earthquake

繼承自中古英語 erthequake，可以拆解為 earth + quake。取代了中古英語 eorð byfung (“地震”)，後者源自古英語 eorþbeofung (字面意思是“土地搖動”)。

地震（由火山活動或地質斷層周圍的運動引起的地面震動）（自14世紀起）

Her alablaster brest she soft did kis, / Which all that while shee felt to pant and quake, / As it an Earth-quake were: at last she thus bespake.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto II”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Last year's earthquake crushed his house, his livelihood and very nearly his leg, he said, pointing to a plastered limb that refuses to heal.

特指發生在地球上的地面震動 （20世紀起）

Since the response of some man-made structures to the ground motion near the epicenter is highly dependent on frequency, a significant difference in potential damage to the structures is expected between earthquakes and moonquakes.

1988，Jürgen Oberst, Yosio Nakamura，“A seismic risk for the lunar base”, in The Second Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century，卷 1, NASA，頁s 231–233:

The wave patterns, too, are strikingly different: The secondary (S) waves and surface waves on lunar seismograms are not generally as clearly defined and distinct as are those of earthquakes.

2006，Bruce A. Bolt，Earthquakes, Fifth Edition:

唐突劇變；具嚴重破壞性的事件

As we have seen, economic earthquakes often result in political shockwaves. […] He highlights a correlation between those states with the highest robot density and those states that unexpectedly swung behind Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election, namely Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.

2019年July11日，John Thornhill，“Does tech threaten to rerun the worst of the Industrial Revolution?”, in Financial Times:

Leo Varadkar has announced he is standing down as Ireland’s prime minister and also giving up his role as leader of the Fine Gael party in the ruling coalition, in a surprise move described by pundits as a “political earthquake” for the country.

2024年March20日，Jon Henley，“Leo Varadkar steps down as Irish prime minister in shock move”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


electricity

/ɪˌlɛkˈt͡ʃɹɪsɪti/


estimate

借自拉丁語 aestimatus，是aestimō的過去分詞，舊形式為aestumo (“重視，尊敬，評價”)；來自古拉丁語 *ais-temos (“切銅的人”)，意指在羅馬共和國鑄造牆壁的人。參見esteem 的同源對似詞，以及aim。

“They know our boats will stand up to their work,” said Willison, “and that counts for a good deal. A low estimate from us doesn't mean scamped work, but just that we want to keep the yard busy over a slack time.”

1928，Lawrence R. Bourne，章號 3, in Well Tackled!:

估計數：對某些肯定數量的上限

The desired norm estimate is now obtained from the identity... [referring to an earlier statement saying that a certain norm is less than or equal to a certain expression]

1992，Louis de Branges，“The convergence of Euler functions”, in Journal of Functional Analysis, →DOI，頁 185:


guerrilla

:出自19世纪初半岛战争时出现的西班牙语 guerrilla 。


hijack

hi-jack (alternative)
highjack (alternative)


individual

/ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒwəl/

/ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒəl/

/ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒʊəl/

/ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒəl/

/ˌɘndɘˈvɘd͡ʒʉ.ɘl/

/ˌɘndɘˈvɘd͡ʒɘl/


laboratory

來自中世紀拉丁語 labōrātōrium。

/ˈlæbɹəˌtɔɹi/

/ləˈbɔɹəˌtɔɹi/

/ləˈbɔɹətɹi/

/ləˈbɒɹət(ə)ɹiː/

/ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/

Again she read the passage that had riveted her attention; and, rising from her seat, carried the still open volume, and laid it on a slab by the furnace in the laboratory: it was a celebrated treatise on poisons, written in the fifteenth century.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“The Laboratory”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 325:

[Isaac Newton] was obsessed with alchemy. He spent hours copying alchemical recipes and trying to replicate them in his laboratory. He believed that the Bible contained numerological codes.

2014年June21日，“Magician’s brain”, in The Economist，卷 411, 期 8892:


literature

/ˈlɪ.tʃɹə.tʃɚ/


measure

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-measure.wav


minister

內閣部长；大臣；（中華民國行政院的）部長或主任委員


mob

源自中古英語 mob，mobile的縮略,，源自英語 mobile (“mōbile (vulgus)”)。遊戲中的意思源自mobile，由Richard Bartle用於早期MUD。

Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob.

(我們能否確認James Madison引文的時間，或提供標題、作者全名和其他詳情？), Jr.

【集合名詞】 一群動物，例如馬或牛

黑手黨或從事有組織犯罪的類似組織

1920，Mary Roberts Rinehart，Avery Hopwood，章號 I, in The Bat: A Novel from the Play (Dell Book; 241)，New York, N.Y.: Dell Publishing Company, →OCLC，頁 01:

What if it is a mob killing? They can’t hurt me, but …

1986, Paul Chadwick, Concrete: Under the Desert Stars, Dark Horse Books

【電子遊戲】非玩家角色(NPC)，泛指為了進行遊戲而被殺死的角色。

You can't win with small, balanced groups. You have to zerg the mob with a high number of players.

2002, "Wolfie", Re: Whoa - massive changes due in next patch (on newsgroup alt.games.everquest)

【澳大利亞原住民】一群凝聚力強的人。

There’s nothing like local knowledge and after thousands of years living here the Noongar mob understand this land better than anyone, so it makes sense for them to tap into the lucrative tourism industry.

2011 March 10, Allan Clarke, W.A. through Noongar eyes


mob

(我們能否查找並添加Goldsmith引用過本詞的語句？)


operation

/ˌɒpəˈɹeɪʃən/

/ˌɑpəˈɹeɪʃən/


plot

故事结构，包含各種電影、小說、影劇中的劇情轉折，整個故事結構中的關鍵低潮及高潮部分。


poet

[ˈpʰoʊ̯ɪ̈(ʔ)t̚]


propaganda

來自新拉丁語 prōpāganda，是Congregātiō dē Prōpāgandā Fidē的簡稱，意為「傳佈信仰聖部」，為拉丁語 prōpāgō (“傳播”)的離格陰性動名詞。propagation 的同源對似詞。現在政治含意來自第一次世界大戰，最初非貶義詞。

/ˌpɹɒpəˈɡændə/

[ˌpɹɒp.əˈɡæn.də]

[ˌpɹɑp.əˈɡɛə̯n.də]

They established a government propaganda commission, called the w:en:Creel Commission, which succeeded, within six months, in turning a pacifist population into a hysterical, war-mongering population which wanted to destroy everything German, tear the Germans limb from limb, go to war and save the world.

2002，Noam Chomsky，“Selections”, in Media Control:


produce

繼承自中古英語 produce，來自拉丁語 prōdūcō。

/pɹəˈd͡ʒuːs/

/ˈpɹɒd͡ʒuːs/


vehicle

借自法語 véhicule，源自拉丁語 vehiculum (“運輸工具”)，源自 vehere (“攜帶”)。


victim

（原意）牺牲品（作为人类或动物祭品而被杀死并提供的生物，常用于宗教仪式）；圣餐中的圣体，圣血。

②犯罪中受害或处于不利地位的一方。

③遭受灾难或其他不利情况的不幸的人。

受难者（因自愿承担而遭受任何其他伤害、损失或损害的人）。

（叙述学）被反面人物征服或操纵的人物。


violence

强暴;暴力;暴行;激烈;猛烈


territory

/ˈtɛɹɪˌtɔɹi/

領地；領土；地區；領域，範圍


suspect

來自古法語 suspect，來自拉丁語 suspectus，suspiciō (“不信任，懷疑”)的完整體被動分詞，來自sub (“底下”) + speciō (“看，看著”)。

Round up the usual suspects.

1942, Casablanca, written by Julius J. Epstein、Philip G. Epstein and Howard Koch


radar

/ˈɹeɪdɑː(ɹ)/


recession

借自拉丁語 recessiō。


reject

*源自晚期的中古英語 rejecten ← 拉丁語 rēiectus ，rēicere（“扔回”） 的過去分詞形式 ← rē- （“回”）+ iacere（“扔”）。
*該詞代替了如下近義詞：中古英語 forwerpen (“拋棄”)(源自古英語 forweorpan)； 中古英語 forcasten(“扔掉”) (源自古諾爾斯語 forkasta)；中古英語 skirpen(“使噴湧而出”)(源自古諾爾斯語 skirpa (“吐出”))；中古英語 wernen(“拒絕，回絕”) (源自古英語 wiernan (“拒絕，回絕”))；中古英語 withchosen, withchesen（“拒絕”）(源自古英語 wiþċēosan (“拒絕”))。


research

/ˈɹiː.sɜːtʃ/


resolution

最早記錄於1412年，作中古英語 resolucioun (“解除；解散”)，可能源自盎格魯-諾曼語 resolucion 或直接源自拉丁語 resolūtiō (“鬆開；解決”)，源自 resolvō (“鬆開”)，源自延伸前綴 re- + solvō (“鬆開”)。

/ˌɹɛzəˈluːʃ(ə)n/


resource

Nevertheless, it is clear that the global energy demand for air-conditioning will grow substantially as nations become more affluent,[…]. This trend will put additional strain not only on global energy resources but also on the environmental prospects of a warming planet.

2013 September-October，Michael Sivak，“Will AC Put a Chill on the Global Energy Supply?]”, in American Scientist，存檔自the original on 2014-02-06:

By French-Style Revolution I don't mean a violent overthrow of the ruling elite as much as a tumultuous reset of how resources and power are distributed. Systems become vulnerable to such resets when they become highly asymmetrical in how they distribute resources and power, and rigid in their defense of the extreme inequality of the distribution.

2023年December10日，Charles Hugh Smith，Could America Have a French-Style Revolution?:


surgeon

來自中古英語 surgien，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 surgien、sirogen（對應古法語surgien等），來自通俗拉丁語 *chīrurgiānus，來自拉丁語 chīrūrgia (“外科手術”)，來自chīrurgus (“外科手術”)，源自古希臘語 χειρουργός (kheirourgós)，來自χείρ (kheír，“手”) + ἔργον (érgon，“工作”)。

chirurgeon (alternative)
surgeons (plural)
surgeoness (feminine)

The surgeon refused to operate because the patient was her son.

外科醫生拒絕上台手術，因為病人是她的兒子。


dermatologist

/ˌdɜːməˈtɒlədʒɪst/


prescription

præscription (alternative)
prescriptions (plural)

/pɹəˈskɹɪpʃən/

消滅時效，法令限制，訴訟時效


materia medica

來自拉丁語 materia (“材料”) + medica，來自medicus (“醫學的”)


isolation

/ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/


pivot

以一只脚为中枢脚转动身体改变方向的动作


quarter

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-quarter.wav


switch

可能借自中古荷蘭語 swijch (“枝條”)。首次記錄於1592年左右


tipoff

tip-off的另一種拼寫法


tomahawk

借自東阿爾岡昆語支 ，有可能是波瓦坦語 tumahák；對照馬里希特-帕薩瑪奎迪語 tomhikon (“斧”)、阿貝納基語 temahigan、demahigan (“斧”)。

yeerely bring into our store house, at the beginning of their haruest two bushels of corne a man […] for which they should receiue so many Iron Tomahawkes or small hatchets.

1615, Ralph Hamor, A True Discourse of the Present State of Virginia (published in Richmond in 1957), page 13:

戰斧式扣籃，將手臂放在脑后的扣籃方式。

由一个半圆和两条线段组成的几何结构，用作三等分角的工具；因其与美洲印第安人斧头的相似而得名。

一种曲棍球击球方式，球员将曲棍球棒倒置并摆动，使其内侧边缘与球接触。


trailer

源自 trail + -er。“預告片”之義來源於其以前是在正片後放映的情況。


windmill

源自中古英語 wyndmylne，wyndmylle，相當於 wind + mill。與低地蘇格蘭語 wyndmyln，wyndmyl，薩特弗里斯蘭語 Wíendmäälne，西弗里斯蘭語 wynmûne，荷蘭語 windmolen, 南非語 windmeul，下薩克森荷蘭語 windmölle (Achterhooks)，wiendmeule (Drents, Veluws)，德國低地德語 Windmöhl，德語 Windmühle，丹麥語 vindmølle，書面挪威語 vindmølle, 新挪威語 vindmølle，vindmylne，瑞典語 vindmölla，冰島語 vindmylla 同源。


lima

We had limas with dinner last night.

Lima的大小寫替代形式北約音標字母


loli

來自日語 ロリ或lolicon 的截斷形式。

主要用於日本動畫和日本漫畫


noti

While it might seem harmless to sneak the occasional peek at their Story or see what they’ve been watching on Netflix, Fortin says you’re leaving yourself open to “potentially stressful situations that may come at a time when you're gaining momentum in your progress.” Think about it—if their number isn’t blocked, you’ll jump at each noti wondering if it’s them.

2023年October23日，Rachel Varina，“How to Get Over a Breakup So You Can *Actually* Move On and Heal”, in Cosmopolitan:


boro

borough的另一種拼寫法


buffet

歐式自助餐（台灣又稱【吃到飽餐廳】，限時不限量自由取餐）


los

繼承自中古英語 lusk，來自古英語 lox，來自原始西日耳曼語 *luhs，來自原始日耳曼語 *luhsaz。與低地蘇格蘭語 los、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Luks、低地德語 Luks、荷蘭語 los、德語 Luchs、盧森堡語 Luuss等同源。

The los had been brought from a northern part of the United States.

猞猁是從美國北部某地帶來的。

A beaſt like unto a wolfe having many ſpottes, and being exceeding quicke of ſight: a wolfe like an hart, a Los or Lynx.

1592，Thomas Thomasius，Thomae Thomasii Dictionarium tertio ... emendatum ... et longe auctius ... redditum.:


los

繼承自中古英語 los，來自古英語 los，來自原始日耳曼語 *lusą，來自原始印歐語 *lews-。

If we come under France, we have not onely Spaine our enimie by Sea and Land (as we have ſhewne) but the los of our Spaniſh Trade, and the hazarding of our whole Levant Traffick: And if we rightly calculate, that amounts to no ſmall part of our Commerce.

1673，[Joseph Hill]，The Interest Of theſe United Provinces. Being a Defence of the Zeelanders Choice […]，Middelburg: Printed by Thomas Berry，[https://books.google.com/books?id=YD_cbDEj10sC&pg=PP75&dq=%22los%22 頁 [75]]:


wiktionary

However, with the increase in free resources like wiktionaries, or the increase in the number of translated materials available on the Internet

2011，Zygmunt Vetulani，Human Language Technology. Challenges for Computer Science:

PanLex draws on various lexical resources, including dictionaries, wiktionaries, glossaries, lexicons, word lists, terminologies, thesauri, wordnets, ontologies, vocabulary databases, namedentity resources, and standards

2011，Nikolas Coupland，The Handbook of Language and Globalization:

維基媒體基金會所營運的自由的線上詞典中的一個；某一特定語言的維基詞典

In fact the English Wiktionary edition contains entries for more than 400 languages, so that out of this source, more language specific wiktionaries could be created than there are actually officially listed.

2013，Anaïd Donabédian, Victoria Khurshudian, Max Silberztein，Formalising Natural Languages with NooJ，頁 18:


gen

Nose around any modest-sized station and the odds are you'll find that the chargeman's office doubles as a bashers' club, a place where shivering spotters can get warm and catch up on the gen.

2015，Nicholas Whittaker，Platform Souls: The Trainspotter as 20th-Century Hero:

I had some recent gen that they had been seen quite recently at Kunoth Well, a little dot on the map on the edge of the Tanami Desert.

2005，Sean Dooley，The Big Twitch，Sydney: Allen and Unwin，頁 172:

不特別關注浪漫或性的同人作品


gen

Gen (“普世博愛運動青年團的成員”)的大小寫替代形式


gen

詞源未知。可能來源包括：
* argent 的截斷形式
* generalise 的截斷形式，來自英語 shilling的反讀。

The betting also began to shift. "Sixpence Ned wins!" cried three or four; "Sixpence he loses!" answered another; "Done!" and up went the halfpence. "Half-a-crown Joe loses!"—"Here you are," answered Joe, but he lost again. "I'll try you a 'gen'" (shilling) said a coster; "And a 'rouf yenap'" (fourpence), added the other. "Say a 'exes'" (sixpence).—"Done!" and the betting continued, till the ground was spotted with silver and halfpence.

1851，Henry Mayhew，“Gambling of Costermongers”, in London Labour and the London Poor，卷 1，頁 17:

"Give me two gen, then, and take the whole bloody tol. I've walked me teef orf afore rouf this mornin', and wot 'ave I got? Two bloody yenneps! I ask yer."


gen

"Mladenovic playing in what the young gen is calling a crop top, but what my gen is calling a bra," Bouchard tweeted. "Sign of the times that Wimbledon has no issue with that. Still can remember the year some had troubles because of 'too short' skirts lol."

2022年June28日，“Wimbledon tennis: Fans react to Kristina Mladenovic's eye-catching outfit”, in The New Zealand Herald:

It’s anyone’s guess whether such attitudes will persist into adulthood, but if Gen Z (and the gens to come) do prove more alco-skeptic than their forbears then the above twelve steps are deftly primed to cash in.

2022年July4日，Ben Schott，“Is There Anything That Gen Z Won’t Drink?”, in The Washington Post:

按時間順序排列的某件事的具體版本

For my fellow first-gens, get ready to hide a smirk, because your life story is likely hidden somewhere in this chapter. For the uninitiated—that is, the person who's never had a thing to do with the Arab way of doing things (namely dating)—I advise you to buckle up.

2004，Sally Bishai，“Courtship, Marriage and the Ubiquitous ‘Dating Thing’”, in Mid-East Meets West: On Being and Becoming a Modern Arab American，Lincoln, Neb.: iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 57:

[…] I witness firsthand the difficult "downstream" outcomes (Grusky 2014) of social class stratification in a university setting where approximately 3,400 undergraduates (13% of the undergraduate population) are first in their families to attend and/or graduate from college (first-gens). Most of these students are low income and nearly 1,200 first-gens have grown up in poverty.

2016，Dwight Lang，“Witnessing Social Class in the Academy”, in Working in Class: Recognizing How Social Class Shapes Our Academic Work，Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, part 2 (Teaching)，頁 102:

The Family Values and Framing Strategy steps address soft issues as what is the purpose of the new investment strategy, is there a desire to engage and train the next generation (Next Gens), and is there building buy-in and engagement across the family members important to strengthen family unity.

2017，Temple Fennell，“SCIE: Sustainable Cycle of Investing Engagement”, in Kirby Rosplock, The Complete Direct Investing Handbook: A Guide for Family Offices, Qualified Purchasers, and Accredited Investors (Bloomberg Financial Series)，Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 242:


ultimatum

來自拉丁語 ultimatus (“晚期，最後的”)，來自拉丁語 ultimus (“極端，最後， 最遠的，最大限度的，最終”)


yogurt

借自鄂圖曼土耳其語 یوغورت (yōghurt, yoğurt)（參見現代土耳其語 yoğurt）。


yoghurt

借自鄂圖曼土耳其語 یوغورت（現代土耳其語 yoğurt）。

yogurt的另一種拼寫法


cadmium

1817年，來自古希臘語 Καδμεία (Kadmeía，“爐甘石”)，一種含鎘的礦物混合物，以國王Κάδμος (Kádmos，“卡德摩斯”)的名字命名。

鎘（一種化學元素（符號 Cd），原子序數為48：一種柔軟的銀白）

CSPI says the Trump Administration could take steps to protect consumers from each of these chemicals and support FDA’s broader post-market assessment efforts. It could ensure that FDA sets health-protective limits on heavy metals, like lead, arsenic, and cadmium, in foods consumed by children.

CSPI表示，特朗普政府可以採取措施保護消費者免受這些化學物質的侵害，並支持FDA更廣泛的市場後評估工作。它可以確保FDA為兒童食用的食品中的重金屬（如鉛、砷和鎘）設定保護健康的限值。

2025年January15日，“FDA moves to eliminate carcinogenic Red 3 from foods”, in Center for Science in the Public Interest:


celebration

/ˌsɛlɪˈbɹeɪʃən/

/ˌsɛləˈbɹeɪʃən/

/ˌsɛlˈbɹeɪʃən/


abscess

派生自拉丁語 abscessus，源自abscēdō (“走開，離開”)，源自 abs (“遠離”) + cēdō (“走”)。參見cede。

膿腫、膿瘡、潰瘍 （首次記錄於16世紀中期）


advocate

借自古法語 advocat，来自拉丁語 advocātus（advocāre (“呼籲”)）的過去分詞，借译自古希臘語 παράκλητος (paráklētos)（英語 paraclete的词源）。advoke、avouch、 和 avow 的同源對似詞。

這位律師是鎮上為數不多的優秀兒童律师之一。

The lawyer was one of a few good child advocates in town.

提倡者，拥护者，鼓吹者。(+ for, of)

擁護性工作者權益的人

她一直是改革的堅定倡導者。

She has been a strong advocate for reform.


aluminum

aluminium (“鋁”)在美式、加式、 和 菲律賓的标准拼写


ammonia

來自拉丁語 sal ammoniacus (“阿蒙的鹽，氯化銨”)，因為它在埃及的（朱庇特）阿蒙神廟附近被發現而得名。Ammon衍生自古希臘語 Ἄμμων (Ámmōn)，來自埃及語 jmn (i-mn:n-A4)。

Never use ammonia to clean metal writing pens.

千萬不要用氨水來清洗金屬筆。

Slowly we rode down to the camp - a very sorrowful party. We took "Nep" straight to the surgery, where the doctor instantly applied injections of ammonia, then the new remedy for snake bite.

1887，Harriet W. Daly，Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia，頁 95:


analogy

借自拉丁語 analogia，來自古希臘語 ἀναλογίᾱ (analogíā)。

/əˈnæləd͡ʒi/


analysis

comparative analysis


appendicitis

appendicitises (plural)
appendicitides (plural)
appendicites (plural)


arrogance

/ˈæɹ.ə.ɡəns/


association

/əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃən/

/əˌsəʊsiˈeɪʃən/

/əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/

［通訊工程］協會，結合，組合

［電子計算機］協會；結合


aviation

拉丁文的avis，意義為鳥。

飛行的科學或飛行的技藝。


awkward

來自awk (“怪異的，笨拙的”) + -ward。

笨拙的人；尷尬的情況；任性的人等 （可以使用上述形容詞形容的人或物）

Another important branch of deportment was to seat the awkwards stiffly on the extreme edge of a chair, fold the hands on the very precarious lap, droop the eyes in a pensive way.

1912，Eliza Ripley，Social Life in Old New Orleans, Being Recollections of My Girlhood，New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:

'What periods are you talking about?' / 'The monthly awkwards. Didn't the girls at Molyneux have them when you were managing director?' / The Rabbit leaned forward, sniffing the air in the immediate vicinity. 'Either you've been drinking or you've got some girl into trouble. Or am I being unfair to you and it's both?'

1998，Leo Marks，Between Silk and Cyanide: The Story of SOE's Code War，London: HarperCollins, →ISBN:

That is a way to make awkwards. And it's not fun to hang out with awkwards more than once.

2014，Grace Helbig，Grace's Guide: The Art of Pretending to Be a Grown-up，New York, N.Y.: Touchstone Books, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN，頁 76:


BCG

Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin / Bacille Calmette-Guérin (“卡介苗”)之首字母縮略詞。


beriberi

可能借自僧加羅語短語 බැරි බැරි (bæri bæri，“我不能，我不能”)（因為虛弱導致做不了事）。


calorie

借自法語 calorie，由拉丁語 calor演變而來。最初在19世紀被定義為大卡路里，幾十年後才被定義成小卡路里。

Biotics possess extraordinary abilities, but they must live with minor inconveniences. The most obvious issue is getting adequate nutrition. Creating biotic mass effects takes such a toll on metabolism that active biotics develop ravenous appetites. The standard Alliance combat ration for a soldier is 3000 calories per day; biotics are given 4500, as well as a canteen of potent energy drink for quick refreshment after hard combat.

2008，BioWare，Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC，幕：Biotics: Life as a Biotic Codex entry:

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013年June29日，“A punch in the gut”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁s 72–3:


carrot

源自中古法語 carotte ← 拉丁語 carōta ← 古希臘語 καρῶτον (karôton)。同carotte。代替本土詞more ← 古英語 moru。
* “激勵的工具”是指carrot and stick (“胡蘿蔔加大棒”)。
* 動詞一義源自烘乾後皮毛呈橙色。

carrot：


cheque

I was not carrying cash, so I wrote a cheque for the amount.

我没有带现金，所以我写了一张支票。

They do not, however, all deal with the same banker, and when A gives a cheque to B, B usually pays it not into the same but into some other bank.

然而，他们并不都与同一家银行打交道，当 A 给 B 一张支票时，B 通常不是将支票存入同一家银行，而是存入另一家银行。

1848，John Stuart Mill，Principles of Political Economy [政治經濟學原理]，出版於 1920，頁 62:

Sometimes abbreviations are used (which would be explained on the statement) and only the last three figures of the cheque number may be given. ‘Sundries’ are cash or cheques paid into the account.
有时会使用缩写（会在声明中解释），并且只能提供支票号码的最后三位数字。“杂项”是指存入账户的现金或支票。

1999, Sam Seunarine, Office Procedures for the Caribbean, 2nd edition, reprinted 2001, page 126,

You can avoid dealing with paper cheques — written or printed — by paying your bills online.

您可以通过在线支付账单来避免处理纸质支票——无论是手写的还是印刷的。

2007，Eric Tyson，Tony Martin，Personal Finance for Canadians for Dummies:

The daily cheque clearings began around 1770 when bank clerks met at the Five Bells (a tavern in Lombard Street in the City of London) to exchange all their cheques in one place and settle the balances in cash.
每日支票结算始于1770年左右，当时银行职员在 Five Bells（伦敦金融城倫巴底街的一家小酒馆）会面，在一个地方兑换所有支票并以现金结算余额。

2009, R. Rajesh, T. Sivagnanasithi, Banking Theory Law & Practice, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, page 206,


chloride

源自chlor(ine) + -ide，由英國的化學家漢弗里·戴維在1812年造出。

/ˈklɔːˌɹaɪd/

potassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate

Another type, also common in the Taipei area has more chlorides than sulfates, and while it is also hot, its flavor is more salty than sour. The springs at Chinshan on the north coast are typical of this type.

另一种温泉在台北地区也很常见，氯化物含量比硫酸盐多，虽然也很热，但味道偏咸而不是酸。北海岸金山的温泉就是这种温泉的典型代表。

1982年February21日，“Wulai: Hot springs resort with treasury of culture”, in Free China Weekly，卷 XXII, 期 7, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 2，列 2:

Klopfer and Gamble (1966) gave 16 female goats (C. hircus) 5 min of contact with their young at parturition. Nine of the mothers had been temporarily rendered anosmic (could not smell) at parturition by spraying a 10% cocaine hydrogen chloride solution into their nostrils 20–90 min prior to parturition. […] Eight of the nine females who were anosmic at parturition but could smell at reintroduction accepted their own offspring, as well as alien young during reinstatement.

2008，Edward O. Price，“Maternal and Neonatal Behavior”, in Principles and Applications of Domestic Animal Behavior: An Introductory Text，Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Cambridge, Mass.: CABI, →ISBN，頁 149:

The Renew is also free of polyvinyl chloride, asbestos, chlorofluorocarbons and halons.

Renew 也不含聚氯乙烯、石棉、氯氟烃和海龙。

2009年February12日，Azadeh Ensha，“A Cellphone That Is Made With the Environment in Mind”, in The New York Times:


chlorine

由漢弗里•戴維創造，源自古希臘語 χλωρός (khlōrós，“蒼白的綠色”)。

氯，鹵族化學元素，原子序為17，化學符號為Cl。它是分佈最廣的元素之一。其單質為氯氣，具有高活性和高毒性。


cirrhosis

源自古希臘語 κιρρός (kirrhós，“黄褐色”) + -osis。


colic

借自法語 colique。最終源自古希臘語 κωλικός (kōlikós，“結腸受苦”，adj).

cholick (alternative)
cholic (alternative)
colics (plural)

腹部劇烈疼痛或引起此類疼痛的疾病（由於腸道或腸道相關問題）。

嚴重煩躁和哭泣，尤其是患有某些疾病的嬰兒。

用於緩解此類症狀的藥用植物。


colitis

Crohn's disease and colitis


collaboration

/kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/


collocation

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 collocātiō。字面上等同於 col- + location。

/ˌkɒləˈkeɪʃən/


competence

能力，勝任；權能，權限，強性


competition

/ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃən/

/ˌkɑːmpəˈtɪʃən/


consensus

源自拉丁語 cōnsēnsus (“同意，一致”)，來自cōnsentiō (“共感；同意”)；參見consent。

After years of debate over the best wine to serve at Thanksgiving, no real consensus has emerged.

多年以来，人们持续谈及、争论“哪款葡萄酒是感恩节期间最佳之品”之一问题，但依然没有形成真正的共识。

a financial consensus forecast


consideration

/kənˌsɪdəˈɹeɪʃən/


consultant

請教者；商議者；顧問，會診醫生


contamination

sample contamination


contempt

鄙夷, 轻蔑, 藐视, 受辱, 丢脸


conventional

一种传统的金边债券，每六个月向持有人支付固定现金付款（或息票）直至到期，到期时持有人收到最后付款和本金返还


conversation

繼承自中古英語 conversacioun，來自古法語 conversacion及其同源詞，拉丁語 conversātiōnem，conversātiō (“會話”)的賓格單數，來自conversor (“駐足，陪伴”)。
型態分析為converse + -ation。

[ˌkʰɒɱ.vəˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

[ˌkʰɑɱ.vɚˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

banter

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

chat

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

chinwag

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

dialogue

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

discussion

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

interlocution

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

powwow

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

table talk

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

understanding

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

familiarity

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

I had an interesting conversation with Nicolas yesterday about how much he's getting paid.

昨天我与尼古拉斯就他的薪水进行了一次有趣的谈话。

Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace: the first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness: one gives substance and form to the statue, the other polishes it.

1699，William Temple，Heads designed for an essay on conversations:

When this conversation was repeated in detail within the hearing of the young woman in question, and undoubtedly for his benefit, Mr. Trevor threw shame to the winds and scandalized the Misses Brewster then and there by proclaiming his father to have been a country storekeeper.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

A little less conversation, a little more action please / All this aggravation ain't satisfactioning me

1968，Mac Davis, Billy Strange （作曲作詞）, “A Little Less Conversation”, 演出者 Elvis Presley:

處理交易時系統之間基於協議的互動（自20世紀）

與他人的商業或交際；與他人交易（14世紀–18世紀）

行為，舉止；生活方式（自14世紀）

Let your conversation be without covetousness; and be content with such things as ye have: for he hath said, I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee.

