fret

源自中古英語 frēten (“吃，侵蝕，摧毀，煩擾”)，源自古英語 fretan (“吃掉，吞噬；破裂，爆裂”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *fraetan，源自原始日耳曼語 *fraetaną (“消耗，吞食，吃掉”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fra- (“完全，完整”)（源自原始印歐語 *pro- (“朝著，向前”)）+ *etaną (“吃”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₁ed- (“吃”)）。
與荷蘭語 vreten、fretten (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、低地德語 freten (“吃掉”)、德語 fressen (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、哥特語 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fraitan，“吞食”)、瑞典語 fräta (“吃掉，侵蝕，腐蝕”)同源；亦與丹麥語 fråse (“狼吞虎嚥”)有關。
“摩擦”之義可能是因與盎格魯-諾曼語 *freiter（現代法語 fretter (方言)）的音近而混同，其源自通俗拉丁語 *frictāre，是拉丁語 fricāre的反覆體，源自fricō (“摩擦”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *bʰreyH- (“切割”)；對比古法語 froter（現代法語 frotter）。來源推測的主要阻礙是缺少古法語詞彙的證明。

frets (third-person singular present)
fretting (present participle)
fretted (past)
fret (past)
frate (past)
fretted (past participle)
fretten (past participle)

Their hearts alreadie fretted and cankered at the very roote, for the last disgrace received.

1609，Ammianus Marcellinus，Philemon Holland, transl.，章號 XIV, in The Roman Historie, containing Such Acts and Occurrents as Passed under Constantius, Iulianus, Iovianus, Valentinianus, and Valens, Emperours，book IX, London: Printed by Adam Islip, →OCLC，頁 322:

And could we let a Light into their Bosoms, we should see them generally fretted and cankered with this secret and corroding Venom.

1727–1728，Mather Byles [et al.]，Proteus Echo (1727–28): A Series of Essays and Poems … that Appeared in the New-England Weekly Journal … (History of Psychology Series; 420)，Delmar, N.Y.: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 出版於 1986, →ISBN，頁 75:

A Perſon of Honour, of a full Body abounding with ſharp Humours, was ſeized with an Herpes on his right Leg. [...] [I]t inflamed and ſwelled very much, many Wheals aroſe, and fretted one into another, with great Excoriation.

1676，Richard Wiseman，“[A Treatise of Tumors.] Of an Herpes”, in Severall Chirurgical Treatises，London: Printed by E. Flesher and J[ohn] Macock, for R[ichard] Royston bookseller to His Most Sacred Majesty, and B[enjamin] Took at the Ship in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 80:

We sometimes perform an operation on the under lip [...] in consequence of / Cancer Labii [cancer of the lips], / Which disease generally arises from the use of a pipe, and the manner in which it happens is this:—the adhesive nature of the clay of which the pipe is made, causes it to adhere to the lip; at length the cuticle becomes torn off, and the continued irritation frets the sore into true cancerous disease.

1823–1824，A[stley Paston] Cooper，“Lecture LII”, in The Lancet. [...] In Two Volumes，第3rd版, 卷 II, London: Knight and Lacey, Paternoster-Row; and G. L. Hutchinson, the Lancet office, Strand, 出版於 1826, →OCLC，頁s 100–101:

使躁動，使不平靜，激起漣漪

to fret the surface of water

Yorke hereupon conſults with his ſpeciall friends; [...] how Yorke might get the Crowne of England, and for that cauſe how to ruine or fret out the Duke of Sommerſet; who ſtanding, they were to looke for ſtrong oppoſition.

1611，John Speed，“Henrie the Sixth, King of England, and France, Lord of Ireland: The Three and Fiftieth Monarch of England, His Raigne, Actes, and Issve”, in The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. …，Imprinted at London: [By William Hall and John Beale] … and are to be solde by Iohn Sudbury & Georg Humble, in Popes-head alley at ye signe of ye white Horse, →OCLC; 再版 London: Printed by Iohn Beale, for George Hvmble, and are to be sold in Popes-head Pallace, at the signe of the White Horse, 1614, →OCLC, book 9, paragraph 55，頁 665，列 1:

We are all hurrying down the one common stream to the great ocean of eternity: but are we performing our social duties, as citizens of the world, in sculking away into holes and corners, to fret out time and life, because God has judged fit to withdraw the favourite toy he lent us—not making us destitute—but graciously leaving in our keeping, ten thousand toys beside.

1835，Louisa Sidney Stanhope，“Conclusion”, in Sydney Beresford. A Tale of the Day. … In Three Volumes，卷 III, London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC，頁 274:

The Mines are cold where the outward Air comes in; but where not, warm. The greateſt trouble they have is by duſt, which ſpoileth their Lungs and Stomachs, and frets their Skins.

1677，Edward Browne，“A Journey from Vienna in Austria to Hamburg”, in An Account of Several Travels through a Great Part of Germany: In Four Journeys. …，London: Printed for Benj[amin] Tooke, and are to be sold at the sign of the Ship in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 136:

You may see the surges wear and fret away the basement of the cliff against which they dash themselves, and the mass of broken rock falls into the depth and disappears, and then it is carried away by the tide as it retires.

1881，Frederick W[illiam] Robertson，“The Peace of God”, in “The Human Race” and Other Sermons Preached at Cheltenham, Oxford, and Brighton，New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square, →OCLC，頁 233:

In all the present cases it is the aortic valves that are the source of the mischief. Vegetations, massive, tough, and often calcareous have formed upon these valves, and as they were drive to and fro by the blood-stream have fretted the parts with which they came into contact, and aneurysm at these spots has been the frequent result.

1886年January5日，Samuel West，“Some Aneurysms of the Heart, Many of the Cases Exhibiting the Effects of Erosion”, in Transactions of the Pathological Society of London，卷s XXXVII (Comprising the Report of the Proceedings for the Session 1885–86), London: Smith, Elder & Co., 15, Waterloo Place, →OCLC，頁 159:

Fret not thy ſelfe becauſe of euill doers, neither bee thou enuious againſt the workers of iniquitie.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 37:1:

A wristband frets on the edges.

This, as Maury remarks, "suggested the idea that there was no running water nor abrading forces at play upon the bed of the deep sea, and consequently, if ever an electric cord were lodged upon the telegraphic plateau, there it would lie in cold abstraction; without anything to fret, chafe or wear, save alone the tooth of time."

1893，A[lexander] Fraser-Macdonald，“The North Atlantic Viewed as a Region Traversed by Our Ocean Railways”, in Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation，London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC，頁 239:

Had Carry preferred mere wealth, weighed by such a master, to the congenial spirit of her former lover? It fretted the young man even to think of such a possibility. And the visitors had fretted him each in some special point.

1882 June，[Margaret Oliphant]，“The Ladies Lindores.—Part III.”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine，卷 CXXXI (American edition, volume XCIV), 期 DCCC, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Co., 41 Barclay Street, →OCLC, chapter VII，頁 708，列 2:

Of all the queer collections of humans outside of a crazy asylum, it seemed to me this sanitarium was the cup winner. But, after all, I shouldn't have expected nothing different. When you're well enough off so's you don't have to fret about anything but your heft or your diseases you begin to get queer, I suppose.

1913，Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln，章號 5, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients，New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL，頁s 115–116:

Recruits have also fretted that the shares included in their offer letters could quickly become devalued if Mr. Musk succeeded in taking Twitter private.

2022年April25日，Kate Conger，“Twitter Employees Search for Answers as Musk Deal Takes Shape”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Rancour frets in the malignant breast.

Beyond Tabor, the ſmall river Luſchnitze frets over craggy rocks, covered with thick woods, through which you continue your journey for three German miles, [...]

1789，John Gillies，章號 II, in A View of the Reign of Frederick II. of Prussia; with a Parallel between the Prince and Philip II. of Macedon，Printed for A[ndrew] Strahan, and T[homas] Cadell, in the Strand, →OCLC，頁 142:

And mid-way through the channel met / Conflicting tides that foam and fret, / And high their mingled billows jet, / As spears, that, in the battle set, / Spring upward as they break.

1815，Walter Scott，“The Lord of the Isles”, in The Poetical Works of Walter Scott: Complete in One Volume，Frankfurt: Printed by and for H. L. Brœnner, 出版於 1826, →OCLC, canto I，頁 130:

The sea frets itself around it [South Stack, Wales, UK] and gurgles in the cavern; ledges and reefs abut on it.

1891 June，William H[enry] Rideing，“Safety on the Atlantic”, in Scribner’s Magazine，卷 IX, 期 6, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner's Sons; London: F[rederick] Warne & Co., →OCLC，頁 700，列 2:

It is important to allow beer to flatten, after it has ceased working. This is accomplished by leaving the casks open, when the small floating particles of yeast part with their fixed air, lose their buoyancy, and sink to the bottom. [...] The beer having thus deposited its remaining yeast will not be liable to fret.

1856，“The Art of Brewing”, in The Brewer: A Familiar Treatise on the Art of Brewing, with Directions for the Selection of Malt and Hops, &c., &c.: Instructions for Making Cider and British Wines: Also, a Description of the New and Improved Brewing Saccharometer and Slide Rule, with Full Instructions for Their Use，London: William R[obert] Loftus, 6, Beaufoy Terrace, Edgeware Road, →OCLC，頁 50:


fret

Now though Cider uſed in my Method ſhould not ferment at all, till it come into the Bottle, and then but a little; yet the Cauſe of Fermentation being in a great Degree taken away, the reſt can do no conſiderable Harm to thoſe who drink it, [...] It is in your Power to give the Cider juſt as much fret as you pleaſe, and no more; and that by ſeveral ways: For either you may bottle it ſooner or later, as you pleaſe: Or you may bottle it from two Taps in your Veſſel, and that from the higher Tap will have leſs Fret, and the lower more: [...]

1724，Paul Neile，“Sir Paul Neile’s Discourse of Cider”, in John Evelyn, Silva: Or, A Discourse of Forest-trees, and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty’s Dominions: … In Two Books. …，第5th版, London: Printed for J. Walthoe [et al.], →OCLC，頁 91:

The place was a little below Gravesend, quite out of the fret and bustle of the narrower river, and there was not even a steamboat pier to disturb the quiet of this cluster of harmless houses, though they watched upon their beach the passage of great navies down the greatest thoroughfare of England.

1857，[Margaret Oliphant]，“The First Day”, in The Days of My Life. An Autobiography. … In Three Volumes，卷 III, London: Hurst and Blackett, publishers, successors to Henry Colburn, 13, Great Marlborough Street, →OCLC，頁 4:

When the pitching heat is high, and the yeast is of a good quality and in sufficient abundance, the fermentation proceeds so rapidly and with such energy that it becomes ungovernable; some means must therefore be employed to check the heat. For this purpose coils of pipe, through which water circulates, are fitted up in the tun. Unless this is done the whole of the glutinous constituents of the gyle is not removed in the yeast, and the liquor does not cleanse satisfactorily, in consequence of an after fermentation which sets in, which is technically known as the "fret."

1877，“BEER”, in Encyclopædia of Chemistry Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical as Applied to the Arts and Manufactures，卷s I (Acetic Acid – Gas), Philadelphia, Pa.: J. B. Lippincott & Co., →OCLC，頁 315，列 2:

He keeps his mind in a continual fret.

他的思想一直處於焦躁狀態。

It was our good fortune last autumn to escape from the feverish excitement and moral tension of this vast metropolis, from the hurry and fret of business, the glut of pleasure, the satiety of delight, the weariness of politics, and the exhausting duties of our critical function, into that favoured corner of our fortunate island, the West of England; [...]

1836 December，“Art. IX. Transactions of the Institute of British Architects. Vol. I. Part I. London, 1836.”, in The Quarterly Review，卷 LVIII, 期 CXVI, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, →OCLC，頁 524:

And the preacher who delivered the discourse went home and fretted; his wife, children and servants being witnesses. Sanctification takes the spirit of fret out of the heart.

1897，B[everly] Carradine，The Sanctified Life，Cincinnati, Oh.: Office of the Revivalist, →OCLC，頁 192:

After their introduction to Orlando, Celia wonders why Rosalind should be so morose ([William Shakespeare's As You Like It,] I.iii.10–19): [...] In her effort to cheer Rosalind, Celia compares these frets to burs, meaning the rough and prickly flowerheads: "They are but burs, cousin, thrown upon thee in holiday foolery."

1980，Renaissance Papers，Durham, N.C.: Southeastern Renaissance Conference, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 50:

Vesiculæ, or vesicles, are small, circumscribed elevations of the scarf-skin, containing serum, at first (both in their coats and contents) transparent, afterwards white and opaque, and terminating in the formation of scurf or thin scales. Under this head are ranged varicella (chicken-pox), sudamina, eczema (red fret), herpes (fret), scabies (itch).

1860，Robert J[acob] Jordan，章號 I, in Skin Diseases and Their Remedies，London: John Churchill, New Burlington Street, →OCLC, book I (Diseases of the Skin)，頁 57:

To cure Gripes in Horses. This disorder goes by different names in different districts of the country; as fret, from the uneasiness attending it; bots, from its being thought to arise from these animals or worms, etc. [...] In speaking of the medicine for gripes, or the flatulent colic sometimes termed fret, Mr. White mentions, domestic remedies may be employed when proper medicines cannot be procured in time.

1867年April25日，[Colin Mackenzie]，“Farriery”, in Mackenzie’s Ten Thousand Receipts, in All the Useful and Domestic Arts; Constituting a Complete and Practical Library, …，第new, carefully revised and re-written版, Philadelphia, Pa.: T. Ellwood Zell & Company, Nos. 17 & 19 South Sixth Street，頁s 112–113:

Then we obſerve the Frets in the Banks of Rivers that are newly made by any great Land-Flood, which uſually are then very clean, to ſee, if happily we can diſcover any metalline Stones in the Sides and Bottoms thereof, together with the Caſt of the Country (i.e. any earth of a different colour from the reſt of the Bank), which is a great help to direct us, which ſide or hill to ſearch into.

1716，“[The Tin Mines in Devonshire and Cornwal] [marginal note]”, in The Philosophical Transactions, and Collections, to the End of the Year 1700, Abridg’d and Dispos’d under General Heads，卷 II (Containing All the Physiological Papers), London: Printed for Robert Knaplock, at the Bishop's-Head; Richard Wilkin, at the King's-Head; and Henry Clements, at the Half-Moon in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 566:


fret

來自中古英語 frēten (“裝飾”)，來自古法語 freté、freter、fretter (“裝飾”)，來自古法語 fret（來自fraindre (“打破”)，來自拉丁語 frangō (“破壞，粉碎”)，來自原始意大利語 *frangō，源頭來自原始印歐語 *bʰreg- (“破壞”)）+ 古法語 -er (動詞形後綴)（來自拉丁語 -āre，源頭來自原始印歐語 *h₃enh₂- (“重壓”)）。

Went to visit our good neighbor, Mr. Bohun, whose whole house is a cabinet of all elegancies, especially Indian; [...] [A]bove all, his lady's cabinet is adorned on the fret, ceiling, and chimney-piece with Mr. Gibbons's best carving.

