osteoarthritis

osteoarthritides (plural)
osteoarthritises (plural)


syndrome

古典借詞，源自新拉丁語 syndrome，源自古希臘語 συνδρομή (sundromḗ，“症状同时发生；人群聚集”)，源自 σύνδρομος (súndromos，“一起奔跑”)，源自 συν- (sun-，“一起，一同，帶著”) + δρόμος (drómos，“奔跑；路線”)。

porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome

Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome

Down syndrome; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; restless-leg syndrome; battered-wife syndrome

唐氏綜合徵；获得性免疫缺陷綜合徵；不寧腿症候群；受虐婦女綜合徵

A “zone of rarity” emerges when symptoms cluster neatly into syndromes and interforms are uncommon, although not altogether absent. Fuzzy boundaries and interforms are a special problem for PTSD […]

2004，Gerald Rosen，Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and Controversies，頁 127:

Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola. A recent study explored the ecological variables that may contribute to bats’ propensity to harbor such zoonotic diseases by comparing them with another order of common reservoir hosts: rodents.

蝙蝠携带多种可感染人类的知名病毒，包括严重急性呼吸道综合征和埃博拉病毒。最近的一项研究通过将蝙蝠与另一类常见宿主——啮齿动物进行比较，探索了可能导致蝙蝠携带此类人畜共患疾病的生态变量。

2013 May-June，Katie L. Burke，“In the News”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁 193:


anxiety

來自拉丁語 anxietās，來自anxius (“焦慮，掛念，痛苦，動亂”)，來自angō (“悲痛，麻煩”)，與古希臘語 ἄγχω (ánkhō，“窒息”)同族。等同於anxious + -ety。參見anger；angst。

anxietie (alternative)
anxieties (plural)

焦躁不安的狀態，有胸口悶和胃不舒服的感覺


myalgic encephalomyelitis

myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

肌痛性腦脊髓炎；慢性疲勞症候群

The 29th of October is a significant day for those who suffer from myalgic encephalomyelitis and all those who care for such people.

10月29日對肌痛性腦脊髓炎患者和關心他們的人來說，是一個重大的日子。


abscess

派生自拉丁語 abscessus，源自abscēdō (“走開，離開”)，源自 abs (“遠離”) + cēdō (“走”)。參見cede。

膿腫、膿瘡、潰瘍 （首次記錄於16世紀中期）


appendicitis

appendicitises (plural)
appendicitides (plural)
appendicites (plural)


beriberi

可能借自僧加羅語短語 බැරි බැරි (bæri bæri，“我不能，我不能”)（因為虛弱導致做不了事）。


cirrhosis

源自古希臘語 κιρρός (kirrhós，“黄褐色”) + -osis。


colic

借自法語 colique。最終源自古希臘語 κωλικός (kōlikós，“結腸受苦”，adj).

cholick (alternative)
cholic (alternative)
colics (plural)

腹部劇烈疼痛或引起此類疼痛的疾病（由於腸道或腸道相關問題）。


rabies

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 rabiēs (“狂暴，瘋狂”)。rage 的同源對似詞。


tuberculosis

結核，肺結核（自1839年）

With smallpox gone, tuberculosis is today the deadliest infectious disease on the planet.

随着天花的消失，肺结核成为当今地球上最致命的传染病。

2019，Bill Bryson，The Body: A Guide for Occupants，Black Swan (2020)，頁 380:


tumor

繼承自中古英語 tumour，源自古法語 tumour，源自拉丁語 tumor (“腫脹”)，源自 tumeō (“腫脹，膨脹”，動詞)，源自原始意大利語 *tumēō，源自原始印歐語 *tewh₂- (“腫脹”)。與英語 thumb 有關。

tumor 是美國標準拼寫、加拿大替用拼寫之一；tumour 則是其他地方的標準拼寫。

a benign tumor

a malignant tumor

brain tumor

identify tumor

pancreatic tumor

remove a tumor

take a tumor

stomach tumor


influenza

借自意大利語 influenza (“影響”)，源自拉丁語 influentia。influence 的同源對似詞。

In early 1919 the Board also issued a film, Dr Wise on Influenza, in which a character called 'Brown' spreads the disease by enacting poor behaviours.
This did address transport - by boarding a crowded omnibus, "Brown may be scattering germs throughout the carriage and giving influenza to a number of people".

1919年初，委员会还发行了一部电影《怀斯医生谈流感》，片中一个名叫“布朗”的角色通过做出不良行为传播疾病。
这部电影确实涉及交通问题——登上一辆拥挤的公共汽车后，“布朗可能会在整个车厢内传播细菌，并将流感传染给许多人”。

2020年April8日，Dr David Turner，“How railway staff were conduits and victims of a pandemic [铁路工作人员如何成为疫情的传播者和受害者]”, in Rail，頁 32:


aneurysm

借自古希臘語 ἀνεύρυσμα (aneúrusma，“擴大，擴張”)，源自 ἀνευρύνω (aneurúnō，“擴張，膨脹”，動詞)，源自 ἀνά (aná，“往上”) + εὐρύς (eurús，“寬”)。


acquired immune deficiency syndrome

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (alternative)


cholecystitis

cholecystites (plural)
cholecystitides (plural)


enteritis

enteritides (plural)
enteritises (plural)

腸道（通常是小腸）炎症，可能導致腹瀉。


gingivitis

gingivitides (plural)
gingivites (plural)


hyperthyroidism

/ˌhaɪ̯pəˈθaɪ̯ɹɔɪ̯ˌdɪzəm/


melancholia

來自晚期拉丁語 melancholia，源自古希臘語醫學術語μελαγχολία (melankholía，“膽汁的黑色”)，來自μέλας (mélas)、μελαν- (melan-，“黑色，黑暗，陰暗”) + χολή (kholḗ，“膽汁”)。


pneumoconiosis

借自新拉丁語 pneumoconiōsis，來自古希臘語 πνεῦμα (pneûma，“風，氣息，精神”) + κόνις (kónis，“灰塵”) + -osis。

Zhang Haichao was twenty-eight when he got pneumoconiosis. He was fit and well before he started working at an abrasive-materials factory in Xinmi, not far from Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan, where he comes from. On the job, he inhaled a huge amount of dust every day. In the second half of 2007, he began to cough and felt short of breath.

張志超28歲就得了塵肺病。在新密一家磨料工廠上班之前，他的身體很好很健康，那裡距離他的老家、河南省省會鄭州不遠。工作中他每天都會吸入大量的粉塵。在2007年下半年，他開始咳嗽、感覺呼吸困難，

2012，Hsiao-Hung Pai，Scattered Sand: The Story of China's Rural Migrants [散沙：中國農民工的故事]，Verso Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 86:


peritonitis

peritonitides (plural)
peritonites (plural)

Intraperitoneal injections of a strong solution produce fibrohemorrhagic peritonitis of varying intensity, according to the strength of the solution; while intraperitoneal injections of small quantities of a diluted solution of formalin induce a chronic peritonitis with great connective tissue proliferation, and a striking eosinophilia.

腹膜内注射浓溶液，根据溶液的浓度，可引起不同程度的纤维出血性腹膜炎；而腹膜内注射少量稀释的福尔马林溶液，可引起慢性腹膜炎，并伴有大量结缔组织增生，以及明显的嗜酸性粒细胞增多。

1901 December，E. Q. THORNTON M.D.，“PRACTICAL THERAPEUTIC REFERENDUM”, in PROGRESSIVE MEDICINE. A QUARTERLY DIGEST OF ADVANCES DISCOVERIES AND IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SCIENCES.，卷 IV，頁 363:


atresia

借自拉丁語 atresia，源自古希臘語 ἀ- (a-，“不，無”) + τρῆσις (trêsis，“貫穿，貫通”)。

閉鎖（身體通道異常關閉或缺失）


porphyria

/pɔː(ɹ)ˈfɪɹɪə/

The term porphyria, derived from the Greek word porphyra, meaning purple, is apt because a hallmark of most of the porphyrias is the overexcretion of porphyrins in urine or feces.

2000，Herbert L. Bonkovsky，Richard W. Lambrecht，“44: Hemochromatosis, iron overload, and porphyria cutanea tarda”, in Hemochromatosis: Genetics, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment，頁 453:

However, the appearance of homozygous forms without consanguinity and coincidence of two types of porphyria in the same patient, dual porphyrias, is possible.

2003, M. Lecha, C. Herrero, D. Ozalla, Porphyrias, Andreas D. Katsambas, Torello M. Lotti (editors), European Handbook of Dermatological Treatments, page 419,

The usual presenting symptoms and signs of porphyrias are either skin photosensitivity or neurovisceral symptoms and signs.

2010，James C. Barton，Corwin Q. Edwards，Pradyumna D. Phatak，Robert S. Britton，Bruce R. Bacon，Handbook of Iron Overload Disorders，頁 160:


-itis

源自新拉丁語 -itis，源自古希臘語 -ῖτις (-îtis，“屬於……的”)， 這是形容詞後綴-ίτης (-ítēs)的陰性形式。由於有陰性名詞νόσος (nósos，“疾病”)，因此英語後綴引入時也選用了陰性形式，尤其在於ἀρθρῖτις (νόσος) (arthrîtis (nósos)，“關節病”)。

用於命名身體各部位的炎症。


pyelonephritis

The urinogenous or ascending nephropathies are divisible into two great groups (a) the hydronephrotic nephropathies and (b) the pyelonephritides.

1913, The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Volume 145, page 54,


prostatitis

prostatitides (plural)
prostatites (plural)


salpingitis

salpingitises (plural)
salpingitides (plural)


amnesia

來自修改後的拉丁語 amnesia，來自古希臘語 ἀμνησία (amnēsía，“遺忘”)，為μιμνήσκω (mimnḗskō，“提醒，記得”)的名詞派生詞，並加上否定前綴。

amm

一種強效的以苴麻為主的大麻品種

ammie

一種強效的以苴麻為主的大麻品種


rupia

源自古希臘語 ῥυπία (rhupía)，源自 ῥύπος (rhúpos，“污穢”)。


Hong Kong foot

仿譯自漢語 香港腳／香港脚 (xiānggǎngjiǎo)。


tumorigenic

more tumorigenic (comparative)
most tumorigenic (superlative)


stasis

源自新拉丁語，源自古希臘語 στάσις (stásis)。參見stead。


severe acute respiratory syndrome

severe acute respiratory syndromes (plural)

(b) Severe acute respiratory syndromes, which are diseases that are associated with fever and signs and symptoms of pneumonia or other respiratory illness, are capable of being transmitted from person to person, and that either are causing, or have the potential to cause, a pandemic, or, upon infection, are highly likely to cause mortality or serious morbidity if not properly controlled.

2014年July31日，Barack Obama，“Executive Order—Revised List of Quarantinable Communicable Diseases”, in https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/，Office of the Press Secretary, The White House:


sick sinus syndrome

病態竇房結綜合徵，一種可能由竇房結（正常心跳的產生部位）的問題引起的心律失常。


sepsis

源自古希臘語 σῆψις (sêpsis，“腐敗，腐化”)，源自σήπειν (sḗpein，“使腐敗”)，源自σήψ (sḗps，“一種蜥蜴；一種據稱叮咬可致皮肉腐化的蛇”)。


angina pectoris

18世紀初來自拉丁語 angina pectoris，源自angina (“窒息”) + pectoris (“胸部的”)，pectus (“胸部”)的屬格單數。

/ˈændʒɪnə ˈpɛktəˌɹɪs/

/ænˈdʒaɪnə ˈpɛktəˌɹɪs/


necrose

necroses (third-person singular present)
necrosing (present participle)
necrosed (past participle)


monkeypox

In a remote southwestern pocket of the Central African Republic, doctor Patrick Karume and his small team are on the jungle frontline to quarantine a rare outbreak of monkeypox.

2018年October25日，“On the frontline against monkeypox in Central African Republic”, in France 24，存檔自the original on 2018-10-25:

Monkeypox is a rare viral pox-like disease from the smallpox family, only milder. It can be transmitted through respiratory droplets, contact with body fluids or contact with an infected animal or animal products.
The first human case of monkeypox was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The United States saw a large outbreak among humans in 2003 after the virus spread from imported African rodents to pet prairie dogs. However, this is believed to be the first monkeypox virus infection in a Texas resident, according to Dallas County health officials.

2021年July16日，“Dallas resident returns from Nigeria with case of monkeypox”, in AP News，存檔自the original on 2021-07-16:

Clusters of monkeypox cases have recently been identified in Britain and Portugal, while Spain is investigating suspected cases of the virus.

2022年May20日，Joseph Goldstein，“Officials Report a Possible Monkeypox Case in New York”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


alopecia

借自拉丁語 alopecia，源自古希臘語 ἀλωπεκία (alōpekía，“狐狸疥癬”)，源自 ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx，“狐狸”) + -ία (-ía，古希臘語後綴，尤其用於疾病命名)。

/ˌæl.əʊˈpiː.ʃə/

“Jada, can’t wait for GI Jane 2,” Rock said in an apparent reference to her shaved hair, which is a result of the hair loss condition alopecia.

2022年March28日，Nadia Khomami，“‘Violence instead of words’: Will Smith condemned for hitting Chris Rock at the Oscars”, in The Guardian:


cholangiocarcinoma

cholangiocarcinomas (plural)
cholangiocarcinomata (plural)


Spanish influenza

以西班牙命名，該國是第一次世界大戰的中立國而報道了許多案例，其他國家的報道則因為戰時審查制度甚少流出，導致公眾誤以為該疾病集中爆發於西班牙。

By systematic organization and effort we have been endeavoring to combat Spanish Influenza in Luzerne County, with its population of 350,000 souls.

通过系统的组织和努力，我们一直致力于在拥有35万人口的卢泽恩县抗击西班牙流感。

1920，Oscar Jewell Harvey，The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918，Pennsylvania: Wilkes-Barre，頁 25:


Spanish flu

In the wake of the devastation of the Spanish flu, the world came together to develop unprecedented scientific collaborations to take on future pandemics. In 1947, the WHO Interim Committee of the United Nations established a Global Influenza Programme to track the changes in the virus.

在西班牙流感肆虐之后，全世界齐心协力开展前所未有的科学合作，以应对未来的流行病。1947年，联合国WHO临时委员会设立了全球流感规划以追踪病毒的变化。

2018，World Health Organization，“Pandemic influenza: an evolving challenge”, in WHO official website:


delirium tremens

借自拉丁語 dēlīrium tremēns (字面意思是“顫抖的瘋狂”)，由托馬斯·薩頓在1813年造出。


whooping cough

源自 whooping + cough，源自其主要症狀——咳嗽時的聲音特徵。

/ˈhuːpɪŋ ˌkɔːf/

/ˈwʊpɪŋ ˌkɔf/


myocardial infarction

源自晚期拉丁語 infarctus + 法語 myocarde < 來自希臘語 ἔμφραγμα του μυοκαρδίου (émphragma tou muokardíou，字面意思是“心肌的阻礙”)。


marisca

借自拉丁語 marisca (“大無花果；痔瘡”)。


azotemia

/ˌæzəʊˈtiːmɪə/


sty

源自中古英語 styanye，被誤認為“sty on eye”，但實際上來自古英語 stīġend (字面意思是“上升者”)，源自 stīgan (“上升”) + 中古英語 yë (“眼睛”)。


attention deficit hyperactivity disorder


chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (plural)


spastic

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 spasticus，來自古希臘語 σπαστικός (spastikós，“抽搐”)。字面上等同於 spasm + -tic。比較法語 spastique；參見 spasm。

more spastic (comparative)
most spastic (superlative)

spastic colon

spastic paralysis


dysbiosis

來自古希臘語 δυσ- (dus-，“壞的”) + βίωσις (bíōsis，“生活方式”)。本义与 symbiosis (“共生”，一种互惠互利的关系) 相对。字面上等同於 dys- + -biosis。