你們存心不可貪愛錢財；要以自己所有的為足；因為主曾說：『我總不撇下你，也不丟棄你。』

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Hebrews 13:5:

There are many that take no heed what happeneth to others by bad conversation, and therefore overthrow themselves in the same manner through their own fault, not foreseeing dangers manifest.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:

性交（16世紀–19世紀）

criminal conversation

Ariadne[…]quitted her Lover Theseus, for the tumultuous Conversation of Bacchus.

1723，Charles Walker，Memoirs of the Life of Sally Salisbury:

Our travellers had happened to take up their residence at a house of exceeding good repute, whither Irish ladies of strict virtue, and many northern lasses of the same predicament, were accustomed to resort in their way to Bath. The landlady therefore would by no means have admitted any conversation of a disreputable kind to pass under her roof. Indeed, so foul and contagious are all such proceedings, that they contaminate the very innocent scenes where they are committed, and give the name of a bad house, or of a house of ill repute, to all those where they are suffered to be carried on.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:
 Folio Society 1973, p. 333:

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

So grosse is our conuersation, and dull is our apprehension: while mortall Sense, in vs, ruleth the common wealth of our litle world.

1570, John Dee, in H. Billingsley (trans.) Euclid, Elements of Geometry, Preface:


criterion

/kɹɪˈtɪəɹi.ən/


cuckoo

（以 A cuckoo in the nest 的形式）被发现在不该在的地方的人


decay

civic and moral decay

systemic decay

I fancied at first the stuff was paraffin wax, and smashed the jar accordingly. But the odor of camphor was unmistakable. It struck me as singularly odd, that among the universal decay, this volatile substance had chanced to survive, perhaps through many thousand years.

1895，H. G. Wells，章號 X, in The Time Machine:


deduction

源自中古法語 déduction，源自拉丁語 deductio。
相當於 deduct + -ion 或 deduce + -tion。


degradation

/ˌdɛɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-degradation.wav

降級；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰變；減囂夷酌


desirable

/dɪˈzaɪəɹəbəl/

想要的東西；理想的東西。

There are plenty of desirables on display in the window.

櫥窗裡展示有很多[我們]想要的東西。


desperate

借自拉丁語 dēspērātus，dēspērō (“沒有希望”)的過去分詞。

desperate times call for desperate measures

desperate times require desperate measures


detection

派生自拉丁語 dētēctiō。


diaphragm

/ˈdaɪəˌfɹæm/


draught

来自古英语dræht，来自draġan，拉。


dynamic

动力的；能动的；机能上的；有生气的


elevation

/ˌɛlɪˈveɪʃən/

高度；仰角；海拔；提高；高地；隆起


emotional

/ɪˈməʊʃənəl/

/ɪˈmoʊʃənəl/


emperor

In imperial China, it was often a responsibility of the emperor to evaluate his predecessor after the latter's death.


epithelium

/ˌɛpɪˈθiːlɪəm/


erythrocyte

/əˈɹɪθɹəˌsaɪt/


esophagus

Bad, the Warhol-produced film directed by Jed Johnson, playing at the Saxon in the esophagus of the Combat Zone, […]

1977年April30日，Steve Blevins，“A Sack-full of Films”, in Gay Community News，頁 11:

They call me the Hiphopopotamus / Flows that glow like phosphorous / Popping off the top of this esophagus / Rocking this metropolis

他们叫我河马 / 像磷光一样发光的流体 / 从食道顶部喷涌而出/ 震撼这座大都市

2008，“Hiphopopotamus vs. Rhymenoceros”, 演出者 Flight of the Conchords:


estate

繼承自中古英語 estat，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 estat和古法語 estat（法語：état），來自拉丁語 status。state和status 的同源對似詞。

狀態；條件 （自13世紀）

But when I came to mans eſtate,
With hey ho, [the winde and the raine],
Gainſt Knaues and Theeues men ſhut their gate.

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]，頁 275:

Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Romans 12:16:

To remove therfore if it be possible, this great and sad oppression which through the strictnes of a literall interpreting hath invaded and disturb’d the dearest and most peaceable estate of houshold society, to the over-burdening, if not the over-whelming of many Christians better worth then to be so deserted of the Churches considerate care, this position shall be laid down; first proving, then answering what may be objected either from Scripture or light of reason.

1643，John Milton，Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce:

財富；財產，資產 （自14世紀）

貴族，貴婦 （14世紀–17世紀）

Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Mark 6:21:

階層，地位 (王國境內的諸階層) （自14世紀）

I am afraid that some of the nobles who are campaigning for it simply want to use the Estates to cut down the King's power and increase their own.

1992，Hilary Mantel，A Place of Greater Safety，Harper Perennial, 出版於 2007，頁 115:

The three estates of feudal lords, clergy and royal officers met in separate chambers, and exercised an advisory role.

2011，Norman Davies，Vanished Kingdoms，Penguin, 出版於 2012，頁 202:

(尤指廣闊) 領地，領土；莊園 （自18世紀）

It has been a long time since new follies were springing up across the great estates of Britain. But the owners of Doddington Hall, in Lincolnshire, have brought the folly into the 21st century, by building a 30ft pyramid in the grounds of the Elizabethan manor.

2014年September7日，“Doddington's garden pyramid is a folly good show: The owners of a Lincolnshire stately home have brought the folly into the 21st century, by building a 30ft pyramid [print edition: Great pyramid of Lincolnshire, 6 September 2014, p. G2]”, in The Daily Telegraph，London:

Professor Loretta Lees from King's College London's geography department says, "The word 'estate' has become synonymous with the term 'ghetto'. It's become a dirty word. Back in the '20s and '30s it didn't carry the same stigma."

2012年October19日，Josephine McDermott，“London's new housing loses the 'dirty word'”, in BBC News:

旅行車；一種帶有尾門（或升降門）的汽車 （自20世紀）

I call matter of estate not only the parts of sovereignty, but whatsoever[…]concerneth manifestly any great portion of people.

一個配置的集體資訊科技資源

This time, however, it only includes the static parameters that you expect to be consistent across your estate.

2015，Peter Carter，Pro SQL Server Administration，頁 82:


ether

源自中古英語 ēther，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 ether和中古法語 ether, ethere, aether ← 古法語 aether (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；（猜想）用來填充上部空間的物質”)（現代寫法法語 éther）, 或直接源自拉丁語 aethēr (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；天空；白日之光；圍繞神的空靈物質”)（也見晚期拉丁語 aethēr (“類似乙醚的物質”)） ← 古希臘語 αἰθήρ (aithḗr，“大氣上層的純淨空氣；天空；（猜想）填充空間、可傳熱傳光的物質”)← αἴθω (aíthō，“燒；點燃；發光”) ← 原始印歐語 *h₂eydʰ- (“燒；火”)。
本詞也與意大利語 ether, ethera (古舊), etere, 中古荷蘭語 ether（現代寫法荷蘭語 aether (古舊), ether）, 中古高地德語 ēther（現代寫法德語 aether, ether (古舊), Äther）, 西班牙語 éter同源。

æther (alternative)
aether (alternative)
aethyr (alternative)
ethyr (alternative)
ethers (plural)

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 人類所呼吸的物質；空氣

On Wings the Birds through Æther glide, / And Fiſhes cut with Fins the Tide.

1746年February28日，Criticus [pseudonym]，“Dialogue on Women”, in The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register，卷 II, 期 XXV, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], →OCLC，頁 389:

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 天空；真空；虛無

Take a snapshot of the conflicts around the world: Sunnis vs. Shiites, Israelis vs. Palestinians, Serbs vs. Kosovars, Indians vs. Pakistanis. They seem to be driven by religious hatred. It’s enough to make you wonder if the animosity would melt away if all religions were suddenly, somehow, to vanish into the ether. But James Carse doesn’t see them as religious conflicts at all. To him, they are battles over rival belief systems, which may or may not have religious overtones.

2008年July21日，Steve Paulson，“Religion is Poetry”, in Salon，存檔自the original on 2017-08-30:

In barely the blink of an eye, the perfectly healthy Judy entered a permanent vegetative state. […] What haunted me was the idea that one moment you’re gazing at your 2-year-old in her playroom and the next, you, the mother, have been whisked off into the ether forever.

2009 December，Sandra Tsing Loh，“On Being a Bad Mother: True Confessions”, in The Atlantic, →ISSN，存檔自the original on 2018-07-25:

There’s a very real chance that, rather than crumbling into the dust and floating off into the ether, Thanos’s victims [in the film Avengers: Infinity War] were actually sucked up into the Soul Stone.

2018年May7日，Meg Downey，“Marvel’s Comic Soul Stone could Explain the Jump from Infinity War’s Ending to Avengers 4: A Brief History of Crazy Multidimensional Power”, in Polygon，存檔自the original on 2018-06-24:

I ſuppose this æther pervades all groſs bodies, but yet ſo as to ſtand rarer in their pores than in free ſpaces, and ſo much the rarer, as their pores are leſs. And this I ſuppose (with others) to be the cauſe, why light incident on thoſe bodies is refracted towards the perpendicular; […] I ſuppose the rarer æther within bodies, and then denſer without them, not to be terminated in a mathematical ſuperficies, but to grow gradually into one another; […]

1679年February28日，Thomas Birch，引 Isaac Newton, “The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle. [Letter from Isaac Newton to Robert Boyle.]”, in Robert Boyle, The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. In Five Volumes. To which is Prefixed the Life of the Author，卷 I, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], 出版於 1744, →OCLC，頁 70:

Having ſhewn how the Æther cauſes a great part of the Phænomena of Nature, it may be aſked, whence this general material Cauſe has its great Activity and Power? […] This Cauſe muſt be either Matter or Spirit, there being nothing in the Univerſe, which we know if, beſides theſe two. But this Cauſe cannot be Matter: for Matter is in own Nature inert, and has not any Activity in itſelf; and conſequently cannot communicate any Power to the Æther. And therefore the Cauſe, which gives the Æther its Activity and Power, muſt be Spirit. Spirit, which intercedes the Particles of Æther, and gives them a repulſive Power, and ordains and executes the Laws, by which Æther and Bodies act mutually on one another, muſt be preſent in all Parts of Space, where there is Æther.

1747，Bryan Robinson，A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton，London: Printed for Charles Hitch […], →OCLC; quoted in “Literary Memoirs. A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton, by Bryan Robinson, M.D. London, Printed for Charles Hitch, at the Red Lion in Pater-noster-Row, 1747. Containing 140 Pages in Octavo, Exclusive of a Short Preface.”, in The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register，卷 III, 期 XXVIII, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], 11 April 1747, →OCLC，頁s 59–60:

The whole matter of the univerſe may be divided into atoms and æther. […] The latter, æther, is a ſubtile elaſtic fluid, whoſe particles have a continual tendency to ſeparate or fly off every way, unleſs impreſſed by ſome body: This æther ſurrounds each atom like an atmoſphere, and preſſes equally towards the center of each.

1770年November1日，“Investigator” [pseudonym]，“Of the Causes of Attraction and Repulsion”, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle，卷 XL, London: Printed […], for D[avid] Henry; and sold by F[rancis] Newbery […], →OCLC，頁 497，列 1:

"The ether. The earth browses upon a circular path in the fields of space, and as it moves the ether is continually pouring through it and providing its vitality."

1929，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，When the World Screamed:

廣播電視信號傳播的媒介；（想象中）互聯網、數字交流方式存在之處；網絡空間

He held some friendly chat with Pabodie over the ether, and repeated his praise of the really marvelous drills that had helped him make his discovery.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

H. P. Lovecraft, At the Mountains of Madness

Now we are liberal with our innermost secrets, spraying them into the public ether with a generosity our forebears could not have imagined. Where we once sent love letters in a sealed envelope, or stuck photographs of our children in a family album, now such private material is despatched to servers and clouds operated by people we don't know and will never meet.

2013年June14日，Jonathan Freedland，“Obama’s Once Hip Brand is Now Tainted [online version: Obama is Like Apple, Google and Facebook: A Once Hip Brand Tainted by Prism]”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 1, London，存檔自the original on 2018-09-26，頁 18:

物體、人、地方周圍產生的一種氣質

The luminous æther of his life was not obſcured by any ſhade dark enough to be denominated a defect.

1793，“[Characters.] An Account of the Late Earl of Mansfield.”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature，卷 XXXV, London: Printed, by assignment from the executors of the late Mr. James Dodsley, for W. Otridge and Son; [et al.], →OCLC，頁 274，列 2:

But the moſt valuable Qualities of the ÆTHER are it's medicinal ones; it having been found by repeated Experience to be an excellent Remedy in moſt nervous Diſeaſes; particularly in Fits of all ſorts, whether Epileptic, Convulſive, Hyſteric, Hypochondriac, or Paralytic: […]

1759，M[atthew] Turner，An Account of the Extraordinary Medicinal Fluid, Called Æther，[Liverpool]: Printed by John Sadler, →OCLC，頁 5:

The only thing that really worried me was the ether. There is nothing in the world more helpless and irresponsible and depraved than a man in the depths of an ether binge.

1971，Hunter S. Thompson，Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas，New York: Popular Library, →ISBN，頁 4:

M. Malaguti finds that dry chlorine, while acting in the dark upon oxacid æthers, always attacks, and in a uniform manner, the sulphuric æther which is the base of them. […] The action of potash on the compound chloridized æthers is also constant and uniform: the results are always chloride of potassium, acetate of potash, and an organic salt with a base of potash, the acid of which is that which existed in the compound chloridized æther.

1838 March，“Action of Chlorine on Æthers”, in The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science，卷 XII (3rd Series), 期 74, London: Printed by R[ichard] and J[ohn] E[dward] Taylor, […], →OCLC，頁 297:

When chlorine gas is passed in excess through salicylic ether (salicylae of ethyl) heated over a water-bath, a solid substance is formed which is soluble in hot alcohol, and crystallizes, on cooling, in beautiful colourless tables. This compound is bichloruretted salicylic ether, formed from salicylic ether (C₁₈H₁₀O₆) by the substitution of 2 eq. chlorine for 2 eq. hydrogen: its composition is therefore C₁₈H₈Cl₂O₆.

1851，A[uguste André Thomas] Cahours，“[Notices of Papers Contained in the Foreign Journals.] On Anisol and Phenetol”, in The Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London，卷 III, London: Hippolyte Bailliere, […]; Paris: J. B. Baillière, […]; Madrid: Bailly Baillière, […], →OCLC，頁 78:

[…] I allude to the æthers formed by the union of fatty acids with different alcohols. […] With regard to the fatty æthers themselves, I prepared them generally by M. Berthelot's method, by heating the alcohol and the acid for a day at 392°F. in a tube hermetically sealed; the product was mixed with a little æther, and it was digested some time with slaked lime in the water-bath, to separate the free acid from the neutral compound.

1858年October15日，M. Hanhart，“On Some New Æthers of Stearic and Margaric Acids”, in The Chemical Gazette, or, Journal of Practical Chemistry, in All Its Applications to Pharmacy, Arts and Manufactures，卷 XVI, 期 CCCLXXXIV, London: Published by Taylor and Francis, […]，頁 384:


ether

Ether的大小寫替代形式

Gas is not ether–it's a separate virtual currency with its own exchange rate against ether.

2018，Andreas M. Antonopoulos，Gavin Wood，Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and DApps，O'Reilly Media, →ISBN:


expedition

探險，遠征：探險隊, 考察隊


expenditure

支出，消費; 花費, 使用,支出額；經費


feces

源自拉丁語 faecēs，faex (“殘渣，渣滓”)的主格複數。

本詞接動詞複數或單數均可("feces have a strong smell"；"feces has a strong smell")。用動詞複數更常見（尤其英式），有些詞典只認可接動詞複數，有些則單複數均認可。


fortnight

繼承自中古英語 fourtenight、fourten night，繼承自古英語 fēowertīene niht (“十四夜、十四天”)，等價於 fourteen + night。對照 sennight。

[ˈfɔ˞ʔ.nɐɪ̯t̚]

[ˈfɔəʔ.nɐjʔ]

On being kicked the girl fell desperately in love with Henri, and for a fortnight they lived together and spent a thousand francs of Henri's money.

1933年January9日，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 1, in Down and Out in Paris and London，London: Victor Gollancz […], →OCLC:

The “lame duck” Johnson Administration, in its final fortnight in office, grappled last week with a diplomatic hot potato in the form of the latest Soviet proposal for a “just and lasting” Middle East peace settlement.

1969年January12日，Benjamin Welles，“A Hot Potato for Nixon”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


fraternity

原始印歐語詞
 *bʰréh₂tēr
繼承自中古英語 fraternite，來自古法語 fraternité，來自拉丁語 frāternitās。


fry

源自中古英語 fryen，借自古法語 frire，源自拉丁語 frīgō (“炸”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰer-。同源於古希臘語 φρύγω (phrúgō，“烤”)，梵語 भृज्जति (bhṛjjati，“烤”)，भृग् (bhṛg)。替換中古英語 hirsten，源自古英語 hierstan (“to fry”)。


fry

源自中古英語 frie (“小魚，後代”)


garlic

早期寫法garlick、garlicke，來自中古英語 garlek、garlik，來自古英語 gārlēac (“大蒜”，字面意思是“矛-韭蔥”)，來自gār (“矛”，指蒜瓣) + lēac (“韭蔥”)。與低地蘇格蘭語 garlic (“大蒜”)同源。

garlick (alternative)
garlicke (alternative)
garlics (plural)

Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.

2013年March20日，David S. Senchina，“Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，頁 134:


genus

源自 拉丁語 genus，源自 拉丁語 gignere， 古拉丁語 gegnere

genera (plural)
genuses (plural)
genusses (plural)


glossary

來自中古英語 glosarie，來自拉丁語 glossārium，來自古希臘語 γλῶσσα (glôssa，“舌頭”)。

At the back of the book you can find the glossary.

在書的末尾，你會看到術語表。

同類詞：terminology


grudge

grutch的變體 (15世紀中期，比begrudge年輕)，來自中古英語 grucchen (“喃喃自語，抱怨，怨恨，嫉妒”)，來自古法語 grouchier、groucier (“喃喃自語，抱怨”)，起源自日耳曼語族，可能是仿譯。
與中古高地德語 grogezen (“嚎叫，哀號”)、德語 grocken (“發牢騷”)同族。對照古諾爾斯語 krytja (“喃喃自語”)、古高地德語 grunzen (“咕噥”)。

to have, hold, or bear a grudge against someone

Bag. And if I do not my good Lord damme me for it

1607, Barnabe Barnes, THE DIVILS CHARTER: A TRAGÆDIE Conteining the Life and Death of Pope Alexander the ſixt, ACTVS. 5, SCÆ. 1:


gymnasium

借自拉丁語 gymnasium，來自古希臘語 γυμνάσιον (gumnásion)，來自γυμνός (gumnós)。


heir

Felix: "You must be a new student. My name is Felix Huxley, heir to the Applesoft empire.
#*:: Felix：「你一定是個新學生。我的名字是Felix Huxley，Applesoft財團的繼承人。」

2019；Con Man Games、SmashGames；Kindergarten 2；SmashGames；School Yard


hierarchy

源自中古英語 ierarchie、jerarchie，源自古法語 ierarchie、jerarchie，源自晚期拉丁語 ierarchia，源自拉丁語 hierarchia，源自古希臘語 ἱεραρχία (hierarkhía，“（大祭司的）统治”)，源自ἱεράρχης (hierárkhēs，“大祭司”)，源自ἱερός (hierós，“神圣的”) + ἄρχω (árkhō，“统治”)。受到古典拉丁语的影响，约1500年时“h”被重新添加。

（有官位层级的）统治集团

The [Washington] Post's proprietor through those turbulent [Watergate] days, Katharine Graham, held a double place in Washington’s hierarchy: at once regal Georgetown hostess and scrappy newshound, ready to hold the establishment to account.

2013年August10日，Lexington，“Keeping the mighty honest”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8848:

等級制度，層級制度，層次結構，階層

Social defeat arises in strict social hierarchies in which the few dominate the many. Overcrowding exacerbates the many ills of social defeat within these social hierarchies based on dominance.

2023年June7日，Charles Hugh Smith，Look Around and What Do You See? Social Defeat:

... the surviving portions provide enough detail to outline its principal features: the hierarchy of beings to whom his liturgy was to be addressed (we previously considered Plethon's hierarchy of gods in our examination of his Summary[…]

2017年June1日，Peter Mark Adams，The Game of Saturn: Decoding the Sola-Busca Tarocchi，Scarlet Imprint, →ISBN，頁 158:


hillside

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Usmaan (Middle river exports)-hillside.wav


hostility

敵意，敵視；敵對狀態，敵對行為


identification

/ɪˌdɛntɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/


identity

源自中古法語 identité ,源自 拉丁語 idem (“相同的”)。對比identical和idem。


illustration

/ˌɪləˈstɹeɪʃən/


immunology

Obviously, licentiates to practice medicine should receive instruction of a definite and practical nature in this important branch of modern medicine, or immunology should receive a place in the classification of specialties, a fact which the importance of the subject may command.

1915，Benjamin Abraham Thomas，Applied Immunology:


incentive

借自中世紀拉丁語 incentīvus (“起調或定調”)，來自incinō (“起調”)，來自in- (“在”) + canō (“唱”)。該詞的形成似乎受到incendō (“放火”)的影響。

I have no incentive to do housework right now.

It is tempting to speculate about the incentives or compulsions that might explain why anyone would take to the skies in [the] basket [of a balloon]: perhaps out of a desire to escape the gravity of this world or to get a preview of the next; […].

2013年June7日，David Simpson，“Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 36:

Management offered the sales team a $500 incentive for each car sold.


infrared

紅外線，一种波长比可见光长但比微波辐射短的电磁辐射，波长在700 nm 到 1 mm 之间。


initiate

/ɪˈnɪʃ.ɪ.ət/


injustice

非正義；不公正，不公平，侵犯(別人的)權利


innovation

借自中古法語 innovation，來自古法語 innovacion，來自晚期拉丁語 innovatio, innovationem，來自拉丁語 innovo, innovatus。
詞法分析為innovate + -ion。

/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/

The US supreme court has ruled unanimously that natural human genes cannot be patented, a decision that scientists and civil rights campaigners said removed a major barrier to patient care and medical innovation.

2013年June21日，Karen McVeigh，“US rules human genes can't be patented”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 2，頁 10:

Innovation is more than a new method. It is a new view of the universe, as one of risk rather than of chance or of certainty. It is a new view of man's role in the universe; he creates order by taking risks. And this means that innovation, rather than being an assertion of human power, is an acceptance of human responsibility.

1954，Peter Drucker，The Landmarks of Tomorrow:


interaction

/ˌɪntəɹˈækʃən/


intermediate

源自中世紀拉丁語 intermediatus，intermediare 的過去分詞，源自 inter + 晚期拉丁語 mediare (“調解”)；以及拉丁語 intermedius。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-intermediate (adj, noun).wav


intuition

/ˌɪntjʊˈɪʃən/


investment

投资，投资额；覆盖;包围；授职(仪式)


iodine

碘(化學元素，原子序為53，化學符號為I)


irrigation

/ˌɪɹəˈɡeɪʃən/


jejunum

源自拉丁語 iēiūnum，iēiūnus的中性形。


larva

larvas (plural)
larvae (plural)
larvæ (plural)


liberation

:< 法語 libération < 拉丁語 liberatio < liberare，过去分词：liberatus。 另见 liberate、liberal。


library

:< 中古英語 librarie < 盎格魯-諾曼語 librarie < 古法語 librairie < 拉丁語 librārium (“书架”) < 拉丁語 librarius < 拉丁語 liber （“树皮；书”），可能源自原始印欧语词根 * (leub(h))（“脱，剥”）。 取代了中古英語固有词 bochus, bochous（“书馆”， < 古英語 bōchūs（“书馆”））。

（书、激光唱片等的）个人收藏

系列丛书（或磁带等）；文库

公用程式；程式館；資料館；程式庫


lobe

16世紀前葉從中古法語 lobe借入，源自新拉丁語 lobus，源自古希臘語 λοβός (lobós，“耳垂；肝葉；豆莢”)。

圓形突出的部分 [自19世纪]

He then broke the kola nut and threw one of the lobes on the ground for the ancestors.

1958, Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart, London: William Heinemann, Chapter 19,

葉（尤指肝葉，腦葉，肺葉等）[自16世纪]

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013年August3日，“The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8847:

當滑冰者穿過冰面時，在冰面上留下的半圓形圖案 [自20世纪]


longevity

借自拉丁語 longaevitās，來自longaevus (“古舊的，老年的”) + -itās。

longævity (alternative)
longevities (plural)

[lɑŋˈd͡ʒɛv.ə.ɾi]

Grandpa had incredible longevity: he lived to be 105 years old!

爺爺很長壽：他活到105歲！

This 142-year-old tiny ex-LNWR SB [signal box, at Batley] is an amazing survivor, probably owing its longevity to its location alongside a level crossing. Indeed it started life as a gate box with the delightful name of Lady Ann's Crossing.

2020年July1日，David Allen，“Signalling from Leeds along the S&C”, in Rail，頁 74:

A ‘postdating’ is an example of the use of a lexical item at a later date than currently recorded and these are important in establishing the longevity of use of a term and whether or not it has become obsolete.

2018，James Lambert，“Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles”, in World Englishes，卷 37，頁 255:


macula

繼承自中古英語 macula，來自拉丁語 macula。macchia 的同源對似詞。


magnificent

more magnificent (comparative)
most magnificent (superlative)

（体型等）优美的；极其美丽的；健壮的


malnutrition

It is predictable that some of these infections occur in individuals immunocompromised by malnutrition or underlying disease (notably cancer or AIDS) or by immunosuppressive therapy.

可以预见的是，其中一些感染发生在因营养不良或潜在疾病（特别是癌症或艾滋病）或免疫抑制疗法而出现免疫功能低下的个体中。

2013，Robert H. Rubin, Lowell S. Young，Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host, →ISBN，頁 275:


martyr

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-martyr.wav

烈士；(因疾病等)長期受痛苦的人


maze

[電子計算機]迷陣；迷路


medication

來自中古法語 médication，來自拉丁語 medicatio，來自medicari (“治療，治愈”)，來自medicus (“醫生”)，來自mederi (“治療”)。

Have you been taking your medication(s)?

Are you going to be be like this all day? It’s like I’ve not took^([sic，意為taken]) my medication.

2019年March19日，The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off，季数 2, 集数 3, Michael Pennington (actor), 經由 Channel 4:

Such behavior, if it doesn't abate, will necessitate medication and supervision.

上述行為如果沒有减轻，将需要進行药物治疗和监督。


memorandum

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 memorandum，memorandus (“要記住的”) 的中性。


meteorology

源自法語 météorologie < 古希臘語 μετέωρος (metéōros，“高空”) + -λογία (-logía)。字面上等同於 meteor (“大氣現象”) + -ology (“研究；學問”) 首次記錄於1610年.

/ˌmiːtɪəˈɹɒləd͡ʒi/

某個特定區域或時期的氣象


narration

/ˌnəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/

[ˌnəˈɹeɪ.ʃn̩]

/ˌnɛɚˈɹeɪ.ʃən/

[ˌnɛɚˈɹeɪ.ʃn̩]


nasal

繼承自中古英語，派生自中世紀拉丁語 nāsālis，源自nāsus (“鼻子”) + -ālis (形容詞後綴)。nasalis 的同源對似詞。

透過鼻子起作用的藥；引嚏藥

頭盔突出保護鼻子的部分；護鼻器

The nasal continued in use until about 1140, when it was generally discarded, but isolated examples may be found in every succeeding century down to the seventeenth.

1909，Charles Henry Ashdown，European Arms & Armor，頁 78:

Rorge had donned a black halfhelm with a broad iron nasal that made it hard to see that he did not have a nose.

1999，George R.R. Martin，A Clash of Kings，Bantam Books, 出版於 2011，頁 463:


navigation

/nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/


nodule

/ˈnɑːd͡ʒuːl/


nomination

/ˌnɑmɪˈneɪʃən/

/ˌnɒmɪˈneɪʃən/


notion

借自拉丁語 nōtiō (“認知，領悟，觀察，調查，想法，觀念”)，源自nōscō (“知道”)。对比法語 notion。见know。

there are few that agree in their Notions about them:.

1705-1715', George Cheyne, The Philosophical Principles of Religion Natural and Revealed

The inflammatory message has twisted notions of respect and citizenship.

A perverse will easily collects together a system of notions to justify itself in its obliquity.

December 2, 1832, John Henry Newman, Wilfulness, the Sin of Saul

“Anthea hasn't a notion in her head but to vamp a lot of silly mugwumps. She's set her heart on that tennis bloke[…]whom the papers are making such a fuss about.”

1935，George Goodchild，章號 1, in Death on the Centre Court:

Who wrought with them, and all things else that might / To half a soul and to a notion crazed / Say, 'Thus did Banquo.'

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]，頁 140:

Yankee notions

縫紉服飾時使用的小物件，如衣扣，拉鏈，頂針等

I have a notion to do it.


nyctalopia

nyctalopias (plural)
nyctalopiae (plural)


observation

/ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃən/


oppression

壓迫，壓制；壓制物;沉悶；壓抑


parasite

/ˈpæɹəˌsaɪt/

/ˈpæɹəˌsaɪt/

/ˈpɛɹəˌsaɪt/

寄生虫，寄生菌，攀附植物


participation

源自中古英語 participacioun，源自中古法語 [具體何詞?]，源自古法語 participacion，源自晚期拉丁語 participatiō。字面上等同於 participate + -ion。

/pɑɹˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃən/

/pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃən/


pavement

繼承自中古英語 pament，來自拉丁語 pavīmentum。字面上等同於 pave + -ment。

(主要用於英國) 人行道


peel

源自中古英語 pelen，源自古英語 pilian、古法語 peler、pellier，源自拉丁語 pilō, pilāre (“剝皮，去除……的毛髮”)，源自pilus (“頭髮，毛髮”)。pill 的同源對似詞。

一種去除死皮的化妝工具。

一種鏟形工具，用來從烤箱中取出麵包或披薩。


peel

源自中古英語 peel、pele，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 pel（對比現代法語 pieu），源自拉丁語 pālus (“樁”)。pole和pale 的同源對似詞。


peel

源自古法語 pele（現代法語 pelle），源自拉丁語 pāla，基於plangere (“固定”)。pala 的同源對似詞。

一種鏟形工具，用來從烤箱中取出麵包或披薩。

一種T形工具，印刷工人和裝訂工人用其來懸掛晾乾濕紙頁。


peel

擊球使該球和對方的球同時離開得分區


peel

peal (“小隻或年輕的鮭魚”)的另一種寫法


penny

pennies (plural)
pence (plural)
pens (plural)


persecution

/ˌpɜːsəˈkjuːʃən/


pharmacy

來自中古英語 pharmacy，源自中古法語 pharmacie，來自古法語 farmacie，來自中世紀拉丁語 pharmacia，來自古希臘語 φαρμακεία (pharmakeía，“藥物使用”)，來自φάρμακον (phármakon，“痲痹，護符, 魅力”)，不確定但原型似乎是前希臘時期的底層語言。
自十四世紀晚期被證實。


phosphorus

磷(化學元素，原子序為15，化學符號為P)


plexus

(血管，淋巴管，神经等的)丛


portal

Last, but very much not least, are the portals of the Ffestiniog Railway's Moelwyn Tunnel. The tunnel's story itself is well told - it was part of the preservationists' deviation required to get around a reservoir that had flooded the earlier route. But the reason for its inclusion here is that it is probably the most recently constructed, properly architected tunnel portal in Britain.

2020年August26日，Tim Dunn，“Great railway bores of our time!”, in Rail，頁s 48–49:

在国际互联网络中充当其他网站入口的门户网站


potassium

由英國的化學家漢弗里·戴維在1807年造出，來自potassa + -ium。

potassium aluminum sulfate, potassium aluminium sulphate


practitioner

/pɹækˈtɪʃənə/

/pɹækˈtɪʃənəɹ/


precipitation

/pɹɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃən/


precursor

/ˈpɹiːˌkɜɹ.səɹ/

/pɹɨˈkɜɹ.səɹ/


prejudice

來自中古英語 prejudice，來自古法語 prejudice，來自拉丁語 praeiūdicium (“前例，前判；傷害，損害”)，來自prae- (“之前”) + iūdicium (“審判”)。

præjudice (alternative)
p͛judice (alternative)
prejudices (plural)

/ˈpɹɛd͡ʒədɪs/

Though often misled by prejudice and passion, he was emphatically an honest man.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 7, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

I am free of all prejudices. I hate everyone equally.

我不帶任何歧視。我平等地恨每一個人。

[…] the first did in the forepart sit, / That nought mote hinder his quicke preiudize: / He had a sharpe foresight, and working wit […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto IX”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

We both of us happen’d to know, as well as the Stationer, that Riddlesden the Attorney, was a very Knave. He had half ruin’d Miss Read’s Father by drawing him in to be bound for him. By his Letter it appear’d, there was a secret Scheme on foot to the Prejudice of Hamilton, (Suppos’d to be then coming over with us,) and that Keith was concern’d in it with Riddlesden. [...]

1793，Benjamin Franklin，The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, §20:

for no injury is thereby done to any one, no prejudice to another man's goods

1702, W. Popple (translator), John Locke, A Letter concerning Toleration […]


presidency

presidence (alternative)
presidencies (plural)

舉凡稱為「president」的職務（職位、任期）

過去英屬印度以馬德拉斯、孟買、孟加拉三大省劃分的統轄區

(美式) 指直屬總統組織


priest

天主教的教士、神父、牧師


priority

/pɹaɪˈɒɹɨti/

/pɹaɪˈɔɹɪ̈ti/


prism

派生自拉丁語 prisma。


proclamation

/ˌpɹɑkləˈmeɪʃən/

/ˌpɹɒkləˈmeɪʃən/

宣布,公布,声明,公告;宣告


prognosis

/pɹɒɡˈnəʊsɪs/


progressive

源自中古法語 progressif，源自拉丁語 prōgressīvus，源自 prōgredior (完成分詞詞幹：prōgress-) + -īvus。替代古英語 forþgenġe。

prog. (alternative)
progressives (plural)

/pɹəˈɡɹɛsɪv/

/pɹəˈɡɹɛsɪv/


projection

/pɹəˈdʒɛkʃən/


proportion

/pɹəˈpɔɹʃən/

/pɹəˈpɔːʃən/

/pɹəˈpoəʃən/


prospect

來自拉丁語 prospectus, prospicere (“展望”)，來自pro (“之前”) + specere、spicere (“看”).


prostate

源自中古法語 prostate，源自中世紀拉丁語 prostata，源自古希臘語 προστάτης (prostátēs，“站在前面的人，守衛”)。

prostate gland

前列腺，攝護腺 （自1646年）

前列腺，攝護腺 （自1646年）


purification

/ˌpjʊəɹɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/


quarantine

《圣经》中描述的耶稣禁食40天时所在的沙漠。


quarantine

:< 意大利語 quarantina （“四十”） < quarantina giorni （“四十天”）（四十天是当时威尼斯人为了消除鼠疫而将来港船只隔离的时间）< quaranta （“四十”） < 拉丁語 quadraginta （“四十”）。

（为防传染的）隔离期，检疫


quartz

借自德語 Quarz，源自中古高地德語 quarz、twarc，源自某種西斯拉夫語支的語言（比較波蘭語 twardy (“硬的”)、捷克語 tvrdý (“硬的”)），源自原始斯拉夫語 *tvьrdъ。

The telescope and collimator have each an object-glass consisting of a single lens of quartz 1½ inch diameter and a focal length of 18½ inches for the sodium yellow light, but not more than 16 inches for the highest rays measured.

望遠鏡和準直器各有一個物鏡，由直徑1.5英寸的石英單透鏡組成，鈉黃光的焦距為18.5英寸，但測量的最高光線的焦距不超過16英寸。

1883，George Downing Liveing, James Dewar，“On the Ultra-Violet Spectra of the Elements”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society，卷 174, Barrison and Sons, part I，頁 188:

Subsequently, the old Malay brought him the present specimen in a state of torpidity, telling him he had found it in a cavity of the quartz reef.

1892年April20日，Armiger Barczinsky，“The Golden Snail”, in The Gentleman's Magazine，卷 272，頁 331:

My meat eats me. Who waits at the gate? / Mother of quartz, your words writhe into my ear. / Renew the light, lewd whisper.

1948，Theodore Roethke，“The Shape of the Fire”, in The Lost Son and Other Poems:


rabies

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 rabiēs (“狂暴，瘋狂”)。rage 的同源對似詞。


shellac

含蟲膠原料的78轉老式唱片


radioactive

於1898年由皮埃尔·居里和玛丽·居里借自法語 radio-actif所創的新詞，等同於radio- + active。

radio-active (alternative)
radioactives (plural)

Any ship nearby will receive a lethal dose of gamma rays, neutrons, and other radioactives.

2016，Travis S. Taylor, Les Johnson，On to the Asteroid:


recommendation

/ˌɹɛkəmɛnˈdeɪʃən/

/ˌɹɛkəmənˈdeɪʃən/


rectum

源自新拉丁語 rectum，拉丁語 rectum intestinum (字面意思是“直的腸子”)的截斷、rectum、rectus (“直”)的中性形。參見right。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-rectum.wav


regression

/ɹiːˈɡɹɛʃən/


reservoir

水库，贮水池，蓄水池；人造的或天然的蓄水場所，例如湖泊或池塘，可由此取水供灌溉、都市給水或防洪之用。


retail

[ˈɹ̠ʷiˌtʰeɪ̯ɫ]


sclerosis

From 古希臘語 σκλήρωσις (sklḗrōsis，“an induration”), from *σκληροῦν (sklēroûn，“硬化”), from σκληρός (sklērós，“hard”)

Suppressing dissent dooms the society to sclerosis, decline and collapse.

2019年December6日，Charles Hugh Smith，Suppressing Dissent Guarantees Disorder and Collapse:


screwdriver

螺絲起子，一種由伏特加和橙汁製成的飲料


senile

1660年代借自法語 sénile，來自中古法語 senile，來自古法語 senile，來自拉丁語 senīlis (“屬於或與老年有關的”)，來自senex (“老人”)，源自原始印歐語 *sénos (“老的”)。

Seniles differ markedly in their early adult intelligence level, and in their social, vocational, and educational histories.

1979，Oscar J. Kaplan，Psychopathology of Aging，頁 54:


snag

树桩或被砍断的树枝底部；较短的树枝，尖或粗糙的树枝；（绳子等打的）结；任何突起的东西。

突出的牙齿；（蔑）断牙或蛀牙。

鹿或类似动物的角的分叉。


sociologist

/səʊsɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/

The great sociologist Zygmunt Bauman argued that philo-Semitism and anti-Semitism both fall under “allosemitism”: literally Othering the Jew. He defined it not as resentment of what is different, which is xenophobia, but rather of what defies order and clear categories. In 1997, he wrote, “The Jew is ambivalence incarnate. And ambivalence is ambivalence mostly because it cannot be contemplated without ambivalent feeling: it is simultaneously attractive and repelling.”

2020年January28日，Mairov Zonszein，“Christian Zionist philo-Semitism is driving Trump’s Israel policy”, in The Washington Post:


soybean

Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.

2013年March20日，David S. Senchina，“Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，存檔自the original on 2013-05-16，頁 134:


specimen

來自拉丁語 specimen (“標記，標誌，範例”)，來自speciō (“觀察，注視”)。

樣本 樣鈔，供印刷廠測試或查驗印刷品質的紙幣

early specimens of the art of Picasso

To assure a defendant's acquittal, a lawyer usually needed only to convince the jury that the victim was a pretty sorry specimen of a human being.

2006，Bill Neal，Getting Away with Murder on the Texas Frontier:

樣本 樣票，給郵政局長和郵政管理部門的郵票，以便檢查是否為偽造郵票

early specimens of the art of Picasso

通常前面會加“fine”


sphincter

借自晚期拉丁語 sphinctēr (“肛門肌肉”)，源自古希臘語 σφῐγκτήρ (sphĭnktḗr，“環，帶；收縮的肌肉”)，最終源自前希臘時期的底層語言。可能與 sphinx 有關。

the sphincter of the bladder

the iris sphincter in the eye

She decided that she would force him to climax first by the sheer strength of her young animal control, the strength of her sphincters […]

1982，Lawrence Durrell，Constance (The Avignon Quintet)，Faber & Faber，頁 836:


strategy

借自古希臘語 στρατηγία (stratēgía)。

Oftentimes, the very simple strategies pay very great dividends.


supine

:< 中古英語 supin < 拉丁語 supinum、supinus。 语法中的“目的动名词”之意源自短语 supinum verbum。

（拉丁语中的）目的动名词


trigger

指引發不良反應或發展的起因、誘因。

(網路用詞)因為被特定事情而引發怒氣者，有嘲諷他人脾氣不好的意味。


tuberculosis

結核，肺結核（自1839年）

With smallpox gone, tuberculosis is today the deadliest infectious disease on the planet.

随着天花的消失，肺结核成为当今地球上最致命的传染病。

2019，Bill Bryson，The Body: A Guide for Occupants，Black Swan (2020)，頁 380:


tumor

繼承自中古英語 tumour，源自古法語 tumour，源自拉丁語 tumor (“腫脹”)，源自 tumeō (“腫脹，膨脹”，動詞)，源自原始意大利語 *tumēō，源自原始印歐語 *tewh₂- (“腫脹”)。與英語 thumb 有關。

tumor 是美國標準拼寫、加拿大替用拼寫之一；tumour 則是其他地方的標準拼寫。

a benign tumor

a malignant tumor

brain tumor

identify tumor

pancreatic tumor

remove a tumor

take a tumor

stomach tumor


turbulence

借自拉丁語 turbulentia，或源自 turbulent + -ence。

這個國家目前正經歷政治動盪。

The country is currently experiencing political turbulence.

（空氣或水的）湍流, 紊流

飛機在飛行過程中經歷了嚴重的氣流湍流。

The airplane experienced severe turbulence during the flight.

足球比賽在球迷中間演變成了暴力和騷亂。

The football match ended in violence and turbulence among the fans.


unicellular

Among unicellulars, the rate of increase is beyond belief.

1931，Ezra Bowen，An hypothesis of population growth:

In unicellulars the uncoupling of the various nutritional and energy sources is much more widely spread.

1986, Johan A J Metz, O Diekmann, The dynamics of physiologically structured populations

More or less distinct specialisation of reproductive elements in some unicellulars.

一些單細胞生物的生殖器官或多或少有明顯的特化。


Vaseline

vaseline的大小寫替代形式


vegetarian

/vɛd͡ʒɪˈtɛɹi.ən/

/vɛd͡ʒɪˈtɛəɹi.ən/

/ˌvɛd͡ʒɪˈtɛəɹɪən/


virgin

:< 古法語 virgine < 拉丁語 virginem（主格 virgo）。


zoology

/zəʊˈɒlədʒi/


yardstick

码尺(指直尺)；标准；尺度


yeast

引起騷動（或激動）的因素


yurt

(游牧区用兽皮或毛毡盖的)圆顶帐篷


age

年龄；龄期，人類、動物或植物已經存活或預期能夠存活的時間。


haj

"The defendant has also piloted planes taking haj pilgrims from Indonesia to Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabia to Indonesia.

被告還曾駕駛飛機將朝聖者從印尼送往沙烏地阿拉伯，以及從沙烏地阿拉伯送往印度尼西亞

2009年January15日，“Five Australians jailed for entering Papua province”, in Herald Sun，源於 AAP:


artichoke

來自倫巴底語 articioc，來自奧克語 artichaut，來自中世紀西班牙語 alcarchofa，來自安達盧斯阿拉伯語 الْخَرْشُوف (al-ḵaršūf)，來自阿拉伯語 الْخُرْشُوف (al-ḵuršūf)，衍生自خُرْشُوف (ḵuršūf)。

/ˈɑɹ.tɪˌtʃəʊk/

/ˈɑː.tɪˌtʃəʊk/

洋薊，朝鮮薊，洋百合，法國百合（Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus）

暗淡的綠色，像洋薊外表的顏色

artichoke：


hydrargyrum

/haɪˈdɹɑːd͡ʒɪɹəm/


cacao

借自西班牙語 cacao，來自古典納瓦特爾語 cacahuatl。cocoa 的同源對似詞。

/kəˈkeɪ̯əʊ̯/

[kəˈkʰɑːəʊ̯]

[kəˈkʰeɪ̯əʊ̯]

/kəˈkeɪ̯oʊ̯/

[kəˈkʰeɪ̯oʊ̯]


influenza

借自意大利語 influenza (“影響”)，源自拉丁語 influentia。influence 的同源對似詞。

In early 1919 the Board also issued a film, Dr Wise on Influenza, in which a character called 'Brown' spreads the disease by enacting poor behaviours.
This did address transport - by boarding a crowded omnibus, "Brown may be scattering germs throughout the carriage and giving influenza to a number of people".

1919年初，委员会还发行了一部电影《怀斯医生谈流感》，片中一个名叫“布朗”的角色通过做出不良行为传播疾病。
这部电影确实涉及交通问题——登上一辆拥挤的公共汽车后，“布朗可能会在整个车厢内传播细菌，并将流感传染给许多人”。

2020年April8日，Dr David Turner，“How railway staff were conduits and victims of a pandemic [铁路工作人员如何成为疫情的传播者和受害者]”, in Rail，頁 32:


viagra

Viagra的另一種寫法


pyrazine

（有机化学）吡嗪（两个氮原子在对位的二嗪）。化学式为C4H4N2。


pyridazine

哒嗪（两个氮原子在邻位的二嗪）。


relaxer

Music is a good relaxer.

音樂是一種很好的放鬆方式。

一種能鬆開鬈曲毛髮以幫助拉直的乳霜或乳液

Are you a doer or a relaxer? If you said “some of both,” then you're right on track.

您是行動派還是放鬆派？如果您回答「兩者皆有」，那麼您說得對。

2014，Rusty Gregory, Alan Chasen，Living Wheat-Free For Dummies，頁 172:


kor

來自希伯來語 כֹּר。

cor的另一種寫法：希伯來和腓尼基的體積單位

Solomon responded by committing 20,000 kors of pure oil and 20,000 kors of wheat in annual payments. A kor of oil is an ancient Hebrew unit of liquid of about 58 gallons. A kor of wheat is equal to 6.25 bushels.

2002，Don Victor Bovey，In Touch With Eternity，頁 161:


kappa

古典借詞，源自古希臘語 κάππα (káppa)，源自原始閃米特語 *kapp- (“手掌，手”)。kaph 的同源對似詞。

衡量期權合約價格對標的資產波動性變化的敏感度的指標


kappa

借自日語 河童 (kappa)。

It was not quite possible for a kappa to go pale, but this one managed, shrinking partly into its shell.

2013，Laura VanArendonk Baugh，Kitsune-Mochi: Kitsune Tales #2，頁 94:


att

源自老撾語 ອັດ (’at)。

阿特（老挝的辅助货币单位，相当于百分之一老挝基普）。


poste restante

存局候領；存局待領；留局候領


surname

部分转借法语 surnom ← 古法语 surnum, surnoun（“别名；绰号”）（中古英语 sournoun之源） ← 晚期拉丁语 supernōmen, suprānōmen ← super-（“超过，在……之上”） + nōmen（“名字”）。

（表示修饰的）附加名称（尤指从出生地、品质、成就等得来的）

人、地、事等的别称，绰号

（古典研究）古罗马人名中的第三名（cognomen）

（苏格兰方言，）氏族；宗族


hassa

hassar (“一種魚”)的另一種寫法


operator

/ˈɒpəˌɹeɪtə/

/ˈɑpəˌɹeɪɾɚ/

操作员，操控器，运作器，操纵装置。

(抽象代数,电子通訊,计算机) 运算元，运算符号。

(遗传学,基因组学) 运作子，操控子，操纵子。

(电子通訊) 电话接線员，通话员，話務員。


abatis

借自法語 abatis，源自abattis (“大量被打掉、砍掉的東西”)，源自abattre。參見abate。

abattis (alternative)
abatis (plural)
abatises (plural)


abductor

誘拐者，綁架者，劫持者 （19世紀中葉）


abductor

外展肌 （17世紀早期）

the abductor oculi draws the eye outward.


aberration

源自拉丁語 aberrātiō，首見於1594年，源自aberrō，源自ab (“遠離”) + errō (“漫遊、徘徊”)。對兆法語 aberration。等價於aberrate + -ion。

/ˌæb.əˈɹeɪ.ʃn̩/


abiogenesis

/ˌeɪbaɪəʊˈdʒɛnəsɪs/


abiotic factor

[環境][動物學]非生物因素；非生物因子。物理、化學的與其他無生命的環境因子。對於生態系中的活體動植物是必要的，它提供了動植物生長所必需的必要元素與養分。無生命元素包括生態系中氣候與土壤的要素。


ablation

繼承自晚期中古英語 ablacioun (“移除”)，借自晚期拉丁語 ablātiō (“帶走”)，源自auferō (“帶走，撤回，除去”) + -tiō (名詞後綴)；等價於ablate + -ion。ablatio 的同源對似詞。對照法語 ablation。


abolition

/ˌæb.əˈlɪʃ.n̩/


abrasion

/əˈbɹeɪ.ʒn̩/


accelerometer

加速度計，用於測量加速度的儀器

用於檢測和測量振動的儀器

Working with NR, ScotRail and Porterbrook, Perpetuum has fitted sensors with gyroscopes and accelerometers to trains that are already in passenger service.

Perpetuum 與 NR、ScotRail 和 Porterbrook 合作，為已經投入客運服務的火車安裝了帶有陀螺儀和加速計的傳感器。

2022年March23日，“Network News: Hitachi on-train track monitoring trial expands to Scottish routes”, in RAIL，期 953，頁 13:


acclivity

首次記錄於1614年。借自拉丁語 acclīvitās，源自acclīvis (“上升”)，源自ad + clīvus (“坡”)。

Just below it leaned a tottering crag that would have toppled, starting an avalanche on an acclivity where no sliding mass could stop.

就在它下方，有一個搖搖欲墜的峭壁，它可能會倒塌，在上升坡引發雪崩，那裡沒有滑動的物體可以停止。


activator

活化剂；活化子；激活；活化體


aerolith

And what about the great aerolith at Paphos which they are supposed to have worshipped under the name of Bahomet?

1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber 1992, p. 243:


affiliation

/əˌfɪliˈeɪʃən/


albedo

借自拉丁語 albēdō。


alkali soil

[環境]碱土，鹼性土壤。含有足量可交換的鈉離子，能干擾水分滲透和農作物生長的土壤，也可能含有一定濃度的可溶性鹽類。


americium

/ˌæməˈɹɪsiəm/


angle of incidence

機翼和水平穩定器跟機身之間的夾角


anisotropy

Velvet exhibits anisotropy when rotated about its geometric normal.

围绕其几何法线旋转时，天鹅绒表现出各向异性。


apatite

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-apatite.wav


aqua regia

借自拉丁語 aqua regia (字面意思是“皇家的水”)，因這種液體能溶解許多難以腐蝕的貴金屬。

/ˈɑː.kwə ˈɹeɪ.ɡi.ə/

/ˌækwə ˈɹiːdʒi.ə/

ăʹkwə-rēʹjē-ə

Consider another example. 'If gold is placed in aqua regia then it dissolves.' Aqua regia is a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids that dissolves gold or platinum. Observation of gold dissolving in aqua regia (argument 1 1) lends credence to the above conditional statement.
Not placing the gold into aqua regia and gold not dissolving (argument 0 0) does not disprove the truth-value of this conditional.

2005, D.J. Krus, Elements of Propositional Calculus


argon

源自古希臘語 ἀργόν (argón)，ἀργός (argós，“怠惰的，懶散的”)，因該氣體的惰性而得名。


index

indexes (plural)
indices (plural)
index's (plural)


astatine

來自古希臘語 ἄστατος (ástatos，“不穩定”) + -ine。

Astatine, for instance, is practically unstudied. It has a name and a place on the periodic table (next to Marie Curie's polonium), but almost nothing else.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, p. 221:


atmospheric pressure

Like most human activities, ballooning has sponsored heroes and hucksters and a good deal in between. For every dedicated scientist patiently recording atmospheric pressure and wind speed while shivering at high altitudes, there is a carnival barker with a bevy of pretty girls willing to dangle from a basket or parachute down to earth.

2013年June7日，David Simpson，“Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 36:


lifespan

（产品等的）预期使用期限；预期存在期限


azurite

/ˈæʒ.əˌɹaɪt/

/ˈæʒ.(j)ʊəɹˌaɪt/

/ˈæʒ(j)ʊˌɹaɪt/


berm

借自荷蘭語 berm (“路邊草地，路肩”)，可能經由法語 berme，來自中古荷蘭語 barm、baerm、barem (“路肩，岸邊”)，來自古荷蘭語 *barm，來自原始西日耳曼語 *barm，來自原始日耳曼語 *barmaz (“邊緣，邊界，縫隙”)。與英語 brim相關。


beryl

繼承自中古英語 beryl，來自古法語 beril，來自拉丁語 bērillus、bēryllus，來自古希臘語 βήρυλλος (bḗrullos，“綠柱石”)，來自普拉克里特語 [具體何詞?]，來自梵語 वैडूर्य (vaiḍūrya)。

The sunset had been magnificent, and the Thames was floating in dark radiance; the waves wearing that transparent clearness, which gives more the idea of melted beryl, than aught else: every little circle in the water had that trembling light which characterises precious stones.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“The Fête”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 57:

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are diamond, ruby and sapphire, emerald and other gem forms of the mineral beryl, chrysoberyl, tanzanite, tsavorite, topaz and jade.

2012年March20日，Lee A. Groat，“Gemstones”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 2，頁 128:

The crown was set with six beryls of excellent size and color.

The appearance of the wheels and their work was like unto the colour of a beryl …

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ezekiel 1:16:

beryl：


biosphere

借自德語 Biosphäre，由奧地利的地質學家愛德華·修斯在1875年造出。字面上等同於 bio + sphere。

/ˈbaɪəʊˌsfɪə(ɹ)/

地球上生物及其环境的总和


bitumen

借自拉丁語 bitūmen。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-bitumen.wav


bond length

键长，指分子中键合在一起的一对原子之间的距离。


caldera

借自西班牙語 caldera (“釜”)，來自晚期拉丁語 caldāria (“熱水澡”)，來自拉丁語 caldārium。chowder 的同源對似詞。

/kælˈdɛə.ɹə/

The lakes of both Rotorua and Taupo occupy calderas left from enormous prehistoric eruptions, and magma lies at shallow depths beneath a number of centres.

2000，Tony Waltham，“Geyser watching”, in Geology Today，卷 16, Iss. 3, p. 99::


cap

源自中古英語 cappe，源自 古英語 cæppe，源自晚期拉丁語 cappa。cape、chape、 和 cope 的同源對似詞。

The children were all wearing caps to protect them from the sun.

孩子们都戴着帽子，防止太阳晒伤。

表示等级、职业等的特殊帽子。

四方帽。大學生或研究生畢業所佩戴的帽子。

He took the cap off the bottle and splashed himself with some cologne.

他打开瓶盖，往身上喷了些古龙水。

He had golden caps on his teeth.

There was snow on the cap of the mountain.

We should put a cap on the salaries, to keep them under control.

我们应给工资设限，使其得到控制。

The G7 countries have agreed to impose a price cap on Russian oil in an attempt to stem the flow of funds into the Kremlin’s war coffers. […] The level of the cap is still being discussed.

2022年September2日，Alex Lawson，“G7 countries agree plan to impose price cap on Russian oil”, in The Guardian:

装在纸条或塑料杯中的少量冲击性炸药，用于玩具枪。

Billy spent all morning firing caps with his friends, re-enacting storming the beach at Normandy.

比利一早上都在和朋友玩儿玩具枪，好像要重现诺曼底海滩上的激战一样。

用于引爆较大炸药的小型爆炸装置。

He wired the cap to the bundle of dynamite, then detonated it remotely.

他将引爆装置连接到炸药包上，然后远程引爆。

Did he think they were going to put a cap in his ass right in the middle of Metreon?

no cap

that's cap

入選國家隊；在國際賽場上亮相。

Rio Ferdinand won his 50th cap for England in a game against Sweden.

里奥·费迪南在对阵瑞典的比赛中第50次代表英格兰队出场。

Overall, though, England’s injury-diminished side coped well on the night when Ruben Loftus-Cheek, Jordan Pickford and Tammy Abraham all won their first caps.

2017年November10日，Daniel Taylor，“Youthful England earn draw with Germany but Lingard rues late miss”, in The Guardian (London):

He that will give a cap and make a leg, in thanks for a favour he never received, deserveth rather to be blamed for want of wit, than to be praised for store of manners.

1655，Thomas Fuller，The Church History of Britain, from the Birth of Jesus Christ until the Year MDCXLVIII，卷 1, London: Thomas Tegg and Son, 出版於 1837，頁 9:

鸟类从喙基部到颈背的整个头顶。

the cap of column, door, etc.; a capital, coping, cornice, lintel, or plate

覆盖在物体顶部或末端，用于保护或装饰的东西。

用于连接桅杆（如桅杆和顶桅、船首斜桅和帆樯）的铁制或木制项圈；也指绳索末端的焦油帆布套。

球面或其他凸面的一部分。

flat cap; foolscap; legal cap


cap

有两个把手的木制饮酒碗。


carbon dioxide

carbon dioxid (alternative)
carbondioxid (alternative)

/ˌkɑːbən dʌɪˈɒksʌɪd/

同類詞：carbon monoxide

There were dozens of presentations in 2008, including: […

2008年有数十场演讲，其中包括： […] “二氧化碳对气候变化的夸大性作用”。

2008年December9日，Jeff Jacoby，“Skepticism on climate change [對氣候變化的懷疑]”, in The International Herald Tribune, →ISSN:

Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

24亿年前，当蓝藻进化出光合作用时，地球上的氧气含量猛增：利用太阳能将水和二氧化碳转化为碳水化合物并消耗氧气的能力。

2013 September–October，Katie L. Burke，“In the News”, in American Scientist，存檔自the original on 2013-09-03:


carrying capacity

运载能力；承載力；負荷量


cartography

/kɐː(ɹ)ˈtɔɡɹəfɪi̯/

/kɐɹˈtɒɡɹəfi/

/kɐː(ɹ)ˈtɔɡɹɘfɪi̯/

/kɑːˈtɒɡɹəfi/

/kɑɹˈtɑɡɹəfi/


cation

借自古希臘語 κᾰτῐόν (kătĭón)，κᾰ́τειμῐ (kắteimĭ，“向下走”) 的現在分詞，源自 κᾰτᾰ- (kătă-，“向下”) + εἶμῐ (eîmĭ，“走，去nocat=1”)。由英國的博學家威廉·惠威爾在1834年造出，他為麥可·法拉第造出了本詞，後者於當年稍晚時間引入了本詞。等價於 cat(a)- + ion。


center of gravity

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Persent101-center of gravity.wav


chemical oxygen demand

化学需氧量，水中物質行生物或非生物的氧化所需的氧量，為水質測定方法之一。


chemical potential

[大气][化學]化學勢；化學位能；化學位勢


chlorination

加氯處理（如加到水中消毒，或加到含金物质以提取其中的金）


chromatography

/ˌkɹəʊ.məˈtɒɡɹə.fi/


citric acid

/ˌsɪtɹɪk ˈæsɪd/


classification

On those remote pages it is written that animals are divided into (a) those that belong to the Emperor, (b) embalmed ones, (c) those that are trained, (d) suckling pigs, (e) mermaids, (f) fabulous ones, (g) stray dogs, (h) those that are included in this classification, (i) those that tremble as if they were mad, (j) innumerable ones, (k) those drawn with a verfy fine camel's hair brush, (l) others, (m) those that have just broken a flower vase, (n) those that resemble flies from a distance.

1937-1952，Jorge Luis Borges，Other Inquisitions:

I’m using mathesis — a universal science of measurement and order …
And there is also taxinomia a principle of 'classification' and ordered tabulation.
Knowledge replaced universal resemblance with finite differences. History was arrested and turned into tables …
Western reason had entered the age of judgement.

1997: Chris Horrocks, Introducing Foucault, page 69 (Totem Books, Icon Books; ISBN 1840460865


climax

源自拉丁語 clīmax，借自古希臘語 κλῖμαξ (klîmax，“梯子，樓梯，（修辭學上的）高潮”)，源自 κλίνω (klínō，“傾斜”)。

一系列按上升順序排列的修辭手段

頂點、高峰、高潮 生態發展的巔峰，物種與其環境達到平衡

頂點、高峰、高潮 性高潮


dishonour

dishonor (alternative)
dishonours (plural)

英國，加拿大，澳大利亞，新西蘭，愛爾蘭，南非


integrity

借自中古法語 intégrité、源自拉丁語 integritās。entirety 的同源對似詞。

/ɪnˈtɛɡɹəti/

/ɪnˈtɛɡɹɪti/

Living a lie saps us of integrity and moral cohesion to the point that we can no longer distinguish between the artifice being propped up and the real world.

2023年June22日，Charles Hugh Smith，2023-2030: Artifice Vs. Doom-Loops:


pablum

pabulum

任何過度平淡或過分單純的東西，特別是指講話或文字

pap

任何過度平淡或過分單純的東西，特別是指講話或文字

任何過度平淡或過分單純的東西，特別是指講話或文字

(可否为此义项增加一个例句？)

Pablum的大小寫替代形式


basil

標準英音，加拿大，澳大利亞


exciter

為發射器產生載波訊號的電子振盪器。


omohyoid

/əʊ.məʊˈhʌɪ.ɔɪd/


coccyx

拉丁語 coccyx，源自古希臘語 κόκκυξ (kókkux，“布穀鳥”)，因從側面看起來像布穀鳥彎曲的嘴喙而得名。

He lands on the concrete path and bounces on his coccyx, which cracks the base of his spine.

2018，Richard Powers，The Overstory，Vintage (2019)，頁 129:


coefficient of expansion

[测绘学][電子計算機]膨胀系数


encyclopaedia

encyclopaedias (plural)
encyclopaediae (plural)


children

childer (alternative)
childs (alternative)
chillen (alternative)

/ˈt͡ʃɪldɹən/

美國南部，非洲裔美國人白話

[ˈt͡ʃɪl.d̠ɹ̠ ̝ʷən]

[ˈt͡ʃʊld̠ɹ̠ ̝ʷən]

‘Children crawled over each other like little grey worms in the gutters,’ he said. ‘The only red things about them were their buttocks and they were raw. Their faces looked as if snails had slimed on them and their mothers were like great sick beasts whose byres had never been cleared. […]’

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 7, in The China Governess:

Now we are liberal with our innermost secrets, spraying them into the public ether with a generosity our forebears could not have imagined. Where we once sent love letters in a sealed envelope, or stuck photographs of our children in a family album, now such private material is despatched to servers and clouds operated by people we don't know and will never meet.

2013年June14日，Jonathan Freedland，“Obama's once hip brand is now tainted”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 1，頁 18:


prophet

繼承自中古英語 prophete，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 prophete，源自拉丁語 prophēta，源自古希臘語 προφήτης (prophḗtēs，“為神代言的人”)，源自 πρό (pró，“在……之前”) + φημί (phēmí，“說，講”)。此詞取代了原始的古英語 wītga。

a prophet has no honor in his own country

a prophet is not without honor save in his own country

先知，受神靈啟發而說話的人

Muslims believe that Muhammad was the final prophet sent to mankind.

穆斯林相信穆罕默德是上帝派給人類的最後一位先知。


want

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Nattes à chat-want.wav

這個貧困的家庭缺乏食物和住所。

The poor family was in want of food and shelter.


anion

借自古希臘語 ἀνιόν (anión，“向上走（的東西）”)，ἄνειμι (áneimi，“向上走”) 的過去分詞，源自 ἀνά (aná，“向上”) + εἶμι (eîmi，“走，去”)。由英國的博學家威廉·惠威爾在1834年造出，他為麥可·法拉第造出了本詞，後者於當年稍晚時間引入了本詞。字面上等同於 ana- + ion。


complexometric titration

络合滴定[法]；錯合滴定[法]


koala

/kəʊ.ˈɑː.lə/


jupiter

首字母小寫化，源自Jupiter (“木星”)。


tomorrow

來自中古英語 tomorwe、tomorwen，來自古英語 tō morgne (“明天”，副詞)，來自tō (“在”) + morgne（morgen (“早晨”)的與格），來自原始日耳曼語 *murganaz (“早晨”)，或許來自原始印歐語 *mergʰ- (“閃爍”)，等同於to- + morrow。

to-morrow (alternative)
tomorrows (plural)

Tomorrow will be sunny.

Oh seek, my love, your newer way; / I'll not be left in sorrow. / So long as I have yesterday, / Go take your damned to-morrow!

1926，Dorothy Parker，“Godspeed”, in Enough Rope，頁 69:


melting point

事情出錯或變得危險的高潮局面


conjugation

/ˌkɒnd͡ʒəˈɡeɪʃən/

/ˌkɑnd͡ʒəˈɡeɪʃən/

共轭、变体（活用）、变位法


condensed milk

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-condensed milk.wav

She holds the condensed milk tin over the first mug and watches the pale yellow milk stream down in a thin, viscous line.

她把炼乳罐放在第一个杯子上方，看着淡黄色的牛奶流成一条细而粘稠的线。

2008，Preeta Samarasan，Evening is the Whole Day，Fourth Estate，頁 86:


tomato

源自西班牙語 tomate，來自古典納瓦特爾語 tomatl，來自原始納瓦語 *tomatl。對照tomatillo。

[tʰə̥ˈmɑːtʰəʊ]

[tʰə̥ˈmɐːtʰɐʉ]

[tʰə̥ˈmeɪɾoʊ]

[tʰə̥ˈmeɪɾə]

分體詞：lycopene

In common parlance tomatoes are vegetables, as the Supreme Court observed long ago [see Nix v. Hedden 149 U.S. 304, 307, 13 S.Ct. 881, 882, 37 L.Ed. 745 (1893)], although botanically speaking they are actually a fruit. [26 Encyclopedia Americana 832 (Int'l. ed. 1981)]. Regardless of classification, people have been enjoying tomatoes for centuries; even Mr. Pickwick, as Dickens relates, ate his chops in "tomata" sauce.

1990, JSG Trading Corp. v. Tray-Wrap, Inc., 917 F.2d 75 (2d Cir. 1990)

tomato：

Lookit the legs on that hot tomato!

When she left the room, I asked Robert, “Who's the tomato?” “Marisa. She's from Mexico.” He had a telltale smile on his face.

2008, Denny Durbin, Lazy Enchiladas: Redefining Success: Tasty Lessons on Love, Life, & Relationships, Bodega Publishing (ISBN 9780980207248), page 13:

“Who's the tomato?” a cop said as Evie walked past. “Her? She's the stiff's niece,” another cop answered. Evie flinched to hear Will discussed like that. “You wanna clam up?” Malloy barked and the officers fell silent.

2020, Libba Bray, The King of Crows, Little, Brown Books for Young Readers (ISBN 9780316532624)


vegetable oil

在美國的食品雜貨店，瓶裝標有「vegetable oil」的，通常含有大豆油。


convergence

來自 converge + -ence（仿照拉丁語 convergentia）。

We built a homestead at the convergence of two rivers

我们在两条河的交汇处建造了家园

红、绿、蓝三束电子束在阴极射线管的一个像素上相交

趨同（一種假設，認為較貧窮經濟體的人均收入往往比較富裕經濟體以更快的速度增長）

将不同的技术、行业或设备合并为一个统一的整体


MSG

任一化學性質的游離穀氨酸。


beef

beef (plural)
beefs (plural)
beeves (plural)


Bulgaria

/bʌlˈɡɛə.ɹi.ə/


chicken breast

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chicken breast.wav

Lunch today is chicken breast with carrots.

今天的午餐是雞胸肉配胡蘿蔔。


drumstick

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-drumstick.wav


green tea

仿譯自漢語 綠茶／绿茶 (lǜchá)。

同類詞：black tea、white tea


chile

源自西班牙語 chile。


chile

child按發音的寫法。


tofu

借自日語 豆腐(とうふ) (tōfu)，來自中古漢語 豆腐 (dəuᴴ bɨo^X)。dubu 的同源對似詞。

同類詞：tempeh

First, marinate the tofu. In a bowl, whisk the kecap manis, chilli sauce, and sesame oil together. Cut the tofu into strips about 1cm thick, mix gently (so it doesn't break) with the marinade and leave in the fridge for half an hour.

首先将豆腐腌制一下。在碗里加入甜酱油、辣椒酱和芝麻油，并搅拌在一起。将豆腐切成约1厘米厚的条，与腌料轻轻混合（以免破裂），然后放入冰箱半小时。

2012年May8日，Yotam Ottolenghi, Sami Tamimi，Ottolenghi: The Cookbook，Random House, →ISBN，頁 79:

因缺少對應字體而顯示成方塊的字符（像是_□或𐕪）


grapefruit

被廣泛地認為是grape + fruit的行銷術語，暗指樹上葡萄狀的果實，19世紀早期Ciardi提出了另一種說法：柚子的植物學名稱之一是Citrus grandis，意思是「大柑橘 [水果]」，這是由於其果實的大小。一個新的柚子品種可能首先被稱為「greatfruit」（參見greatfruit），經過同化過程，這個詞被念成「grapefruit」。

grapefruits (plural)
grapefruit (plural)

Results have begun to come in and at Comfort Castle this month I spent a useful and happy half day carting round 8 children in my car to their homes where we all helped to fill in with good soil and manure, their excellently dug holes and planted the grapefruit.

Grapefruit is high in vitamin C. The pink and red varieties contain vitamin A (betacarotene) and lycopene, an antioxidant that may help prevent cancer. Grapefruit contains a chemical that can alter intestinal absorption of some medications and lead to higher than normal blood levels of some drugs and potential problems.

2002，“Fruits”, in Encyclopedia of Foods: A Guide to Healthy Nutrition，Academic Press, →ISBN, part II (Encyclopedia of Foods)，頁 176，列 3:

Once loaded by Canaveral, the grapefruit are transported to Japan, where the shipments are unloaded by employees of Japanese stevedoring companies. The grapefruit are then received by the Japanese importers.

2002，NLRB Advice Memorandum Reporter，Labor Relations Press，頁 100:


broccoli

1699年來自意大利語 broccoli，為broccolo (“甘藍芽，頭”)的複數，brocco (“幼芽，嫩芽”)的指小（也是brocade的源頭），來自拉丁語 broccus (“尖的，鋒利的，突出的；有獠牙的”)，可能是高盧語的源頭，與原始凱爾特語 *brokkos (“獾”)或原始凱爾特語 *brozdos (“頂端，尖端”)相關（對照蘇格蘭蓋爾語 brog (“鋒利的器具，鑽子”)、威爾士語 procio (“刺，戳”)、古英語 brord (“尖端，尖”)）。更多請見brochure、brad。

broccolo (alternative)
brocoli (alternative)
brockely (alternative)
broccolis (plural)
broccoli (plural)

You can also get oriental broccolis such as kailaan and nabana, which are easy to grow and really tasty.

2010, Sven Wombwell, Allotment Gardening For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons (ISBN 9780470664483), Growing Oriental Leaf Vegetables:

Examples of leafy vegetables are broccoli, spinach, celery, and chicory.

2013, Anselm Anyoha, MD, How Broccoli-Head Lost Thirty Pounds: A Handbook for Healthy Living, iUniverse (ISBN 9781475987584), page 83:

I be smokin' broccoli, mama told me eat my veggies

抽支大麻爺最愛，老媽叫我吃蔬菜

2014，“Kodak Black”, in Heart Of The Projects，演出者 Skrilla:

All I want is cottage, roll a cigar full of broccoli

鄉村小屋要一間，捲起大麻吸口菸


broccoli

broccolo (alternative)
brocoli (alternative)
brockely (alternative)


Equatorial Guinea

/ˌɛkwəˈtɔːɹiəl ˈɡɪni/


skim milk

(北美、澳大利亞) 脫脂奶


distilled water

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-distilled water.wav


crystal lattice

[電機工程][電子計算機]晶格


tap water

We have only tap water to drink.


guava

1555年起有记录，源自西班牙語 guaya，guayaba的变体 ← 阿拉瓦克語 guayabo (“番石榴树”)。

番石榴、芭樂（树、水果名）


Indonesia

/ˌɪndə(ʊ)ˈniːʒə/

/ˌɪndəˈniʒə/


Myanmar

/ˈmaɪ̯ænˌmɑː/


Nauru

/nɑːˈuː.ɹuː/


bubble tea

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-bubble tea.wav


vermicelli

源自意大利語 vermicelli，vermicello的複數形，源自verme (“蠕蟲”)，源自拉丁語 vermis + -cello (“指小後綴”)。


Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-us-Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.ogg


Suriname

/ˌsʊə.ɹɪˈnæm/

/ˌsjʊə.ɹɪˈnæm/

/ˌsʊɹ.ɪˈnɑm/


TV

I saw an ad for that on TV.

我在電視上看過這個的廣告。

Believe me, the sun always shines on TV

1985，Paul Waaktaar-Savoy （作曲作詞）, “The Sun Always Shines on T.V.”, in Hunting High and Low，演出者 a-ha:

tax value之首字母縮略詞。


United Arab Emirates

/juˌnaɪtɪd ˌæɹəb ˈɛmɪɹɪts/


croissant

非同化借詞，源自法語 croissant (“新月”)，croître (“生長”)的現在分詞。crescent 的同源對似詞。


ctenidium

源自中古希臘語 κτενίδιον (ktenídion，“梳子”)，古希臘語 κτείς (kteís)的指小词。

櫛鰓，一些軟體動物的呼吸系統，形似梳子。


cumulonimbus

cumulonimbuses (plural)
cumulonimbi (plural)

The one to the east (which at the moment seemed to be leaping straight out of the heart of a sinister slaty-purple patch of cumulonimbus) drained the Lake of the Hanging Glaciers; that to the west a desolate rock and ice-walled valley which was rimmed by some of the highest summits in the Selkirks.

1921，Lewis R. Freeman，章號 III, in Down the Columbia:


e-mail

email的另一種拼寫法


demagnetization

來自de- + magnetization或來自demagnetize + -ation。


dendrolite

dendro- + -lite，源自 古希臘語 δένδρον (déndron，“樹”) + λίθος (líthos，“石”)。


diatom

源自（已棄用的）屬名 Diatoma，源自古希臘語 διάτομος (diátomos，“切开，切成两半”)。

Diatoms are enclosed in two shells that fit together like a pillbox.

硅藻被包裹在两个像碉堡一样贴合在一起的壳中。

1967，George K. Reid，Pond Life，New York: Golden Press, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 31:

Diatoms are characterized by a cell wall called a fistula made of silica, which usually has two overlapping sections.

硅藻的特点是细胞壁由二氧化硅制成，称为藻壳，通常有两个重叠的部分。

2012，Caspar Henderson，The Book of Barely Imagined Beings，Granta Books, 出版於 2013，頁 287:


diatom

We show here, through a systematic study of the covalent chemical bond covering the entire periodic system, that the maximum bond multiplicity is six. The maximum value is reached by the tungsten diatom, W₂. No other pair of atoms in the periodic system (atomic numbers smaller than about 100) reaches a higher bond order.

2007，Björn O. Roos, Antonio C. Borin, Laura Gagliardi，“Reaching the Maximum Multiplicity of the Covalent Chemical Bond”, in Angewandte Chemie，卷 46, 期 9, →DOI，存檔自the original on 2024-04-27，頁s 1469–1472:


diffusion coefficient

[電子電機工程][通訊工程]扩散系数


discontinuity

來自晚期拉丁語 discontinuitās，來自discontinuus，等同於dis- + continuity。

Shock waves are sudden discontinuities propagated in compressible media – usually air.

2012，George Dyson，Turing's Cathedral，Penguin, 出版於 2013，頁 57:


divergent boundary

离散边缘，擴張邊界；离散边界；建设性板块边界


dodecahedron

dodecahedra (plural)
dodecahedrons (plural)

/ˌdəʊdɛkəˈhiːdɹən/

/ˌdəʊdɪkəˈhiːdɹən/


double bond

雙鍵，含1根σ鍵和1根π鍵的共價鍵的分類稱呼


effective nuclear charge

On the other hand, many concepts on atomic structure (energy levels, ionization potentials, electronegativity of the elements, and so on) are discussed in terms of effective nuclear charges.

1999 September，O. Sala, K. Araki, L. K. Noda，“A Procedure to Obtain the Effective Nuclear Charge from the Atomic Spectrum of Sodium”, in Journal of Chemical Education，卷 76, 期 9，頁 1269:


electron affinity

[電子電機工程][電機工程]电子亲合势，電子親和力，電子親和性


elytron

古典借詞，源自古希臘語 ἔλυτρον (élutron，“鞘”)。

In a corner, the Darkling Beetle rustles in its Cage, its Elytra the same unforgiving white as the great sand-waste call’d ‘Kalahari’ lying north of here […]

[…] the elytra covering the hind wings of the firefly lift like a light leather, suppler than any other beetle’s.

2020，Aimee Nezhukumatathil，World of Wonders: In Praise of Fireflies, Whale Sharks, and Other Astonishments，Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, →ISBN，頁 9:


encroachment

/ɪŋˈkɹoʊt͡ʃmənt/

/ɛŋˈkɹoʊt͡ʃmənt/


bridegroom

/ˈbɹaɪdˌɡɹuːm/


entomology

:出自法语 entomologie ("昆虫学")，出自古希腊语 ἔντομον (éntomon, "昆虫"或"像昆虫的小虫子") + -logie ("学问").


epicentre

/ˈɛpɪˌsɛntɚ/

/ˈɛpɪˌsɛntə/


passover

Passover的首字母小寫形。


equivalent potential temperature

equivalent potential temperatures (plural)


money

:< 中古英語 moneie, moneye < 古法語 moneie（ > 现代法语 monnaie） < 拉丁語 moneta （“造币厂；硬币，货币”）。
:取代了中古英语固有词 schat（“金钱，财富”）（ < 古英语 sceatt，“金钱，财富，硬币”）与 feoh（“金钱，财产”）（ < 古英语 feoh，“金钱，财产；牛”）。


euphotic zone

透光帶；真光帶；真光層；透光層；有光帶；亮光带


evolution

/ɛvəˈlʉːʃən/


nuclide

來自nucleus + -ide。由由美國的化學家Truman Kohman在1947造出在《美國物理學雜誌》的一篇文章中創造，他在文中將「nuclide」定義為「一種由其原子核結構（特別是原子核中的質子和中子數量）所表徵的原子種類」。

核素，核種 （由其原子序數和原子質量指定的原子核）


love

源自中古英語 love、luve，源自古英語 lufu （“愛情、感情、願望”），源自原始日耳曼语 *lubō （“愛”），源自原始印欧语 *lewbʰ-、*leubʰ- （“愛、關愛、願望”）。與古弗里斯蘭語 luve （“愛”）、古高地德語 luba （“愛”）同源。與古英語 lēof （“親愛的，心愛的”）、līefan （“准許、贊許”）、拉丁語 libet、lubō （“取悅”）、阿爾巴尼亞語 lyp （“請求、乞求”）、lips （“被需要的、被求的”）亦同源。


love

源自短語 Neither for love nor for money，意為“無、無任何東西”。


deed

One small deed can have one stour effect or more.


argument

/ˈɑːɡjʊmənt/

/ˈɑɹɡjʊmənt/

/ˈɑɹɡjəmənt/


friend

源自中古英語 frend、freend，源自古英語 frēond (“朋友”，字面意思是“所愛之人”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *friund，源自原始日耳曼語 *frijōndz (“愛人，朋友”)，源自原始印歐語 *preyH- (“喜歡，愛”)，等同於free + -nd。
與薩特弗里斯蘭語 Fjund、Früünd (“朋友”)、西弗里斯蘭語 freon、froen、freondinne (“朋友”)、荷蘭語 vriend (“朋友”)、低地德語 Frund、Fründ (“朋友，親屬”)、盧森堡語 Frënd (“朋友”)、德語 Freund (“朋友”)、丹麥語 frænde (“親屬”)、瑞典語 frände (“親屬”)、冰島語 frændi (“親屬”)、哥特語 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (frijōnds，“朋友”)同源。參見free。
其他同源詞也包括俄語 приятель (prijatelʹ，“朋友”)、梵語 प्रिय (priyá-，“鐘愛的”)。

with friends like that, who needs enemies


joy

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大

標準英音，通用美式，加拿大


mine

源自中古英語，源自古法語 mine，源自晚期拉丁語 mina，源自高盧語（對比威爾士語 mwyn、愛爾蘭語 mianach (“礦石”)），源自原始凱爾特語 *mēnis (“礦石；金屬”)。

This diamond comes from a mine in South Africa.

这颗钻石产自南非的一个矿山。

He came out of the coal mine with a face covered in black.

他满脸黑漆地从煤矿里走出来。

Most coal and ore comes from open-pit mines nowadays.

如今，大多数煤和矿石都来自露天矿。

She's a mine of information.

His left leg was blown off after he stepped on a mine.

他踩到地雷后左腿被炸断了。

The warship was destroyed by floating mines.


Samaritan

/səˈmæɹɪtən/

/səˈmɛɹɪtən/


fact

:< 拉丁語 factum （“行为，行动”）——factus （“做了的”） 的中性形——faciō （“做”） 的完成被动分词。


ground

cumberground, cumber-ground, cumber ground

cut the ground from under someone's feet

know one's ass from a hole in the ground

know one's head from a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground

Tom Tidler's ground, Tommy Tiddler's ground


meanwhile

繼承自中古英語 menewhile，等同於mean (“中間”) + while。是副詞in the mean while的省略，名詞通常用在形容詞後面。

In the meanwhile, the surveyors carried the line three miles, which was no contemptible day's work, considering how cruelly they were entangled with briers and gallbushes.

Quoted in 2002, Stephen C. Ausband, Byrd's Line: A Natural History (page 37)


saviour

savior的英國和加拿大拼法。


beg

源自中古英語 beggen，古英語 *becgan、*bedcan、*bedican的同化形，bedecian (“乞求，懇求”)的中略形，可能源自原始日耳曼語 *bedagô (“請求者；乞丐”)，源自*bedą、*bedō (“祈禱；請求”)。與北弗里斯蘭語 bēdagi (“祈禱”)、哥特語 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍅𐌰 (bidagwa，“乞丐”)、古英語 biddan (“要求”)有關。參見bid、bead；也見書面挪威語 be (“乞求，要求”)。

“Lord,” I prayed, “it's a long time since I came to You for anything besides a quick beg for help. And it seems every time I come to You I'm asking something bigger, more impossible. But I'm here again. […]

2008，Cathy Gohlke，William Henry is a Fine Name/I Have Seen Him in the Watchfires Set:


beg

源自鄂圖曼土耳其語 بك (beg)。

鄂圖曼帝國時期的省級行政長官


beg

Knit with MC until work measures 3 inches from beg.

2005, DRG Dynamic Resource, House of White Birches, Big Book of Knit Hats & Scarves for Everyone (page 34)


GUT

grand unification theory 或 grand unified theory (“大統一理論”)之首字母縮略詞。

同類詞：TOE


AU

Tuntau is an enormous, low-density terrestrial planet, with a thick atmosphere of methane and helium. Despite being nearly 20 AU from Phoenix, the star's great heat and the insulating thickness of the atmosphere make the surface surprisingly temperate.

2008，BioWare，Mass Effect，Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC，幕：Tuntau:

angstrom unit (“埃斯特朗單位”)之首字母縮略詞。


aphelion

新拉丁語 aphēlium的希臘形式（經由英語 aphelium，現已被取代），來自古希臘語 ἀπο- (apo-，前綴意思為“遠離、偏離”) + ἥλῐος (hḗlĭos，“太陽”)（源自原始印歐語 *sóh₂wl̥ (“太陽”)）+ -ον (-on，構成一些名詞的後綴)，模仿新拉丁語 apogaeum (“最高點”)。
複數形式aphelia是 aphelion + -a (後綴 -on 的複數形式)。


tribology

/tɹɪˈbɒləd͡ʒi/


sabbath

Sabbath的首字母小寫形。

Far-right activists had organised their protest for the Jewish sabbath in an area with a 40% Jewish population.

2015年June30日，Harriet Sherwood，“London neo-Nazi rally moved after outcry from Jewish leaders and MPs”, in The Guardian:


sis

(非正式) sister 的截斷形式。


dining room

dining-room (alternative)
diningroom (alternative)
dining rooms (plural)


bathroom

/ˈbɑːθ.ɹuːm/


swimming pool

swimming-pool (alternative)
swimming pools (plural)

Fortunately, a waterfall thrums down the nearby mountains and forms a natural swimming pool at the entrance.

幸运的是，瀑布从附近的山上流下来，在入口处形成一个天然游泳池。

2009，Sean Harvey，The Rough Guide to the Dominican Republic, →ISBN，頁 321:


fauna

源自新拉丁語 fauna，來自拉丁語 Fauna，和Faunus (“森林和牧人之神”)相關；與古希臘語 θαῦνον (thaûnon，“野生動物、野獸”)、θώς (thṓs，“胡狼，野狗；豹”)、弗里吉亞語 δάος (dáos，“狼”)同族。

faunae (plural)
faunas (plural)
faunæ (plural)

動物相 （自18世紀晚期）

the fauna of China

Japanese waters also support a rich and diverse shark fauna, including the smallest known shark Squaliolus laticaudus, and the bizarre goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni.

1983，Richard Ellis，The Book of Sharks，Knopf, →ISBN，頁 199:


fluoridation

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fluoridation.wav

添加氟化物（尤其是水中，以預防蛀牙）

Israel's decision to ban fluoridation follows a vote to preclude the practice in Portland, Ore., and Wichita, Kan. It was also recently overturned in Hamilton, the fourth most populous city in New Zealand.

在以色列决定禁止添加氟化物之前，俄勒冈州波特兰市和堪萨斯州威奇托市已经投票禁止了这种做法。新西兰第四大人口城市汉密尔顿最近也推翻了该决定。

2013年August9日，Douglas Main，“Israel Outlaws Water Fluoridation”, in Live Science, retrieved 2013-09-30:


francium

來自法語 francium，來自France + -ium（來自玛格丽特·佩里出生的國家）。

/ˈfɹɑːnsɪəm/

The most elusive element of all, however, appears to be francium, which is so rare that it is thought that our entire planet may contain, at any given moment, fewer than twenty francium atoms.

2003, Bill Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, BCA, p. 221:

Notice that franciums are balanced without even thinking in moles, atoms, or whatever.

1999, Peter J. Krieger, Understanding Chemical Principles: A Learning Companion (page 56)

(a) Radons and poloniums are compared, (b) poloniums and astatines are compared and (c) radons and franciums are compared.

2007, Carl J. Gross, Witold Nazarewicz, Krzysztof P. Rykaczewski, The 4th International Conference on Exotic Nuclei and Atomic Masses (page 180)


gadolinium

/ˌɡædəˈlɪniəm/


gas constant

[電機工程][氣象]气体常数


gravitational wave

cosmic gravitational-wave background (CGB, CGWB)

gravity wave 有時被用作 gravitational wave 的同義詞，反之亦然。然而，前者通常指兩種流體在重力作用下相遇時形成的波，例如海面上受風吹拂形成的波浪，而不推薦使用該詞描述天體物理現象。

引力波；由加速質量引起的時空波動

It is therefore apparent that the existence of gravitational waves can be deduced from general relativity just as the existence of electromagnetic waves can be deduced from Maxwell's theory.

1941，Leopold Infeld，Quest: The Evolution of a Scientist，New York, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co., →OCLC，頁 261:

It might be anticipated that a pulsating star, such as a Cepheid is believed to be, would emit gravitational waves abundantly; but when the question is examined analytically, this expectation is not confirmed.

1949，Edmund [Taylor] Whittaker，源自Euclid to Eddington: A Study of Conceptions of the External World，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →OCLC，頁 119:

Fourth, there exists a strong competition on the side of purely astronomical means for indirect detection of gravitational waves.

2003，Astrophysics Update，Berlin: Springer-Verlag; Chichester, West Sussex: Praxis Publishing, →ISBN，頁 282:

A gravitational-wave detector exploits the physical effects of a gravitational wave on bodies to detect the waves. A gravitational wave detector may, for example, monitor the separation between two freely falling bodies; as a gravitational wave passes, the two bodies will experience a tidal acceleration relative to each other.

2011，Jolien D[onald] E[arl] Creighton with Warren G. Anderson, “Gravitational Waves”, in Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy: An Introduction to Theory, Experiment and Data Analysis，Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, →ISBN:

Physicists have announced the discovery of gravitational waves, ripples in spacetime first anticipated by Albert Einstein a century ago. “We have detected gravitational waves. We did it,” said David Reitze, executive director of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (Ligo), at a press conference in Washington.

2016年February11日，Tim Radford，“Gravitational waves: discovery hailed as breakthrough of the century: Scientists announce discovery of clear gravitational wave signal, ripples in spacetime first predicted by Albert Einstein”, in The Guardian，London:

These layers also permit visual observation of the well-known "gravitational waves," which were suggested by Helmholtz and have been investigated theoretically at some length. It is frequently suggested that these atmospheric waves may be connected with signal fading.

1951，Propagation of Short Radio Waves [IEE Electromagnetic Waves Series; 24]，London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd on behalf of The Institution of Electrical Engineers, →ISBN，頁 346:

It is difficult to see whether a sufficient amount of energy is communicated to the sea by the air masses directly in the form of compressional waves or it is transmitted or increased by the action of gravitational waves.

1953，J[ohan] G[erard Jozef] Scholte，“On Theories of the Origin of Microseisms”, in Symposium on Microseisms: Held at Arden House Harriman N.Y. 4–6 September 1952 [Publication (National Research Council); 306]，Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, →OCLC，頁 124:

In the used model sound waves and external gravitational waves have been filtered; combined inertial-internal gravitational waves, however, are still included in the equations.

1959，K. Hinkelmann，“Ein numerisches Experiment mit den primitiven Gleichungen”, in The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion: Scientific Contributions to the Rossby Memorial Volume，New York, N.Y.: The Rockefeller Institute Press in association with Oxford University Press, →OCLC, abstract，頁 486:


antennas

“antennae”通常指昆虫的触角，“antennas”通常指天线。