1682年July30日，John Evelyn，The Diary of John Evelyn: Edited from the Original MSS. [...] In Two Volumes (Universal Classics Library)，卷 II, New York, N.Y., London: M. Walter Dunne, publisher, 出版於 1901, →OCLC，頁 170:

Remove spills from grill frets with a cloth and brush the frets with a stiff brush when dry and cold.

1943，Homes and Gardens，卷 25, London: [s.n.], 出版於 1944, →OCLC，頁 40:

Square unit of nondescript frets which interlace in the centre to form a cruciform shape.

2007，Nancy Edwards，A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales，卷 2 (South-west Wales), Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales Press, →ISBN，頁 136:

與菱形圖案交錯的X形十字

DIAPERED, or Diapre, in heraldry, the dividing of a field in planes, like fret-work, and filling the ſame with variety of figures. This chiefly obtains on bordures, which are diapered or fretted over, and the frets charged with things proper for bordures.

1764，Temple Henry Croker，Thomas Williams，Samuel Clark [et al.]，“DIAPERED”, in The Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences，卷 I, London: Printed for the authors, and sold by J. Wilson & J. Fell, Pater-noster Row; [et al.], →OCLC:


fret

frets (third-person singular present)
fretting (present participle)
fretted (past participle)

（尤指用交錯或交織的圖案）裝飾； 用雕刻或浮雕裝飾

The sun shone brilliantly through the trembling leaves, birds of many colors flitted from spray to spray, butterflies and bright insects crossed the fretted work of light and shade.

1882年July29日，J. Henry Shorthouse，“The Marquis Jeanne Hyacinth De St. Palaye [from Macmillan’s Magazine]”, in Littel’s Living Age，卷 XXXIX (Fifth Series; volume CLIV overall), 期 1988, Boston, Mass.: Littel & Co., →OCLC, section V，頁 228，列 1:


fret

來自中古英語 freten (“捆”)，來自古法語 freter，來自frete (“金屬包頭”)（現代法語 frette）。用來表示音樂意思的源頭未知；可能來自 frete 或來自 fret（摩擦）。

The long-necked Egyptian Nefer was certainly depicted in the 4th dynasty; and wall-painting of the time of Moses, preserved in the British Museum, shows that it then had frets.

1880，A. J. H[ipkins]，“LUTE”, in A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450–1880) [...] In Three Volumes，卷 II, London: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC，頁 175，列 2:

The frets of the lute marked whole tones, while those of the guitar were a semi-tone apart.

1916，“History of the Orchestra”, in The Orchestra and Orchestral Music (The Art of Music: A Comprehensive Library of Information for Music Lovers and Musicians; 8)，New York, N.Y.: The National Society of Music, →OCLC, section III，頁 69:


fret

音樂方面的意思： 在（樂器）上裝上品

to fret a guitar

音樂方面的意思： 將琴弦壓在品的後面


fret

來自拉丁語 fretum (“航道，海峽”)。

The river Velino, after having found its way from among the rocks where it falls, runs into the Nera. The channel of this laſt river is white with rocks, and the ſurface of it, for a long ſpace, covered with froth and bubbles; for it runs all along upon the fret, and is ſtill breaking againſt the ſtones that oppoſe its paſſage: [...]

1721，Joseph Addison，“Pesaro, Fano, Senigallia, Ancona, Loretto, &c. to Rome”, in The Works of the Right Honourable Joseph Addison, Esq，卷s II (Remarks on Several Parts of Italy, &c. in the Years 1701, 1702, 1703), London: Printed for Jacob Tonson, at Shakespear's-Head, over-against Katherine-street in the Strand, →OCLC，頁 56:


fret

來自古法語 frete、fraite、fraicte，可能部分和fret (“航道，海峽”)混淆。


fret

最早見於1800年代中期，起源未知。可能與fret (“在……上面形成圖案”)、fret (“吞噬”，指大霧籠罩陸地) 或 fret (“使水面激起漣漪”，指將霧吹向內陸的風) 等相關；語義上對照haar (“冷風；縹緲的風；霧，迷霧”)。而方言中拼寫也作 freet，發音讀作 /fɹit/，這個現象在詞源1中也有發現。

The wind brings a fret off the ocean; not cold, but achingly damp.

2008，Trezza Azzopardi，Winterton Blue: A Novel，頁 14:


futile

源自中古法語 futile ← 拉丁語 fūtilis。

more futile (comparative)
most futile (superlative)

No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or[…]. And at last I began to realize in my harassed soul that all elusion was futile, and to take such holidays as I could get, when he was off with a girl, in a spirit of thankfulness.

1898，Winston Churchill，章號 4, in The Celebrity:

Goals from Steven Pienaar, Andros Townsend, Jermain Defoe and Harry Kane sealed the win, but Rubin Kazan's 1-1 draw against PAOK Salonika rendered Spurs' efforts futile.

2011年December15日，Marc Higginson，“Shamrock Rovers 0-4 Tottenham”, in BBC Sport:


face

faces (third-person singular present)
facing (present participle)
faced (past participle)


facies

借自拉丁語 faciēs (“形式，構造，形象；面孔，面容，容貌”)。face 的同源對似詞。

The Chilean Amphijubula Schust. (Schuster, 1970a) which has the facies of a small Frullania and agrees with Frullania in leaf insertion and branching, has a nontiered seta with 16 epidermal cell rows surrounding 4 inner rows.

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 6:

costive facies


faix

fecks的視覺方言拼法。


space

alternate circularports and annular spaces

infinite-dimensional real projective space

locally arcwise connected topological space


ginseng

源自泉漳話 人參／人参 (jîn-som)。

When the Afghan princes find it necessary to employ Chob-Chini, (the Jin-seng, or China root so celebrated as a purifier, tonic, and aphrodisiac) they choose the spring season.

1855，Sir Richard Burton，Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah，Dover, 出版於 1964，頁s 56–7:

Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.

2013年March7日，David S. Senchina，“Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，存檔自the original on 2013-05-16，頁 134:


osteoarthritis

osteoarthritides (plural)
osteoarthritises (plural)


pepsin

借自德語 Pepsin，對應古希臘語 πέψις (pépsis，“消化”) + -in。


bonjour

來自法語 bonjour (“你好；早安”)。

Say bonjour to the botched R.S.V.P. The practice of replying to invitations, let alone actually showing up to parties as promised, has become as antiquated as the chimney sweep, and much messier.

2009年March13日，Alexandra Jacobs，“Blame the Messager”, in New York Times:


bonjour

來自法語 bonjour (“你好；早安”)。

bonjours (third-person singular present)
bonjouring (present participle)
bonjoured (past participle)

He went on down the boulevard, bonjouring right and left, lifting his hat, bowing. He moved very slowly.

1938, Donald Barr Chidsey, Each one was alone:

Connaughton entered the simple but cheery restaurant, checked his coat, bonjoured the maître d'...

1988, Gary Hart, The Strategies of Zeus:

They bonjoured back and stood there awkwardly. Finally, Flood broke the silence.

2005, James H Irwin, Mokanshan: A Tale of Wallis Simpson's Naughty Shanghai Postcards:


grammar

/ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/


culture

cultures (third-person singular present)
culturing (present participle)
cultured (past participle)


papillon

來自法語 papillon (“蝴蝶”)，來自拉丁語 pāpiliō (“蝴蝶，蛾”)。pavilion 的同源對似詞。

Papillon (alternative)
papillons (plural)

The researchers tested various breeds, including border collies, golden retrievers, pit bulls, labradors and even Jackson's own little papillon.

2014 November 29, Rachel Nuwer, Lassie gets an upgrade, New Scientist, Issue 2997, page 47,


quality

中古英語 qualite < 古法語 qualité < 拉丁語 quālitātem


Montenegro

借自威尼斯語 Montenegro (源自 monte + negro，字面意思是“黑色的山”)，仿譯自 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 Cȓnā Gòra，指洛夫琴山。

/mɒn.tɪˈnɛɡ.ɹəʊ/

蒙特內哥羅，黑山（國家名，位於歐洲）


hurricane

/ˈhʌɹɪˌkeɪn/

飓风(大西洋的名稱，在西太平洋為颱風，在印度洋為熱帶氣旋）


aikido

借自日語 合(あい)気(き)道(どう) (aikidō)。hapkido 的同源對似詞。


violin

[ˌvaɪ̯ɪ̈ˈlɪn]


violin

violins (third-person singular present)
violining (present participle)
violined (past participle)

[ˌvaɪ̯ɪ̈ˈlɪn]


battery

[電機工程]电池；電池組，一系列可獨立供電的電池組合。


KD

Kraft Dinner (“卡夫晚餐”)之縮寫：包裝好的芝士通心粉

Lots of people who grew up eating KD keep a box in their cupboard just in case. You never know when you'll need comfort and convenience.

2010，Margaret Meikle，How Much Does Your Head Weigh?，頁 159:

knockdown (“可拆卸緊固件”)之首字母縮略詞。


drum

drums (third-person singular present)
drumming (present participle)
drummed (past participle)


pianoforte

pianofortes (plural)
pianoforti (plural)

/piˌænəʊˈfɔːteɪ/

/piˌænəʊˈfɔːt/


harp

繼承自中古英語 harpe，繼承自古英語 hearpe (“豎琴”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *harpā，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *harpǭ (“豎琴”)。同源詞包括低地蘇格蘭語 hairp (“豎琴”)、西弗里斯蘭語 harpe、harp (“豎琴”)、低地德語 Harp (“豎琴”)、荷蘭語 harp (“豎琴”)、德語 Harfe (“豎琴”)、丹麥語 harpe (“豎琴”)、瑞典語 harpa (“豎琴”)。

豎琴 音樂學上屬於相同類型的樂器

The Harpe. […] A harper with his wreſt maye tune the harpe wrong / Mys tunying of an Inſtrument ſhal hurt a true ſonge

1568，William Cornishe [i.e., William Cornysh]，“In the Fleete Made by Me William Cornishe otherwise Called Nyshwhete Chapelman with the Most Famose and Noble Kyng Henry the VII. His Reygne the XIX. Yere the Moneth of July. A Treatise betwene Trouth, and Information.”, in John Skelton, Pithy Pleasaunt and Profitable Workes of Maister Skelton, Poete Laureate，Imprinted at London: In Fletestreate, neare vnto Saint Dunstones Churche by Thomas Marshe, →OCLC; 再版為 Pithy Pleasaunt and Profitable Workes of Maister Skelton, Poete Laureate to King Henry the VIIIth，London: Printed for C. Davis in Pater-noster Row, 1736, →OCLC，頁 290:

豎琴形燈架；照明裝置的組件，用於安裝燈罩，通常由輕質框架製成並圍繞著燈泡，頂部有一個用於安裝的附件。

Contains charts and instructions for wiring. Shows sockets, wire, harps, glass chimneys and globes, shade holders, bases, finials, and hundreds of items necessary in the building of lamps.

Both types of harp have a swiveling shade holder at the top. The threaded stud on the swivel accepts the finial.

1991, Kalton C. Lahue, Cheryl Smith, Interior Lighting (page 104)

harp seal (“豎琴海豹”)之簡寫。

More likely, it was the prospect of meat. Curwen was by now craving a juicy roast – 'even seal chop' – and was always loosing off at tickleasses and harps.

2006，John Gimlette，Theatre of Fish: Travels Through Newfoundland and Labrador，頁 225:


harp

harps (third-person singular present)
harping (present participle)
harped (past participle)

重複提及某個話題，尤其是為了嘮叨或抱怨

Why do you harp on a single small mistake?

為什麼你要對一個小錯誤喋喋不休呢？（美式用法）

Why do you harp on about a single small mistake?

為什麼你要對一個小錯誤喋喋不休呢？（英式用法）

以技巧和藝術來發展或表達；像豎琴一樣發出聲音

Thou harped my fear aright.

你正確地表達了我的恐懼。

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv]:


harpe

源自古希臘語 ἅρπη (hárpē)。

一種彎曲的武器或工具；後來又被描述為「一側的直劍，另一側的彎刀」的組合。


harpe

源自中古英語 harpe。


strawberry

源自中古英语 strawbery, strauberi ← 古英语 strēawberiġe。相当于straw +
berry。 词中 straw 源自动词的分词，意为“分散开的”，适用于在灌木丛中生长的浆果。

/ˈstɹɔˌbɛɹi/

/ˈstɹɑˌbɛɹi/

草莓，草莓属下的一种有甜味、可以食用的水果，通常为红色。

草莓属下的任意一种植物。

草莓红，一种色调较暗、带有粉色的红色，和草莓果实的颜色相近。

strawberry：

长得/看起来像草莓的东西，尤指红色的胎记。


strawberry

/ˈstɹɔˌbɛɹi/

/ˈstɹɑˌbɛɹi/

添加有草莓醛（一种人造化学品，有草莓的味道）的。

颜色与草莓相近的；草莓红的。


lemon

同人小说中指明显的性描写


ananas

來自意大利語 ananas，來自法語 ananas，來自西班牙語 ananás，來自葡萄牙語 ananás，改自古圖皮語 nanas (“鳳梨”)。

ananases (plural)
ananasses (plural)
anana (alternative)

The Apple Tree delights evry Eye, while the Anana gives no Notice of its future excellence.

1789, Hester Thrale Piozzi, Thraliana, 30 December:

一種美洲植物（Bromelia pinguin）可食用的果實。


uva

借自拉丁語 ūva (“葡萄”)。

一類水果，個頭小、汁或肉多、皮薄、內有幾粒種子（如葡萄）


Barbados

源自葡萄牙語 barbados (“有鬍子的人”)，源自 barba (“鬍子”)，由於島上有茂密的懸垂苔蘚或藤蔓。

巴巴多斯，巴貝多（島嶼及國家名，位於加勒比海）


Barbados

Barbadoes (alternative)
Barbadoses (third-person singular present)
Barbadosing (present participle)
Barbadosed (past participle)

The Barbadian planters […] resorted to shipping in hundreds of Scottish and Irish soldiers who’d been taken prisoner during Oliver Cromwell’s conquest. When that supply ran out, they took to kidnapping children, so many that a new term was coined: “barbadosed” meant the same thing in the late seventeenth century as “shanghaied” would in the twentieth.

巴貝多種植園主 […] 透過船運運送了數百名在奧利佛·克倫威爾征服期間被俘的蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭士兵。當這些供給耗盡後，他們便開始綁架兒童，數量之多以至於一個新詞被創造出來：「barbadosed」在十七世紀後期的含義與「shanghaied」在二十世紀的含義相同。

2011，Colin Woodard，章號 7, in American nations，New York: Penguin, →ISBN:


Macao

Macao
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：澳门
* 正體中文：澳門


floccinaucinihilipilification

拉丁語 floccus (“一縷”) + naucum (“瑣事”) + nihilum (“沒有東西”) + pilus (“毛髮”) + -fication。
這顯然是伊顿公学的學生們創造的一種戲謔用語，由多個拉丁語詞幹所組成。該詞的靈感來自威廉·莉莉（William Lily，約 1468-1522 年）在17-19世紀出版的各種版本的拉丁語語法教科書（包括《伊頓拉丁語語法（Eton Latin Grammar）》）中的一句話，其中列出了一些名詞常用的屬格與一些動詞，像是pendo和facio的搭配，表示評價某物一文不值或如前所述：
「Flócci of a lock of wool, náuci of a nut-shell, níhili of nóthing, píli of a hair, ássis of a pénny, hújus of this, terúncii of a fárthing, addúntur are ádded, peculiáritèr pecúliarly or véry próperly vérbis to verbs æstimándi of esteéming.」

/ˌflɒksɪˌnɔːsɪˌnaɪhɪlɪˌpɪlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

經常被認為是英語中最長的非專業單字，比著名的長單字antidisestablishmentarianism多一個字母。保守黨議員雅各·里斯-莫格在2012年的一次辯論會中使用了該詞，之後該詞成為議會紀錄的最長單字，直到2017年麥可·布萊恩（Michael Bryan）在青年專責委員會上使用了pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis，才打破這一紀錄。

把某事物都看作是毫無價值的一種行動或習慣

I loved him for nothing so much as his flocci-nauci-nihili-pili-fication of money.

我最欣賞他的，就是他對金錢完全不以為然的態度。

There is a systematic flocci-nauci-nihili-pilification of all other aspects of existence that angers me.

他們有系統地貶低生活中的所有其他層面，這讓我感到憤怒。

1970，Patrick O'Brian，Master and Commander:

Floccinaucinihilipilification in accounting - does it matter?

在會計領域中把一切都視為無價值 - 這樣做有意義嗎？

2000，Raymond J. Chambers，Logic, Law, and Ethics:

They must be taken with an air of contempt, a floccinaucinihilipilification of all that can gratify the outward man.

對於那些能滿足外在需求的事物，必須以蔑視的態度視之，將其全盤否定。

2006，Sol Steinmetz，The life of language:

Some people with low self-esteem are prone to floccinaucinihilipilification, the habit of deeming everything worthless.

一些缺乏自信容易養成一種習慣，把所有事物都看作毫無價值。

The quasi statistician would doubtlessly not know how to check this supposition, thus rendering the interpretation of the mean profit as floccinaucinihilipilification.

這位準統計學家顯然不知道如何驗證這個假設，因此對平均利潤的解讀變得毫無意義。

2011，Bruce Ratner，Statistical and Machine-Learning Data Mining:

Let me indulge in the floccinaucinihilipilification of EU judges and quote from the book of Amos about them.

讓我盡情地貶低這些歐盟法官吧，我要引用《阿摩司書》中關於他們的話。

2012年February21日，Jacob Rees-Mogg，parliamentary debates，列 787:


Afghanistan

源自波斯語 افغان (afğān，“阿富汗人”) 或 阿拉伯語 أَفْغَان (ʔafḡān，“阿富汗人”) + 波斯語 ـستان (-stân，“……之地”)。

/æfˈɡænɪˌstɑːn/

阿富汗，中東國家。全稱：Islamic Republic of Afghanistan（阿富汗伊斯蘭共和國）


Burundi

蒲隆地（國家名，位於東非；法定名稱：蒲隆地共和國；首都：基特加）

Urundi


Deutschland

非同化借詞，源自德語 Deutschland。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Deutschland.wav

德國（國家名，位於歐洲）


Guatemala

/ˌɡwɑː.təˈmɑː.lə/


island

islands (third-person singular present)
islanding (present participle)
islanded (past participle)


Luxemburg

同Luxembourg，盧森堡省（比利時省份）


Nepal

借自尼泊爾語 नेपाल (nepāla)。

尼泊爾（國家名，位於南亞）


Pakistan

借自烏爾都語 پاکستان (pākistān，“神聖之地”)，源自 پاک (pāk，“纯洁、神圣、完美无瑕、贞洁、无玷污”) + 古典波斯語 ـستان (-stān,-istān，“斯坦，……人的地方”)（輔音後則變為 -istān）。1933年由巴基斯坦政治家乔杜里·拉赫玛特·阿里所造，他在小册子 Now or Never 中首次使用了这个词，作為印度西部“穆斯林故鄉”幾個地區名稱的縮略：Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh, Balochistan（旁遮普、阿富汗、克什米爾、信德、俾路支斯坦）。

/ˌpɑːkɪˈstɑːn/

/ˌpɑːkɪˈstɑːn/

巴基斯坦（國家名，位於南亞；法定名稱：Islamic Republic of Pakistan；首都：Islamabad）。


Uruguay

借自瓜拉尼語 Uruguay。

/ˈjʊə.ɹə.ɡwaɪ/

/ˈʊɹ.ə.ɡweɪ/

/ˈʊɹ.ə.ɡweɪ/

烏拉圭（國家名，位於南美洲）。


Venezuela

源自意大利語 Veneziola，Venezia (“威尼斯”)，因高腳屋讓人聯想到威尼斯建築而命名。

國家名，位於南美洲。法定名稱：委內瑞拉玻利瓦共和國。


A

英語字母中第一個字母,小寫為a

(音樂)C大調音階中的第六音,La音

(古典語言學)A原本是希伯來語和腓尼基語的第一個字母,經由希臘文和拉丁文演變而來,相等於希臘文的alpha,在英文中原來表示開前不圓唇元音(低寬元音聲音),但現在則代表數個元音

(電子計算機)A♯代數系統


Afrikaans

/ˌɑːfɹɪˈkɑːnz/

阿非利堪斯語/南非荷蘭語/南非語

有時用於指南非、納米比亞（說阿非利堪斯語的）人，更正確的稱法是"Afrikaans people" 或Afrikaner。


Afrikaans

/ˌɑːfɹɪˈkɑːnz/


Aire

艾爾河，河名，位於英格蘭約克


Airport

機場，美國加利福尼亞州地名。


Alia

借自阿拉伯語 عَالِيَة (ʕāliya)。Ali的陰性形。


Alla

俄語女性名字 А́лла (Álla) 的轉寫。


Alla

[…] look at these Christians closely, and you will abhor them. They are the worshippers of gold, not the followers of Alla. The poorest Mussulman has more hospitality than their Cadi; more charity than their Imans; more honesty than their Viziers.

1819，Henry Tudor Farmer，Imagination; the Maniac's Dream: And Other Poems，頁 157:


Amarillo

借自西班牙語 amarillo (“黃色，金色”)。

阿馬里洛，美國德克薩斯州西北部城市，Potter County縣治所在地。


Angle

借自拉丁語 Anglus, 源自日耳曼語族語言（對比古英語Ængle/Engle）。可能派生自 Angle, 與*anguz (“窄的”)有關，或者表示「淺水」，又或者表示半島的棱角。
民間流傳認為本詞與英語 angel有關。

盎格魯人，古代日耳曼部落的一支，後侵略不列顛，逐漸形成盎格魯-撒克遜人。


Ant

源自拉丁語的男性人名 Anthony 的指小詞

螞蟻章，古蘭經的第27章


Antes

安特人，公元6-7世紀居住在多瑙河下游、黑海西岸（現代屬於摩爾多瓦和烏克蘭）的部落聯盟。


Apple

紐約市的綽號，通常用“the Big Apple”。

如果指公司，則代表蘋果公司，曾稱「Apple Computer」，生產電腦和其他數碼設備，並銷售和生產多媒體事物。

如果指多媒體機構，則代表由披頭四樂團創立的（蘋果總公司）和唱片公司（蘋果唱片）。

Listen, Apple’s not perfect. You need proof? We made the Newton. We made that one Mac that looks like a toaster. We actually thought the Apple Watch was cool.
Wait, this isn’t cool?
Oh, fuck no.
Shit!
We put a YouTube album on your phones. You know, the one you’ve been struggling to delete. That thing keeps coming back, huh? And we can’t even make out battery last more than, like, a day!

2016年March13日，“Encryption”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver，季数 3, 集数 5, 經由 HBO:


Ashes

The superlatives have been 'wrung dry to describe' that tumultous heart-warming welcome in Sydney and beyond, the kind of picture we needed to stir us from such melancholy contemplations as our cricketers' fall from Ashes glory in the West Indies.

1954年March1日，The Morning Bulletin，Rockhampton，頁 2，列 4:

My Ashes experiences have led to lifelong friendships with numerous Australians as well as England team-mates.


Au

一種使用於巴布亞新幾內亞桑道恩省的語言。


Azeri

源自土耳其語 azerî。


Azeri

源自土耳其語 azerî。


Bain

* 蘇格蘭姓氏：源自蘇格蘭蓋爾語 bàn，參見McBain。
* 英格蘭姓氏：源自古英語 ban (“骨”)；也源自bayn (“好客的”)，源自古諾爾斯語 beinn (“直”)。
* 法語姓氏：源自古法語 bain，源自拉丁語 balneum。
* 德語姓氏：Behn的變體。


Best

源自德語 Beste (“德國河流名”)；或源自盎格魯-諾曼語 beste (“野獸”)。


Body

源自中古英語 body，可能原是對發福者的暱稱；同時也來自中古英語 bode (“信使”) + -y (指小後綴)。等同於bode (“信使”) + -y。


Boron

普查規定居民點名，位於美國加利福尼亞州克恩


Bouton

源自法語 bouton (“紐扣”)。


Branden

轉變自姓氏的男性人名，用於比較罕見的，Brandon的變體


Breit

源自德語 breit (“寬的”)，原用作居住在寬闊溪流邊上居民的姓氏。


CAI

=Computer-aided instruction 或 Computer-Assisted Instruction，计算机辅助教学

=Confederation of Aerial Industries，航空工业联盟


CAI

Conodont Alteration Index之首字母縮略詞，牙形石色变指数，是推测沉积岩经历最高温度的方法。


Camino

地名，在美國加利福尼亞州


Center

地名，在美國多地均有分佈。


Cheri

Sherry的變體，或源自法語 chéri, chérie (“親愛的”)，在法語中不作人名。


Cinco

常見菲律賓華人姓氏。他加祿語 Sinco的另拼寫，源自漢語 吳／吴 (Go)的西班牙化。

常見菲律賓華人源自閩南語的姓氏。


Dagger

达根汉姆和雷德布里奇足球俱乐部的球員、粉絲或其他與其有聯繫的人。


Danmark

最终源自丹麥語 Danmark。

丹麥（國家名，位於北歐）

For Youth for Christ in Danmark I'm looking for an inernet service provider in Danmark. Please post a reply or mail me I you have some information on this.

致丹麥基督教青年歸主協會：我正在丹麥尋找網際網路服務提供商。如果您有這方面的一些資訊，請給我回覆或發郵件給我。

1995年January12日，Peter Brouwer，“Internet service providers in Danmark?”, in soc.religion.christian.youth-work (Usenet), retrieved 2022-09-30:

Is there a list from running-competitions in Danmark.
I´ll spend my holidays in Danmark, and try to to some competitions in running-sports.

有丹麥賽跑比賽的名單嗎？
我將在丹麥度假，並嘗試參加一些跑步運動的比賽。

1998年January1日，G.Henke，“Running in Danmark”, in dk.sport (Usenet), retrieved 2022-09-30:

:Template:seeMoreCites


Dansk

more Dansk (comparative)
most Dansk (superlative)

Strange was her tyre; for on her head a crowne / She wore, much like unto a Danisk hood […]

1596, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, IV.10:


Dick

男性人名 Richard 的指小詞，也作正式人名。

Lascivious Edward, and thou perjur'd George,/ And thou mis-shapen Dick, I tell ye all,

1595, William Shakespeare, Third Part of King Henry VI, Act V, Scene V:

You may know what one man thinks of another by his manner of calling him. Thomas and James and Richard and William are stupid young gentlemen; Tom and Jem and Dick and Will are fine spirited fellows.

1830 Mary Russell Mitford, Our Village: Fourth Series: Cottage Names:


Dix

源自Dick + 父名後綴-s。


Dolphin

源自中古英語 Dolfin，源自古諾爾斯語 Dólgfinnr (人名)，源自dólgr (“敵人”) + Finnr (“薩米人”)。


Donna

19世紀源自意大利語名詞donna；也有解釋認為是Donald的陰性形。

20世紀40-50年代流行於美國，70-80年代流行於英國。

"Did you ever know a lady named Miss May-rant? With a funny sort of first name, like Donna? Yes, that is it - Miss Donna May-rant."

1914 Mary McNeil Fenollosa, Ariadne of Allan Water, Burt, 1914, page 30:

I had a girl / Donna was her name. / Since she left me / I've never been the same.


Donner

首次出現於1823年的詩《A Visit from St. Nicholas（聖尼古拉斯來訪）》。以荷蘭語 donder (“雷聲”)來命名，或可能繼承自德語 Donner。

Donder (alternative)
Dunder (alternative)

雷，聖誕老人的七隻馴鹿之一


Dove

:Template:分類 英格蘭中部河流名


Drum

* 愛爾蘭語姓氏：源自Droma（人名），源自druim (“脊”)
* 蘇格蘭蓋爾語姓氏：源自druim (“脊”)
* 德語姓氏：源自中古高地德語 trum 和 中古低地德語 drum (“木版”)，可能源自原始日耳曼語 *trumaz。


Earth

音頻（美式，加利福尼亞）


Egypt

源自中古法語 Egypte，拉丁語 Aegyptus，古希臘語 Αἴγυπτος (Aíguptos)（參見邁錫尼希臘語 𐁁𐀓𐀠𐀴𐀍 (a3-ku-pi-ti-jo，“埃及人”)），埃及語 ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ (字面意思是“卜塔的‘ka’的神庙”，与孟菲斯的卜塔神庙有关”)，发音受阿卡德語 𒄭𒆪𒌒𒋫𒀪 (ḫikuptaḫ)的影响。

埃及（北非国家）。官方名称：阿拉伯埃及共和国（Arab Republic of Egypt）


English

源自中古英語 Englisch、English、Inglis，來自古英語 Englisċ (“盎格魯人的；英格蘭的”)，來自Engle (“盎格魯人，日耳曼部落”) + -isċ；等同於Angle + -ish。對比荷蘭語 Engels、丹麥語 engelsk、古法語 Englesche（法語 anglais的來源）, 德語 englisch、西班牙語 inglés，最初來源為原始印歐語 *h₂enǵʰ- (“窄的”)（對比梵語 अंहु (aṃhu，“窄的”)、अंहस् (aṃhas，“緊張；罪惡”)、拉丁語 angustus (“窄的”)、古教會斯拉夫語 ѫзъкъ (ǫzŭkŭ，“窄的”)）。

more English (comparative)
most English (superlative)

英格蘭的，與英格蘭有關的

英語的，與英語有關的；派生自盎格魯-撒克遜語的

Those immigrants Anglicised their names to make them sound more English.

移民將他們的名字英語化，聽起來更加像英語中的名字。

英格蘭人的，與英格蘭人有關的

an English ton


English

作“英格蘭人”一義時，是集合名詞，一般前接定冠詞“the”和指示形容詞。例: "The English are coming!" "Oh, those English, always drinking their tea..."

The Scottish and the English have a history of conflict.

蘇格蘭人和英格蘭人之間的恩怨由來已久。

熟練掌握、使用英語的能力

My coworkers have pretty good English for non-native speakers.

我的同事雖然母語不是英語，但他的英語說得很好。

英語中的表達 英語中的特定用語、用詞

What's the English for ‘à peu près’?

