichols，War: Return of the Elves, Part 1, page 37:

I shall send another entourage of goblins back here to Desput with the goblins’ new ally the Pixy! These creatures deserve the same respect as any other goblin.

2010，D. S. Macleod，The Middle Times: Rise of the Goblin King，頁 229:

Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins. For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you.

2013年June22日，“Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 76:


hubris

源自古希臘語 ὕβρις (húbris，“傲慢；荒淫无度”)。

[ˈçju̟ːbɹ̠ʷɪs]

One would have thought that even Trump, despite all his hubris and egotism, would know better than to jump feet first into America’s most sensitive issue: racial division.

2017年August20日，“The Observer view on Donald Trump’s presidency”, in The Observer:


hark

源自中古英語 herken、herkien，源自古英語 *hercian、*heorcian、*hiercian，最终源自原始日耳曼語 *hauzijaną (“听”) + 程度加强-k（另见相关词hīeran，其派生出英語 hear）。等价于hear + -k。与低地蘇格蘭語 herk (“倾听”)、北弗里斯蘭語 harke (“倾听”)、西弗里斯蘭語 harkje (“听”)、现已弃用的荷蘭語 horken (“听”)、中古低地德語 horken (“倾听”)、德語 horchen (“倾听”)同源。

harks (third-person singular present)
harking (present participle)
harked (past participle)

Hark! the herald angels sing / Glory to the new born King

1739，Charles Wesley，George Whitefield，“Hymn for Christmas-Day”, in Hymns and Sacred Poems:

"Hark! The thunder becomes less muttering. It is nearing us, and nearing the earth, too. Hark! One crammed crash! All the vibrations made one by nearness. Another flash. Hold."

1856，Herman Melville，The Lightning Rod Man:

Loud voices and a renewed uproar were raised in front of the boarding-house[…] "'Tis Missis Murphy's voice," said Mrs. McCaskey, harking.

1906，O. Henry，“Between Rounds”, in The Four Million:

Hark! The Herald Tribune sings, / Advertising wondrous things!

1959，Tom Lehrer （作曲作詞）, “A Christmas Carol”:


huddle

源自中古英語 *hudelen，变化自（因 hudels、hidels (“藏匿处”)，见hiddle）*huderen、hoderen (“盖住；压在一起；簇拥”)，中古英語 huden、hiden (“藏起”)的重复态，等价于hide + -le和/或hide + -er。对比低地德語 huderken (“育雏；养育；照料；哄孩子睡觉”)。

huddles (third-person singular present)
huddling (present participle)
huddled (past participle)

Huddle up a peace.

1845, John Henry Newman, Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine

This resolution she accordingly executed; and the next morning before the sun, she huddled on her cloaths, and at a very unfashionable, unseasonable, unvisitable hour, went to Lady Bellaston […]

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling:


hulking

A hulking shape burst through the doorway and hurtled down the corridor, leaving a maelstrom of air currents in his wake.


harridan

可能变换自法語 haridelle (“老太婆”)。

Why is that tattling old harridan, Peggy O'Dowd, to make free with my name at her d—d supper-table, and advertise my engagement over the three kingdoms?

1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，章號 13, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC:


halation

She was, as you know, to the west-ward of us, and the sunset was making a great flame of red light to the back of her, so that she showed a little blurred and indistinct by reason of the halation of the light, which almost defeated the eye in any attempt to see her rotting spars and standing rigging, submerged, as they were, in the fiery glory of the sunset.

照片底片或电视屏幕上的轮状光晕

As the result of a series of experiments on halation carried out with backed and unbacked plates, ordinary film and stripping film, Ernest Marriage concludes that there are two varieties of halation, one due to reflection from the support and the other due to spreading of the light in the film.

1901，E. & H.T. Anthony & Co.，Anthony's photographic bulletin for ...，卷 32，頁 358:

Halation, properly speaking, is the reflection and diffusion, within the film，源自the lighter areas to the adjacent darker ones.

1917，Photographers' Association of California，Camera craft，卷 24，頁 81:

Among other interesting and weighty opinions, which were in general agreement with our contentions, was one by Mr. H. A. Staddon of Goodmayes, a gentleman who had made a particular hobby of fakes in photography. His report is too long and too technical for inclusion, but, under the various headings of composition, dress, development, density, lighting, poise, texture, plate, atmosphere, focus, halation, he goes very completely into the evidence, coming to the final conclusion that when tried by all these tests the chances are not less than 80 per cent. in favour of authenticity.

1922，Arthur Conan Doyle，The Coming of the Fairies:

Halation can be prevented or diminished by using an absorbing layer between the sensitive emulsion and the support (anti-halo undercoat) or on the back of the support (anti-halo backing).

1954, Photography, Theory and Practice, Pitman, page 173,


halcyon

繼承自中古英語 Alceoun，源自拉丁語 halcyōn、alcyōn (“翠鸟”)，源自古希臘語 ἀλκυών (alkuṓn)。

翠鸟，太平鸟 （指传统神话中，筑巢在海边，使神明把风和海浪变小的翠鸟）
（都铎王朝时代用来作风标的）翠鸟尸体

And, by the way, during those halcyon days (the halcyon was there, too, chattering above every creek, as he is all over the world) we fought another battle.


halcyon

more halcyon (comparative)
most halcyon (superlative)

Reflections of this kind may have trifling weight with men who hope to see realized in America the halcyon scenes of the poetic or fabulous age.

1787，Alexander Hamilton，Federalist Papers No. 30:

Deep, halcyon repose.

I had wander’d in rapture beneath them, and bask’d in the Halcyon clime.

The huge square box, parquet-floored and high-ceilinged, had been arranged to display a suite of bedroom furniture designed and made in the halcyon days of the last quarter of the nineteenth century, when modish taste was just due to go clean out of fashion for the best part of the next hundred years.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 1, in The China Governess:


haughty

源自早期形式hauty、haultic，仿照英語 naughty与英語 high调整了拼写，源自中古英語 hautein、hautain（-ein、-ain经由代表*hauteinnesse的词形hautenesse变为了-y，参见haughtiness），源自中古英語 haute (“高傲的”)，源自古法語 haut、hault (“高耸的”)，源自古法蘭克語 *hauh、*hōh (“高耸的；自傲的”)和拉丁語 altus (“高的，深的”)。详见high、old。

haughtier (comparative)
haughtiest (superlative)

高傲的，不屑的，高高在上的，目中无人的

How meek and shrunken did that haughty Tarmac become as it slunk by the wide circle of asphalt of the yellow sort, that was loosely strewn before the great iron gates of Lady Hall as a forerunner of the consideration that awaited the guests of Rupert, Earl of Kare, […]。

1922，Michael Arlen，“3/1/1”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。

hurls (third-person singular present)
hurling (present participle)
hurled (past participle)

I was standing on the edge of the conning-tower, when a heavy palm suddenly struck me between the shoulders and hurled me forward into space. The drop to the triangular deck forward of the conning-tower might easily have broken a leg for me, or I might have slipped off onto the deck and rolled overboard; but fate was upon my side, as I was only slightly bruised.

1918，Edgar Rice Burroughs，The Land That Time Forgot, Chapter IV:

The Tottenham wing was causing havoc down the right and when he broke past the bemused Sasa Balic once again, Bellamy was millimetres from connecting with his cross as the Liverpool striker hurled himself at the ball.

2011年September2日，“Wales 2-1 Montenegro”, in BBC:

说出 （尖锐或贬低的话）

The gangs hurled abuse at each other.

Tarzan on his part never lost an opportunity to show that he fully reciprocated his foster father's sentiments, and whenever he could safely annoy him or make faces at him or hurl insults upon him from the safety of his mother's arms, or the slender branches of the higher trees, he did so.

1912，Edgar Rice Burroughs，Tarzan of the Apes, Chapter 5:

Those who passed by hurled insults at him, shaking their heads and saying, “So! You who are going to destroy the temple and build it in three days, come down from the cross and save yourself!"

1984，New International Version of the Bible, Mark 15:29-30:

It is Boxing Day in a football ground, and all we can do is sprawl over the plastic, hurling instructions and vague encouragement.

2016，Daniel Gray，Saturday, 3pm: 50 Eternal Delights of Modern Football:

Their cause was helped after the senior footballers were unexpectedly dumped out of the running for the Sam Maguire, meaning Aidan Walsh is available to hurl full-time with the young Rebels -- Walsh scored 1-1 in the semi-final victory over reigning All-Ireland champions Tipperary.

2011年August3日，Donnchadh Boyle，“Egan targets Rebel success to rescue poor season”, in Irish Independent:

On Nicias a philosopher having his shoes stolen from him, may they, said he, fit his feet that took them away. A wish at the first view very harmless, but there was that in it which poisoned his charity into a malicious revenge. For he himself had hurled or crooked feet, so that in effect he wished the thief to be lame.

1645，Thomas Fuller，Good Thoughts in Bad Times:


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。

He managed a hurl of 50.3 metres.

The Gods, with horror and amaze, look’d down,
Beholding rocks from their firm basis rent;
Mountain on mountain thrown,
With threatening hurl, that shook th’ aethereal [var.: aerial] firmament!

1695，William Congreve，“To the King, on the Taking of Namure. Irregular Ode.”, in Poems Upon Several Occasions，Glasgow, 出版於 1752，頁 16:

I laid down this law with all the girls and expected to receive a hurl of abuse back.

Benjamin W. Evans, Tales 源自The Kerb (page 25)

Maybe you can give me a hurl in the Bentley one day, when you're in the vicinity.


hurtle

动词派生自中古英語 hurtelen、hurtlen (“掷，投；冲向；垮塌；伤害；击倒；推动；冲刺；跌倒”) [以及其他形式]，源自hurten (“伤害（肉体或比喻义）；损害；羞辱，伤害...的情感；受伤；撞上；推动；跌倒”)（还见英語 hurt (动词)） + -el-、-elen (反复态后缀)。英语词可作hurt (“（弃用）敲打，击打”) + -le (反复态后缀)分析。
名词派生自动词。

hurtles (third-person singular present)
hurtling (present participle)
hurtled (past participle)

fling

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

hurl

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

推动，猛抛，猛丢 （重物）

He hurtled the wad of paper angrily at the trash can and missed by a mile.

他生气地朝垃圾桶丢了一捆纸，但是丢偏了很远。

Soone as thoſe glitterand armes he did eſpye, / That vvith their brightneſſe made that darknes light, / His harmefull club he gan to hurtle hye, / And threaten batteill to the Faery knight; […]

[1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 42，頁 283:

Away, thou east wind, snarling like a scold! / […] / Now, like sheep-shearer, from some mountain fold, / Thou hurtlest air with twisting, fleecy flakes / Of martial snow, that like a tyrant bold, / His pleasure in his neighbour's vineyard takes, / Nor careth for the wreck that everywhere he makes.

1882，Charles Miller，“The Delaying Spring”, in The Three Scholars and Other Poems，Edinburgh: Andrew Elliot, […], →OCLC，頁 58:

（尤指吵闹地） 冲刺；横冲直撞

The car hurtled down the hill at 90 miles per hour.

那辆汽车以145公里的时速呼啸驶下山丘。

Pieces of broken glass hurtled through the air.

His gorgeous ryder from her loftie ſted / VVould haue caſt dovvne, and trodd in durty myre, / Had not the Gyaunt ſoone her ſuccoured; / VVho all enrag'd vvith ſmart and frantick yre, / Came hurtling in full fiers, and forſt the knight retyre.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book I, Canto VIII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 17，頁 119:

发出撞击声，发出哐当声；哐哐当当地移动

The greater number abandon their untenable position of hardihood, and seek a shelter when the terrible storm hurtleth in the heavens, and they see its dismal preparation.

1823，Edward Irving，“Of Judgment to Come. Part IX. The Review of the Whole Argument, with an Endeavour to Bring It home to the Sons of Men.”, in For the Oracles of God, Four Orations. For Judgment to Come, an Argument, in Nine Parts，第2nd版, London: […] T. Hamilton, […], →OCLC，頁 535:


hurtle

[T]he war woke me up, I began to move left, and recent events have accelerated that move until it is now a hurtle.

1975，William Howard Gass（被引）, “GASS, WILLIAM H(OWARD)”, in World Authors 1950–1970 […] (Authors Series)，New York, N.Y.: The H[alsey] W[illiam] Wilson Company, →ISBN，頁 538，列 1:

Jamba has removed from [Christopher] Marlowe's Doctor Faustus all but the barest of essentials – even half its title, leaving us with an 80-minute hurtle through Faustus's four and twenty borrowed years on earth.

2005年June20日，“(請註明文章標題)”, in 衛報，倫敦: 衛報媒體集團, →ISSN, →OCLC:

There came a hurtle of wings, a flash of bright feathers, and a great pigeon with slate-grey plumage and a neck bright as an opal, lit on a swaying finial.

1913，Eden Phillpotts，章號 IV, in Widecombe Fair，London: John Murray, […], →OCLC，頁 26:


hidden

more hidden (comparative)
most hidden (superlative)

hidden treasure; hidden talents

隐藏的宝藏；不为人知的天才

It was the Lost Oasis, the Oasis of the vision in the sand. […] Deep-hidden in the hollow, beneath the cliffs, it lay; and round it the happy verdure spread for many a rood.

1892，James Yoxall，The Lonely Pyramid, chapter 7:

One of the hidden glories of Victorian engineering is proper drains. Isolating a city’s effluent and shipping it away in underground sewers has probably saved more lives than any medical procedure except vaccination.

2014年June14日，“It's a gas”, in The Economist，卷 411, 期 8891:


hide

源自中古英語 hiden、huden，源自古英語 hȳdan (“隐藏，保留”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdijan (“隐藏”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdijaną (“藏匿”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)kewdʰ- (“盖，包”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)kewH- (“盖”)。
动词原为弱变化。钦定版圣经中，过去分词使用了hid和hidden。
同源词包括荷蘭語 huiden、低地德語 (ver)hüden、(ver)hüen (“隐藏，掩盖”)、威爾士語 cuddio (“隐藏”)、拉丁語 custōs、古希臘語 κεύθω (keúthō，“隐藏，掩盖”)、梵語 कुहरम् (kuharam，“洞穴”)。与hut和sky有关。

hides (third-person singular present)
hiding (present participle)
hid (past)
hidden (past participle)
hid (past participle)

The blind man, whom he had not been able to cure with the pomade, had gone back to the hill of Bois-Guillaume, where he told the travellers of the vain attempt of the druggist, to such an extent, that Homais when he went to town hid himself behind the curtains of the "Hirondelle" to avoid meeting him.

1856, Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Part III Chapter XI, translated by Eleanor Marx-Aveling

Hidden behind thickets of acronyms and gorse bushes of detail, a new great game is under way across the globe. Some call it geoeconomics, but it's geopolitics too. The current power play consists of an extraordinary range of countries simultaneously sitting down to negotiate big free trade and investment agreements.

2013年July19日，Timothy Garton Ash，“Where Dr Pangloss meets Machiavelli”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 6，頁 18:

He hides his magazines under the bed.

他把他的杂志藏在床底下。

The politicians were accused of keeping information hidden from the public.

政治家被指责对公众隐瞒信息。

Nonetheless, some insect prey take advantage of clutter by hiding in it. Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close (less than half a meter) above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them.

2013 May-June，William E. Conner，“An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁s 206–7:


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源自古英語 hȳd，源自日耳曼語族，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdi，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdiz，源自原始印歐語 *kéw(H)tis (“皮，皮肤”)（对比拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤，皮”)），源自原始印歐語 *(s)kew(H)- (“盖”)，最终与上面的词源词根相同。还见sky。
参见西弗里斯蘭語 hûd、荷蘭語 huid、德語 Haut、威爾士語 cwd (“阴囊”)、拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤”)、立陶宛語 kutys (“钱包”)、古希臘語 κύτος (kútos，“浅容器”)、σκῦτος (skûtos，“掩盖”)。

（用来藏身或藏贵重物品的）隐蔽房间，秘密房间

In the early days of American settlement, hides were built into houses to provide protection from the Indians and to conceal merchandise from the threat of taxation or thievery.

1980，Walls and Ceilings，Time-Life Books, →ISBN，頁 125:


hide

hides (third-person singular present)
hiding (present participle)
hided (past participle)

He ran last week, and he was hided, and he was out on the day before yesterday, and here he is once more, and he knows he's got to run and to be hided again.

1891，Robert Weir, J. Moray Brown，Riding:


hide

源自中古英語 hide，源自古英語 hīd、hȳd、hīġed、hīġid (“一种土地丈量单位”)，早期形式*hīwid (“一户人家的土地”)，派生自原始日耳曼語 *hīwaz、*hīwō (“亲戚，亲人”)，源自原始印歐語 *ḱey- (“储藏，熟悉”)。与古英語 hīwisc (“一海得土地，人家”)、古英語 hīwan (“家人，家庭”)有关。还见hewe、hind。

carucate

海得 （英国旧时的土地丈量单位） （自九世纪）

海得本用于代表一户人家耕种的土地，但主要在英国与对萨克逊和诺曼王的义务有关，因此各地区间差异很大。在《末日审判书》成书的诺曼人统治期间，海得通常（但不总是）指被认为一年能够产出£1（约850克标准纯银）价值的土地。

海得 （英国旧时的土地丈量单位） （自九世纪）

The exact size of hides varied with soil quality, but each one generally encompassed 24 to 26 hectares.

2016，Peter H. Wilson，The Holy Roman Empire，Penguin, 出版於 2017，頁 488:


haywire

hay + wire。原指像用软而有弹性的铁丝捆起来一般“容易混乱地缠起来的”或者“容易散开的”。约1905年在新英格兰的伐木场，“haywire outfit”开始用来指粗制的伐木工具。 后to go haywire词义发展成指代“散开”或者“行为失控”，就像拉紧的工厂线轴在抽走一个零件以后因弹性松散开乱成一团。

more haywire (comparative)
most haywire (superlative)

失控的，失常的 （一般带动词go）

It was working fine until it went haywire and wouldn't stop printing blank sheets.

它本来没问题的，然后突然间就坏了，开始不停地打印出来空白的纸。

Those kids go haywire when they don't get what they want.

那些小孩得不到想要的东西就开始耍脾气了。

The engineer who makes of his calling a burden, who sees nothing but the wrong, or imposition as he may term it, who fancies perhaps that the whole world has conspired against him, who commences to damn things as soon as he appears upon the scene of his labors, and continues to damn everything, including his train crew, the engine, the officers, and almost everything, animate and inanimate, while making the round trip, is working out his own destiny, and it is but charitable to say of such a man that he is not well, his digestion has gone " hay wire " as it were.

1905年May13日，J. W. Reading，“Engine Failures”, in Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Monthly Journal，卷 XXXIX, 期 5，頁 423:

Temperatures soared—the seas warmed by as much as eighteen degrees—and the chemistry of the oceans went haywire, as if in an out-of-control aquarium.

2014，Elizabeth Kolbert，The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History，Picador, →ISBN，頁 103:


ham-handed

more ham-handed (comparative)
most ham-handed (superlative)

ham-fisted

笨拙的，笨手笨脚的；不细致的，随便的

heavy-handed

笨拙的，笨手笨脚的；不细致的，随便的

笨拙的，笨手笨脚的；不细致的，随便的

Some of the dishes arrived damaged after their ham-handed moving efforts.

他们搬碟子的时候不懂轻拿轻放，导致运过来的一些碟子都碎了。

The result, disappointingly, is a scattershot work that is, by turns, entertaining and wearisome, energetic and hokey, delightfully evocative and cheaply sensational; dead-on in its conjuring of zeitgeist-y atmospherics, but often slow-footed and ham-handed in its orchestration of social details.

2013年September10日，Michiko Kakutani，“A Calamity Tailor-Made for Internet Conspiracy Theories”, in New York Times:


hand-me-down

And what costume shall the poor girl wear / To all tomorrow's parties? / A hand-me-down dress from who knows where

1967，Lou Reed （作曲作詞）, “All Tomorrow's Parties”, in The Velvet Underground & Nico，演出者 The Velvet Underground:

I don't want America's recovery and security to be sacrificed on an altar of discredited hand-me-down theories. And if you'll help us, they won't be.

1983, 19th of March, Presidential Radio Address by Ronald Reagan

The old Pacers have vanished, replaced by a mix of hand-me-down fleets.

2022年November2日，Paul Bigland，“New trains, old trains, and splendid scenery”, in RAIL，期 969，頁 58:


hand-me-down

hand-me-downs (third-person singular present)
hand-me-downing (present participle)
hand-me-downed (past participle)

“See into life, don’t just look at it” is her [Anne Baxter’s] creditable credo, hand-me-downed from her famous architect grandfather, the late Frank Lloyd Wright。

1963，Celebrity Register: An Irreverent Compendium of American Quotable Notables，Harper & Row，頁 40:

The carpet was a montage of fade and unfade indicating that when new it had been used in another office—probably Mr. Barlowe’s—and then hand-me-downed when the decorators had cut loose.

1966，Mike Cohen，The Bright Young Man，J. B. Lippincott Company，頁 27:

The traditional family was poorly adapted to consumption: its raison d’être was rooted in sharing, hand-me-downing, and cooperative endeavor.

1990，Jan E. Dizard，Howard Gadlin，The Minimal Family，The University of Massachusetts Press, →ISBN，頁 41:

He had scraped together the funds to traipse off to the latest Bonanza camp, to buy speculative stocks, liquor and fine Sacramento meals for his boomer friends and fancy women, while my mother cut pieces of cardboard and canvas into soles to stuff inside our shoes to stop the holes, and hand-me-downed our clothes.

1998，Oakley M. Hall，Ambrose Bierce and the Queen of Spades: A Mystery Novel，Berkeley, Calif., Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, →ISBN，頁 124:

The first thing Gabe saw as they pulled close was the flashing lights of Ruleton’s two police cruisers parked off to the side of the road—the new one Sheriff Dodd’s, the humble other the battered black-and-white that he’d hand-me-downed to his deputy, Ralph Simpson.

2006，Tom Bailey，Cotton Song，Shaye Areheart Books, →ISBN，頁 283:

He could not change the past but he was determined that he would not follow in the grand family hand-me-downed legacy.

2012，Lee Beck，From a Dark Place，AuthorHouse, →ISBN，頁 442:

Instead I changed into a blue skirt and a white blouse with a scalloped collar, hand-me-downs from Marie Dowd that she had gotten hand-me-downed from cousins in Brooklyn who went to Catholic school.

2017，Carol Zoref，Barren Island，New Issues Poetry & Prose, →ISBN，頁 157:

He wore a white dress shirt that was buttoned uncomfortably tight around his neck, a black tie, and an oversized blazer that had been hand-me-downed from one of his older cousins.

2018，Ty Marshall，“Love Seldom. Trust Never.”, in Goodfellas，Urban Books, →ISBN, chapter one (The Early Years):


hand-to-mouth

吃了上顿没下顿的，无隔宿之粮的，刚好勉强能过活的

She has been a widow these six or eight years, and has lived, I imagine, in rather a hand-to-mouth fashion.

The Migrant Fleet has little economic base, operating in a state of perpetual "hand-to-mouth". While quarian ships include light manufacturing and assembly plants, they lack heavy industries such as refining and shipbuilding. The fleet has tankers for water purification and oxygen cracking, but the space-intensive nature of agriculture limits food production. A single disaster could destroy the fragile balance.

2008，BioWare，质量效应，Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC，幕：Quarians: Economy Codex entry:


handball

It was a dramatic finish to an absorbing, fast-paced game but Blackburn will be deeply unhappy with referee Anthony Taylor as Nzonzi's handball was harsh.

2011年October29日，Neil Johnston，“Norwich 3 - 3 Blackburn”, in BBC Sport:


handful

源自中古英語 handful、hondful，源自古英語 handfull (“一手，一抓”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *handufullō、*handufulliz (“满手，一手”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *handuz (“手”) + *fullaz (“满的”)，等价于hand + full (“满...的东西”)或hand + -ful。同源词包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 Hondful (“满手，一手”)、西弗里斯蘭語 hânfol (“满手，一手”)、荷蘭語 handvol (“满手，一手”)、德語 Handvoll (“满手，一手”)、丹麥語 håndfuld (“满手，一手”)、瑞典語 handfull (“满手，一手”)、冰島語 handfylli (“满手，一手”)。

Knap the tongs together about a handful from the bottom.

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

The names of a number of the most famous North American railroads could be found in the north-east; Pennsylvania, New York Central, Baltimore & Ohio, Chesapeake & Ohio, and the Norfolk & Western, to name but a handful.

1985，Rodger Bradley，Amtrak: The US National Railroad Passenger Corporation，Blandford Press，頁 92:

But, aunt, she must have had some kind of education, her accent was so pure, her English so unfaulty. The other girl dropped her h's by handfuls, and made some very wild confusion in her native etymology.

1866，Emma Jane Worboise，Sir Julian's Wife，頁 89:

难缠的人或事物，麻烦的人或事物

Those twins are a real handful to look after.

The Southern acquired them because the little Class "B4" 0-4-0 tanks were finding heavy modern rolling stock more and more of a handful, and at war's end the railway had nothing of suitable power but short wheelbase on its books to take their place on the more tortuous of the dock lines.

1959 February，G. Freeman Allen，“Southampton—Gateway to the Ocean”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 91:

Many times dogs are surrendered for reasons such as changes in the family unit, a death in the family, no time to care for a dog, or because that cute little puppy is now a 100 lb untrained handful.

2008, Dog Fancy (volume 39, issue 11, page 76)


hilarity

源自拉丁語 hilaritas (“开心”)，形容词hilaris，最终源自古希腊语 + 状态名词后缀-tas。

Think it not curious if we don't seem to be as sidesplittingly impressed with the hilarities in this picture as its promotion might lead you to expect. Hilarity is in it—hilarity at its best—as would be almost mandatory in any film with Miss Holliday.

1999，Vincent Canby, Janet Maslin, Peter M. Nichols，The New York times guide to the best 1000 movies ever made:

Many other Latin imports have become staples of our diet, like the burrito, which in Spanish means "little donkey." What other food-related hilarities are we missing out on?

2005，Library journal，卷 130, 期s 8-13，頁 122:


hillbilly

源自hill + billy (“家伙”)。对比低地蘇格蘭語 chapman billie (“旅行商人”)。

hillbillies (third-person singular present)
hillbillying (present participle)
hillbillied (past participle)

展现自己乡下的出身；散发乡下人的气质

Hillbillying troubadors, the bohemians of a new world, not cafe society but more like the poor white origins of an Elvis Presley.

1991，The Commonwealth Review - Volume 3，頁 189:

Like Ken Lay, [Rebecca] Mark came from a small town in Missouri, one of four children in a farm family with deep fundamentalist beliefs. Her conversational style has been polished in Texas, and she is a master of “hillbillying,” the trick of playing up one’s humble origins.

2002年April1日，Marie Brenner，“The Enron Wars”, in Vanity Fair:

And Kerry doesn’t know how to hillbilly. And it is not a Texas thing, by the way. John F. Kennedy used to hillbilly us. And that meant that he flirted with us. He had a twinkle. Bill Clinton hillbillied us. And Kerry has got to learn how to do that. He has got to dial back and show some relaxed affability.

2004年April30日，Lesley Stahl，“Hardball”, in MSNBC:

将...刻画为乡巴佬；表现为乡巴佬

I think that 20 to 30 years ago nonfundamentalists in America did make a great mistake by typing them, by hillbillying and backwoodsing and holy-rollering them.

2001，The New York Times Biographical Service, Volume 32，頁 1540:

God damned mother fuckin son of a bitch cock suckin' asshole, who the fuck does he think he is, that dumb ass, half-brained, hillbillied redneck, given me that Jew shit when he's coppin' money and nobody's got the balls to stand up to him and they're gonna let me take the rap?

2006，Laurel Snyder，Half/life: Jew-ish Tales from Interfaith Homes, →ISBN，頁 25:

The Warner Bros. cartoons, after having hillbillied themselves nearly to death during the 1930s, did not return to the trend during the late 1940s.

2008，Tim Hollis，Ain't That a Knee-Slapper, →ISBN，頁 125:


heatstroke

“Youʼre having a heatstroke, do you understand? Weʼve got to get you cooled down.”

2021，Rivers Solomon，Sorrowland，#Merky Books，頁 170:


hankering

I found that he had dipped a little in chimerical studies and had a hankering after astrology and alchymy.

1840，Washington Irving，The Knight of Malta:

Mike says he even likes to talk to him and run after him, but he has a hankering that Moore should be made an example of.

1849，Currer Bell [筆名; Charlotte Brontë]，章號 1, in Shirley. A Tale. […]，卷 (請指定|volume=I、II或III), London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC:

"Some people are fond of a stay-at-home life, but I always had a hankering after adventures."

1904，W. W. Jacobs，章號 2, in Dialstone Lane:

In other words, some species of human ancestor […] not only had a hankering for meat, which scientists had not expected, but used tools to get it.

2010年August12日，Michael D. Lemonick，“Study: Lucy's Relatives Used Tools to Butcher Meat”, in Time，存檔自the original on 2012-09-13:


hanky-panky

可能是羅姆語短语hakk'ni panki (“花招，见不得人的事”)的变体。

I don't wanna cry / I just wanna hanky panky / Nothing like a good spanky

1990，“Hanky Panky”, in I'm Breathless，演出者 Madonna:

You're my doll, rock and roll, feel the glamor in pink / Kiss me here, touch me there, hanky-panky

1997，“Barbie Girl”, in Aquarium，演出者 Aqua:


hapless

more hapless (comparative)
most hapless (superlative)

My dear friend, are you to become that hapless kind of outcast, a champion of lost causes?

The hapless squad, which was outscored 517-268 in 2008, became the first in league history to go 0-16.

2008年December31日，Harriet Barovick，“Detroit The Lost Season”, in Time:

Gideon Defoe scripted from his own series-launching comedic book The Pirates! In An Adventure With Scientists, about the adventures of a hapless group of pirates known only by names like The Pirate With The Scarf, The Pirate With Gout, and in the case of their leader, The Pirate Captain.

2012年April26日，Tasha Robinson，“Film: Reviews: The Pirates! Band Of Misfits :”, in The Onion AV Club:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:hapless。


happenstance

by happenstance

Once is happenstance, twice is coincidence, three times is enemy action.

1964，Goldfinger，spoken by James Bond (Sean Connery):

Dammit, man this is the gift from God / This ain't happenstance

2001，“People Talkin'”, in MTV Unplugged，演出者 Jay-Z:


happy-go-lucky

happy-go-luckier (comparative)
happy-go-luckiest (superlative)

无忧无虑的，乐天的，逍遥自在的

Hill says the shows began to morph from happy-go-lucky, fun series to production-line star-makers, which subconsciously changed the tone of the series: "Reality talent shows made it easier and quicker for audiences to pay to vote for the winner and loser, and to comment positively and negatively on contestants in social media."

2021年September15日，Laura Martin，“How talent shows became TV's most bizarre programmes”, in BBC:


happy-go-lucky

Now, both these kids are your friends, but one is mature and responsible, taking his time to understand what he is doing and why he is doing it, and the other friend is a happy-go-lucky, who just lets things happen to him.

1978，Rita Puttcamp，Operation Bro-kee，頁 35:

Sara was presumably the “desperate” girl and Thomas the “happy-go-lucky” who would be vindicated once Sara's baby was born “too soon,” less than nine months after their encounter

2006，Karin Barber，Africa's Hidden Histories: Everyday Literacy and Making the Self:

Suppose our 'happy-go-luckies' get sea sick.

Then we have a new bunch growing up called "casuals". I looked that up in the dictionary and it means happy-go-luckies. The amount for these happy-go-luckies or casuals involves another 25 per cent of the total amount of the item, and we are asked to vote it without any details whatsoever.

1950，Canada. Parliament. House of Commons，Official Report of Debates:


happy-go-lucky

more happy-go-lucky (comparative)
most happy-go-lucky (superlative)

You have nothing to fear ; you have your twenty guineas in your pocket for helping me into my service, and if I get into Mrs. Martha's quarters, you have a hundred more ; if into the widow's, fifty : — happy go lucky !

1731，William Wycherley，Plays Written by Mr. William Wycherley:


harass

动词派生自中古法語、古法語 harasser (“使...力竭；折磨，烦扰”)（现代法語 harasser (“使...力竭”)），可能源自古法語 harer (“放狗追”)，源自古法蘭克語 *hara (“此处，到这里”，命令狗攻击的指令)，源自原始日耳曼語 *hē₂r (“这里”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *ḱe (“这里；这个”) + *ís (“那个，那位”) + *-r。
名词派生自动词。

harasses (third-person singular present)
harassing (present participle)
harassed (past participle)

don't ask, don't tell, don't harass, don't pursue

烦扰，骚扰，纠缠 （法律上的）频繁，再三地骚扰

For it is a stout calf, ripe for the temples and altar [to be sacrificed], and to be sprinkled with wine; who is now ashamed to draw the dugs of his mother, and who harasseth the oaks with his budding horn.

1829，Juvenal，“Satire XII”, in William Smart（譯者）, Juvenal and Persius, Literally Translated for the Use of Students，London: […] [Richard Gilbert] for Whittaker, Treacher, & Co. […], →OCLC，頁 125:

Some who dwell in wildernesses, / who seek and occupy, by their own wills, homes in dark caverns, these await / the heavenly dwelling-place; he who grudgeth them life, / oft bringeth hateful terror upon them; / sometimes he showeth them horror, sometimes vain glory; / the wily murderer hath power of both, / and harasseth these lonely-dwellers; […]

1895，“Saint Guthlac. A.”, in The Exeter Book, an Anthology of Anglo-Saxon Poetry […]，part I (Poems I–VIII), London: [F]or the Early English Text Society, by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., […], →OCLC, part I，頁 109，行s 81–88:

给...负担，使...紧张

To harass good people is no different than speaking ill of them.

The ſoul that dies this death, is like a loving wife matched with a rigorous huſband: ſhe does what ſhe can to pleaſe him, yet he is never pleaſed; but toſſeth, haraſſeth, and beats her, till ſhe break her heart, and death ſets her free: […]

1761，Thomas Boston，“State II. Namely, the State of Nature or of Entire Depravation. Head I. The Sinfulness of Man’s Natural State. [Of the Corruption of the Will.]”, in Human Nature in Its Four-fold State […]，第12th版, Edinburgh: […] David Gray […], →OCLC，頁 80:

He, who harasseth his household, shall inherit the wind; / And the fool shall be the servant of the wise in heart.

1831，William French and George Skinner（譯者）, A New Translation of the Proverbs of Solomon from the Original Hebrew […]，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] J. Smith printer to the University; London: John Murray […], →OCLC, Proverbs XI:29，頁 37:

Zeal without judgment is an evil, though it be zeal unto good; / […] / By a shoulder to the wheel downhill harasseth the labouring beast, / And where an obstruction were needed, will harm by an ill judged thrusting-on.

1839，Martin F[arquhar] Tupper，“Of Discretion”, in Proverbial Philosophy: A Book of Thoughts and Arguments, Originally Treated，第3rd版, London: Joseph Rickerby, […], →OCLC，頁s 147–148:

The tradition of this Yoga has now for a long time been broken here, O Arjuna, who harassest thy foes, like the sun, by the heat of thy prowess.

1897，“Fourth Discourse. Jnana-Yoga.”, in Alladi Mahadeva Sastry（譯者）, The Bhagavad Gita with the Commentary of Sri Sankaracharya […]，第7th版, Madras, Tamil Nadu: Samata Books, 出版於 1977, →OCLC，頁 119:

使...筋疲力竭，使...劳累不堪

As the waters wear to pieces the stones, / As their overflowings sweep the soil from the land,— / So consumest thou the hope of man; / Thou harassest him continually till he perish; / Thou weariest out his frame, and despatchest him.

1812，John Mason Good，“Part II. First Series of Controversy.”, in The Book of Job, Literally Translated from the Original Hebrew, and Restored to Its Natural Arrangement: […]，London: […] [F]or Black, Parry, and Co. […], by R. Watts, Broxbourn Press, →OCLC, Job XIV:19–20:

'[T]is true, that he neither harasseth his vassals from morn to eve by hard labour and exaction, nor committeth them to the dungeon, when they can no longer work nor pay. But to knights of our calling, Monsieur Robichon, he is as ill disposed as the worst of them:— […]

1825，Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym]，“Substance of Some Traditions Respecting Grimmfer the Wizard”, in New Landlord’s Tales; or, Jedediah in the South. […]，卷 II, London: […] [S. Gosnell] for T[homas] Hookham, […], →OCLC, chapter I，頁s 126–127:


harass

Mean while the men of Judah to prevent / The harraſs of thir Land, beſet me round; […]

1671，John Milton，“Samson Agonistes, […].”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 22，行s 257–258:


hitch

可能源自中古英語 hicchen、hytchen、icchen (“猛地移动”)，词源不详，其他语言中难以找到同源词。对比itch、hike。

The banquet went off without a hitch

The service operated according to plan on the Monday morning with only a few hitches.

1961 July，“Glasgow emergency - the restoration of Clydeside steam suburban services”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 432:

Over the next week, the hitch in my dad's stride eased a bit. But we'd run out of things to talk about.

2008 October，Davy Rothbart，“How I caught up with dad”, in Men's Health，卷 23, 期 8, →ISSN，頁 110:


hitch

hitches (third-person singular present)
hitching (present participle)
hitched (past participle)

He hitched the bedroll to his backpack and went camping.

他把铺盖卷固定到背包上，然后去露营了。

Philander went into the next room, which was just a lean-to hitched on to the end of the shanty, and came back with a salt mackerel that dripped brine like a rainstorm. Then he put the coffee pot on the stove and rummaged out a loaf of dry bread and some hardtack.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 8, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:

The company has hitched its future to artificial intelligence — whether with its voice-enabled digital assistant or its automated placement of advertising for marketers — as the breakthrough technology to make the next generation of services and devices smarter and more capable.

2020年December3日，Cade Metz，Daisuke Wakabayashi，“Google Researcher Says She Was Fired Over Paper Highlighting Bias in A.I.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

绊到 （指马走路时双腿撞到）

Stolen[…]A brown Gelding[…]all his paces, and hitches a little in his pace.


hitherto

[ˈhɪðəˌtʰuː]

[ˌhɪðəˈtʰuː]

The exhaustless conjecturings of that evening's full conversation, made such of the small party, as had hitherto been strangers, well acquainted with each other's turn of mind[…]

1830，Anna Maria Porter，The Barony，卷 3，頁 460:

The results of this study argue for a greater endonormativity in Indian English than has hitherto been recognised.

2014，James Lambert，“Diachronic stability in Indian English lexis”, in World Englishes，頁 124:

North of Tain [...], the line reaches the southern shore of Dornoch Firth. Here, the railway and the A9 trunk road, which have hitherto run close together, diverge.

2021年October20日，Paul Stephen，“Leisure and pleasure on the Far North Line”, in RAIL，期 942，頁 49:


heedless

more heedless (comparative)
most heedless (superlative)

Sing we joyous, all together, heedless of the wind and weather.

我们一齐欢快地歌唱，毫不在意狂风暴雨。

"A fine man, that Dunwody, yonder," commented the young captain, as they parted, and as he turned to his prisoner. "We'll see him on in Washington some day. He is strengthening his forces now against Mr. Benton out there. A strong man—a strong one; and a heedless."

1910，Emerson Hough，“The Gateway, and Some who Passed”, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise，Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC，頁 21:


hobnob

源自hob and nob、hob or nob (干杯时所喊出的一个短语，可能意为give and take，指轮流干杯或轮流买酒，现已古旧)，源自方言词hab nab (“有或没有，指去喝酒的邀请”)，源自古英語 habban (“拥有”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *keh₂p- (“拿，掠”)） + nabban (“没有”)（源自ne（最终源自原始印歐語 *ne (“不，否”)） + habban）。

With a hob-nob, and a merry go-round, / We'll pull in ere reason fail; / For the stoutest man in the kingdom found, / Must knock under to humming ale.

1823，Jon Bee [pseudonym; John Badcock]，“Hob-nob”, in Slang. A Dictionary of the Turf, the Ring, the Chase, the Pit, of Bon-ton, and the Varieties of Life, Forming the Completest and Most Authentic Lexicon Balatronicum hitherto Offered to the Notice of the Sporting World, …，London: Printed for T. Hughes, 35, Ludgate-Street, →OCLC，頁 97:

A prologue of cherry bounce,—brandy,—preceded the entertainment, which was enlivened by hob-nobs and joyous toasts.

1870 May，“Irish Life”, in The Saint Pauls Magazine，卷 VI, London: Strahan & Co., publishers, 56, Ludgate Hill, →OCLC，頁 203:

The three friends had a hobnob outside the bar.

The American people are largely under the influence of animal magnetism. Whether they are drawn to the levée of a Tom Thumb or to a hobnob with the Russians, the safety-valves of their joyous feelings are sure to be opened when the Stars and Stripes flaunt over their churches, public buildings, and private dwellings.

1865，[James Dawson Burn]，“The Cities of America—New York”, in Three Years among the Working-classes in the United States during the War，London: Smith, Elder and Co., 65, Cornhill, →OCLC，頁 117:

[T]he musical and dramatic critiques in our daily papers are dishonest, shameful, utterly unworthy, and a scandal to journalism and Ireland! Praise is lavishly dispensed because the system pays, […] 'A full house' on Saturday will procure a longer advertisement on Monday morning, another 'free pass' all round, and a hobnob perhaps with Signor, Senora, Herr Bugle, Madame, or Madamoiselle.

1873年February1日，“Waifs [from the Irish Builder]”, in The Musical World，卷 51, 期 5, London: Published by Duncan Davison & Co., 244, Regent Street, →OCLC，頁 69，列 2:


hobnob

hobnobs (third-person singular present)
hobnobbing (present participle)
hobnobbed (past participle)

Many a glass of wine have we all of us drank, I have very little doubt, hob-and-nobbing with the hospitable giver, and wondering how the deuce he paid for it.

[1847 January – 1848 July，William Makepeace Thackeray，“How to Live Well on Nothing a-Year”, in Vanity Fair. A Novel without a Hero，London: Bradbury and Evans, […], 出版於 1848, →OCLC，頁 322:

When the dinner was a little forward, and time for wine came, the Emperor fills his own cup—fills the Empress's—fills St. Martin [of Tours]'s,—affectionately hobnobs with St. Martin. […] St. Martin looks round, first, deliberately;—becomes aware of a tatterdemalion and thirsty-looking soul of a beggar at his chair side, who has managed to get his cup filled somehow, also—by a charitable lacquey. St. Martin turns his back on the Empress, and hobnobs with him!

1884，John Ruskin，“By the Rivers of Waters”, in “Our Fathers Have Told Us.”: Sketches of the History of Christendom for Boys and Girls who have been Held at Its Fonts，part I (The Bible of Amiens), Orpington, Kent: George Allen, →OCLC，頁s 30–31:

巴结，与...亲近 （有权势的人）

The ambitious young student hobnobbed with the faculty at the prestigious college he hoped to attend.

那位野心勃勃的年轻学生巴结上了他想上的名牌大学的老师。

His favorite spot in the club was the bar, where he could hobnob with the big-wigs.

Here, over fiery "monaghahela," Jean Batiste, the sallow half-breed voyageur from the north—and who, deserting the service of the "North West" (the Hudson's Bay Company), has come down the Mississippi, from the "Falls," to try the sweets and the liberty of "free" trapping—hobnobs with a stalwart leather-clad "boy," just returned from trapping on the waters of Grand River, on the western side the mountains, who interlards his mountain jargon with Spanish words picked up in Taos and California.

1849，George Frederick Ruxton，章號 III, in Life in the Far West (Plains and Rockies; 175)，Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC，頁 71:

Well, you know all about how we dine, and assume, as you may, that we never ate more heartily, hob[-]nobbed more cordially, or interchanged with more frankness and sincerity all the affectionate social amenities which flow from a community of feeling amongst men who are bound together by the great bond of intellectual citizenship, members of the great "mysteries" of knowledge.

1853 October，Jonathan Freke Slingsby [pseudonym; John Francis Waller]，“A Night with the Mystics”, in The Dublin University Magazine, a Literary and Political Journal，卷 XLII, 號 CCL, Dublin: James McGlashan, 50 Upper Sackville-Street; London: W[illia]m S[omerville] Orr and Company, →OCLC，頁 495:

A man who never misused his time here; a Fellow of his Colleges, M.A., Lecturer, Don; […] my name, alas is not upon the board—my poverty, indeed, not will, prevented it, and so beneath his wing I dine at the "high table" with the reverend deans, and hobnob with professors.

1855，“Back at Trinity”, in Household Words. A Weekly Journal，卷 XI, 期 22 (275 overall), New York, N.Y.: J. A. Dix, publisher, office, No. 10, Park Place, →OCLC，頁 521，列 1:

But it must be in solitude. I do not need or desire to hobnob artificially with other old men in order to revisit them in their salad days, and to renew my own.

1952 May，George Santayana，“I Like to Be a Stranger”, in The Atlantic:

We are Sanctified Brethren, […] whom God has chosen to place in Lake Wobegon, Minnesota, a town of about twelve hundred in the center of the state, populated by German Catholics and Norwegian Lutherans, whom Scripture tells us to keep clear of, holding fast to the Principle of Separation[…], which is not such a big problem for my people, because we are standoffish by nature and not given to hobnobbing with strangers. Separation is the exact right Principle for us.

2001，Garrison Keillor，“A Summer Night”, in Lake Wobegon Summer 1956，New York, N.Y.: Viking Press, →ISBN:

[A] club that has earned the right to aspire to hobnobbing with European competitors could find itself brawling against relegation.

2017年October14日，Paul Doyle，“Mauricio Pellegrino yet to find attacking solution for stuttering Southampton: Nothing so far this season suggests the Argentinian will be more successful than Claude Puel in finding the answer to the club’s continuing lack of firepower”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2017-11-10:

He is knight dubb'd with vnhatche'd Rapier, and on carpet conſideration, but he is a diuell in priuate brall, soules and bodies hath he diuorc'd three, and his incenſement at this moment is ſo implacable, that ſatisfaction can be none, but by pangs of death and ſepulcher: Hob, nob, is his word: giu't or take't.

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]，頁 269:

互相碰杯 （自19世纪初叶）

I have frequently heard one gentleman, in company, say to another, will you hob-nob with me? When this challenge was accepted, the glasses were instantly filled, and then they made the glasses touch or kiss each other. This gentle striking of the drinking vessels I always supposed explained the term hob-nob.

1828，[William Carr]，“[A Glossary of the Craven Dialect.] HOB-NOB”, in The Dialect of Craven, in the West-riding of the County of York, with a Copious Glossary, Illustrated by Authorities from Ancient English and Scotting Writers, and Exemplified by Two Familiar Dialogues. By a Native of Craven. In Two Volumes，第2nd much enlarged版, 卷 I, London: Printed for W[illia]m Crofts, 59, Carley-Street, Lincoln's Inn; Leeds: Robinson and Hernaman, →OCLC，頁 229:


heretofore

源自中古英語 heretoforn，等价于here (“这里”) + toforn (“之前”)，源自古英語 toforan (“之前”)。还见here、tofore。

/ˌhɪətəˈfɔː/

/ˌhɪətʊˈfɔː/

/ˌhɪətəˈfɔə/

/ˌhɪətʊˈfɔə/

We now make available these works which were heretofore unpublished.

我们将发布这些迄今都未出版过的作品。

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:heretofore。

The Permanent Way: Britain's Railroads in the Making. By Horace Greenleaf and G. Tyers. […]There is no doubt that the permanent way has failed heretofore to attract popular interest to an extent comparable with its importance, but possibly the publicity given recently to various forms of experiment is tending to change this.

1948 September and October，“Railway Literature”, in Railway Magazine，頁 351:


homely

源自中古英語 homly、hoomly、hamely (“家庭的，熟悉的，平常的”)，源自古英語 *hāmlīc (“家的”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *haimalīk (“家的”)，等价于home + -ly。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 hamely (“个人的，私人的”)、西弗里斯蘭語 heimelik、荷蘭語 heimelijk (“秘密的，暗中的”)、德語 heimlich (“秘密的，暗中的”)、丹麥語 hemmelig (“秘密的”)、瑞典語 hemlig (“秘密的，掩盖的”)、法羅語 heimligur (“像家的”)、冰島語 heimlegur (“家里的；平常的”)。

homelier (comparative)
more homely (comparative)
homeliest (superlative)
most homely (superlative)

家的，像家的，合适家的，像家一样舒服的 （自14世纪初叶）

An interesting illustration of this is the way in which the English flower names which were in use till very recently are being ousted by Greek ones, snapdragon becoming antirrhinum, forget-me-not becoming myosotis, etc. It is hard to see any practical reason for this change of fashion: it is probably due to an instinctive turning-away from the more homely word and a vague feeling that the Greek word is scientific.

1946，George Orwell，Politics and the English Language:

Mowgli: "Oh, don't worry Chota, it may not be homely, but I can warm it up."

2014年January5日，“Mowgli's Cub”, in The Jungle Book:

"I can't send a young, pretty girl, or for that matter even a homely one if you'd have her, on a job like this without telling her what to expect."

1932，Delos W. Lovelace，King Kong，出版於 1965，頁 6:

You see, she sees herself as a starlet; I see her as a sturdy, healthy but decidedly homely kid.

With all these men I was right homely, and communed with them long and oft.

1563，John Foxe，Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Chapter on William Thorpe:

简易的，平常的，朴实无华的 （自14世纪末叶）

a homely garment

homely fare

homely manners

Now Strephon daily entertains
 His Chloe in the homeliest strains.

1731，Alexander Pope，Strephon and Chloe, Lines 211-212:

There is no simple way to define precisely a complex arrangement of parts, however homely the object may appear to be.

2001，Sydney I. Landau，Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 167:


hoodwink

动词派生自hood (“兜帽，风帽”) + wink (“闭眼”)。
名词派生自动词。

hoodwinks (third-person singular present)
hoodwinking (present participle)
hoodwinked (past participle)

For, (having many times torne the vaile of modestie) it seemed, for a laste delight, that she delighted in infamy: which often she had used to her husbands shame, filling all mens eares (but his) with reproch; while he (hoodwinkt with kindnes) lest of all mẽ [men] knew who strake him.

c. 1580，Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney]，“[The Second Booke] Chapter 20”, in The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia]，London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, 出版於 1590, →OCLC; republished in The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I)，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, →OCLC，頁s 278–279:

The earth is given over into the hand of the Wicked One, / Who hoodwinketh the faces of its judges. / If this be not so, where, who is HE?

1871，“Reply of Job to the First Speech of Bildad”, in John Noble Coleman（譯者）, The Poem of Job: The Most Ancient Book in the Universe: The First Written Revelation which God Vouchsafed to Man. […]，第2nd版, […] [T[homas] and A[rchibald] Constable at the Edinburgh University Press] for private circulation, →OCLC, chapter IX, verse 24，頁 27:

[L]ocal prophecy declares on Merlin's authority that when the tree falls Carmarthen will fall with it. Perhaps through an unconscious desire on the part of some patriotic citizens of averting the calamity by inducing the tree-spirit to transfer its abode, or else by otherwise hoodwinking the tree-spirit into forgetting that Merlin's Oak is dead, a vigorous and now flourishing young oak has been planted so directly beside it that its foliage embraces it.

1911，W[alter] Y[eeling] Evans-Wentz，“The Testimony of Paganism”, in The Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries，London, New York, N.Y.: Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press, →OCLC, section III (The Cult of Gods, Spirits, Fairies, and the Dead)，頁 435:

Ex-King Constantine would be regarded as an apt disciple so long as he succeeded in his purpose of hoodwinking the Allies.

1917年September21日，“The Greek White Book”, in The Near East: A Weekly Review of Oriental Politics, Literature, Finance, and Commerce，卷 XIII, 期 333, London: The Near East Editorial and Publishing Offices, →OCLC，頁 410，列 1:

Can't the New York myth be exploded before Mr. De Sapio [i.e, Carmine DeSapio] hoodwinks Mr. [William Averell] Harriman and the Democratic Party?

1955年November7日，Russell C. Stroup，“Native Sons [letter]”, in Time，卷 LXVI, 期 19, New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 10，列 2:

Is it funny in the novel [The Horse’s Mouth (1944) by Joyce Cary] to hear Gulley tell about hoodwinking his former or prospective rich patrons with absurd pranks?

1959 January，Parker Tyler，“Has the Horse’s Mouth a Gold Tooth?”, in ARTnews，卷 57, 期 9, New York, N.Y.: Art Foundation Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 38，列 2:

As his correspondence with successive aristocratic First Lords of the Admiralty reveals, he was both unctuously deferential in his dealings with his official and social superiors, and capable sometimes of hoodwinking them.

2007，Linda Colley，“Out of the Caribbean”, in The Ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh: How a Remarkable Woman Crossed Seas and Empires to Become a Part of World History，London: Harper Perennial, 出版於 2008, →ISBN，頁 39:

In the absence of enforcement, many liurai decided to sell the coffee beans and to pocket the profits. To claw back the money, the Portuguese hired the warriors of a nearby liurai as tax collectors. This itself proved hardly a fail-safe strategy as, on many occasions, the liurai who were sent out to get the money hoodwinked the Portuguese and also kept the stash.

2013，Gordon [Patrick] Peake，“The Portuguese Monument”, in Beloved Land: Stories, Struggles, and Secrets from Timor-Leste，Brunswick, Vic., London: Scribe Publications, →ISBN，頁 21:

The time was not yet come when eloquence was to be gagged, and reason to be hoodwinked—when the harp of the poet was to be hung on the willows of Arno, and the right hand of the painter to forget its cunning.

1827 March，[Thomas Babington Macaulay]，“Art. I. Œuvres complétes de Machiavel, traduites par J. V. Perier. Paris, 1825. [book review]”, in The Edinburgh Review, or Critical Journal，卷 XLV, 期 XC, Edinburgh: […] [T]he heirs of D. Willison, for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, […]; and Adam Black, […], →OCLC，頁 285:


housewarming

In the eyes of Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke the apotheosis of the Celebrity was complete. The people of Asquith were not only willing to attend the house-warming, but had been worked up to the pitch of eagerness.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

a housewarming gift

They had their first argument on the evening Gadney moved in, their housewarming spat, he later called it.

2004，Jacob M Appel，“Gadney's Immunity”, in Southwest Review，卷 89, 期 4，頁 580:

Fortunately, Dave had left them a packet of rollie tobacco and papers for a housewarming


irresponsible

more irresponsible (comparative)
most irresponsible (superlative)

They left the crown what, in the eye and estimation of law, it had ever been, perfectly irresponsible.

1790，Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，Oxford, 出版於 2009，頁 28:


immutable

源自中古英語 immutable，源自拉丁語 immūtābilis (“无法改变的”)。im- + mutable。

The government has enacted an immutable law.

Mutable as is our nature, it delights in the immutable: and we expect as much constancy as if all time, to say nothing of our own changeableness, had not shewn that ever "the fashion of this world passeth away."

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XIV, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 171:

In the trustless cryptocurrency world, you can still trust the cryptocurrency community and its mechanisms to ensure that the blockchain contains an accurate and immutable—unchangeable—record of cryptocurrency transactions.

2019，Peter Kent, Tyler Bain，Cryptocurrency Mining For Dummies，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 30:


incongruous

源自拉丁語 incongruus，源自in- (“不”) + congruus (“一致的”)。

more incongruous (comparative)
most incongruous (superlative)

/ɪŋˈkɑŋ.ɡɹu.əs/

不相称的，不协调的，不合适的，不配的，不搭的

Ona was blue-eyed and fair, while Jurgis had great black eyes with beetling brows, and thick black hair that curled in waves about his ears—in short, they were one of those incongruous and impossible married couples with which Mother Nature so often wills to confound all prophets.

1905，Upton Sinclair，章號 I, in The Jungle，紐約，N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, 出版於 1906年2月26日, →OCLC:

Ardent suns had likewise tanned his face till it was swarthy as a Spaniard's. The yellow mustache appeared incongruous in the midst of such swarthiness.

1912，Jack London，章號 1, in A Son Of The Sun:

For a few moments England toyed with the idea of making it a more difficult night than necessary. Scotland had scored a goal that seemed incongruous to the rest of their performance and, briefly, a fiercely partisan crowd sensed an improbable comeback.

2014年November18日，Daniel Taylor，“England and Wayne Rooney see off Scotland in their own back yard”, in The Guardian:


infallible

源自中世紀拉丁語 infallibilis，源自拉丁語 in- + fallibilis。对比法語 infaillible。By surface analysis, in- + fallible。

more infallible (comparative)
most infallible (superlative)

没有任何错误或缺点的，无懈可击的

He knows about many things, but even he is not infallible.

他懂的东西很多，但是就算是他也不是完美的。

That there may be Certainty upon an infallible Evidence in Matters of Science, I readily grant you. But since there once were Scepticks in Philosophy as well as Religion, such as doubted of every thing, I very much question, whether the whole World be agreed in this Point; unless you could assure me, that Race of Seekers is now extinct.

1720，Samuel Fancourt，“The Remarker's second Objection produced and examined”, in An Essay Concerning Certainty and Infallibility: Or, Some Reflections Upon a Pamphlet Stiled, “The Nature and Consequences of Enthusiasm Considered, in Some Short Remarks on the Doctrine of the Blessed Trinity Stated and Defended.” In a Letter to the Author of Those Remarks，London: R. Cruttenden，頁 35:

Try this infallible cure for hiccups.

[L]isten patiently [...] and you will easily perceive why I am reserved upon that subject. I will not lead you on, unguarded and ardent as I then was, to your destruction and infallible misery.

1818，Mary Shelley，章號 4, in Frankenstein，存檔自the original on 2011-10-30:

In precisely the same way does a quack doctor prescribe his infallible nostrum to every patient, without taking into account differences of constitution, or [...]

1833，James Rennie，“The Word Gardening”, in Alphabet of Scientific Gardening for the Use of Beginners，London: William Orr，頁 2:


impending

I have no time right now because of an impending paper submission deadline.

我现在没时间，论文要截稿了。

Randall and Kate aren’t satirical characters. They’re rational thinkers who unwittingly stumble into a Dr. Strangelove type of situation when they discover mankind’s impending doom, and team up with Dr. Teddy Oglethorpe (Rob Morgan) to report their findings to President Orlean (Meryl Streep).

2021年December7日，Jesse Hassenger，“Leonardo DiCaprio and Jennifer Lawrence cope with disaster in the despairing satire Don’t Look Up”, in AV Club:


impending

Speed of locomotion and staying power in horse and others; the sense of smell in dog and in most other creatures (a far subtler and more analytical faculty than is man's mere perception of odour). Even an uncanny supra-natural sense of natural impendings, catastrophe, earthquake and flood, lacking in man, is found in simpler creatures.

1934，Arabella Kenealy，The Human Gyroscope:

Although I do think about death quite regularly, my intense fear of lesser impendings has taught me that the only way I will survive it is to remain objective […]

1994, Steve Garvey, quoted in 2000, Nicholas Barnes, Ainin H. Garvey, The Lost Writings of Steve Garvey (page 23)


infinitesimal

源自拉丁語 infinitesimus，源自infinitus (“无穷的”) + -esimus，类似于centesimus (“百分之一”)。

more infinitesimal (comparative)
most infinitesimal (superlative)

严格来说，这个形容词不可比，类似infinite，因此官方不推荐使用more infinitesimal和most infinitesimal，尤其是使用其数学义项的时候。但是在非正式用法（尤其是“非常小但可以测量”）中确实有使用比较级。

Do you ever get the feeling that you are but an infinitesimal speck, swallowed by the vastness of the universe and beyond?

你有没有想到过，自己就是一个小得不能再小的小点，被淹没于广阔无垠的宇宙和宇宙之外的空间中？

Then you could say that the doorway exploded. But the particular verb doesn't do the action justice. Rather, it shattered into infinitesimal pieces.


incredulous

借自拉丁語 incrēdulus (“不相信的”)。

more incredulous (comparative)
most incredulous (superlative)

心有疑虑的，表示怀疑的，无法相信的 （自16世纪）

In safe flats and dark restaurants, never the same one twice, we ate quiet meals, exchanged our goods and gazed upon each other with the incredulous contentment that passes between mountaineers when they are standing on the peak.

Reactions at Sun's campus, an hour's drive from San Francisco, ranged from the fearful to the incredulous.

2009年March18日，Reuters，“Sun Micro Troops Fearful, Incredulous About IBM”, in Wired.com，存檔自the original on 2013-06-30:

难以置信的 （自17世纪）

Why euery thing adheres togither, that no dramme of a scruple, no scruple of a scruple, no obstacle, no incredulous or vnsafe circumstance […]。

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]:

Faced with these facts, we find it incredulous that [the] defendant had any intent other than the armed robbery of the service station.

1984, Supreme Court of Illinois, opinion in People v Terrell, 459 N.E.2d 1337, quoted in David C. Brody, James R. Acker, and Wayne A. Logan, Criminal Law, Jones & Bartlett Publishers (2001), ISBN 0-8342-1083-5, page 564,


incursion

源自中古英語，借自古法語，源自拉丁語 incursiō, incursiōnem。

/ɪŋˈkɜː(ɹ)ʒən/

/ɪŋˈkɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

Fascinating though the journey is to the traveller, for many years this section of the line was a source of considerable anxiety to the maintenance engineers, and on more than one occasion landslips and incursions of the sea resulted in the railway being closed for several days.

1947 January and February，H. A. Vallance，“The Sea Wall at Dawlish”, in Railway Magazine，頁 18:


impish

more impish (comparative)
most impish (superlative)

Wild-eyed youngsters they were, with matted hair and little broad-nosed impish faces, covered (as some children are covered even nowadays) with a delicate down of hair.

1897，H. G. Wells，章號 1, in A Story of the Stone Age，存檔自the original on 2012-03-09:

But the antics of Mr. Moore, though impish and impudent, are, after all, so amusing and so graceful that the governess, it is said, sometimes hides behind a tree to watch.

1942，Virginia Woolf，章號 20, in The Death of the Moth, and other essays，存檔自the original on 2011-02-24:


indefatigable

源自中古法語，源自拉丁語 indēfatīgābilis (“坚持不懈的”)，源自in- (“不”) + dēfatīgō (“使...疲劳”)。

more indefatigable (comparative)
most indefatigable (superlative)

（美国北加利福尼亚）音频

[...] But he was at the ſame Time an excellent Scholar, and moſt indefatigable in teaching the two Lads.

1749，Henry Fielding，“Containing Two Letters in Very Different Stiles”, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 VI, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book XVIII，頁 196:

"Oh, Roko! You're so indefatigable! Nothing gets you down!"

2020，Jeph Jacques，Questionable Content (webcomic), 4302: Bowed But Unbroken:


idyllic

more idyllic (comparative)
most idyllic (superlative)

快乐的，幸福的，祥和的，美好的

My fellow-creatures, from whom I was thus separated, began to assume idyllic virtue and beauty in my memory.

1896，H. G. Wells，“chapter 17”, in The Island of Dr. Moreau:

The rest of the road was as idyllic as the start.

1922，John Buchan，“chapter II”, in Huntingtower:


idyllic

快乐的事物，幸福的事物 (形容词的名词用法：有形容词词义性质的事物)

He could retire to the idyllic with the knowledge that he had not been wanting when Romance called.


indemnify

indemnifies (third-person singular present)
indemnifying (present participle)
indemnified (past participle)

The lender of a thing for use must indemnify the borrower for damage caused by defects or vices in it, which he knew at the time of lending, and concealed from the borrower.

1906，Civil Code of the State of California，頁 405:


ingrate

源自拉丁語 ingrātus (“令人不快的”)，in- (“不”) + grātus (“让人愉快的”)。

more ingrate (comparative)
most ingrate (superlative)

unpleasant

讨厌的，令人不快的；不友好的 （18世纪）

unfriendly

讨厌的，令人不快的；不友好的 （18世纪）

The causes of that which is pleasing , or ingrate to the hearing , may receive light by that which is pleasing or ingrate to the sight

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

Who, for ſo many benefits receiv'd, / Turn'd recreant to God, ingrate and falſe, / And ſo of all true good himſelf deſpoil'd, […]

1671，John Milton，“The Third Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 61:


ingrate

Out of my sight, ingrate!


indigent

约1400年，源自中古法語，源自拉丁語 indigentem，源自indigēre (“需要”)，源自indu (“在...里”) + egēre (“需要，想要”)。

more indigent (comparative)
most indigent (superlative)

Many of the indigent children are so badly provided for by their parents, with both food and raiment, that they cannot attend school regularly; […]

1830，Thomas Ritchie，Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia，頁 422:

And were I not a thing for you and me
To execrate in angish, you would be
As indigent a stranger to surprise,
I fear, as I was once, and as unwise.

1932，Edwin Arlington Robinson，“Prodigal Son”, in Nicodemus:

I had since my introduction to the prince been sensitive to the fact that he must think an obviously indigent soldier of fortune will sooner or later open the subject of a subscription to the Greek Cause.

Because of this, when my second major health fiasco happened, I had no insurance, so I went to a teaching hospital where they took indigent patients.

2011，Carla Ulbrich，How Can You Not Laugh at a Time Like This?: Reclaim Your Health With Humor, Creativity, and Grit，Tell Me Press, →ISBN，頁 65:

In numerous Supreme Court decisions since Gideon v. Wainwright, the states have been required to provide counsel for indigent defendants at virtually all other stages of the criminal process, beginning with arrest and concluding with the defendant's release from the system.

2013，Larry J. Siegel & John L. Worral，Essentials of Criminal Justice，Wadsworth, →ISBN，頁 162:

Again some Bodies dissolve both in Fire and Water, as Gums; &c. And these are such, as have both Plenty of Spirit; and their tangible Parts indigent of Moisture: the former promotes the Dilatation of the Spirits by the Fire and the latter stimulates the Parts to receive the Liquor.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1620, Francis Bacon, Instauratio Magnus, Part III, Section ii, subsection "Liquifaction":

Will Providence guard us? How do I ſee that our Sex is naturally Indigent of Protection?—I hope it is in Fate to crown our Loves; for 'tis only in the Protection of Men of Honour, that we are naturally truly Safe […]

1701，Richard Steele，The Funeral: or, Grief A-la-mode, act II, scene 1:


indigent

I liked the streets best, so I walked and stared, and slept in a Salvation Army hostel for indigents. But I was no indigent; I was rich in feeling, and that was a luxury I had rarely known.

1975，Robertson Davies，World of Wonders，Penguin Books, 出版於 1976, →ISBN，頁 161:

The influx of indigents overwhelmed the city's meagre social services and affordable accommodation.

2009，Mara Vorhees，Moscow，Lonely Planet, →ISBN，頁 29:

Then in 2005 a Republican-led Congress passed a bill requiring millions of low-income people to pay higher co-payments and premiums under Medicaid. The result was that many more indigents had to forgo care.

2011，Michael Parenti，Democracy for the Few，Wadsworth, →ISBN，頁 78:


indiscreet

indiscreeter (comparative)
indiscreetest (superlative)

在现代标准拼写中，indiscrete (“不分离的”)不能与indiscreet相混淆。

Haz sits in the trailer for 10 hours straight, eyes trained on the patrons. If he sees the makings of a drug deal or a fight, he notifies the club’s in-house security by walkie-talkie. It amazes him how indiscreet drug dealers can be—with the bulges in their socks and their melodramatic handovers—despite the presence of security guards.

2018 February，Robert Draper，“They are Watching You—and Everything Else on the Planet: Technology and Our Increasing Demand for Security have Put Us All under Surveillance. Is Privacy Becoming just a Memory?”, in National Geographic，Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2018-06-14:


impulsive

Notwithstanding all which Motives and impulsives , Sir Thomas Overbury refused to be sent abroad , with such terms

1613，Henry Wotton，letter to Edmund Bacon: