abomination

源自中古英語 abominacioun，源自中古法語 abomination (“恐怖，厌恶”)，源自晚期拉丁語 abōminātiō, abōminātiōnem。abominatio 的同源對似詞。

abhorrence

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

aversion

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

detestation

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

disgust

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

loathing

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

loathsomeness

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

odiousness

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

perversion

令人深恶痛绝的事物，令人发指的事物 （常有宗教色彩） （自约1350-1470年）

深恶痛绝，极端的厌恶 （自约1350-1470年）

惹人厌恶，令人发指 （约1350-1470年至15世纪末叶）


girl

源自中古英語 gerle、girle、gyrle (“任何性别的年轻人”)，之后的来源不详。可能是源自古英語 *gyrle、*gyrele，源自原始日耳曼語 *gurwilaz，原始日耳曼語 *gurwijaz的一个指小词形式（比较北弗里斯蘭語 gör (“女孩”)、低地德語 Gör、Göre (“任何性别的孩子”)、德語 Göre (“孩童”)、方言挪威語 gorre、方言瑞典語 garre、gurre (“小孩”)），源自原始印歐語 *ǵʰer- (“短的”)（对比古愛爾蘭語 gair (“短的”)、古希臘語 χρεώ (khreṓ，“需要”)、χρήσθαι (khrḗsthai，“需要”)、梵語 ह्रस्व (hrasva，“短的，小的”)）。

(任何年龄的女性)： 成年人称呼成熟女性为“girl”可能会根据语境和听话人的观念而被认为是褒义或者贬义。某些情况下，这种词义被用作处女的委婉用词，来将处女和已经有过性交经历的女性区分开。即使“girl”在大部分时候不会刻意用来表达贬义，但还是有一种高人一等的语气，特别是称呼比自己年龄大的人时。

(爱称)： 当用作爱称时，有时可以对男性使用，比如在同性恋群体内。

（尤指粉末状的）可卡因，古柯碱

She had taught me to snort girl, and almost always when I came to her pad, there would be thin sparkling rows of crystal cocaine on the glass top of the cocktail table.

1969, Iceberg Slim, Pimp: The Story of My Life, Cash Money Content (2011), ISBN 9781451617139, page 43:

Elijah nodded congenially to the early evening regulars in the Afro Lounge, headed straight for the telephone hung midway between the mens and womens, his nose smarting from a couple thick lines of recently snorted girl.

1977, Odie Hawkins, Chicago Hustle, Holloway House (1987), ISBN 0870673661, page 175:

After about an hour or two of half-ass sex and snorting girl, Honey was zoned out. […] She flexed her still numb fingers, trying to find a warmth that didn't seem to come. Cocaine always made her numb.

2005, K'wan, Hoodlum, St. Martin's Press (2005), ISBN 0312333080, page 185:


pig

源自中古英語 pigge (“小猪”)（原指小猪，年长猪是swyn），多半源自古英語 *picga（仅可考于picgbrēad (“猪饲料”)等复合词中），源自原始西日耳曼語 *piggō、*puggō (“小猪”)。对比中古荷蘭語 pogge、puggen、pigge、pegsken (“猪崽”)、中古低地德語 pugge、pûke (“猪崽”)。本词使用于体重快速增加的动物幼崽，所以其可能是源自动词“to big”，源自中古英語 biggen、byggen，源自古諾爾斯語 byggja、byggva (“建造”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *būwijaną (“建造”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰuH- (“成为，成长为”)。Pokorny认为词根与*bū-、*bew- (“肿，胀”)有关，以解释“pig”和“big”之间的互换关系。
有时有人指出其与早期现代荷蘭語 bigge（现代big (“猪崽”)）、西弗里斯蘭語 bigge (“猪崽”)和中古低地德語的相似词有关，但是“发音难以解释”。一些文献指出这些词“多半无关”，其他人认为这一联系“有可能，但无法确定”。
指“警察”的俚语义至晚自1785年起可考。

Some religions prohibit their adherents from eating pig.

有些宗教禁止信徒吃豬肉。

"Miss Chastene, could you fetch me out an extra plate of pig and biscuit. My partner can't do without your marvelous cooking."

2005，Ross Eddy Osborn，Thorns of a Tainted Rose, →ISBN，頁 196:

淡粉色 （家猪皮的颜色）

pig：

So far on the streets there's been a lot of metallic pink (the kind of pink as in the shade of pig you get, and this is exactly the shade of the diary I've been writing in) […]

The conveyor carried the pigs from the smelter to the freight cars.

传送带将铸块从锻造炉送至车皮。

After the ill-advised trade, the investor was stuck with worthless options for 10,000 tons of iron pig.

一個簡單的骰子遊戲，玩家可以隨意擲骰子，累積更高分數或失去之前獲得的分數


abaca

源自西班牙語 abacá，源自他加祿語的这个植物的叫法，abaká。

Manila Hemp

马尼拉麻蕉树（Musa textilis）（18世纪中叶首次出现。）

Manilla hemp

马尼拉麻蕉树（Musa textilis）（18世纪中叶首次出现。）

textile banana

马尼拉麻蕉树（Musa textilis）（18世纪中叶首次出现。）

Manila hemp

马尼拉麻 （18世纪中叶首次出现。）

Manilla hemp

马尼拉麻 （18世纪中叶首次出现。）

马尼拉麻 （18世纪中叶首次出现。）


soap

源自中古英語 sope、sape，源自古英語 sāpe (“肥皂，药膏”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *saipā，源自原始日耳曼語 *saipǭ，源自原始印歐語 *seyb-、*seyp- (“倒出，滴，流，滤”)。
与下列词同源：低地蘇格蘭語 saip、sape (“肥皂”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Seepe (“肥皂”)、西弗里斯蘭語 sjippe (“肥皂”)、荷蘭語 zeep (“肥皂”)、德國低地德語 Seep (“肥皂”)、德語 Seife (“肥皂”)、丹麥語 sæbe (“肥皂”)、瑞典語 såpa (“肥皂”)、書面挪威語 såpe (“肥皂”)、新挪威語 såpe (“肥皂”)、法羅語 sápa (“肥皂”)、冰島語 sápa (“肥皂”)。亦与古英語 sāp (“琥珀，树脂，发油，药膏”)、拉丁語 sēbum (“油脂”)有关。参见seep。拉丁語 sāpō (“肥皂”)乃借自日耳曼语族。

I tried washing my hands with soap, but the stain wouldn't go away.

我试了用肥皂洗手，但是污渍洗不掉。


large

源自中古英語 large，源自古法語 large，源自拉丁語 larga，largus (“富余的，大量的，大的，多的”)的阴性形式，最终词源不详。很大程度上取代了中古英語 stoor, stour (“大的”)（源自古英語 stōr）和muchel (“大的”)（源自古英語 myċel）。


dick

源自Dick，名字Richard的暱稱。最初意思是“普通人”、“凡夫俗子”，后来衍生出其他的含义。

He wore a condom over his dick.

他在阴茎上套了个避孕套。

THINGS YOU NEVER HEAR: "Please stop sucking my dick or I'll call the police."

你一定沒有聽過的話：“別嗦我的屌了，不然我要叫警察。”

1997，George Carlin，Brain Droppings，New York: Hyperion Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 83:

Last weekend I did dick.

You better try and get some dick and take your mind off this bullshit.

1991, quoted in Andrew Parker, Nationalisms & Sexualities, page 309:


milk

源自中古英語 milk、mylk、melk、mulc，源自古英語 meolc、meoluc (“奶”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *meluks，源自原始印歐語 *h₂melǵ-。
同源词
与西弗里斯蘭語 molke、荷蘭語 melk、下薩克森荷蘭語 melk、德語 Milch、德國低地德語 Melk、意第緒語 מילך (milkh)、丹麥語 mælk、書面挪威語 mjølk、melk、新挪威語 mjølk、瑞典語 mjölk、冰島語 mjólk、法羅語 mjólk、阿爾巴尼亞語 mjel (“挤奶”)、波蘭語 mleko、俄語 молоко́ (molokó)、威爾士語 blith、吐火羅語A malke、立陶宛語 malkas和拉脫維亞語 malks同源。也可能和古希臘語 μέλκιον (mélkion)同源。

m*lk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

mylk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

non-dairy milk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

plant milk

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

cry over spilt milk, cry over spilled milk

在2017年欧盟法庭的一次裁定中，“milk”被禁止在欧盟地区用于宣发植物制品（词义2）。

Skyr is a product made of curdled milk.

[…] there's going to be that much less milk available to cover any other uses. Which means whether it's liquid milk or whether it's [milk that's been turned into] cheese or yogurt, the price gets pulled up right across the board.

2007 September 24, Chris Horseman (interviewee), Emily Harris (reporter), “Global Dairy Demand Drives Up Prices”, Morning Edition, National Public Radio

In the West it's' fairly normal to drink milk in various forms into adulthood.

2017，Adam Rutherford，A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived，The Experiment, →ISBN，頁 75:

植物乳，（植物的）白色乳汁

Where it does fall down, however, is its nutritional value. While oats are largely a healthy grain to include in your diet, the milk is highly diluted with water, giving it little nutritional value.

2018年September16日，Alexandra Spring，“'Milk' mania: why most alternatives aren't great – but camel milk just might be”, in The Guardian:

For environmentally minded consumers, the news is hard to swallow: almond milk is not healthy for the planet and the popular milk substitute is especially hard on bees.

2020年January29日，Annette McGivney，“Almonds are out. Dairy is a disaster. So what milk should we drink?”, in The Guardian:


firmament

The firmament (sense 1) or sky.
One version of the Ptolemaic system of celestial spheres, with the firmament (indicated in Latin as Firmamentu[m]; sense 3) shown as the eighth heaven
源自中古英語 firmament、furmament (“天空”)，源自古法語 firmament (“天空”)，或源自其词源拉丁語 firmāmentum (“支撑；天空”)，源自firmāre (“增强，强化”) + -mentum (表示手段、媒介，或某个动作的结果的后缀)。firmāre是firmō (“使...稳固，固化”)的现在主动不定式，源自firmus (“稳固的，稳定的”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *dʰer- (“支撑”)。
拉丁语词用于《圣经》的武加大译本中，用于翻译七十士译本（希腊语的《旧约圣经》）中的古希臘語 στερέωμα (steréōma，“框架，基础；天空”)一词，该希腊语词又用于翻译希伯來語 רָקִיעַ (rāqī́aʿ，“天穹”)，源自词根ר־ק־ע (r-q-`)，在古典叙利亚语中的相似词根ܪ-ܩ-ܥ (r-q-ʿ)（与“压紧”有关）派生出ܪܩܝܥܐ (rəqīʿā，“固实的，稳固的；天空，天穹”)。

Now to ye all, be firmaments to ſtars, / Be ſtars to Firmaments, and as you are / Splendent, ſo be fixed, not wandring, nor / Irregular, both keeping courſe together, [...]

1609，Everie VVoman in Her Humor，London: […] E[dward] A[llde] for Thomas Archer, […], →OCLC; reprinted as Every Woman in Her Humor (The Tudor Facsimile Texts)，[Amersham, Buckinghamshire]: [John S. Farmer] […], 1913, →OCLC:

And God ſaid, Let there be a firmament in the midſt of the waters: and let it diuide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament; and diuided the waters, which were under the firmament, from the waters, which were aboue the firmament: and it was ſo. And God called the firmament, Heauen: and the euening and the morning were the ſecond day.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:6–8:

[W]hat if all / Her ſtores were op'n'd, and this Firmament / Of Hell ſhould ſpout her Cataracts of Fire, [...]

1667，John Milton，“Book II”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行s 174–175:

And far above the gentle moon sails on / Through the blue firmament. It is a scene / That gives that spot of earth the air of Heav'n!

1825 January，H. G. B.，“The Bride of Parma”, in The Edinburgh Magazine, and Literary Miscellany; […]，卷 XVI, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Company, →OCLC，頁 68，列 2:

Some of his [Confucius's] philosophical principles are, [...] that the cause or principle of things must have had a co-existence with the things themselves; [...] and that the central point of influence，源自which this cause chiefly acts, is the blue firmament (tien), whence its emanations are spread over the universe; [...] the sun, moon, stars, and elements, are considered also as composing the firmament, or Teen, as the immediate agents of the Deity, and as the productive powers in creation.

1831，James Bell，“[Chinese Empire.] Chapter IV.”, in A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific, […]，卷 V, Glasgow: Archibald Fullarton and Co. and Blackie and Son; […], →OCLC，頁 34:

On its far side, on the very horizon of the world, stood purple mountains, so tall and sharp that they bridged the firmaments.

2001 December，J. Robert King，“Who are We?”, in Lancelot du Lethe，New York, N.Y.: Tor Books, →ISBN，頁 229:

The feeling I dread the most is not fear but despair—the dim, oppressive sense that the more things change, the more they stay the same; that each of us with a frozen heart "like an old-stone savage armed" will continue to move in darkness, lifting boulders, patrolling the firmaments of divisive anger.

2002，Barbara Kingsolver，“Small Wonder”, in Small Wonder: Essays，New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, 出版於 2009, →ISBN:

[...] 'The Morning Star' and 'The Evening Star' have the same celestial object as Bedeutung, but present that object in different ways, perhaps in one case as the object that appears in such and such a place in the morning firmament and in the other as the object that appears in such and such a place in the evening firmament.

2013，Alexander Miller，“The Development of Theories of Meaning: From Frege to McDowell and Beyond”, in The Oxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy，Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, part II (The Development of Analytic Philosophy)，頁 658:

[B]etweene the ſphere of Saturne and the Firmament, there is ſuch an incredible and vaſt ſpace or diſtance (7000000. ſemidiameters of the earth, as Tycho [Brahe] calculates) void of ſtarres: [...]

1638，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，“Ayre Rectified. With a Digression of the Ayre.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy. […]，第5th版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed [by Robert Young, Miles Flesher, and Leonard Lichfield and William Turner] for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 2, member 3，頁 254:

The World Cœlestial. Containing 11 Sphæres or Heavens, ſay the Theologians and Aſtronomers. [...] Theſe are called the Primum Mobile, the Chriſtaline Heaven, the Firmament adorned with the Fixed Stars, and the Heavens of the Seven Planets.

1715，H[enry] Curson，“A Cosmographical Introduction to the Geographical Description of the World”, in A New Description of the World. […]，第2nd版, […] Benj[amin] Barker, […], →OCLC:

Praiſe ye the Lord。Praiſe God in his Sanctuarie: Praiſe him in the firmament of his power.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalm 150:1，列 1:


eminence

源自古法語 eminence，源自拉丁語 ēminēntia (“卓越，显赫”)。

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:eminence。

eminence：


chase

借自盎格鲁-诺曼语 chacer → 古法语 chacier → 拉丁语 captiāre, captiō → captō, capiō。义同catch。


zero

源自法語 zéro，源自意大利語 zero，源自中世紀拉丁語 zephirum，源自 阿拉伯語 صِفْر (ṣifr，“什么都没有, 暗号”)。

He knows zero about coronavirus.


cartilage

借自法語 cartilage，源自拉丁語 cartilāgō。部分取代了本土词gristle，源自古英語 gristel。


centigrade

Earth is one degree Centigrade hotter today than in pre-industrial times.
#*:: 和工業革命之前的時代相比，如今的地區要熱上1攝氏度。

2018, VOA Learning English > China's Melting Glacier Brings Visitors, Adds to Climate Concerns


dip

源自中古英語 dippen，源自古英語 dyppan，源自原始西日耳曼語 *duppjan，源自原始日耳曼語 *dupjaną，见*daupijaną。与deep有关。

Packed a lip full of beluga caviar after mistaking a tin for a can of dip and then spat the juice into an urn that I thought was a sombre spittoon.

2018年October13日，Alex Watt，“Everything I've Done That Made a Rich Old Lady with Opera Glasses Faint or a Monocle Fall Out of a Rich Guy's Eye”, in The New Yorker，New York, N.Y.: Condé Nast Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2022-12-18:

My Dad, God bless him, rarely cooked anything, but if he ever did he would make himself an egg banjo! Fried bread? Or ‘dip’?

2020年May29日，Bocca della Verita (@BocaVerite)，Twitter:


hiatus

借自拉丁語 hiātus (“缺口，开口”)（16世纪中叶），源自hiō (“开着，打哈欠”)。

Words like reality and naïve contain vowels in hiatus.

“reality”和“naïve”等单词中存在元音间隙。


option

源自法語 option，源自拉丁語 optiō (“选择”)，源自optō (“选择”)。等价于opt + -ion。

At that time every emigrant who was made aware of such a notification submitted his application for option to the British Consuls within the period prescribed.

1928，Appeal to the Noble English Nation by the Committee of the Defenders of the Rights of Palestinian Arab Emigrants to the Palestinian Citizenship，頁 10:

A right of option, mostly in favour of the nationality of the predecessor State, has been accorded in most cases of partial State succession, either by treaty or by domestic legislation.

1998，Venice Commission，Consequences of State Succession for Nationality, →ISBN，頁 45:

This group constitutes around 9 percent of the total number of acquisitions of Dutch nationality through option.

2012，Oliver W. Vonk，Dual Nationality in the European Union: A Study on Changing Norms […], →ISBN，頁 243, note 154:


philosophy

源自中古英語 philosophie、古法語 philosophie以及两者词源拉丁語 philosophia，源自古希臘語 φιλοσοφία (philosophía)，源自φίλος (phílos，“爱...的”) + σοφία (sophía，“智慧”)。可作philo- + -sophy分析。取代英语本土词古英語 ūþwitegung。

Philosophy is often divided into five major branches: logic, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and aesthetics.

哲学常划分为五个主要分支：逻辑、形而上学、认知论、伦理学和美学。

During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant […]

1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond


cinema

借自法語 cinéma，截断自cinématographe（由卢米埃尔兄弟在19世纪90年代造出），源自古希臘語 κίνημα (kínēma，“运动，移动”) + γράφω (gráphō，“书写，记录”)。

Despite the critics, he produced excellent cinema.

虽然有批评，但他还是制作过很好的电影。

电影产业，电影业，影视业

Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee.

2013年June29日，“Travels and travails”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁 55:

In the long history of Spanish cinema[…].

在西班牙電影業的漫長歷史中 […] 。

Throughout the history of cinema, filmmakers[…].

在电影艺术的历史中，电影制作者...


azure

源自中古英語 asure，源自古法語 azur，派生自阿拉伯語 لَازَوَرْد (lāzaward，“青金石”)，l 被误解为法语冠词 l' 而被删去。阿拉伯语词源自古典波斯語 لاجورد (lājward，“青金石”)，源自巴达克山处Lajward地区的名字。
对比意大利語 azzurro及西班牙語 azul。

天青色，蔚蓝色；天青色染料

In robes of azure.

1815，William Wordsworth，Extracts from An Evening Walk:

For our blues we have the azures and ceruleans, lapis lazulis, the light and dusty, the powder blues, the deeps: royal, sapphire, navy, and marine […]

2014，William H. Gass，On Being Blue: A Philosophical Inquiry，頁 59:

azure：


sod

源自中古英語 sod、sodde 首次記錄於15世纪中叶，源自中古荷蘭語 zoden (“草皮”)或中古低地德語 sôde、soede (“草皮”)，两者与荷蘭語 zode (“草皮”)、德語 Sode (“草皮”)、古弗里斯蘭語 sātha (“草皮”)有关。上述词最终词源不详。

She there shall dress a sweeter sod / Than Fancy's feet have ever trod.

1746，William Collins，Ode written in the year 1746:

The landscapers rolled sod onto the bare earth and made a presentable lawn by nightfall.

园林设计师在光地上把草皮铺开来，天黑之前就做好了一个能展示的草地。


charcuterie

/ʃɑːɹˌk(j)uːtəˈɹiː/

/ʃɑɹˈkutəɹi/

[ʃɑɹˈkuɾəɹi]

加工好的肉制品（多指猪肉）


chinchilla

/t͡ʃɪnˈt͡ʃɪlə/


casino

源自意大利語 casino，casa (“房子”)的指小词，源自拉丁語 casa (“小屋，棚屋”)。

casinos (plural)
casinoes (plural)
casini (plural)


cringe

动词派生自中古英語 crengen (“高傲地俯身，屈尊”) [以及其他形式]，源自古英語 *crenċan、*crenċġan、*crengan (“使...倒下，使翻转”)，crinċġan (“屈服；畏缩；倒下；死亡”)的使役动词，源自原始日耳曼語 *krangijaną (“使倒下”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *kringaną、*krinkaną (“倒下；翻转；屈服”)（源自原始印歐語 *grenǵʰ- (“翻转”)）+ *-janą (从强变化动词构成“导致某人某物做某事”一意的使役动词)。英语词与丹麥語 krænge (“翻出内侧，使...外翻”)、荷蘭語 krengen (“猛然转向”)、低地蘇格蘭語 crenge、creenge、creinge、crienge (“畏缩，耸肩”)、瑞典語 kränga (“猛然转向；猛然前倾；掷”)和西弗里斯蘭語 kringe (“捏；戳；推；坚持，催促”)同源，且是crinkle 的同源對似詞。
名词和形容词派生自动词。

There was so much cringe in that episode!


crud

源自中古英語 crud、crudde (“凝结的牛奶；污物；凝结的物质；糟粕”)，源自古英語 crūdan (“压”)。curd 的同源對似詞。

Crud is caked in the crevices of her jewellery. All of it needs cleaning.

2018，Tsitsi Dangarembga，This Mournable Body，Faber & Faber (2020)，頁 30:

（难以通过的）厚而潮湿的雪


compliment

借自法語 compliment，借自意大利語 complimento，借自西班牙語 cumplimiento，源自cumplir (“顺从，遵守，完成”)。complement 的同源對似詞。取代了本土的古英語词ġeswǣsnes。

He told the Captain, He was heartily sorry for his Misfortunes; tho’ in my Opinion that was nothing but a Compliment: For, as I found afterwards, he was more brutish, and dishonest, than most of the other Kings on the Island […]

1743, Robert Drury, The Pleasant, and Surprizing Adventures of Mr. Robert Drury, during his Fifteen Years Captivity on the Island of Madagascar, London, p. 25,


facsimile

源自拉丁語 fac simile (“使...像”)，源自fac (“使”)（facere (“使”)的命令形） + simile（similis (“像的”)的中性形式）。

Indeed his rendering is so excellent an example of mediæval learning and latinity that, even at the risk of sating the learned reader with too many antiquities, I have made up my mind to give it in fac-simile, together with an expanded version for the benefit of those who find the contractions troublesome.

1887，H. Rider Haggard，She: A History of Adventure:


fresco

源自意大利語 fresco，源自中世紀拉丁語 friscus，源自原始日耳曼語 *friskaz。fresh 的同源對似詞。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-fresco.wav


flabbergast

不详，可能是一方言词（萨福克郡），源自flabby或flap (“打击”) + aghast。该词可能与苏格兰英語 flabrigast (“夸口”)或flabrigastit (“筋疲力竭”)有关。
名词派生自动词。

When I saw my house on fire, the flabbergast overcame me and I just stood and stared, too shocked to comprehend what I was seeing.

我看到我房子着火的时候，惊讶得呆呆地站在那看着，吃惊得无法理解我看到的景象。

His flabbergast was so great he couldn’t even come up with a plausible answer.

他惊讶得没法组织出合理的回答。

Her foibles were flattery, fine feeling, and flabergast; and if not old enough to be his mother, sufficiently so to be a young aunt.

1852 October，“Adventures of Tom Honeycomb—No. I”, in Yankee Notions，卷 2, 期 10, New York, N.Y.: Published by T. W. Strong, […], →OCLC，頁 297:

Then quit your flabbergast, and talk in plain English.

1868年February22日，Oliver Optic [pseudonym; William Taylor Adams]，“Freaks of Fortune; or, Half Round the World”, in Oliver Optic’s Magazine. Our Boys and Girls，卷 III, 期 60, Boston, Mass.: Published by Lee and Shepard, […], →OCLC, chapter XVI (Pistols for Two)，頁 117，列 2:

Bob's big-eyed flabbergast struck him as comic and he laughed and said, "Lying sack, hey?"

1998，James Carlos Blake，Red Grass River: A Legend，New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN; 第1st Perennial版, New York, N.Y.: Harper Perennial, 2000, →ISBN，頁 52:


glee

源自中古英語 gle，源自古英語 glēo、glīġ、glēow、glīw (“开心，欢乐，愉悦，玩乐；音乐；嘲弄”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *glīwą (“欢乐”)，源自原始印歐語 *gʰlew- (“开玩笑，享”)。同源词包括低地蘇格蘭語 gle、glie、glew (“游戏，玩耍，运动，欢乐，开心，娱乐，音乐，旋律”)、冰島語 glý (“开心，欢乐”)、古希臘語 χλεύη (khleúē，“玩笑，笑话，蔑视”)。中古英语中为诗歌用词，16世纪时被弃用，18世纪被重新起用。

merriment

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

mirth

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

gaiety

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

gloat

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

愉快，欢乐，快乐 （尤指因自己的好运或者因别人的厄运产生的幸灾乐祸）

I watched with glee while your kings and queens fought for ten decades for the gods they made.

1968，“Sympathy for the Devil”, in The Rolling Stones 作曲, Beggars Banquet:


grub

源自中古英語 grubben、grobben，源自古英語 *grubbian，源自原始西日耳曼語 *grubb-，源自原始日耳曼語 *grubb-（对比中古荷蘭語 grobben (“刮；爬；拿”)、古高地德語 grubilōn (“挖；搜”)、德語 grübeln (“思考，斟酌”)），源自原始日耳曼語 *grub- (“挖”)（对比*grabaną）。
“幼虫”一意源自中古英語 grub、grubbe、grobbe、crubbe，可能发展自将上面动词解读成“挖昆虫”的说法，或源自中古英語 grub (“矮子”)，其不确定是否与本词有关。对比西弗里斯蘭語 krobbe (“昆虫”)。俚语义“食物”首个记载见于1659年，被认为是与鸟吃幼虫产生联想而发展来的，或者可能与bub (“饮料”)产生了联想。

pub grub

"The rice ration's down to nearly damn-all in the kampongs, but we keep finding dumps of grub in the forest."

1958，Anthony Burgess，The Enemy in the Blanket (The Malayan Trilogy)，出版於 1972，頁 298:


guff

“… That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh.[…]If she had her way, she’d ruin the company inside a year with her hare-brained schemes ; love of the people, and that sort of guff.”

1913，Robert Barr，章號 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:


hurl

繼承自中古英語 hurlen，原为拟声词。对比hurry、hurtle。

WAYNE: What I'd really like to do is something extraordinary. Something big. […] But I'll probably end up working at Great America, mopping up hurl and lung butter.


hurtle

动词派生自中古英語 hurtelen、hurtlen (“掷，投；冲向；垮塌；伤害；击倒；推动；冲刺；跌倒”) [以及其他形式]，源自hurten (“伤害（肉体或比喻义）；损害；羞辱，伤害...的情感；受伤；撞上；推动；跌倒”)（还见英語 hurt (动词)） + -el-、-elen (反复态后缀)。英语词可作hurt (“（弃用）敲打，击打”) + -le (反复态后缀)分析。
名词派生自动词。


hide

源自古英語 hȳd，源自日耳曼語族，源自原始西日耳曼語 *hūdi，源自原始日耳曼語 *hūdiz，源自原始印歐語 *kéw(H)tis (“皮，皮肤”)（对比拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤，皮”)），源自原始印歐語 *(s)kew(H)- (“盖”)，最终与上面的词源词根相同。还见sky。
参见西弗里斯蘭語 hûd、荷蘭語 huid、德語 Haut、威爾士語 cwd (“阴囊”)、拉丁語 cutis (“皮肤”)、立陶宛語 kutys (“钱包”)、古希臘語 κύτος (kútos，“浅容器”)、σκῦτος (skûtos，“掩盖”)。

人本身 （尤其在关乎其安全时使用）

to save his own hide

better watch his hide

同類詞：ass

The rotter who simpers that he sees no difference between the power of money and the power of the whip, ought to learn the difference on his own hide—as I think he will.

1957, Ayn Rand, Francisco d'Anconia's speech in Atlas Shrugged:


hiding

参见hide（词源1）。

After the leaked scandalous stories about his personal life, the celebrity remained in hiding for a few weeks.

在他私生活的丑闻曝光以后，这位明星销声匿迹了几个星期。


handball

一種各人用手交替將球排向牆的運動

一種校園遊戲，用手將網球打向地面（臨時的瀝青或石板場地）


hilarity

源自拉丁語 hilaritas (“开心”)，形容词hilaris，最终源自古希腊语 + 状态名词后缀-tas。

The duck escaped into the children's party, and hilarity ensued.


happenstance

by happenstance

Once is happenstance, twice is coincidence, three times is enemy action.

1964，Goldfinger，spoken by James Bond (Sean Connery):

Dammit, man this is the gift from God / This ain't happenstance

2001，“People Talkin'”, in MTV Unplugged，演出者 Jay-Z:


hoodwink

动词派生自hood (“兜帽，风帽”) + wink (“闭眼”)。
名词派生自动词。


inflection

源自早期形式inflexion，借自中古法語 inflexion，借自拉丁語 inflexiōnem (“变化”，字面意思是“弯曲”)。英语词形中的⟨ct⟩是受到了inflect或相关词correction等的影响导致的。

In English, word order often does the work that inflection did in Latin

英语中，语序常代替拉丁语中的屈折。


hyperbole

源自拉丁語 hyperbolē，源自古希臘語 ὑπερβολή (huperbolḗ，“超过，夸张”)，源自ὑπέρ (hupér，“上”) + βάλλω (bállō，“丢，抛”)。hyperbola 的同源對似詞。

The great staircase, however, may be termed, without much hyperbole, a feature of grandeur and magnificence.

1837, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Legends of the Province House

Of course the hymn has come to us from somewhere else, but I do not know from where; and the average native of our village firmly believes that it is indigenous to our own soil—which it can not be, unless it deals in hyperbole, for the nearest approach to a river in our neighborhood is the village pond.

c. 1910, Theodore Roosevelt, Productive Scholarship

The final key to the way I promote is bravado. I play to people's fantasies. ..People want to believe that something is the biggest and the greatest and the most spectacular. I call it truthful hyperbole. It's an innocent form of exaggeration—and a very effective form of promotion.

1987, Donald Trump, Tony Schwartz, The Art of the Deal, p. 58.

In these circumstances, hyperbole is called for, the rhetorical figure that raises its objects up, excessively, way above their actual merit : it is not to deceive by exaggeration that one overshoots the mark, but to allow the true value, the truth of what is insufficiently valued, to appear.

1995，Richard Klein，“Introduction”, in Cigarettes are sublime，第Paperback版, Durham: Duke University Press, 出版於 1993, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 17:

The perennial problem, especially for the BBC, has been to reconcile the hyperbole-driven agenda of newspapers with the requirement of balance, which is crucial to the public service remit.

2001, Tom Bentley, Daniel Stedman Jones, The Moral Universe


lavender

源自中古英語 lavendre，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 lavendre（法語 lavande），源自中世紀拉丁語 lavendula，可能源自拉丁語 lividus (“浅蓝的”)，但因薰衣草常用于洗衣，而受到了lavō (“洗”)的影响。


lumbago

名词借自晚期拉丁語 lumbāgō (“腰部疼痛”)，源自晚期拉丁語 lumbus (“腰部的”)、拉丁語 lumbus (“腰部”)（最终源自原始印歐語 *lendʰ- (“腰部”)） + -āgō (构成描述物体、动物和植物的名词的后缀)。
动词直接衍生自名词。

/lʌmˈbeɪɡəʊ/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-lumbago.wav

/ˌlʌmˈbeɪˌɡoʊ/

Sir Oswald Feiling winced as he turned to go home. He had felt a warning twinge of lumbago.

1935，Francis Beeding [笔名，原名John Palmer]，章號 VII, in The Norwich Victims，London: Arcturus Publishing, 出版於 2013, →ISBN, →OL, section 2:

We may imagine an athletics coach with a scientific training researching into the physiology and the psychology of runners. [...] He finds out the effects of fatigue, of alcohol, of tobacco, of lumbago and of depression upon their performances.

1953，吉尔伯特·赖尔，“Dilemma VII: Perception”, in Dilemmas: The Tarner Lectures, 1953，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 出版於 1954 (1987 printing), →ISBN，頁 105:


nihil

I shall no longer believe all the visions of my youth:
They have dissolved into nihil.

1996, David Tibet, “The Starres Are Marching Sadly Home (Theinmostlightthirdandfinal)” (lyrics):

All tales about the beginning are apt to eliminate the nothing and make being overall. […] Without Nihil the whirlpool of the beginning settles down and becomes a stagnant puddle of pure being. Nihil disappears.

2008，Arvydas Šliogeris，Names of Nihil，頁 13:

That is, in the sovereign act of creation, whereby YHWH orders chaos, YHWH provisionally defeated the power of the Nihil but did not destroy or eliminate the threat of chaos.

2009，Walter Brueggemann，An Unsettling God: The Heart of the Hebrew Bible，頁 143:


murder

源自中古英語 murder、murdre、mourdre，变化自早期形式murthre (“谋杀”)（参见murther），源自古英語 morþor (“暗杀，非法杀害”)和古英語 myrþra (“谋杀，他杀”)，两者均源自原始日耳曼語 *murþrą (“死，杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mr̥tro- (“杀”)，源自原始印歐語 *mer-、*mor-、*mr̥- (“死”)。与哥特語 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂 (maurþr，“谋杀”)、古高地德語 mord (“谋杀”)、古諾爾斯語 morð (“谋杀”)、古英語 myrþrian (“谋杀”)和morþ有关。
中古英語词形内的-d-可能部分受到盎格魯-諾曼語 murdre的影响，后者源自古法語 murdre，源自中世紀拉丁語 murdrum（亦派生出同源对似词murdrum），源自古法蘭克語 *morþr、*murþr (“谋杀”)，源自同样的日耳曼語族词根，虽然也有可能是完全内部发展的结果（对比burden，其源自burthen）。

常修饰“murder”的形容词：atrocious, attempted, brutal, cold-blooded, double, heinous, horrible, premeditated, triple, terrible, unsolved.

The defendant was charged with murder.

Reggie Clemons has one last chance to save his life. After 19 years on death row in Missouri for the murder of two young women, he has been granted a final opportunity to persuade a judge that he should be spared execution by lethal injection.

2012年August21日，Ed Pilkington，“Death penalty on trial: should Reggie Clemons live or die?”, in The Guardian:

Whether modern, industrial man is less or more warlike than his hunter-gatherer ancestors is impossible to determine.[…]One thing that is true, though, is that murder rates have fallen over the centuries, as policing has spread and the routine carrying of weapons has diminished. Modern society may not have done anything about war. But peace is a lot more peaceful.

2013年July20日，“Old soldiers?”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8845:

实施或教唆犯罪的行为，此行为导致某人死亡，无论其意图如何，即使实施者或教唆者不是杀害该人的人

在使用重罪谋杀罪的司法地区

This headache is murder.


etymology

源自中古英語 ethymologie，源自古法語 ethimologie，源自拉丁語 etymologia，源自古希臘語 ἐτυμολογία (etumología)，源自ἔτυμον (étumon，“真意”)和-λογία (-logía，“...的研究”)，源自λόγος (lógos，“词语，解释”)。


prowess

源自中古英語 prowesse、prouwesse、proues、prouesce、prouesse (“战斗中的英勇；英勇行为；杰出优越；（人格的）高尚；聪慧”)，源自古法語 proeche、proesce、proeësche (“好，佳；优秀；勇敢”)，源自古法語 preu、prou、prouz、proz、pruz (“好的；优秀的；英勇的”)。对比英語 proud。

高超的技艺，技能，本领，造诣

When in liquor he would make foolish wagers. On one of these too frequent occasions he was boasting of his prowess as a pedestrian and athlete, and the outcome was a match against nature. For a stake of one sovereign he undertook to run all the way to Coventry and back, a distance of something more than forty miles.

1888年October14日，Ambrose Bierce，“An Unfinished Race”, in The San Francisco Examiner, →OCLC; republished in Can Such Things Be?，Washington, D.C.: The Neale Publishing Company, 1903, →OCLC，頁 313:

There is such a sense of inferiority sometimes when it comes to facing Germany, with all their World Cups, their penalty prowess and easy sophistication, it might come as a surprise to learn that, in head-to-head encounters, England actually match their opponents.

2017年November10日，Daniel Taylor，“Youthful England earn draw with Germany but Lingard rues late miss”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2018-03-28:

英勇，勇敢，无畏，英雄气概 （尤指在战斗中）

[…] But, wroth because this man in full assembly, / Came and reviled thee, thou wouldst shew thy prowess, / The prowess that attends thee, that henceforth / Not e'er a man might think to scorn thy prowess, […]

1863，Homer，T[homas] S[tarling] Norgate, transl.，The Odyssey; or, The Ten Years’ Wandering of Odusseus, after the Ten Years’ Siege of Troy. Reproduced in Dramatic Blank Verse，London: Williams and Norgate, […], →OCLC，頁 158:

A beautiful great lady, past her prime, / Behold her dreaming in her easy chair; / Grey robed, and veiled, in laces old and rare, / Her smiling eyes see but the vanished time / Of splendid prowess, and of deeds sublime.

1910，Ella Wheeler Wilcox，“England, Awake!”, in Poems of Experience，London: Gay & Hancock, Ltd., 12 and 13 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, 出版於 1917, →OCLC，頁 38; 再版為 More Poems，Toronto, Ont.: McClelland & Stewart Publishers, 1919, →OCLC, stanza 1，頁 246:


paradox

源自中古法語 paradoxe，源自拉丁語 paradoxum，源自古希臘語 παράδοξος (parádoxos，“意外的，奇怪的”)。

(悖论)： 与自己本身相悖的论点叫做paradox (“悖论，自相矛盾”)，两个相悖的论点叫做antinomy (“矛盾”)

(反直觉的结果)： 该义项可能会被认为错误或不准确。1995年January14日，Ian Stewart，“Paradox of the Spheres”, in New Scientist:
Banach and Tarski's theorem (commonly known as the Banach-Tarski paradox, though it is not a true paradox, being counterintuitive rather than self-contradictory) […]
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯） 1998，Encyclopedia of Applied Physics，頁 270:
It is not a true paradox, merely highly nonintuitive behavior, if one accepts the realistic and local assumptions of EPR.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

(难解的问题)： 该义项可能会被认为错误或不准确。1917，George Crabb，“ENIGMA, PARADOX, RIDDLE”, in Crabb's English Synonymes，第Centennial版:
An enigma, therefore, is not a paradox, but a paradox, not being intelligible, may seem like an enigma.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

The need for paradox is no doubt rooted deep in the very nature of the use we make of language.

1906，Richard Holt Hutton，Brief Literary Criticisms，頁 40:

Thus, like modern disputants, they aimed either to confute the respondent or to land him in paradox.

1866，Edward Poste，Aristotle on Fallacies, Or, The Sophistici Elenchi，根據Aristotle原著改編的翻譯作品，頁 43:

逆反心理指示 （心理治疗师给出的希望患者不遵从或无法遵从的指示）

Defiance-based paradox is employed so that the family will actively oppose and deliberately sabotage the prescription.

1988，Martin Lakin，Ethical Issues in the Psychotherapies, →ISBN，頁 103:


piety

源自中古英語 piete，借自中古法語 pieté，源自拉丁語 pietās。参见同源对似词pietà和pity。

Colleen's piety led her to make sacrifices that most people would not have made.

Colleen的虔诚使她做出了大部分人不会做出的牺牲。

(对父母的) 孝顺；顾家；(对国家的) 忠诚


power

源自中古英語 power、poer，源自古法語 poeir，源自通俗拉丁語 *potēre，源自拉丁語 possum、posse (“能够”)，见potent。对比法語 pouvoir。取代了古英語原生词汇anweald。

more power to someone, more power to your elbow

powersharing, power-sharing, power sharing

He needed a lot of power to hit the ball out of the stadium.

他需要很大力量才能将球打出体育馆。

After the pylons collapsed, this town was without power for a few days.

输电塔塌了以后，这个镇子已经停电好几天了。

“My father had ideas about conservation long before the United States took it up.[…]You preserve water in times of flood and freshet to be used for power or for irrigation throughout the year. […]”

1913，Robert Barr，章號 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:

[Rural solar plant] schemes are of little help to industry or other heavy users of electricity. Nor is solar power yet as cheap as the grid. For all that, the rapid arrival of electric light to Indian villages is long overdue. When the national grid suffers its next huge outage, as it did in July 2012 when hundreds of millions were left in the dark, look for specks of light in the villages.

2013年July20日，“Out of the gloom”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8845:

效率，效果 （电的）功率

We need a microscope with higher power.

我们需要一个倍数更高的显微镜。


platitude

源自法語 platitude，源自plat (“平的”)，源自通俗拉丁語 *plattus，源自古希臘語 πλᾰτῠ́ς (plătŭ́s)。

The former figures the typical prairie landscape-poet who who stops at the correction line (which itself literally denies the platitude of flatness) to notice the ever-present wind.

1992，Ed Jewinski, Andrew Stubbs，The Politics of Art: Eli Mandel's Poetry and Criticism，頁 31:

With the photograph, we enter into flat death. One day, leaving one of my classes, someone said to me with disdain, "You talk about death very flatly." — As if the horror of Death were not precisely its platitude!

2001，Elissa Marder，Dead Time: Temporal Disorders in the Wake of Modernity，頁 87:

Though we do not have a traditional correspondence theory, which sets up a structural similarity relation between statements and facts, we have the truth of sentences determined by word-to-world relations, in particular, relations between linguistic items and objects. This reflects the platitude behind correspondence, but the Tarskian appartatus gives the platitude more substance.

2013，Ernest Lepore, Kirk Ludwig，A Companion to Donald Davidson:

seemly platitude, flat-footed ordinariness, and well-enacted upper working class respectability cancel out any turpitude, exhilarating tension or satanic glamour a casino might be expected to have.

After a passage of what we feel to be true poetry, there follows, inevitably, a passage of platitude which no critical pre-judgment can force us to admire;

1984，Library of America, Edgar Allan Poe, Gary Richard Thompson，Essays and Reviews，頁 71:

Of the true steady-going German nature the bane is, as I remarked, flat commonness; there seems no end to its capacity for platitude; it has neither the quick perception of the Celt to save it from platitude, nor the strenuousness of the Norman;

2001，Daniel R. Davis, Matthew Arnold，On the study of celtic literature，頁 127:

More damning, this 'flat-pack kit' causes us to decline into platitude and predictablity, denies us from real political intellectual purchase and, as result, standard theoretical ideas become our ideological comforters.

2014，Hester du Plessis, Jeffrey Sehume, Leonard Martin，Concept and Application of Transdisciplinarity in Intellectual Discourse and Research，頁 29:


electronic mail

Electronic mail is the single most visible application of distributed computing today.

电子邮件是当今分布式计算最明显的应用。

1992，Sara Radicati，Electronic Mail: An Introduction to the X.400 Message Handling Standards，McGraw-Hill, →ISBN，頁 1:


slosh

Shoes and socks, soaked and frozen in the mud and icy slosh, did little to protect their feet.

2012, Cathy Gohlke, Promise Me This (page 299)

Finally they retired, did you not? said Tetty.
We did indeed, said Goff, we retired to the billiard-room, for a game of slosh.


bricolage

/ˌbɹi.kəʊˈlɑːʒ/


Heimweh

For the long trail stretched before us, for we heard the call, / Left the hearthstone and the homeland, felt the rover's thrall; / Wandered to the far horizon, sought the joy of life— / Now the wanderlust is waning, heimweh now is rife.

1908年December12日，Harry Davids，Tom Springer，“Christmas Sorrows”, in The Argonaut，卷 LXIII, 期 1655, San Francisco, Calif.: Argonaut Publishing Company, →OCLC，頁 397，列 1:


stratagem

源自中古英語 stratageme，源自古法語 stratageme，源自拉丁語 strategema，源自古希臘語 στρατήγημα (stratḗgēma，“将军的行为，指挥作战”)，源自στρατηγέω (stratēgéō，“当将军；统率军队”)，源自στρατηγός (stratēgós，“将军；军队首脑”)。见strategy。


sweat

源自中古英語 swete、swet、swate、swote，源自古英語 swāt，源自原始日耳曼語 *swait-、*swaitą，源自原始印歐語 *swoyd- (“流汗”),*sweyd- (“出汗”)的o音变形式。与西弗里斯蘭語 swit、荷蘭語 zweet、德語 Schweiß、丹麥語 sved、瑞典語 svett、意第緒語 שוויצן (shvitsn)（英語 shvitz）、拉丁語 sudor、法語 sueur、意大利語 sudore、西班牙語 sudor、波斯語 خوید (xwēd，“潮湿的，新鲜的”)、梵語 स्वेद (svéda)、立陶宛語 sviedri、吐火羅語B syā-和阿爾巴尼亞語 djersë同源。


sanctity

源自中古英語 sanctity，源自古法語 sanctete，源自拉丁語 sānctitās。


scarcity

源自古諾曼語 escarcete，by surface analysis, scarce + -ity。

Praise […] owes its value only to its scarcity.

July 6, 1751, Samuel Johnson, The Rambler No. 136

To understand the events of the next fifty years, then, one must understand environmental scarcity, cultural and racial clash, geographic destiny, and the transformation of war.

1994 February，Robert D. Kaplan，“The Coming Anarchy”, in The Atlantic:


ass

arse的北美变体。最终源自中古英語 ars、ers，源自古英語 ærs、ears，源自原始西日耳曼語 *ars，源自原始日耳曼語 *arsaz（对比古高地德語 ars（德語 Arsch）、古諾爾斯語 ars、古弗里斯蘭語 ers），源自原始印歐語 *h₃érsos（对比古希臘語 ὄρρος (órrhos)）。
有不少人认为该词曾为委婉词，但它其实原是为了反映舌尖音（尤其是/s/）前/ɹ/被合并的发音拼写（更早期的形式arse仍通用于英国、澳大利亚、新西兰等地），该现象在中古英语起的非标准口语中就有出现。该现象与之后出现R音脱落不同，因为/ɹ/在能影响其前驱音之前就已经脱落。该现象影响到的其他词（部分词保留了两种形式且词义有所不同）有cuss←curse、gash←garsh、bass (“鲈鱼”)←barse、bust←burst、passel←parcel，参见:en:Category:English terms with assimilation of historic /ɹ/。

poontang

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

poon

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

punani

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

pussy

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

tail

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

tang

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

ass-backwards, ass backward, ass-backward

know one's ass from a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and one's elbow

think the sun shines out of someone's ass

work someone's ass off, work one's ass off

当使用转喻意，其给整个句子带来负面色彩，带有恼怒的语气：“he has trouble getting his ass up in the morning”比“he has trouble getting up in the morning”语气更重，更带负面色彩。

不一定表示对被指代人的不赞成：“And who do you think has to clean this mess up? My ass does!”（“你觉得是谁要来擦屁股？是他妈的老子！”这句话没有体现对自己的不赞同，而表示对搞砸的人的不赞同）（可能会体现一定的厌烦）

这一用法粗俗，因此仅限于非正式语域，其用于正式上下文中有一定的冒犯意。

其词义的内涵在于通过使用身体的一部分转喻整个人，来物化一个人（甚至包括指自己的时候），暗中强调了其身体而非其人格（亦从该观点对比watch his hide (“看好他，保护好他”)、show his face (“露面”)、what's-his-face (“无名氏”)、meatbag或crackhead）。

其变格形式在语法上有代词功能：my ass = I、me、myself your ass = you、yourself his ass = he、him、himself her ass = she、her、herself your asses = y'all、y'all、yourselves their asses = they、them、themselves

性交对象 （粗俗地强调了其身体而非其人格）

I'm going to go down to the bar and try to get me some ass.

我准备去酒吧找个屄来肏。

Acid, booze, and ass / Needles, guns, and grass

1971，Joni Mitchell （作曲作詞）, “Blue”, in Blue:

讨厌的东西，差劲的东西，垃圾

I feel like ass today.

This room smells like ass.

What a bunch of ass.


futanari

日語 二形/双成り/二成り/ふたなり (futanari)，“雌雄同体”，源自二つ (futa-tsu) + 形/態 (nari)，源自なる (naru，“成为”)。


stage fright

I did some guest-speaking at the middle school last year, and I experienced some stage fright before and during my first presentation.

我去年在中学作为嘉宾发言了，我的第一次演讲前和那期间都有点怯场。


heat stroke

“Heat stroke”一般作可数名词，特别是在医学文献中。I'm in the hospital because I had a heat stroke today.
我中暑了，所以去了医院。 It was so hot at the race that four runners and three onlookers had a heat stroke.
天气炎热，赛跑场上有4名选手和3名观众中暑了。

但一些语境内，特别是较非正式的语境中，可以作不可数名词。I was feeling dizzy and weak earlier, but I'm okay now, so I think it was just a touch of heat stroke.
我刚才头晕没力，但现在没事了，所以我觉得应该只是中暑了。 If it gets any hotter in there, he might move from mild hyperthermia to outright heat stroke.
如果这里再热点，他可能就不是简单的体温过高，就是中暑了。


Monégasque

摩納哥使用的一種利古里亞語方言


Belarusian

/ˌbɛləˈɹʌʃən/

/ˌbɛləˈɹuːʃən/


Montenegrin

源自意大利語 montenegrino；等同於Montenegro + -ine。

/ˌmɒntɪˈniːɡɹɪn/


Turkmen

可能最初為Turkman的變體，受俄語 Туркме́н (Turkmén)，或可能土耳其語或土庫曼語 Türkmen的影響。


saignée

借自法語 saignée。

桃紅葡萄酒的一種生產方法，將葡萄碾碎後，放出部分果汁


middle school

These authors argue that lists based on university-level reading material cannot be directly imported into contexts such as middle school since the lexical profiles of subjects and their vocabulary demands are different.

2018，Clarence Green，James Lambert，“Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes，卷 35, →DOI，頁 107:


dead wood

Everybody knows that when you have a layoff, you use it as chance to get rid of the people you wanted to get rid of anyway, but couldn't document or hadn't bothered documenting as bad employees […]。If you don't have much dead wood, you hope they make you use a seniority list, because then you can say it's out of your control.

2001，Michael B. Arthur，Denise M. Rousseau，The Boundaryless Career: A New Employment Principle for a New Organizational Era，Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 140:


cunny

主要用於日本動畫和日本漫畫


sophism

源自中古英語 sophim，源自古法語 soffime、sofime、sofisme、sophisme，源自拉丁語 sophisma (“谬误，诡辩”)，源自古希臘語 σόφῐσμᾰ (sóphĭsmă)，源自σοφίζω (sophízō) + -μα (-ma)。

Within the framework of democracy a new ideology, born of sophism, took root and proclaimed the rights of the individual in all spheres, political as well as moral.

1958，Sophie Trenkner，The Greek Novella in the Classical Period，頁 15:

Empiricism has its roots in Greek and Roman sophism and skepticism, and continues through Kant and American pragmatism.

2003，Murray Leaf，“Ethnography and Pragmatism”, in Renascent Pragmatism: Studies in Law and Social Science, →ISBN，頁 92:

Sophistic teachers did not, in general, consciously aim at corrupting the young or turning them against their parents, but the radical skepticism and moral relativism of later sophism indirectly achieved something like this.

2009，Richard M. Berthold，Dare to Struggle: The History and Society of Greece, →ISBN，頁 75:

What! No demonstration of the Being of God! No abstract arguments! No proofs a priori! Are these, which have hitherto been so much insisted on by philosophers, all fallacy, all sophism? Can we reach no further in this subject than experience and probability?

1779, David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion:


machinima

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-machinima.wav

使用低端（实时）的三维引擎（常见于电子游戏）而非专业人士使用的高端、复杂的三位引擎渲染

Fiona's been off at some kind of anime camp in New Jersey – Quake movies and machinima workshops, Japanese staff who claim not to know a word of English beyond ‘awesome’ and ‘sucks’, which for a vast range of human endeavor, actually, is more than enough…

2013，Thomas Pynchon，Bleeding Edge，Vintage, 出版於 2014，頁 135:

使用此等技术制作的视频，又称“机造视频”、“引擎电影”