英語中怎麼表達“à peu près”？

The technical details are correct, but much of the English is not very clear.

技術信息都是正確的，但是用詞上有些模糊。

介於派卡（12点）與大普赖默体（18点）的字體，一般標準為14點。

You are trying to put too much English on the ball.


English

與其他表示語言的詞相近，作“英語”一義時通常不加冠詞。例: “Say it in plain English!”

English is spoken here as an unofficial language and lingua franca.

在這裡英語算是一種非官方語言和共同語。

How do you say ‘à peu près’ in English?

在英語裡你們如何表達“à peu près”？

姓氏，原用來表示非凱爾特、非丹麥裔的不列顛人

英吉利，美國印第安納州城鎮名，克勞福德縣縣治，以印第安納州衆議員威廉·海登·英格利希（William Hayden English）命名。


English

Englishes (third-person singular present)
Englishing (present participle)
Englished (past participle)

[…] severe prohibuit viris suis tum misceri feminas in consuetis suis menstruis, etc. I spare to English this which I have said.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:
, page 214 (2001 reprint):

Mamma is an adaptation of a French farce by Mr. Sydney Grundy, made in the time when his chief claim to recognition as a playwright lay in his ingenious aptitude for Englishing the un-Englishable.

1901，The Speaker, the Liberal Review - Volume 3，頁 654:

Here, the poems are Englished by twelve different translators

2011, Colin Cheney, 'Where Should I Start with Tomas Tranströmer?':


Esmeralda

源自西班牙語 esmeralda (“翡翠”)，最早見於維克多·雨果1831年的小說《巴黎聖母院》。

/ɛzməˈɹɑːldə/


Est

建成於（後接日期，再後面是承建公司名稱或商標）


Falls

地名，在美國北卡羅萊納州和西弗吉尼亞州


Feather

# 源自feather，原指被單製造者、毛皮販賣商等。
# 美國化的德語姓氏，源自Feder。


Fern

"Charlotte is the best storyteller I ever heard," said Fern, poking her dish towel into a cereal bowl.


Filer

:Template:分類 美國愛達荷州一城市名。


Fisk

源自古英語 fisc 或 古諾爾斯語 fiskr，源自原始日耳曼語 *fiskaz。

:Template:分類 美國密蘇里州城市名。


Floro

借自意大利語 Floro 或 西班牙語 Floro。


Force

源自古諾爾斯語 fors 或 foss (“瀑布”)。


Forest

:Template:分類 森林城，美國密西西比州城市名。

男性人名：Forrest的另一種寫法


Franco

弗朗格， 源自意大利語和西班牙語的男性人名，等同於Frank 或 Francis。

弗蘭科，源自西班牙語的姓氏

指弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥（Francisco Franco），西班牙內戰後的獨裁者(1939–1975)。


Francophile

/ˈ fɹeɪ̯ŋ.koʊ̯ˌfaɪ̯l/

/ˈ fɹeɪ̯ŋ.kəˌfaɪ̯l/


Francophile

more Francophile (comparative)
most Francophile (superlative)

/ˈ fɹeɪ̯ŋ.koʊ̯ˌfaɪ̯l/

/ˈ fɹeɪ̯ŋ.kəˌfaɪ̯l/


Francophone

法语 Francophonie 的变体和重新解释，语义上受到拉丁语 Franco- (“法国的”) + 古希腊语 φωνή (phōnḗ)的影响, Franco- + -phone

/ˈfɹæŋkɒfəʊn/


Francophone

/ˈfɹæŋkɒfəʊn/

讲法语的人（尤指以法语为母语的）


Francophonie

起於1968年，源自法語 francophonie，源自francophone (“說法語者”) + -ie。

法語世界（說法語的地區）

法语国家及地区国际组织（在加拿大常作 the Francophonie 或 la Francophonie）


Fraser

源自古法語的蘇格蘭姓氏，可能源自諾曼語。

:Template:分類 弗雷澤河，加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省河流


French

繼承自中古英語 Frenche、Frensch、Frensc、Frenshe、Frenk、Franche，來自古英語 Frenċisċ (“法語”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Frankisk (“法蘭克”)，等同於Frank + -ish (對照Frankish)。與西佛蘭德語 Fransch (“法語”)、荷蘭語 Frans (“法語”)、中古低地德語 vranksch、frenkisch、vrenkesch、vrenksch (“法語”)、中古高地德語 frenkisch、frensch （“法蘭克的，法蘭西的”；> 德語 fränkisch (“法蘭克尼亞”)）、丹麥語 fransk (“法語”)、瑞典語 fransk、fransysk (“法語”)、冰島語 franska (“法語”)同源。
用作粗俗語言的義項，其通常指早期19世紀上層階級實際使用的法語表達 (但通常輕微無禮)，後來被下層階級用作罵人的話，因為他們認為聽者不會熟悉這些用語。
用來指苦艾酒的義項，是French vermouth的簡稱。

She speaks French.

Ne mowe we alle Latin wite...
Ne French...

c. 1390, Robert Grosseteste, translating Chateau d'Amour as The Castle of Love, ll. 25 ff.:

I... wolde also be bolde in such french as is peculiare to the lawys of this realme, to leue it wyth them in wrytynge to.

1533, Thomas More, The Debellacyon of Salem & Bizance, fol. 96:

I could speak but little French.

1720，Daniel Defoe，Memoirs of a Cavalier，頁 13:

Thus, complementary to the French of France, the Quebecois (and in a lesser degree the Frenches of Africa, Swiss French, etc.) would constitute languages in their own right.

1991，Michael Clyne，Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations，Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN，頁 169:

Almost three quarters of the population 65 and older reported speaking French.

1997，Albert Valdman，French and Creole in Louisiana，頁 29:

Although he would spend the rest of his life in France, Picasso never mastered the language, and during those early years he was especially self-conscious about how bad his French was.

2004，Jack Flam，Matisse and Picasso: The Story of Their Rivalry and Friendship，頁 18:

The Frenches of England remain as working languages in the different registers of various occupational communities and for particular social rituals. Beyond the fifteenth century, French is a much less substantial presence in England, though[…]

2013，Jocelyn Wogan-Browne，Language and Culture in Medieval Britain: The French of England, C.1100-c.1500，Boydell & Brewer Ltd, →ISBN，頁 361:

My French is a little rusty.

[Racine's] language is the language of the times, and that of the purest sort; so that his French is reckoned a standard.

1742 April 4, R. West, letter to Thomas Gray:

作為學科的法國語言、文學

I'm taking French next semester.

Pardon my French.

The enraged headsman spares no 'bad French' in explaining his motives.

1845，Edward Jerningham Wakefield，Adventure in New Zealand，卷 I，頁 327:

Cameron: Pardon my French, but you're an asshole!

1986, John Hughes, Ferris Bueller's Day Off':

The book... is a welcome change from theory-infected academic discourse, pardon my French.

2005年May29日，New York Times Book Review，頁 12:

Dawn French.


French

複數形式Frenches的使用在早期現代英語出現過，在當代英語很少出現。和其他集體區域居民稱謂詞一樣，French在指代法國人時，會在前面加上定冠詞或定語。

主要用於集合名詞和以複數形式

The Hundred Years' War was fought between the English and the French.

百年戰爭是英國人和法國人之間的戰爭。

Under the Fourth Republic, more and more French unionized.

在第四共和國時期，越來越多的法國人加入了工會。

[…]to breake the necke of the wicked purposes & plots of the French[…]

1579，Francesco Guicciardini as，譯者 Geoffrey Fenton, The Historie of Guicciardin，頁 378:

Such is the nature and complexion of the frenches, that they are worth nothing, but at the first push.

1653，François Rabelais，譯者 Thomas Urquhart, Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais，卷 I，頁 214:

On the way, scouts reported that some French were heading toward them across the ice.

2002，Jeremy Thornton，The French and Indian War，頁 14:

oral sex (“口交”)之同義詞（尤指嗦吮陰莖）

French--^([sic]) to do the French--Cocksucking; and, inversely, to tongue a woman.

1916，Henry Nathaniel Cary，The Slang of Venery and Its Analogues，卷 I，頁 94:

You can be whipped or caned... or you can have French for another pound.

Always use condoms with Greek (anal intercourse), straight sex (vaginal intercourse, fucking), French (oral sex).

‘French’—still used by prostitutes as a term for oral sex.

Tearle replied that gin-and-French and virginian cigarettes would do for him.

1930，Ethel Mannin，Confessions & Impressions，頁 177:

He was drinking double gins with single Frenches in them.

1967，Michael Francis Gilbert，The Dust & the Heat，頁 14:


French

more French (comparative)
most French (superlative)

French defence, French defense, French Defence

French lilac (Syringa vulgaris & Galega officinalis)

the French border with Italy

That must have hurt, especially because you knew the French children weren’t even trying. “Uh, go on, play weez your seellee nambeurs. Zey tell you nosseeng of ze true naytcheur of ze soula. I’ll weepa for you.”

2015年May3日，“Standardized Testing”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver，季数 2, 集数 12, John Oliver (actor), 經由 HBO:

French customs

French verbs

同類詞：straight

French active

French girl

用於構成性病的名稱或指代

French disease

French crown

French pox


French

Frenches (third-person singular present)
Frenching (present participle)
Frenched (past participle)
french (alternative)

french的大小寫替代形式

Even before I thought about what I was doing we Frenched and kissed with tongues.

1995，Jack Womack，Random Acts of Senseless Violence，頁 87:


Frog

frog (“法國人”)的另一種寫法


Fromager

弗羅馬格爾區，科特迪瓦/象牙海岸舊區名，現為戈大區（Goh）取代。


Gabar

Gheber的另一種寫法


Ganga

源自梵語 गङ्गा (gaṅgā)。

源自梵語的女性人名，使用於印度。


Gate

盖特，美国城镇名，在俄克拉荷马州。


Germain

源自中世紀人名，與法語類似；或源自對德國人的稱呼。


Germaine

轉變自姓氏的姓氏，Germain的變體。


German

來自拉丁語 Germānus、Germānī (“來自Germānia的民族”)，不同於Gauls (在凱撒和塔西佗的著作中)，最初源頭不明 (可能是凱爾特語族/高盧語)。
與german (“關係密切的”)或germane無關 (來自拉丁語形容詞germānus，經由古法語)。
至少在1520年開始出現。取代了英語中較早的術語Almain和Dutch (來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz)。除了德語、日耳曼語、荷蘭語的同源詞外，其他語言中表示德國人的兩類詞源一個是Saxon的同源詞和原始斯拉夫語 *němьcь的派生詞；更多資訊參閱這些條目。

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

日耳曼民族成員；日耳曼後裔

Rome was sacked by Germans and the Western Roman Empire collapsed.

羅馬被日耳曼人大肆劫掠，西羅馬帝國就此滅亡。

[…] tie them tightly in a thickly floured cloth, and boil them for three hours and a half. We can recommend this as a remarkably light small rich pudding : it may be served with German, wine, or punch sauce.

1858，Eliza Acton，Modern Cookery in All Its Branches: Reduced to a System of Easy Practice, for the Use of Private Families : in a Series of Receipts, which Have Been Strictly Tested, and are Given with the Most Minute Exactness : to which are Added Directions for Carving, Garnishing, and Setting Out the Table, with a Table of Weights and Measures，頁 279:

The wine list harbours some great bottles, mature clarets and Burgundies as well as a clutch of fine Germans (gold-dust these days in restaurants) […]

1996，Jim Ainsworth，Passport's Guide to Britain's Best Restaurants:

介於美式和撒克遜式的字體大小，約1+¹⁄₂點式

In my German, they calling me a baller (skrr)
Got me feeling like Özil

2021年May21日，“Plugged In Freestyle”, Big Tobz in Big Tobz & Blittz 作詞, Fumez The Engineer 作曲，0:13–0:16:

There are some 32 different terms for prison officers, from the humorously affectionate kanga(rhyming slang:kangaroo = screw) and the variants Scooby-Doo and Dr. Who via the mildly confrontational German (as if still the enemy over 50 years after World War II!) to the outright abuse of shit-parcel.

1996，Angela Devlin，Prison Patter，Waterside Press, →ISBN:


German

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

分體詞：Low German (Plattdeutsch)、High German

German has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

德語（的名詞）有三種性別：陽性、陰性和中性。


German

more German (comparative)
most German (superlative)
Germanest (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

In Prussia, always the most progressive of the German states during the Weimar years and a stronghold of the two parties, Jews could be found in virtually all administrative departments […].

2001，Donald L. Niewyk，The Jews in Weimar Germany, →ISBN，頁 31:

與德國本地人或居民有關的；德國人後裔有關的

Her German husband has blond hair.

她的德裔丈夫長著一頭金髮。

If Demandt's essay served as a strident example of the German desire for normalcy, a more subtle example was provided by a brief allohistorical depiction of a Nazi victory in World War II written by German historian Michael Salewski in 1999.

2005年May23日，Gavriel D. Rosenfeld，The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 182:

Goths, a German tribe, 9; allied with other tribes against Rome, 39; …

1889, Theodore S. Fay, The three Germanys: glimpses into their history, vol. II, p. 1270 (inside the index):

分體詞：Low German、High German

Because the instructions were German, Yves couldn't read them.

因為這些指示是用德語寫成的，所以伊夫看不懂。

In this manner there existed, about the time of the Reformation, three grand divisions of the German language, viz. the Upper German (Ober Deutsch), the Low German (Nieder Deutsch, or Platt Deutsch), and lastly the High German (Hoch Deutsch).

1816，George Henry Noehden，A Grammar of the German Language，第3rd版，頁 3:

To trace its progress, it will be necessary to enter into detail, and to examine the German language in its two great divisions, the Low and High German.

1838，Joseph Bosworth，A Dictionary of the Anglo-saxon Language，頁 xiii:

This volume is intended to provide a survey of the linguistic characteristics of modern German dialects …. These are defined geographically as those within the borders of the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Austria, the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, the German-speaking part of Switzerland, and Alsace in France ([..]).

1990, Charles V.J. Russ, Introduction, in: Charles V.J. Russ (ed.), The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, p. xviii (note: the work covers Frisian, Low and High German dialects):


Germinal

借自法語 germinal，源自拉丁語 germen (“芽，蕾”) + -al。

/ˈdʒɜːmɪnəl/

芽月，法國共和月曆的第7個月，起於3月21/22日，終於4月19/20日。


Glad

女性人名 Gladys 的指小詞


Gordo

男性人名 Gordon 的指小詞


Graben

自治市名，位於瑞士伯恩cantonin


Graven

* 英語姓氏：源自中古低地德語 grav (“溝渠”)，源自古撒克遜語 graf，源自原始日耳曼語 *grabą。
* 挪威語姓氏：源自古諾爾斯語 gróf (“低地，凹陷處”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *grōbō。


Green

來自地名的姓氏，以居住地附近的村落廣場（village green）命名，或僅僅是以綠色作為姓氏的來源。

源自中古英語的常見英語姓氏，可譯作「格林」。

人口普查指定點名，位於美國俄勒岡州道格拉斯縣。


Gut

* 德語、阿勒曼尼語及猶太裔姓氏：Guth 的異體。亦對照 Gutmann。
* 英語本土姓氏：源自名詞 gut。參見 Gott。


hea

(香港俚語) 無所事事的


Hikari

借自日語 ひかり (Hikari)。


Hill

國會山莊，代指加拿大國會

希爾，源自中古英語的姓氏


Hoa

源自越南語 Hoa ← 漢語 華／华。


Hud

源自阿拉伯語 هُود (hūd)。


Hunt

由姓氏變化而來的男子名。


Hur

借自朝鮮語 허 (heo)，源自漢語 許／许 (xǔ, hǔ)。


Ich

來自德語 Ich。ego和I 的同源對似詞。

直翻佛洛依德德語心理學著作術語「Ich」，英語更常使用「ego」，參見ego (“本我”)。


Ike

男性人名 Isaac 的指小詞


Internet

由美國國防部在1986年造出，為 internetwork 的簡稱。

當提到遍布全球的計算機網絡時，這個專有名詞一開始通常將首字母大寫，首字母小寫的 internet 則作為普通名詞，指的是透過網路互相連接的任何其他電腦網路；然而，越來越多使用了專有名詞義項的文章也將首字母小寫。類似的例子還有 sun (“恆星”)／Sun (“太陽，地球所圍繞的恆星”)、moon (“衛星”)／Moon (“月亮，圍繞地球旋轉的衛星”)、universe (“宇宙”)／universe (“我們身處的宇宙，萬事萬物的總和”) 和 world (“世界”)／World (“人類生活的特定世界，可以指地球、我們身處的宇宙等”)。

internet、World Wide Web（the Web, the web）和 cyberspace 通常被視為廣義上的同義詞，但若仔細推敲，每個詞都有更精確的意義，語意上相互重疊。

[I]f you think the Internet existed in 1970, I can only guess that the education system has left at least one child behind.
如果你認為互聯網在1970年就已經存在了，那我只能猜想，教育系統又落下了至少一個小孩。

2008, Lou Schuler, "Foreword", in Nate Green, Built for Show, page xi


Jag

"One of the ticket collectors at our local station," observed Mr. Fiennes, "has a Jag."

1960 February，“The future of B.R. passenger traffic”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 76:


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum)

Japanese lantern (Alkekengi officinarum, syn. Physalis alkekengi)

A Japanese saw is one that cuts on the pull stroke rather than on the push stroke.

日本鋸是一種在拉衝程而非推衝程中實現切割的鋸子。

In the United States, Japanese animation has had a tremendous surge in popularity over the last few years.

過去幾年，日本動畫在美國人氣猛增。

Japanese retail stores have strove to, and have succeeded in, fulfilling these severe demands, and in doing so, have constantly had to innovate both technologically and institutionally in order to keep up with the competition.

日本零售商店努力并成功地满足了这些严格的要求，为此，必须不断在技术和制度上进行创新，以跟上竞争的步伐。

2013年February6日，Hideo Otake，“Revising the Interpretation of the Japanese Economy”, in State and Administration in Japan and Germany: A Comparative Perspective on Continuity and Change，頁 319:


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

:Template:U:en:-ese然而在東亞它卻經常被翻譯成漢語 日本人 (rìběnrén)或日語 日本人 (Nihonjin)。

A Japanese will typically have black hair, brown eyes, and pale skin.

日本人一般長著黑髮、褐眼睛，皮膚白皙。

Motoyuki Shibata isn’t a typical Japanese.
柴田元幸不是一名典型的日本人。

2007 October 16, Madeleine Brand, “Japan Struggles to Meet Its CO2 Emissions Limits”, Day to Day, National Public Radio,

How courteous is the Japanese;
He always says, "Excuse it, please."

日本人真有禮貌；
他總是開口說道“不好意思”。

Let’s go out to eat. I’m in the mood for Japanese.

咱們出去吃吧。我想吃日餐。


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

I’ve been studying Japanese for three years, and I still can’t order pizza in Tokyo!

我已經學日語三年了，可我依然沒法在東京點披薩！


Jen

女性人名 Jennifer 的指小詞


Kazakhstan

源自俄語 Казахста́н (Kazaxstán)。可分析為Kazakh + -stan。

Kazakstan (alternative)
Qazaqstan (alternative)

哈薩克斯坦（國名，位於中亞）。


Kill

* 德語和荷蘭語姓氏：可能源自Kilian。
* 德語姓氏：源自基爾河（Kyll），源自拉丁語 Celbis。
* 猶太姓氏：可能源自意第緒語 קיל (kil，“涼的”)。


Kiwi

more Kiwi (comparative)
most Kiwi (superlative)


Ladino

源自拉蒂諾語 לאדינו (ladino) ← 拉丁語 Latīnus (“拉丁”)。

拉蒂諾語/拉迪諾語，一種羅曼語族語言，主要由塞法迪猶太人使用，大多派生自古西班牙語和希伯來語。


Ladino

說西班牙語，已經“西方化”的拉丁美洲人。


Lance

姓氏源自中世紀人名Lanzo，是以日耳曼語族 *land 開頭的人名縮略；參見land。

蘭斯，男性人名，Lancelot的暱稱。


Latina

源自意大利語 Latina。

:Template:分類 拉蒂納，意大利拉齊奧大區省份及城市名


Le

黎，越南源自越南語的姓氏


Les

女性人名 Leslie 的指小詞


Li

禮／礼 (Lǐ)的轉寫。

禮縣（縣名，位於中國甘肅隴南）

Zhang Jiacheng has lived his entire life in Longhuai village, a small settlement comprised of earthen and aged red-brick homes in Li county, in southern Gansu province's Longnan city.

張加成一輩子都住在他的家鄉，甘肅省南部隴南市禮縣龍槐村。這個小小村莊到處可見黃土和紅磚砌成的老房子。

2020年September28日，Matthew Robert Bossons，“Reporter's log: Livestreaming, e-commerce play crucial role in Gansu's poverty alleviation drive [记者日志：直播、电商在甘肃脱贫中发挥重要作用]”, in China Daily:


Li

灕／漓 (Lí)的轉寫。

Lee (alternative)
Rhee (alternative)
Ri (alternative)
I (alternative)
Yi (alternative)
Rey (alternative)
Rhie (alternative)

灕江（河名，位於中國廣西）

After breakfast the next day, Ho Li-chih came to invite Yang Shu-tien and me to the Li River for a boat trip to another county, Yang-shuo.

1977，Yee Chiang，“Kuei-lin and Yang-shuo [桂林與陽朔]”, in China Revisited，New York: W. W. Norton & Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 153:

Cormorant fishing on the Li River near Kweilin. With increasingly serious water pollution, fishing with cormorants is becoming a rare sight in China.

桂林附近漓江上的鸬鹚捕鱼。随着水污染的日益严重，鸬鹚捕鱼在中国已成为一种罕见的景象。

1985，Steven W. Mosher，Journey To The Forbidden China [中國密境之旅]，Collier Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 54f:

Before going home, we flew to Guilin for a meeting with environmentalists concerned about the destruction of forests and the loss of unique wildlife, and a leisurely boat trip down the Li River, which flows through a stunning landscape marked by large limestone formations that looked as if they had burst up through the landscape of the gentle countryside.

2005，Bill Clinton，My Life，卷 II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁s 436-437:

Days 3-5: Guilin and Yangshuo.
Marvel at the extraordinary scenery lining the banks of the serene Li River.

第3-5天：桂林與陽朔。
驚歎於灕江兩岸的壯美風景。

2011，Andrew Forbes，China，APA Publications, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 16:

In Guilin, the second-largest city in Guangxi, Xi took a boat to inspect the ecological condition of the Li River, a popular tourist destination. The river stretches more than 400km (250 miles) through karst hills and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors each year.

在廣西第二大城市桂林，習近平乘船考察當地著名景點，灕江兩岸的生態狀況。灕江全長400多千米，兩岸都是喀斯特地貌，每年吸引成千上萬遊客到此遊覽。

2021年April27日，Echo Xie，“Xi Jinping laments stone quarrying as he mines green theme in Guangxi [中國 / 政治]”, in South China Morning Post，存檔自the original on 2021-04-27, China / Politics [中國 / 政治]:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Li。


Li

朝鮮語漢字：李；諺文是：이 & 리

原朝鮮語源自朝鮮語的姓氏


Lier

利爾，比利時的一個城市。

利耶爾，挪威的一個城市。


Light

光明章，古蘭經的第24章


Limon

源自西班牙語 Limón。Lemon 的同源對似詞。


Line

源自中古英語，派生自盎格魯-諾曼語人名後綴 -line（見於Adeline、Madeline等）。


Lizard

1086年《末日審判書》作 Lisart，可能是康沃爾語 Lys Ardh (“高等法院”)的音變，受lizard的影響。

:Template:分類 利澤德半島，在英格蘭康沃爾郡


Long

轉變自暱稱的姓氏，原是對身高高的人的暱稱。


Macau

借自葡萄牙語 Macau，原自某種南方漢語的阿媽港／阿妈港，即阿媽／阿妈 (aa3 maa1, “媽祖”) + 港 (gong2)。


Maire

源自愛爾蘭語的女性人名，愛爾蘭語 Máire (“瑪麗”)的英語化。


Manuel

源自西班牙語或葡萄牙語，Emanuel的縮略。

曼紐爾/馬努埃爾， 源自西班牙語的男性人名


Mari

馬里，古代蘇美爾、亞摩利城市，在今敘利亞境內。


Mari

馬里人，伏爾加地區一支民族


Mari

馬里語有兩種大方言，一種稱為草原馬里語（Meadow Mari）/東馬里語（Eastern Mari），另一種稱為西馬里語（Hill Mari/Western Mari）。

馬里語，芬蘭-烏戈爾語族語言


Matar

源自西班牙語和葡萄牙語，源自mata (“森林，樹林”)。


Mayor

源自盎格魯-諾曼語的姓氏


Melk

:Template:分類 梅爾克，奧地利城市名


Mobile

源自部落名，可能源自部落的聚落名，變種拼寫為Mabila 或 Maubila。

莫比爾，美國亞拉巴馬州城市名


Mons

蒙斯（城市，省會名，位於比利時埃諾）


Mons

女性人名 Monica 的指小詞


More

莫西語，沃爾特-剛果語族語言


More

源自蘇格蘭蓋爾語 mór (“大的”)；也是Moore的變體之一。


Mountain

法國大革命中政黨——山岳派


Mountain

蒸汽機車，擁有4-8-2輪式。

Western Pacific wisely devoted its design energies to the articulateds which produced most of its gross, left the 4-6-0's that came with the road plus a few secondhand Florida East Coast Mountains for its sparse passenger service.

1959，Steam's Finest Hour，Kalmbach Publishing Co.，頁 106:


Mun

借自朝鮮語 문 (mun)，源自漢語 文。


Naso

借自意大利語 Naso。


Nass

源自特林吉特語 naas (“腸”)。

:Template:分類 加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省河流名。


Nome

諾姆，美國阿拉斯加城市名


Nuevo

紐沃，美國加利福尼亞州城鎮名


Nur

借自維吾爾語 نۇر (nur)。

奴爾（鄉名，位於中國新疆和田策勒）。

When was approaching the last mountain pass to Nur Township, due to the climb and bumps of the road, our media car at finally went on strike, lying on the road 500 meters away from the mountain pass and stopped working.

當我們就快要到奴爾鄉的最後一個山口時，由於一路爬坡和顛簸，我們的媒體車終於罷工了，在距離山口僅僅500米的地方，直接躺在地上不走了。

2019年December28日，“Kunlun Tianlu, the most attractive destination for self-driving travel in 2020 The Ninth Line to Tibet [昆侖天路——2020年最受歡迎的自駕遊目的地 第九線 西藏]”, in DayDayNews，存檔自the original on 2021-05-10:


Ocean

源自ocean，受法國女性人名 Océane 的影響。


Ok

Ok.的另一種寫法（Oklahoma之縮寫。）


Olive

拉丁語聖人名 Oliva 的中世紀形式；19世紀隨著以花名植物名作為名字的風潮而復興。姓氏則常與地形有關，常代表了歐洲大陸姓氏（如西班牙語 Oliva）的英語化。

And hear me swear a solemn oath, / That only by thy side / Will I to Olive plight my troth, / And gain her for my bride.

1842，Alfred Tennyson，The Talking Oak [會說話的橡樹]:

"Elspie, I have a thought! The baby shall be christened Olive!"
"It's a strange, heathen name, Mrs. Rothesay."
"Not at all. Listen how I chanced to think of it. This very morning, just before you came to waken me, I had such a queer, delicious dream. [ - - - ] Then I looked up, after awhile, and saw standing at the foot of the bed a little angel—a child-angel—with a green olive-branch in its hand. [ - - - ] "

1850，Dinah Craik，Olive，Chapman and Hall，頁 26:

There was Olive, a soft drowsy girl who didn't like me because I called her Olive Oyl. Even after I was made to apologize she didn't like me.

2006，Alice Munro，The View from Castle Rock，Chatto & Windus, →ISBN，頁s 227–228:

地方名，位於美國：
社區名，位於加利福尼亞州奧蘭治city of 奧蘭治。

地方名，位於美國： 鎮區，非建制社區名，位於印第安納州聖約瑟夫。

地方名，位於美國： 非建制社區名，位於密蘇里州達拉斯，以一座浸信會教堂命名

地方名，位於美國： 非建制社區名，位於蒙大拿州保德河。

地方名，位於美國： 鎮名，位於紐約州阿爾斯特，源自聖經中鴿子和橄欖枝的故事

地方名，位於美國： 非建制社區名，位於俄克拉荷馬州克里克，源自女子名

地方名，位於美國： 非建制社區名，位於弗吉尼亞州斯波特瑟爾韋尼亞。

地方名，位於美國： 非建制社區名，位於西弗吉尼亞州波卡洪塔斯。

地方名，位於美國： 美國多個鎮區名，參見奧利夫鎮區。


Orange

奧蘭治河（Orange River），南非河流

奧蘭治，澳洲新南威爾士州城市，以威廉二世（1815-1840年間的奧蘭治親王）命名

奧蘭治，美國新澤西州城市，以威廉三世（1650-1702年間的奧蘭治親王）命名

奧蘭治，美國德克薩斯州城市，橙縣的縣治


Pali

古典借詞，源自梵語 पालि (pāli)。

巴利語 （自1690年代）


Pan

繼承自中古英語 Pan，源自拉丁語 Pān，源自古希臘語 Πάν (Pán)。


Pan

郊區名，位於英格蘭懷特島紐波特 (英國國家格網參考系統代碼：SZ5088)


Peking

源自郵政式拼音 官話 北京 (Běijīng)，對比中古漢語 北京 (中古 pok kjaeng) / 粵語 北京 (bak1 ging1), 法語 Pékin（基於老國音）。

本詞在20世紀80年代以前都比較常用，現在在標準英語中已經逐漸被拼音式的Beijing替代。但形容詞Pekingese比Beijingese, Beijinger常用。


Poisson

以法國數學家西梅翁·德尼·泊松（Siméon Denis Poisson，1781-1840）命名。


Poisson

西梅翁·德尼·泊松（Siméon Denis Poisson，1781-1840），法國數學家


Portuguese

來自葡萄牙語 português。

Portugese (alternative)
more Portuguese (comparative)
most Portuguese (superlative)

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

The British army had already moved over the border and the commander had established his HQ high in the central Portuguese mountains at Viseu.

1973，Roger Parkinson，The Peninsular War，頁 104:

與葡萄牙人民和文化有關的

In San Diego County there is but one Portuguese fisherman, as is also the case in Los Angeles, the county immediately adjoining.

1887，George Brown Goode，The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, section IV，頁 33:

The latter feature indicates that a Portuguese consonant cannot constitute the nucleus of a syllable.

1981，Milton Mariano Azevedo，A Contrastive Phonology of Portuguese and English，頁 31:


Portuguese

來自葡萄牙語 português。

Portugese (alternative)
Portuguese (plural)
Portugueses (plural)

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

葡萄牙人，居住在葡萄牙的人

With a view to securing its more efficient working, a Portuguese was placed in charge of the entire department as Vidane.

1920，Paulus Edward Pieris，Ceylon and the Portuguese, 1505-1658，頁 184:

Beresford required all materials for coatees, waistcoats and pantaloons to be sent out unmade, as the Portuguese were perfectly capable of making the suits up properly after delivery.

2000，René Chartrand, Bill Younghusband，The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars，卷 1，頁 23:


Portuguese

來自葡萄牙語 português。

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

Portuguese, however, is slightly different from Catalan, Spanish, and Romanian in that there is no strict adjacency requirement between wh-words and the verbal cluster in indirect questions.

2000，João Costa，Portuguese Syntax: new comparative studies，頁 65:


Private

private的首字母大寫形。


Que

借自泉漳話 郭 (Keh) 和加泰羅尼亞語 Qué。


Que

Querétaro之縮寫：克雷塔羅州，墨西哥州份

Québec之縮寫：魁北克省，加拿大省份。

Québec City之縮寫：魁北克，魁北克省首府


Rice

源自威爾士語人名Rhys。


Rock

這個名字很少見，但在1950年代時曾因一名叫Rock Hudson的美國電影明星而風靡一時。

當用作直布羅陀、惡魔島監獄、紐芬蘭的暱稱時，前冠的the通常大寫。

源自中古英語的地形姓氏 指居住在岩石和橡樹附近的人 ( atter + oke )。

The Rock，村名，位於北愛爾蘭蒂龍庫克斯敦西南

the Rock：下列地方的暱稱
直布羅陀的暱稱

the Rock：下列地方的暱稱
烏盧魯的暱稱

the Rock：下列地方的暱稱
美國惡魔島監獄的暱稱

the Rock：下列地方的暱稱
加拿大紐芬蘭與拉布拉多省紐芬蘭島的暱稱


Rojo

源自西班牙語，源自rojo。Rosso 的同源對似詞。


Rose

源自諾曼語，源自日耳曼語族，可能源自原始日耳曼語 *hrod (“名聲”) + *heid (“種，類”)，*hrōþiz。
傳入英格蘭時作Roese / Rohese。後和俗詞“rose”混合，19世紀末和花名又起了聯繫。也可作Rose-/Rosa-開頭人名的暱稱。
* 姓氏可能是源自母名，但更可能是源自住處名（住處旁有玫瑰叢）。

Celia: Therefore, my sweet Rose, my dear Rose, be merry.

:Template:RQ:Shakespeare Like: Act I, Scene II:

源自中古英語的姓氏。:Template:分類


Rutten

（荷兰、比利时姓氏）吕滕


Semen

烏克蘭男性人名Семе́н (Semén)的轉寫。


Sept

Sept.的另一種拼寫法


She

she的首字母大寫形，用於表示對聖母或其他重要人物的尊敬。


She

源自官話 畲 (Shē)。


Small

最早見於13世紀，源自古英語 smæl (“小的”)。對比Smail。


Smoke

I'm heading down to the Smoke later this week.

煙霧章，古蘭經的第44章


Sona

借自亞美尼亞語 Սոնա (Sona)。

源自亞美尼亞語的女性人名


Song

借自官話 宋 (Sòng)。


Song

巴布亞新幾內亞一河流名。


South

美國南北戰爭時期的南方州，邦聯州。


Sova

源自捷克語 sova (“貓頭鷹”), 斯洛伐克語 sova (“貓頭鷹”), 塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 sova (“貓頭鷹”), 斯洛文尼亞語 sova (“貓頭鷹”)，或波蘭語 Sowa。


Speed

源自中古英語 sped (“好運”)。


Split

源自古希臘語 Σπάλαθος (Spálathos), Ἀσπάλαθος (Aspálathos) ← ἀσπάλαθος (aspálathos)，當地的一種灌木。

:Template:分類 斯普利特，克羅地亞城市


Start

源自古英語 steort (“尾，岬”)。


Stone

源自古英語的姓氏，源自古英語 stan。

地名，在英格蘭和美國多地


Tai

說壯傣語支的人；先祖講原始台語的人

The Tais first appeared in history in Yunnan, and from thence they migrated into Upper Burma. The earliest swarms appear to have entered that tract about two thousand years ago, and were small in number.


Tak

源自泰語 ตาก (dtàak)。

:Template:分類 達府，泰國府名，也是該府府治名。


Tan

源自官話 譚／谭 (Tán)。


Tan

源自泉漳話 陳／陈 (Tân)。Chen 的同源對似詞。


Taurus

源自拉丁語 taurus (“公牛”)。steer和tur 的同源對似詞。

See, see, thou hast shot off one of Taurus' horns.

1592, William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Titus Andronicus Titus Andronicus iv 3


Taurus

源自拉丁語 taurus (“公牛”)。steer和tur 的同源對似詞。


Taurus

源自拉丁語 Taurus ← 古希臘語 Ταῦρος (Taûros)。

:Template:分類 托羅斯山脈，土耳其山脈名


Terra

源自拉丁語 Terra。

特拉，羅馬神話中的大地女神


Thai

借自泰語 ไทย (tai)。Tai和Dai 的同源對似詞。

Thaï (alternative)
more Thai (comparative)
most Thai (superlative)


Thai

借自泰語 ไทย (tai)。Tai和Dai 的同源對似詞。

Thaï (alternative)
Thai (plural)
Thais (plural)

The Bangkok government indicated real concern over the developments in Communist China’s Yunnan province. Thai officials were afraid that Sibsongpanna would be a center where pro-Communist Thai in Southeast Asia would go and where subversive agitation could be directed against outside legitimate governments.

1958，Russell H. Fifield，The Diplomacy of Southeast Asia: 1945-1958，New York: Harper & Brothers, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 263:


Tia

起於20世紀後半。可以是Letitia 或 Venetia的縮略；也可以是來自愛沙尼亞語 Tiia，Dorothea的暱稱。


Tiel

:Template:分類 蒂爾，荷蘭城市名。


Tiger

與赫尔城足球俱乐部有關的人


To

源自粵語 杜 (dou6)。


Toe

* 非洲姓氏：借自克魯語支，多見於利比里亞和布基納法索。
* 緬甸姓氏：借自緬甸語 တို (tui)。


Turkey

源自中古英語 Turkye，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 Turkye、中世紀拉丁語 Turcia，源自Turcus (“突厥人”)，源自中古希臘語 Τοῦρκος (Toûrkos)，源自波斯語 ترک (Turk)，源自中古波斯語 [需要文字] (twlk' /Turk/)。

Turkiye

土耳其（位於東南歐和西亞交界處、南臨地中海的國家）

土耳其（位於東南歐和西亞交界處、南臨地中海的國家）


Ty

Tyrone, Tyler, Tyson, Tyron 等以“Ty”為詞首的男性人名的暱稱。


Uno

來自意大利語 uno (“一”)或西班牙語 uno (“一”)；玩家剩最後一張牌需大喊“uno”。one 的同源對似詞。


Uno

源自日語 宇野 (Uno)或うの (Uno)。


Uzbek

來自俄語 узбек (uzbek)，來自烏茲別克語 oʻzbek。進一步的詞源不確定；可能來自突厥語族 öz (“真誠的，真正的”) + 粟特語 βγ (/beġ/，“大師”)；後者來自原始印度-雅利安語 *bʰagás，來自原始印度-伊朗語 *bʰagás。第一個音素常被認為可能與英語 Oghuz相等。


Var

瓦爾省，法國東南部省份。


Vi

FLO: What do you think of Vi?
RU: I see little change.


Vis

源自塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語 Vis ← 意大利語 Lissa。

維斯，克羅地亞南部島嶼及城鎮名。:Template:分類


Vogel

(隕石坑)： 以德語天體物理學家Hermann Carl Vogel（1841–1907）命名。


Vos

源自荷蘭語 Vos。Fox 的同源對似詞。


Wassen

源自日耳曼語族：
* 源自荷蘭語 Wassen；
* 源自瑞典語 Wassén；
* 源自德語 Waßen。

瓦森，市鎮名，位於瑞士烏里州

源自日耳曼語族的姓氏（來自日耳曼語族）： 源自瑞典語的姓氏（來自瑞典語）

源自日耳曼語族的姓氏（來自日耳曼語族）： 源自德語的姓氏（來自德語）

源自日耳曼語族的姓氏（來自日耳曼語族）： 源自荷蘭語的姓氏（來自荷蘭語）


Wat

男性人名，Walter的暱稱，或源自盎格魯-薩克遜人名Watt。


Wawa

衍生自 奧吉布瓦語 wewe (“野鵝”)

瓦瓦，地名，位於加拿大安大略省


Wile

源自中古英語 wile。


Zee

源自上海話 徐 (xxi)。


Zodiac

zodiac的首字母大寫形。


Zwart

荷蘭語姓氏，源自zwart (“暗的，深色的”)。


abduction

來自拉丁語 abductiō (“搶劫；綁架”)，來自abdūcō (“帶走”)，來自ab (“離開”) + dūcō (“領導”)。等同於abduct + -ion。
* (解剖學)： 借自法語，來自拉丁語 abductus。
* 對照法語 abduction。

外展肌（自17世紀中期）

Abduction is performed by asking the patient to raise the arm at the side as high as they can with the examiner stabilizing the scapula by holding it down.

2013, Jain, MD, MSPH; Wilcox, PT; Katz, MD, MS; Higgins, MD, "Clinical Examination of the Rotator Cuff", PM&R Journal, retrieved from PubMed Central on 21 Jan 2018.

大前提，顯而易見（自17世紀晚期）

The significance of such a step is that it is not morphologically triggered: it is a step of abduction, and what is required here is a meta-level process of reasoning.

2005，Ronnie Cann, Ruth Kempson, Lutz Marten，The Dynamics of Language, an Introduction，頁 256:

強行把人擄走（自18世紀中期）

the abduction of a child

But fear of abduction never stopped a good ufologist.

2010，Monte Dwyer，Red in the Centre: Through a Crooked Lens，Monyer Pty Ltd，頁 122:


abnormal

more abnormal (comparative)
most abnormal (superlative)


abstraction

來自中古英語 abstraccyone；來自中古法語 abstraction或來自中世紀拉丁語 abstrāctiō (“分開”)，來自拉丁語 abstrahō (“離開，移開”)。等同於abstract + -ion。


accommodation

借自法語 accommodation，派生自拉丁語 accommodātiō (“調整、適應”)，源自accommodō (“適應，整理”)。表面上由 accommodate + -ion組成。


syndrome

古典借詞，源自新拉丁語 syndrome，源自古希臘語 συνδρομή (sundromḗ，“症状同时发生；人群聚集”)，源自 σύνδρομος (súndromos，“一起奔跑”)，源自 συν- (sun-，“一起，一同，帶著”) + δρόμος (drómos，“奔跑；路線”)。

porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome

Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome

Down syndrome; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; restless-leg syndrome; battered-wife syndrome

唐氏綜合徵；获得性免疫缺陷綜合徵；不寧腿症候群；受虐婦女綜合徵

A “zone of rarity” emerges when symptoms cluster neatly into syndromes and interforms are uncommon, although not altogether absent. Fuzzy boundaries and interforms are a special problem for PTSD […]

2004，Gerald Rosen，Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and Controversies，頁 127:

Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola. A recent study explored the ecological variables that may contribute to bats’ propensity to harbor such zoonotic diseases by comparing them with another order of common reservoir hosts: rodents.

蝙蝠携带多种可感染人类的知名病毒，包括严重急性呼吸道综合征和埃博拉病毒。最近的一项研究通过将蝙蝠与另一类常见宿主——啮齿动物进行比较，探索了可能导致蝙蝠携带此类人畜共患疾病的生态变量。

2013 May-June，Katie L. Burke，“In the News”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁 193:

任何一组被视为识别特定类型、状况等的特征（一般是負面的）

not-in-my-backyard syndrome; tip-of-the-tongue syndrome

邻避綜合徵；話在嘴邊綜合徵

My roommate, Tony, and I were sitting in our living room on a Saturday afternoon trying to decide what to do that night. You know the syndrome: Saturday night when everyone is supposed to do something exciting and have a great time. If you don't, you're likely to wake up on Sunday morning feeling weird and lonely.

周六下午，我和室友托尼坐在客厅里，想着晚上该做什么。你知道人是有这种综合征的：周六晚上每个人都应该做一些令人兴奋的事情，玩得开心。如果你不这样做，你很可能会在周日早上醒来时感到奇怪和孤独。

1980年August9日，John D'Emilio，“There's No Place Like Home”, in Gay Community News，頁 8:

Fledgling superstar Jimmy Carson couldn't bear another day in Edmonton living in the void created by the departure of Wayne Gretzky, whose brokenhearted fans never accepted his replacement. It was very difficult for me to play in Edmonton in the whole Gretzky syndrome," Carson said Thurs day after a six-player trade ...

初出茅庐的超级明星吉米·卡森无法忍受在埃德蒙顿再过一天，因为韦恩·格雷茨基的离开而留下了空白，伤心欲绝的球迷从未接受他的替代者。在格雷茨基综合征的笼罩下，我很难在埃德蒙顿打球，”卡森在六人交易后的周四表示……

1989年November3日，“Jimmy Carson Comes Home; He's a Redwing”, in The Argus-Press (Owesso, Michigan)^([news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19891103&id...sjid...pg...]):

Speaking of medicine, rationalizers seem to enjoy latching on health excuses. Syndromes are a fertile field. Let's say you're accused of being unable to accept responsibility or otherwise behaving like an adult. That's not your fault, you counter—you suffer from Peter Pan Syndrome. Can't get around to cleaning up your room or office cubicle? Of course not—you suffer from tertiary Bag Lady Syndrome.

说到医学，人辩解的时候似乎喜欢用健康问题作为借口。综合征是一块肥沃的沃土。假设有人指责你无法承担责任，或者行为举止不像成年人。你反驳说这不是你的错——你患有彼得潘综合征。没时间打扫房间或办公室隔间？当然不是——你患有第三级流浪女综合征。

2012，Steven D. Price，Excuses for All Occasions: Alibis Apologies and Cop-Outs That Can Get You Out of (or Into) Trouble:


anxiety

來自拉丁語 anxietās，來自anxius (“焦慮，掛念，痛苦，動亂”)，來自angō (“悲痛，麻煩”)，與古希臘語 ἄγχω (ánkhō，“窒息”)同族。等同於anxious + -ety。參見anger；angst。

anxietie (alternative)
anxieties (plural)

The inquest on keeper Davidson was duly held, and at the commencement seemed likely to cause Tony Palliser less anxiety than he had expected.

1907，Harold Bindloss，章號 4, in The Dust of Conflict:

But the other, because he's been immersed in arguments, gives the appearance of harbouring considerable anxiety and suspicion that he's ignorant of those matters he presents himself to others as an expert on.

2005, Plato, Sophist. Translation by Lesley Brown. 268a.

對某事物的一種不安或苦惱的慾望

焦躁不安的狀態，有胸口悶和胃不舒服的感覺


brain

brains (third-person singular present)
braining (present participle)
brained (past participle)


brachial plexus

With the knuckles of my right hand I struck him in his brachial plexus.

2022，Percival Everett，Dr. No，Influx Press (2023)，頁 142:


corpus

corpora (plural)
corpuses (plural)
corpusses (plural)
corpi (plural)


myalgic encephalomyelitis

myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

肌痛性腦脊髓炎；慢性疲勞症候群

The 29th of October is a significant day for those who suffer from myalgic encephalomyelitis and all those who care for such people.

10月29日對肌痛性腦脊髓炎患者和關心他們的人來說，是一個重大的日子。


cell

[通信]信元，小区(移动通信系统中的一个服务区)


surgery

來自中古英語 surgerie，來自古法語 surgerie，來自拉丁語 chirurgia，來自古希臘語 χειρουργία (kheirourgía)，來自χείρ (kheír，“手”) + ἔργον (érgon，“工作”)。chirurgy 的同源對似詞。

Surgery is often necessary to prevent cancer from spreading.

为防止癌症扩散，手术通常是必需的。

The physician's proper place was in the library, not in the surgery.

医生应该在图书馆里，而不是在手术室里。

2006，Philip Ball，The Devil's Doctor，Arrow, 出版於 2007，頁 51:

I dropped in on the surgery as I was passing to show the doctor my hemorrhoids.

我经过医生办公室时，顺便给他看了我的痔疮。


constitutional

more constitutional (comparative)
most constitutional (superlative)


constipation

來自拉丁語 constīpātiō，來自cōnstīpō。

將東西塞進較小空間的行為


rigidity

/ɹɪˈd͡ʒɪdɪti/


platinum

铂，白金(化學元素，原子序為78，化學符號為Pt)


substance

繼承自中古英語 substance，來自古法語 substance，來自拉丁語 substantia (“實質，本質”)，來自substāns，substō (“存在”，字面意思是“站在下面”)的現在主動分詞，來自sub + stō (“站立”)。取代本土的古英語 andweorc。

物質 具有恆定化學成分和特性的物質形式

Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace: the first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness: one gives substance and form to the statue, the other polishes it.

学习给心灵带来力量，交谈则给人以优雅：学习容易使人僵硬，交谈则使人柔韧：学习给雕像提供物质和形式，交谈则使雕像更加光彩夺目。

1699，William Temple，Heads designed for an essay on conversations:

His wasted hands were stretched out, and worked with a quick and convulsive motion, as if catching some small substances which kept eluding their grasp;...

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 308:

Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

塑料是富含能量的物质，这就是许多塑料如此容易燃烧的原因。任何能够释放和利用这种能量的生物都将在人类世中生存得很好。能够做到这一点的陆地细菌和真菌已经为该领域的专家所熟知。

2013年July20日，“Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8845:

同類詞：compound、element、mixture、composite

This edition is the same in substance with the Latin.
此版本内容与拉丁文版本相同。

1684-1690, Thomas Burnet, Sacred Theory of the Earth

It is insolent in words, in manner; but in substance it is not only insulting, but alarming.

从言语上、从态度上看，它都很粗野无礼；而从实质上看，它不仅具有侮辱性，而且令人震惊。

1796，Edmund Burke，Letters on a Regicide Peace:

Some textile fabrics have little substance.

a man of substance

And there wasted his substance with riotous living.

在那裡任意放蕩、浪費資財。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 15:13:

Thy substance, valued at the highest rate, / Cannot amount unto a hundred marks.

你的财产，即使按最高价格计算，价值也不到一百马克。

c. 1594，William Shakespeare，“The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

substance abuse


substance

substances (third-person singular present)
substancing (present participle)
substanced (past participle)

賦予實質內容；使其變得真實或充實

If life were nothing but what gets phrased and substanced, the world might as well be rolled up and laid away again in darkness.

1873，Adeline Dutton Train Whitney，The Other Girls，頁 335:

The calm ruminating / Reverie, substancing / Intellect into emotion, / Is shelter enough for love / Unhumiliated by faith.

1982，Dhupaty V. K. Raghavacharyulu，The Song of the Red Rose and Other Poems，頁 78:


carbamazepine

carbamoyl (“氨甲醯基”) + benzazepine (“苯二氮䓬類”) 組成的混成詞。

卡馬西平（一種苯二氮䓬類合成化合物，用作抗驚厥藥和鎮痛藥）

Since α-carbamazepine is a monotrope of γ-carbamazepine, and γ-carbamazepine is an enantiotrope of β-carbamazepine, the physical stability hierarchy depends on the transition temperature of β- and γ-carbamazepine.

由於α型卡馬西平是γ型卡馬西平的單變體，而γ型卡馬西平又是β型卡馬西平的對映變體，其物理穩定性層級取決於β型和γ型卡馬西平的轉變溫度。

2004，Peter York, Uday B. Kompella, Boris Y. Shekunov，Supercritical Fluid Technology for Drug Product Development [超臨界流體技術在藥物開發中的應用]，頁 288:


caffeine

借自法語 caféine，源自 café (“咖啡”) 或德語 Caffein、Kaffein（比較 Coffein、Koffein），源自 Kaffee (“咖啡”)（比較 Kaffe、Koffee、Koffe），或者是意大利語 caffè (“咖啡”) + -ine。

咖啡因，C₈H₁₀N₄O₂ （1830年起）

同類詞：guaranine、mateine、theine


delusion

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-delusion.wav


membrane

較晚的中古英語，借自拉丁語 membrāna (“覆蓋身體部位的皮膚或膜”)，源自membrum (“肢體或身體的一部分”) + -āna。membrana 的同源對似詞。

膜；薄膜，包被或分開生物學細胞、組織或其他結構的一薄層組織。它由一個雙層脂肪層及夾在其中的蛋白質分子構成。膜對水和脂溶性物質是可滲的，而對糖分子等極性分子是不可滲的。


euphoric

more euphoric (comparative)
most euphoric (superlative)

狂喜的、亢奮的、異常亢奮的

In this moment, I am euphoric.

此時此刻，我亢奮到了極點。

Heroin is the most euphoric drug in use today.

海洛因目前在投入使用的藥品中最能振作精神。

1973年，美國，Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse，Treatment and rehabilitation，頁 31:

Lin gathered herself, took a moment to rehearse the words in her mind, contacted the L.A. number, and delivered her euphoric news to her agent in person

琳集中了精神，花時間在腦海中反覆重複了語言，聯絡了洛杉磯的號碼，將振奮人心的消息親口講給了她的經紀人聽。


euphoric

能振作精神的藥物、興奮劑


enuresis

來自拉丁語 enuresis，來自古希臘語 ἐνούρησις (enoúrēsis)；表面可分析為uresis。


electron microscope

电子显微镜
* 正體: 電子顯微鏡[電機工程]


hungry

hungrier (comparative)
hungriest (superlative)


Goll's fibers

戈尔纤维（从薄束核延伸到小脑蚓部）


gangrene

來自法語 gangrène，來自拉丁語 gangraena，來自古希臘語 γάγγραινα (gángraina，“壞疽”)。

/ˈɡaŋˌɡɹiːn/

If gangrene sets in, we may have to amputate the foot.

如果坏疽发生，我们可能不得不截肢。

Women should earn equal wages with men for equal work done. Child marriages and polygamy are a gangrene on society.
女性应该与男性同工同酬。童婚和一夫多妻制是社会的毒瘤。

1960, Cora Vreede-de Stuers, The Indonesian woman: struggles and achievements


gangrene

gangrenes (third-person singular present)
gangrening (present participle)
gangrened (past participle)

/ˈɡaŋˌɡɹiːn/

Vulneration or section sometimes procures a Gangrene, when the vital Principle is so debilitated, or enormous by the would, that instead of a good suppuration and vigorous transmutation, a depraved matter is generated, which corrupts and gangrenes the part: and thus a small cut of a finger or Toe hath gangrened, and killed the person: but in greater Wounds, the danger is greater, as more frequently to happen.

1682，Pains afflicting humane bodies, their various Difference, Causes, Parts affected, Signals of Danger or Safety，頁 204:

An intensely biting frost will gangrene the membrane ; a foggy state of the atmosphere, with low, black, stagnant exhalations, accompanied with sudden, frequent intermissions, interchanges, and oscillations of dryness and moisture, expansion and condensation, will corrupt and putrify both the membrane and the mucous discharge.

1762 December，John Chandler，“A Treatise of the Disease called a Cold”, in The critical review, or annals of literature，卷 12，頁 423:

For where it chances to be successful, it is like the copper shot of the Mexicans, which gangrenes the wound.

1851 December，“The Wit and Wickedness of Sarcasm”, in The Ladies' Repository，卷 20，頁 224:

If a man had a sore leg, and he should go to an honest, judicious chirurgeon, and he should only bid him keep it warm, and anoint it with such an oil, (an oil well known) that would do the cure; haply he would not much regard him, because he knows the medicine, beforehand an ordinary medicine; but if he should go to a surgeon that should tell him, your leg will gangrene within three days, and it must be cut off, and you will die, unless you do something that I could tell you, what listening there would be to this man?

1786，John Selden，Table Talk: Being the Discourses of John Selden:

The leg will gangrene if the superficial femoral vessels be torn.

1911，British Medical Journal - Volume 1911, Issues 1-3，頁 239:

If not, the toe will gangrene and fall off.

2005，Nikki Moustaki，Parrots For Dummies，頁 282:

That is true,” replied Almira, “nothing can be performed without labor, and where there is labor there will be discontent, and where there is no labor there will be heart-burning and jealousy about insignificant trifles, such as gangrenes the real pleasures of contemplation within these walls; walls, which would otherwise hold out an asylum, much to be prized by those who have been unfortunate, who have lost all their friends, or who are weary of the world."

The Stuart Restoration period was a necessary sequence of the Puritan period, and there is a similar cause for the sensualism that gangrenes the heart of our morbidly prudish Society of to-day.

1889 July，John Miller，“The Abuse of Marriage”, in The Centennial Magazine: An Australian Monthly，卷 2, 號 12，頁 902:

The same delusion will gangrene England within the lifetime of most men of military age unless she will realize that gold is dross ; that her poets, her artists, and her scholars are her very soul.

1930，P.R. Stephensen，The Legend of Aleister Crowley: A Study of the Facts:


hippopotamus

借自拉丁語 和新拉丁語 hippopotamus，源自古希臘語 ἱπποπόταμος (hippopótamos)，源自 ἵππος (híppos，“馬”)（對應英語 hippo-）+ ποταμός (potamós，“河”)。

hippopotami (plural)
hippopotamuses (plural)
hippopotamus (plural)

泛指河馬科的任何一種動物


geocentric

/ˌdʒiːəʊˈsɛntɹɪk/


infusion

繼承自中古英語 infusioun，來自古法語 infusion，來自拉丁語 infusio, infusionem。


impotence

O impotence of mind, in body ſtrong!

1671，John Milton，“Samson Agonistes, […].”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 12，行 52:


ibuprofen

來自i(so)bu(tyl) + pro(pionic acid) + phen(yl)。


trapezoid

/ˈtɹæpəzɔɪd/


structure

structures (third-person singular present)
structuring (present participle)
structured (past participle)


skeptical

more skeptical (comparative)
most skeptical (superlative)


impassioned

more impassioned (comparative)
most impassioned (superlative)


keyboard

keyboards (third-person singular present)
keyboarding (present participle)
keyboarded (past participle)

Keyboarding is the part of this job I hate the most.


semiconductor

In this sense we are to understand the following table in which bodies are classed as conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors; those bodies being conveniently designated as conductors which, when applied to an electroscope charged with either kind of electricity discharge it almost instantaneously; semiconductors being those which discharge it in a short but measurable time, a few seconds, for instance; while nonconductors effect no discharge even, in the course of a minute.

1876，Adolphe Ganot，Natural Philosophy for General Readers and Young Persons，頁 422:

The following table of conductors may therefore be used in inverse order as a table of resistances, the good conductors being bodies of slight resistance, the semiconductors being bodies of great resistance, and the insulators being bodies of so great resistance that they almost effectually oppose the passage of any current.

因此，下表的導體可以按相反的順序用作電阻表，良導體是電阻小的物體，半導體是大電阻的物體，絕緣體是電阻非常大而幾乎可以有效地阻止任何電流通過的物體。

1901，George W. Jacoby，A System of Physiologic Therapeutics: Electrotherapy:


edit

editor 的逆構詞。受到法语 éditer（出版，发行）的影响。


edit

editor 的逆構詞。受到法语 éditer（出版，发行）的影响。

edits (third-person singular present)
editing (present participle)
edited (past participle)


paste

來自中古英語 paste，來自古法語 paste (現代pâte)，來自晚期拉丁語 pasta，來自古希臘語 πάστα (pásta)。pasta和patty 的同源對似詞。


data

借自拉丁語 datum (“所給予的”) 的主格複數形式、dō (“我給予”) 的主格過去分詞 data。date 的同源對似詞。

data 一詞常作不可數名詞，與動詞的單數形式使用，而較少用作可數名詞 datum 的複數形式。作為複數名詞與動詞的複數形式使用的情況僅多見於正式場合：在計算機科學和資料科學中例外，但醫學文獻中，此習性依然經常保留。

在大地測量學和幾何公差領域中，data 一詞專門用於不可數含義，而可數名詞 datum (指參考點或地面) 的複數形式為 datums，而非 data。

計算機領域中，data 的定義出自國際標準詞彙，這個定義旨在區分 data 與 information。然而，計算機專業常忽視其分別。

These data show clearly that X is correlated with Y, although they tell us nothing about causation.

這些資料清楚地顯示出 X 與 Y 相關，但它們並未告訴我們關於因果關係的任何信息。

First from these Data, let us obtain the Breadth of the Glass e z

首先，從這些資料中，我們得到玻璃的寬度 e z

1692年，威廉莫利紐茲、愛德蒙哈雷，Dioptrica nova，London: Benj. Tooke，頁 100:

This data shows clearly that X is correlated with Y, although it tells us nothing about causation.

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…]

有了新的材料，分類學結論會受到這樣的認識影響：所檢查的材料反映了它所佔據的地點；而一個植物標本袋僅提供了做出可靠結論所需資料的一小部分。實際上，植物標本材料並不能讓人安全地推論：你看到的就是你得到的 […]

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 vii:

Risk is everywhere.[…]For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you. “The Norm Chronicles”[…]aims to help data-phobes find their way through this blizzard of risks.

風險無處不在。 […] 對於每一項風險，都有一個驚人精確的數值來衡量其從陰影中跳出來傷害你的可能性。《Norm Chronicles》 […] 旨在幫助資料恐懼症患者在這場風險的暴風雪中找到出路。

2013年June22日，“Snakes and ladders”, in 經濟學人，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 76:

資料，研究者對社會現象中某些事實所作的的紀錄

近義詞：dataset、data set、data points、information

同類詞：information

mobile data的缩略形式：行動數據

run out of data


object

objects (third-person singular present)
objecting (present participle)
objected (past participle)


configuration

/kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/

/kənˌfɪɡ.jəˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/

/kənˌfɪɡ.əˈɹæɪ̯.ʃən/


attribute

属，属性；特性，特质；素质


attribute

attributes (third-person singular present)
attributing (present participle)
attributed (past participle)


interface

[电子电机工程]界面；介面；接口


access

接近,進入,接近的機會,進入的權利,使用


zoom in

zooms in (third-person singular present)
zooming in (present participle)
zoomed in (past participle)


zoom out

zooms out (third-person singular present)
zooming out (present participle)
zoomed out (past participle)


LAN

LAN
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：区域网络
* 正體中文：區域網絡


LAN

LAN
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：区域网路
* 正體中文：區域網路


ATM

ass to mouth (“從肛門拔出後直接入口”)之首字母縮略詞。

automated teller machine之首字母縮略詞 或 automatic teller machine (“自動櫃員機”)之首字母縮略詞。

Too often California is relegated to serving as the nation’s political ATM.

asynchronous transfer mode (“非同步傳輸模式”)之首字母縮略詞。

active traffic management (“動態交通管理”)之首字母縮略詞。

advanced traffic management (“智能交通管理”)之首字母縮略詞。

air traffic management (“空中交通管理”)之首字母縮略詞。

ass to mouth (“從肛門拔出後直接入口”)之首字母縮略詞。

amateur telescope maker (“業餘望遠鏡製造者”)之首字母縮略詞。

at the market之首字母縮略詞，參見at-the-market offering。


ATM

at the moment (“此刻，目前”)之首字母縮略詞。


hypertext

We do not read hypertext the same way we read a novel, and browsing the Web is a different experience from reading a book or newspaper.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2009, Christian Vandendorpe, Phyllis Aronoff, and Howard Scott (Phyllis Aronoff, Howard Scott, transl.), 源自Papyrus to Hypertext: Toward the Universal Digital Library, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252076257, p 1:

Further, hypertext systems, because of their ease of construction, are very rich in text, graphics and visual illustrations.

1999，Ray McAleese，Hypertext: Theory into Practice，Intellect Books, →ISBN，頁 2:

Did Nelson realize at the time that he had met Xanadu's second parent? Probably not. The inventor scattered his ideas as widely as possible, with little care about where they landed. But as the decades passed, it would be Gregory who oversaw the attempt to transform Xanadu into a real product. He never received much public notice, but through all the project's painful deaths and rebirths, Gregory's commitment to Nelson's dream of a universal hypertext library never waned. If Ted Nelson is Xanadu's profligate father, Roger Gregory is Xanadu's devoted mother, and in retrospect, his role appears to have been intertwined with a terrible element of sacrifice.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1995, Gary Wolf, "The Curse of Xanadu", WIRED

A hypertext system, then, is a memex-like device for creating and manipulating hypertexts, both for on-line browsing, and for reducing selected portions of such texts to.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1969, S. Carmody, W. Gross, T. Nelson, D. Rice, and A. van Dam, “A Hypertext Editing System for the /360”, in Michael Faiman and Jurg Nievergelt, Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics: Proceedings, University of Illinois Press, p 296:


module

借自法語 module，來自拉丁語 modulus (“小的度量，度量，模型，計量”)，modus (“度量”)的指小 (mode也經由此)。modulus和mold 的同源對似詞。


bottleneck

瓶頸 將瓶頸的一部分放在手指上，作為吉他滑音使用

"Permissive" working allows more than one train to be in a block section at one time but trains must be run at low speed in order to stop on sight behind the train in front. Such working is often authorised to allow freight trains to "bunch" together to await a path through a bottleneck instead of being strung out over several block sections, as would be necessary if absolute working were in force.

1962 October，“Talking of Trains: The collisions at Connington”, in Modern Railways，頁 232:

At one time, Reading was regarded as a notorious bottleneck in the rail network, almost incapable of managing the number of services that needed to pass through the station each day. [...]
 A road widening scheme at Cow Lane has also allowed two-way traffic to run beneath the railway for the first time, helping to remove a notorious road traffic bottleneck in the town.

2020年December2日，Andy Coward，“New-look Reading is willing and able”, in Rail，頁s 58, 59:

It is easy to create entries; processing the paperwork is the bottleneck.

创建条目很容易；处理文书工作是瓶颈。

The bottleneck in this computer program is the inefficient sorting process; we should replace it with a faster one.

该电脑程序的瓶颈是排序过程效率低下；我们应该用速度更快的来替换它。


bottleneck

bottlenecks (third-person singular present)
bottlenecking (present participle)
bottlenecked (past participle)

The merge bottlenecked the traffic every morning.

车道合并导致每天早上交通都会拥堵。

The traffic bottlenecked at the merge every morning.

车道合并处每天早上都会出现阻塞情况。


account

:< 中古英语 < 盎格鲁-诺尔曼语 acunt（同义） < 古法语 acont < 古法语 aconter < 拉丁语 computo（计算）

（互联网收发电子邮件的）账户，账号

（思想、理论、过程的）解释，说明，叙述


account

She thinks he's wonderful─oh well, there's no accounting for taste.　 她认为他了不起 嗯，算了，人各有所好嘛。

there's no accounting for taste saying（词组）　人的爱憎好恶是无法解释的；人各有所好


account

（尤指在事故之后）了解，查明

说明钱财的处置情况；报账


imagine

< 古法語 imaginer < 拉丁語 imāginor < imāginem ,imāgō (“圖像，畫像”)的賓格單數形式。

imagines (third-person singular present)
imagining (present participle)
imagined (past participle)

（不及物）使發揮某人的想象力

（及物）有目的地圖謀；密謀；策劃


accuse

accuses (third-person singular present)
accusing (present participle)
accused (past participle)

accuse sb of (doing) something 指控某人（做了）某事


advise

advises (third-person singular present)
advising (present participle)
advised (past participle)

建議（動詞，其名詞形式是advice）


advise

advice的拼寫錯誤。


astronomy

借自古法語 astronomie ← 拉丁語 astronomia ← 古希臘語 ἀστρονομία (astronomía) ← ἄστρον (ástron, “星”) ← 原始印歐語 *h₂stḗr (“星”) + νόμος (nómos, “安排, 調節”), 和 νέμω (némō, “分配”)相關。 字面上看源自 astro- + -nomy 。

有關控制宇宙中物质和能量的物理过程的研究通常被称为天体物理学（astrophysics）。对宇宙本身的起源、演化和滅亡的研究被称为宇宙学（cosmology）。

天文学，關於天體的科學，以及地球附近椄受來自宇宙組成的輻射之觀察與解釋的學科。


battle

战斗, 一般維持不多於一天


betray

betrays (third-person singular present)
betraying (present participle)
betrayed (past participle)


bill

长柄锲，鹤嘴锄，十字镐。


bill

啄，(鸠等)亲昵地碰嘴。


blame

繼承自中古英語 blame，源自古法語 blame、blasme，由動詞blasmer產生，而它又衍生自晚期拉丁語 blastēmāre，blasphēmāre的變體，來自古希臘語 βλασφημέω (blasphēméō)。blaspheme 的同源對似詞。取代本土的古英語 tǣling (“責備”)、tǣlan (“責備”)。

Blame came from all directions.

The blame for starting the fire lies with the arsonist.

起火的责任应由纵火犯承担。

They accepted the blame, but it was an accident.

他们承受了指责，但这只是一次意外。

原始程式碼控制，可顯示哪位使用者對某部分的原始程式碼負責


blame

繼承自中古英語 blamen，源自古法語 blasmer，來自晚期拉丁語 blasphēmāre (“責罵，辱罵”)，來自古希臘語 βλασφημέω (blasphēméō)。blaspheme 的同源對似詞。從本土詞wite (“責備、指責、譴責、懷疑”)（來自中古英語 wīten、中古英語 wītan）變為常見用語。

blames (third-person singular present)
blaming (present participle)
blamed (past participle)

though my loue be not so lewdly bent, / As those ye blame, yet may it nought appease / My raging smart [...].

尽管我的爱不像你说的卑贱，/ 然而我剧烈的痛苦一点未减，/ 也没法熄灭我心中的火焰 …

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto II”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

That was the year that Sir Richard was writing his volume on Domestic Life in Tartary. The critics all blamed it for a lack of concentration.

1919，Saki, ‘The Oversight’，The Toys of Peace:

I covered the serious programmes too, and indeed, right from the start, I spent more time praising than blaming.

2006，Clive James，North Face of Soho，Picador, 出版於 2007，頁 106:

For knighthoods loue, do not so foule a deed, / Ne blame your honour with so shamefull vaunt / Of vile reuenge.

别这样无耻复仇，丢自己的脸。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto VIII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

The student driver was blamed for the accident.

事故责任归咎于学生司机。

After what happened at the wedding, I wouldn't blame you if you never spoke to them again.

婚礼上发生了那件事之后，如果你再也不和他们说话了，我不会责怪你。

We blamed the accident on the student driver.

我们把事故归咎于学生司机。


blame

damn的委婉 （強調）

"He yarns good," said Tom Platt. "T'other night he told us abaout a kid of his own size steerin' a cunnin' little rig an' four ponies up an' down Toledo, Ohio, I think 'twas, an' givin' suppers to a crowd o' sim'lar kids. Cur'us kind o' fairy-tale, but blame interestin'. He knows scores of 'em."


broadcast

Japanese simultaneous interpreter and translator Eriko Sekiya in an NHK Radio studio, from which she broadcasts (verb sense 3) a programme on introductory business English
日本同聲傳譯家、翻譯家関谷英里子正在NHK演播室，她在此作客介紹商務英語初級課程的節目
Paddy being broadcast (verb sense 4) or sown by hand in Chaudwar, Odisha, India
印度奧里薩邦喬烏德瓦爾的手工播撒稻種
broad + cast。

more broadcast (comparative)
most broadcast (superlative)

And ſuch a double Sowing is of the greateſt Importance; for on the thick Growth of a Crop very much depends on the Bigneſs of it at Harveſt, becauſe, by ſuch a thick Growth, the Weeds are overcome and kept down from hurting the Oats; and, likewiſe, the Heats and Droughts kept the better out from parching up the Roots of the Oats, which, in too thin a Crop, often prove fatal to it; for, when Oats are ſown in the random or broadcaſt Way, there is no more Mold allowed their Roots than what the Harrows and Roll give them; which, at beſt, is but a ſuperficial and moſt thin Covering, and, therefore, the more liable to ſuffer by Droughts, which is different from the Way of ſowing Oats in Drills.

1744，William Ellis，“Of White Oats”, in The Modern Husbandman: Or, The Practice of Farming: As it is Now Carried On by the Most Accurate Farmers in Several Counties of England. For the Month of April. …，Dublin: Printed by and for George Faulkner, →OCLC，頁s 48–49:

They alleged that, as soon as the Opium Commission was appointed, the various anti-opium organisations began to be extremely active and a determined campaign was carried on against the use of the drug by the circulation of a mass of anti-opium literature and the broadcast distribution of handbills and pamphlets.

1923，Song Ong Siang，“The Tenth Decade (1909–19)：第一段”, in One Hundred Years’ History of the Chinese in Singapore: […]，London: John Murray, […], →OCLC，頁 444:

There must be action on and participation in broadcast methods of public education, face to face, in groups, or by use of the mails. This, however, is of secondary importance to the man-to-man job of education in care with fire in the woods.

1931 June，M. A. Mattoon，“Application of Methods to Minimize Human Risks and Physical Dangers”, in Fire Handbook: Region Seven: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 8:

For radio-transmission it has been found that certain passages of a rhythmical nature come out more clearly if wooden-headed sticks are used. The Timpani sometimes tend to sound blurred and even to have a blurring effect on the rest of the orchestral ensemble in broadcast music, when ordinary soft sticks are used in a strongly marked rhythm.

1946，Ch[arles]-M[arie] Widor，Edward Suddard, transl.，“Percussion Instruments”, in The Technique of the Modern Orchestra: A Manual of Practical Instrumentation，第rev. and new版, London: Joseph Wiliams Limited, 29, Enford Street, Marylebone, W.1, →OCLC; reprinted Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 2005, →ISBN，頁 208:

通過電磁波傳輸訊息或信號的；廣播的

The new limitations would still prohibit foreigners from wholly or directly owning broadcast licensees, allowing only indirect ownership through a stake in a controlling parent of a broadcast licensee.

2013年November14日，Alina Selyukh，“U.S. FCC eases foreign investment limit for broadcast stations”, in Reuters，存檔自the original on 2017-08-16:


broadcast

[O]n reporting to Captain Thrasher he informed me that his orders were to take a detachment of forty men across the French Broad River and turn them loose to wander broadcast over the country as a protection to foraging parties of quartermasters and commissaries, […]

1864年January15日，J[oseph] B[enjamin] Polley，“Some ‘Escape’ Stories”, in A Soldier’s Letters to Charming Nellie，New York, N.Y., Washington, D.C.: The Neale Publishing Company, 出版於 1908, →OCLC，頁 195:

The commercial traveller, a personage unknown to antiquity, is one of the striking figures created by the manners and customs of our present epoch. […] Our century will bind the realm of isolated power, abounding as it does in creative genius, to the realm of universal but levelling might; equalizing all products, spreading them broadcast among the masses, and being itself controlled by the principle of unity,—the final expression of all societies.

1885，Honoré de Balzac，[Katherine Prescott Wormeley, transl.]，“The Illustrious Gaudissart [Scenes from Provincial Life.]”, in The Duchesse de Langeais: With An Episode under the Terror, The Illustrious Gaudissart, A Passion in the Desert, and The Hidden Masterpiece (The Comedy of Human Life)，Boston, Mass.: Roberts Brothers, 3 Somerset Street, →OCLC, chapter I，頁 217:

A special letter of warning against the ravages of the potato-tuber moth in the shape of a press notice has been sent broadcast to newspapers, as well as to others, throughout the country.

1913，F[rank] H[urlbut] Chittenden，“Protection of the Fall Crop and Seed Potatoes”, in The Potato-tuber Moth (U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin; no. 557)，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 6:

When [rape is] grown broadcast the superphosphate may be incorporated with the surface soil by the harrow when preparing the ground for the seed or in covering the same.

1893，Thomas Shaw，“Fertilizers for Rape”, in The Rape Plant: Its History, Culture, and Uses (U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin; no. 11)，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office; published by authority of the Secretary of Agriculture, →OCLC，頁 15: