academician

源自academic + -ian (“擅長…的人”)，部份源自法語 académicien。

/əˌkæ.dəˈmɪʃ.n̩/

大學教師；學者 （自17世紀）

學會會員；院士 （自17世紀）

‘Well, after I had been in the room about ten minutes, talking to huge overdressed dowagers and tedious Academicians, I suddenly became conscious that some one was looking at me.’

1890, Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Vintage 2007, page 9:


kowtow

* 英文古老借中文词（1804年）“叩头”，到現普通長用度。

叩頭（也有直譯為“knock head”）


dyke

女同性戀者，通常指男子氣的女同性戀者；


bok choy

* 廣東話＂白菜＂（1938年進入）


pak-choi

* 廣東話＂白菜＂（1847年進入）


pe-tsai

petsai的另一種寫法


six

源自古英語 siex
* 源自原始日耳曼语 *sehs
** 源自原始印欧语 *swéḱs


beaucoup

借自法語 beaucoup。在越南戰爭期間因美國大兵而普及。

Alongside the road with holes in my soul and my shoes / And beaucoups of blues

1970，“Beaucoups of Blues”, in Buzz Rabin 作詞, Beaucoups of Blues，演出者 Ringo Starr:


babouche

借自法語 babouche，來自阿拉伯語 بَابُوش (bābūš)，來自波斯語 پاپوش (pâpuš，“拖鞋”)。

土耳其或摩洛哥式拖鞋；平底拖鞋

BABOUCHE, S. F. (soulier des Turcs, & autres peuples orientaux,) a Shoe worn by the Turks, and other Oriental Nations.

1729，Abel Boyer，The Royal Dictionary, French and English, and English and French Extracted from the Writings of the Best Authors in Both Languages，London: J. and J. Knapton:


helium

借自新拉丁語 helium，源自古希臘語 ἥλιος (hḗlios，“太陽”)（因其存在最初是在太陽大氣層中被理論化的） + -ium。

It was an enormous balloon filled with helium, that elemental gas forged from hydrogen in the nuclear furnace of the stars.

1997，Ian McEwan，Enduring Love，Vintage (1998)，頁 3:


lithium

鋰(化學元素，原子序為3，化學符號為Li)


nitrogen

[ˈnɐɪtʰɹədʒən]

氮(氣體化學元素，原子序為7，化學符號為N)


oxygen

氧(氣體化學元素，原子序為8，化學符號為O)


neon

氖(隋性氣體化學元素，原子序為10，化學符號為Ne)


magnesium

/ˌmæɡˈniʒəm/


repercussion

/ˌɹiː.pəˈkʌʃ.ən/

/ˌɹɛ.pɚˈkʌʃ.ən/


equate

源自中古英語 equaten，源自拉丁語 aequātus，aequō的過去分詞。

彙編語言中的語句，定義具有特定值的符號。

The first section of the program includes the system equates.

2005，Arnold S. Berger，Hardware and Computer Organization，頁 220:

The following equates define the stats byte […]

2009，Saifullah Khalid, Neetu Agrawal，Microprocessor System，頁 256:

You can learn much about user routines, labels, displacements, equates (EQU) and so on, by modifying this program and observing the results on the screen.

2012，J. S. Anderson，Microprocessor Technology，頁 221:


pun

繼承自中古英語 ponnen、ponen、punen，來自古英語 punian、pūnian (“重擊，毆打，咆哮，輾壓，研磨”)，來自原始日耳曼語 *punōną (“打碎，粉碎”)。參見pound。作為一種文字遊戲，來自"beating"字到位的概念。

The pun is the lowest form of wit.


pun

來自馬科恩-賴肖爾表記法中朝鮮語 분 (bun)的拉丁化，來自漢語 分。

bun的另一種寫法：韓國長度單位，約0.3 公分


euthanasia

首次使用於1606年，來自古希臘語 εὐθανασία (euthanasía)，來自εὐ- (eu-，“好的”) + θάνατος (thánatos，“死亡”)。

/juːθəˈneɪʒə/

Euthanasia is the most difficult part of a veterinarian's job.

It would in time, it is to be hoped, effect a quiet euthanasia of the heresies of bigotry and fanaticism which have so long triumphed over human reason, and so generally and deeply afflicted mankind; but this work is to be begun by winnowing the grain from the chaff of the historians of his life.

1819 October 31, Thomas Jefferson, Letter To William Short, Monticello,

This purely painless process, this descent by oblivious trance into oblivion, this natural physical death, is the true euthanasia; and it is the duty of those we call physicians to secure for man such good health as shall bear him in activity and happiness onward in his course to this goal. For euthanasia, though it be open to every one born of every race, is not to be had by any save through obedience to those laws which it is the mission of the physician to learn, to teach, and to enforce. Euthanasia is the sequel of health, the happy death engrafted on the perfect life.

1876, Natural Euthanasia, Popular Science Monthly, Volume 8,

For myself I could hold it in my account with God to find such an euthanasia for you, even at this moment if it were best.

1897，Bram Stoker，Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:


BL

來自日語 BL (BL)，來自ボーイズラブ，來自英語 boy+love。

boys' love (“男同性戀題材作品”)之首字母縮略詞。


CAD

coronary artery disease (“冠狀動脈疾病”)之首字母縮略詞。

Therefore, there are various researches to improve a dementia diagnosis process in the field of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) technology.

2017, Sunjoo Bang et al, "Quad-phased data mining modeling for dementia diagnosis" in BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 17(Supp1):60, at Abstract>Background.


MS

mint state (“原廠狀態”)之首字母縮略詞。

middle school (“初級中學”)之首字母縮略詞。

mini-sheet (“小型張”)之首字母縮略詞。


bonsai

來自日語的「盆栽」 (ぼんさい, bonsai)。


gadget

細小、有特別用途的機械或電子工具


nation

國家，由一大群人管理的地方

國民，一群有共同文化，共同來源，共同歷史，共同語言的人


jargon

源自中古英語 jargoun、jargon，源自古法語 jargon，gargon、gargun (“談話，對話”)的變體。

They [the Normans] abandoned their native speech, and adopted the French tongue, in which Latin was the predominant element. They speedily raised their new language to a dignity and importance which it had never before possessed. They found it a barbarous jargon; they fixed it in writing; and they employed it in legislation, in poetry, and in romance.

1849，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 I, in The History of England from the Accession of James II，卷 I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 11:

In fact all the competing theories have developed their own specialized jargons and have a tendency to be difficult to penetrate.

2014，Ian Hodder，Archaeological Theory Today:


jargon

jargoon (“黃鋯石”)的另一種寫法


orange

源自中古英語 orenge, orange ← 古法語 pome orenge (“波斯橙”)，字面意思“橘子蘋果”，受古奧克語 auranja影響，轉譯自古意大利語 melarancio, melarancia，mela (“蘋果”)和(n)arancia (“橙子”)的複合 ← 阿拉伯語 نَارَنْج (nāranj) ← 波斯語 نارنگ (nârang) ← 梵語 नारङ्ग (nāraṅga，“橙樹”) ← 達羅毗荼語系（對比泰米爾語 நார்த்தங்காய் (nārttaṅkāy)，நரந்தம் (narantam，“香氣”)和காய் (kāy，“水果”)的複合；也見泰盧固語 నారంగము (nāraṅgamu), 馬拉雅拉姆語 നാരങ്ങ (nāraṅṅa), 卡納達語 ಕಿತ್ತಳೆ (kittaḷe)）。
顏色一義則是代替了古英語 ġeolurēad (字面意思是“黃-紅”)；對比英語 blue-green。

/ˈɔɹ(ɪ)nd͡ʒ/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Nattes à chat-orange.wav

yellowred

橙色，近似成熟後橙子的顏色，色調介於紅色與黃色之間

一般認爲“orange”一詞沒有同韻詞。目前暫無常用的英式英語詞典收錄“orange”的同韻詞（“door-hinge”在美式發音中韻尾發音比較接近），但英式英語發音中姓氏Gorringe是同韻的。參見英文維基百科：Orange_(word)。

橙色，近似成熟後橙子的顏色，色調介於紅色與黃色之間

orange：


egg

蛋，卵 家禽類（雞、鴨、鵝）的蛋

蛋，卵 卵，雌性生殖细胞

看起來形狀像蛋的東西
因受傷而導致的頭部腫脹， 通常很大或明顯

看起來形狀像蛋的東西 一種橢圓形裝飾線條,以鏢形或三角形交替排列

看起來形狀像蛋的東西 在運動比賽，指未能得分

看起來形狀像蛋的東西 炸彈或地雷

正體: 蛋色[電子計算機]


country

[ˈkʰʌnt̠ɹ̠̊˔ʷi]


red

源自中古英語 red，源自古英語 rēad，源自原始西日耳曼語 *raud，源自原始日耳曼語 *raudaz（對比西弗里斯蘭語 read、低地德語 root、rod、荷蘭語 rood、德語 rot、丹麥語、書面挪威語 rød、新挪威語 raud），源自原始印歐語 *h₁rowdʰós，來自詞根*h₁rewdʰ-（對比威爾士語 rhudd、拉丁語 ruber、rufus、吐火羅語A rtär、吐火羅語B ratre、古希臘語 ἐρυθρός (eruthrós)、阿爾巴尼亞語 pruth (“紅髮人”)、古教會斯拉夫語 рудъ (rudŭ)、捷克語 rudý、立陶宛語 raúdas、阿維斯陀語 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬙𐬀 (raoidita)、梵語 रुधिर (rudhirá，“紅色的，血腥的”)）。

red：

His face turned red in embarrassment.

社會主義者或共產主義者；(首字母常大寫) 布爾什維克

同類詞：pinko

A bottle of red, a bottle of white / It all depends upon your appetite / I'll meet you any time you want / in our Italian restaurant.

1977 September，Billy Joel （作曲作詞）, “Scenes from an Italian Restaurant”, in The Stranger:

He produced a wine key from his jacket pocket and effortlessly removed the cork from the bottle of red.

2005，Jeffrey P. Landry，Temptation Mango:

59 sneak in some red Smuggle a bottle of wine, two glasses, and a corkscrew into a long matinee. Red wine is rich in life-extending antioxidants, and the caper will add zest even to a bad movie.

2008 January–February，“70 Ways to Improve Every Day of the Week”, in Men's Health，卷 23, 期 1, →ISSN，頁 135:

What in the world ever became of sweet Jane? / She lost her sparkle, you know she isn't the same / Livin' on reds, vitamin C, and cocaine

1970，“Truckin'”, in American Beauty，演出者 Grateful Dead:

The big market, these days, is in Downers. Reds and smack—Seconal and heroin—and a hellbroth of bad domestic grass sprayed with everything from arsenic to horse tranquillizers.

1971，Hunter S. Thompson，Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas，Harper Perennial, 出版於 2005，頁 202:

Stopping on the red, you're going on the green / Cause tonight will be like nothing you've ever seen / And you're barreling down the boulevard / You're looking for the heart of Saturday night

1974，Tom Waits （作曲作詞）, “(Looking for) The Heart of Saturday Night”, in The Heart of Saturday Night:

辣豆醬（一般用在短語“bowl of red”中）

Houston visited a home in an early pioneer settlement where he was offered a bowl of red. Houston eagerly took his first large spoonful. His eyes watering, he spat out his bite […]

1982, The Rotarian (volume 140, number 1, page 39)

The species Sciaenops ocellatus certainly isn’t lacking for nicknames.[…] Clear water also favors sightcasting. Against the dark background of marsh mud, a red will appear like a pumpkin — big, orange and round.

2013 November，Catch Cormier，“Sightcasting for redfish”, in Louisiana Sportsman:


Monday

源自"day of the moon"，即月亮之日，漢語原譯為月曜日。


Tuesday

Tuesday源自"Tiw's day"，Tiw為北歐神話中戰神。星期二在拉丁語中為"dies Martis"，即羅馬神話中戰神Mars，亦為火星之神，漢語原譯為火曜日。

/ˈt͡ʃʉːzdæe/


Wednesday

源自"Woden's day"，Woden為日爾曼主神，星期三在拉丁語中為"dies Mercurii"，即為水星之神，日語譯為水曜日。


Thursday

源自"Thor's day"，Thor為日爾曼的风雨雷电之神。星期四在拉丁語中為"dies Iovis"，即為木星之神，漢語原譯為木曜日。


Friday

Friday源自日爾曼的愛與美的女神Frigg。星期五在拉丁語中為"dies Veneris"，即為金星之神，漢語原譯為金曜日。


Saturday

源自"day of the planet Saturn"，即土星日。星期六在拉丁語中為"dies Saturni"，即為土星之神，漢語原譯為土曜日。


Sunday

源自"day of the sun"，即太陽日，漢語原譯為日曜日。


butterfly

蝴蝶，鱗翅目昆蟲，多在白天活動。這類昆蟲身體柔軟、有棒狀觸角、身體背覆翅膀（顏色通常鮮豔）。


fly

源自中古英語 flye，flie，源自古英語 flȳġe，flēoge (“蒼蠅”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fleugǭ (“蒼蠅”)，源自原始印歐語 *plewk- (“飛”)。同源於低地蘇格蘭語 flee，薩特弗里斯蘭語 Fljooge，荷蘭語 vlieg，德國低地德語 Fleeg，德語 Fliege，丹麥語 flue，書面挪威語 flue，新挪威語 fluge，瑞典語 fluga，冰島語 fluga。


mosquito

借自西班牙語 mosquito (“蚋”)，mosca (“蒼蠅”)的指小，來自拉丁語 musca (“蒼蠅”)，來自原始印歐語 *mūs- (“蒼蠅，刺蠅，蚋”)。與西佛蘭德語 meuzie (“蚊子”)、方言瑞典語 mausa (“蚊子”), 立陶宛語 musė (“蒼蠅”)、西西里語 muschitta (“蠓”)等同源。參見midge。

mosquito hawk (Tipulomorpha or Epiprocta)

We lit a driftwood fire to help keep the mosquitoes away. It was partially successful.

1941年March12日，Charles A. Lindbergh，The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh，New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 出版於 1970，頁 461:


caterpillar

來自中古英語 catirpel、catirpeller，可能來自古諾曼語 catepeluse (現代法語chatte + pileuse (“多毛的貓”))，來自晚期拉丁語 catta + pilōsa。

caterpiller (alternative)
caterpillars (plural)

/ˈkætəˌpɪlə/

/ˈkætɚˌpɪlɚ/

The bird just ate that green caterpillar.

那隻鳥剛剛吃了一隻綠色毛毛蟲。


cockroach

來自西班牙語 cucaracha (“潮蟲”)，來自cuca (“毛毛蟲”)，源自擬聲詞；參見希臘語κόκκυξ (kókkux)、晚期拉丁語cucus。民間說法認為源自cock + roach。cucaracha 的同源對似詞。

不受周圍人歡迎，又生育多個子女的人


panda

panda car (“黑白警車”)之簡寫。


tree

[t̠ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯]


sysop

"System Operator"的简称，是BBS的常用词汇，指BBS系统的最高管理员。


SDK

software development kit (“软件开发工具包”)之首字母縮略詞。


algorithm

繼承自中古英語 algorisme, augrym，派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 algorisme, augrim，派生自中世紀拉丁語 algorismus，派生自阿拉伯語 الخُوَارِزْمِيّ (al-ḵuwārizmiyy)，源自波斯數學家 Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī，該詞的意思是「來自花剌子模的人」。因為受到了無關的 古希臘語 ἀριθμός (arithmós)（同英語 arithmo-）影響，發音產生了變化（-s- > -th-）。

algorism (alternative)
augrim (alternative)
algorithms (plural)

/ˈælɡəɹɪðəm/

/ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/

/ˈælɡəˌɹɪðəm/

/ˈælɡəˌɹɪðm̩/

Informally, an algorithm is any well-defined computational procedure that takes some value, or set of values, as input and produces some value, or set of values, as output. An algorithm is thus a sequence of computational steps that transform the input into the output.

1990, Cormen, Leiserson, and Rivest, Introduction to Algorithms: page 1. Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press, 1999 (23rd printing)

The use of algorithms in policing is one example of their increasing influence on our lives. And, as their ubiquity spreads, so too does the debate around whether we should allow ourselves to become so reliant on them – and who, if anyone, is policing their use.

2013年July26日，Leo Hickman，“How algorithms rule the world”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 7，頁 26:

It’s a computer – an algorithm – and if you’ve been in Iran lately, they take you out of the system.

2018年June25日，Sam Jones，“Ex-Nato chief refused visa waiver to US because of Iran trips”, in The Guardian:

使用阿拉伯數字的計算；算法


Canada

借自法語 Canada，源自勞倫特語 kanata (“村莊、聚落”)。比較奧農達加語 ganataa (村莊)。

與某個大國接壤的國家，與該大國有許多相似之處，但因大國更加突出而黯然失色

Belgium is France's Canada.

比利時之於法國，就如加拿大之於美國。

2015，Michael DeMocker，The land of waffles, frites, chocolate, meat and, oh yes, culture，Louisiana: The Times-Picayune，頁 1:


manger

繼承自中古英語 manger，來自古法語 mangeoire、menjoere，來自mangier (“吃”) (現代法語manger)。


fan

扇子。
電風扇。
吊扇。
繼承自中古英語 fan, 繼承自古英語 fann, 派生自拉丁語 vannus, 派生自原始印歐語 *h₂weh₁-。


fan

詞源樹
英語 fanatic
英語 fancyinflu.
英語 fan
阿根廷隊球迷。
星艦奇航記（Star Trek）的粉絲。
滾石樂隊（Rolling Stones）的粉絲。
一群 Beatles 的粉絲正在模仿唱片 Abbey Road 的封面。
fanatic 的截斷形式, 最初為美國棒球俚語。可能受fancy的影響。

某人的仰慕者或某項事物的愛好者


yesterday

源自中古英語 yesterday、yisterday、ȝesterdai、ȝisterdai，源自古英語 ġiestrandæġ、ġister dæġ、ġestor dæġ、ġeostran dæġ，等同於yester- + day。对比低地蘇格蘭語 yisterday、yesterday (“昨天”)、哥特語 𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (gistradagis，“明天”，副詞)。也对比關係更遠的荷蘭語 gisteren、德語 gestern。

複數 yesterdays 不常用，使用情境一般是詩歌語，用“過去”義，如“all our yesterdays have come back to haunt us”。

帶 /ˈjɪ-/ 音的讀法現在屬於方言，但過去標準語也使用。如作家、發音研究者托馬斯·謝里丹就曾在著作中表示不推薦該種讀法。

Today is the child of yesterday and the parent of tomorrow.

今天是昨天的孩子、明天的家長。

Yesterday was rainy, but by this morning it had begun to snow.

昨天下雨，但今早開始轉雪。

Yesterday, upon the stair / I met a man who wasn’t there / He wasn’t there again today / I wish, I wish he’d go away …

yesterday's technology

The worker of today is different from that of yesterday.

如今的工人和過去的相比，已經大不相同。

All our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v]:

Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins. For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you.

2013年June22日，“Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 76:


Karl

卡爾，西方男性姓名，常見於德文中。


lynx

繼承自中古英語 lynx、linx、lenx、lynce，來自拉丁語 lynx，來自古希臘語 λύγξ (lúnx)，來自原始印歐語 *lewk- (“白，光，明亮”)，因為貓的眼睛會發亮，能在黑暗中看見東西。中世紀時，這種動物在英國滅絕，因此導致英語 los、loz (“猞猁”)沒有繼續使用；中古英語 lusk (“猞猁”)，來自古英語 lox (“猞猁”)。


sad

saad (“阿拉伯文字母”)的另一種寫法


silver

银(化學元素，原子序為47，化學符號為Ag)


a

源于中古英语和古英语字母A/a。

英語字母中第一個字母，小寫為a

（古典語言學）A原本是希伯來語和腓尼基語的第一個字母，經由希臘文和拉丁文演變而來，相等於希臘文的alpha，在英文中原來表示 後低開口母音(low-back-wide vowel sound)，但現在則代表數個母音


child

[ˈt͡ʃaɪ̯.ɫ̩d]

[t͡ʃəɪ̯(ə)ɫd]

kid

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

newborn

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

neonate

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

preteen

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

adolescent

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

tweenager

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

teenager

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

tween

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

teen

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

preadult

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

call someone everything but a child of God

it is a wise child that knows his own father

the burnt child dreads the fire, the burnt child fears the fire

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

He has two children.

比喻性的後代 產物，結果

He was a child of the Renaissance.

他是文藝復興時期的產物。


American football

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/EN-AU ck1 American football.ogg

這項運動在美國和加拿大稱為 football，在世界其他地方則稱為 American football。

英國，愛爾蘭，澳大利亞，新西蘭，印度，巴基斯坦，緬甸，南非，新加坡，馬來西亞，汶萊


light

(繪畫中的)明亮部分[U][C]

(對事物的)見解,觀點[S]


controversial

源自拉丁語 controversia (“爭議”) + -al; 參見 controversy。

/ˌkɒn.tɹəˈvɜː.ʃəl/

/ˌkɔn.tɹəˈvɜː.ʃəl/


permanent

她到美容院去燙了髮。

She went to a beauty salon for a permanent.


dooce

deuce的視覺方言拼法。

Still bemused by the inexplicable apparition of Podson on that spot, Bradly growled, "How the dooce did you get here?"

1938，Norman Lindsay，Age of Consent，Sydney: Ure Smith, 出版於 1962，頁 65:


academy

派生自法語 académie，派生自拉丁語 acadēmīa，派生自古希臘語 Ἀκαδημία (Akadēmía)。另請參見 academe。

（高等）专科学校。指中等或高等训练专门业务的学校，尤指军事、艺术或体育学院。

Royal Academy of Music


english

来源不确定。據推測，該詞產生與英國人將保齡球等技術引進美國有關，也可能與姓English的人有關。

（台球，保龄球）球绕着垂直轴做旋转运动。

You can't hit it directly, but maybe if you give it some english.

你不能直着打，但是可以有点旋转着打。

不同寻常或出人意料的解释。


german

源自古法語 germain ← 拉丁語 germānus。參見germane。與German無關。

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

Which when his german saw, the stony feare / Ran to his hart, and all his sence dismayd […]

1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, II.viii:


german

源自German (“德國的”)。

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

一種圓舞，節奏類似華爾茲。

Through the years, though, the german was replaced by new and more popular dances, but in many instances the name stayed on.

1985, Betty Casey, Dance Across Texas (page 49)


Italian

借自中世紀拉丁語 Italiānus，來自拉丁語 Italia (“意大利”)。

As Di Matteo celebrated and captain John Terry raised the trophy for the fourth time, the Italian increased his claims to become the permanent successor to Andre Villas-Boas by landing a trophy.

2012年May5日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport:

Simple Cannoli, Lemon Ice, or a delicious Tira Mi Su. With so many wonderful recipes, you can eat Italian anytime.

1995，Betty Crocker's New Italian Cooking，頁 5:

一種亞麻布或棉布，有緞面，用於襯裡

gin and Italian

So the English women would have been interested in American drinks, and in came the gin-and-Italian, for example.

1971，John Doxat，The World of Drinks and Drinking，頁 102:


Spanish

來自中古英語 Spainish, Spanish，等同於Spain + -ish。

The Spanish are not the only ones selling their goods along the wharves and the inner streets.

1976，Robert Rézette，The Spanish Enclaves in Morocco，頁 62:

Sixty-four percent more Spanish are functionally illiterate compared to Anglos in Lubbock (only 15 percent more of nonwhites than Anglos).

1970，Henry Sioux Johnson, William J. Hernández-Martinez，Educating the Mexican American，頁 87:


Dutch

原始印歐語詞
 *tewtéh₂
來自中古英語 Duch (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)，來自中古低地德語 dütsch, düdesch (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)和中古荷蘭語 dūtsch、duutsc (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *þiudisk，來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz (“部落的，民族的”)，衍生自*þeudō (“人”)，來自原始印歐語 *tewtéh₂。Deutsch和tuath 的同源對似詞。
對照中古英語 thedisch (“本地的，地方性的”)，該詞來自古英語 þēodisċ (“部落的，民族的”)、古撒克遜語 thiudisk（德國低地德語 düütsch (“德語”)）, 古高地德語 diutisc（現代德語 deutsch (“德語”)），現代荷蘭語 Duits (“德語”)和Diets (“荷蘭語”)（直到19世紀才完全區分開來）。參見Derrick、Teuton、Teutonic。
貶義義項（如Dutch courage, Dutch wife, Dutch uncle等）據說源自英荷戰爭和隨後的競爭。

The Dutch will vote on the matter next month.

荷蘭人將在下個月就此事投票。

In upstate New York, the Dutch continued to speak their language into the nineteenth century.

在紐約上州，荷蘭人在19世紀依然繼續使用他們自己的語言。


thick

標準英音，通用美式，澳大利亞

音頻（美式）: [θe̞k]

最厚的部分；最活跃或最激烈的部分


wife

:源自中古英語 wif、wiif、wyf，源自古英語 wīf （“女人、女性、婦女、妻子”），源自原始日耳曼語 *wībą（“女人、妻子”），可能源自原始印歐語 *gʰʷí₂bʰ-（“恥、陰部”）（對比吐火羅語 kip/kwīpe （“恥、陰部”））。 同源詞有：低地蘇格蘭語 wife （“妻”）、西弗里斯蘭語 wiif （“妻、女人”）、北弗里斯蘭語 wüf （“妻、女人”）、荷蘭語 wijf （“女人、女性”）、低地德語 Wief （“女人、女性”）、德語 Weib （“女人、妻”）、丹麥語 viv （“女人”）、瑞典語 viv （“女人”）、法羅語 vív （“妻、女人”）、冰島語 víf （“女人”）。

（自己或他人的）妻，妻子，太太，夫人，老婆

（兩隻交尾動物中的）雌性


mother

:< 中古英語 moder < 古英語 mōdor < 原始日耳曼语 *mōđēr（对比古弗里斯兰语 mōder、荷兰语 moeder、德语 Mutter） < 原始印欧语 *méh₂tēr（对比爱尔兰语 máthair、吐火罗语A mācar、吐火罗语B mācer、立陶宛语 mótė）。

（对女修道院院长的尊称）


mother

:仿阿拉伯语 أم (’umm、“母亲”）。

最大的，最伟大的，最显著的


father

:< 中古英語 fader < 古英語 fæder < 原始日耳曼语 *fađēr（对比古弗里斯蘭語 feder、荷兰语 vader、德语 Vater） < 原始印欧语 *ph₂tḗr（对比爱尔兰语 athair、吐火罗语A pācar、吐火罗语B pācer、立陶宛语 patinas （“公兽”））。

/ˈfɑː.ðə(ɹ)/

创始人；奠基者；先驱；鼻祖

（尤指天主教和东正教的）神父


head

源自中古英語 hed, heed, heved, heaved ← 古英語 hēafod (“頭部；頂部；來源，起源；首領；首都”) ← 原始日耳曼語 *haubudą (“頭”) ← 原始印歐語 *káput-，*kapōlo- (“頭；碗”)的變體。
同源詞
與低地蘇格蘭語 heid, hede, hevid, heved (“頭”), 古英語 hafola (“頭”), 北弗里斯蘭語 hood (“頭”), 荷蘭語 hoofd (“頭”), 德語 Haupt (“頭”), 瑞典語 huvud (“頭”), 冰島語 höfuð (“頭”), 拉丁語 caput (“頭”), 梵語 कपाल (kapāla，“顱”), 印地語 कपाल (kapāl，“顱”)同源。

you can't put an old head on young shoulders

派生短語give something its head是指讓馬自由奔跑，有時也用作比喻車輛。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
頭腦，（心理、情感方面的）技能

Be careful when you pet that dog on the head; it may bite.

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

The company is looking for people with good heads for business.

公司正在尋找有商業頭腦的人。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
腦海，思想

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

This song keeps going through my head.

這首歌一直在我腦海中迴盪。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
（尤指中毒造成的）頭痛

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
頭飾

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
個人

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

Admission is three dollars a head.

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（動物）與頭腦有關的：
:Template:不可數（作量詞，表示牲畜等）一頭；一隻

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

200 head of cattle and 50 head of horses

12 head of big cattle and 14 head of branded calves

12頭大牛和14頭烙過印的小牛

at five years of age this head of cattle is worth perhaps $40

這頭五歲的牛大概值40美元

a reduction in the assessment per head of sheep

they shot 20 head of quail

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（動物）與頭腦有關的：
獵物的數量

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

planting the hedges increased the head of quail and doves

建樹籬增加了鵪鶉和鴿子的數量

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（動物）與頭腦有關的：
鹿角

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

一端（前端、上端等）： 桌子的一端： 上座，桌子離房門最遠的一端，重要的座位

During meetings, the supervisor usually sits at the head of the table.

會議中主管者一般坐在桌子的上座。

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
（斧頭、錘子等）用來敲打的一頭

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
（釘子等）鈍的一頭；釘頭

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
（箭、矛、指針等）尖的一頭

The head of the compass needle is pointing due north.

指南針的指針指向正北方。

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
(曲棍球) 曲棍球棒用來控球的一端

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
:Template:音樂 鼓皮，敲打鼓使其發聲的部位

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
磁頭

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
氣缸蓋

一端（前端、上端等）： 啤酒或碳酸飲料的泡沫；酒頭

Pour me a fresh beer; this one has no head.

給我倒一杯新鮮的啤酒，這杯的沒有沫兒。

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:醫 膿頭

一端（前端、上端等）： 岬

(社會):Template:可數 領導者；專業人士：
領頭位置

(社會):Template:可數 領導者；專業人士：
領導者；首領；主謀

I'd like to speak to the head of the department.

Police arrested the head of the gang in a raid last night.

警方昨晚在一次突襲中逮捕了那個團伙的頭目。

(社會):Template:可數 領導者；專業人士：
校長

I was called into the head's office to discuss my behaviour.

我被叫去校長辦公室談談我的行爲。

(社會):Template:可數 領導者；專業人士：
:Template:音樂 對嘻哈樂有廣泛瞭解的人。

重要/必要的部分： 首；尾；突出的部分： 河源；河流入湖處

The expedition followed the river all the way to the head.

探險隊沿河一直走到河流的源頭。

重要/必要的部分： 首；尾；突出的部分： 葉球；頭狀花序 （麥等穀物的）穗

重要/必要的部分： 首；尾；突出的部分： 葉球；頭狀花序 樹多葉的一端

重要/必要的部分： 首；尾；突出的部分： （骨的）小頭

重要/必要的部分： 首；尾；突出的部分： 船上的廁所

重要/必要的部分：
首；尾；突出的部分：
:Template:複 貼在屋檐上的瓷磚

重要/必要的部分： 組成部分： （爵士樂樂曲的）主旋律，主題

重要/必要的部分：
組成部分：
(語言學) （短語、複合詞的）中心成分，中心詞

We are having a difficult time making head against this wind.

我們在逆風前進時遇到了困難。

:Template:可數 大量非法濫用藥物的人

高差；揚程；水頭；水位差；高差


heart

音頻（美式，加利福尼亚）


lie

謊話
例子: This politician told many lies. 這個政客說了很多謊話


hold

源自中古英語 holden ← 古英語 healdan ← 原始日耳曼語 *haldaną (“照料（牲口），放牧”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *kel- (“驅趕”)（對比拉丁語 celer (“快”), 吐火羅語B kälts (“刺激，驅趕”), 古希臘語 κέλλω (kéllō，“驅趕”), 梵語 कलयति (kalayati，“他促使”)）。與西弗里斯蘭語 hâlde, 低地德語 holden, holen, 荷蘭語 houden, 德語 halten, 丹麥語、書面挪威語 holde, 新挪威語 halda同源。

Old Applegate, in the stern, just set and looked at me, and Lord James, amidship, waved both arms and kept hollering for help. I took a couple of everlasting big strokes and managed to grab hold of the skiff's rail, close to the stern.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 7, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:


mountain

山。地球表面的一種地貌。高地於地基，有較陡的坡面和相對較小的峰頂區域。山地是一種重要的水力、能源、礦產、森林、農產品以及娛樂資源。它們是生物多樣性和瀕危物種的倉庫，是全球生態系統的一部分。全世界大約10％的人口依靠山地資源，其中近一半的人口受到山地流域惡化的影響。 (來源: MGH / WRIGHT)


with

源自中古英語 withe，wiþþe，源自古英語 wiþþe。參見 withe。

And Samson said unto her, If they bind me with seven green withs that were never dried, then shall I be weak, and be as another man.

參孫回答說，人若用七條未乾的青繩子捆綁我，我就軟弱像別人一樣。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Judges 16:7:


entendre

僅用於double entendre、single entendre、triple entendre。


fern

蕨類。脈管植物，不具花和果實。 (來源： MGH)


an

借自格魯吉亞語 ან (an)。

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音

格魯吉亞語的字母語第一個字母，ა (Mkhedruli)、Ⴀ (Asomtavruli)、ⴀ (Nuskhuri)


route

來自中古英語 route，源自古法語 route、rote (“道，路，徑”)（對比現代法語 route），來自拉丁語 (via) rupta (“用強力打開的（道路）”)，源自rumpere viam（“開闢道路”）。中國古代行政區劃的義項是意譯自漢語 路 (lù)。

The route was used so much that it formed a rut.

這條路走的車很多，都起車轍了。

You need to find a route that you can take between these two obstacles.

你要在這兩個障礙物中找出一條路線。

I corralled the judge, and we started off across the fields, in no very mild state of fear of that gentleman's wife, whose vigilance was seldom relaxed. And thus we came by a circuitous route to Mohair, the judge occupied by his own guilty thoughts, and I by others not less disturbing.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 8, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013年March20日，Harold J. Morowitz，“The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，頁 83:

（送貨、載人的）常規路線

We live near the bus route.

Here is a map of our delivery routes.

這是我們配送路線的地圖。

道，路，徑；通常特別指公路

Follow Route 49 out of town.

If such an option is to viable over time, it needs to be protected against competitors. Having patent protection is one route. […] Another route is to have a programmatic investment strategy […] . Rolex has taken this route […]

2010, Damien McLoughlin and David A. Aaker, Strategic Market Management: Global Perspectives, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-68975-2, pages 156-7:

The Chinese, ever since the first century of our era, have called the countries which we to-day name Kashgar and Sungaria, "routes." They referred them to their relative position on the two sides of the Tian-Shan, and called our Sungaria, Pe-lu, " northern route," and our Kashgar, Nan-lu, " southern route." The Turks gave other names to these countries; they called the northern route besh-balik, "the five cities," Pentapolis; the southern route was alti-shehr, " the six cities," Hexapolis.

1908，Henry Smith Williams，The Historians' History of the World:

Under the director were eight education promotion officials (quanxue yuan), each installed in a “route”(lu,corresponding to the policing ward).

2005，Huaiyin Li，Village Governance In North China: Huailu County, 1875-1936, →ISBN:

In the year Zhiyuan 8, 5th month, on xinwei day (around June, 1271), owing to the fact that the chieftains of the eight polities in Dali had submitted recently and were adhered to [China], the thirty-seven tribal regions under Dali were divided into three routes.

2008，Foon Ming Liew, Volker Grabowsky, & ʻArunrat Wichīankhīeo，Lan Na in Chinese historiography, →ISBN:

Chinese administrative "cities" were often the location of more than one yamen, each with its own territorial jurisdiction. For instance, Yangszhou was not only the seat of the Pacificiation Commission (xuanweisi) of Huaidonglu, but also the capital of the Yanzhou Route (lu) subordinated to the Pacification Commision. Morevover, it was the administrative seat of Jiangdu District, which was subordinated to the Yangzhou Route.

2012，Hans Ulrich Vogel，Marco Polo Was in China, →ISBN:


étoile

借自法語 étoile。estoile、stella、star、 和 aster 的同源對似詞。


padre

源自意大利語 padre，西班牙語 padre，葡萄牙語 padre (“牧師”)，源自拉丁語 pater (“父親”)。ayr、faeder、father、pater、 和 père 的同源對似詞。

羅馬天主教或英國聖公會牧師


luna

源自拉丁語 lūna (“月亮；月份；新月”)。

“Gee,” whispered Oliver. He sat there staring. “A luna! I never thought I’d see a real luna!”

1944, Elizabeth Enright, Then There Were Five, Farrar & Rinehart, page 80:

On the previous evening we had discovered with delight a luna with the fabulous moons, one on each pale green wing.

1969, Sterling North, “An Introduction to Butterflies and Moths”, in Boys’ Life, May 1969 issue, Boy Scouts of America, page 64:

Spray BT on your young oak to protect against gypsy moths, and you wipe out future lunas, cecropias, and everything else on the leaves, along with the pests.

2010, Sally Roth (contributor), in Judy Pray (compiler), Garden Wisdom & Know-How: Everything You Need to Know to Plant, Grow, and Harvest, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc., ISBN 978-1-57912-837-1, page 348:

月牙形的容器，主要用玻璃製成，用於將盛放聖餐臺上的主食（麵包）直立 （自19世紀）

The Bread of Angels is first taken from the tabernacle, where it rests in the luna, and placed upon the altar, covered with a corporal. After genuflecting, the priest puts the luna containing the Blessed Sacrament on its throne—the monstrance—and elevates it […]

1907 May, “Dominicanus”, “The Rosary and the Blessed Sacrament”, in the Dominican Friars, The Rosary Magazine, Volume 30, Number 5, page 494:

This receptacle is called a “luna” or “lunula” (a moon, or a little moon), and has glass on either side, so that the Host may be seen when enclosed therein. […] ¶ […] ¶ The ciborium, the pyx and luna of the ostensorium are blessed with a simpler formula than that used for the chalice, and […] ¶ […] ¶ The chalice, the paten, the luna and the pyx are sacred things, true sacramentals, and are worthy of deepest reverence; for […]

1917，John F. Sullivan，The Externals of the Catholic Church，BiblioLife, LLC, 出版於 2009, →ISBN，頁s 115–116:

The luna, which is a piece of glass in the shape of a moon, contains the Blessed Sacrament, previously consecrated. The luna is then placed in the middle of the sunburst of the monstrance.

2007，John Trigilio，Kenneth Brighenti，The Catholicism Answer Book: The 300 Most Frequently Asked Questions，Sourcebooks, Inc., →ISBN，頁 156:


luna

來自夏威夷語 luna (“領導；導師”)。

這個名詞在英語雖然有變格(單數luna，複數lunas)，但作為一個外來語時經常斜體化。

There are several reasons why the Hawaiian-born Japanese boys and girls do not take kindly to plantation labor, but one of the chief reasons is the objection to the kind of lunas who oversee the work of the laborers.

1922, U. G. Murphy, “The Japanese Problem in Hawaii: How the Task of Christianizing and Americanizing the Oriental is Progressing”, in The Friend, Volume 91, Number 6 (June 1922) page 130:

[…] haoles could not visualize Chinese or Japanese in positions of authority. And from sad experience, the great plantation owners had discovered that the Americans they could get to serve as lunas were positively no good. Capable Americans expected office jobs and incapable ones were unable to control the Oriental […]

1959，James Michener，Hawaii，Fawcett Crest, 出版於 1986, →ISBN，頁 737:

After the day was over I went to the luna to count my day but he would not. Then I went to him the second time and he said he would not put it down.

2000，Sally Engle Merry，Colonizing Hawai'i: the cultural power of law，頁 321:

Capital punishment was outlawed by the government but some plantation managers and luna still delivered lashings and other forms of abuse.

2012，Julia Flynn Siler，Lost Kingdom，Grove Press，頁 35:


corretto

No more pizza, no more correttos, just another place renting VHS tapes.


nos

no 的複數（noes的另一種寫法）


nos

nitrous oxide system (“氮氣加速系統”) 之首字母縮略詞。

同類詞：NOx


algum

源自希伯來語 אַלְגּוּמִּים (algumím)。

聖經中提及的一種樹或木頭，可能是刺柏或檀香木

And the seruants also of Huram, and the seruants of Solomon, which brought gold from Ophir, brought Algume trees and, precious stones.

希蘭的僕人，和所羅門的僕人，從俄斐運了金子來，也運了檀香木和寶石來。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Chronicles 9:10:


quatro

cuatro的另一種寫法

By the late 1940s Jules had invented a quatro pan after observing a family playing parang, a Venezuelan-derived Christmas music traditional to Trinidad which is generally performed by vocalists accompanied by guitars, quatros, mandolins, a one-string box bass, chac-chacs, and scrapers.

1995，Stephen Stuempfle，The Steelband Movement: The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago:


granda

My granda would make everything from scratch and it was a wonderful feast of a picky tea. His potatoes deep-fried in batter were amazing.


longa

源自拉丁語 longa。

longæ (plural)
longe (plural)
longas (plural)

quadruple whole note

等於兩個或三個短音符的音符，即四個或六個全音符。

等於兩個或三個短音符的音符，即四個或六個全音符。


vid

video 的截斷形式。

Check out my cool new vids on YouTube!

在 YouTube 上觀看我很酷的新影片！


latus

源自 拉丁語 latus (“side”)，源自 原始意大利語 *tlātos，源自 原始印歐語 *tl̥h₂tós，源自 *telh₂-。


dun

源自中古英語 dun、dunne，源自古英語 dunn (“暗褐色，樹皮色，黑褐色”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *dusnaz (“褐色，黃色”)，源自原始印歐語 *dʰewh₂- (“冒煙，捲起塵埃”)。與古撒克遜語 dun (“褐色，暗”)、古高地德語 tusin (“灰色，暗褐色，淡黃色，暗”)、古諾爾斯語 dunna (“鴨，雌鴨”)同源。
也可能派生自布立吞亞支（對比中古威爾士語 dwnn (“暗（紅色）”)），源自原始凱爾特語 *dusnos（對比古愛爾蘭語 donn），源自原始印歐語 *dʰews-（對比古撒克遜語 dosan (“栗棕色”)）。參見dusk。

dun：


dun

未知；可能是din的變體。多個來源認為源自 Joe Dun，一名因逮捕追債者而出名的執達吏之名，不過這個說法有爭議。

Look ye, gentlemen, I have lived with credit in the world, and it grieves my heart never to stir out of my doors but to be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun or other.

1889 [1712]，John Arbuthnot，The History of John Bull，London: Cassell & Co., →OCLC，頁 71:

Melancholy duns came looking for him at all hours.

1933, George Orwell, Down and Out in Paris and London, Ch. 18:

‘Frank's worried about duns,’ she said as the butler went away.

1970, John Glassco, Memoirs of Montparnasse, New York 2007, p. 102:

Miss Hoppin received a dun for volume 9 1840–1 which Mr. James McConnell, (who now pays the above) is sure was paid.

1842，A.B.G.，“Errata”, in Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate，卷 13, →OCLC，頁 251:


dun

不確定；可能來自其顏色。

Also, duns are dull and generally sober colored, whilst spinners are more brightly colored and shining and their wings are clear and transparent.

1966，John Harris，An Angler's Entomology，New York: Barnes, →OCLC，頁 16:

一種類似蜉蝣亞成蟲的擬餌

We have besides for this Month a little Dun call'd a whirling Dun (though it is not the whirling Dun indeed, which is one of the best Flies we have) and for this the dubbing must be of the bottom fur of a Squirrels tail and the wing of the grey feather of a Drake.

1676，Charles Cotton，The Compleat Angler. Being Instructions how to Angle for a Trout or Grayling in a Clear Stream，London: Richard Marriott, and Henry Brome, →OCLC, March，頁 59:


dun

源自愛爾蘭語 dún 或 蘇格蘭蓋爾語 dùn，源自原始凱爾特語 *dūnom (“要塞，堡壘”)。與威爾士語 dinas (“城市”)同源。town 的同源對似詞。

古代或中世紀的堡壘、要塞；尤指在蘇格蘭或愛爾蘭的山丘要塞。

Pampedun, or Pandon, was probably a place of residence from the earliest times; its sheltered situation for boats, and proximity to the ancient way over the river, protected perhaps by a dun or camp, on the height above [...] possibly gave origin to the ancient name of the place, Pampedun, from the British pant, a hollow, and dun, a fort or camp, Pant-y-dun.

1858，Henry MacLauchlan，Memoir written during a survey of the Roman Wall, through the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland, in the years 1852-1854，London: Printed for private circulation, →OCLC，頁 9:

奧克尼、設得蘭或蘇格蘭的一種圓形石屋

Smaller than the broch was the dun, another type of stone-built 'roundhouse'.

2013，T.J. Clarkson，The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings，Edinburgh: Birlinn, →ISBN:


macer

源自中古英語 macer，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 macer，源自mace (“權杖”)。

mace-bearer

權杖持有者；具體來說，是蘇格蘭法院的一名官員。（始於14世紀）

權杖持有者；具體來說，是蘇格蘭法院的一名官員。（始於14世紀）


macer

Indeed, Moran was a profession cheat, a sharper of more than ordinary dimensions — a macer, in criminal parlance. He had made card sharping a life's work — second only to shooting […]

1981，John E. Gardner，The Return of Moriarty，頁 7:


hombre

男人；尤其是西班牙裔男子。


maka

源自夏威夷語 maka。mata-mata (“警官”) 的同源對似詞，源自馬來語 mata-mata (“眼睛”)。


mamma

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 mamma。


mamma

mama的另一種拼寫法。

mama的另一種拼寫法: 母親.


mater

借自拉丁語 māter (“母亲”)，（部分地）经后期中古英語 matere。


mater

交配的人或物，交尾的动物


sango

sandwich（讀作 "sangwich"）的縮寫 + -o（口語化後綴）。在澳大利亞於1940年代開始有使用。

sambo

澳大利亞、愛爾蘭、非正式

現在更常用的是sanger。

:Template:舊（澳大利亞、非正式）三明治（從1940年代開始）


been

(英國方言) bee的不規則複數。


cola

來自尼日爾-剛果語系語言，對照提姆語 kola、曼丁哥語 kola。因飲料「Coca-Cola」讓這個詞廣為人知，也讓「c」代替「k」的拼寫深入人心。


cola

In this part, the author presents a prosodic hierarchy describing syllables, moras, feet, cola and a typology for words and stress.

2008，Alexandre Allauzen，Review of “Mathematical Linguistics” by Andras Kornai:


caput

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 caput (“頭”)，來自原始印歐語 *kauput-。


unguis

手指甲，脚趾甲，爪，钳，蹄


genu

原始印歐語詞
 *ǵónu
借自 拉丁語 genu (“knee”).


spy

源自中古英語 spien。


cantar

kantar的另一種拼寫法


nebula

借自拉丁語 nebula (“小雲，薄霧”)。與古希臘語 νεφέλη (nephélē，“雲”)、德語 Nebel (“薄霧，星雲”)、古諾爾斯語 nifl、波蘭語 niebo (“天空”)、俄語 не́бо (nébo，“天空”)同族。

nebulae (plural)
nebulas (plural)
nebulæ (plural)

Approximately 5 billion years ago, our solar nebula was formed as gravitational forces pulled interstellar gas and dust into a swirling mass around out newly formed sun.

2012，Chinle Miller，In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks，第Kindle版:


aero

可在大氣層內飛行的載具。


hos

talkin’, talkin’ ’bout emperor’s children: ivy league pimps and hos.

2007年January14日，Henry Alford，“Books on Broadway”, in New York Times:


nomen

（历史的）古罗马的市民的名字。


bot

机器人，（同：robot）


element

來自中古英語 element，來自古法語 element，來自拉丁語 elementum (“原則；元素；雛形”)（進一步的詞源請參見該詞條）。


house

houses (plural)
housen (plural)
hice (plural)


Russian

中世紀拉丁語 (11世紀) Russiānus，Russia的形容詞，為古東斯拉夫語 Русь (Rusĭ)的拉丁化。16世紀開始出現在英語中 (作為名詞和形容詞)。

Ru. (abbreviation alternative)
Russians (plural)

俄羅斯人；俄羅斯族，俄族

The “little green men”—faces covered, wearing unmarked olive uniforms, speaking Russian and using Russian weapons—have played a significant role in both the occupation of Crimea and the civil war in eastern Ukraine.¹⁹⁶

2015，Shane R. Reeves, David Wallace，“The Combatant Status of the “Little Green Men” and Other Participants in the Ukraine Conflict”, in International Law Studies, US Naval War College，卷 91, 期 361, Stockton Center for the Study of International Law，頁 393:

一種有堅硬外殼的雜耍球，裡頭裝滿鹽、沙子或其他物質

Ok, I do think I am starting to get used to it, but you have to admit, if youve:Template:SIC been juggling bags and then start juggling Russians, they feel sooo lopsided to juggle at first!

2011，jamescoutry24，“Beanbags > Russian”, in rec.juggling (Usenet):

一種槍 (由於黑幫成員對俄羅斯武器有所偏愛)


Hakka

借自客家語 客家 (Hak-kâ)。


Tamil

借自泰米爾語 தமிழ் (tamiḻ)。

泰米爾語/淡米爾語/坦米爾語


Persian

來自中古英語 percynne，來自中古法語 persien，來自意大利語 persiano，來自中世紀拉丁語 Persiānus，來自拉丁語 Persia，來自古希臘語 Περσίς (Persís)，來自古波斯語 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsa/，“波斯”) (對照現代伊朗波斯語 فارس (fârs)或早期的古典波斯語 پارس (pārs))。

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

加拿大桑德贝的一種糕點，通常與肉桂麵包和甜甜圈做比較，上面灑粉色糖粉

一種薄紗織物，以前用在襯裡

There is of those Persians several lengths.

1696，J. F. Merchant?，The merchant's ware-house laid open:

用來代替柱子支撐內飾的男性雕像的其中一個


Urdu

源自波斯語 اردو (ordu) ← 原始突厥語 *ordu (“軍隊，軍營”) ( > 阿塞拜疆語 ordu, 土耳其語 ordu, 土庫曼語 oorda)。對比horde。


Uyghur

來自維吾爾語 ئۇيغۇر (uyghur)。

Uygur (alternative)
Uigur (alternative)
Ouigour (alternative)
Uyghurs (plural)
Uyghur (plural)


Czech

借自波蘭語 Czech，源自捷克語 Čech，源自原始斯拉夫語 *čelověkъ (“人，人類”) 的變體及縮約形。

By 1963, almost 130,000 Czechs had migrated to this country. They tended to gravitate to the farming communities.

到1963年，已有将近13万名捷克人移居到本国。他们倾向于生活在农业社区。

1964，John F. Kennedy，“Immigration Policy [移民政策]”, in A Nation of Immigrants [移民之国]，第Revised and Enlarged版, Harper & Row, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 61:


Greek

繼承自古英語 Grēcas (“希臘人”)，Crēcas的變體，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Krēkō，來自拉丁語 Graecus，源頭不明，可能衍生自地名Γραῖα (Graîa)或來自部落名Graii的其他古巴爾幹語族形式，參見英語維基百科條目Griko、Names of the Greeks。希臘語中有個同源詞Γραικός (Graikós)，是從神話時代的祖先Γραίοι (Graíoi，“格瑞西安族”)而來。日爾曼語族同源詞包括荷蘭語 Griek、德語 Grieche。英語和日爾曼語族同源詞中的⟨g⟩，是受到法語 grec和古典拉丁語 Graecus的影響下恢復的。
該形容詞可追溯到14世紀的中古英語，取代了古英語 Grēċisċ (“希臘式的”)和早期中古英語 Gregeis。指兄弟會跟姐妹會，來自早期希臘字母的截斷。

Gr. (alternative)
Greeke (alternative)
Greeks (plural)

"I don't hear one word in ten that they say," continued Mrs. Abingdon; "it's Greek to me. However, ..."

"It's all Greek to me," said my companion at the outset, but as the warrior continued, his fears arose within him; it might be sentence of death—what did he know what it might not be?

1859，Kinahan Cornwallis，Two Journeys to Japan, 1856–7，卷 2，頁 246:

preferred risk... family maintenance... 20-pay life. That's a bare sampling of the merchandise you're asked to pick and choose from. If it sounds like Greek to you, don't worry. It sounds like Greek to most people.

1951 December，“Which Kind of Life Insurance Policy?”, in Changing Times – The Kiplinger Magazine，卷 5, 期 12，頁 28:

Was Joe a Greek in college?

She is absolutely a total GFE, no limits, except no Greek. (Well...I say “no Greek” - - if she is really hot for you, and if she is really turned on in a long session, she might beg for a finger in her anus while you suck her clit, but she is just too tiny and tight for any “real meat” in the backdoor.)

2001, "ASP: 'Julie' of Oral-Land-Oh", alt.sex.prostitution, Usenet:

“What's within reason?” “Hand-job, blow-job, full sex — straight, full service. Greek, maybe, if you're not too big. Golden shower, if you like, but not reverse. No hardsports. And absolutely nothing without.”

2012，Maxim Jakubowski，The Best British Crime Omnibus:

其中之一的希臘字母，用來表示投資風險的變數


Sicilian

西西里防御（1 e4 c5的開局）

Palmgren was playing white and had opened the Sicilian quite correctly.

2009, Reg Keeland, translator, The Girl Who Played with Fire (translation of, 2006 (publication date), Stieg Larsson, Flickan som lekte med elden), Knopf, ISBN 9780307269980, chapter 9, page 129:


Croatian

/ˌkɹəʊˈeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌkɹoʊˈeɪ.ʃən/


Arabic

來自拉丁語 arabicus，來自Arabia + -icus，來自古希臘語 Ἀραβία (Arabía)，源自阿拉伯語 عَرَب (ʕarab)。

Arabical (alternative)
Arabick (alternative)
Arabics (plural)

Classic Arabic didn't "turn into" the various Arabic vernaculars. There is disagreement over whether the range of spoken Arabics all have a single ancestor (seems unlikely), but Classical Arabic is a somewhat artificial creation based on at least two dialects.

2004年April22日，Peter T. Daniels，“Taiwanese and their language”, in soc.culture.china (Usenet):

That's the majority of working N'Yawkers. Blacks and Hispanics outnumber the arabics.

2000年July20日，Topprolmc，“OT - I participated in an obscene act today!”, in rec.motorcycles.harley (Usenet):


Georgian

/ˈdʒɔːɹdʒən/


gold

金(化學元素，原子序為79，化學符號為Au)


copper

繼承自中古英語 coper。

銅(化學元素，原子序為29，化學符號為Cu)

copper：

Coppers are generally good for a year, if the battery is carefully attended […]

1885，General Rules and Regulations Applicable to All Employes of the Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway Company:

Some coppers come already tinned. I didn't buy mine, so they surely were not tinned.

1890，The Manufacturer and Builder，卷 22，頁 83:

Coppers are not consumed, and their life depends largely on the manner in which they are used.

銅不會被消耗，其壽命主要取決於使用方式。

1907，“Instructions for the Care of Callaud Batteries”, in Journal of the Telegraph，卷 XL:

I had in my pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pistoles in gold. As he proceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the coppers.

1799，Benjamin Franklin，The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin，出版於 1868，頁 255:


copper

源自cop (“捕捉，抓住”) + -er (後綴)。

One evening as I was lying down in Leicester Square / I was picked up by the coppers and kicked in the balls

1985，Shane MacGowan （作曲作詞）, “The Old Main Drag”, in Rum Sodomy & the Lash，演出者 The Pogues:


iron

铁(化學元素，原子序為26，化學符號為Fe)


quatorze

piquet 中的四個 A、K、Q、J 或10，其中任何一個都算作14點。


apron

:前形 napron < 古法语 naperon——nappe（桌布，台布）的小词形 < nappa（餐巾）。 napron 与定冠词 a 的组合被错误划词为“an apron”，是 napron 词首的 n 脱落的原因。

（做饭、做实验等的）围裙

（剧院的）台口（舞台幕前的部分）


apricot

pickled apricots


persimmon

來自波瓦坦語 pichamins、pushemins、pasimenan (“果乾”)，來自原始阿爾岡昆語詞根*-imin (“水果，莓果”)的同源語言，像烏納米語 ximin。

柿樹，指Diospyros kaki（東亞）或Diospyros virginiana (北美)。


translator

[ˌtʰɹænzˈleɪtʰɚ]

[ˌtʰɹænzˈleɪɾɚ]


airport

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-airport.wav

飞机场，機場：民用飛航器所降落和起飛的地點，通常包含有舖設路面的跑道、飛航器維修地點、和乘客使用設施。


interpretation

/ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/

/ɪnˌtɝpɹəˈteɪʃən/

/ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈtæɪʃən/


Australasia

/ˌɒstɹ(ə)lˈeɪʒə/

/ˌɔstɹl̩ˈæɪʒɐ/


alcalde

借自西班牙語 alcalde，派生自阿拉伯語 اَلْقَاضِي (al-qāḍī，“法官”)。

在西班牙或拉丁美洲，同時具有司法和行政職能的市政長官


changer

一般和其他名詞搭配使用，如 automatic tool changer、shape changer、mind changer。


example

/ɪɡˈzɑːmpl̩/


Portugal

/ˈpɔːt͡ʃəɡəl/

/ˈpɔːtjəɡəl/

/ˈpɔɹt͡ʃəɡəl/


consonant

繼承自中古英語 consonant 或 consonaunt，源自古法語 consonant，源自拉丁語 cōnsonāns，源自前綴 con- (“和”) + 現在分詞 sonāns (“正聽起來”)，源自 sonāre (“聽起來”)。此拉丁語詞又是古希臘語 σύμφωνον (súmphōnon) 的仿譯。


diphthong

/ˈdɪfθɒŋ(ɡ)/


Vietnam

en，美國，罕见，可能参考了piece等词或者南越的发音

en，美國，罕见，可能参考了piece等词或者南越的发音


Cyprus

經由拉丁語 Cyprus，來自古希臘語 Κύπρος (Kúpros)。

cypres (alternative)
cypress (alternative)

薄、透明且通常為黑色的織物，一種縐紗。

Seated in an arm-chair, covered with cloth of gold, was the Queen; her robe was of black velvet, edged with the richest sable; and the diadem at the back of her head confined the folds of a long black Cyprus veil.

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 1，頁 131:


Germany

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mə.nɪ/


map

en，標準英音，通用美式

en，標準英音，通用美式


Sri Lanka

/sɹiˈlɑːŋkə/

/ʃɹiˈlɑːŋkə/


Korea

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-Korea.wav


Nigeria

/naɪˈdʒɪə.ɹɪə/


forger

繼承自中古英語 forger、forgere，源自古法語 forgiere；等價於 forge + -er。


franc

根據ISO 4217，法郎“franc”的貨幣代碼縮寫為“F”。而部分國家的法郎採用“F”前+國家二字母代碼的方式表示：

法郎（法國、比利時、盧森堡前貨幣單位）

法郎（其他國家現在仍在使用的貨幣單位）


fraterniser

So, Andover featured in the Glorious Revolution, which involved the deposition of Catholic fraterniser James II and his replacement by stout Protestants William and Mary.

因此，安多弗在光榮革命中發揮了重要作用，在這場革命中，親近天主教的詹姆斯二世被廢黜，取而代之的是堅定的新教徒威廉和瑪麗。

2023年June28日，Stephen Roberts，“Bradshaw's Britain: Alton to Exeter”, in RAIL，期 986，頁 58:


fret

源自中古英語 frēten (“吃，侵蝕，摧毀，煩擾”)，源自古英語 fretan (“吃掉，吞噬；破裂，爆裂”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *fraetan，源自原始日耳曼語 *fraetaną (“消耗，吞食，吃掉”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fra- (“完全，完整”)（源自原始印歐語 *pro- (“朝著，向前”)）+ *etaną (“吃”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₁ed- (“吃”)）。
與荷蘭語 vreten、fretten (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、低地德語 freten (“吃掉”)、德語 fressen (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、哥特語 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fraitan，“吞食”)、瑞典語 fräta (“吃掉，侵蝕，腐蝕”)同源；亦與丹麥語 fråse (“狼吞虎嚥”)有關。
“摩擦”之義可能是因與盎格魯-諾曼語 *freiter（現代法語 fretter (方言)）的音近而混同，其源自通俗拉丁語 *frictāre，是拉丁語 fricāre的反覆體，源自fricō (“摩擦”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *bʰreyH- (“切割”)；對比古法語 froter（現代法語 frotter）。來源推測的主要阻礙是缺少古法語詞彙的證明。

Now though Cider uſed in my Method ſhould not ferment at all, till it come into the Bottle, and then but a little; yet the Cauſe of Fermentation being in a great Degree taken away, the reſt can do no conſiderable Harm to thoſe who drink it, [...] It is in your Power to give the Cider juſt as much fret as you pleaſe, and no more; and that by ſeveral ways: For either you may bottle it ſooner or later, as you pleaſe: Or you may bottle it from two Taps in your Veſſel, and that from the higher Tap will have leſs Fret, and the lower more: [...]

1724，Paul Neile，“Sir Paul Neile’s Discourse of Cider”, in John Evelyn, Silva: Or, A Discourse of Forest-trees, and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty’s Dominions: … In Two Books. …，第5th版, London: Printed for J. Walthoe [et al.], →OCLC，頁 91:

The place was a little below Gravesend, quite out of the fret and bustle of the narrower river, and there was not even a steamboat pier to disturb the quiet of this cluster of harmless houses, though they watched upon their beach the passage of great navies down the greatest thoroughfare of England.

1857，[Margaret Oliphant]，“The First Day”, in The Days of My Life. An Autobiography. … In Three Volumes，卷 III, London: Hurst and Blackett, publishers, successors to Henry Colburn, 13, Great Marlborough Street, →OCLC，頁 4:

When the pitching heat is high, and the yeast is of a good quality and in sufficient abundance, the fermentation proceeds so rapidly and with such energy that it becomes ungovernable; some means must therefore be employed to check the heat. For this purpose coils of pipe, through which water circulates, are fitted up in the tun. Unless this is done the whole of the glutinous constituents of the gyle is not removed in the yeast, and the liquor does not cleanse satisfactorily, in consequence of an after fermentation which sets in, which is technically known as the "fret."

1877，“BEER”, in Encyclopædia of Chemistry Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical as Applied to the Arts and Manufactures，卷s I (Acetic Acid – Gas), Philadelphia, Pa.: J. B. Lippincott & Co., →OCLC，頁 315，列 2:

He keeps his mind in a continual fret.

他的思想一直處於焦躁狀態。

It was our good fortune last autumn to escape from the feverish excitement and moral tension of this vast metropolis, from the hurry and fret of business, the glut of pleasure, the satiety of delight, the weariness of politics, and the exhausting duties of our critical function, into that favoured corner of our fortunate island, the West of England; [...]

1836 December，“Art. IX. Transactions of the Institute of British Architects. Vol. I. Part I. London, 1836.”, in The Quarterly Review，卷 LVIII, 期 CXVI, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, →OCLC，頁 524:

And the preacher who delivered the discourse went home and fretted; his wife, children and servants being witnesses. Sanctification takes the spirit of fret out of the heart.

1897，B[everly] Carradine，The Sanctified Life，Cincinnati, Oh.: Office of the Revivalist, →OCLC，頁 192:

After their introduction to Orlando, Celia wonders why Rosalind should be so morose ([William Shakespeare's As You Like It,] I.iii.10–19): [...] In her effort to cheer Rosalind, Celia compares these frets to burs, meaning the rough and prickly flowerheads: "They are but burs, cousin, thrown upon thee in holiday foolery."

1980，Renaissance Papers，Durham, N.C.: Southeastern Renaissance Conference, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 50:

Vesiculæ, or vesicles, are small, circumscribed elevations of the scarf-skin, containing serum, at first (both in their coats and contents) transparent, afterwards white and opaque, and terminating in the formation of scurf or thin scales. Under this head are ranged varicella (chicken-pox), sudamina, eczema (red fret), herpes (fret), scabies (itch).

1860，Robert J[acob] Jordan，章號 I, in Skin Diseases and Their Remedies，London: John Churchill, New Burlington Street, →OCLC, book I (Diseases of the Skin)，頁 57:

To cure Gripes in Horses. This disorder goes by different names in different districts of the country; as fret, from the uneasiness attending it; bots, from its being thought to arise from these animals or worms, etc. [...] In speaking of the medicine for gripes, or the flatulent colic sometimes termed fret, Mr. White mentions, domestic remedies may be employed when proper medicines cannot be procured in time.

1867年April25日，[Colin Mackenzie]，“Farriery”, in Mackenzie’s Ten Thousand Receipts, in All the Useful and Domestic Arts; Constituting a Complete and Practical Library, …，第new, carefully revised and re-written版, Philadelphia, Pa.: T. Ellwood Zell & Company, Nos. 17 & 19 South Sixth Street，頁s 112–113:

Then we obſerve the Frets in the Banks of Rivers that are newly made by any great Land-Flood, which uſually are then very clean, to ſee, if happily we can diſcover any metalline Stones in the Sides and Bottoms thereof, together with the Caſt of the Country (i.e. any earth of a different colour from the reſt of the Bank), which is a great help to direct us, which ſide or hill to ſearch into.

1716，“[The Tin Mines in Devonshire and Cornwal] [marginal note]”, in The Philosophical Transactions, and Collections, to the End of the Year 1700, Abridg’d and Dispos’d under General Heads，卷 II (Containing All the Physiological Papers), London: Printed for Robert Knaplock, at the Bishop's-Head; Richard Wilkin, at the King's-Head; and Henry Clements, at the Half-Moon in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 566:


fret

來自中古英語 frēten (“裝飾”)，來自古法語 freté、freter、fretter (“裝飾”)，來自古法語 fret（來自fraindre (“打破”)，來自拉丁語 frangō (“破壞，粉碎”)，來自原始意大利語 *frangō，源頭來自原始印歐語 *bʰreg- (“破壞”)）+ 古法語 -er (動詞形後綴)（來自拉丁語 -āre，源頭來自原始印歐語 *h₃enh₂- (“重壓”)）。

Went to visit our good neighbor, Mr. Bohun, whose whole house is a cabinet of all elegancies, especially Indian; [...] [A]bove all, his lady's cabinet is adorned on the fret, ceiling, and chimney-piece with Mr. Gibbons's best carving.

1682年July30日，John Evelyn，The Diary of John Evelyn: Edited from the Original MSS. [...] In Two Volumes (Universal Classics Library)，卷 II, New York, N.Y., London: M. Walter Dunne, publisher, 出版於 1901, →OCLC，頁 170:

Remove spills from grill frets with a cloth and brush the frets with a stiff brush when dry and cold.

1943，Homes and Gardens，卷 25, London: [s.n.], 出版於 1944, →OCLC，頁 40:

Square unit of nondescript frets which interlace in the centre to form a cruciform shape.

2007，Nancy Edwards，A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales，卷 2 (South-west Wales), Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales Press, →ISBN，頁 136:

與菱形圖案交錯的X形十字

DIAPERED, or Diapre, in heraldry, the dividing of a field in planes, like fret-work, and filling the ſame with variety of figures. This chiefly obtains on bordures, which are diapered or fretted over, and the frets charged with things proper for bordures.

1764，Temple Henry Croker，Thomas Williams，Samuel Clark [et al.]，“DIAPERED”, in The Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences，卷 I, London: Printed for the authors, and sold by J. Wilson & J. Fell, Pater-noster Row; [et al.], →OCLC:


fret

來自中古英語 freten (“捆”)，來自古法語 freter，來自frete (“金屬包頭”)（現代法語 frette）。用來表示音樂意思的源頭未知；可能來自 frete 或來自 fret（摩擦）。

The long-necked Egyptian Nefer was certainly depicted in the 4th dynasty; and wall-painting of the time of Moses, preserved in the British Museum, shows that it then had frets.

1880，A. J. H[ipkins]，“LUTE”, in A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450–1880) [...] In Three Volumes，卷 II, London: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC，頁 175，列 2:

The frets of the lute marked whole tones, while those of the guitar were a semi-tone apart.

1916，“History of the Orchestra”, in The Orchestra and Orchestral Music (The Art of Music: A Comprehensive Library of Information for Music Lovers and Musicians; 8)，New York, N.Y.: The National Society of Music, →OCLC, section III，頁 69:


fret

來自拉丁語 fretum (“航道，海峽”)。

The river Velino, after having found its way from among the rocks where it falls, runs into the Nera. The channel of this laſt river is white with rocks, and the ſurface of it, for a long ſpace, covered with froth and bubbles; for it runs all along upon the fret, and is ſtill breaking againſt the ſtones that oppoſe its paſſage: [...]

1721，Joseph Addison，“Pesaro, Fano, Senigallia, Ancona, Loretto, &c. to Rome”, in The Works of the Right Honourable Joseph Addison, Esq，卷s II (Remarks on Several Parts of Italy, &c. in the Years 1701, 1702, 1703), London: Printed for Jacob Tonson, at Shakespear's-Head, over-against Katherine-street in the Strand, →OCLC，頁 56:


fret

來自古法語 frete、fraite、fraicte，可能部分和fret (“航道，海峽”)混淆。


fret

最早見於1800年代中期，起源未知。可能與fret (“在……上面形成圖案”)、fret (“吞噬”，指大霧籠罩陸地) 或 fret (“使水面激起漣漪”，指將霧吹向內陸的風) 等相關；語義上對照haar (“冷風；縹緲的風；霧，迷霧”)。而方言中拼寫也作 freet，發音讀作 /fɹit/，這個現象在詞源1中也有發現。

The wind brings a fret off the ocean; not cold, but achingly damp.

2008，Trezza Azzopardi，Winterton Blue: A Novel，頁 14:


facies

借自拉丁語 faciēs (“形式，構造，形象；面孔，面容，容貌”)。face 的同源對似詞。

The Chilean Amphijubula Schust. (Schuster, 1970a) which has the facies of a small Frullania and agrees with Frullania in leaf insertion and branching, has a nontiered seta with 16 epidermal cell rows surrounding 4 inner rows.

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 6:

costive facies


space

alternate circularports and annular spaces

infinite-dimensional real projective space

locally arcwise connected topological space


ginseng

源自泉漳話 人參／人参 (jîn-som)。

When the Afghan princes find it necessary to employ Chob-Chini, (the Jin-seng, or China root so celebrated as a purifier, tonic, and aphrodisiac) they choose the spring season.

1855，Sir Richard Burton，Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah，Dover, 出版於 1964，頁s 56–7:

Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.

2013年March20日，David S. Senchina，“Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，存檔自the original on 2013-05-16，頁 134:


osteoarthritis

osteoarthritides (plural)
osteoarthritises (plural)


pepsin

借自德語 Pepsin，對應古希臘語 πέψις (pépsis，“消化”) + -in。


grammar

/ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/


papillon

來自法語 papillon (“蝴蝶”)，來自拉丁語 pāpiliō (“蝴蝶，蛾”)。pavilion 的同源對似詞。

Papillon (alternative)
papillons (plural)

The researchers tested various breeds, including border collies, golden retrievers, pit bulls, labradors and even Jackson's own little papillon.

2014 November 29, Rachel Nuwer, Lassie gets an upgrade, New Scientist, Issue 2997, page 47,


quality

中古英語 qualite < 古法語 qualité < 拉丁語 quālitātem


hurricane

/ˈhʌɹɪˌkeɪn/

飓风(大西洋的名稱，在西太平洋為颱風，在印度洋為熱帶氣旋）


aikido

借自日語 合(あい)気(き)道(どう) (aikidō)。hapkido 的同源對似詞。


violin

[ˌvaɪ̯ɪ̈ˈlɪn]


battery

[電機工程]电池；電池組，一系列可獨立供電的電池組合。


KD

Kraft Dinner (“卡夫晚餐”)之縮寫：包裝好的芝士通心粉

Lots of people who grew up eating KD keep a box in their cupboard just in case. You never know when you'll need comfort and convenience.

2010，Margaret Meikle，How Much Does Your Head Weigh?，頁 159:

knockdown (“可拆卸緊固件”)之首字母縮略詞。


pianoforte

pianofortes (plural)
pianoforti (plural)

/piˌænəʊˈfɔːteɪ/

/piˌænəʊˈfɔːt/


harp

繼承自中古英語 harpe，繼承自古英語 hearpe (“豎琴”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *harpā，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *harpǭ (“豎琴”)。同源詞包括低地蘇格蘭語 hairp (“豎琴”)、西弗里斯蘭語 harpe、harp (“豎琴”)、低地德語 Harp (“豎琴”)、荷蘭語 harp (“豎琴”)、德語 Harfe (“豎琴”)、丹麥語 harpe (“豎琴”)、瑞典語 harpa (“豎琴”)。

豎琴 音樂學上屬於相同類型的樂器

The Harpe. […] A harper with his wreſt maye tune the harpe wrong / Mys tunying of an Inſtrument ſhal hurt a true ſonge

1568，William Cornishe [i.e., William Cornysh]，“In the Fleete Made by Me William Cornishe otherwise Called Nyshwhete Chapelman with the Most Famose and Noble Kyng Henry the VII. His Reygne the XIX. Yere the Moneth of July. A Treatise betwene Trouth, and Information.”, in John Skelton, Pithy Pleasaunt and Profitable Workes of Maister Skelton, Poete Laureate，Imprinted at London: In Fletestreate, neare vnto Saint Dunstones Churche by Thomas Marshe, →OCLC; 再版為 Pithy Pleasaunt and Profitable Workes of Maister Skelton, Poete Laureate to King Henry the VIIIth，London: Printed for C. Davis in Pater-noster Row, 1736, →OCLC，頁 290:

豎琴形燈架；照明裝置的組件，用於安裝燈罩，通常由輕質框架製成並圍繞著燈泡，頂部有一個用於安裝的附件。

Contains charts and instructions for wiring. Shows sockets, wire, harps, glass chimneys and globes, shade holders, bases, finials, and hundreds of items necessary in the building of lamps.

Both types of harp have a swiveling shade holder at the top. The threaded stud on the swivel accepts the finial.

1991, Kalton C. Lahue, Cheryl Smith, Interior Lighting (page 104)

harp seal (“豎琴海豹”)之簡寫。

More likely, it was the prospect of meat. Curwen was by now craving a juicy roast – 'even seal chop' – and was always loosing off at tickleasses and harps.

2006，John Gimlette，Theatre of Fish: Travels Through Newfoundland and Labrador，頁 225:


harpe

源自古希臘語 ἅρπη (hárpē)。

一種彎曲的武器或工具；後來又被描述為「一側的直劍，另一側的彎刀」的組合。


harpe

源自中古英語 harpe。


strawberry

源自中古英语 strawbery, strauberi ← 古英语 strēawberiġe。相当于straw +
berry。 词中 straw 源自动词的分词，意为“分散开的”，适用于在灌木丛中生长的浆果。

/ˈstɹɔˌbɛɹi/

/ˈstɹɑˌbɛɹi/

草莓，草莓属下的一种有甜味、可以食用的水果，通常为红色。

草莓属下的任意一种植物。

草莓红，一种色调较暗、带有粉色的红色，和草莓果实的颜色相近。

strawberry：

长得/看起来像草莓的东西，尤指红色的胎记。


lemon

同人小说中指明显的性描写


ananas

來自意大利語 ananas，來自法語 ananas，來自西班牙語 ananás，來自葡萄牙語 ananás，改自古圖皮語 nanas (“鳳梨”)。

ananases (plural)
ananasses (plural)
anana (alternative)

The Apple Tree delights evry Eye, while the Anana gives no Notice of its future excellence.

1789, Hester Thrale Piozzi, Thraliana, 30 December:

一種美洲植物（Bromelia pinguin）可食用的果實。


uva

借自拉丁語 ūva (“葡萄”)。

一類水果，個頭小、汁或肉多、皮薄、內有幾粒種子（如葡萄）


floccinaucinihilipilification

拉丁語 floccus (“一縷”) + naucum (“瑣事”) + nihilum (“沒有東西”) + pilus (“毛髮”) + -fication。
這顯然是伊顿公学的學生們創造的一種戲謔用語，由多個拉丁語詞幹所組成。該詞的靈感來自威廉·莉莉（William Lily，約 1468-1522 年）在17-19世紀出版的各種版本的拉丁語語法教科書（包括《伊頓拉丁語語法（Eton Latin Grammar）》）中的一句話，其中列出了一些名詞常用的屬格與一些動詞，像是pendo和facio的搭配，表示評價某物一文不值或如前所述：
「Flócci of a lock of wool, náuci of a nut-shell, níhili of nóthing, píli of a hair, ássis of a pénny, hújus of this, terúncii of a fárthing, addúntur are ádded, peculiáritèr pecúliarly or véry próperly vérbis to verbs æstimándi of esteéming.」

/ˌflɒksɪˌnɔːsɪˌnaɪhɪlɪˌpɪlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

經常被認為是英語中最長的非專業單字，比著名的長單字antidisestablishmentarianism多一個字母。保守黨議員雅各·里斯-莫格在2012年的一次辯論會中使用了該詞，之後該詞成為議會紀錄的最長單字，直到2017年麥可·布萊恩（Michael Bryan）在青年專責委員會上使用了pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis，才打破這一紀錄。

把某事物都看作是毫無價值的一種行動或習慣

I loved him for nothing so much as his flocci-nauci-nihili-pili-fication of money.

我最欣賞他的，就是他對金錢完全不以為然的態度。

There is a systematic flocci-nauci-nihili-pilification of all other aspects of existence that angers me.

他們有系統地貶低生活中的所有其他層面，這讓我感到憤怒。

1970，Patrick O'Brian，Master and Commander:

Floccinaucinihilipilification in accounting - does it matter?

在會計領域中把一切都視為無價值 - 這樣做有意義嗎？

2000，Raymond J. Chambers，Logic, Law, and Ethics:

They must be taken with an air of contempt, a floccinaucinihilipilification of all that can gratify the outward man.

對於那些能滿足外在需求的事物，必須以蔑視的態度視之，將其全盤否定。

2006，Sol Steinmetz，The life of language:

Some people with low self-esteem are prone to floccinaucinihilipilification, the habit of deeming everything worthless.

一些缺乏自信容易養成一種習慣，把所有事物都看作毫無價值。

The quasi statistician would doubtlessly not know how to check this supposition, thus rendering the interpretation of the mean profit as floccinaucinihilipilification.

這位準統計學家顯然不知道如何驗證這個假設，因此對平均利潤的解讀變得毫無意義。

2011，Bruce Ratner，Statistical and Machine-Learning Data Mining:

Let me indulge in the floccinaucinihilipilification of EU judges and quote from the book of Amos about them.

讓我盡情地貶低這些歐盟法官吧，我要引用《阿摩司書》中關於他們的話。

2012年February21日，Jacob Rees-Mogg，parliamentary debates，列 787:


A

英語字母中第一個字母,小寫為a

(音樂)C大調音階中的第六音,La音

(古典語言學)A原本是希伯來語和腓尼基語的第一個字母,經由希臘文和拉丁文演變而來,相等於希臘文的alpha,在英文中原來表示開前不圓唇元音(低寬元音聲音),但現在則代表數個元音

(電子計算機)A♯代數系統


Angle

借自拉丁語 Anglus, 源自日耳曼語族語言（對比古英語Ængle/Engle）。可能派生自 Angle, 與*anguz (“窄的”)有關，或者表示「淺水」，又或者表示半島的棱角。
民間流傳認為本詞與英語 angel有關。

盎格魯人，古代日耳曼部落的一支，後侵略不列顛，逐漸形成盎格魯-撒克遜人。


Azeri

源自土耳其語 azerî。


CAI

=Computer-aided instruction 或 Computer-Assisted Instruction，计算机辅助教学

=Confederation of Aerial Industries，航空工业联盟


Dagger

达根汉姆和雷德布里奇足球俱乐部的球員、粉絲或其他與其有聯繫的人。


Earth

音頻（美式，加利福尼亞）


English

源自中古英語 Englisch、English、Inglis，來自古英語 Englisċ (“盎格魯人的；英格蘭的”)，來自Engle (“盎格魯人，日耳曼部落”) + -isċ；等同於Angle + -ish。對比荷蘭語 Engels、丹麥語 engelsk、古法語 Englesche（法語 anglais的來源）, 德語 englisch、西班牙語 inglés，最初來源為原始印歐語 *h₂enǵʰ- (“窄的”)（對比梵語 अंहु (aṃhu，“窄的”)、अंहस् (aṃhas，“緊張；罪惡”)、拉丁語 angustus (“窄的”)、古教會斯拉夫語 ѫзъкъ (ǫzŭkŭ，“窄的”)）。

作“英格蘭人”一義時，是集合名詞，一般前接定冠詞“the”和指示形容詞。例: "The English are coming!" "Oh, those English, always drinking their tea..."

The Scottish and the English have a history of conflict.

蘇格蘭人和英格蘭人之間的恩怨由來已久。

熟練掌握、使用英語的能力

My coworkers have pretty good English for non-native speakers.

我的同事雖然母語不是英語，但他的英語說得很好。

英語中的表達 英語中的特定用語、用詞

What's the English for ‘à peu près’?

英語中怎麼表達“à peu près”？

The technical details are correct, but much of the English is not very clear.

技術信息都是正確的，但是用詞上有些模糊。

介於派卡（12点）與大普赖默体（18点）的字體，一般標準為14點。

You are trying to put too much English on the ball.


Francophile

/ˈ fɹeɪ̯ŋ.koʊ̯ˌfaɪ̯l/

/ˈ fɹeɪ̯ŋ.kəˌfaɪ̯l/


Francophone

法语 Francophonie 的变体和重新解释，语义上受到拉丁语 Franco- (“法国的”) + 古希腊语 φωνή (phōnḗ)的影响, Franco- + -phone

/ˈfɹæŋkɒfəʊn/

讲法语的人（尤指以法语为母语的）


French

繼承自中古英語 Frenche、Frensch、Frensc、Frenshe、Frenk、Franche，來自古英語 Frenċisċ (“法語”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Frankisk (“法蘭克”)，等同於Frank + -ish (對照Frankish)。與西佛蘭德語 Fransch (“法語”)、荷蘭語 Frans (“法語”)、中古低地德語 vranksch、frenkisch、vrenkesch、vrenksch (“法語”)、中古高地德語 frenkisch、frensch （“法蘭克的，法蘭西的”；> 德語 fränkisch (“法蘭克尼亞”)）、丹麥語 fransk (“法語”)、瑞典語 fransk、fransysk (“法語”)、冰島語 franska (“法語”)同源。
用作粗俗語言的義項，其通常指早期19世紀上層階級實際使用的法語表達 (但通常輕微無禮)，後來被下層階級用作罵人的話，因為他們認為聽者不會熟悉這些用語。
用來指苦艾酒的義項，是French vermouth的簡稱。

複數形式Frenches的使用在早期現代英語出現過，在當代英語很少出現。和其他集體區域居民稱謂詞一樣，French在指代法國人時，會在前面加上定冠詞或定語。

主要用於集合名詞和以複數形式

The Hundred Years' War was fought between the English and the French.

百年戰爭是英國人和法國人之間的戰爭。

Under the Fourth Republic, more and more French unionized.

在第四共和國時期，越來越多的法國人加入了工會。

[…]to breake the necke of the wicked purposes & plots of the French[…]

1579，Francesco Guicciardini as，譯者 Geoffrey Fenton, The Historie of Guicciardin，頁 378:

Such is the nature and complexion of the frenches, that they are worth nothing, but at the first push.

1653，François Rabelais，譯者 Thomas Urquhart, Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais，卷 I，頁 214:

On the way, scouts reported that some French were heading toward them across the ice.

2002，Jeremy Thornton，The French and Indian War，頁 14:

oral sex (“口交”)之同義詞（尤指嗦吮陰莖）

French--^([sic]) to do the French--Cocksucking; and, inversely, to tongue a woman.

1916，Henry Nathaniel Cary，The Slang of Venery and Its Analogues，卷 I，頁 94:

You can be whipped or caned... or you can have French for another pound.

Always use condoms with Greek (anal intercourse), straight sex (vaginal intercourse, fucking), French (oral sex).

‘French’—still used by prostitutes as a term for oral sex.

Tearle replied that gin-and-French and virginian cigarettes would do for him.

1930，Ethel Mannin，Confessions & Impressions，頁 177:

He was drinking double gins with single Frenches in them.

1967，Michael Francis Gilbert，The Dust & the Heat，頁 14:


Frog

frog (“法國人”)的另一種寫法


Gabar

Gheber的另一種寫法


German

來自拉丁語 Germānus、Germānī (“來自Germānia的民族”)，不同於Gauls (在凱撒和塔西佗的著作中)，最初源頭不明 (可能是凱爾特語族/高盧語)。
與german (“關係密切的”)或germane無關 (來自拉丁語形容詞germānus，經由古法語)。
至少在1520年開始出現。取代了英語中較早的術語Almain和Dutch (來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz)。除了德語、日耳曼語、荷蘭語的同源詞外，其他語言中表示德國人的兩類詞源一個是Saxon的同源詞和原始斯拉夫語 *němьcь的派生詞；更多資訊參閱這些條目。

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

日耳曼民族成員；日耳曼後裔

Rome was sacked by Germans and the Western Roman Empire collapsed.

羅馬被日耳曼人大肆劫掠，西羅馬帝國就此滅亡。

[…] tie them tightly in a thickly floured cloth, and boil them for three hours and a half. We can recommend this as a remarkably light small rich pudding : it may be served with German, wine, or punch sauce.

1858，Eliza Acton，Modern Cookery in All Its Branches: Reduced to a System of Easy Practice, for the Use of Private Families : in a Series of Receipts, which Have Been Strictly Tested, and are Given with the Most Minute Exactness : to which are Added Directions for Carving, Garnishing, and Setting Out the Table, with a Table of Weights and Measures，頁 279:

The wine list harbours some great bottles, mature clarets and Burgundies as well as a clutch of fine Germans (gold-dust these days in restaurants) […]

1996，Jim Ainsworth，Passport's Guide to Britain's Best Restaurants:

介於美式和撒克遜式的字體大小，約1+¹⁄₂點式

In my German, they calling me a baller (skrr)
Got me feeling like Özil

2021年May21日，“Plugged In Freestyle”, Big Tobz in Big Tobz & Blittz 作詞, Fumez The Engineer 作曲，0:13–0:16:

There are some 32 different terms for prison officers, from the humorously affectionate kanga(rhyming slang:kangaroo = screw) and the variants Scooby-Doo and Dr. Who via the mildly confrontational German (as if still the enemy over 50 years after World War II!) to the outright abuse of shit-parcel.

1996，Angela Devlin，Prison Patter，Waterside Press, →ISBN:


Green

來自地名的姓氏，以居住地附近的村落廣場（village green）命名，或僅僅是以綠色作為姓氏的來源。


Hoa

源自越南語 Hoa ← 漢語 華／华。


Jag

"One of the ticket collectors at our local station," observed Mr. Fiennes, "has a Jag."

1960 February，“The future of B.R. passenger traffic”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 76:


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum)

Japanese lantern (Alkekengi officinarum, syn. Physalis alkekengi)

:Template:U:en:-ese然而在東亞它卻經常被翻譯成漢語 日本人 (rìběnrén)或日語 日本人 (Nihonjin)。

A Japanese will typically have black hair, brown eyes, and pale skin.

日本人一般長著黑髮、褐眼睛，皮膚白皙。

Motoyuki Shibata isn’t a typical Japanese.
柴田元幸不是一名典型的日本人。

2007 October 16, Madeleine Brand, “Japan Struggles to Meet Its CO2 Emissions Limits”, Day to Day, National Public Radio,

How courteous is the Japanese;
He always says, "Excuse it, please."

日本人真有禮貌；
他總是開口說道“不好意思”。

Let’s go out to eat. I’m in the mood for Japanese.

咱們出去吃吧。我想吃日餐。


Ladino

源自拉蒂諾語 לאדינו (ladino) ← 拉丁語 Latīnus (“拉丁”)。

說西班牙語，已經“西方化”的拉丁美洲人。


Mari

馬里人，伏爾加地區一支民族


Mountain

蒸汽機車，擁有4-8-2輪式。

Western Pacific wisely devoted its design energies to the articulateds which produced most of its gross, left the 4-6-0's that came with the road plus a few secondhand Florida East Coast Mountains for its sparse passenger service.

1959，Steam's Finest Hour，Kalmbach Publishing Co.，頁 106:


Poisson

以法國數學家西梅翁·德尼·泊松（Siméon Denis Poisson，1781-1840）命名。


Portuguese

來自葡萄牙語 português。

Portugese (alternative)
Portuguese (plural)
Portugueses (plural)

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

葡萄牙人，居住在葡萄牙的人

With a view to securing its more efficient working, a Portuguese was placed in charge of the entire department as Vidane.

1920，Paulus Edward Pieris，Ceylon and the Portuguese, 1505-1658，頁 184:

Beresford required all materials for coatees, waistcoats and pantaloons to be sent out unmade, as the Portuguese were perfectly capable of making the suits up properly after delivery.

2000，René Chartrand, Bill Younghusband，The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars，卷 1，頁 23:


Private

private的首字母大寫形。


Rose

源自諾曼語，源自日耳曼語族，可能源自原始日耳曼語 *hrod (“名聲”) + *heid (“種，類”)，*hrōþiz。
傳入英格蘭時作Roese / Rohese。後和俗詞“rose”混合，19世紀末和花名又起了聯繫。也可作Rose-/Rosa-開頭人名的暱稱。
* 姓氏可能是源自母名，但更可能是源自住處名（住處旁有玫瑰叢）。


She

源自官話 畲 (Shē)。


Tai

說壯傣語支的人；先祖講原始台語的人

The Tais first appeared in history in Yunnan, and from thence they migrated into Upper Burma. The earliest swarms appear to have entered that tract about two thousand years ago, and were small in number.


Taurus

源自拉丁語 taurus (“公牛”)。steer和tur 的同源對似詞。


Thai

借自泰語 ไทย (tai)。Tai和Dai 的同源對似詞。

Thaï (alternative)
Thai (plural)
Thais (plural)

The Bangkok government indicated real concern over the developments in Communist China’s Yunnan province. Thai officials were afraid that Sibsongpanna would be a center where pro-Communist Thai in Southeast Asia would go and where subversive agitation could be directed against outside legitimate governments.

1958，Russell H. Fifield，The Diplomacy of Southeast Asia: 1945-1958，New York: Harper & Brothers, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 263:


Tiger

與赫尔城足球俱乐部有關的人


Uzbek

來自俄語 узбек (uzbek)，來自烏茲別克語 oʻzbek。進一步的詞源不確定；可能來自突厥語族 öz (“真誠的，真正的”) + 粟特語 βγ (/beġ/，“大師”)；後者來自原始印度-雅利安語 *bʰagás，來自原始印度-伊朗語 *bʰagás。第一個音素常被認為可能與英語 Oghuz相等。


Zodiac

zodiac的首字母大寫形。


abduction

來自拉丁語 abductiō (“搶劫；綁架”)，來自abdūcō (“帶走”)，來自ab (“離開”) + dūcō (“領導”)。等同於abduct + -ion。
* (解剖學)： 借自法語，來自拉丁語 abductus。
* 對照法語 abduction。

外展肌（自17世紀中期）

Abduction is performed by asking the patient to raise the arm at the side as high as they can with the examiner stabilizing the scapula by holding it down.

2013, Jain, MD, MSPH; Wilcox, PT; Katz, MD, MS; Higgins, MD, "Clinical Examination of the Rotator Cuff", PM&R Journal, retrieved from PubMed Central on 21 Jan 2018.

大前提，顯而易見（自17世紀晚期）

The significance of such a step is that it is not morphologically triggered: it is a step of abduction, and what is required here is a meta-level process of reasoning.

2005，Ronnie Cann, Ruth Kempson, Lutz Marten，The Dynamics of Language, an Introduction，頁 256:

強行把人擄走（自18世紀中期）

the abduction of a child

But fear of abduction never stopped a good ufologist.

2010，Monte Dwyer，Red in the Centre: Through a Crooked Lens，Monyer Pty Ltd，頁 122:


abstraction

來自中古英語 abstraccyone；來自中古法語 abstraction或來自中世紀拉丁語 abstrāctiō (“分開”)，來自拉丁語 abstrahō (“離開，移開”)。等同於abstract + -ion。


accommodation

借自法語 accommodation，派生自拉丁語 accommodātiō (“調整、適應”)，源自accommodō (“適應，整理”)。表面上由 accommodate + -ion組成。


syndrome

古典借詞，源自新拉丁語 syndrome，源自古希臘語 συνδρομή (sundromḗ，“症状同时发生；人群聚集”)，源自 σύνδρομος (súndromos，“一起奔跑”)，源自 συν- (sun-，“一起，一同，帶著”) + δρόμος (drómos，“奔跑；路線”)。

porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome

Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome

Down syndrome; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; restless-leg syndrome; battered-wife syndrome

唐氏綜合徵；获得性免疫缺陷綜合徵；不寧腿症候群；受虐婦女綜合徵

A “zone of rarity” emerges when symptoms cluster neatly into syndromes and interforms are uncommon, although not altogether absent. Fuzzy boundaries and interforms are a special problem for PTSD […]

2004，Gerald Rosen，Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and Controversies，頁 127:

Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola. A recent study explored the ecological variables that may contribute to bats’ propensity to harbor such zoonotic diseases by comparing them with another order of common reservoir hosts: rodents.

蝙蝠携带多种可感染人类的知名病毒，包括严重急性呼吸道综合征和埃博拉病毒。最近的一项研究通过将蝙蝠与另一类常见宿主——啮齿动物进行比较，探索了可能导致蝙蝠携带此类人畜共患疾病的生态变量。

2013 May-June，Katie L. Burke，“In the News”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁 193:

任何一组被视为识别特定类型、状况等的特征（一般是負面的）

not-in-my-backyard syndrome; tip-of-the-tongue syndrome

邻避綜合徵；話在嘴邊綜合徵

My roommate, Tony, and I were sitting in our living room on a Saturday afternoon trying to decide what to do that night. You know the syndrome: Saturday night when everyone is supposed to do something exciting and have a great time. If you don't, you're likely to wake up on Sunday morning feeling weird and lonely.

周六下午，我和室友托尼坐在客厅里，想着晚上该做什么。你知道人是有这种综合征的：周六晚上每个人都应该做一些令人兴奋的事情，玩得开心。如果你不这样做，你很可能会在周日早上醒来时感到奇怪和孤独。

1980年August9日，John D'Emilio，“There's No Place Like Home”, in Gay Community News，頁 8:

Fledgling superstar Jimmy Carson couldn't bear another day in Edmonton living in the void created by the departure of Wayne Gretzky, whose brokenhearted fans never accepted his replacement. It was very difficult for me to play in Edmonton in the whole Gretzky syndrome," Carson said Thurs day after a six-player trade ...

初出茅庐的超级明星吉米·卡森无法忍受在埃德蒙顿再过一天，因为韦恩·格雷茨基的离开而留下了空白，伤心欲绝的球迷从未接受他的替代者。在格雷茨基综合征的笼罩下，我很难在埃德蒙顿打球，”卡森在六人交易后的周四表示……

1989年November3日，“Jimmy Carson Comes Home; He's a Redwing”, in The Argus-Press (Owesso, Michigan)^([news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19891103&id...sjid...pg...]):

Speaking of medicine, rationalizers seem to enjoy latching on health excuses. Syndromes are a fertile field. Let's say you're accused of being unable to accept responsibility or otherwise behaving like an adult. That's not your fault, you counter—you suffer from Peter Pan Syndrome. Can't get around to cleaning up your room or office cubicle? Of course not—you suffer from tertiary Bag Lady Syndrome.

说到医学，人辩解的时候似乎喜欢用健康问题作为借口。综合征是一块肥沃的沃土。假设有人指责你无法承担责任，或者行为举止不像成年人。你反驳说这不是你的错——你患有彼得潘综合征。没时间打扫房间或办公室隔间？当然不是——你患有第三级流浪女综合征。

2012，Steven D. Price，Excuses for All Occasions: Alibis Apologies and Cop-Outs That Can Get You Out of (or Into) Trouble:


anxiety

來自拉丁語 anxietās，來自anxius (“焦慮，掛念，痛苦，動亂”)，來自angō (“悲痛，麻煩”)，與古希臘語 ἄγχω (ánkhō，“窒息”)同族。等同於anxious + -ety。參見anger；angst。

anxietie (alternative)
anxieties (plural)

The inquest on keeper Davidson was duly held, and at the commencement seemed likely to cause Tony Palliser less anxiety than he had expected.

1907，Harold Bindloss，章號 4, in The Dust of Conflict:

But the other, because he's been immersed in arguments, gives the appearance of harbouring considerable anxiety and suspicion that he's ignorant of those matters he presents himself to others as an expert on.

2005, Plato, Sophist. Translation by Lesley Brown. 268a.

對某事物的一種不安或苦惱的慾望

焦躁不安的狀態，有胸口悶和胃不舒服的感覺


brachial plexus

With the knuckles of my right hand I struck him in his brachial plexus.

2022，Percival Everett，Dr. No，Influx Press (2023)，頁 142:


corpus

借自拉丁語 corpus。corpse、corps、 和 riff 的同源對似詞。

corpora (plural)
corpuses (plural)
corpusses (plural)
corpi (plural)


myalgic encephalomyelitis

myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

肌痛性腦脊髓炎；慢性疲勞症候群

The 29th of October is a significant day for those who suffer from myalgic encephalomyelitis and all those who care for such people.

10月29日對肌痛性腦脊髓炎患者和關心他們的人來說，是一個重大的日子。


cell

[通信]信元，小区(移动通信系统中的一个服务区)


surgery

來自中古英語 surgerie，來自古法語 surgerie，來自拉丁語 chirurgia，來自古希臘語 χειρουργία (kheirourgía)，來自χείρ (kheír，“手”) + ἔργον (érgon，“工作”)。chirurgy 的同源對似詞。

Surgery is often necessary to prevent cancer from spreading.

为防止癌症扩散，手术通常是必需的。

The physician's proper place was in the library, not in the surgery.

医生应该在图书馆里，而不是在手术室里。

2006，Philip Ball，The Devil's Doctor，Arrow, 出版於 2007，頁 51:

I dropped in on the surgery as I was passing to show the doctor my hemorrhoids.

我经过医生办公室时，顺便给他看了我的痔疮。


constipation

來自拉丁語 constīpātiō，來自cōnstīpō。

將東西塞進較小空間的行為


rigidity

/ɹɪˈd͡ʒɪdɪti/


platinum

铂，白金(化學元素，原子序為78，化學符號為Pt)


substance

繼承自中古英語 substance，來自古法語 substance，來自拉丁語 substantia (“實質，本質”)，來自substāns，substō (“存在”，字面意思是“站在下面”)的現在主動分詞，來自sub + stō (“站立”)。取代本土的古英語 andweorc。

物質 具有恆定化學成分和特性的物質形式

Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace: the first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness: one gives substance and form to the statue, the other polishes it.

学习给心灵带来力量，交谈则给人以优雅：学习容易使人僵硬，交谈则使人柔韧：学习给雕像提供物质和形式，交谈则使雕像更加光彩夺目。

1699，William Temple，Heads designed for an essay on conversations:

His wasted hands were stretched out, and worked with a quick and convulsive motion, as if catching some small substances which kept eluding their grasp;...

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 308:

Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

塑料是富含能量的物质，这就是许多塑料如此容易燃烧的原因。任何能够释放和利用这种能量的生物都将在人类世中生存得很好。能够做到这一点的陆地细菌和真菌已经为该领域的专家所熟知。

2013年July20日，“Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8845:

同類詞：compound、element、mixture、composite

This edition is the same in substance with the Latin.
此版本内容与拉丁文版本相同。

1684-1690, Thomas Burnet, Sacred Theory of the Earth

It is insolent in words, in manner; but in substance it is not only insulting, but alarming.

从言语上、从态度上看，它都很粗野无礼；而从实质上看，它不仅具有侮辱性，而且令人震惊。

1796，Edmund Burke，Letters on a Regicide Peace:

Some textile fabrics have little substance.

a man of substance

And there wasted his substance with riotous living.

在那裡任意放蕩、浪費資財。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 15:13:

Thy substance, valued at the highest rate, / Cannot amount unto a hundred marks.

你的财产，即使按最高价格计算，价值也不到一百马克。

c. 1594，William Shakespeare，“The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

substance abuse


carbamazepine

carbamoyl (“氨甲醯基”) + benzazepine (“苯二氮䓬類”) 組成的混成詞。

卡馬西平（一種苯二氮䓬類合成化合物，用作抗驚厥藥和鎮痛藥）

Since α-carbamazepine is a monotrope of γ-carbamazepine, and γ-carbamazepine is an enantiotrope of β-carbamazepine, the physical stability hierarchy depends on the transition temperature of β- and γ-carbamazepine.

由於α型卡馬西平是γ型卡馬西平的單變體，而γ型卡馬西平又是β型卡馬西平的對映變體，其物理穩定性層級取決於β型和γ型卡馬西平的轉變溫度。

2004，Peter York, Uday B. Kompella, Boris Y. Shekunov，Supercritical Fluid Technology for Drug Product Development [超臨界流體技術在藥物開發中的應用]，頁 288:


caffeine

借自法語 caféine，源自 café (“咖啡”) 或德語 Caffein、Kaffein（比較 Coffein、Koffein），源自 Kaffee (“咖啡”)（比較 Kaffe、Koffee、Koffe），或者是意大利語 caffè (“咖啡”) + -ine。

咖啡因，C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ （1830年起）

同類詞：guaranine、mateine、theine


delusion

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-delusion.wav


membrane

較晚的中古英語，借自拉丁語 membrāna (“覆蓋身體部位的皮膚或膜”)，源自membrum (“肢體或身體的一部分”) + -āna。membrana 的同源對似詞。

膜；薄膜，包被或分開生物學細胞、組織或其他結構的一薄層組織。它由一個雙層脂肪層及夾在其中的蛋白質分子構成。膜對水和脂溶性物質是可滲的，而對糖分子等極性分子是不可滲的。


euphoric

能振作精神的藥物、興奮劑


enuresis

來自拉丁語 enuresis，來自古希臘語 ἐνούρησις (enoúrēsis)；表面可分析為uresis。


gangrene

來自法語 gangrène，來自拉丁語 gangraena，來自古希臘語 γάγγραινα (gángraina，“壞疽”)。

/ˈɡaŋˌɡɹiːn/

If gangrene sets in, we may have to amputate the foot.

如果坏疽发生，我们可能不得不截肢。

Women should earn equal wages with men for equal work done. Child marriages and polygamy are a gangrene on society.
女性应该与男性同工同酬。童婚和一夫多妻制是社会的毒瘤。

1960, Cora Vreede-de Stuers, The Indonesian woman: struggles and achievements


hippopotamus

借自拉丁語 和新拉丁語 hippopotamus，源自古希臘語 ἱπποπόταμος (hippopótamos)，源自 ἵππος (híppos，“馬”)（對應英語 hippo-）+ ποταμός (potamós，“河”)。

hippopotami (plural)
hippopotamuses (plural)
hippopotamus (plural)

泛指河馬科的任何一種動物


infusion

繼承自中古英語 infusioun，來自古法語 infusion，來自拉丁語 infusio, infusionem。


impotence

O impotence of mind, in body ſtrong!

1671，John Milton，“Samson Agonistes, […].”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 12，行 52:


ibuprofen

來自i(so)bu(tyl) + pro(pionic acid) + phen(yl)。


trapezoid

/ˈtɹæpəzɔɪd/


semiconductor

In this sense we are to understand the following table in which bodies are classed as conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors; those bodies being conveniently designated as conductors which, when applied to an electroscope charged with either kind of electricity discharge it almost instantaneously; semiconductors being those which discharge it in a short but measurable time, a few seconds, for instance; while nonconductors effect no discharge even, in the course of a minute.

1876，Adolphe Ganot，Natural Philosophy for General Readers and Young Persons，頁 422:

The following table of conductors may therefore be used in inverse order as a table of resistances, the good conductors being bodies of slight resistance, the semiconductors being bodies of great resistance, and the insulators being bodies of so great resistance that they almost effectually oppose the passage of any current.

因此，下表的導體可以按相反的順序用作電阻表，良導體是電阻小的物體，半導體是大電阻的物體，絕緣體是電阻非常大而幾乎可以有效地阻止任何電流通過的物體。

1901，George W. Jacoby，A System of Physiologic Therapeutics: Electrotherapy:


edit

editor 的逆構詞。受到法语 éditer（出版，发行）的影响。


paste

來自中古英語 paste，來自古法語 paste (現代pâte)，來自晚期拉丁語 pasta，來自古希臘語 πάστα (pásta)。pasta和patty 的同源對似詞。


data

借自拉丁語 datum (“所給予的”) 的主格複數形式、dō (“我給予”) 的主格過去分詞 data。date 的同源對似詞。

data 一詞常作不可數名詞，與動詞的單數形式使用，而較少用作可數名詞 datum 的複數形式。作為複數名詞與動詞的複數形式使用的情況僅多見於正式場合：在計算機科學和資料科學中例外，但醫學文獻中，此習性依然經常保留。

在大地測量學和幾何公差領域中，data 一詞專門用於不可數含義，而可數名詞 datum (指參考點或地面) 的複數形式為 datums，而非 data。

計算機領域中，data 的定義出自國際標準詞彙，這個定義旨在區分 data 與 information。然而，計算機專業常忽視其分別。

These data show clearly that X is correlated with Y, although they tell us nothing about causation.

這些資料清楚地顯示出 X 與 Y 相關，但它們並未告訴我們關於因果關係的任何信息。

First from these Data, let us obtain the Breadth of the Glass e z

首先，從這些資料中，我們得到玻璃的寬度 e z

1692年，威廉莫利紐茲、愛德蒙哈雷，Dioptrica nova，London: Benj. Tooke，頁 100:

This data shows clearly that X is correlated with Y, although it tells us nothing about causation.

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…]

有了新的材料，分類學結論會受到這樣的認識影響：所檢查的材料反映了它所佔據的地點；而一個植物標本袋僅提供了做出可靠結論所需資料的一小部分。實際上，植物標本材料並不能讓人安全地推論：你看到的就是你得到的 […]

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 vii:

Risk is everywhere.[…]For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you. “The Norm Chronicles”[…]aims to help data-phobes find their way through this blizzard of risks.

風險無處不在。 […] 對於每一項風險，都有一個驚人精確的數值來衡量其從陰影中跳出來傷害你的可能性。《Norm Chronicles》 […] 旨在幫助資料恐懼症患者在這場風險的暴風雪中找到出路。

2013年June22日，“Snakes and ladders”, in 經濟學人，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 76:

資料，研究者對社會現象中某些事實所作的的紀錄

近義詞：dataset、data set、data points、information

同類詞：information

mobile data的缩略形式：行動數據

run out of data


configuration

/kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/

/kənˌfɪɡ.jəˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/

/kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹæɪ̯.ʃən/


attribute

属，属性；特性，特质；素质


interface

[电子电机工程]界面；介面；接口


access

接近,進入,接近的機會,進入的權利,使用


ATM

ass to mouth (“從肛門拔出後直接入口”)之首字母縮略詞。

automated teller machine之首字母縮略詞 或 automatic teller machine (“自動櫃員機”)之首字母縮略詞。

Too often California is relegated to serving as the nation’s political ATM.

asynchronous transfer mode (“非同步傳輸模式”)之首字母縮略詞。

active traffic management (“動態交通管理”)之首字母縮略詞。

advanced traffic management (“智能交通管理”)之首字母縮略詞。

air traffic management (“空中交通管理”)之首字母縮略詞。

ass to mouth (“從肛門拔出後直接入口”)之首字母縮略詞。

amateur telescope maker (“業餘望遠鏡製造者”)之首字母縮略詞。

at the market之首字母縮略詞，參見at-the-market offering。


hypertext

We do not read hypertext the same way we read a novel, and browsing the Web is a different experience from reading a book or newspaper.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2009, Christian Vandendorpe, Phyllis Aronoff, and Howard Scott (Phyllis Aronoff, Howard Scott, transl.), 源自Papyrus to Hypertext: Toward the Universal Digital Library, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252076257, p 1:

Further, hypertext systems, because of their ease of construction, are very rich in text, graphics and visual illustrations.

1999，Ray McAleese，Hypertext: Theory into Practice，Intellect Books, →ISBN，頁 2:

Did Nelson realize at the time that he had met Xanadu's second parent? Probably not. The inventor scattered his ideas as widely as possible, with little care about where they landed. But as the decades passed, it would be Gregory who oversaw the attempt to transform Xanadu into a real product. He never received much public notice, but through all the project's painful deaths and rebirths, Gregory's commitment to Nelson's dream of a universal hypertext library never waned. If Ted Nelson is Xanadu's profligate father, Roger Gregory is Xanadu's devoted mother, and in retrospect, his role appears to have been intertwined with a terrible element of sacrifice.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1995, Gary Wolf, "The Curse of Xanadu", WIRED

A hypertext system, then, is a memex-like device for creating and manipulating hypertexts, both for on-line browsing, and for reducing selected portions of such texts to.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1969, S. Carmody, W. Gross, T. Nelson, D. Rice, and A. van Dam, “A Hypertext Editing System for the /360”, in Michael Faiman and Jurg Nievergelt, Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics: Proceedings, University of Illinois Press, p 296:


module

借自法語 module，來自拉丁語 modulus (“小的度量，度量，模型，計量”)，modus (“度量”)的指小 (mode也經由此)。modulus和mold 的同源對似詞。


bottleneck

瓶頸 將瓶頸的一部分放在手指上，作為吉他滑音使用

"Permissive" working allows more than one train to be in a block section at one time but trains must be run at low speed in order to stop on sight behind the train in front. Such working is often authorised to allow freight trains to "bunch" together to await a path through a bottleneck instead of being strung out over several block sections, as would be necessary if absolute working were in force.

1962 October，“Talking of Trains: The collisions at Connington”, in Modern Railways，頁 232:

At one time, Reading was regarded as a notorious bottleneck in the rail network, almost incapable of managing the number of services that needed to pass through the station each day. [...]
 A road widening scheme at Cow Lane has also allowed two-way traffic to run beneath the railway for the first time, helping to remove a notorious road traffic bottleneck in the town.

2020年December2日，Andy Coward，“New-look Reading is willing and able”, in Rail，頁s 58, 59:

It is easy to create entries; processing the paperwork is the bottleneck.

创建条目很容易；处理文书工作是瓶颈。

The bottleneck in this computer program is the inefficient sorting process; we should replace it with a faster one.

该电脑程序的瓶颈是排序过程效率低下；我们应该用速度更快的来替换它。


account

:< 中古英语 < 盎格鲁-诺尔曼语 acunt（同义） < 古法语 acont < 古法语 aconter < 拉丁语 computo（计算）

（互联网收发电子邮件的）账户，账号

（思想、理论、过程的）解释，说明，叙述


imagine

< 古法語 imaginer < 拉丁語 imāginor < imāginem ,imāgō (“圖像，畫像”)的賓格單數形式。


advise

advice的拼寫錯誤。


astronomy

借自古法語 astronomie ← 拉丁語 astronomia ← 古希臘語 ἀστρονομία (astronomía) ← ἄστρον (ástron, “星”) ← 原始印歐語 *h₂stḗr (“星”) + νόμος (nómos, “安排, 調節”), 和 νέμω (némō, “分配”)相關。 字面上看源自 astro- + -nomy 。

有關控制宇宙中物质和能量的物理过程的研究通常被称为天体物理学（astrophysics）。对宇宙本身的起源、演化和滅亡的研究被称为宇宙学（cosmology）。

天文学，關於天體的科學，以及地球附近椄受來自宇宙組成的輻射之觀察與解釋的學科。


battle

战斗, 一般維持不多於一天


bill

长柄锲，鹤嘴锄，十字镐。


blame

繼承自中古英語 blame，源自古法語 blame、blasme，由動詞blasmer產生，而它又衍生自晚期拉丁語 blastēmāre，blasphēmāre的變體，來自古希臘語 βλασφημέω (blasphēméō)。blaspheme 的同源對似詞。取代本土的古英語 tǣling (“責備”)、tǣlan (“責備”)。

Blame came from all directions.

The blame for starting the fire lies with the arsonist.

起火的责任应由纵火犯承担。

They accepted the blame, but it was an accident.

他们承受了指责，但这只是一次意外。

原始程式碼控制，可顯示哪位使用者對某部分的原始程式碼負責


broadcast

Japanese simultaneous interpreter and translator Eriko Sekiya in an NHK Radio studio, from which she broadcasts (verb sense 3) a programme on introductory business English
日本同聲傳譯家、翻譯家関谷英里子正在NHK演播室，她在此作客介紹商務英語初級課程的節目
Paddy being broadcast (verb sense 4) or sown by hand in Chaudwar, Odisha, India
印度奧里薩邦喬烏德瓦爾的手工播撒稻種
broad + cast。

No one knows how long it will be until a broadcast from a studio in New York will be viewed in India as well as in Indiana, will be seen in the Congo as it is seen in Chicago. But as surely as we are meeting here today, that day will come; and once again our world will shrink.

1961 May 9, Newton Minow, "Television and the Public Interest":

After nearly 40 years of continuous broadcast in Hong Kong, a 24-hour transmission of the BBC World Service will go silent in the former British colony, replaced with programming from China's state radio channel. The move by Radio Television Hong Kong, owned by the local government, was meant to "enhance the cultural exchange between the mainland and Hong Kong", a spokesman said.

經歷40年不間斷的廣播，BBC國際頻道在香港的24小時傳輸將被中國國有電台頻道所取代，結束其在這片英國前殖民地的使命。受政府所管理的香港電台發言人稱，此次對BBC國際頻道的移除是為了“加強內地與香港之間的文化交流”。

2017年August13日，Benjamin Haas，“Radio silence: 24-hour broadcast of BBC World Service dropped in Hong Kong: After four decades in the former British colony, BBC World Service is to be mostly replaced with China’s state radio channel”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2017-08-16:

The DJ was feeling nervous before his first national broadcast.

這位DJ在第一次作客全國廣播節目前，顯得很緊張。

We interrupt this broadcast at the request of the police department to bring you the following special bulletin: The dead body of Miss Paula Canfield, missing student at Westlake University and daughter of the multi-millionaire Harold Canfield, has been found in the Arroyo Seco near the Colorado Street Bridge.

按照警方的要求，我們暫停本次廣播節目，並為您播報特別消息：近日失蹤的西湖大學學生、千萬富翁哈羅德·坎菲爾德先生的千金寶拉·坎菲爾德小姐的遺體，已於阿羅約塞科，靠近科羅拉多街橋的位置被發現。

1943，Wilfrid H. Pettitt，Nine Girls: A Play in Prologue and Two Acts，Chicago, Ill.: The Dramatic Publishing Company, →OCLC; 再版 Woodstock, Ill.: The Dramatic Publishing Company, 1971, →ISBN, Act I, scene i，頁s 15–16:

Radio Free Europe was established by a group of private citizens in December 1949, for the purpose of conducting a propaganda campaign against six Communist-dominated satellites in central and eastern Europe. […] Its program consisted of daily half-hour broadcasts, first to Czechoslovakia and then to Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Albania.

自由歐洲電台於1949年12月由私人團體建立，用於對中東歐的六個蘇聯衛星國進行政治宣傳。 […] 電台節目包括每天半小時的（對外宣傳）廣播節目，首先是對捷克斯洛伐克，後來擴展到匈牙利、波蘭、保加利亞、羅馬尼亞和阿爾巴尼亞。

1958，Robert T. Holt，“Introduction”, in Radio Free Europe，Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, →OCLC，頁 3:

Since my laſt, I went to ſee a piece of Daniel Fitch's, of Pluckley, Kent. He has two acres of broadcaſt, the oldeſt I have ever ſeen, ſown twenty years ago with barley, like clover.

1785，W. Belcher，“Observations on Lucerne”, in Annals of Agriculture, and Other Useful Arts，卷 III, 期 18, London: Printed for the editor, and sold by H. Goldney, No. 15, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC，頁 433:

It was stated by Mr. Miller, that the common method was, formerly, to sow the barley-seed with a broadcast at two sowings; the first being harrowed in once, but the second not until the seed is buried; […]

1807，“BARLEY”, in The Complete Farmer; or, General Dictionary of Agriculture and Husbandry: Comprehending the Most Improved Methods of Cultivation; the Different Modes of Raising Timber, Fruit, and Other Trees; and the Modern Management of Live-stock: With Descriptions of the Most Approved Implements, Machinery, and Farm-buildings，第5th wholly re-written and enlarged版, London: Printed by Rider and Weed, Little Britain, for R. Baldwin [et al.], →OCLC，列 2:


chairman

這個詞在歷史上指男性，但現在也用於女性。

When I got ready to leave, why, Chairman Mao came down to the plane. Chairman Mao gave me some Chinese rugs and told me that I was the only prisoner of war that had ever come through there from North China.

2003，William L. Taylor，Wake Island : the Alamo of the Pacific，History Channel, →OCLC:

Unsurprisingly, the Group was highly critical of the BTC's organisation and finances, and this prompted Marples to bring forward the Transport Act 1962, which created BR as a standalone entity with its own Board, headed by a full-time chairman. Beeching accepted this latter position, and initially became the BTC chairman in June 1961.

2023年March8日，David Clough，“The long road that led to Beeching”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 43:

負責用便攜式椅子、轎子或類似運輸工具抬人的人

Mr Western entered; but not before a small wrangling bout had passed between him and his chairmen; for the fellows, who had taken up their burden at the Hercules Pillars, had conceived no hopes of having any future good customer in the squire […]

1749，Henry Fielding，Tom Jones，Folio Society, 出版於 1973，頁 618:

Mr. Winkle, catching sight of a lady's face at the window of the sedan, turned hastily round, plied the knocker with all his might and main, and called frantically upon the chairman to take the chair away again.

1836，Charles Dickens，The Pickwick Papers:


climate

源自中古英語 climat < 古法語 climat < 拉丁語 clima < 古希臘語 κλίμα (klíma，“latitude”，字面意思是“傾斜”)。

As fruits of hotter countries, transearthed in colder climates, have vigour enough in themselves to be fructuous according to their nature: but, that they are hindered by the chilling nips of the air, and the soil, wherein they are planted.

就像来自较热地区的水果，在较冷的气候下移植，本身也具有足够的活力，可以按照其自然节律结出果实：但是，它们受到空气和移栽地土壤的寒冷所阻碍。

1904，Owen Felltham, William Henry Oliphant Smeaton，Resolves:

And the effects from climate change are already extreme.

气候变化的影响已经非常极端。

2018，VOA Learning English > China's Melting Glacier Brings Visitors, Adds to Climate Concerns:

Industries that require a lot of fossil fuels are unlikely to be popular in the current political climate.

在当前的政治环境下，需要大量化石燃料的行业不太可能受到欢迎。

In polling by the Pew Research Center in November 2008, fully half the respondents thought the two parties would cooperate more in the coming year, versus only 36 percent who thought the climate would grow more adversarial.

皮尤研究中心2008 11月的民意调查显示，有一半的受访者认为两党在未来一年将加强合作，而只有 36% 的受访者认为对抗的气氛将变得更浓。

2012年November7日，Matt Bai，“Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times:

This isn't the time for militant unionism. If I were at ScotRail, in the current climate I'd trade a pay freeze [sic: pay rise?] for job security.

现在不是搞激进工会主义的时候。如果我在苏格兰铁路公司，在目前的形势下，我会用冻薪（原文如此，意思是加薪？）来换取工作保障。

2020年December2日，Philip Haigh，“A winter of discontent caused by threat of union action”, in Rail，頁 63:

地球上某個平行緯度間的地區


compare

由 com + par （平等）構成 compar，演化至拉丁語 comparare，演化至古法語 comparer，引進于晚期中古英語。


conservative

借自中古法語 conservatif，來自拉丁語 cōnservō (“儲存”)。等同conserve + -ative。

同類詞：moderate、liberal、progressive、libertarian、centrist、fascist、communist、socialist

During the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, this commitment brought him into frequent critical confrontation with entrenched forms of conservative thinking (in academic areas from history and social science to the more abstract domains of ethical and political philosophy),[…]

1999，Nicholas Walker，“The Reorientation of Critical Theory: Habermas”, in The Edinburgh Encyclopedia of Continental Philosophy，Routledge, →ISBN，頁 489:


convention

大會，會議；習俗，慣例；公約，協定


design

We have designs on winning the league next season.

我們的目標是贏得下個賽季的聯賽。

To be hateful of the truth by design.

I give it you without any other design than to shew you that I reckon nothing dear to me, when I want to do you a pleasure.

我把它給你，沒有任何其他目的，只是想讓你知道，當我想讓你高興時，我什麼都不看重。

1763，Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz，History of Louisisana，PG，頁 40:

At length, one night, when the company by ſome accident broke up much ſooner than ordinary, ſo that the candles were not half burnt out, ſhe was not able to reſiſt the temptation, but reſolved to have them ſome way or other. Accordingly, as ſoon as the hurry was over, and the ſervants, as ſhe thought, all gone to ſleep, ſhe ſtole out of her bed, and went down ſtairs, naked to her ſhift as ſhe was, with a deſign to ſteal them […]

1762，Charles Johnstone，The Reverie; or, A Flight to the Paradise of Fools，卷 2, Dublin: Printed by Dillon Chamberlaine, →OCLC，頁 202:

Lisicki will rise from her current ranking of 62 to at least 35 in the world on the back of her efforts at the All England Club, but she will have serious designs on a first Grand Slam title after overcoming the 2007 runner-up.

2011年June28日，Piers Newbery，“Wimbledon 2011: Sabine Lisicki beats Marion Bartoli”, in BBC Sport:


device

來自中古英語 devys，來自古法語 devis，來自拉丁語 dīvīsus，dīvidō (“分發”)的過去分詞。

Every cycle shall be equipped with: … (b) an audible warning device consisting of a bell …

1949. Geneva Convention on Road Traffic Chapter VI. Provisions Applicable to Cycles in International Traffic

An artificial kidney these days still means a refrigerator-sized dialysis machine. Such devices mimic the way real kidneys cleanse blood and eject impurities and surplus water as urine.

如今，人工肾脏仍然意味着一台大小和冰箱差不多的透析机。这种设备模仿真正肾脏净化血液的方式，并以尿液的形式排出杂质和多余的水。

2013年June1日，“A better waterworks”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8838，頁 5 (Technology Quarterly):

His device is against Babylon, to destroy it.

祂定意攻擊巴比倫，將他毀滅。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 51:11:

He disappointeth the devices of the crafty, so that their hands cannot perform their enterprise.

破壞狡猾人的計謀，使他們所謀的，不得成就。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 5:12:

Their recent device of demanding benevolences.

1827 Hallam, Henry, The English Constitution, Harper

Drawings and pictures are more than mere ornaments in scientific discourse. Blackboard sketches, geological maps, diagrams of molecular structure, astronomical photographs, MRI images, the many varieties of statistical charts and graphs: These pictorial devices are indispensable tools for presenting evidence, for explaining a theory, for telling a story.

在科学论述中，图画、图片可不仅仅是装饰品。它们包括了黑板上的草图、地质图、分子结构图、天文照片、核磁共振图像、各种统计图表和图形。这些图像手段是展示证据、解释理论、讲述故事所不可或缺的工具。

2012年March20日，Brian Hayes，“Pixels or Perish”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 2，頁 106:

Inflammable material is planted in my head / It's a suspect device that's left 2000 dead

1979 Stiff Little Fingers, "Suspect Device":

THE ARMY BOMB Disposal Team rendered safe a viable device in Cavan this afternoon.

2014 September 3, Cliodhna Russell, The Journal "A viable device was found in Cavan today, it has now been made safe"

The army bomb squad carried out two controlled explosions on the device. It was later found that the suspect device was a hoax and not a viable explosive.

2014 August 3, Louise Kelly & Conor Feehan "Suspect device found at shopping centre revealed as hoax" Irish Independent

用於將持有者與其他人區分開來的格言、徽記或其他標誌。與 badge 或 cognizance 不同，主要是因為它是用來區別個人，而不是可以流傳給同一家族中的其他人。

The devices of these savages are the serpent, the Deer, and the Small Acorn.

1736. O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey. The Documentary History of the State of New York Chapter I, Article III: Enumeration of the Indian Tribes.

Moreover I must have instruments of mine own device, weighty, and exceeding costly

1824. Landor, Walter Savage "King Henry IV and Sir Arnold Savage" from Imaginary Conversations of Literary Men and Statesmen, page 44

And she said,

全部或部分作為商標或服務標誌使用的圖像

表示官方或專有權力或來源的圖像或標誌

Prior to the issuance of the first stamps, letters accepted by postmasters for dispatch were marked "Paid" by means of pen and ink or hand stamps of various designs. … To facilitate the handling of mail matter, some postmasters provided special stamps or devices for use on letters as evidence of the prepayment of postage.

1943 United States Post Office Department. A Description of United States Postage Stamps / Issued by the Post Office Department from July 1, 1847, to April 1, 1945 [sic], USGPO, Washington, p1:

It will be out of faſhion to weare ſwords, / Maſques, and devices welcome, I ſalute you […]

c. 1634，James Shirley (falsely attributed to John Fletcher)，The Coronation:


dissident

持不同政見者, 異議分子, 異見人士