MMA

manual metal arc (“手動金屬電弧焊”)之首字母縮略詞。

middle meningeal artery (“腦膜中靜脈”)之首字母縮略詞。

microelectronic modular assembly (“微電子微型組件裝置”)之首字母縮略詞。

master murabaha agreement (“穆拉巴哈大師協議”)之首字母縮略詞。

Mark Zuckerberg shares photos from the hospital after undergoing knee surgery for a torn ACL suffered during MMA training.

2023年November4日，“Mark Zuckerberg tears ACL while training for MMA fight early next year”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

mastitis–metritis–agalactia (“乳房炎─子宮炎─無乳症症候群”)之首字母縮略詞。

mammalian meat allergy (“哺乳動物肉類過敏”)之首字母縮略詞。


mt

mitochondrion or mitochondria (“線粒體”)之縮寫。


MSRP

manufacturer's suggested retail price (“廠家建議零售價”)之首字母縮略詞。

“I’m calling across the entire country. I’m thinking this is not going to be possible. I’m not going to find a dealer selling at MSRP,” recalled Rathjen, a technical writer. “I kept calling further and further away until I hit Vermont.”

2022年June17日，Allan Chernoff，“Soaring US car prices compel buyers to travel thousands of miles for deals”, in The Guardian:


rent boy

Francis Urquhart: Got anything on him?
Tim Stamper: There was a whiff of scandal about ten years ago.
Francis Urquhart: Rent boy. In a train. To Red Hill. Yes. Wanted to sell his story but we bought it and hushed him up. Be ungentlemanly to bring that up. A man's private life should be private.
Tim Stamper: On the other hand, getting sucked off in second class is hardly prime ministerial behaviour.
Francis Urquhart: Yes, you have a point there.

1990，House of Cards, Season 1, Episode 4:

An Irishman came up to him, bought him a drink, asked him if he was a rent boy, and agreed to give £40 for coming back.

1992，Donald James West, Buz De Villiers，Male prostitution，頁 93:

Just then, a rent boy with perfect white teeth and a babyface flashed me one of those unforgettable Thai smiles.

2007，John Patrick，Dangerous Boys, Rent Boys，頁 12:


mRNA

messenger RNA (“信使核糖核酸”)之首字母縮略詞。

When a cell “expresses” a gene, it translates the DNA first into a signature messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and subsequently into a chain of amino acids that forms a protein.

2015年November28日，Ferris Jabr，“How Humans Ended Up With Freakishly Huge Brains”, in Wired:

Because of their fragility, the mRNA molecules will quickly fall apart at room temperature. Moderna’s vaccine will need to be refrigerated, and should be stable for up to six months when shipped and stored at –4°F (–20°C).

2020年December5日，Jonathan Corum, Carl Zimmer，“How Moderna’s Vaccine Works”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


rRNA

ribosomal RNA (“核糖體核糖核酸”)之首字母縮略詞。


tRNA

transfer RNA (“轉運核糖核酸”)之首字母縮略詞。


cytokine

來自cyto- + 古希臘語 κίνησις (kínēsis，“活動”)。

Thus, in the case of viral infection, mechanisms of resistance would be threefold, namely, interferon production, the immune response, including both antibody and lymphokine production, and the generation of lymphokine-like substances by the infected cells themselves. These latter substances have been defined as cytokines.

1975年July20日，Bigazzi PE, Yoshida T, Ward PA, Cohen S.，“Production of Lymphokine-Like Factors (Cytokines) by Simian Virus 40-Infected and Simian Virus 40-Transformed Cell”, in The American Journal of Pathology，卷 80, 期 1，頁 69:

A fundamental feature expressed by the vast majority of cytokines is a profound immunomodulatory activity.

1991, Maxine Gowen, Cytokines and Bone Metabolism, page 26,

The cytokines are generally considered to be a group of peptides secreted by cells of the immune system such as macrophages, lymphocytes and T cells, although the same peptides may also be secreted by non-immune cells such as neurological tissues and adipocytes.

2012, Victor R. Preedy, Ross Hunter (editors), Preface, Cytokines, page v,

The cytokines provide a classic example of products of the immune system which alter brain and endocrine activities. A variety of cytokines, including interleukin 1, interleukin 2, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α, have been traditionally associated with peripheral control of the immune system, inflammation, and acute phase response.

2013, Errol B. De Souza (editor), Preface, Neurobiology of Cytokines: Methods in Neurosciences, Volume 16, page xiii,


apoptosis

來自古希臘語 ἀπόπτωσις (apóptōsis，“脫落”)，來自ἀπό (apó，“遠離”) + πτῶσις (ptôsis，“脫落”)。

The term apoptosis is proposed for a hitherto little recognized mechanism of controlled cell deletion, which appears to play a complementary but opposite role to mitosis in the regulation of animal cell populations.

1972，J. F. R. Kerr，A. H. Wyllie，A. R. Currie，“Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wide-ranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics”, in British journal of cancer，卷 26, →DOI:

Indeed, so important is apoptosis that it is gradually becoming clear that almost all therapeutic cancer treatment works only because it induces apoptosis by alerting p53 and its colleagues.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome, Harper Perennial 2004, p. 238:

Apoptosis is routine in developmental processes such as the removal of webbing between fingers in humans, the loss of tadpole tails in amphibians, and insect metamorphosis.

2011, Terence Allen and Graham Cowling, The Cell: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford 2011, p. 74:


acetaminophen

醋氨酚、乙醯胺基酚、對乙醯胺基酚

You need to take acetaminophen / Or just a little aspirin / acetylsalicylic for the pain

“I [have] actually witnessed a resident have to be taken to the emergency room because of acetaminophen toxicity,” Lee recalls. “I was pushed to find a solution because I wanted to help the residents who I volunteer for.”

2025年March28日，Ella Jeffries，This 17-Year-Old Scientist Is Making an Acetaminophen Alternative That Is Less Damaging to the Liver:


BIOS

Basic Input/Output System 之首字母縮略詞。（基本輸入輸出系統）


RNA

Looked at from RNA’s point of view, DNA is just a passive archive of information, a dull hunk of a telephone directory; it is RNA that looks up the numbers, establishes the connections and determines how long each call will last.

2006年June20日，Nicholas Wade，“DNA or RNA? Versatile Player Takes a Leading Role in Molecular Research”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (plural)

acquired immune deficiency syndrome的另一種寫法


CD

compact disc (“光盤，光碟”)之首字母縮略詞。
音樂專輯

I misplaced the Windows 98 install CD.

我把 Windows 98的安裝光盤放到不知哪兒去了。

Called Compact Discs (CD for short) and expected to enter the market by 1983, they play an hour per side and are virtually indestructible.

1980年April13日，Allan Kozinn，“The Future is Digital”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Mariah Carey's new CD has some R'n'B influences.

瑪利亞·凱利的新專輯中有一些R&B的影響。

Along the route to Tanyin flowed a fast stream of staff and C.D. cars.

1955, Graham Greene, The Quiet American:

Jake lengthened his stride and crossed the road in front of a double-parked car, large, black and with CD plates.

1978, Kingsley Amis, Jake's Thing, Vintage 2007, p. 8:

chart datum (“海圖基準面”)之首字母縮略詞。

cluster of differentiation (“分化群集”)之首字母縮略詞。

cooldown (“冷卻時間”)之縮寫。

同類詞：CI


ROM

ROMs (plural)
リードオンリーメモリ (alternative)
リードオンリーメモリー (alternative)

模擬時使用唯讀記憶體（如遊戲卡帶）的軟體影像

rough order of magnitude (“數量級估算”)之首字母縮略詞

同類詞：ROP、ROW、ROY


RAM

NVRAM

random-access memory (“隨機存取存儲器”) 之首字母縮略詞。

同類詞：ROM、flash memory、bubble memory、core memory、WORM

random-access machine (“隨機存取機”) 之首字母縮略詞。

同類詞：PRAM

responsibility assignment matrix (“責任分配矩陣”) 之首字母縮略詞。

reliability availability maintainability (“可靠性、可用性、可維護性”) 之首字母縮略詞。

radar-absorbent material (“雷達吸波材料”) 之首字母縮略詞。


random access memory

同類詞：read-only memory、ROM、write-only memory、WOM、flash memory


phenomena

phenomenon 的複數形式，源自古希臘語 -ον (-on) → -α (-a)的複數模式。

有時也會被當做單數，不過基本上認為這種用法是錯誤的。對照criteria。


sarcolemma

肌漿膜：肌肉纤维的细胞浆膜（plasma membrane of the muscle fiber）。


United States of America

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-uk-United States of America.ogg


trial and error

Navigating by trial and error may get you there eventually, but using a map is faster.

通过反复试验可能最终会到达目的地，但使用地图会更快。

Trial and error was a big part of the process: "We need to fail down here so we don't fail up there," [Neil] Armstrong insists, though even some of the mistakes and malfunctions at ground level cause devastating casualties.

2018年October9日，A. A. Dowd，“The Star and Director of La La Land Reunite for First Man’s Spectacular Trip to the Moon”, in The A.V. Club，存檔自the original on 2020-06-16:


由National Puzzlers’ League會長Everett K Smith在1935年年會上創造，来自古希臘語 πνεύμων (pneúmōn，“肺”) + 拉丁語 ultra (“超”) + 英語 microscopic (“微”) + silico- (“硅”) + volcano (“火山”) + 古希臘語 κόνις (kónis，“灰塵”) + 英語 -osis (“炎癥”)，為pneumonoconiosis (“塵肺病”)的擴展。

/njuːˌmɒ.nəʊ.ʌl.tɹə.maɪ.kɹəʊˈskɒ.pɪkˌsɪ.lɪ.kəʊ.vɒl.keɪ.nəʊ.kəʊ.niˈəʊ.sɪs/

這個詞的發明純粹是為了爭奪英語中最長單字的頭銜，由45個字母和19個音節組成。這個詞在醫學上沒有正式用法，教科書將這種疾病稱為pneumonoconiosis、pneumoconiosis、silicosis。

《牛津英語詞典》將其列為最長的單字，並解釋為“一個人造詞，據稱意思是『因吸入通常在火山中發現的極微小矽塵而引發的疾病』但主要作為一個長單詞的實例出現。（a factitious word alleged to mean ‘a lung disease caused by inhalation of very fine silica dust usually found in volcanos’ but occurring chiefly as an instance of a very long word.）”。

Call it miner's asthma, silicosis, pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, or black lung—they are all dust diseases with the same symptoms.

1980 March，Lorin E. Kerr，“Black Lung”, in Journal of Public Health Policy，卷 1, 期 1, →JSTOR，頁 50:

I say that it must be the silica dust
That we breathed through our mouths and our noses
That brought pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.

1998年August27日，Smokey，“Lament for a Lung Disease”, in talk.bizarre (Usenet), message-ID <6s3r8o$brt$1@camel15.mindspring.com>:

It's either pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, or a bad cough.

2002年December18日，Pod，“Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis”, in alt.fan.scarecrow (Usenet), message-ID <iHSL9.2091$h43.295898@stones>:

I still can't watch House M.D. and not have my mind wonder[…] Even I can fear of:Template:SIC having Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis after watching it.

2011年April28日，Kurt D. Stradtman，Am I the Person My Mother Warned Me About?: A Four-year College Experience ... Only the Good Parts，Xlibris, →ISBN, →LCCN，頁 90:


carbon paper

carbonic paper (alternative)
carbon papers (plural)


information technology

information and communications technology

Since the launch early last year of […] two Silicon Valley start-ups offering free education through MOOCs, massive open online courses, the ivory towers of academia have been shaken to their foundations. University brands built in some cases over centuries have been forced to contemplate the possibility that information technology will rapidly make their existing business model obsolete.

2013年July20日，“The attack of the MOOCs”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8845:


roma

Roma (“一種番茄”)的首字母小寫形。

Swap the vegetables for roma tomatoes (seeded), steamed new potatoes, carrots, and chickpeas (rinsed and drained); add a pinch of curry to the vinaigrette.

2008 January–February，Mark Bittman，“The only 7 meals you need for 2008”, in Men's Health，卷 23, 期 1, →ISSN，頁 138:


absorption coefficient

absorption factor (alternative)
absorption coefficients (plural)


lumen second

lumen-second (alternative)
lumensecond (alternative)
lumen seconds (plural)


AAL

asynchronous transfer mode adaption layer; ATM adaption layer (“异步传输模式适配层”)之首字母縮略詞。

attorney at law (“法律事務代理人；職業律師”)之首字母縮略詞。


acoustic coupler

同類詞：modem

The call will be answered with a high-pitched tone; no human voice will be heard. The phone receiver should be placed in the acoustic coupler, if one is used, with the cord in the proper position.

1984, Christine L. Borgman, Effective Online Searching: A Basic Text, CRC Press (ISBN 9780824771423), page 52:


ADB

Android Debug Bridge (“Android調試橋”)之首字母縮略詞。

Apple Desktop Bus (“蘋果桌面匯流排”)之首字母縮略詞。


LAMP

loop-mediated isothermal amplification 之首字母縮略詞。

lysosome-associated membrane proteins 之首字母縮略詞。


idle time

同類詞：downtime、unproductive time


wild card

wildcard (alternative)
wild-card (alternative)
wild cards (plural)

一張可以被賦予任何價值或用來替代任何需要的卡片的卡片；萬能卡。

外卡：沒有達到正常標準，但仍被允許參加錦標賽的參賽者或團隊。

Kye Sun-Hui won an Olympic gold medal in Judo, despite being a wild card.

儘管以外卡參賽，桂順姬仍然獲得了奧運會柔道金牌。

wildcard (“通配符”)的另一種寫法


backward compatibility

backwards compatibility (alternative)
backward compatibilities (plural)


bar code

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-bar code.wav

barcode的另一種拼寫法


bcc

blind carbon copy (“密件副本，密送”)之首字母縮略詞。


CADD

computer-aided design and drafting (“電腦輔助設計及製圖”)之首字母縮略詞。


data access object

[自由軟體]資料存取物件；数据访问对象


data base administrator

資料庫管理員；数据库管理员


data description language

資料描述語言；数据描述语言


data display debugger

[自由軟體]資料顯示除錯器；数据显示调试


embedded system

:Template:計算機嵌式系統，嵌入式系統


garbage collection

Java uses a technique known as garbage collection to remove objects that are no longer needed. The garbage collector is Java's grim reaper.

[2002，Patrick Niemeyer, Jonathan Knudsen，Learning Java，O'Reilly, →ISBN，頁 135:

Generational garbage collection has proved to be a highly effective organisation, offering significant performance improvements for a wide range of applications.

2016，Richard Jones, Antony Hosking, Eliot Moss，The Garbage Collection Handbook，CRC Press, →ISBN:


GPF

:Template:計算機 一般性保护错误（general protection fault）


OLE

OHLE

Overhead line equipment (“高架電車線設備”)之首字母縮略詞。

Object Linking and Embedding (“物件連結與嵌入”)之首字母縮略詞。


ones' complement

1之補數（從0到 2ⁿ⁻¹-1或從0到 -(2ⁿ⁻¹-1), n）


pagination

/ˌpædʒəˈneɪʃən/


sample size

樣本大小，取样大小，樣本量


sampling frequency

[電機工程]取樣頻率；抽樣頻率


telecommunication

源自法語 télécommunication。等同於tele- + communication（遠距+通訊）。

/ˌteləkəˌmjʉːnɪˈkæɪʃən/

遠程通信，電信，電訊；電信學（1932）

用於傳輸此類信號的系統。


VLSI

very large scale integration (“超大規模集成電路”)之縮寫。


ANOVA

（统计学）方差分析；變異數分析（analysis of variance的首字母缩略词）


analytical chemistry

分析化学，化學學科的一個分支，利用技術得出化學系統的相關資訊。


batch process

任何需要多次分批處理的過程


British thermal unit

BTU (alternative)
Btu (alternative)
British thermal units (plural)


burn-in

倦怠前的階段，工作效率和參與度下降

A huge personal investment results in a huge ‘burn-in’. This is probably the first state that needs to be dealt with, before switching to ‘burn-out’. Indeed discussion about the important interaction between the two could lead to the avoidance of ‘burn-out’ through understanding ‘burn-in’. Interestingly, a large body of literature has shown that professionals in the mental heath^([sic]) services seem to be more vulnerable to the ‘burn-in’—‘burn-out’ process.

2005，Thomas Hyphantis, Venetsanos Mavreas，“‘Burning In’ – ‘Burning Out’ in Public: Aspects of the Burnout Process in Community-Based Psychiatric Services”, in Research Companion to Organizational Health Psychology，頁 538:


Doppler effect

來自Johann Christian Andreas Doppler，最初由這位奧地利物理學家所發現。

Along the street, a delivery van’s pop music approaches and recedes with a faint Doppler effect, the cheerless band lifting and dipping a microtone.


even number

仅按字面意思，并无比喻或俗语义；参见even、number。

If you'd come at me with even numbers, I wouldn't leave a grease spot of you.


field effect transistor

場效電晶體，场效应晶体管，场效应管


gamma distribution

The gamma distribution is positively skewed and along with the Weibull, lognormal, and inverse Gaussian (IG) distributions is also available as a model in reliability and life-span studies.

1988，A. Clifford Cohen, Betty Jones Whitten，Parameter Estimation in Reliability and Life Span Models，Marcel Dekker，頁 93:

The ranking and selection problems in this chapter apply to populations that follow the gamma distribution. The gamma distribution model is used widely in many fields of applications, particularly in engineering and the social and physical sciences.
本章中的排序和选择问题适用于服从伽马分布的群体。伽马分布模型广泛应用于许多实用领域，特别是在工程、社会和物理科学领域。

1999 [1977, Wiley], Jean Dickinson Gibbons, Ingram Olkin, Milton Sobel, Selecting and Ordering Populations: A New Statistical Methodology, SIAM, Republished unabridged and corrected, page 328,

The negative exponential distribution is a special case of the gamma distribution in which k#61;1. Another important special case of a gamma distribution with parameters k and #92;theta#61;2 is the χ² distribution G(k,2) with n#61;2k degrees of freedom.[…]Gamma distributions have an additivity property: the sum of two random variables following gamma distributions G(k#95;1,#92;theta) and G(k#95;2,#92;theta) is a random variable following a gamma distribution G(k#95;1#43;k#95;2,#92;theta) with parameters k#95;1#43;k#95;2 and #92;theta[…].

2005，M. T. Todinov，Reliability and Risk Models: Setting Reliability Requirements，Wiley，頁 36:


geometric distribution

If S₁ had been chosen to be a geometric distribution, no a priori choices would have been necessary. This distribution was effective in Suppes (1970), but it would provide a poor fit in this case. If the geometric distribution had been used here, the parameter S₁ would have appeared in every theoretical probability involving N, and whenever one or more adjectives were included, a corresponding number of S₂ = 1 - S₁ terms would have appeared in the probability.

1973，Elizabeth M. Gammon，“A Syntactical Analysis of Some First-Grade Readers”, in Approaches to Natural Language: Proceedings of the 1970 Stanford Workshop on Grammar and Semantics，Springer，頁 122:

Recall that we have already calculated the mean and variance for the geometric distribution case (r = 1) in Example 5.17.

2009, Matthew J. Hassett, Donald Stewart, Probability for Risk Management, 2nd Edition, ACTEX Publications, page 139,

The exponential distribution has a number of other interesting characteristics and properties. It is very similar to the geometric distribution, and in fact is the continuous version of that discrete distribution. Recall that the geometric distribution was used to model the time until the first success, where there were a discrete number of trials.

2010，Peter A. Rogerson，Statistical Methods for Geography: A Student's Guide，第3rd版, SAGE Publications，頁 92:


independent variable

同類詞：dependent variable

In the equation z = x² + y, x and y are the independent variables.

設方程 z = x² + y，則 x 和 y 為獨立變數。

同類詞：dependent variable


least squares method

[计量学]最小二乘法；最小平方法


signal-to-noise ratio

信（号）噪（声）比；信〔號〕雜〔訊〕比


thermal conductivity

[電機工程]热导率；導熱係數；導熱率；導熱度


activated sludge

活性污泥，指曝氣後可進行細菌分解作用的生物污泥；可用於二級廢水處理程序，以加速原污水中有機物質的分解。


aerobic bacteria

好氧细菌、好氣菌；需氣菌；嗜氧性細菌


agitator

agitant

（政治上的）煽动者，鼓动者

agitatrix

（政治上的）煽动者，鼓动者

（政治上的）煽动者，鼓动者

In addition, they kept a watch on political agitators and foreigners arriving and departing at the port.

此外，他們還監視進出港口的政治煽動者和外國人。

1998，Rajnarayan Chandavarkar，Imperial Power and Popular Politics，頁 208:


ANN

artificial neural network (“人工神经网络”)之首字母縮略詞。

同類詞：CNN、RNN

announcement (“公告”)之縮寫。 (用于电子邮件或新闻标题)


atomization

normalization

數據分離至優化的關係數據模型中


bioavailability

生物利用度 食物與營養補充品中所含營養素的吸收程度

poor/low oral bioavailability


COD

cash on delivery 或 collect on delivery (“貨到付款”) 之首字母縮略詞。

This development would probably be much facilitated were the Colony to adopt the C.O.D. (collect on delivery) system of the Cape and many other parts of the world.

1901年May10日，The Agricultural Journal and Mining Record，卷 4, 期 5，頁 132:

chemical oxygen demand (“化學需氧量”) 之首字母縮略詞。


decontamination factor

[化學]去污指数；除污因子、除污係數；净化系数


dispersion coefficient

[化学]弥散系数，分散係數


equilibrium constant

[化学][電子計算機]平衡常数


fouling

[航海科技]污垢；積垢；污底


heat exchanger

The transmission oil is cooled in a heat exchanger through which the cooling water is circulated, to assist rapid warming of the engine system and to bring engine and transmission into their true interdependence.

1960 June，“The N.B. Loco. Co. diesel-hydraulic Type "2" locomotive”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 345:


Henry's law

[化学]亨利定律；氣體溶解定律


ideal gas

[化学][電機工程][氣象]理想气体


ion exchange membrane

离子交换膜，離子交換薄膜


isentropic process

[氣象]等熵程序；等熵过程


LP

album

long-play (“密紋唱片”)之首字母縮略詞。

record

long-play (“密紋唱片”)之首字母縮略詞。

licorice pizza

long-play (“密紋唱片”)之首字母縮略詞。

long-play (“密紋唱片”)之首字母縮略詞。

同類詞：LLP、LLLP、LLC

Liquid petroleum (「液體石油」)，或liquified petroleum (「液化石油」)

landing pad (“停機坪”)之首字母縮略詞。

同類詞：LPD、LPV

let's play (“遊戲實況”)之首字母縮略詞。


LMTD

logarithmic mean temperature difference (“對數平均溫差”)之首字母縮略詞。


multicomponent mixture

多元混合物；多成分混合物；多組份混合物


particle size distribution

粒度分布；粒子大小分布；粒徑分佈；顆粒級配


GIMP

GNU Image Manipulation Program (“GNU圖像處理程式”) 之首字母縮略詞。

gravitationally interacting massive particle之縮寫。


UCD

user-centered design (“以用户为中心的设计”)之首字母縮略詞。


analog signal

digital signal

模擬信號，類比信號，類比訊號

模擬信號，類比信號，類比訊號


annealing

Without annealing, the quality of our metal products will diminish.

如果不进行退火，我们的金属产品质量就会下降。


automatic test equipment

[电子电机工程]自动测试设备


automaton

派生自古希臘語 αὐτόματον (autómaton)。automat 的同源對似詞。

/ɔːˈtɒmətən/

/ɔːˈtɒməˌtɒn/

/əˈtɑməˌtɑn/


Butterworth filter

由英國工程師和物理學家斯蒂芬·巴特沃思於1930年首次描述。

巴特沃思濾波器，巴特沃斯濾波器 （一種設計為在通帶內具有盡可能平坦的頻率響應的濾波器）


check digit

The last digit of the barcode is a check digit, calculated from the others.

条形码的最后一位数字是校验码，是根据其他数字计算出来的。


color temperature

The typical color temperature of a standard incandescent lamp is about 2400 K.

标准白炽灯的典型色温约为2400K。


COMINT

communications + intelligence 組成的混成詞。對照 HUMINT 等。


compression ratio

未壓縮和有壓縮檔案之間的比率


deionized water

[电子电机工程]去离子水


depolarization

降低極性的行為或結果： 去極化

降低極性的行為或結果： 減少政治兩極化

同類詞：deradicalization


DRAM

Dynamic random access memory (“動態隨機存取記憶體”)之首字母縮略詞。


eye pattern

通過LC電路低通濾波器的二進制信號看起來像一排眼睛。


galvanic cell

[电子电机工程]原电池；自發電池；伽伐尼電池


GPS

global positioning system (“全球定位系統”)之首字母縮略詞。


local area network

/ˈləʊklˌɛːrɪəˌnɛtwəːk/

A Local Area Network connects all of the computers in our office.

局域網連接我們辦公室的所有電腦。

一個網路，其上的所有設備都使用OSI模型設備層尋址進行通信

一個網路，其上的所有通信都是通過MAC地址的方式傳遞的，而且不經過路由


magnetic resonance

[电子电机工程][信息科技]磁共振、磁力共振


partial pressure

[电子电机工程][氣象]分压力；分壓


radio beacon

emergency position indicating radio beacon


reference electrode

[電機工程]参比电极；參考電極


residence time

[電子電機工程]滞留时间；存留时间


rise time

同類詞：fall time


shift register

移錄器；移位寄存器；移位暫存器


SRAM

Static random access memory (“靜態隨機存取記憶體”)之首字母縮略詞。

Shadow random access memory (“影子隨機存取記憶體”)之首字母縮略詞。

Short-range attack missile (“近程攻擊導彈”)之首字母縮略詞。


surface potential

[电子电机工程]表面势；表面位能；表面電位


time-invariant system

時不變系統，定常系統、非時變系統


transient state

[電子電機工程]瞬态；暫態；非穩定態；過渡狀態


very large scale integration

very-large-scale integration (alternative)
VLSI (alternative)


ODBC

Open Database Connectivity (“開放資料庫互連”)之首字母縮略詞。


personal computer

通常歸於Stewart Brand (1974)，但是在此之前已有使用，見引用。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-personal computer.wav

“personal computer”这个词最初广泛应用于任何个人使用的计算机，例如Apple II，并将这类计算机与大型企业的大型机或主要用于电子游戏或控制设备的最小微型计算机区分开来。从20世纪80年代初IBM PC推出后，这一术语常被用来指代IBM PC或至少与该设计高度兼容的计算机，而“PC”这个词甚至更具体地用来指某些能够运行MS-DOS和为IBM PC及其后续机型设计的软件的IBM兼容计算机。
从那以后，这些定义变得更加不精确；通常被认为是PC的硬件和软件特征已经发生了巨大变化，而“personal computer”这个词现在常被用于台式计算机或非专用服务器，这些设备可能运行多用户软件并被多人访问（例如：通过局域网）。更具体的术语（如desktop、laptop、home computer、“Linux工作站”），所有这些都可能基于个人电脑硬件，现在往往更受青睐，除非需要一个非常广泛的术语。

“There is no reason to suppose the average boy or girl cannot be master of a personal computer,” he said.

“他认为，没有理由认为普通的男孩或女孩不能掌握一台个人电脑。”

1962年November3日，John Mauchly（被引）, “Pocket Computer May Replace Shopping List”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Meanwhile the research center is nifty as ever. Virtuoso Peter Deutsch is working on interactive systems for secretaries. They're part way along on the Dynabook fantasy with a working personal computer the size of a breadbox.

与此同时，研究中心依然出色。技术大师彼得·多伊奇正在开发秘书交互系统。他们正在实现Dynabook的幻想，已经研发出一个面包盒大小的个人电脑。

1974，Stewart Brand，II Cybernetic Frontiers，New York: Random House, →ISBN，頁 88:


Portable Network Graphics

可攜式網路圖形，繼承了靜止GIF (GIF 87a)。


programmable read-only memory

programmable read-only memories (plural)


programming language

/ˈpɹəʊɡɹæmɪŋ læŋɡwɪdʒ/

/ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɪŋ læŋɡwɪdʒ/


pwn

網民打 own 時將 o 打成旁邊的 p，而後來被流行起來。

勝利 （在電子游戲中擊敗對手后發出的感嘆。）


Boolean algebra

得名自喬治·布爾（1815—1864），英國數學家、教育家、哲學家。

布爾代數，布林代數，邏輯代數


Clear

（科学论派）不受影响的一种理想状态。


Hertz

hertz (“赫茲”)的大小寫替代形式


Morse code

名字來自發明者萨缪尔·摩尔斯。


RPG

rocket propelled grenade (“火箭推進榴彈”)之首字母縮略詞。

report program generator (“報表編製程式”)之首字母縮略詞。


Reset

（常指计算机的）复位键；重启键


pinyin

pinjin (alternative)
pchin-jin (alternative)

Pinyin的另一種寫法


Mrs

……夫人，……太太，Missus或Mistress的缩写，用于成年女性的姓或名前。在1800年代以前，此词可用于任何地位高的女性，不用考虑婚姻状况；1800年代以后，此词用于已婚女性的姓之前。


scrotum

非同化借詞，源自拉丁語 scrōtum。

The female labia majora are homologous to the male scrotum.

