mater

交配的人或物，交尾的动物


activate

activates (third-person singular present)
activating (present participle)
activated (past participle)


convergence

來自 converge + -ence（仿照拉丁語 convergentia）。


flagellate

詞源樹
拉丁語 flagellum
拉丁語 -ō
拉丁語 flagellō
拉丁語 -tus
拉丁語 flagellātuslbor.
英語 flagellate
古典借詞，源自拉丁語 flagellō (“鞭打，捶打”) 及其分詞 flagellātus。

more flagellate (comparative)
most flagellate (superlative)


immortalize

immortalizes (third-person singular present)
immortalizing (present participle)
immortalized (past participle)


macrocyst

巨囊，大胞囊（网状菌丝体在有性生殖过程中形成的包裹在纤维素壁内的细胞集合体）


pericyte

Since 1873, when Rouget regarded pericytes as contractile elements (Rouget 1874), the discussion concerning this ability has never ceased. Pericytes are likely to respond to vasoactive molecules such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin, angiotensin II, and endothelin-1, because they express respective receptors (Dehouck et al., 1997, Chakravarthy and Gardiner, 1999, Healy and Wilk, 1993).

2007, Martin Krũger, Ingo Bechmann, Pericytes, Thomas E. Lane, Monica Carson, Conni Bergmann, Tony Wyss-Coray (editors), Central Nervous System Diseases and Inflammation, page 39,

However, due to the morphological similarities of rodent retinal capillary endothelial cells and pericytes, markers allowing for the distinction of retinal capillary cells were crucial for quantitative analysis.

2008, Frederick Pfister, Yuxi Feng, Hans-Peter Hammes, Pericyte Loss in the Diabetic Retina, Elia Duh, Diabetic Retinopathy, Humana Press, page 249,

This vessel is assembled by mesonephros-derived endothelial stem cells and subsequently becomes stabilized by pericytes. The pericytes are either produced by the endothelial stem cells or acquired from pericyte progenitors located close by, presumably representing reticular stroma components of the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region known to contain a large number of different stem cell types.

2009, Michail S. Davidoff, Ralf Middendorff, Dieter Müller, Adolf F. Holstein, The Neuroendocrine Leydig Cells and their Stem Cell Progenitors, the Pericytes, Springer, page 106,


symbiotic

來自symbiosis + -otic，來自古希臘語 συμβίωσις (sumbíōsis)，來自σύν (sún，“和”) + βίος (bíos，“生命”)。

虽然symbiotic的生物学意义指“共生”，但在日常生活中，这个词更多指共同利益。

共生的或与共生有关的；共同生活。


apoptosis

來自古希臘語 ἀπόπτωσις (apóptōsis，“脫落”)，來自ἀπό (apó，“遠離”) + πτῶσις (ptôsis，“脫落”)。

The term apoptosis is proposed for a hitherto little recognized mechanism of controlled cell deletion, which appears to play a complementary but opposite role to mitosis in the regulation of animal cell populations.

1972，J. F. R. Kerr，A. H. Wyllie，A. R. Currie，“Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wide-ranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics”, in British journal of cancer，卷 26, →DOI:

Indeed, so important is apoptosis that it is gradually becoming clear that almost all therapeutic cancer treatment works only because it induces apoptosis by alerting p53 and its colleagues.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial 2004, p. 238:

Apoptosis is routine in developmental processes such as the removal of webbing between fingers in humans, the loss of tadpole tails in amphibians, and insect metamorphosis.

2011, Terence Allen and Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford 2011, p. 74:


bioavailability

生物利用度 食物與營養補充品中所含營養素的吸收程度

poor/low oral bioavailability


depolarization

降低極性的行為或結果： 去極化


coccolith

衍生自coccolithophore；表面上可分析為古希臘語 κόκκος (kókkos，“穀物，種子”)和λίθος (líthos，“石頭”)，由生物體外骨骼的形狀而來。


tissue

源自中古英語 tissu，源自古法語 tissu，tistre的過去式，源自 拉丁語 texō。


introduced

The prickly pear cactus is an introduced species in Australia.

仙人掌是澳大利亞的引進物種。


spermatozoid

在藻類、蕨類植物或裸子植物的花藥中產生的一種能動、有纖毛的雄配子。


waved

more waved (comparative)
most waved (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-waved.wav

邊緣處有連續彎曲或切口的


pluricellular

Fusion events in vivo, particularly in embryonic development, often involve the purse-string contraction of a pluricellular actomyosin cable at the free edge.

2015，V. Nier, M. Deforet, G. Duclos, H.G. Yevick, O. Cochet-Escartin, P. Marcq, P. Silberzan，“Tissue fusion over non-adhering surfaces”, in PNAS，卷 112:


exogamy

源自exo- + -gamy。最早由約翰·弗格森·麥克倫南在其著作 Studies in Ancient History 第25頁使用。

endogamy

兩個親緣關係較遠的生物體配子融合

兩個親緣關係較遠的生物體配子融合


exogamous

more exogamous (comparative)
most exogamous (superlative)


spermiogenesis

Expanding the introductory section to include definitions of indirect and direct development and generalized descriptions of spermiogenesis, oocyte maturation and cytological organization, and fertilization would also help de-mystify these subjects for many readers.

1998年June19日，Richard Emlet，“Developmental Diversity”, in Science，卷 280, 期 5371, →DOI:

In wild-type spermatids, Hrb is associated with the cytosolic surface of proacrosomic transport vesicles that fuse to create a single large acrosomic vesicle at step 3 of spermiogenesis.

2001年November16日，Ningling Kang-Decker et al.，“Lack of Acrosome Formation in Hrb-Deficient Mice”, in Science，卷 294, 期 5546, →DOI，頁s 1531-1533:


bioluminescent

more bioluminescent (comparative)
most bioluminescent (superlative)


vigour

繼承自中古英語 vigour，源自古法語 vigour，源自 vigor，源自拉丁語 vigor，源自 vigeō (“繁榮；茁壯”)，源自原始印歐語 *weǵ- (“活潑”)。
與 vigil、vegetable、vajra、waker 有關。

vigour 及其衍生詞一般表示“主動的力量”，或“行動的力量”。

A plant grows with vigour.


reculture

recultures (third-person singular present)
reculturing (present participle)
recultured (past participle)

The colonies in each well were pooled and recultured for characterization and storage.

将每个孔中的菌落汇集并重新培养以进行表征和储存。

2015年August29日，“Generation of SNCA Cell Models Using Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) Technology for Efficient High-Throughput Drug Screening”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


halotolerant

more halotolerant (comparative)
most halotolerant (superlative)

耐盐的，可忍受環境中高濃度鹽的


slant

晚期中古英語詞彙，源自早期方言 slent 的異體，源自古諾爾斯語或其他北日耳曼語支語言，與古諾爾斯語 slent、瑞典語 slinta (“滑落”)、挪威語 slenta (“倒在一边”) 同源，源自原始日耳曼語 *slintaną。可能受 aslant 的影響。


attenuated

more attenuated (comparative)
most attenuated (superlative)

unattenuated

減弱的；衰減的；漸漸虛弱的

unattenuated

減弱的；衰減的；漸漸虛弱的

減弱的；衰減的；漸漸虛弱的 感染力减弱的；不再能自我複製的

attenuated power

She had become spiritualized in mind, even as she had grown attenuated in person.

尽管她本人已经变得虚弱，但她的内心却变得精神化了。

1835，William Gilmore Simms，The Partisan，Harper, Chapter XI，頁 140:

To conclude otherwise requires accepting an attenuated fiction that commingling funds in an account, even if done decades earlier, means the account today still contains funds attributable to the sale of expropriated property.

2025, Sonia Sotomayor (writing for a unanimous Supreme Court of the United States), Opinion of the Court in Republic of Hungary et al. v. Simon et al., № 23—867, 2025-02-21

同類詞：nonlive、killed

近義詞：nonreplicating

the live attenuated type of vaccines


hydra

源自希臘神話中的 Hydra，每当它的一个头被砍掉，就会长出两个新头；“水螅”则暗指九头蛇采用的无性繁殖的萌芽方式，类似于长出新头；比喻义则指这种生物无法被迅速果断的手段杀死（与 Gordian knot 相反）。

hydras (plural)
hydrae (plural)
hydræ (plural)