女性大陰唇與男性陰囊同源。


AS

aortic stenosis (“主动脉瓣狭窄”)之首字母縮略詞。

同類詞：AD


ODS

operational data store (“操作型資料儲存”)之首字母縮略詞。


Chinese character

There are no Publick Schools in all China (though ſome Writers have erroneouſly ſet forth the contrary) but every perſon chuſes his own Maſter, by whom he is taught in his Houſe, at his own charge. And in regard of the great difficulty in teaching the Chineſe Characters, in reſpect of their vaſt number and variety, it is impoſſible for one to teach many ſeveral perſons ; and therefore every Maſter of a Family takes an Intſructer into his Houſe for his Children, of whom if there be two or three to learn, they are as many as one Tutor can well teach.

全中国没有公立学校（尽管有些作者错误地提出了相反的说法），但每个人都选择自己的老师，在自己的家里接受老师的教育，由他自己负责。而汉字的教学难度很大，汉字数量众多、种类繁多，一个人不可能教很多人；因此，每个家庭的主人都会为他的孩子们安排一名导师到家里，如果有两三个孩子需要学习，那么一个导师就可以教导尽可能多的孩子。

1669，John Nievhoff，譯者 John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China，London: John Macock，頁 163:

Had it not been for the casual discovery in the year 1625 of a deeply buried black marble tablet near Hsi-an containing nearly 1,700 Chinese characters, and a long list of names of priests in Syriac, the fact that such a sect rooted itself in the Celestial Empire would never have been believed, as indeed after the tablet was unearthed it was for a long time discredited.

如果不是1625年在西安附近偶然发现了一块深埋的黑色大理石碑，上面有近1700个汉字，以及一长串叙利亚文祭司的名字，永远不会有人相信这样一个教派曾扎根于中国。事实上，碑文出土后很长一段时间内都受到了质疑。

1912，Arthur Henderson Smith，“Uplifting Leaders”, in The Uplift of China, →OCLC，頁 117:


human nature

How much innate human nature do you think the human races have left?

The most rapid and most seductive transition in all human nature is that which attends the palliation of a ravenous appetite. There is something humiliating about it.[…]Can those harmless but refined fellow-diners be the selfish cads whose gluttony and personal appearance so raised your contemptuous wrath on your arrival?

1922，Ben Travers，章號 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:


collect call

這種用法可以說是過時了，因為雖然技術上來說選項仍然存在，但它的使用現在已經不常見了，而它曾經是常見的（約1920年代到1990年代）。

Hello, operator — I'd like to make a collect call.

你好，接線員——我想打一個對方付費電話。


DCC

direct cable connection (“直接電纜連線”)之首字母縮略詞。

deputy chief constable (“警察局副局长”，英聯邦國家警銜之一)之首字母縮略詞。


DCE

data circuit-terminating equipment (“数据电路终接设备”)之首字母縮略詞。


EIA

environmental impact assessment (“环境影响评估”)之首字母縮略詞。


EFT

electronic funds transfer (“電子金融轉帳”)之首字母縮略詞。


GTD

Grand Touring/Tourer Daytona之首字母縮略詞。源自為戴通納國際賽道設計的豪華旅行車賽車級別及相關的賽事/賽道。

同類詞：GTLM、DP


JW

jamming war (“電子干擾戰”)之首字母縮略詞。


PTT

professional technical trainer (“专业技术培训师”)之首字母縮略詞。

postal telephone and telegraph (“邮政电话和电报”)之首字母縮略詞。

platform terminal transmitter (“平台终端发射机”)之首字母縮略詞。

Partitioning tracer test (“分区示踪试验”)之首字母縮略詞。

partial thromboplastin time (“部分凝血活酶时间”)之首字母縮略詞。

protein truncation test (“蛋白截断实验”)之首字母縮略詞。

part task trainer (“部分任务训练器”)之首字母縮略詞。


RFA

FA

restricted free agent (“受限自由球員”)之首字母縮略詞。

同類詞：UFA

request for application (“申請請求”)之首字母縮略詞。


RFI

Request for Information (“信息請求”)之首字母縮略詞。

remote file inclusion (“遠程文件包含”)之首字母縮略詞。


sampling period

[電機工程][通訊工程]抽样周期；采样周期；取樣週期


satcoms

The cost of installing a satcoms system will soon be recovered.

But no-one can dispute that satcoms make for more efficient fleet management and safer ships.

1995，Fairplay international shipping weekly:


SBS

sick building syndrome (“病態建築症候群”)之首字母縮略詞。

shaken baby syndrome (“嬰兒搖晃症候群”)之首字母縮略詞。


SLM

Single Longitudinal Mode laser (“单纵模激光器”)之首字母縮略詞。


SSB

同類詞：SB、VSB、DSB

social security board (“社會保障委員會”)之首字母縮略詞。

To get a bit technical for a moment, the specific feature that Mozilla abandoned is called “site-specific browsers,” or SSBs.

2021年January26日，Jared Newman，“Firefox just walked away from a key piece of the open web”, in Fast Company:

star schema benchmark (“星型模式基準”)之首字母縮略詞。


SSM

start-up, shutdown or malfunction (“啟動、關閉或故障”)之首字母縮略詞。


stability

This platform offers good stability.

Globalization has re-ordered the global economy in ways that are destructive to civic stability, as decentralized, localized producers cannot compete with globalized, commoditized crops, capital, labor and goods.

2025年February13日，Charles Hugh Smith，The Not-So-Strange Paradox of American Power and Dysfunction:


telecast

電視廣播（尤指演播室以外的）

By the time the telecast starts, you’ll be an industry insider.

等到电视转播开始时，你就会成为业内人士了。

2020年January23日，Scottie Andrew, Allen Kim and Tiffany Baker，“How to talk about the Grammys best new artist nominees like a pro [如何像专业人士一样谈论格莱美最佳新人提名者]”, in CNN:


telephone conference

The four of us should hold a telephone conference next week.

我們四個人應該下星期開一次電話會議。


TCU

transmission control unit (“變速箱控制單元”)之首字母縮略詞。


Van Allen radiation belt

來自詹姆斯·范·艾倫，英國物理學家。


yellow pages

來自電話簿都使用黃色紙張印刷。


available bit rate

有效位速率，可用比特率；可用位元速率，可用位元率


analog-to-digital converter

模数转换器，類比/數位轉換器


alarm indication signal

告警指示信號，告警指示訊號（縮寫：AIS）


automatic level control

自动电平控制（器），自動（信號）位元准控制，自動（信號）位準控制


automatic volume control

自動音量控制；自動響度控制


BSS

base station subsystem (“基地台子系統”)之首字母縮略詞。

business support system (“業務支撐系統”)之首字母縮略詞。


building block

Words are the building blocks of a language.

Cells are the building blocks of life.


CAU

configuration assignment unit (“組態指定單位”) 之首字母縮略詞。


CDM

code division multiplex / code division multiplexing (“码分多路复用”)之首字母縮略詞。


CRE

carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (“耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌”)之首字母縮略詞。


CKT

circuit (“電路，線路”)之縮寫。


CASE

computer aided software engineering (“電腦輔助軟體工程”)之首字母縮略詞。

common application service element (“公用應用服務元件”)之首字母縮略詞。

coatings, adhesives, sealants, elastomers 的合稱。


abelian group

以挪威數學家尼爾斯·亨利克·阿貝爾（1802–1829）的名字命名。

Let G and H be partially ordered abelian groups. A positive homomorphism from G to H is any abelian group

1986年，Partially Ordered Abelian Groups with Interpolation，美國數學學會，2010年平裝再版，第12頁,

Chapter 2 is a brief introduction to some fundamental techniques for countable torsion-free abelian groups.

2000年，David Arnold，Abelian Groups and Representations of Finite Partially Ordered Sets，Springer，第1版平裝再版，第74頁,

By the end of Chapter 2 we had the full power of the Pontryagin Duality Theorem for compact abelian groups and for discrete abelian groups. Locally compact abelian groups are much closer to compact abelian groups than is apparent at first sight.

到第2章結束時，我們已經掌握了緊緻阿貝爾群和離散阿貝爾群的龐特里亞金對偶定理的全部力量。局部緊緻阿貝爾群與緊緻阿貝爾群的相似性比乍看之下更為接近。

2013，Karl H. Hofmann, Sidney A. Morris，The Structure of Compact Groups: A Primer for the Student: A Handbook for the Expert，Walter de Gruyter，頁 299:


abscissa

源自 [拉丁語 linea] abscissa 的省略，abscissus 的陰性形式，abscindō (“截斷”) 的完成被動分詞。參見 abscind。

abscissas (plural)
abscissae (plural)
abscissæ (plural)


critical condition

[電機工程]臨界情形，臨界條件


name plate

The 4-6-0s are named after governors of the Gold Coast, and carry a curved metal name plate over the middle splasher.

1948 November and December，W. S. Darby，“The Gold Coast Railway—2”, in Railway Magazine，頁 367:


nasal consonant

同類詞：nasal vowel


nautical mile

海里，等同於1852公尺（又大約等同於6076英尺或1.151法定英里）

An even more impressive nineteenth-century militarized lighthouse is found on the Taiwanese Wuchiu island, located just 20 nautical miles off the Chinese coast. While much of the surrounding military structure has been demolished, its black tower and high walls painted in camouflage colours stand as reminders of the contested history of this small frontier island.

距離中國海岸僅20海里的台灣烏坵島上有一座更令人印象深刻的19世紀軍事燈塔。雖然周圍大部分的軍事建築已被拆除，但其黑色塔樓和塗有迷彩顏色的高牆仍然提醒著人們這個邊境小島有爭議的歷史。

2022，Veronica della Dora，Where Light in Darkness Lies: The Story of the Lighthouse, →ISBN, →OCLC:

sea mile之同義詞、斯堪的納維亞歷史上使用的距離單位，約等於4海里


amplifier

能使某物放大或變得更強烈的事物

The football team is not an extension of Iran’s leaders, but is in fact the opposite, seen as an amplifier for freedom, group expression, modernity.

足球队不是伊朗领导人的延伸，事实上恰恰相反，它被视为自由、群体表达和现代化的放大器。

2022年November21日，Barney Ronay，“Iran’s brave and powerful gesture is a small wonder from a World Cup of woe”, in The Guardian:

增加強度的副詞，如“really”、“totally”


neutron absorption

[電機工程]中子吸收（作用）


heat conduction

[電機工程]導熱；熱傳導


signal-noise ratio

[電機工程]信號噪聲比；訊號雜訊比


dead man

deadman的另一種拼寫法


decimal number

13+¹⁄₄ is 13.25 as a decimal number.

13+¹⁄₄是13.25的十進制數。


arc lamp

arc-lamp (alternative)
arc lamps (plural)

He walked. To the corner of Hamilton Place and Picadilly, and there stayed for a while, for it is a romantic station by night. The vague and careless rain looked like threads of gossamer silver passing across the light of the arc-lamps.

1922，Michael Arlen，“Ep./1/2”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:


nuclear isomer

[電機工程]異構核；核同質異構素；同核異構體；同核異構物


number theory

Factorization has driven many great discoveries in number theory.

因式分解推動了數論中的許多重大發現。


assembly language

A skilled programmer can write very fast code in assembly language.


AMU

atomic mass unit (“原子質量單位”)之首字母縮略詞。

astronaut maneuvering unit (“宇航員操縱單位”)之首字母縮略詞。

同類詞：MMU (manned maneuvering unit)、SAFER、zip gun、jet pack、rocket pack、jet belt、rocket belt


derived unit

The derived unit of electrical resistance (ohm) is derived from length, mass, time, and electric current.

电阻的导出单位（欧姆）源自长度、质量、时间和电流。


aurora australis

借自新拉丁語 aurōra austrālis，源自拉丁語 aurōra austrālis (字面意思是“南邊的黎明”)。


soot blower

In order to deal with deposits of soot on boiler-tubes while running, especially if poor coal is in use, locomotives are often now provided with blowers on the firebox back-plate which can be made to discharge a jet of high pressure steam towards the firebox tubeplates; this has the effect of loosening and blowing off the soot deposits.

1944 May and June，“The Why and the Wherefore: Locomotive Soot Blowers”, in Railway Magazine，頁 194:


dielectric constant

[電機工程][通訊工程]（電）介質常數，介電常數


differential equation

最早出自數學家查爾斯·海耶斯1704年的著作。仿譯自拉丁語 aequatio differentialis，萊布尼茨在1676年造出了這個拉丁語詞彙。


spacecraft

太空機；太空船；宇宙飛船；


automation

The presidential campaign has been more focused on Bain Capital and an “apology tour” than on the challenges created by globalization and automation.

2012年October24日，David Leonhardt，“Standard of Living Is in the Shadows as Election Issue”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

When deployed by monopolies / cartels, automation institutionalizes mediocrity, and soon everyone forgets excellence and quality because they no longer have any experience of either one.

2025年February14日，Charles Hugh Smith，Automation Institutionalizes Mediocrity:


spatial distribution

[電機工程]空間分布，分佈或系列地理的觀察，用來代表橫亙地表許多區域的某一特殊現象或特徵行為之評值。


specific activity

[電機工程]比活性；比活度


specific conductance

[電機工程]導電係數；电导率；电导系数


direct access

仅按字面意思，并无比喻或俗语义；参见direct、access。


spinning top

Patel says the muons behave a bit like a child’s spinning top, in rotating around the axis of the magnetic field. However, as the muons move, they wobble.

帕特尔说，μ子的行为有点像小孩的陀螺，它们围绕磁场轴旋转。然而，当μ子移动时，它们会摆动。

2023年August11日，Nicola Davis，“Scientists may be on brink of discovering fifth force of nature”, in The Guardian:


discrete variable

斷續變數，離散變數，離散型變量


stand-by

[...] a "Britannia" Pacific, No. 70006, was kept as a stand-by at March.

1962 April，“Motive power miscellany: Eastern Region”, in Modern Railways，頁 279:


injecter

[…] young people who are starting to inject or are at risk of becoming injecters; […]

2010，Rowdy Yates，Margaret S. Malloch，Tackling Addiction: Pathways to Recovery，頁 171:


steam turbine

It was opened in 1904 as the largest traction power station in Europe and one of the first to use steam turbines, which have been the only game in town for power stations ever since.

2012，Andrew Martin，Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube，Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，頁 139:


performance test

(美國律師資格考試中的) 法律任務模擬測試


blind spot

blindspot (alternative)
blind spots (plural)


dynamic equilibrium

[電機工程]動力平衡；動態平衡


surface layer

[電機工程]表面層；表層


isothermal process

[電機工程][氣象]等溫程序；等溫過程


burglar alarm

防盜報警器發出的響亮警報訊號


butt joint

Using the lap joint in any of its applications provides strength in a cabinet where a butt joint would or could be used.

1990，Byron W. Maguire，Cabinetmaking: From Design to Finish，Carlsbad, CA: Craftsman，頁 234:


electromagnetic radiation

As the public hears the name EMR Syndrome repeated in various applications related to health effects, it will begin to link EMR/electromagnetic radiation to those health effects. Over time the meaning of EMR will take hold and be understood for the environmental threat it is.

(Can we date this quote?)，The Home-page for 'Electromagnetic Radiation Syndrome':


positive potential

[電機工程]正電位；正电势


power station

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-power station.wav


primary color

[测绘学][計算機]原色


thermal couple

[電機工程]熱偶；温差电偶


emergency service

Only when one has seen a Control Office at first-hand does one realise the vast amount of unsparing but largely unsung work that is behind the eventual publication, perhaps, of a paragraph in this journal's "Motive Power Miscellany" recording the appearance, within hours of the complete blockage of a main line, of many of its trains, passenger and freight, on routes quite foreign to them; and of effective emergency services either side of the disaster area.

1962 August，G. Freeman Allen，“Traffic control on the Great Northern Line”, in Modern Railways，頁 133:


probability theory

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-probability theory.wav


enrichment factor

[電機工程]濃化因數，富集因數，浓缩[富集]因子


pulse-code modulation

[電機工程]脈波電碼調變；脈碼調變


circuit breaker

From the evidence of witnesses and of the recorded passing times, including the time at which the circuit breakers were tripped when the wires were brought down, the train was travelling at a speed of not less than 70 m.p.h.

根据目击者的证词和记录下的通过时间，包括电线被拉下时断路器跳闸的时间来判断，火车的行驶速度应不低于每小时 70 英里。

1961 November，“Talking of Trains: Derailment near Holmes Chapel”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 652:

Typically traction packages monitor the supply frequency and if it strays outside pre-set limits open the circuit breaker between the pantograph and the transformer to shut off the power.

通常，牵引装置会监控电源频率，如果偏离预设的限值，则打开受电弓和变压器之间的断路器以切断电源。

2019 October，Roger Ford，“Power failure highlights specification confusion”, in Modern Railways，頁 27:

为防止流行病（尤其是COVID-19）传播而采取的隔离措施

用于检测故障并防止其不断重复发生的设计模式


extended target

(電子工程) 延伸目標，扩展目标


radar cross section

其他形式：(縮寫) RCS


extinction coefficient

[電機工程][氣象]消光係數


color filter

[電機工程]濾色器，濾色片


fire extinguisher

/ˈfaɪəɹ ɪkˌstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ.ə(ɹ)/


fly ash

由 fly (“飛行，飛翔”，已棄用；名詞) + ash 構成的複合詞。

同類詞：bottom ash (“底灰”)、potash (“鉀鹼”)

Heat exchangers should be kept free of debris to minimize the possibility of fire. Fly ash deposited in heat exchangers may cause nonuniform temperatures. Therefore, the exchangers should be disconnected and cleaned out regularly.

1956 December，Edmund F. Rasmussen [et al.]，“Heating System”, in Inspection and Maintenance of Lumber Dry Kilns and Equipment: Information on Ways and Means of Keeping Lumber Dry Kilns Operating Efficiently (Report no. 1900-4)，Madison, Wis.: Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture in association with the University of Wisconsin, →OCLC，頁 19:

Among new freight vehicles was a prototype 21-ton wagon with pressure discharge for the conveyance of fly ash from power stations, […]

1964 August，“BR [British Rail] in 1963 – ‘We have Turned the Financial Corner’”, in Modern Railways，Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 115:

Furnaces and boilers with horizontal heating surfaces require frequent cleaning, because fly ash (fine powdery ash) collects on these surfaces.

1975 May，Joseph W[inslow] Simons，“Fuels and Burners”, in Home Heating: Systems, Fuels, Controls (Farmers’ Bulletin; no. 2235)，Washington, D.C.: Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, →OCLC，頁 19，列 2:

Besides our sending out of cement by rail, we also bring in pulverised fly-ash, typically once a week, which comes from Drax Power Station and is used in the cement manufacturing process, […]

2022年September7日，Gareth David，“Class 20 Stronghold in the Peak District”, in Rail，期 965, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire: Bauer Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 45:


vapor pressure

[電機工程]汽壓；蒸汽压[力]


retention period

[電機工程]保留週期；保存週期；保存时间；保持期間


viscous fluid

[電機工程][大气]黏性流體


frequency domain

[電機工程]頻（率領）域


waste recovery

[環境]廢料收復；廢棄物再利用，指從廢棄物獲取物質或能源的過程。


water supply

給水；供水，可供使用的水源，同時包含水庫、井、渠道和處理設施等能夠使水成為可得且可用水源的系統。


water tank

watertank (alternative)
water tanks (plural)


gamma ray

加馬射線；伽碼射線；伽馬射線；γ射線


sampling error

抽樣誤差，取樣誤差，采样误差


Gaussian distribution

[電機工程][通訊工程]高士分布；高斯分佈；高斯分配


wiring diagram

Because most diesel failures can be traced to electrical faults, minor in themselves but often difficult to pin-point, any unscheduled halt during a trial run is often the signal for the frenzied unfolding of wiring diagrams and the appearance of an impressive array of voltmeters and circuit testers.

由于大多数柴油机故障都可以追溯到电气故障，这些故障本身并不严重，但往往很难查明原因，因此试运行期间的任何计划外停止通常都会导致配线图疯狂展开，并出现大量电压表和电路测试仪。

1962 April，R. K. Evans，“The Acceptance Testing of Diesel Locomotives”, in Modern Railways，頁 268:


x-band

X波帶/X頻帶，範圍從8.0到12.0赫茲。


theorem

派生自中古法語 théorème，來自晚期拉丁語 theōrēma，來自古希臘語 θεώρημα (theṓrēma)。

/ˈθiː.ə.ɹəm/


ACM

abstract control model (“抽象控制模型”)之首字母縮略詞。


AFA

Associate of the Faculty of Actuaries (“英國精算師協會准學士”)之首字母縮略詞。


risetime

By using the correlation between risetime and position we were able to obtain a measured resolution of 92 #92;mum (FWHM), corresponding to an intrinsic resolution of 64 #92;mum (FMHM) for a single Z-stack MCP detector.

2015，Davinder Siwal, B.B. Wiggins, R. T. deSouza，“Using pulse shape analysis to improve the position resolution of a resistive anode microchannel plate detector”, in arXiv:


Internet Protocol

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Internet Protocol.wav


ADF

automatic direction finder (“自動方向探知機”)之首字母縮略詞。

automatic document feeder (“自動輸稿器”)之首字母縮略詞。

Application Development Framework (of Oracle) (“Oracle應用程式開發框架”)之首字母縮略詞。


AFC

automated fare collection (“自動售檢票系統”)之首字母縮略詞。

Association Football Club (“足球俱樂部”)之首字母縮略詞。

average frustrated chump (“感情中失意的平庸男性”)之首字母縮略詞。


avalanche photodiode

雪崩光电二极管；崩潰檢光器，崩潰檢光二極體


APB

backward adaptive prediction (“向後調適預測”)之首字母縮略詞。


AQB

Appraisal Qualification Board (“鑒定資格委員會”)之首字母縮略詞。


CAP

catabolite activator protein (“解物激活蛋白”) 之首字母縮略詞。

community-acquired pneumonia (“社区获得性肺炎”) 之首字母縮略詞。

consistency, availability, partition-tolerance 之首字母縮略詞。

change acceleration process (“变革加速进程”) 之首字母縮略詞。


microwave oven

同類詞：conventional oven、convection oven、induction oven

分體詞：carousel


CNR

carrier to noise ratio (“載波-干擾功率比”)之首字母縮略詞。


CB

competition best / championship best (“賽會最佳成績”)之首字母縮略詞。

centre-back (“中後衛”)之首字母縮略詞。

center back (“後中線”)之首字母縮略詞。

Cajal body (“卡哈尔体”)之首字母縮略詞。


CBR

cosmic background radiation (“宇宙背景辐射”)之首字母縮略詞。

VBR


CC

carbon copy (“複寫本”)之首字母縮略詞。

cricket club (“板球俱樂部”)之首字母縮略詞。

cycling club (“騎行俱樂部”)之首字母縮略詞。

Circuit Court (“巡迴法院”)之首字母縮略詞。

credit card (“信用卡”)之首字母縮略詞。

Change to larger needles and knit 1 rnd in CC, inc 3 (4, 5) sts evenly […]

2011, Barb Brown, Knitting Knee-Highs: Sock Styles from Classic to Contemporary (page 55)

closed caption (“隱藏式字幕”)之首字母縮略詞。

City College (“城市大學”)之首字母縮略詞。

cruiser (“巡洋艦”)之縮寫。

At the helm of Company Eleven was Chief Quartermaster Pritchard. Officially he was known as the Company Commander (CC) and had been assigned to Camp Moffett for the purpose of being our CC. […] Successful CC's often had their detractors in the form ofjealous and less successful CC's.

2013，David Banagis，Twenty-Three Days at Sea: A Sailor's Story，Bloomington, IN: Abbott Press, →ISBN，頁 9:


CSDN

circuit-switched data network (“線換式資訊網路”)之首字母縮略詞。


CL

light cruiser (“輕巡洋艦”)之首字母縮略詞。

closer (“终结者”)之縮寫。


CLR

But we can't use function pointers as we would in C++, and not just for the ideological reason that it doesn't enter into the spirit of the brave new pointerless world of the CLR.

2003, Ian Griffiths, Matthew Adams, .NET Windows forms in a nutshell (page 18)

current limiting resistor (“限流电阻”)之首字母縮略詞。

cell loss ratio (“信元丢失率”)之首字母縮略詞。

computer language recorder (“計算機語言記錄器”)之首字母縮略詞。

clear (“清除；歸零”)的縮約形。


CMOS

基於CMOS的影像感測器


CDMA

code division multiple access (“碼分多址接取”)之首字母縮略詞。


CPSK

coherent phase-shift keying (“同調相移鍵控”)之首字母縮略詞。


TELNET

telnet的另一種寫法


time-multiplexed switching

时隙复用交换，時間多工交換機


CT

computed tomography (“計算機斷層”)之首字母縮略詞。
計算機斷層掃描

cold turkey (“突然戒毒”)之首字母縮略詞。

camel toe (“駱駝趾”)之首字母縮略詞。


NFC

near field communication (“近場通訊”)之首字母縮略詞。

Normalization Form: (Canonical) Composition之首字母縮略詞。

noise feedback coding (“雜訊回授編碼”)之首字母縮略詞。

negative feedback circuit (“負回饋電路”)之首字母縮略詞。


universal constant

自然常數；通用常數；普適恆量；普適常數


nuclear radiation

[通訊工程]核輻射；核子輻射


VOA

vertex operator algebra (“頂點算子代數”)之首字母縮略詞。


WB

whole blood (“全血”)之首字母縮略詞。

world's best (“世界最好成績”)之首字母縮略詞。

wide band (“寬頻帶”)之首字母縮略詞。


environmental noise

[環境][通訊工程]環境噪音，環境雜訊，指來自周圍環境所有污染源的聲音與其特性。


actinon

氡的同位素（²¹⁹₈₆Rn）；錒射氣


abstract data type

同類詞：algebraic data type


airscrew

任何工作流體是空氣的驅動盤


aluminium bronze

鋁青銅，含5%-10%鋁的銅合金


angle of attack

仅按字面意思，并无比喻或俗语义；参见angle、attack。


blood vessel

As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels.

随着年龄的增长，我们身体的主要动脉常常会因斑块而变厚，斑块是一种具有燕麦状稠度的脂肪物质，沿着血管内壁堆积。

2013 July-August，Stephen P. Lownie, David M. Pelz，“Stents to Prevent Stroke”, in American Scientist:


awning

At Nairobi the mail waits an hour-and-a-half. The station has three long platforms, mostly covered in awnings, the island connected with the main platform (which is used by the mails in both directions) by a subway.

1950 April，Timothy H. Cobb，“The Kenya-Uganda Railway”, in Railway Magazine，頁 265:

But instead, the distinctive ironwork and glass platform awnings have been carefully refurbished, while making them compatible with the overhead wiring. Kettering's island Platform 2/3 is especially noteworthy. Although it dates from 1879, when the station was enlarged to four platforms, the same original (1857) patterns for the delicate cast-ironwork seem to have been used - […].

2022年December14日，Robin Leleux，“A royal occasion as heritage projects honoured: Kettering”, in RAIL，期 972，頁 56:


bench test

When the diesel engine has undergone its bench tests, and the various temperatures, loads and fuel consumptions have been recorded, it is then ready for coupling to the generator.

1962 April，R. K. Evans，“The Acceptance Testing of Diesel Locomotives”, in Modern Railways，頁 267:


blow-by

從引擎洩漏至汽缸的未完全/完全燃燒的氣體


AWG

This will allow for up to two additional 2/0 AWG Type TW conductors to be installed at a later date.

2003, Michael E. Brumbach, Jeffrey A. Clade, Chapter 27: Wiring Methods, Industrial Maintenance, page 347,

Cable size 10 AWG has an ampacity of 40 amps (90°C insulation) or 35 amps (evaluated with 75°C insulation).

2005, John Schaeffer, Doug Pratt (editors), Appendix, Gaiam Real Goods Solar Living Sourcebook, page 517,

For example: What is the allowable ampacity of one of three 8 AWG THHN copper conductors in a metal raceway system used at 60°C?

2005, James Stallcup, Stallcup′s Electrical Design Book, 2005 Edition, page 8-9,

An important parameter in the AWG is the free spectral range (FSR) which defines the wavelength periodicity of fixed width [12].

2011, Elaine Wong, Chapter 3: Optical Technologies in Passive Optical Networks, Cedric F. Lam (editor), Passive Optical Networks: Principles and Practice, page 94,


boiler room

建築物裡的鍋爐等機械設備的房間


brake test

We left Paris to time and after the brake test at St. Denis it was my pleasure to drive No. U.1 for the rest of the day.

1961 March，'Balmore'，“Driving and firing modern French steam locomotives”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 150:

We remain motionless in the platform while the ex-Edinburgh draws forward, the points are set, and it is propelled back for attachment. The Edinburgh locomotive uncoupled, a brake test is performed and we're away.

2023年February8日，Greg Morse，“Crossing the border... by Sleeper”, in RAIL，期 976，頁 43:


bulk cargo

bulk cargoes (plural)
bulk cargos (plural)

Almost all modern cranes are electrically operated and a quick-acting type of 30 cwt. capacity is suitable for general cargo, but not powerful enough to operate grabs for discharge of bulk cargoes.

1945 January and February，T. F. Cameron，“Dock Working”, in Railway Magazine，頁 11:


bulk carrier

Otherwise, overseas coking coal will be moved to the UK by bulk ocean carrier, which are among the filthiest polluting objects on the face of the Earth we seek to protect.

2022年November16日，Nigel Harris，“Endless news... little context”, in RAIL，期 970，頁 3:


buoy tender

用於保護導航浮標的勤務船


cast steel

同類詞：cast iron、cast aluminum、cast bronze、cast brass

同類詞：blister steel

CAST STEEL / A search for metals of lighter, and more durable qualities than iron led to a new process in producing steel. In 1740 Benjamin Huntsman, a watchmaker, searching for a lighter, and less brittle metal than the old blister steel, hit upon melting steel in a crucible, or in a pot, lined with clay and graphite. The crucible could withstand the high temperatures necessary to melt metals in a container. To the product of the crucible was given the name "cast steel." [because it was poured (cast) from a melted state, unlike blister steel] / A DISTINCTION OF TERMS / Readers are cautioned at this point to understand that the terms "cast steel" and "steel castings" are not interchangeable, and, in fact, bear very little relationship to each other. It is true that steel castings must be made of "cast steel," but not all "cast steel" goes into the manufacture of steel castings. "Cast steel" merely describes the mass of metal which, after being melted, is poured into a mold of one sort or another, whether steel ingot molds or castings. Steel castings are objects which are given their final form in sand-filled molds. "Cast steel" may be poured into molds to form steel castings but it may also find its way, eventually, into structural steel, rolled steel or forgings; steel castings are the products of the steel foundry.

1949，History Committee of District No. 1 of the Steel Founders' Society of America，A History of Steel Casting，District No. 1 of the Steel Founders' Society of America, →LCCN，頁s 5–6:

Several journals make a note of the fact that the William Butcher Steel Works supplied 3000 tons of cast steel for the building of the Eads Bridge across the Mississippi River at St. Louis, and the content of the statements may lead readers to assume that these were steel castings. In the opinion of Mr. John N. Mudd, historian of the Midvale Steel Company, the materials furnished the bridge builders in St. Louis were cast steel and not steel castings.

1949，History Committee of District No. 1 of the Steel Founders' Society of America，A History of Steel Casting，District No. 1 of the Steel Founders' Society of America, →LCCN，頁s 8–9:


berthing

船隻外面的木板，在舷緣上

泊位，尤其比喻睡覺的地方


computer-aided design

/ˈkəmˈpjuːtəˌeɪˈdɪdˌdɪˈzʌɪn/

The technology seeks to identify the birds' nests on the ground. Details of their location are then fed into computer-aided design drawings and the global positioning systems of machinery working on site, to let operators know when they are working near exclusion zones.

2020年August12日，“Network News: Drones locate skylark nests”, in Rail，頁 23:


container ship

containership (alternative)
container ships (plural)


cruising speed

to reach cruising speed


blue ice

藍冰，外表藍色的冰，由冰河上的雪形成，裡頭的氣泡被擠出。

Antarctica is the best place in the world to find meteorites, and the search for Antarctic meteorites begins with the search for blue ice.

1997, Pat Dasch and Allan Treiman, Blue Ice in Antarctica, Lunar and Planetary Institute:

Tourists on a boat trip in Mount Cook National Park were subject to a rare treat yesterday, when a section of densely compressed blue ice at the base of an iceberg was briefly visible.

2011 January 14, Eveline Harvey, New Zealand blue ice sighting an unexpected treat for tourists, New Zealand Herald:

Typically, blue ice areas form where mountains obstruct ice flow and high winds transport a lot of snow.

2012, Glaciology of Blue Ice Areas in Antarctica, Climate Change Institute:

藍冰，從航空器外漏的人類排泄物，在高空凍結，然後掉到地面。

Cadamore believes the mess came from an airplane. In the airline industry, it's euphemistically known as blue ice. Most people have far less judicious names for it. Such waste apparently is caused by leaks in airplane lavatories.

2002 November 21, Mark Belko, The sky is falling? Uh, not exactly, post-gazette.com:

A chunk of blue ice, apparently from the holding tank of an aircraft toilet, ripped a hole in an elderly couple's roof and destroyed a bed.

2006 October 20, Toilet Ice Rips Hole in Couple's Roof, Fox News:

Simey had just returned home from taking her 6-month-old son to a doctor when a block of "blue ice" landed in the master bedroom, right on her bed.

2008 April 14, Frozen jetliner waste smashes into home, UPI:

They are often called "blue ice", because of the chemicals added to the toilets in planes to reduce odour and break down the waste.

2018 January 22, Airline poo' falls on India village causing confusion, BBC:


boiling point

/ˈbɔɪlɪŋ ˌpɔɪnt/

Although the encounter was bathed in sunshine, the match failed to reach boiling point but that will be of little concern to Gerard Houllier's team, who took a huge step forward before they face crucial matches against their relegation rivals.

2011年April10日，Alistair Magowan，“Aston Villa 1 - 0 Newcastle”, in BBC Sport:


depth charge

The trailblazing Oaxacan chef Alejandro Ruiz […] has spiked this black-bean sauce with a hidden depth charge of flavor: patches of foliage from a local avocado tree. The leaves electrify the sauce with an unexpected thrum of black licorice.

2014年October25日，Jeff Gordinier，“In search of the perfect taco”, in T: The New York Times Style Magazine (international edition)，頁 100:

bomb shot (“一種調製飲料”)之同義詞


design speed

The road's design speed is only 60mph, as some of the corners are a little sharp.

The vessel's design speed is 20 knots, though we can push her up to 25 if necessary.


catastrophe theory

突變論，突變理論，巨變理論


engine room

球隊或其他團隊的力量泉源 中場

球隊或其他團隊的力量泉源 一對閉鎖前鋒

球隊或其他團隊的力量泉源 前排

球隊或其他團隊的力量泉源 鋼鼓樂隊的節奏組

And no steel band would be complete without its rhythm section or engine room, as the percussion section is known.

2018，Polly Thomas，The Rough Guide to Trinidad and Tobago，Apa Publications, →ISBN:


escape hatch

What we need is progress with an escape hatch.


clear view screen

一种安装在窗户上的圆形平板玻璃，可旋转以驱散雨水、水雾和雪，通常由盘中心的电动机驱动，并且通常会加热以防止冷凝或结冰


explementary angles

一對總和為360度的角，共軛角


fire damper

暖氣、通風管道等的防火擋板


fishhood

Petrovitch had taken and passed the astronavigation exam the exact same time Rimmer had made his claims to fishhood.

1989，Grant Naylor，Red Dwarf: Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers:


contour map

[测绘学]等值線圖；等高線圖；等深線圖


companion ladder

Just as I got my head above the companion ladder, I felt an indescribably unpleasant sensation, suddenly, as it were, losing the power of breathing […] .

1808–10, William Hickey, Memoirs of a Georgian Rake, Folio Society 1995, p. 87:

The flat roof proved a great luxury, for we sat on our housetop at night, which we reached by a species of companion-ladder from below, and enjoyed our elevated position immensely.

1887，Harriet W. Daly，Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia，頁 112:


four-stroke engine

同類詞：two-stroke engine


trichogyne

法語，來自古希臘語 θρίξ (thríx，“毛髮”) + γυνή (gunḗ，“雌性，陰性”)。

Ascodesmis is a third type which might be derived either directly or through the erysiphaceous type from an endomycetous ancestor; the antheridium and oogonium are but little differentiated, but the latter is furnished with a trichogyne and becomes septate after fertilization; the ascogenous hyphae are few and the sheath simple.

2010，Helen Gwynne-Vaughan，Fungi: Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales，頁 54:


global positioning system

全球定位系統；任何使行動接收器能夠根據從衛星接收的訊號確定其精確位置的系統，例如美國軍方的衛星、俄羅斯格洛納斯系統或擬議的歐洲伽利略替代系統。


hospital ship

The Leinster has been in use as a hospital ship and a transport, but is now released and is refitting for her regular service.

1946 March and April，“Notes and News: Anglo-Irish Steamship Fleets”, in Railway Magazine，頁 118:


telson

借自古希臘語 τέλσον (télson，“岬角”)。

Although Crangonya evidently comes very close to Niphargus, it appears to be a good genus, and to differ constantly from Niphargus in the more robust body and in the telson, which is always entire and never cleft as in Niphargus.

1894，Charles Chilton，“The Subterranean Crustacea of New Zealand”, in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd Series, Volume VI: Zoology，Linnean Society of London，頁 219:

The basic number of segments in the abdomen is eleven plus the postsegmental telson which bears the anus, although Matsuda (1976) regards the telson as a twelfth segment.

1998，R. F. Chapman，The Insects: Structure and Function，第4th版, Cambridge University Press，頁 259:

The two documented examples of telson abnormalities are on juvenile moults (Fig. 2a, b).

2022，Russell D. C. Bicknell et al.，“Applying Records of Extant and Extinct Horseshoe Crab Abnormalities to Xiphosurid Conservation”, in International Horseshoe Crab Conservation and Research Efforts: 2007-2020，Springer，頁 88:


breadth-first search

同類詞：depth-first search


hydrofoil craft

hydrofoil craft (plural)
hydrofoil crafts (plural)


vitellarium

來自新拉丁語，來自vitellus (“蛋黃”) + -ārium (“與之聯合的地方”)。

In the hymenolepid cestode Fimbriaria fasciolaris, the vitellaria and uterus are continuous throughout the strobila.

1988，K. G. Adiyodi，Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Accessory Sex Glands，頁 41:

Germarium and vitellarium are distinct and the latter contains one or two small, immature basal oocytes.

2015年July8日，“Convergent Reduction of Ovariole Number Associated with Subterranean Life in Beetles”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:


aqualung

Aqualung是1943年 Emile Gagnan 和 Jacques Cousteau 推出的第一款開放式水肺潛水設備的原名稱。來自aqua- + lung。


cable modem

线缆调制解调器；有線電視數據機


CATV

community antenna television (“社區共用天線電視”)之首字母縮略詞。


launching

Launch 指的是一個時間點上的事件。Launching 指的是一個持續性的過程。

The launching of the Titanic.

By 1940 they had conducted 25 successful launchings of A5 rockets, which reached 10 miles altitude and had a range of 12 miles.

2010，Raymond Friedman，A History of Jet Propulsion, Including Rockets，頁 123:


magnetic compass

某些動物體內的假想器官，可使其與地球磁場一致


mailroom

Oh, Pete. This is not the gym. — That’s right, Anna. This is the mailroom.
哦，皮特。這不是健身房。——沒錯，安娜。這裡是郵件收發室。
#*::
 音頻（美國）： (檔案)

2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)


main frame

The main frames are of 1¼-in. thick plates spaced 3 ft. 2½ in. apart, the centre lines coinciding with the centre of the axlebox guide faces.

1951 March，“British Railways Standard "Britannia" Class 4-6-2 Locomotives”, in Railway Magazine，頁 186:

靠近船舶中間最大的結構框架


mainshaft

箭的主軸（其中插入了装有箭头的前杆）


domestic waste

[環境]家庭廢棄物；生活废弃物，居民日常生活所產生的廢棄物，由任何不再使用或需要的物品組成。


merchant ship

Old pirates, yes, they rob I
Sold I to the merchant ships
Minutes after they took I
From the bottomless pit.


metacentric height

The distance from a ship's center of gravity (G) to its metacenter is known as the metacentric height (GM). GM is a measure of the vessel's ability to right itself when experiencing an overturning moment. For the same vessel, a higher GM value indicates a greater initial static stability.

2017年December12日，National Transportation Safety Board，“1.12 Stability Information - 1.12.1 Concepts”, in Marine Accident Report: Sinking of US Cargo Vessel SS El Faro, Atlantic Ocean, Northeast of Acklins and Crooked Island, Bahamas, October 1, 2015，存檔自the original on 2022-05-15，頁 132:


mill scale

Recently the Great Northern Railway, U,S.A., which has a considerable mileage of line bordering the Pacific seaboard, has put in service mobile equipment for applying anti-corrosion treatment to rails. An old motor-car has been adapted to carry two oxy-acetylene flame-cleaning heads, which simultaneously clean both sides of both rails of all mill-scale and rust as the car is hand-propelled forward; men follow to brush away the loosened material; the final operation is that of spraying both rails, by means of paint guns carried on a trolley, with a corrosion-resisting compound.

1951 October，“Preventing Rail Corrosion”, in Railway Magazine，頁 648:


minehunter

和minesweeper對比，，在未探測到水雷的情況下整體清除雷區的船隻。兼具這兩種功能的船隻被稱為反水雷艦（mine countermeasures vessel，MCMV）。


great circle

great-circle arc

球體表面兩點間距最短的圓形的一段。

球體表面兩點間距最短的圓形的一段。

Wherever a navigator may be, it certainly would be to his advantage to be able to find the great circle, or shortest course, and the distance, to his port of destination, [....]

1902, S. L. Penfield, "Use of the Stereographic Projection for Geographical Maps and Sailing Charts", in American Journal of Science

The shortest distance between two points on an ocean Mercator chart is not a straight line - it is a curve known as a 'great circle'.

2003, Jeff Toghill, The Navigator's Handbook: Essential Methods and Equipment--and how to Use Them

Because the Earth's surface is curved, the shortest distance is actually a curve over the surface called a great circle.

2005，Phil Medina，Homework Helpers: Earth Science，頁 52:


promenade deck

There are main and upper decks and a promenade deck.

1947 January and February，“New Southern Channel Steamer”, in Railway Magazine，頁 49:


pump room

[E]ven the German visitors at the baths honored me by drinking my health in the pump-room.

1847，Hans Christian Andersen，章號 7, in Mary Howitt（譯者）, The True Story of My Life:

In the 18th and early 19th centuries, the beautiful people came here for the season, taking the waters, meeting for tea in the Pump Room and for balls in the Assembly Rooms.

2003年August10日，Jacqueline Friedrich，“Choice Tables: Sophisticated Repasts in Bath”, in New York Times, retrieved 2012-10-09:


reversing gear

A new type of air-inducing ring improved considerably the atomising and distribution of the oil fuel in the firebox, and it was advanced practice for the period that the new engine was equipped with compressed air operation of both the reversing gear and the water-scoop.

1961 February，Cecil J. Allen，“Salute to the "Claud Hamiltons" & "Directors"”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 115:


final act

電影、戲劇或敘事的最後部分，將故事情節串聯起來並對要點進行解釋

退休或去世前的最後一項表現或成就


seaworthiness

The ship leaked like a sieve and rode like a barrel; in other words it was completely lacking in seaworthiness.

这艘船漏水如筛子，航行如桶，换句话说，它完全不具备适航性。


following sea

順浪（與船隻航向相同或相似的海浪）


skylight

熔岩管上部的一個洞，可以看到裡面的岩漿

可讓潛水艇浮出水面的薄冰平坦區域


freeboard deck

Figure 60 shows the downflooding angles for the downflooding points described above, plus the angle at which the edge of the freeboard deck would have been immersed (about 15°).

2017年December12日，National Transportation Safety Board，“1.12.10 Postaccident Analysis of Stability, Structures, and Sinking”, in Marine Accident Report: Sinking of US Cargo Vessel SS El Faro, Atlantic Ocean, Northeast of Acklins and Crooked Island, Bahamas, October 1, 2015，存檔自the original on 2022-11-24，頁 156:


Froude number

[氣象]弗劳德数；夫如數


spark arrester

Although certain overseas railways make fairly extensive use of spark arresters (apart from wood-burning locomotives) they are rare in this country, for, as Sir Nigel Gresley once remarked, the best way to avoid spark throwing is to make sure the engine is master of its job; [...].

1941 September，“The Why and the Wherefore: Fires in Trains”, in Railway Magazine，頁 432:


control unit interface

控制器接口；控制單元介面


stationary engine

To get the best conditions for locomotives he proposed to make a continuous grade of 1 in 30 on the straight between Erkrath and Hochdahl, 2.78 km. (1¾ miles) and employ a stationary engine there. [...] The stationary engine was duly installed, at considerable cost, but not used for long.

1942 March，“Notes and News: Main-Line Cable Haulage in Germany”, in Railway Magazine，頁 88:

The Cromford & High Peak was one of Britain's oldest railways, giving access to the stone quarries of the Peak District. It was very much 'of its time'. Stationary engines hauled wagons up and down inclines, and trains on the more level bits in between were pulled by horses.

2023年January11日，Richard Foster，“British Rail's weirdest railways...: Cromford & High Peak”, in RAIL，期 974，頁 48:


steam chest

One small tooth increase in regulator opening makes a minute increase in steam chest pressure reading and one can feel the clearly perceptible increase in the power output beneath one's feet.

1961 March，'Balmore'，“Driving and firing modern French steam locomotives”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 150:


swash plate

The majority of helicopters achieve this using a swash plate or stationary star.

1994，S. Newman，Foundations of Helicopter Flight，頁 82:

This type of pump uses a swash plate to cause the pistons to move in and out.

2013，Michael E. Brumbach, Jeffrey A. Clade，Industrial Maintenance，頁 211:


tarpaulin

/ˈtɑːɹpəlɪn/


Nansen bottle

[測繪學]南生采水器；南森瓶


tiller

In France, Europe's most fertile and cultivated land, the tillers of it suffered more and more hunger.

2000，Alasdair Gray，The Book of Prefaces，Bloomsbury, 出版於 2002，頁 63:


tiller

繼承自中古英語 telȝre、telgra，繼承自古英語 telgor、telgra、telgre (“幼枝；嫩芽”)（參見 telga、telge；亦參見英語 tillow)），繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *telguʀ，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *telguz (“枝條”)，源自原始印歐語 *delgʰ- (“分隔；切割；雕刻”)。同源詞包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 Tälge (“树苗”)、荷蘭語 telg (“后代、接穗、分枝、嫩枝”)、下薩克森荷蘭語 telge (“小枝、树枝”)、德語 Zelge (“树枝”)、瑞典語 telning (“树枝、接穗、树苗”)、冰島語 tág (“柳枝”)。

从植物的根部或原茎底部长出的嫩枝


tiller

繼承自中古英語 teler，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 telier (“用于编织的横梁”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 telarium，源自拉丁語 tēla (“網”)。


tug

繼承自中古英語 tuggen、toggen，繼承自古英語 togian (“拖，拉”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *togōn，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *tugōną (“拖，拉扯，撕裂”)，源自原始印歐語 *dewk- (“拉”)。
同源詞包括中古低地德語 togen (“拉”)、中古高地德語 zogen (“拉，撕”)、冰島語 toga (“拉”)。與 tow 有關。


two-stroke engine

同類詞：four-stroke engine


DPS

Delivery Point Sequence (“交貨點序列”)之首字母縮略詞。 （美國郵政署使用的自動字母分類系統）

damage per second (“每秒傷害”)之首字母縮略詞 （你的戰鬥狀態造成的每秒傷害）

主要角色是造成最大傷害的玩家或單位

disintegration per second (“每秒鐘衰變數”)之首字母縮略詞。

designated premises supervisor (“指定處所主管”)之首字母縮略詞。


weather ship

另一艘船的迎風方向，被認為是海戰優勢位置

If the weather ship be of inferior force, it enables her to keep out of action much longer, and, though a poorer sailer, she may do so until the intervention of night increases the chances of escape.

1832，A Popular Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, History, Politics and Biography，卷 9, Philadelphia: Carey and Lea，頁 178:


jet stream

jetstream (alternative)
jet streams (plural)


light intensity

[氣象]光照强度，光強度，光强


DFM

design for manufacture/manufacturing (“可製造性設計”)之首字母縮略詞。


Lorentz force

以荷蘭物理學家亨德里克·洛倫茲（1853–1928）命名。


device driver

The identity of the device driver process is returned by the process manager to the file manager[…]

1978，Dennis M. Ritchie，Unix Time-Sharing System，頁 2064:


marine corrosion

[航海科技]海洋腐蚀；海水侵蝕


marine environment

[航海科技][環境]海洋环境，包括河口、沿海、沿岸地區以及公海深海地區等的海洋環境。


marine environmental protection

[环境][航海科技]海洋环境保护


EDI

electronic data interchange (“电子数据交换”)之首字母縮略詞。

equity/equality, diversity, and inclusion (“公平性、多樣性，以及包容性”)之首字母縮略詞。


percentage error

[氣象]百分误差；誤差率


triangulation

People determining the width of a river by triangulation (sense 1):Template:refn
A triangulation (sense 4) of the surface of a torus
源自中世紀拉丁語 triangulātiōnem (“三角化”)，來自triangulāre (“分成三角形”) + -tiōnem (後綴，形成某些行為或行為結果有關的名詞)。Triangulāre源自triangulāris (“三角形的”)，來自triangulus (“三角形的；三角形”)，來自trēs (“三”) + angulus (“角；角落”)。英語單詞可分析為triangulate + -ion，與法語 triangulation同源。

/tɹʌɪaŋɡjʊˈleɪʃn̩/

/ˌtɹaɪˌæŋɡjəˈleɪʃən/

三角測量； 使用這種技術的實例

The season of 1835–36 was employed in carrying on the triangulation; in which Colonel [George] Everest was much impeded by a long continuance of hazy and cloudy weather. It appears, however, that the principal triangulation was brought down to the line from Juktipura to Pagara; […]

1839年June14日，T. B. Jervis，“IV. Some Account of the Progress of the Trigonometrical Survey Now Carrying On in India. Extracted from the Correspondence of Colonel Everest, and Communicated by Major T. B. Jervis.”, in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, […]，卷 IV, 期 24, London: Printed by Moyes and Barclay, […], →OCLC，頁 208:

Russia began under Catherine II, and has since constantly either taken up at different points or extended the triangulations successively made, with always more perfection of men of science. Now, these triangulations form a fully connected series from north of the arctic circle to south of Dorpat.

1843年February9日，John B. Aycrigg，“Notes”, in Report of John B. Aycrigg, (Made to the House of Representatives on the 9th February, 1843,) Submitted as an Individual Member of the Committee on the Coast Survey, […] (Report No. 170)，Washington, D.C.: Printed at the National Intelligencer Office, 出版於 19 February 1843, →OCLC, note 19，頁s 32–33:

The original base lines, which form the starting points of the survey, require to be measured by apparatus of the most delicate nature, since any error, committed in the early part of this work, will necessarily be multiplied throughout the series of triangulations which rest upon it. […] Nor is less precision necessary in the measurement of the angles of the primary and secondary triangulations, which serve as checks upon each other, since the position of any point in the former is determined by each of these series.

1849 January–March，“Stated Meeting, January 19”, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, […]，卷 V, 期 42, Philadelphia, Pa.: Published for the [American Philosophical] Society, [b]y John C. Clark, […], 出版於 1854, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁s 57–58:

使用三角測量得到的網狀圖，是航圖或地圖的基礎

[…] I have placed myself in communication with the Astronomer Royal, for the purpose of considering the steps necessary to be taken to effect the connexion required, between the triangulation of Great Britain and that of Belgium. […] I have also placed myself in communication with General Nerenburger, Director of the Dêpot de la Guerre at Brussels, and have received from him the diagram of the Belgian triangulation, with descriptions of the stations with which it is necessary to connect our triangulation, and we possess a copy of the triangulation of France.

1860年November29日，Henry James，“Appendix. [Official Correspondence, Letter C.]”, in Extension of the Triangulation of the Ordnance Survey into France and Belgium […]，London: Printed by George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode, […], for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 出版於 1863, →OCLC, paragraphs 1–2，頁s 57–58:

[page 76] At this point, it may be useful to refer to a word that has been used in connection with earlier examples. The King has been said to indulge in a process called Triangulation. The word is harder than the idea. The basic fact is that the King can move to an adjacent square in one move, two moves or three moves, without returning to its point of origin. […] [page 77] This diagram […] shows a position where the triangulation is vital.

1961，Gerald Abrahams，“Kings and Ascending Pawns”, in Technique in Chess，London: G[eorge] Bell and Sons, →OCLC; 再版 New York, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 1973, →ISBN，頁s 76 and 77:

將平面物體細分為三角形，進而使更高維度的幾何物體變為單體

Regular triangulations are a class in-between lifting and lexicographic triangulations. Their main draw-back in the context of this paper is that regularity depends on the specific realization and not only on the oriented matroid.

2002 March，Francisco Santos，“Triangulations of Oriented Matroids”, in Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society，卷 156, 期 741, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, →ISSN, →OCLC, chapter 5 (Lifting Triangulations)，頁 59:

A triangulation of a point configuration #92;mathbf#123;A#125;#92;in#92;mathbb#123;R#125;ᵈ is a collection of d-simplices all of whose vertices are points in #92;mathbf#123;A#125; that satisfies the following two properties: 1. The union of all these simplices equals conv(#92;mathbf#123;A#125;). (Union Property) 2. Any pair of these simplices intersects in a common face (possibly empty). (Intersection Property)

2010，Jésus A[ntonio] De Loera, Jörg Rambau, Francisco Santos，“Triangulations in Mathematics”, in Triangulations: Structures for Algorithms and Applications (Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics; 25)，Heidelberg, Dordrecht: Springer Verlag, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, definition 1.0.1，頁 1:

利用已知地點的三個已知距離找到未知地點的過程

A special advantage of radar is that it works during darkness and other periods of low visibility, which prevent visual triangulation and aircraft techniques for measuring nuclear clouds.

1958 November–December，“News Notes: Army Weather Radar Tracks Nuclear Clouds”, in Armor: The Magazine of Mobile Warfare，卷 LXVII, 期 6, Washington, D.C.: United States Armor Association, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 58，列 2:

在政治光譜上重新定位自己或自己的團隊，試圖抓住中心的做法

Triangulation was a presidential leadership strategy that presented the president as having borrowed elements of both the right and the left to develop some form of center policy amalgam.

2004，Stanley A[llen] Renshon，“The Politics of Transformation”, in In His Father’s Shadow: The Transformations of George W. Bush，New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN; 第paperback版, New York, N.Y., Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, November 2005, →ISBN, section V (A Transforming President in Perspective)，頁 197:

Increased security for women's health clinics was part of [Bill] Clinton's "third way," a politics of triangulation that moved the Democratic Party closer to the right and embraced neoliberal economic policies while offering comparatively moderate social positions.

2015，Tamar W. Carroll，“It Saved My Life: Creating Queer Politics”, in Mobilizing New York: AIDS, Antipoverty, and Feminist Activism，Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, →ISBN，頁 181:

One recent attempt to combine both forms of data collection […] was based on a parallel methods approach, in which the results of two similar but separately located studies were triangulated. Triangulation entails overlapping the results at several points to enhance reliability. […] Other documented research has attempted to gain a broader view through the triangulation of two sets of data (quantitative and qualitative) on the same question, taken from the same respondents in a single study.

1999，Carol Grbich，“Qualitative Research: An Introduction”, in Qualitative Research in Health: An Introduction，Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin, →ISBN, part 1 (Theory and Design)，頁s 17–18:

Even though triangulation is used in quantitative paradigm for confirmation and generalization of a research, Barbour (1998) does not disregard the notion of triangulation in qualitative paradigm and she states the need to define triangulation from a qualitative research's perspective in each paradigm. For example, in using triangulation of several data sources in quantitative research, any exception may lead to a disconfirmation of the hypothesis where exceptions in qualitative research are dealt to modify the theories and are fruitful.

2003年December1日，Nahid Golafshani，“Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research”, in The Qualitative Report，卷 8, 號 4，頁 603:

Multiple sources of data were used to create a triangulation of evidence: books, documentation, archival records and relevant publications by key actors, particularly in the development field, open ended interviews, participant-observation conducted during field work and a case study. […] Triangulation was initially conceptualized as a strategy to validating results achieved with individual research methods. The focus of this research strategy, however, has increasingly shifted towards enriching and complementing knowledge and towards expanding and furthering the potential of individual methods.

2014，Alexander Cárdenas，“Introduction”, in Football: Origins, Paths and New Dimensions: Master’s Thesis，[Munich]: GRIN Verlag, →ISBN, section 1.2 (Research Methods)，頁 4:


file allocation table

[…] , although their access involves traversing the indirection in the file allocation table.

2006, Dhananjay M. Dhamdhere, Operating Systems: A Concept-based Approach, 2ⁿᵈ edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, page 346:

The file allocation table needs just a single entry for each file, […]

2008, A. A. Puntambekar, I. A. Dhotre, Systems Programming, 3ʳᵈ revised edition, Technical Publications Pune, page 13:20:

For the file allocation table type of file systems, an entire file system allocation table is large and requires many disk sectors to store, […]

2008, Bruce Jacob, Spencer W. Ng, David T. Wang, Memory Systems: Cache, DRAM, Disk, Morgan Kaufmann, page 691:


Poincare wave

[大气]庞加莱波；彭卡瑞波


oily water

[航海科技]（含）油污水


garbage collector

GC

在演算、程序、執行緒中進行垃圾收集的工作：回收不再使用的資源。

在演算、程序、執行緒中進行垃圾收集的工作：回收不再使用的資源。

Java uses a technique known as garbage collection to remove objects that are no longer needed. The garbage collector is Java's grim reaper.

2002，Patrick Niemeyer，Jonathan Knudsen，Learning Java，O'Reilly, →ISBN，頁 135:


garden path sentence

來自俗語lead someone up (or down) the garden path，因為讀者對該句子形成了一種解釋，這種解釋直到接近句子結尾時才是合理的，這時讀者意識到他們的解釋不可能是正確的（他們被帶入了一條花園小路），他們必須嘗試另一種解釋。

garden path (alternative)
garden-path sentence (alternative)
garden path sentences (plural)

/ˈɡɑː(ɹ)dən pɑːθ ˈsɛntəns/

/ˈɡɑːɹdən pæθ ˈsɛntəns/

Whether a particular construction causes a garden-path effect depends on the specific grammar of the language. For example, the famous example of an English garden-path sentence in (1) ["The horse raced past the barn fell"] would not exist if the past tense form of the verb race were not identical to the reduced relative form, the former of which is the preferred reading for this sentence.

1995，Reiko Mazuka，Kenji Itoh，“Can Japanese Speakers be Led down the Garden Path?”, in Japanese Sentence Processing，Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, →ISBN，頁s 295–296:

One of the functions of punctuation is to reduce any ambiguity, and readers are less confused by garden-path sentences that are punctuated than by those that are not[…].

2005，Michael W[illiam] Eysenck，Mark T. Keane，“Language Comprehension”, in Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook，第5th版, Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, →ISBN，頁 362, column 1:

[I]n a garden path sentence, we interpret a sentence in a particular way only to find out near the end that we misinterpreted it. The subjective impression is that of being led down a garden path until discovering at the end that we took the wrong way and have to retrace our steps.

2008，David W. Carroll，“Sentence Comprehension and Memory”, in Psychology of Language，第5th版, Belmont, Calif.: Thomson Wadsworth, →ISBN，頁 134:

A garden path sentence contains a temporary ambiguity[…]. It becomes clear that something has gone wrong when the comprehender receives input that is incompatible with the past-tense analysis of the ambiguous form[…]. The parser then must abandon its initial parse and attempt to reanalyze the input.

2013，Montserrat Sanz，Itziar Laka，Michael K. Tanenhaus，“Sentence Comprehension before and after 1970: Topics, Debates, and Techniques”, in Language Down the Garden Path: The Cognitive and Biological Basis for Linguistic Structures (Oxford Studies in Biolinguistics)，Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 85:


HDL

hardware description language (“硬體描述語言”)之首字母縮略詞。


sea breeze

一種伏特加配蔓越橘和葡萄柚汁的雞尾酒


secondary pollutant

[大气]二级污染物；次生污染物


singular point

[大气]奇异点；特異點；獨點


information hiding

資訊隱藏技術，使資訊從對象外部看不到。 （將電腦程式中最有可能發生變化的部分與其他部分隔離開，從而讓程式的其他部分在該部分發生變化時不用被大量修改。）


information retrieval

[信息科技][自由軟體]信息检索，資訊檢索


ILS

instrument landing system (“仪表着陆系统”)之首字母縮略詞。

integrated logistic support (“綜合後勤支援”)之首字母縮略詞。

integrated library system (“圖書館自動化系統”)之首字母縮略詞。


ISP

Internet service provider (“互聯網服務供應商”)之首字母縮略詞。

interface segregation principle (“介面隔離原則”)之首字母縮略詞。


sewage treatment plant

[航海科技]污水处理设备；污水处理厂


LVDS

low voltage differential signaling (“低電壓差分訊號”)之首字母縮略詞。


magnetic ink character recognition

磁墨水字符识别；磁墨字元辨識，磁墨字符識別


weather forecast

It may be sunny today, but the weather forecast is predicting rain for tomorrow.

今天天晴，但是天氣預報說明天會下雨。


OOPL

object-oriented programming language (“物件導向程式設計”)之首字母縮略詞。


personal digital assistant

個人數碼助理，個人數位助理

The device, about the size of a fat paperback book, represents the most ambitious attempt yet by computer and communications companies to pool their resources in hopes of finally creating a market for what the industry calls "personal digital assistants."

[1994年September28日，Lawrence M. Fisher，“Personal Digital Assistant, Part III”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Already, Sharp owns at least 60 percent of the market for personal digital assistants, or P.D.A.'s, with its Wizard line, ranking far ahead of Hewlett-Packard, Casio, Apple Computer and other competitors past and present.

1994年December18日，Laurie Flynn，“Sharp Unveils a New Breed of Personal Digital Assistant”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


pie chart

餅圖，餅狀圖，饼形图，圓形圖，圓餅圖


RFC

rugby football club (“拉格比足球俱樂部”)之首字母縮略詞。


SADT

structured analysis and design technique (“結構化分析及設計技術”)之首字母縮略詞。


threat

Verifying and addressing actual threats is not paranoia.


translucency

半透明；半透明性；半透明度


truth maintenance system

真實維護系統，真值维护系统


undeletion

/ˌʌndɪˈliːʃən/

/ˌʌnˈdɪliːʃən/

取消刪除，恢復先前刪除的內容


VRAM

video random access memory (“視訊隨機存取記憶體”)之首字母縮略詞。

video memory (“視訊記憶體，顯示存儲器”)之首字母縮略詞。

Video RAM (“影像隨機接達記憶器”)之首字母縮略詞。

Using the hardware blitter to move bitmaps from VRAM to VRAM is much faster than moving them from system memory to VRAM.

2002，André LaMothe，Tricks of the Windows Game Programming Gurus，頁 315:


visual programming language

visual programming languages (plural)
VPL (alternative)


von Neumann architecture

同類詞：Harvard architecture


zero-knowledge proof

Implementation of a zero-knowledge proof significantly improves the privacy and security of many systems. However, it introduces additional costs in processing power and hard drive space.

零知識證明的實施顯著提高了許多系統的隱私和安全性。然而，它也帶來了額外的處理能力和硬碟空間成本。

2020，Lorne Lantz, Daniel Cawrey，Mastering Blockchain，O'Reilly Media, →ISBN，頁 185:


diss song

（英式英語、俚語）一首以攻擊或羞辱特定個人或團體的歌曲或嘻哈樂曲，通常是嘻哈爭鬥（hip-hop feud）的一部份。


diss track

diss song

（嘻哈音樂，說唱音樂）對特定群體或個人表示侮辱或冒犯的歌曲

（嘻哈音樂，說唱音樂）對特定群體或個人表示侮辱或冒犯的歌曲


diss

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-diss.wav

一種羞辱或貶低。通常是指一类说唱歌曲。


acceptable risk level

可接受風險程度，依相對利益來判定的風險程度，或是可能造成不良影響的最低程度。


acid deposition

酸性沉降，一種區域性的空氣污染現象，主要源於工業活動之稀硫酸及稀硝酸等酸性氣體排放，在氣候條件之搭配下，產生如酸雨、或酸雪、酸霧、酸霰、煙氣和乾粉顆粒沉降等現象。


aerobic treatment

好氧處理，將空氣引入污水中，在一定停留時間內產生好氧生化穩定反應。


agricultural waste

農業廢棄物，指農業生產活動所產生無用的液體或固體物質，例如肥料、農藥、農作物殘渣（如果園剪枝）和牲畜糞肥。


air pollutant

空氣污染物，任何污染源或其組成，包括流入空氣中且在相當高濃度下可能影響人類、動植物或物質之各類物理性、化學性、生物性或放射性元素或物質。


air pollution

空氣污染。因天然或人工燃料的燃燒、工業化學或其它製程、甚或核爆炸等，而在大氣中出現大量氣體、固體或放射性物質。


algal bloom

藻華，藻類與其他水生植物因污染所造成之快速過量的生長。


anaerobic treatment

厭氧處理，指在無氧條件下進行有機物質的分解。該法可去除許多有機廢棄物的惡臭，以便將處理後的廢棄物作為農地利用。


animal waste

動物廢棄物：直接與動物飼養有關的產業所產生的廢棄物，例如由畜牧業（糞肥、牛奶等）、肉類加工和動物實驗（動物軀體、動物肢體、動物羽毛等）、皮毛獸育種（皮毛、血液等）產生的廢棄物。


biogeochemical cycle

生物地質化學循環：化學元素的循環移動，從生物體到物理環境，再回到生物體。如果所指元素是生命必需的微量元素，這個過程就稱之為營養循環。當植物腐敗後與礦物質在腐植質中自然結合，而為未來的植物生長提供養料時，生化地質循環於焉開始。


biological treatment

生物處理：利用微生物將有機廢棄物分解成水、二氧化碳和簡單無機物，或較簡單的有機物(例如醛類和酸等)的程序。生物處理系統的目的是控制微生物的環境，以增進微生物的生長與活性，並提供方法以維持高濃度微生物與廢棄物的接觸。


building waste

營建廢棄物，因建築物或其他土木工程結構的破壞或改建，所產生的磚瓦及碎石等廢棄物。


chemical pollution

化學污染，由化學物質引起的污染，包括含氯農藥、多氯聯苯，及汞、鉛、鎘、砷等重金屬等。


coastal pollution

海岸污染，指污染物存在、釋出或注入海岸或沿海土地的現象。


co-incineration

混燒（指任一固定污染源燃燒廢棄物再利用燃料）


DDT

有多種不同的說法；參見英語維基百科條目 DDT (professional wrestling)。

摔角的一種動作，先在正面將站立著的對方手臂扭到背後，然後向後摔，讓對方的頭撞到地板上


environmental consequence

環境影響結果，自然或人為的擾動對構成環境之物理、化學或生物組成的影響結果。


environmental damage

環境損害，對環境造成的危害，如溼地的消失、河流的污染等。


environmental hazard

環境危害物；環境公害，能夠導致危害生態系統或自然資源的物理或化學物質。


environmental impact

環境衝擊；環境影響，指因某一活動或系列活動所導致或誘發任何可能有益或有害的環境狀態的改變或新環境的建立。


environmental impact assessment

環境影響評估（简称環評），对重大開發或計畫對於環境所造成的暫時性與永久性影響的分析與判斷，此必須同時考慮社會後果和替代計畫。


environmental management

環境管理，指針對環境保育、合理及永續性的自然資源分配和使用、社會和環境之間互動的最佳化，以及現在和未來世代的人類福祉的改善，所進行之方法與控制。


environmental pollution

環境污染，人類引入環境中的物質或能源，其有可能毒害人體健康、危及生命資源及生態系統，損害環境結構或舒適性，或干擾環境之正當合理利用。


environmental quality

環境品質；環境質量，當環境作用於人類或其他有機體時的整體性或局部性的特性與特徵。環境品質是一般性的名詞，意指各種特徵，諸如空氣和水的純度或污染程度，進入開放空間的噪音，建築物的視覺影響以及這些特徵對身心健康所造成的潛在影響。


heavy metal

重金屬（比重接近或高於5.0的金屬）


abiotic environment

[環境]非生物環境，指環境中無生命的組成成分(岩石、礦物、土壤、水與氣候)。


water treatment

水處理，將水淨化使其適合飲用或作為任何其它用途。


industrial waste

工業廢棄物；工业废物；工业废料，由工業操作或製造過程丟棄的廢棄物質，可能是固體、污泥（濕固體）或液體廢棄物，可能具有或不具有有害性。


oil pollution

油污染；石油污染，指石油或其他石油類產品，對任何生態系統所造成的污染，但通常指對淡水或海洋生態系統的污染。


organic carbon

有機碳，指來自於動物或植物的碳成分。


pollution control

污染控制；污染管制；污染防治，減少大部分污染物排放的化學或物理方法。


pollution load

污染負荷，因人為或自然方式釋入生態系統的物理或化學污染而加諸於生態系統的壓力負荷量。


radioactive waste

放射性廢棄物，指放出的輻射超出正常背景水準的任何廢棄物，包括核能工業的有毒副產物。


river pollution

河流污染；河川污染，直接或間接的人為改變河水或河川生態系統之生物、物理、化學或放射線的原始性。


sewage sludge

污水污泥；下水污泥，由都市污水淨化過程所產生的一種固體濃度超過2500ppm的半液體廢棄物。


sludge treatment

污泥處理，處理廢水污泥使其成為無害的過程，包括好氧或厭氧消化及隨後的晒乾床乾燥、過濾、及焚化、過濾和乾燥或潮濕空氣氧化。


stormwater

Community groups have collected 12,000 signatures demanding that New York City permanently lower the levels of the Cannonsville, Pepacton and Neversink Reservoirs to 80 percent of capacity so that stormwater runoff can have a place to go rather than charging down the river in flash floods.

2007年October2日，Anthony Depalma，“City Agrees to Help Regulate Delaware River by Releasing Water From Reservoirs”, in New York Times:


surface-active agent

表面活性劑；表面活化劑，一種物質，當少量使用時可改變液體或固體的表面特性。表面活性劑可減小流體的表面張力，或兩種不互溶流體間的界面張力，如油和水。表面活性劑在達成水溶液浸潤和滲透到固體的過程中作用顯著，可以充做清潔劑，乳化劑，或離散劑。


toxin

派生自拉丁語 toxicum。


waste heat

廢熱，指發電廠冷卻過程所產生的熱排放，會引起水體的熱污染，並促進藻類繁殖。


waste management

廢棄物管理，依廢棄物的產生、處置、處理、儲存，並將廢棄物從生產源頭轉移至最終可接受的處置的完整監督。


waste treatment

廢棄物處理，指任何改變廢棄物化學、物理或生物組成或特性的處理過程或不同程序之組合；或為任何目的而減少或去除廢棄物本身有害性質或特性的過程。


water analysis

水分析；水質分析，研究水的物理、化學和生物特性。


water hardness

（无机化学）水質硬度；水硬度，溶解於水中鈣鹽和鎂鹽的總量。


water pollution

水污染；水质污染，指因人為或人類活動改變水體（尤指表面径流）的化學、物理、生物及放射性的完整狀態。


water purification

淨水；水淨化處理；水体净化，諸多去除或中和水中不必要雜質的程序。


water purification plant

淨水廠、水處理廠，將水經由物理和化學程序，使其適合人類使用和其他用途的處理廠。


water reuse

水再生；水再利用，在不同的製造程序中使用廢水或污水處理後之放流水。


MP

One unidentified man spoke of how he was approached to "go to the Gents" with an MP at an event for young political activists while another man described how an MP invited his entire office staff to a gay bar.

2014年April11日，Charlotte Meredith，“The Palace of Sexminster”, in Huffington Post: United Kingdom:

megapixel (“百萬畫素”)之首字母縮略詞。

The new Canon has a 12MP ccd sensor.

machine pistol (“全自動手槍”)之首字母縮略詞。


sauerkraut

/ˈsaʊɚˌkɹʌʊt/


ACG

anime、comic、game (“日本动画、漫画与游戏”)之首字母縮略詞：围绕日本动画、漫画和日本电子游戏的中华亚文化。

angle closure glaucoma (“闭角型青光眼”)之首字母縮略詞。


binary arithmetic

Note that all correctly rounding arithmetics satisfy property A1, as do those with properly truncating addition. All faithful binary arithmetics and all arithmetics with either properly truncating or correctly chopping addition satisfy property A2.

1992, Douglas M. Priest, On Properties of Floating Point Arithmetics, University of California, Berkeley, page 17,


brown-paper-bag bug

字面意思是「牛皮紙袋臭蟲」，指製造臭蟲的作者感到尷尬，得在頭上戴著牛皮紙袋才不會被認出來。Linux 2.2於1999年初發布後開始流行，並在林納斯·托瓦茲的道歉貼文中被使用。

令人慚愧的程式／程序錯誤


bulletin board system

As companies increase their use of microcomputer-based bulletin board systems, microcomputer managers are finding themselves saddled with the responsibility of being system operators for the boards.

1986年April21日，Melissa Calvo，“Managers Say Bulletin Boards Part of Job”, in InfoWorld，卷 8, 期 16, →ISSN，頁 18:

Hackers and hacker clubs primarily communicate by means of bulletin board systems. It is estimated that there are about 1,300 underground bulletin boards in the U.S.

2001，Sanjiv Purba，Architectures for E-Business Systems，CRC Press, →ISBN，頁 702:


central processing unit

同類詞：graphics processing unit


CISC

Complex Instruction Set Computer (“複雜指令集電腦”)之首字母縮略詞。


File Transfer Protocol

檔案傳輸協定／文件傳輸協議


first in first out

first-in-first-out (alternative)
first-in first-out (alternative)
first in, first out (alternative)
first-in, first-out (alternative)


FTP

Future Time Perspective (“未來時間觀”)之首字母縮略詞。


hotspot

hot spot (“熱點”)的另一種寫法


internet service provider

A part of the nervousness at Chelsea involves whether any more sponsors will follow the telecommunications and internet service provider Three in withdrawing support, at least temporarily.

March 11 2022，David Hytner，“Chelsea are in crisis but there is no will to leave club on their knees”, in The Guardian:


mouse wheel

He was a mouse-wheel virtuoso, scrolling and zooming with ease.

他是一位鼠标滚轮大师，可以轻松地滚动和缩放。


music video

音樂錄影帶、音樂視頻、音畫


RISC

Reduced Instruction Set Computer (“精简指令集计算机”) 之首字母縮略詞。


rubberband

Once the hair is sewn onto the foundation, use the proper styling aids to blend all natural hair that is not in rubberbands into the commercial hair, if necessary.

1998, Natural Hair Care and Braiding ISBN 1562533169, page 114:

Provide each child, or pair of children, with a shoebox (shoebox lid is not needed) and different sizes and thicknesses of rubberbands. The children are to stretch several different sizes of rubberbands around the entire shoebox's girth.

1999, Jennifer Overend Prior, Janet A. Hale, Bats ISBN 1576903761, page 39:

Braiding with rubberbands is quicker than sewing in yarn or thread but it is not acceptable for high-level competition, and it will break off hairs and damage the mane.

2008，Susan E. Harris，Grooming To Win, →ISBN，頁 203:


r-value

R值：用來衡量阻隔熱度的一個數值


security service

仅按字面意思，并无比喻或俗语义；参见security、service；安全服務


Shellsort

Shell + sort，以Douglas Shell命名，他於1959年推出了這種算法的初版。


SOAP

subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (“主訴、客觀數據/資料、用藥評析與規劃”) 之首字母縮略詞。


toner

調色劑，用於調整染髮後的髮色


tutorial

形容詞是來自tutor (名詞) + -ial，源頭來自拉丁語 tūtor (“觀察者，監護人，防守者”)。名詞是從形容詞轉變來的。

/tjuːˈtɔːɹɪəl/

/tʊˈtɔɹijəɫ/

/tʃʉˈtoːɹiəɫ/


typeface

type face (alternative)
typefaces (plural)


tumen

toman (“(歷史) 蒙古軍隊的一個師”)的另一種寫法

The largest unit was the tumen, equivalent to a division: 10,000 men in principle (and sometimes less). An army was made up of two to four tumen, each composed of ten times a thousand men (the equivalent of a regiment), and each regiment of ten times a hundred men (the equivalent of a squadron), ten times ten men.

2004，Gerard Chaliand，Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube，頁 65:


8514/A的另一種寫法


IMS

Industrial Methylated Spirit (“工业用甲醇变性酒精”)之首字母縮略詞。

Information Management System (“信息管理系统”)之首字母縮略詞。

Integrated Master Schedule (“综合主时间表”)之首字母縮略詞。

IP Multimedia Subsystem (“IP多媒体子系统”)之首字母縮略詞。


pull-up

I did lots of push-ups and pull-ups, and my only regret is that I stopped doing them as a young adult when I finally got to work out in health clubs instead of my basement or garage.

2008, Lou Schuler, "Foreward", in Nate Green, Built for Show, page xii


ARS

acute radiation syndrome (“急性放射病”)之首字母縮略詞。

acute retroviral syndrome (“急性逆转录病毒综合征”)之首字母縮略詞。


acyclic digraph

In the study of the competition graph of an acyclic digraph, there are two fundamental questions which were proposed by Roberts in 1978: One is to characterize the acyclic digraphs that have interval competition graphs and the other is to characterize the graphs which are competition graphs of acyclic digraphs.

1993, Suh-Ryung-Kim, The Competition Number and Its Variants, J. Gimbel, J.W. Kennedy, L.V. Quintas (editors), Quo Vadis, Graph Theory?: A Source Book for Challenges and Directions, Elsevier (North-Holland), page 313,

Determining whether a graph has a hamiltonian path or circuit is NP-complete [3]. The problem remains NP-complete for cubic planar graphs [3], for maximal planar graphs [9], and for planar digraphs [3]. It can be trivially solved in polynomial time for planar acyclic digraphs.

2009, Tamara Mchedlidze, Antonios Symvonis, Crossing-Optimal Acyclic HP-Completion for Outerplanar st-Digraphs, Hung Q. Ngo (editor), Computing and Combinatorics: 15th Annual International Conference, Proceedings, Springer, LNCS 5609, page 76,

Acyclic digraphs form a well-studied family of digraphs of great interest in graph theory, algorithms and applications.

2018, Gregory Gutin, 3. Acyclic Digraphs, Jørgen Bang-Jensen, Gregory Gutin, Classes of Directed Graphs, Springer, page 125,


ACU

accessory commercial unit (“配套商業單位”)之首字母縮略詞。


AOS

amorphous oxide semiconductor (“非晶氧化物半导体”)之首字母縮略詞。


AST

advanced supersonic transport (“高级超音速运输机”)之首字母縮略詞。

assured shorthold tenancy (“受保障短期租约”)之首字母縮略詞。


photoshop

源自Adobe Photoshop，一款知名圖像修改軟件。


ADS

ADS-A

automatic dependent surveillance (“自動相關監視”)之首字母縮略詞。

automated decision support (“自動化決策支援”)之首字母縮略詞。

同類詞：TIS


association list

結合串列 [電子計算機]


AIR

Aerospace Information Report (“航天信息報告”)之首字母縮略詞。


air traffic

空中交通，指航空器在飛行軌道或航空站跑道的移動


astrophotography

天文攝影 / 天體攝影術


blue screen of death

A Blue Screen of Death is like an encrypted message from your computer telling you there's a problem. We're going to help you make sense of the gobbledygook so you can fix whatever's ailing your PC!

2007，Paul Lilly，“BSOD Crash Course”, in Maximum PC，頁 40:


copresence

正體: 共現；共處[電子計算機]


ALL

acute lymphoblastic leukemia (“急性淋巴性白血病”)之首字母縮略詞。

In children, leukemia was most commonly ALL—lymphoblastic leukemia—and was almost always swiftly lethal.

2010，Siddhartha Mukherjee，The Emperor of All Maladies，Fourth Estate (2011)，頁 17:


all-clear

表示障礙或危險完全清除的信號。


all-points

We've put out an all-points on the car described by the witness.

我們已對目擊者所描述的車輛發佈全面通緝。


CLP

communication line processor (“通訊線路處理機”)之首字母縮略詞。


CPU

central processing unit (“中央處理單元，中央處理器”)之首字母縮略詞。

同類詞：FPU、GPU、TPU、PPU、MMU

包含電腦主要元件的電腦機殼/機箱。 (可否为此义项增加一个例句？)


breaking news

突發新聞，插播新聞，即時新聞

Breaking news may contain incomplete information, factual errors, or poor editing because of a rush to publication.

由於匆忙發布，突發新聞可能包含不完整的資訊、事實錯誤或編輯不當。

There is also breaking news that the delayed Crossrail project in London cannot be completed without a further £80 million injection of funds.

還有突發消息稱，如果不進一步注入8000萬英鎊資金，被推遲的倫敦橫貫鐵路計畫就無法完成。

2020年December2日，Industry Insider，“The costs of cutting carbon”, in Rail，頁 76:


BPL

broadband over power line (“電力線寬頻”)之首字母縮略詞。


cube root

3 is the cube root of 27.


curly bracket

波形括號 [電子計算機]


anticipation

源自中古英語 anticipacioun，源自拉丁語 anticipātiō, anticipātiōnem。


antimatter

來自anti- + matter。1898年由英國物理學家阿瑟·舒斯特在《自然》期刊文章"Potential Matter.—A Holiday Dream"中使用，當時指的是反重力的物質。現代意義最早見於1940年代。

anti-matter (alternative)
antimatters (plural)

[ˈæ.ɾ̃iˌmæ.ɾɚ]


application programming interface

application programming interfaces (plural)


APT

automation presses tooling (“自動化壓力機工裝”)之首字母縮略詞。

advanced passenger train (“高級客運列車”)之首字母縮略詞。

apartment (“公寓”)之縮寫。 (APT是美國郵政署的首選；對照Apt.和apt.)

advanced persistent threat (“高級長期威脅”)之首字母縮略詞。

arbitrage pricing theory (“套利定價理論”)之首字母縮略詞。

anatomical pathology technologist (“解剖病理學技師”)之首字母縮略詞。

acyl protein thioesterase (“酰基蛋白硫酯酶”)之首字母縮略詞。


ARM

accelerated reply mail (“加快回复邮件（美國郵政的一項服務）”)之首字母縮略詞。

adjustable rate mortgage (“可调利率抵押贷款”)之首字母縮略詞。

automatic route management (“自动路线管理；亞姆程式”)之首字母縮略詞。

active reconfiguring message (“主動重組態訊息”)之首字母縮略詞。

accumulator read-in module (“累加器讀入模組”)之首字母縮略詞。

algorithmic remote manipulation (“算法遠程調處”)之首字母縮略詞。

asynchronous response mode (“異步回應模式”)之首字母縮略詞。

availability, reliability, maintainability (“可用性，可靠性和可維護性”)的合稱。


artificial neural network

人工類神經網路，人工神经网络


ascender

小寫字母中延伸到中線上方的部分

用於在繩索上上升的機械裝置


CCR

commitment, concurrency, recovery (“承諾，同時及復原”)的合稱。

carrier and clock recovery (“载波与时钟脉冲复原”)之首字母縮略詞。


computus

借自拉丁語 computus。conto 的同源對似詞。

An elaborate bundle of techniques called computus therefore developed around Easter calculations. Computus formed the centerpiece of “scientific” education in the monasteries.

2008，Ian F. McNeely, Lisa Wolverton，Reinventing Knowledge: From Alexandria to the Internet，頁 68:

Bede's work, which remained in active use for half a millennium, stood at the very center of the university curriculum, because the mastery of computus included many different essential subjects such as astronomy, mathematics, geography, theology, and law; its applications, too, included medicine and agriculture.

2011，Elisheva Carlbach，Palaces of Time，頁 11:

The technical problems faced by Western computists when it came to dating the day of Christ's Passion and the year of the world's creation were so persistent and perplexing that only a radical solution could restore the lost coherence of computus and chronography.

2011，C. Philipp E. Nothaft，Dating the Passion: The Life of Jesus and the Emergence of Scientific Chronology (200-1600)，頁 103:

一本用於計算天文事件和可移動節日日期的表格

This computus also contains only one completed Plinian diagram, that for the planetary harmonic intervals.

1987, Bruce Eastwood, 5: Plinian astronomical diagrams in the early Middle Ages, Edward Grant, John Emery Murdoch, Mathematics and Its Applications to Science and Natural Philosophy in the Middle Ages, page 149,

Prognostics have thus been discovered in computi, in volumes on science or medicine, and in miscellanies which present a host of different text genres.

2007，László Sándor Chardonnens，Anglo-Saxon Prognostics, 900-1100: Study and Texts，頁 25:


chaos theory

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-chaos theory.wav


charge coupled device

[電子計算機]電荷耦合裝置


control group

（實驗中的）控制組，對照組


DBK

資料銀行，資料庫（data bank）


dish antenna

dish antennae (plural)
dish antennas (plural)


data source name

資料來源名稱；数据来源名称


ethology

/ɪˈθɑl.ə.d͡ʒi/

整體詞：zoology


LIC

線性積體電路（linear integrated circuit/line integrated circuit）


DC

doctor of chiropractic (“脊骨神經醫師”)之首字母縮略詞。

debit card (“借記卡”)之首字母縮略詞。

detective constable (“警員，探員”)之首字母縮略詞，用於聯邦制國家的警銜

disconnection (“斷絕，斷開”)之首字母縮略詞。

I am getting huge lag spikes […] they are bad and long enough where you think it's a DC.

2012年February6日，"u n risr@optonline.net IYM"，“Re: Random DC to Login since patch”, in alt.games.warcraft (Usenet):


dry bulb temperature

同類詞：wet bulb temperature


hydrogen bomb

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hydrogen bomb.wav


hyphenation

（尤指正確地）使用連字號，用連字號連接

Print the article without hyphenation if you're not sure where to put them.

若您不確定應在何處使用連字號，請在不使用之的情況下打印文章。


duplicator

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-duplicator.wav

可複製東西的機器，如複印機

Schools joining the cooperative were assessed an initial membership fee to purchase a high-speed tape duplicator and about 200 tapes.

加入合作社的学校需要缴纳初始会员费，用于购买高速磁带复制机和约200盘磁带。

1975，Wisconsin Library Bulletin，卷s 71-72，頁 116:


ionizing radiation

[電子計算機]離子化輻射；電離化輻射；致电离辐射


iMac

造於1998年，i- (“internet”) + Mac (“Macintosh”)。

苹果公司设计与生产的一体化台式电脑品牌。

her face bathed in the blue light of her hypnotically addictive 24-inch iMac

她的脸沉浸在令人陶醉的 24 英寸 iMac 的蓝光中

2019，Bernardine Evaristo，Girl, Woman, Other，Penguin Books (2020)，頁 115: