Wiktionary

Wiktionaries (plural)
wiktionary (alternative)

/ˈwɪkʃəˌnɛ(ə)ɹi/

/ˈwɪkʃəˌnɛɹi/

[Hamish Mackintosh:] So is Google officially a verb now? / [William Gibson:] When I wrote Pattern Recognition, it occurred to me that I could use it as a verb and it also occurred to me that someone might already have done so. I thought it didn't matter too much. If I'm first that's great, but if I'm not, then it's just good reportage in a way. Sites like Wiktionary track new usages and neologisms. The page on Google as a verb went back almost two years!

2003年May1日，Hamish Mackintosh，“Talk time: William Gibson”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2016-06-30，頁 21:

[page 428] Wiktionary is a multilingual dictionary (also thesaurus and phrase-book) and has distinctive content policies. Words must be attested and idiomatic (that is, words should be in use, and phrases should be commonly used idioms), and submissions should be neutral and verifiable. […] [page 430] Wiktionary was proposed on the Wikipedia-L mailing list in April 2001 by Larry Sanger, just three months after Wikipedia was launched. […] An outside project called Omegawiki, started by a handful of Wiktionarians, is working on a grand combination of data from Wiktionary into a single dictionary for all languages.

2008，Phoebe Ayers，Charles Matthews，Ben Yates，“Wikimedia Commons and Other Sister Projects”, in How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It，San Francisco, Calif.: No Starch Press, →ISBN，頁s 428 and 430:

Wikipedia has a well-known policy (to experienced editors, at least) stating what kinds of information belong in the encyclopedia. The sister projects that the Wikimedia Foundation supports, such as Wiktionary, fulfill some of the roles that Wikipedia does not. […] Wiktionary is a free, multilingual dictionary with definitions, etymologies, pronunciations, sample quotations, synonyms, antonyms and translations. It's the "lexical companion" to Wikipedia.

2008，John Broughton，“What Wikipedia is Not”, in Wikipedia Reader’s Guide (The Missing Manual)，Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly Media, →ISBN，頁 22:

Collaborative online resources such as Wiktionary may offer a first view of recent coinages which have not yet been included in traditional dictionaries.

2010，Elizabeth Knowles，“[Appendix:] Where to Look: A Selection of Online Resources”, in How to Read a Word，Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 159:

The source of a Wiktionary relation is usually associated with a certain word sense. The syntax [2] fish within the article bass, e.g., indicates that the second sense of bass (the fish within the order of Perciformes) is the source of a (hypernymy) relation to the target term fish. Unfortunately, the target of a relation is not sense disambiguated in general, as it is only given by a link to a certain article. For the term fish in the relation above, it is not clear whether the maritime animal, a part of a ship's mast or a card game is meant. Automatic word sense disambiguation is required to determine the correct sense of the target. To our knowledge, this issue has not been addressed in any of the works based on Wiktionary.

2010，Christian M. Meyer，Iryna Gurevych，“Worth Its Weight in Gold or Yet Another Resource – A Comparative Study of Wiktionary, OpenThesaurus and GermaNet”, in Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: 11th International Conference, CICLing 2010, Iasi, Romania, March 21–27, 2010, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; 6008; LNCS Sublibrary; SL 1 (Theoretical Computer Science and General Issues))，Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, N.Y.: Springer, →ISBN，頁 41:

In a letter, Otto Maier called this drawing a "Galimathias"; according to a "wiktionary entry," this is a Greek word that passed from French students to German citizens and signifies something like "nonsense".

2015，Werner Krauß，“Heritage and Climate Change: A Fatal Affair”, in The Future of Heritage as Climates Change: Loss, Adaptation and Creativity (Key Issues in Cultural Heritage)，Abingdon, Oxon., New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN，頁 54:

此詞典項目的特定版本，以某種語言編寫，例如英語維基詞典。

The site was brought online in English on December 12, 2002; on March 29, 2004, the first non-English Wiktionaries were initiated in French and Polish. Wiktionaries in over 200 languages now exist, and more than 100 have more than 100 definitions.

2008，Phoebe Ayers，Charles Matthews，Ben Yates，“Wikimedia Commons and Other Sister Projects”, in How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It，San Francisco, Calif.: No Starch Press, →ISBN，頁 430:


academician

源自academic + -ian (“擅長…的人”)，部份源自法語 académicien。

/əˌkæ.dəˈmɪʃ.n̩/

大學教師；學者 （自17世紀）

學會會員；院士 （自17世紀）

‘Well, after I had been in the room about ten minutes, talking to huge overdressed dowagers and tedious Academicians, I suddenly became conscious that some one was looking at me.’

1890, Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Vintage 2007, page 9:


kowtow

* 英文古老借中文词（1804年）“叩头”，到現普通長用度。

叩頭（也有直譯為“knock head”）


gung-ho

more gung-ho (comparative)
most gung-ho (superlative)

gung ho的另一種拼寫法


dyke

女同性戀者，通常指男子氣的女同性戀者；


bok choy

* 廣東話＂白菜＂（1938年進入）


pak-choi

* 廣東話＂白菜＂（1847年進入）


pe-tsai

petsai的另一種寫法


six

源自古英語 siex
* 源自原始日耳曼语 *sehs
** 源自原始印欧语 *swéḱs


Lynn

姓氏，也可以作男子名或女子名。


beaucoup

借自法語 beaucoup。在越南戰爭期間因美國大兵而普及。

You know that cost beaucoup bucks!

Donlon says, "Well, we're rich and we got beaucoup beer and beaucoup chow. Now all we need is the Bob Hope show."

唐倫說：「嗯，我們很富有，我們有很多啤酒和很多食物。現在我們需要的只是鮑勃霍普秀。」

1979，Gustav Hasford，The Short-Timers，New York: Bantam Books, 出版於 1980, →ISBN，頁 93:


beaucoup

借自法語 beaucoup。在越南戰爭期間因美國大兵而普及。

Alongside the road with holes in my soul and my shoes / And beaucoups of blues

1970，“Beaucoups of Blues”, in Buzz Rabin 作詞, Beaucoups of Blues，演出者 Ringo Starr:


beaucoup

借自法語 beaucoup。在越南戰爭期間因美國大兵而普及。


babouche

借自法語 babouche，來自阿拉伯語 بَابُوش (bābūš)，來自波斯語 پاپوش (pâpuš，“拖鞋”)。

土耳其或摩洛哥式拖鞋；平底拖鞋

BABOUCHE, S. F. (soulier des Turcs, & autres peuples orientaux,) a Shoe worn by the Turks, and other Oriental Nations.

1729，Abel Boyer，The Royal Dictionary, French and English, and English and French Extracted from the Writings of the Best Authors in Both Languages，London: J. and J. Knapton:


helium

借自新拉丁語 helium，源自古希臘語 ἥλιος (hḗlios，“太陽”)（因其存在最初是在太陽大氣層中被理論化的） + -ium。

It was an enormous balloon filled with helium, that elemental gas forged from hydrogen in the nuclear furnace of the stars.

1997，Ian McEwan，Enduring Love，Vintage (1998)，頁 3:


lithium

鋰(化學元素，原子序為3，化學符號為Li)


nitrogen

[ˈnɐɪtʰɹədʒən]

氮(氣體化學元素，原子序為7，化學符號為N)


oxygen

氧(氣體化學元素，原子序為8，化學符號為O)


neon

氖(隋性氣體化學元素，原子序為10，化學符號為Ne)


magnesium

/ˌmæɡˈniʒəm/


repercussion

/ˌɹiː.pəˈkʌʃ.ən/

/ˌɹɛ.pɚˈkʌʃ.ən/


trendy

trendier (comparative)
trendiest (superlative)

I hate those trendy pre-wrinkled shirts.

Some people who go to trendy cafés lament getting stuck at the long central table that has to be shared, instead hoping they get a ‘private’ table. But that is foolish. On a recent trip to see family, I got stuck at the big table in a café, too; I ended up making a new friend there and learning about the surrounding town.

2024年July22日，Antone Martinho-Truswell，Take a seat: the long table is an antidote to loneliness:


evangelical

新教教徒，福音教派教徒。


equate

源自中古英語 equaten，源自拉丁語 aequātus，aequō的過去分詞。

æquate (alternative)
equates (third-person singular present)
equating (present participle)
equated (past participle)

Mr. Hoyle, who does not believe many multiple-unit diesel services on secondary routes will resist for ever the road transport challenge, would forgo passenger traffic altogether on a little-used route in order to improve the quality of the freight working and reduce its costs by equating the average speed of all trains on the line concerned.

1960 February，“Talking of Trains”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 67:


equate

彙編語言中的語句，定義具有特定值的符號。

The first section of the program includes the system equates.

2005，Arnold S. Berger，Hardware and Computer Organization，頁 220:

The following equates define the stats byte […]

2009，Saifullah Khalid, Neetu Agrawal，Microprocessor System，頁 256:

You can learn much about user routines, labels, displacements, equates (EQU) and so on, by modifying this program and observing the results on the screen.

2012，J. S. Anderson，Microprocessor Technology，頁 221:


pun

繼承自中古英語 ponnen、ponen、punen，來自古英語 punian、pūnian (“重擊，毆打，咆哮，輾壓，研磨”)，來自原始日耳曼語 *punōną (“打碎，粉碎”)。參見pound。作為一種文字遊戲，來自"beating"字到位的概念。

puns (third-person singular present)
punning (present participle)
punned (past participle)

We punned about the topic until all around us groaned.


pun

The pun is the lowest form of wit.


pun

來自馬科恩-賴肖爾表記法中朝鮮語 분 (bun)的拉丁化，來自漢語 分。

bun的另一種寫法：韓國長度單位，約0.3 公分


fr

for real之首字母縮略詞。

is this guy fr?


fr

for real之首字母縮略詞。

all i want is to pass all my finals fr

my grandma just baked me cookies!!! she's fr the best


fr

frs (third-person singular present)
fring (present participle)
fred (past participle)


euthanasia

首次使用於1606年，來自古希臘語 εὐθανασία (euthanasía)，來自εὐ- (eu-，“好的”) + θάνατος (thánatos，“死亡”)。

/juːθəˈneɪʒə/

Euthanasia is the most difficult part of a veterinarian's job.

It would in time, it is to be hoped, effect a quiet euthanasia of the heresies of bigotry and fanaticism which have so long triumphed over human reason, and so generally and deeply afflicted mankind; but this work is to be begun by winnowing the grain from the chaff of the historians of his life.

1819 October 31, Thomas Jefferson, Letter To William Short, Monticello,

This purely painless process, this descent by oblivious trance into oblivion, this natural physical death, is the true euthanasia; and it is the duty of those we call physicians to secure for man such good health as shall bear him in activity and happiness onward in his course to this goal. For euthanasia, though it be open to every one born of every race, is not to be had by any save through obedience to those laws which it is the mission of the physician to learn, to teach, and to enforce. Euthanasia is the sequel of health, the happy death engrafted on the perfect life.

1876, Natural Euthanasia, Popular Science Monthly, Volume 8,

For myself I could hold it in my account with God to find such an euthanasia for you, even at this moment if it were best.

1897，Bram Stoker，Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:


BL

breechloader (“後膛槍”)之首字母縮略詞；breechloading (“後膛裝填的”)之首字母縮略詞。

B.L. cartridges have lubricators choked inside the cartridges of 40-pr. and lower natures.

1879, War Office, Manual of Siege and Garrison Artillery Exercises, p. 37:


BL

來自日語 BL (BL)，來自ボーイズラブ，來自英語 boy+love。

boys' love (“男同性戀題材作品”)之首字母縮略詞。


he

他（用於男子，或不清楚性別的人物（但現今通常用he/she））


CAD

coronary artery disease (“冠狀動脈疾病”)之首字母縮略詞。

Therefore, there are various researches to improve a dementia diagnosis process in the field of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) technology.

2017, Sunjoo Bang et al, "Quad-phased data mining modeling for dementia diagnosis" in BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 17(Supp1):60, at Abstract>Background.


MS

mint state (“原廠狀態”)之首字母縮略詞。

middle school (“初級中學”)之首字母縮略詞。

mini-sheet (“小型張”)之首字母縮略詞。


MS

Microsoft (“微軟”)之首字母縮略詞。


illegal

more illegal (comparative)
most illegal (superlative)

非法的，法律中禁止或違反法律的事情。

非法存取 [電子計算機]


bonsai

來自日語的「盆栽」 (ぼんさい, bonsai)。


gadget

細小、有特別用途的機械或電子工具


nation

國家，由一大群人管理的地方

國民，一群有共同文化，共同來源，共同歷史，共同語言的人


jargon

源自中古英語 jargoun、jargon，源自古法語 jargon，gargon、gargun (“談話，對話”)的變體。

They [the Normans] abandoned their native speech, and adopted the French tongue, in which Latin was the predominant element. They speedily raised their new language to a dignity and importance which it had never before possessed. They found it a barbarous jargon; they fixed it in writing; and they employed it in legislation, in poetry, and in romance.

1849，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 I, in The History of England from the Accession of James II，卷 I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 11:

In fact all the competing theories have developed their own specialized jargons and have a tendency to be difficult to penetrate.

2014，Ian Hodder，Archaeological Theory Today:


jargon

jargons (third-person singular present)
jargoning (present participle)
jargoned (past participle)

Prussian Trenck, the poor subterranean Baron, jargons and jangles in an unmelodious manner.

1837，Thomas Carlyle，“Fatherland in Danger”, in The French Revolution: A History […]，卷 III (The Guillotine), London: James Fraser, […], →OCLC, book III (The Girondins)，頁 184:


jargon

jargoon (“黃鋯石”)的另一種寫法


con

（港英）把男生抬起以硬物撞下體


orange

源自中古英語 orenge, orange ← 古法語 pome orenge (“波斯橙”)，字面意思“橘子蘋果”，受古奧克語 auranja影響，轉譯自古意大利語 melarancio, melarancia，mela (“蘋果”)和(n)arancia (“橙子”)的複合 ← 阿拉伯語 نَارَنْج (nāranj) ← 波斯語 نارنگ (nârang) ← 梵語 नारङ्ग (nāraṅga，“橙樹”) ← 達羅毗荼語系（對比泰米爾語 நார்த்தங்காய் (nārttaṅkāy)，நரந்தம் (narantam，“香氣”)和காய் (kāy，“水果”)的複合；也見泰盧固語 నారంగము (nāraṅgamu), 馬拉雅拉姆語 നാരങ്ങ (nāraṅṅa), 卡納達語 ಕಿತ್ತಳೆ (kittaḷe)）。
顏色一義則是代替了古英語 ġeolurēad (字面意思是“黃-紅”)；對比英語 blue-green。

/ˈɔɹ(ɪ)nd͡ʒ/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Nattes à chat-orange.wav

yellowred

橙色，近似成熟後橙子的顏色，色調介於紅色與黃色之間

一般認爲“orange”一詞沒有同韻詞。目前暫無常用的英式英語詞典收錄“orange”的同韻詞（“door-hinge”在美式發音中韻尾發音比較接近），但英式英語發音中姓氏Gorringe是同韻的。參見英文維基百科：Orange_(word)。

橙色，近似成熟後橙子的顏色，色調介於紅色與黃色之間

orange：


orange

oranger (comparative)
more orange (comparative)
orangest (superlative)
most orange (superlative)

/ˈɔɹ(ɪ)nd͡ʒ/


orange

oranges (third-person singular present)
oranging (present participle)
oranged (past participle)

/ˈɔɹ(ɪ)nd͡ʒ/


egg

蛋，卵 家禽類（雞、鴨、鵝）的蛋

蛋，卵 卵，雌性生殖细胞

看起來形狀像蛋的東西
因受傷而導致的頭部腫脹， 通常很大或明顯

看起來形狀像蛋的東西 一種橢圓形裝飾線條,以鏢形或三角形交替排列

看起來形狀像蛋的東西 在運動比賽，指未能得分

看起來形狀像蛋的東西 炸彈或地雷

正體: 蛋色[電子計算機]


egg

eggs (third-person singular present)
egging (present participle)
egged (past participle)

egg (第三人稱單數簡單現在時 eggs，現在分詞 egging，一般過去時及過去分詞 egged)


owl

owls (third-person singular present)
owling (present participle)
owled (past participle)


country

[ˈkʰʌnt̠ɹ̠̊˔ʷi]


May

繼承自中古英語 May，Mai，派生自古法語 mai，派生自拉丁語 māius (“邁亞之月”)，源自 Maia (“邁亞”)，羅馬神話中的女神。

May（或 Mae）常用於連名，如 Lillie Mae, Katie Mae, Fannie Mae 等。

格里曆中的第五個月；五月

All in the merry month of May, / When green leaves they was springing, / This young man on his death-bed lay, / For the love of Barbara Allen.

Before 1789, "Bonny Barbara Allen," traditional ballad, collected in Francis James Child and George Lyman Kittridge (1886), The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, vol. II, part II, p. 277:

源自英語的女性人名，Mary 和 Margaret 的小名

[…] I will not send Owen's Lily May to the almshouse." "Lily―what?" demanded Mrs. Morley rather sharply, for she was half provoked with what she mentally called Amy's whim of keeping the outcast child when she might send it to the asylum. "Lily May," said Amy, smiling. "Her name is Mary, and we called her first Little Mary, and then Little May. But Owen calls her Lily May."

1856 E. D. E. N. Southworth，The Widow's Son, T. B. Peterson (1867), page 210:

Their parents named them June and May because their birthdays occurred in those months. […] May was like the time of year in which she had been born, changeable, chilly and warm by turns, sullen yet able to know and show loveliness that couldn't last.

1982 Ruth Rendell，The Fever Tree and Other Stories, Hutchinson, ISBN 0091497302，page 119:

It's an awkward name: Isamay, pronounced Is-a-may. Isa is my paternal grandmother's name (shortened from Isabel) and May my maternal grandmother's (it comes, somehow, from Margaret). The amalgamation is, as you see, strictly alphabetical. Life, I feel, would have been much easier if they had chosen Maybel.

2010 Margaret Forster，Isa & May, Chatto & Windus, ISBN 9780701184667，page 5:


December

來自中古英語 December、Decembre，來自古法語 decembre，來自拉丁語 december (“第十個月份”)，來自拉丁語 decem (“十”) + 拉丁語 -ber，來自形容詞後綴-bris；December 在羅馬曆法中為第十個月份。

Decembre (alternative)
Dec. (alternative)
Dec (alternative)
Dc (alternative)
Decembers (plural)

But others were less than thrilled with this new gizmo, particularly its addictive qualities. There were reports of breakups threatened and consummated over it. “Our marriage or your Sony,” one woman told her husband, who duly sold the Walkman to a bachelor friend. A young woman named December Cole, a sales executive at a beauty magazine, recalled a trip to Atlantic City with "a basically rude" man who wouldn't stop "bopping around to his own music."

2017, Rebecca Tuhus-Dubrow, Personal Stereo (ISBN 1501322834), page 45:


red

源自中古英語 red，源自古英語 rēad，源自原始西日耳曼語 *raud，源自原始日耳曼語 *raudaz（對比西弗里斯蘭語 read、低地德語 root、rod、荷蘭語 rood、德語 rot、丹麥語、書面挪威語 rød、新挪威語 raud），源自原始印歐語 *h₁rowdʰós，來自詞根*h₁rewdʰ-（對比威爾士語 rhudd、拉丁語 ruber、rufus、吐火羅語A rtär、吐火羅語B ratre、古希臘語 ἐρυθρός (eruthrós)、阿爾巴尼亞語 pruth (“紅髮人”)、古教會斯拉夫語 рудъ (rudŭ)、捷克語 rudý、立陶宛語 raúdas、阿維斯陀語 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬙𐬀 (raoidita)、梵語 रुधिर (rudhirá，“紅色的，血腥的”)）。

redder (comparative)
more red (comparative)
reddest (superlative)
most red (superlative)

Amerind

美洲原住民的，印第安人的

red whortleberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)

The girl wore a red skirt.

女孩穿著一條紅色的短裙。

Your colour, I warrant you, is as red as any rose.

我保證，你的顏色，就和薔薇一樣紅。

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

The flowers glowed red and golden: snapdragons and sunflowers, and nasturtians trailing all over the turf walls and peeping in at the round windows.

1954年July29日，J.R.R. Tolkien，“I: A Long-Expected Party”, in The Fellowship of the Ring (The Lord of the Rings; 1), →ISBN:

Her hair had red highlights.

紅色花色（紅桃或方塊）的；對比black (“梅花或黑桃花色的”)

I got two red queens, and he got one of the black queens.

我有兩張紅色的Q，他有一張黑色的Q。

支持以紅色為代表色的政黨的： 左翼的（尤指社會主義或共產主義，包括英國工黨和德國德國社會民主黨）

the red-black grand coalition in Germany

德國社民黨-基民盟聯合政府

支持以紅色為代表色的政黨的： 美國共和黨的

a red state

a red Congress

美洲原住民的，印第安人的

特定觀測中電磁頻譜低頻部分（通常可見）的


red

red：

His face turned red in embarrassment.

社會主義者或共產主義者；(首字母常大寫) 布爾什維克

同類詞：pinko

A bottle of red, a bottle of white / It all depends upon your appetite / I'll meet you any time you want / in our Italian restaurant.

1977 September，Billy Joel （作曲作詞）, “Scenes from an Italian Restaurant”, in The Stranger:

He produced a wine key from his jacket pocket and effortlessly removed the cork from the bottle of red.

2005，Jeffrey P. Landry，Temptation Mango:

59 sneak in some red Smuggle a bottle of wine, two glasses, and a corkscrew into a long matinee. Red wine is rich in life-extending antioxidants, and the caper will add zest even to a bad movie.

2008 January–February，“70 Ways to Improve Every Day of the Week”, in Men's Health，卷 23, 期 1, →ISSN，頁 135:

What in the world ever became of sweet Jane? / She lost her sparkle, you know she isn't the same / Livin' on reds, vitamin C, and cocaine

1970，“Truckin'”, in American Beauty，演出者 Grateful Dead:

The big market, these days, is in Downers. Reds and smack—Seconal and heroin—and a hellbroth of bad domestic grass sprayed with everything from arsenic to horse tranquillizers.

1971，Hunter S. Thompson，Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas，Harper Perennial, 出版於 2005，頁 202:

Stopping on the red, you're going on the green / Cause tonight will be like nothing you've ever seen / And you're barreling down the boulevard / You're looking for the heart of Saturday night

1974，Tom Waits （作曲作詞）, “(Looking for) The Heart of Saturday Night”, in The Heart of Saturday Night:

辣豆醬（一般用在短語“bowl of red”中）

Houston visited a home in an early pioneer settlement where he was offered a bowl of red. Houston eagerly took his first large spoonful. His eyes watering, he spat out his bite […]

1982, The Rotarian (volume 140, number 1, page 39)

The species Sciaenops ocellatus certainly isn’t lacking for nicknames.[…] Clear water also favors sightcasting. Against the dark background of marsh mud, a red will appear like a pumpkin — big, orange and round.

2013 November，Catch Cormier，“Sightcasting for redfish”, in Louisiana Sportsman:


red

rede 的過去式和過去分詞


red

reds (third-person singular present)
redding (present participle)
redded (past participle)


Monday

源自"day of the moon"，即月亮之日，漢語原譯為月曜日。


Tuesday

Tuesday源自"Tiw's day"，Tiw為北歐神話中戰神。星期二在拉丁語中為"dies Martis"，即羅馬神話中戰神Mars，亦為火星之神，漢語原譯為火曜日。

/ˈt͡ʃʉːzdæe/


Wednesday

源自"Woden's day"，Woden為日爾曼主神，星期三在拉丁語中為"dies Mercurii"，即為水星之神，日語譯為水曜日。


Thursday

源自"Thor's day"，Thor為日爾曼的风雨雷电之神。星期四在拉丁語中為"dies Iovis"，即為木星之神，漢語原譯為木曜日。


Friday

Friday源自日爾曼的愛與美的女神Frigg。星期五在拉丁語中為"dies Veneris"，即為金星之神，漢語原譯為金曜日。


Saturday

源自"day of the planet Saturn"，即土星日。星期六在拉丁語中為"dies Saturni"，即為土星之神，漢語原譯為土曜日。


Sunday

源自"day of the sun"，即太陽日，漢語原譯為日曜日。


snake

snakes (third-person singular present)
snaking (present participle)
snaked (past participle)


butterfly

蝴蝶，鱗翅目昆蟲，多在白天活動。這類昆蟲身體柔軟、有棒狀觸角、身體背覆翅膀（顏色通常鮮豔）。


fly

源自中古英語 flye，flie，源自古英語 flȳġe，flēoge (“蒼蠅”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fleugǭ (“蒼蠅”)，源自原始印歐語 *plewk- (“飛”)。同源於低地蘇格蘭語 flee，薩特弗里斯蘭語 Fljooge，荷蘭語 vlieg，德國低地德語 Fleeg，德語 Fliege，丹麥語 flue，書面挪威語 flue，新挪威語 fluge，瑞典語 fluga，冰島語 fluga。


mosquito

借自西班牙語 mosquito (“蚋”)，mosca (“蒼蠅”)的指小，來自拉丁語 musca (“蒼蠅”)，來自原始印歐語 *mūs- (“蒼蠅，刺蠅，蚋”)。與西佛蘭德語 meuzie (“蚊子”)、方言瑞典語 mausa (“蚊子”), 立陶宛語 musė (“蒼蠅”)、西西里語 muschitta (“蠓”)等同源。參見midge。

mosquito hawk (Tipulomorpha or Epiprocta)

We lit a driftwood fire to help keep the mosquitoes away. It was partially successful.

1941年March12日，Charles A. Lindbergh，The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh，New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 出版於 1970，頁 461:


mosquito

mosquitos (third-person singular present)
mosquitoing (present participle)
mosquitoed (past participle)

貼近地面飛行，似乎沒有航線


caterpillar

來自中古英語 catirpel、catirpeller，可能來自古諾曼語 catepeluse (現代法語chatte + pileuse (“多毛的貓”))，來自晚期拉丁語 catta + pilōsa。

caterpiller (alternative)
caterpillars (plural)

/ˈkætəˌpɪlə/

/ˈkætɚˌpɪlɚ/

The bird just ate that green caterpillar.

那隻鳥剛剛吃了一隻綠色毛毛蟲。


duck

ducks (third-person singular present)
ducking (present participle)
ducked (past participle)

（不及物動詞） 低頭躲避


eagle

eagles (third-person singular present)
eagling (present participle)
eagled (past participle)


parrot

parrots (third-person singular present)
parroting (present participle)
parroted (past participle)


cockroach

來自西班牙語 cucaracha (“潮蟲”)，來自cuca (“毛毛蟲”)，源自擬聲詞；參見希臘語κόκκυξ (kókkux)、晚期拉丁語cucus。民間說法認為源自cock + roach。cucaracha 的同源對似詞。

不受周圍人歡迎，又生育多個子女的人


panda

panda car (“黑白警車”)之簡寫。


flower

flowers (third-person singular present)
flowering (present participle)
flowered (past participle)


tree

[t̠ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯]


shark

sharks (third-person singular present)
sharking (present participle)
sharked (past participle)


sysop

"System Operator"的简称，是BBS的常用词汇，指BBS系统的最高管理员。


SDK

software development kit (“软件开发工具包”)之首字母縮略詞。


algorithm

繼承自中古英語 algorisme, augrym，派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 algorisme, augrim，派生自中世紀拉丁語 algorismus，派生自阿拉伯語 الخُوَارِزْمِيّ (al-ḵuwārizmiyy)，源自波斯數學家 Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī，該詞的意思是「來自花剌子模的人」。因為受到了無關的 古希臘語 ἀριθμός (arithmós)（同英語 arithmo-）影響，發音產生了變化（-s- > -th-）。

algorism (alternative)
augrim (alternative)
algorithms (plural)

/ˈælɡəɹɪðəm/

/ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/

/ˈælɡəˌɹɪðəm/

/ˈælɡəˌɹɪðm̩/

Informally, an algorithm is any well-defined computational procedure that takes some value, or set of values, as input and produces some value, or set of values, as output. An algorithm is thus a sequence of computational steps that transform the input into the output.

1990, Cormen, Leiserson, and Rivest, Introduction to Algorithms: page 1. Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press, 1999 (23rd printing)

The use of algorithms in policing is one example of their increasing influence on our lives. And, as their ubiquity spreads, so too does the debate around whether we should allow ourselves to become so reliant on them – and who, if anyone, is policing their use.

2013年July26日，Leo Hickman，“How algorithms rule the world”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 7，頁 26:

It’s a computer – an algorithm – and if you’ve been in Iran lately, they take you out of the system.

2018年June25日，Sam Jones，“Ex-Nato chief refused visa waiver to US because of Iran trips”, in The Guardian:

使用阿拉伯數字的計算；算法


Canada

借自法語 Canada，源自勞倫特語 kanata (“村莊、聚落”)。比較奧農達加語 ganataa (村莊)。

加拿大（國家名，位於北美洲）。

Father narrated the story of how Canada developed over a short period to surpass other countries, including Britain，from which it had emerged.

父親講述了加拿大如何在短時間內發展超越包括英國在內的其他國家的故事。

2015，Chigozie Obioma，The Fishermen，ONE，頁 219:


Canada

與某個大國接壤的國家，與該大國有許多相似之處，但因大國更加突出而黯然失色

Belgium is France's Canada.

比利時之於法國，就如加拿大之於美國。

2015，Michael DeMocker，The land of waffles, frites, chocolate, meat and, oh yes, culture，Louisiana: The Times-Picayune，頁 1:


manger

繼承自中古英語 manger，來自古法語 mangeoire、menjoere，來自mangier (“吃”) (現代法語manger)。


guests

guest 的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


fan

扇子。
電風扇。
吊扇。
繼承自中古英語 fan, 繼承自古英語 fann, 派生自拉丁語 vannus, 派生自原始印歐語 *h₂weh₁-。


fan

fans (third-person singular present)
fanning (present participle)
fanned (past participle)

We enjoyed standing at the edge of the cliff, being fanned by the wind.

我們很享受站在懸崖邊緣被風吹拂的感覺。


fan

詞源樹
英語 fanatic
英語 fancyinflu.
英語 fan
阿根廷隊球迷。
星艦奇航記（Star Trek）的粉絲。
滾石樂隊（Rolling Stones）的粉絲。
一群 Beatles 的粉絲正在模仿唱片 Abbey Road 的封面。
fanatic 的截斷形式, 最初為美國棒球俚語。可能受fancy的影響。

某人的仰慕者或某項事物的愛好者


yesterday

源自中古英語 yesterday、yisterday、ȝesterdai、ȝisterdai，源自古英語 ġiestrandæġ、ġister dæġ、ġestor dæġ、ġeostran dæġ，等同於yester- + day。对比低地蘇格蘭語 yisterday、yesterday (“昨天”)、哥特語 𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (gistradagis，“明天”，副詞)。也对比關係更遠的荷蘭語 gisteren、德語 gestern。

複數 yesterdays 不常用，使用情境一般是詩歌語，用“過去”義，如“all our yesterdays have come back to haunt us”。

帶 /ˈjɪ-/ 音的讀法現在屬於方言，但過去標準語也使用。如作家、發音研究者托馬斯·謝里丹就曾在著作中表示不推薦該種讀法。

Today is the child of yesterday and the parent of tomorrow.

今天是昨天的孩子、明天的家長。

Yesterday was rainy, but by this morning it had begun to snow.

昨天下雨，但今早開始轉雪。

Yesterday, upon the stair / I met a man who wasn’t there / He wasn’t there again today / I wish, I wish he’d go away …

yesterday's technology

The worker of today is different from that of yesterday.

如今的工人和過去的相比，已經大不相同。

All our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v]:

Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins. For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you.

2013年June22日，“Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 76:


yesterday

I started to watch the video yesterday, but could only finish it this evening.

昨天我就開始看這部影片了，但直到今晚才看完。

I want this done yesterday!


bury the hatchet

把斧子埋起来，比喻和解，停战


Karl

卡爾，西方男性姓名，常見於德文中。


lynx

繼承自中古英語 lynx、linx、lenx、lynce，來自拉丁語 lynx，來自古希臘語 λύγξ (lúnx)，來自原始印歐語 *lewk- (“白，光，明亮”)，因為貓的眼睛會發亮，能在黑暗中看見東西。中世紀時，這種動物在英國滅絕，因此導致英語 los、loz (“猞猁”)沒有繼續使用；中古英語 lusk (“猞猁”)，來自古英語 lox (“猞猁”)。


Sicily

繼承自中古英語 Sicilie、Sicilye，來自古英語 Sicilia，來自拉丁語 Sicilia，來自古希臘語 Σικελία (Sikelía)，來自Σίκελος (Síkelos，“西庫爾人”)。

西西里：意大利島名，位於地中海


sad

中古英語 sad，源自古英語 sæd，源自原始日耳曼語 *sadaz，源自原始印歐語 *seh₂-。與西弗里斯蘭語 sêd，荷蘭語 zat，德語 satt 同源。

sadder (comparative)
more sad (comparative)
saddest (superlative)
most sad (superlative)

負面情緒 悲伤的，忧伤的

負面情緒 令人感到悲傷的


sad

sads (third-person singular present)
sadding (present participle)
sadded (past participle)


sad

saad (“阿拉伯文字母”)的另一種寫法


sleep

sleeps (third-person singular present)
sleeping (present participle)
slept (past participle)


silver

银(化學元素，原子序為47，化學符號為Ag)


a

源于中古英语和古英语字母A/a。

英語字母中第一個字母，小寫為a

（古典語言學）A原本是希伯來語和腓尼基語的第一個字母，經由希臘文和拉丁文演變而來，相等於希臘文的alpha，在英文中原來表示 後低開口母音(low-back-wide vowel sound)，但現在則代表數個母音


a

不定冠詞，用於可數單數名詞前，表示一個，又同one


child

[ˈt͡ʃaɪ̯.ɫ̩d]

[t͡ʃəɪ̯(ə)ɫd]

kid

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

newborn

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

neonate

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

preteen

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

adolescent

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

tweenager

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

teenager

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

tween

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

teen

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

preadult

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

call someone everything but a child of God

it is a wise child that knows his own father

the burnt child dreads the fire, the burnt child fears the fire

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

He has two children.

比喻性的後代 產物，結果

He was a child of the Renaissance.

他是文藝復興時期的產物。


child

childs (third-person singular present)
childing (present participle)
childed (past participle)

[ˈt͡ʃaɪ̯.ɫ̩d]

[t͡ʃəɪ̯(ə)ɫd]


American football

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/EN-AU ck1 American football.ogg

這項運動在美國和加拿大稱為 football，在世界其他地方則稱為 American football。

英國，愛爾蘭，澳大利亞，新西蘭，印度，巴基斯坦，緬甸，南非，新加坡，馬來西亞，汶萊


light

(繪畫中的)明亮部分[U][C]

(對事物的)見解,觀點[S]


light

lights (third-person singular present)
lighting (present participle)
lit (past participle)
lighted (past participle)

用燈光指引,用燈照路[O]


light

lighter (comparative)
lightest (superlative)

(數量,程度)少量的;輕微的

(負擔)輕的;輕鬆愉快的

清淡的;易消化的;(酒)淡的


controversial

源自拉丁語 controversia (“爭議”) + -al; 參見 controversy。

more controversial (comparative)
most controversial (superlative)

/ˌkɒn.tɹəˈvɜː.ʃəl/

/ˌkɔn.tɹəˈvɜː.ʃəl/


controversial

/ˌkɒn.tɹəˈvɜː.ʃəl/

/ˌkɔn.tɹəˈvɜː.ʃəl/


in contrast to

與...形成對比;與...相比


permanent

自然是永恆的。

這是我的固定地址。


permanent

她到美容院去燙了髮。

She went to a beauty salon for a permanent.


give up

gives up (third-person singular present)
giving up (present participle)
gave up (past)
given up (past participle)

He was surrounded, so gave himself up.

他被包圍了，所以投降了。

They gave him up to the police.

They gave up the search when it got dark.

天黑了，他們停止了搜索。

He gave up his seat to an old man.

"Dear Miss Woodhouse, I would not give up the pleasure and honour of being intimate with you for any thing in the world."

“親愛的伍德豪斯小姐，跟你在一起又快樂又榮幸，我說什麽也不能離開你。”

They gave him up for dead.

他们認爲他活不成了。或
〈喻〉他們認爲他不會出現或到來了。

I gave up my faith years ago.

幾年前我放棄了我的信仰。

OK, I give up, you win.

好吧，我認輸了，你贏了。

被某種品質、行為、特質等完全占据

She seems give up to sin
Too much neglecting grace within

1800s Mary Woody A True Account of Nayomy Wise

代表另一個經紀人執行交易


Taipei

來自官話 臺北／台北 (Tʻai²-pei³)的威妥瑪拼音。

Tʻai-pei (alternative)
Taibei (alternative)
Taipeh (alternative)

臺北（臺灣首都和直轄市）

Hammer De Roburt

1975年June1日，“Nauru republic plans consulate”, in Free China Weekly，卷 XVI, 期 21, Taipei，頁 2:

Years later, when I was governor, I found myself in the same hotel with Nureyev in Taipei, Taiwan.

2005，Bill Clinton，My Life，卷 I, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 219:

We lived in the county of Taoyuan, in northern Taiwan, around twenty-five miles south of the capital of Taipei.

2014，Lu Hsiu-lien, Ashley Esarey，My Fight for a New Taiwan，University of Washington Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁s 19-20:

舊縣名，位於臺灣，現改為新北


dooce

deuce的視覺方言拼法。

Still bemused by the inexplicable apparition of Podson on that spot, Bradly growled, "How the dooce did you get here?"

1938，Norman Lindsay，Age of Consent，Sydney: Ure Smith, 出版於 1962，頁 65:


academy

派生自法語 académie，派生自拉丁語 acadēmīa，派生自古希臘語 Ἀκαδημία (Akadēmía)。另請參見 academe。

（高等）专科学校。指中等或高等训练专门业务的学校，尤指军事、艺术或体育学院。

Royal Academy of Music


Abend

猶太語和德語姓氏，借自德語 Abend (“傍晚”)。


english

来源不确定。據推測，該詞產生與英國人將保齡球等技術引進美國有關，也可能與姓English的人有關。

（台球，保龄球）球绕着垂直轴做旋转运动。

You can't hit it directly, but maybe if you give it some english.

你不能直着打，但是可以有点旋转着打。

不同寻常或出人意料的解释。


german

源自古法語 germain ← 拉丁語 germānus。參見germane。與German無關。

more german (comparative)
most german (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

（兄弟姊妹）同父同母的，親的

The doubtfull wordes whereof they scan and canvas to an fro.
 Which done, Prometheus sonne began by counsell wise and sage
 His cousin germanes fearfulnesse thus gently to asswage:
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1567 Arthur Golding trans., Ovid's Metamorphoses, Book 1, lines 460-2:

After this Merlyn told vnto kynge Arthur of the prophecye / that there shold be a grete batail besyde Salysbury and Mordred his owne sone sholde be ageynste hym / Also he tolde hym that Basdemegus was his cosyn and germayn vnto kynge Vryence

The phrase would bee more Germaine.

Wert thou a leopard, thou wert german to the lion.

c. 1605-1608, William Shakespeare, Timon of Athens


german

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

Which when his german saw, the stony feare / Ran to his hart, and all his sence dismayd […]

1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, II.viii:


german

源自German (“德國的”)。

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

一種圓舞，節奏類似華爾茲。

Through the years, though, the german was replaced by new and more popular dances, but in many instances the name stayed on.

1985, Betty Casey, Dance Across Texas (page 49)


Italian

借自中世紀拉丁語 Italiānus，來自拉丁語 Italia (“意大利”)。

more Italian (comparative)
most Italian (superlative)

It has been shown that there was a great disposition on the part of some German printers, especially Albert Durer, to adopt the rounded Italian type; others preferring the crisp angularity of the Gothic black-letter, even for general purposes; while for books of devotion it appears to have been deemed the more orthodox; the Italian style of type being deemed an innovation.

1868，Henry Noel Humphreys，A History of the Art of Printing，頁 175:


Italian

As Di Matteo celebrated and captain John Terry raised the trophy for the fourth time, the Italian increased his claims to become the permanent successor to Andre Villas-Boas by landing a trophy.

2012年May5日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport:

Simple Cannoli, Lemon Ice, or a delicious Tira Mi Su. With so many wonderful recipes, you can eat Italian anytime.

1995，Betty Crocker's New Italian Cooking，頁 5:

一種亞麻布或棉布，有緞面，用於襯裡

gin and Italian

So the English women would have been interested in American drinks, and in came the gin-and-Italian, for example.

1971，John Doxat，The World of Drinks and Drinking，頁 102:


Spanish

來自中古英語 Spainish, Spanish，等同於Spain + -ish。

Whether Martial's heart was in the Spanish highlands or whether he was happy enough in Rome will be discussed later[…]

2005，J. P. Sullivan，Martial, the unexpected classic，頁 1:

與西班牙人民和文化有關的

Though she was Indian like the rest of us, she had a fine Spanish nose.

1996，Oscar Zeta Acosta，“From Whence I Came”, in Oscar "Zeta" Acosta: the uncollected works，頁 42:

Spanish cuisine is not as spicy hot as Mexican, but it is flavorful and bright.

2007，Lynette Rohrer Shirk，章號 1, in The Everything Tapas and Small Plates Cookbook:

Fundamentally, the Spanish vowel sounds are only five, even though as a matter of fact there may be different other sounds for such vowels as [a], [e] and [o].

1918，Julián Moreno-Lacalle，Elements of Spanish Pronunciation，頁 12:

與西班牙裔跟他們文化有關的


Spanish

"If he speaks Spanish, my daughter can converse with him ; she has but shortly arrived from Spain."

1873，Frederick Marryat，Mr. Midshipman Easy，頁 163:

Therefore in Novial, as well as in Esp-Ido, we simplify the spelling in all words containing double letters in the national languages, from which the words are taken: pasa (E pass, F passer), efekte, komun (F commun, E common), etc. In this we follow the beautiful example of Spanish, which writes pasar, efecto, común, etc., and even extend it to cases in which Spanish makes a distinction in sound and spelling, as with ll and rr: bel S bello, F belle, koresponda, S corresponder, etc.

1928，Otto Jespersen，An International Language，頁 48:

In contrast with the creole languages discussed above, the article systems of Rumanian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese are more complex, since neutralization fails to occur to a large extent.

1995，The Development of Morphological Systematicity，頁 146:

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Spanish。


Spanish

The Spanish are not the only ones selling their goods along the wharves and the inner streets.

1976，Robert Rézette，The Spanish Enclaves in Morocco，頁 62:

Sixty-four percent more Spanish are functionally illiterate compared to Anglos in Lubbock (only 15 percent more of nonwhites than Anglos).

1970，Henry Sioux Johnson, William J. Hernández-Martinez，Educating the Mexican American，頁 87:


Dutch

原始印歐語詞
 *tewtéh₂
來自中古英語 Duch (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)，來自中古低地德語 dütsch, düdesch (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)和中古荷蘭語 dūtsch、duutsc (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *þiudisk，來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz (“部落的，民族的”)，衍生自*þeudō (“人”)，來自原始印歐語 *tewtéh₂。Deutsch和tuath 的同源對似詞。
對照中古英語 thedisch (“本地的，地方性的”)，該詞來自古英語 þēodisċ (“部落的，民族的”)、古撒克遜語 thiudisk（德國低地德語 düütsch (“德語”)）, 古高地德語 diutisc（現代德語 deutsch (“德語”)），現代荷蘭語 Duits (“德語”)和Diets (“荷蘭語”)（直到19世紀才完全區分開來）。參見Derrick、Teuton、Teutonic。
貶義義項（如Dutch courage, Dutch wife, Dutch uncle等）據說源自英荷戰爭和隨後的競爭。

與講日耳曼語的民族有關的


Dutch

According to this view, Dutch is a descendant of Old (West) Low Franconian and …

2003, Anthony F. Buccini, "Ab errore liberato". The Northern Expansion of Frankish Power in the Merovingian Period and the Genesis of the Dutch Language, in: Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik: Band 57 — 2003: Quod vulgo dicitur: Studien zum Altniederländischen, volume edited by Willy Pijnenburg, Arend Quak, Tanneke Schoonheim, here p. 183:

德語，神聖羅馬帝國（德國、奧地利、阿爾薩斯、盧森堡）的主要語言

男性人名，通常做為荷蘭或德國血統人的暱稱，而非正式的名稱


Dutch

The Dutch will vote on the matter next month.

荷蘭人將在下個月就此事投票。

In upstate New York, the Dutch continued to speak their language into the nineteenth century.

在紐約上州，荷蘭人在19世紀依然繼續使用他們自己的語言。


Dutch

Du. (abbreviation alternative)
Dutches (third-person singular present)
Dutching (present participle)
Dutched (past participle)

用鹼液處理可可豆和可可粉，使顏色加深，減輕苦味

Dutch processed is made from cocoa beans that have been treated with an alkalized solution. You'll get a deeper color and a great chocolaty flavor, but more importantly, the process of Dutching the chocolate renders the powder neutral.

2015，Deb Wise，Incredibly Decadent Desserts: 100 Divine Treats Under 300 Calories:


few

音頻（英式）: [fjʉ]


big

bigger (comparative)
biggest (superlative)


long

音頻（英式）: [ˈlɒŋ]

音頻（美式）: [ˈlɔŋ]


long

音頻（英式）: [ˈlɒŋ]

音頻（美式）: [ˈlɔŋ]


thick

標準英音，通用美式，澳大利亞

音頻（美式）: [θe̞k]


thick

標準英音，通用美式，澳大利亞

音頻（美式）: [θe̞k]

最厚的部分；最活跃或最激烈的部分


short

來自中古英語 schort, short，來自古英語 sċeort、sċort (“短”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *skurt，來自原始日耳曼語 *skurtaz (“短”)，來自原始印歐語 *(s)ker-。
與shirt、skirt、curt、低地蘇格蘭語 short、schort (“短”), 法語 court, 荷蘭語 kort, 德語 kurz, 古高地德語 scurz (“短”)（中古高地德語 schurz）、古諾爾斯語 skorta (“缺乏”)（丹麥語 skorte）、阿爾巴尼亞語 shkurt (“短、簡短”)、拉丁語 curtus (“縮短的、不完整”), 原始斯拉夫語 *kortъkъ同源。curt 的同源對似詞。更多请参见shirt。

shorter (comparative)
shortest (superlative)


wife

:源自中古英語 wif、wiif、wyf，源自古英語 wīf （“女人、女性、婦女、妻子”），源自原始日耳曼語 *wībą（“女人、妻子”），可能源自原始印歐語 *gʰʷí₂bʰ-（“恥、陰部”）（對比吐火羅語 kip/kwīpe （“恥、陰部”））。 同源詞有：低地蘇格蘭語 wife （“妻”）、西弗里斯蘭語 wiif （“妻、女人”）、北弗里斯蘭語 wüf （“妻、女人”）、荷蘭語 wijf （“女人、女性”）、低地德語 Wief （“女人、女性”）、德語 Weib （“女人、妻”）、丹麥語 viv （“女人”）、瑞典語 viv （“女人”）、法羅語 vív （“妻、女人”）、冰島語 víf （“女人”）。

（自己或他人的）妻，妻子，太太，夫人，老婆

（兩隻交尾動物中的）雌性


mother

:< 中古英語 moder < 古英語 mōdor < 原始日耳曼语 *mōđēr（对比古弗里斯兰语 mōder、荷兰语 moeder、德语 Mutter） < 原始印欧语 *méh₂tēr（对比爱尔兰语 máthair、吐火罗语A mācar、吐火罗语B mācer、立陶宛语 mótė）。

（对女修道院院长的尊称）


mother

mothers (third-person singular present)
mothering (present participle)
mothered (past participle)


mother

:仿阿拉伯语 أم (’umm、“母亲”）。

最大的，最伟大的，最显著的


father

:< 中古英語 fader < 古英語 fæder < 原始日耳曼语 *fađēr（对比古弗里斯蘭語 feder、荷兰语 vader、德语 Vater） < 原始印欧语 *ph₂tḗr（对比爱尔兰语 athair、吐火罗语A pācar、吐火罗语B pācer、立陶宛语 patinas （“公兽”））。

/ˈfɑː.ðə(ɹ)/

创始人；奠基者；先驱；鼻祖

（尤指天主教和东正教的）神父


father

fathers (third-person singular present)
fathering (present participle)
fathered (past participle)

/ˈfɑː.ðə(ɹ)/

作为父亲，成为父亲；养育


root

roots (third-person singular present)
rooting (present participle)
rooted (past participle)


head

源自中古英語 hed, heed, heved, heaved ← 古英語 hēafod (“頭部；頂部；來源，起源；首領；首都”) ← 原始日耳曼語 *haubudą (“頭”) ← 原始印歐語 *káput-，*kapōlo- (“頭；碗”)的變體。
同源詞
與低地蘇格蘭語 heid, hede, hevid, heved (“頭”), 古英語 hafola (“頭”), 北弗里斯蘭語 hood (“頭”), 荷蘭語 hoofd (“頭”), 德語 Haupt (“頭”), 瑞典語 huvud (“頭”), 冰島語 höfuð (“頭”), 拉丁語 caput (“頭”), 梵語 कपाल (kapāla，“顱”), 印地語 कपाल (kapāl，“顱”)同源。

you can't put an old head on young shoulders

派生短語give something its head是指讓馬自由奔跑，有時也用作比喻車輛。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
頭腦，（心理、情感方面的）技能

Be careful when you pet that dog on the head; it may bite.

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

The company is looking for people with good heads for business.

公司正在尋找有商業頭腦的人。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
腦海，思想

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

This song keeps going through my head.

這首歌一直在我腦海中迴盪。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
（尤指中毒造成的）頭痛

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
頭飾

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
個人

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

Admission is three dollars a head.

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（動物）與頭腦有關的：
:Template:不可數（作量詞，表示牲畜等）一頭；一隻

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

200 head of cattle and 50 head of horses

12 head of big cattle and 14 head of branded calves

12頭大牛和14頭烙過印的小牛

at five years of age this head of cattle is worth perhaps $40

這頭五歲的牛大概值40美元

a reduction in the assessment per head of sheep

they shot 20 head of quail

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（動物）與頭腦有關的：
獵物的數量

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

planting the hedges increased the head of quail and doves

建樹籬增加了鵪鶉和鴿子的數量

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（動物）與頭腦有關的：
鹿角

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

一端（前端、上端等）： 桌子的一端： 上座，桌子離房門最遠的一端，重要的座位

During meetings, the supervisor usually sits at the head of the table.

會議中主管者一般坐在桌子的上座。

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
（斧頭、錘子等）用來敲打的一頭

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
（釘子等）鈍的一頭；釘頭

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
（箭、矛、指針等）尖的一頭

The head of the compass needle is pointing due north.

指南針的指針指向正北方。

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
(曲棍球) 曲棍球棒用來控球的一端

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
:Template:音樂 鼓皮，敲打鼓使其發聲的部位

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
磁頭

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
氣缸蓋

一端（前端、上端等）： 啤酒或碳酸飲料的泡沫；酒頭

Pour me a fresh beer; this one has no head.

給我倒一杯新鮮的啤酒，這杯的沒有沫兒。

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:醫 膿頭

一端（前端、上端等）： 岬

(社會):Template:可數 領導者；專業人士：
領頭位置

(社會):Template:可數 領導者；專業人士：
領導者；首領；主謀

I'd like to speak to the head of the department.

Police arrested the head of the gang in a raid last night.

警方昨晚在一次突襲中逮捕了那個團伙的頭目。

(社會):Template:可數 領導者；專業人士：
校長

I was called into the head's office to discuss my behaviour.

我被叫去校長辦公室談談我的行爲。

(社會):Template:可數 領導者；專業人士：
:Template:音樂 對嘻哈樂有廣泛瞭解的人。

重要/必要的部分： 首；尾；突出的部分： 河源；河流入湖處

The expedition followed the river all the way to the head.

探險隊沿河一直走到河流的源頭。

重要/必要的部分： 首；尾；突出的部分： 葉球；頭狀花序 （麥等穀物的）穗

重要/必要的部分： 首；尾；突出的部分： 葉球；頭狀花序 樹多葉的一端

重要/必要的部分： 首；尾；突出的部分： （骨的）小頭

重要/必要的部分： 首；尾；突出的部分： 船上的廁所

重要/必要的部分：
首；尾；突出的部分：
:Template:複 貼在屋檐上的瓷磚

重要/必要的部分： 組成部分： （爵士樂樂曲的）主旋律，主題

重要/必要的部分：
組成部分：
(語言學) （短語、複合詞的）中心成分，中心詞

We are having a difficult time making head against this wind.

我們在逆風前進時遇到了困難。

:Template:可數 大量非法濫用藥物的人

高差；揚程；水頭；水位差；高差


head

head sea

head wind


head

heads (third-person singular present)
heading (present participle)
headed (past participle)

領導，主管（參見head up）

Who heads the board of trustees?

to head an army, an expedition, or a riot

領導軍隊；領導探險隊；領導暴動

用頭擊打（如足球中用頭頂球：head the ball）

We are going to head up North for our holiday.

We will head off tomorrow.

Next holiday we will head out West, or head to Chicago.

下個假期我們去西部或者去芝加哥。

Right now I need to head into town to do some shopping.

I'm fed up working for a boss. I'm going to head out on my own, set up my own business.

How does the ship head?

The salmon are first headed and then scaled.

to head trees


eye

eyes (third-person singular present)
eyeing (present participle)
eying (present participle)
eyed (past participle)


hand

hands (third-person singular present)
handing (present participle)
handed (past participle)


heart

音頻（美式，加利福尼亚）


heart

hearts (third-person singular present)
hearting (present participle)
hearted (past participle)

音頻（美式，加利福尼亚）


lie

謊話
例子: This politician told many lies. 這個政客說了很多謊話


hold

源自中古英語 holden ← 古英語 healdan ← 原始日耳曼語 *haldaną (“照料（牲口），放牧”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *kel- (“驅趕”)（對比拉丁語 celer (“快”), 吐火羅語B kälts (“刺激，驅趕”), 古希臘語 κέλλω (kéllō，“驅趕”), 梵語 कलयति (kalayati，“他促使”)）。與西弗里斯蘭語 hâlde, 低地德語 holden, holen, 荷蘭語 houden, 德語 halten, 丹麥語、書面挪威語 holde, 新挪威語 halda同源。

holds (third-person singular present)
holding (present participle)
held (past)
held (past participle)
holden (past participle)

hold with the hare and run with the hounds

Hold the pencil like this.

The slightest effort made the patient cough. He would stand leaning on a stick and holding a hand to his side, and when the paroxysm had passed it left him shaking.

1918，W. B. Maxwell，章號 23, in The Mirror and the Lamp:

This package holds six bottles.

Hold my coat for me.  The general ordered the colonel to hold his position at all costs.

幫我拿著外套。  將軍要上校不惜一切代價保住他的位置。

保持某種狀態。 預約，預訂

Hold a table for us at 7:00.

幫我們訂一張7點的桌子。

Hold the elevator.

保持某種狀態。 拘留，扣押

Hold the suspect in this cell.

把嫌疑犯關進這間牢房裡。

to hold true;  The proposition holds.

保持某種狀態。 使自身處於某一狀態下

to hold firm;  to hold opinions

Mother[…]considered that the exclusiveness of Peter's circle was due not to its distinction, but to the fact that it was an inner Babylon of prodigality and whoredom, from which every Kensingtonian held aloof, except on the conventional tip-and-run excursions in pursuit of shopping, tea and theatres.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 2, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:


hold

Old Applegate, in the stern, just set and looked at me, and Lord James, amidship, waved both arms and kept hollering for help. I took a couple of everlasting big strokes and managed to grab hold of the skiff's rail, close to the stern.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 7, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:


tie

ties (third-person singular present)
tying (present participle)
tied (past participle)


cloud

clouds (third-person singular present)
clouding (present participle)
clouded (past participle)


mountain

山。地球表面的一種地貌。高地於地基，有較陡的坡面和相對較小的峰頂區域。山地是一種重要的水力、能源、礦產、森林、農產品以及娛樂資源。它們是生物多樣性和瀕危物種的倉庫，是全球生態系統的一部分。全世界大約10％的人口依靠山地資源，其中近一半的人口受到山地流域惡化的影響。 (來源: MGH / WRIGHT)


with

源自中古英語 with，源自古英語 wiþ，源自原始西日耳曼語 *wiþi，原始日耳曼語 *wiþrą (“反，反對”)的縮略形式。副詞的釋義可能是從其他日耳曼語意譯的，例如 挪威語 med、瑞典語 med 和德語 mit。

wyth (alternative)
whith (alternative)
wᵗʰ (alternative)
wᵗ (alternative)
w/ (dated alternative)
w (alternative)
wi' (alternative)
wit (alternative)
wit' (alternative)
wid (alternative)
wif (alternative)
wiv (alternative)

cut with a knife

I water my plants with this watering can. This is the watering can I water my plants with.

我用這個水壺為我的植物澆水。這是我用來為我的植物澆水的水壺。

Find what you want instantly with our search engine.

使用我們的搜尋引擎快速尋找你想要的 (資訊)。

They dismissed the meeting with a wave of their hand.

他們用手揮了一下，(以表示) 會議取消。

They had cut of his head upon the cudy of his boat had not the man reskued him with a sword...

如果不是那人用劍救了他，他們就在他的船上砍下他的頭…

And keep each other company in spite, / As rivals in your common mistress, fame, / And with faint praises one another damn;

即使如此，你們仍彼此作伴，/ 作為共享情人的競爭對手——名聲，/ 詛咒對方以微弱的讚美；

We are with you all the way.

There are a number of problems with your plan.

What on Earth is wrong with my keyboard?

我的鍵盤到底出什麼毛病了？

He was pleased with the outcome.

I’m upset with my father.

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013年June29日，“A punch in the gut”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁s 72–3:

It was small and bumpy, with a tinge of orange.

這東西很小、凹凸不平，帶點兒橙色。

As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels.

隨著我們年齡增長，身體的主要動脈常常會因為斑塊而變得增厚，這是一種具有類似燕麥粥質地的脂肪物質，會在血管內壁上逐漸堆積。

2013年 7-8月，史蒂芬·P·洛尼, David M. Pelz，“Stents to Prevent Stroke”, in 美國科學家:

Speak with confidence.

He spoke with sadness in his voice.

She was with Acme for twenty years before retiring last fall.

她在 Acme 工作了二十年，去年秋天退休。

With your kind of body size, you shouldn’t be eating pizza at all.

考慮到你的體型，你不應該吃披薩。

That was a lot to explain; are you still with me?

需要解釋的太多了；你跟得上我嗎？

Are you still with me? Good. I was worried, because you may not think you need a lightweight rifle.

1983年May7日，David E. Petzal，“The Lightweight Division”, in Field & Stream:


with

Do you want to come with?


with

源自中古英語 withe，wiþþe，源自古英語 wiþþe。參見 withe。

And Samson said unto her, If they bind me with seven green withs that were never dried, then shall I be weak, and be as another man.

參孫回答說，人若用七條未乾的青繩子捆綁我，我就軟弱像別人一樣。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Judges 16:7:


court

courts (third-person singular present)
courting (present participle)
courted (past participle)


entendre

僅用於double entendre、single entendre、triple entendre。


lang

langer (comparative)
langest (superlative)


fern

蕨類。脈管植物，不具花和果實。 (來源： MGH)


an

繼承自中古英語 an，來自古英語 ān (不定冠詞，字面意思是“一”)。參見 one。

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音

主附錄： 英語冠詞#不定冠詞

在標準英語中，冠詞an用在元音前，而a用於輔音前。另外an 也可以出現在h音開頭的非重音音節前，如an historic。這時h音可能變成無聲，或發音微弱。只有6%的英國人喜歡這種用法，在書面中也只是稍微常見一些。

在歷史上，an也可以出現在one跟許多首字母為 u、eu (現在讀作/juː/, /jʊ/, /jə/)的詞之前，像是eunuch、unique、utility。這是因為這些首字母被讀作元音。在書寫中，直到19世紀這些詞在獲得首輔音之後，很久一段時間 an 仍然是這些詞前的常用詞。這種情況偶爾還會出現。

相反，在非標準（通常是方言）語音及其書面表達中，元音前很少出現 a。例如：“ain't this a innerestin sitchation” (Moira Young，Blood Red Road)。

a 的所有冠詞義項均可用在 an 上。

a 的變形 (全義項)
在元音前使用

Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke. He was dressed out in broad gaiters and bright tweeds, like an English tourist, and his face might have belonged to Dagon, idol of the Philistines.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 2, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

I was catapulted without preparation into the most difficult job any mortal man can hold. My duties would not wait a week, or a day, or even an hour.

1971，Lyndon Johnson，“The Beginning”, in The Vantage Point，Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 12:

a 的變形 (全義項)
在one和首音為 u、eu 的詞前使用，發音為 /ju/。

God brought him forth out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn: he shall eat up the nations his enemies, and shall break their bones, and pierce them through with his arrows.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Numbers 24:8:

My hopes, from my earliest years, have been hopes of celebrity as a writer- not of wealth, or of influence, or of accomplishing any of the thousand aims which furnish the great bulk of mankind with motives. You will laugh at me. There is something so emphatically shadowy and unreal in the object of this ambition, that even the full attainment of its provokes a smile. For who does not know
'How vain that second life in others' breath,
The estate which wits inherit after death!'
And what can be more fraught with the ludicrous than an union of this shadowy ambition with mediocre parts and attainments! But I digress.

(Can we date this quote?)，John Mackay Wilson，Wilson's Tales of the Borders; Historical, Traditionary, and Imaginative, →OCLC，頁 84:

President Nicolas Sarkozy of France is open to an European monetary fund but would want it to raise money cheaply on capital markets and lend it to needy euro-zone countries before they faced possible default.

2010年March22日，Paul Taylor，“Greece Debates Revive Old European Fears and Resentments”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2010-04-03, Inside Europe:

In an unanimous vote on Monday, the city’s school board approved removing the name of Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest from Forrest Hill Academy and calling the alternative school the Hank Aaron New Beginnings Academy.

2021年April13日，Neil Vigdor，“Hank Aaron’s Name Will Replace a Confederate General’s on an Atlanta School”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2021-04-14, U.S.:

Having been given seven full days, Jack Smith took exactly one day to file a forty-page response in opposition, to the Supreme Court, making the argument that there was no reason for the Supreme Court to hear Donald Trump's appeal of an unanimous opinion by the second most important court in the country, the Washington, D.C. Federal Court of Appeals, which supported the trial judge's ruling that there is no such thing as immunity from criminal prosecution for former presidents.

2024年February14日，Lawrence O'Donnell，片头起0:29, in Lawrence: Jack Smith asks SCOTUS to move fast on Trump. Nixon case is proof they can.，MSNBC，存檔自the original on 2024-02-15:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:an。

a 的變形 (全義項)
在重音或非重音音節的 /h/前使用。

1 I waited patiently for the Lord, and he inclined vnto me, and heard my crie.
2 He brought me vp also out of an horrible pit, out of the mirie clay, and set my feete vpon a rock, and established my goings.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 40:1–2:

The Province of Nanking, by the Tartars called Kiangnan, is the ſecond in honour, in magnitude and fertility in all China : It is divided into 14 great Territories, having Cities and Towns an hundred and ten; Nanking, or Kiangning being the Metropolis; a City, that if ſhe did not exceed moſt Cities on the Earth in bigneſs and beauty, yet ſhe was inferior to few, for her Pagodes, her Temples, her Porcelane Towers, her Palaces and Triumphal Arches. Fungiang, Sucheu, Sunkiang, Leucheu, Hoaigan, Ganking, Ningue, Hoeicheu, are alſo eminent places, and of great Note and Trade.

1693，Robert Morden，“Of China”, in Geography Rectified; or a Description of the World，第3rd版, →OCLC，頁 441:

Following the doctrine of Lenin and Stalin, relying on the support of the great Soviet state and all the revolutionary forces of all countries, the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people gained an historic victory a few years ago.

1953，Mao Tse-tung，“Mao Tse-tung's Tribute to Stalin”, in Current Soviet Policies，New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 254:

We have agreed on joint ventures in space. We have agreed on ways of working together to protect the environment, to advance health, to cooperate in science and technology. We have agreed on means of preventing incidents at sea. We have established a commission to expand trade between our two nations. Most important, we have taken an historic first step in the limitation of nuclear strategic arms.

1972年May28日，片头起3:30, in President Nixon addresses the Soviet People live from the Kremlin，spoken by Richard Nixon，存檔自the original on 2015-12-22:

Well yesterday was an historic day. Uh, there was last minute testimony scheduled in the January 6th committee from a former aide to Trump chief of staff Mark Meadows.

2022年June29日，David Pakman，片头起0:00, in Trump Assaulted Secret Service Agent, Smeared Ketchup on Wall，存檔自the original on 2022-06-30:

a 的變形 (全義項)
用於所有輔音前。


an

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音


an

繼承自中古英語 an (“和，如果”)。

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音

An it harm none, do what ye will.

只要不傷害別人，你想做什麼都可以。

At length did cross an Albatross,
 Thorough the Fog it came;
 And an it were a Christian Soul,
 We hail'd it in God's Name.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

:Template:RQ:Wordsworth Coleridge Lyrical Ballads (original version), lines 61–64:


an

借自格魯吉亞語 ან (an)。

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音

格魯吉亞語的字母語第一個字母，ა (Mkhedruli)、Ⴀ (Asomtavruli)、ⴀ (Nuskhuri)


an

繼承自古英語 an，on (介詞)。

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音

在這一情況下，它與 a 一詞的用法相同，但因元音在前（在未發音的 h 之後）而有所變化。例如：“The train was speeding along at a mile a minute.”

I was only going twenty miles an hour.

我的速度只有每小時二十英里。


nouveau

法語 nouveau。1828年被承認為英語。novel 的同源對似詞。


route

來自中古英語 route，源自古法語 route、rote (“道，路，徑”)（對比現代法語 route），來自拉丁語 (via) rupta (“用強力打開的（道路）”)，源自rumpere viam（“開闢道路”）。中國古代行政區劃的義項是意譯自漢語 路 (lù)。

The route was used so much that it formed a rut.

這條路走的車很多，都起車轍了。

You need to find a route that you can take between these two obstacles.

你要在這兩個障礙物中找出一條路線。

I corralled the judge, and we started off across the fields, in no very mild state of fear of that gentleman's wife, whose vigilance was seldom relaxed. And thus we came by a circuitous route to Mohair, the judge occupied by his own guilty thoughts, and I by others not less disturbing.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 8, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013年March7日，Harold J. Morowitz，“The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，頁 83:

（送貨、載人的）常規路線

We live near the bus route.

Here is a map of our delivery routes.

這是我們配送路線的地圖。

道，路，徑；通常特別指公路

Follow Route 49 out of town.

If such an option is to viable over time, it needs to be protected against competitors. Having patent protection is one route. […] Another route is to have a programmatic investment strategy […] . Rolex has taken this route […]

2010, Damien McLoughlin and David A. Aaker, Strategic Market Management: Global Perspectives, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-68975-2, pages 156-7:

The Chinese, ever since the first century of our era, have called the countries which we to-day name Kashgar and Sungaria, "routes." They referred them to their relative position on the two sides of the Tian-Shan, and called our Sungaria, Pe-lu, " northern route," and our Kashgar, Nan-lu, " southern route." The Turks gave other names to these countries; they called the northern route besh-balik, "the five cities," Pentapolis; the southern route was alti-shehr, " the six cities," Hexapolis.

1908，Henry Smith Williams，The Historians' History of the World:

Under the director were eight education promotion officials (quanxue yuan), each installed in a “route”(lu,corresponding to the policing ward).

2005，Huaiyin Li，Village Governance In North China: Huailu County, 1875-1936, →ISBN:

In the year Zhiyuan 8, 5th month, on xinwei day (around June, 1271), owing to the fact that the chieftains of the eight polities in Dali had submitted recently and were adhered to [China], the thirty-seven tribal regions under Dali were divided into three routes.

2008，Foon Ming Liew, Volker Grabowsky, & ʻArunrat Wichīankhīeo，Lan Na in Chinese historiography, →ISBN:

Chinese administrative "cities" were often the location of more than one yamen, each with its own territorial jurisdiction. For instance, Yangszhou was not only the seat of the Pacificiation Commission (xuanweisi) of Huaidonglu, but also the capital of the Yanzhou Route (lu) subordinated to the Pacification Commision. Morevover, it was the administrative seat of Jiangdu District, which was subordinated to the Yangzhou Route.

2012，Hans Ulrich Vogel，Marco Polo Was in China, →ISBN:


route

routes (third-person singular present)
routing (present participle)
routeing (present participle)
routed (past participle)

All incoming mail was routed through a single office.

所有收到的郵件都通過一個辦公室轉送。

Google Glass has come under fire from privacy advocates because it can record video without subjects being aware of it, and that any video will be routed through Google's servers.

2014年June24日，“Google Glass go on sale in the UK for £1,000”, in The Guardian:


route

root的視覺方言拼法。


grande

一杯比高身杯還要大的咖啡


padre

源自意大利語 padre，西班牙語 padre，葡萄牙語 padre (“牧師”)，源自拉丁語 pater (“父親”)。ayr、faeder、father、pater和père 的同源對似詞。

羅馬天主教或英國聖公會牧師


luna

源自拉丁語 lūna (“月亮；月份；新月”)。

“Gee,” whispered Oliver. He sat there staring. “A luna! I never thought I’d see a real luna!”

1944, Elizabeth Enright, Then There Were Five, Farrar & Rinehart, page 80:

On the previous evening we had discovered with delight a luna with the fabulous moons, one on each pale green wing.

1969, Sterling North, “An Introduction to Butterflies and Moths”, in Boys’ Life, May 1969 issue, Boy Scouts of America, page 64:

Spray BT on your young oak to protect against gypsy moths, and you wipe out future lunas, cecropias, and everything else on the leaves, along with the pests.

2010, Sally Roth (contributor), in Judy Pray (compiler), Garden Wisdom & Know-How: Everything You Need to Know to Plant, Grow, and Harvest, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc., ISBN 978-1-57912-837-1, page 348:

月牙形的容器，主要用玻璃製成，用於將盛放聖餐臺上的主食（麵包）直立 （自19世紀）

The Bread of Angels is first taken from the tabernacle, where it rests in the luna, and placed upon the altar, covered with a corporal. After genuflecting, the priest puts the luna containing the Blessed Sacrament on its throne—the monstrance—and elevates it […]

1907 May, “Dominicanus”, “The Rosary and the Blessed Sacrament”, in the Dominican Friars, The Rosary Magazine, Volume 30, Number 5, page 494:

This receptacle is called a “luna” or “lunula” (a moon, or a little moon), and has glass on either side, so that the Host may be seen when enclosed therein. […] ¶ […] ¶ The ciborium, the pyx and luna of the ostensorium are blessed with a simpler formula than that used for the chalice, and […] ¶ […] ¶ The chalice, the paten, the luna and the pyx are sacred things, true sacramentals, and are worthy of deepest reverence; for […]

1917，John F. Sullivan，The Externals of the Catholic Church，BiblioLife, LLC, 出版於 2009, →ISBN，頁s 115–116:

The luna, which is a piece of glass in the shape of a moon, contains the Blessed Sacrament, previously consecrated. The luna is then placed in the middle of the sunburst of the monstrance.

2007，John Trigilio，Kenneth Brighenti，The Catholicism Answer Book: The 300 Most Frequently Asked Questions，Sourcebooks, Inc., →ISBN，頁 156:


luna

來自夏威夷語 luna (“領導；導師”)。

這個名詞在英語雖然有變格(單數luna，複數lunas)，但作為一個外來語時經常斜體化。

There are several reasons why the Hawaiian-born Japanese boys and girls do not take kindly to plantation labor, but one of the chief reasons is the objection to the kind of lunas who oversee the work of the laborers.

1922, U. G. Murphy, “The Japanese Problem in Hawaii: How the Task of Christianizing and Americanizing the Oriental is Progressing”, in The Friend, Volume 91, Number 6 (June 1922) page 130:

[…] haoles could not visualize Chinese or Japanese in positions of authority. And from sad experience, the great plantation owners had discovered that the Americans they could get to serve as lunas were positively no good. Capable Americans expected office jobs and incapable ones were unable to control the Oriental […]

1959，James Michener，Hawaii，Fawcett Crest, 出版於 1986, →ISBN，頁 737:

After the day was over I went to the luna to count my day but he would not. Then I went to him the second time and he said he would not put it down.

2000，Sally Engle Merry，Colonizing Hawai'i: the cultural power of law，頁 321:

Capital punishment was outlawed by the government but some plantation managers and luna still delivered lashings and other forms of abuse.

2012，Julia Flynn Siler，Lost Kingdom，Grove Press，頁 35:


corretto

No more pizza, no more correttos, just another place renting VHS tapes.


is

英國，美國，加拿大，澳大利亞

(用於第三人稱單數現在式) 是


nos

no 的複數（noes的另一種寫法）


nos

nitrous oxide system (“氮氣加速系統”) 之首字母縮略詞。

同類詞：NOx


algum

源自希伯來語 אַלְגּוּמִּים (algumím)。

聖經中提及的一種樹或木頭，可能是刺柏或檀香木

And the seruants also of Huram, and the seruants of Solomon, which brought gold from Ophir, brought Algume trees and, precious stones.

希蘭的僕人，和所羅門的僕人，從俄斐運了金子來，也運了檀香木和寶石來。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Chronicles 9:10:


quatro

cuatro的另一種寫法

By the late 1940s Jules had invented a quatro pan after observing a family playing parang, a Venezuelan-derived Christmas music traditional to Trinidad which is generally performed by vocalists accompanied by guitars, quatros, mandolins, a one-string box bass, chac-chacs, and scrapers.

1995，Stephen Stuempfle，The Steelband Movement: The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago:


granda

My granda would make everything from scratch and it was a wonderful feast of a picky tea. His potatoes deep-fried in batter were amazing.


longa

源自澳洲克里奧爾語 langa，源自英語 along，對比比斯拉馬語和托克皮辛語 long。

屬於。（從十九世紀開始）

This fella song all about the Aboriginal people, coloured people, black people longa Australia.

1991, Jimmy Chi, Bran Nue Dae, in Heiss & Minter, Macquarie PEN Anthology of Aboriginal Literature, Allen & Unwin 2008, p. 137:

He wait longa river.

2000，Queensland Department of Justice，Aboriginal English in the courts: a handbook:


longa

源自拉丁語 longa。

longæ (plural)
longe (plural)
longas (plural)

quadruple whole note

等於兩個或三個短音符的音符，即四個或六個全音符。

等於兩個或三個短音符的音符，即四個或六個全音符。


vid

video 的截斷形式。

Check out my cool new vids on YouTube!

在 YouTube 上觀看我很酷的新影片！


latus

源自 拉丁語 latus (“side”)，源自 原始意大利語 *tlātos，源自 原始印歐語 *tl̥h₂tós，源自 *telh₂-。


dun

源自中古英語 dun、dunne，源自古英語 dunn (“暗褐色，樹皮色，黑褐色”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *dusnaz (“褐色，黃色”)，源自原始印歐語 *dʰewh₂- (“冒煙，捲起塵埃”)。與古撒克遜語 dun (“褐色，暗”)、古高地德語 tusin (“灰色，暗褐色，淡黃色，暗”)、古諾爾斯語 dunna (“鴨，雌鴨”)同源。
也可能派生自布立吞亞支（對比中古威爾士語 dwnn (“暗（紅色）”)），源自原始凱爾特語 *dusnos（對比古愛爾蘭語 donn），源自原始印歐語 *dʰews-（對比古撒克遜語 dosan (“栗棕色”)）。參見dusk。

dun：


dun

Come, thick Night,
 And pall thee in the dunneſt ſmoake of Hell,
 That my keene Knife ſee not the Wound it makes,
 Nor Heauen peepe through the Blanket of the darke,
 To cry, hold, hold.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene v]，頁 134，列 2，行s 48–49:


dun

未知；可能是din的變體。多個來源認為源自 Joe Dun，一名因逮捕追債者而出名的執達吏之名，不過這個說法有爭議。

Look ye, gentlemen, I have lived with credit in the world, and it grieves my heart never to stir out of my doors but to be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun or other.

1889 [1712]，John Arbuthnot，The History of John Bull，London: Cassell & Co., →OCLC，頁 71:

Melancholy duns came looking for him at all hours.

1933, George Orwell, Down and Out in Paris and London, Ch. 18:

‘Frank's worried about duns,’ she said as the butler went away.

1970, John Glassco, Memoirs of Montparnasse, New York 2007, p. 102:

Miss Hoppin received a dun for volume 9 1840–1 which Mr. James McConnell, (who now pays the above) is sure was paid.

1842，A.B.G.，“Errata”, in Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate，卷 13, →OCLC，頁 251:


dun

duns (third-person singular present)
dunning (present participle)
dunned (past participle)

And hath she sent so soon to dun?

1768，Jonathan Swift，The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift，London: C. Bathurst, →OCLC, Miscellanies in Verse，頁 309:

Of all he had received from Lady Bellaston, not above five guineas remained and that very morning he had been dunned by a tradesman for twice that sum.

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, Folio Society 1973, p. 577:

不停重複（要求等）來騷擾

Rich bitches who had to be dunned for their milk bills would pay him right now.

1940, Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely, Penguin 2010, p. 107:


dun

不確定；可能來自其顏色。

Also, duns are dull and generally sober colored, whilst spinners are more brightly colored and shining and their wings are clear and transparent.

1966，John Harris，An Angler's Entomology，New York: Barnes, →OCLC，頁 16:

一種類似蜉蝣亞成蟲的擬餌

We have besides for this Month a little Dun call'd a whirling Dun (though it is not the whirling Dun indeed, which is one of the best Flies we have) and for this the dubbing must be of the bottom fur of a Squirrels tail and the wing of the grey feather of a Drake.

1676，Charles Cotton，The Compleat Angler. Being Instructions how to Angle for a Trout or Grayling in a Clear Stream，London: Richard Marriott, and Henry Brome, →OCLC, March，頁 59:


dun

源自愛爾蘭語 dún 或 蘇格蘭蓋爾語 dùn，源自原始凱爾特語 *dūnom (“要塞，堡壘”)。與威爾士語 dinas (“城市”)同源。town 的同源對似詞。

古代或中世紀的堡壘、要塞；尤指在蘇格蘭或愛爾蘭的山丘要塞。

Pampedun, or Pandon, was probably a place of residence from the earliest times; its sheltered situation for boats, and proximity to the ancient way over the river, protected perhaps by a dun or camp, on the height above [...] possibly gave origin to the ancient name of the place, Pampedun, from the British pant, a hollow, and dun, a fort or camp, Pant-y-dun.

1858，Henry MacLauchlan，Memoir written during a survey of the Roman Wall, through the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland, in the years 1852-1854，London: Printed for private circulation, →OCLC，頁 9:

奧克尼、設得蘭或蘇格蘭的一種圓形石屋

Smaller than the broch was the dun, another type of stone-built 'roundhouse'.

2013，T.J. Clarkson，The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings，Edinburgh: Birlinn, →ISBN:


dun

done的視覺方言拼法: do 的過去分詞

...a wise old lady exclaimed, "Why Mrs. M. warn't you orful skeerd wunst when you seed a dog fight? [...] an that ere big yaller dog bit orf your baby's hand that minit; in cors he dun it, so now that settles it."

1895年May7日，S.L.N. Foote，“Correspondence”, in International Journal of Medicine and Surgery，卷 8, retrieved 2016-10-13，頁 194:

Fwhere's he come from, I dun'no'. French or English, I dun'no'. But a gintleman born, I know.

1901，Gilbert Parker，The Right of Way，New York and London: Harper, →OCLC:


dun

可能源自處理過後魚的顏色。

醃製好鱈魚等魚類後將其堆放在不被光線直射到的地方, 並用碱茅等覆蓋來保存

Dun-fish are of a superior quality for the table, and are cured in such a manner as to give them a dun or brownish color. Fish for dunning are caught early in spring, and sometimes February, at the Isle of Shoals.

1832，James Thacher，History of Plymouth; from its first settlement in 1620, to the year 1832，Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, →OCLC，頁 317:


dun

模仿帶有懸疑色彩的音樂。

How would you deal with that power? (Dun, dun, DUN! Insert dramatic music here.)

2009，Carrie Tucker，I Love Geeks: The Official Handbook，Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media, →ISBN:


macer

源自中古英語 macer，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 macer，源自mace (“權杖”)。

mace-bearer

權杖持有者；具體來說，是蘇格蘭法院的一名官員。（始於14世紀）

權杖持有者；具體來說，是蘇格蘭法院的一名官員。（始於14世紀）


macer

Indeed, Moran was a profession cheat, a sharper of more than ordinary dimensions — a macer, in criminal parlance. He had made card sharping a life's work — second only to shooting […]

1981，John E. Gardner，The Return of Moriarty，頁 7:


hombre

男人；尤其是西班牙裔男子。


maka

源自夏威夷語 maka。mata-mata (“警官”) 的同源對似詞，源自馬來語 mata-mata (“眼睛”)。


make

makes (third-person singular present)
making (present participle)
made (past participle)
maked (past participle)


mamma

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 mamma。


mamma

mama的另一種拼寫法。

mama的另一種拼寫法: 母親.


mater

借自拉丁語 māter (“母亲”)，（部分地）经后期中古英語 matere。


mater

交配的人或物，交尾的动物


sango

sandwich（讀作 "sangwich"）的縮寫 + -o（口語化後綴）。在澳大利亞於1940年代開始有使用。

sambo

澳大利亞、愛爾蘭、非正式

現在更常用的是sanger。

:Template:舊（澳大利亞、非正式）三明治（從1940年代開始）


been

(美國南部) be 的不定式


been

(英國方言) bee的不規則複數。


vet

vets (third-person singular present)
vetting (present participle)
vetted (past participle)


cola

來自尼日爾-剛果語系語言，對照提姆語 kola、曼丁哥語 kola。因飲料「Coca-Cola」讓這個詞廣為人知，也讓「c」代替「k」的拼寫深入人心。


cola

In this part, the author presents a prosodic hierarchy describing syllables, moras, feet, cola and a typology for words and stress.

2008，Alexandre Allauzen，Review of “Mathematical Linguistics” by Andras Kornai:


caput

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 caput (“頭”)，來自原始印歐語 *kauput-。


mun

（方言，北方英语，情态动词，变化不全的）必须。

（过时的方言）嘴、下巴。

（角色扮演游戏、网络用语）在角色扮演游戏中扮演一个角色的人。


unguis

手指甲，脚趾甲，爪，钳，蹄


genu

原始印歐語詞
 *ǵónu
借自 拉丁語 genu (“knee”).


tergum

节肢动物关节动物的上部或背部表面


Koro

克羅語，印度東北部的一種藏緬語族語言。


spy

源自中古英語 spien。


spy

源自中古英語 spien。

spies (third-person singular present)
spying (present participle)
spied (past participle)


saber

sabers (third-person singular present)
sabering (present participle)
sabered (past participle)


atar

用这种油制成的香水（同attar）


cantar

kantar的另一種拼寫法


arena

arena
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：竞技场
* 正體中文：競技場


arena

arena
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：舞台
* 正體中文：舞臺


caligo

由角膜上的一个斑点引起的视力减退或模糊


nebula

借自拉丁語 nebula (“小雲，薄霧”)。與古希臘語 νεφέλη (nephélē，“雲”)、德語 Nebel (“薄霧，星雲”)、古諾爾斯語 nifl、波蘭語 niebo (“天空”)、俄語 не́бо (nébo，“天空”)同族。

nebulae (plural)
nebulas (plural)
nebulæ (plural)

Approximately 5 billion years ago, our solar nebula was formed as gravitational forces pulled interstellar gas and dust into a swirling mass around out newly formed sun.

2012，Chinle Miller，In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks，第Kindle版:


aero

可在大氣層內飛行的載具。


rook

rooks (third-person singular present)
rooking (present participle)
rooked (past participle)


oud

借自阿拉伯語 عُود (ʕūd)。lute 的同源對似詞。

同類詞：sintir


torr

压强单位，等于约1.316·10-3大气压或133.3帕斯卡。


dexter

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-dexter.wav


sinister

繼承自中古英語 sinistre (“不幸的”)，來自古法語 senestre、sinistre (“左的”)，來自拉丁語 sinister (“左手”)。

more sinister (comparative)
most sinister (superlative)

dexter

從配戴者看盾牌的左側的，從觀看者看盾牌的右側的

不吉利的，凶兆的，不祥的；非法的

And in the meanwhile, Society shivered a little feverishly, filled now with the scions of those who had come over with the Jewish and American Conquests. Escutcheons were becoming valueless, how sinister soever the blots and clots upon them.

1922，Michael Arlen，“1/5/1”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

惡意的，陰險的，邪惡的；陰森的

sinister influences

the sinister atmosphere of the crypt

Before the train had stopped he had decorated his sinister shirt-cuff with the inscription, ‘J. P. Huddle, The Warren, Tilfield, near Slowborough.’

1911，Saki, ‘The Unrest-Cure’，The Chronicles of Clovis:

從配戴者看盾牌的左側的，從觀看者看盾牌的右側的

Nimble and sinister tricks and shifts.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Judicature”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

He scorns to undermine another's interest by any sinister or inferior arts.

1667，Robert South，The Practice of Religion Enforced by Reason:


hos

talkin’, talkin’ ’bout emperor’s children: ivy league pimps and hos.

2007年January14日，Henry Alford，“Books on Broadway”, in New York Times:


med

（medical 的缩写）医学的


cum

從一個東西 變成 另一個東西，兩者性質類似。


nomen

（历史的）古罗马的市民的名字。


bot

机器人，（同：robot）


element

來自中古英語 element，來自古法語 element，來自拉丁語 elementum (“原則；元素；雛形”)（進一步的詞源請參見該詞條）。


house

houses (plural)
housen (plural)
hice (plural)


house

houses (third-person singular present)
housing (present participle)
housed (past participle)


flag

flags (third-person singular present)
flagging (present participle)
flagged (past participle)


Russian

中世紀拉丁語 (11世紀) Russiānus，Russia的形容詞，為古東斯拉夫語 Русь (Rusĭ)的拉丁化。16世紀開始出現在英語中 (作為名詞和形容詞)。

So that is the official line: you’re shit, we’re shit, everything’s shit, never try for a better world because it doesn’t exist. That is not only bleak, I think it’s also the working title of every Russian novel ever written.

2017年February19日，“Putin”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver，季数 4, 集数 2, John Oliver (actor), 經由 HBO:


Russian

Ru. (abbreviation alternative)
Russians (plural)

俄羅斯人；俄羅斯族，俄族

The “little green men”—faces covered, wearing unmarked olive uniforms, speaking Russian and using Russian weapons—have played a significant role in both the occupation of Crimea and the civil war in eastern Ukraine.¹⁹⁶

2015，Shane R. Reeves, David Wallace，“The Combatant Status of the “Little Green Men” and Other Participants in the Ukraine Conflict”, in International Law Studies, US Naval War College，卷 91, 期 361, Stockton Center for the Study of International Law，頁 393:

一種有堅硬外殼的雜耍球，裡頭裝滿鹽、沙子或其他物質

Ok, I do think I am starting to get used to it, but you have to admit, if youve:Template:SIC been juggling bags and then start juggling Russians, they feel sooo lopsided to juggle at first!

2011，jamescoutry24，“Beanbags > Russian”, in rec.juggling (Usenet):

一種槍 (由於黑幫成員對俄羅斯武器有所偏愛)


Hakka

借自客家語 客家 (Hak-kâ)。


Hakka

借自客家語 客家 (Hak-kâ)。


Hakka

借自客家語 客家 (Hak-kâ)。

The first county centre gone through, that of Tsengcheng, was full of new construction. After it, the language on the road right on into the Meihsien prefecture was Hakka.

1977 May，:en:w:Rewi Alley，“Meihsien—the Great Hakka Centre”, in Eastern Horizon，卷 XVI, 期 5, 香港: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 16:

As a mainland China national, the counter for our trial was fluent in English, Putonghua, and the Sichuan dialect, and was familiar with a number of other major Chinese languages such as Cantonese and Hakka.

2019，Li Huang, James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 10:


Tamil

借自泰米爾語 தமிழ் (tamiḻ)。


Tamil

借自泰米爾語 தமிழ் (tamiḻ)。

泰米爾語/淡米爾語/坦米爾語


Persian

來自中古英語 percynne，來自中古法語 persien，來自意大利語 persiano，來自中世紀拉丁語 Persiānus，來自拉丁語 Persia，來自古希臘語 Περσίς (Persís)，來自古波斯語 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsa/，“波斯”) (對照現代伊朗波斯語 فارس (fârs)或早期的古典波斯語 پارس (pārs))。

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

加拿大桑德贝的一種糕點，通常與肉桂麵包和甜甜圈做比較，上面灑粉色糖粉

一種薄紗織物，以前用在襯裡

There is of those Persians several lengths.

1696，J. F. Merchant?，The merchant's ware-house laid open:

用來代替柱子支撐內飾的男性雕像的其中一個


Persian

more Persian (comparative)
most Persian (superlative)

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/


Persian

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

波西藹斯的 （羅馬作家）

...as it seems from an Ovidian or Persian standpoint and also, perhaps, from the comic standpoints of Plautus or Caecilius...

1998，Stephen Hinds，Allusion and Intertext: Dynamics of Appropriation in Roman Poetry:


Urdu

源自波斯語 اردو (ordu) ← 原始突厥語 *ordu (“軍隊，軍營”) ( > 阿塞拜疆語 ordu, 土耳其語 ordu, 土庫曼語 oorda)。對比horde。


Uyghur

來自維吾爾語 ئۇيغۇر (uyghur)。

Uygur (alternative)
Uigur (alternative)
Ouigour (alternative)
Uyghurs (plural)
Uyghur (plural)


Uyghur

來自維吾爾語 ئۇيغۇر (uyghur)。

Uygur (alternative)
Uigur (alternative)
Ouigour (alternative)


Uyghur

來自維吾爾語 ئۇيغۇر (uyghur)。

The purpose of this Act is to direct United States resources to address human rights violations and abuses, including gross violations of human rights, by the Government of the People’s Republic of China through the mass surveillance and internment of over 1,000,000 Uyghurs, ethnic Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and members of other Muslim minority groups in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

2020，“S. 3744: Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2020”, in GovTrack:


Czech

借自波蘭語 Czech，源自捷克語 Čech，源自原始斯拉夫語 *čelověkъ (“人，人類”) 的變體及縮約形。

A big beast of the men's field was put through the mangle then dumped out of Wimbledon as Rafael Nadal fell at around 10.06pm to Lukas Rosol, a Czech debutant who will never forget this Thursday evening in south-west London.

男子赛场上的一头猛兽战败，并被扔出温网，晚上10点06分左右，拉斐尔·纳达尔输给了卢卡斯·拉索尔，这位捷克新人将永远不会忘记周四晚上在伦敦西南部举行的这场比赛。

2012年June28日，Jamie Jackson，“Wimbledon 2012: Lukas Rosol shocked by miracle win over Rafael Nadal [2012年温网：卢卡斯·拉索尔对奇迹般战胜拉斐尔·纳达尔感到震惊]”, in the Guardian:


Czech

By 1963, almost 130,000 Czechs had migrated to this country. They tended to gravitate to the farming communities.

到1963年，已有将近13万名捷克人移居到本国。他们倾向于生活在农业社区。

1964，John F. Kennedy，“Immigration Policy [移民政策]”, in A Nation of Immigrants [移民之国]，第Revised and Enlarged版, Harper & Row, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 61:


Czech

She's from Czech, Croatia, or somewhere over there. The ill thing is that we always come together when we're drunk, but half way through our drunken talks, she always gets mad at something and leaves.

2008，George Stowers，Straight Up, No Sippin': Memoirs of Life and Work Onboard Mega Cruise Ships, →ISBN，頁 325:

A whole array of companies and consultants are found travelling to Croatia or Czech or China, to extol the latest virtues of electioneering, perhaps via the UK Westminster Foundation for Democracy, […]

2009，Jennifer Lees-Marshment，Political Marketing: Principles and Applications，Routledge, →ISBN，頁 237:


Bulgarian

more Bulgarian (comparative)
most Bulgarian (superlative)


Greek

繼承自古英語 Grēcas (“希臘人”)，Crēcas的變體，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Krēkō，來自拉丁語 Graecus，源頭不明，可能衍生自地名Γραῖα (Graîa)或來自部落名Graii的其他古巴爾幹語族形式，參見英語維基百科條目Griko、Names of the Greeks。希臘語中有個同源詞Γραικός (Graikós)，是從神話時代的祖先Γραίοι (Graíoi，“格瑞西安族”)而來。日爾曼語族同源詞包括荷蘭語 Griek、德語 Grieche。英語和日爾曼語族同源詞中的⟨g⟩，是受到法語 grec和古典拉丁語 Graecus的影響下恢復的。
該形容詞可追溯到14世紀的中古英語，取代了古英語 Grēċisċ (“希臘式的”)和早期中古英語 Gregeis。指兄弟會跟姐妹會，來自早期希臘字母的截斷。

Gr. (alternative)
Greeke (alternative)
Greeker (comparative)
Greekest (superlative)

目前，將大學兄弟會跟姐妹會稱作Greek life等名稱，而Greek-letter仍用於類似名稱的榮譽社團。

與兄弟會、姐妹會和/或 榮譽社團有關的

“Every single person is going to have a different experience watching this film,” she said when I asked about possibly labeling the Greek system as “toxic”.

2023年May24日，Adrian Horton，“‘Competitive femininity’: inside the wild and secretive world of sororities”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


Greek

Gr. (alternative)
Greeke (alternative)
Greeks (plural)


Greek

"I don't hear one word in ten that they say," continued Mrs. Abingdon; "it's Greek to me. However, ..."

"It's all Greek to me," said my companion at the outset, but as the warrior continued, his fears arose within him; it might be sentence of death—what did he know what it might not be?

1859，Kinahan Cornwallis，Two Journeys to Japan, 1856–7，卷 2，頁 246:

preferred risk... family maintenance... 20-pay life. That's a bare sampling of the merchandise you're asked to pick and choose from. If it sounds like Greek to you, don't worry. It sounds like Greek to most people.

1951 December，“Which Kind of Life Insurance Policy?”, in Changing Times – The Kiplinger Magazine，卷 5, 期 12，頁 28:

Was Joe a Greek in college?

She is absolutely a total GFE, no limits, except no Greek. (Well...I say “no Greek” - - if she is really hot for you, and if she is really turned on in a long session, she might beg for a finger in her anus while you suck her clit, but she is just too tiny and tight for any “real meat” in the backdoor.)

2001, "ASP: 'Julie' of Oral-Land-Oh", alt.sex.prostitution, Usenet:

“What's within reason?” “Hand-job, blow-job, full sex — straight, full service. Greek, maybe, if you're not too big. Golden shower, if you like, but not reverse. No hardsports. And absolutely nothing without.”

2012，Maxim Jakubowski，The Best British Crime Omnibus:

其中之一的希臘字母，用來表示投資風險的變數


Greek

Gr. (alternative)
Greeke (alternative)
Greeks (third-person singular present)
Greeking (present participle)
Greeked (past participle)

A discovery of Greeking at Brighton, has made considerable noise this month in the sporting world.

greek的大小寫替代形式.


Sicilian

西西里防御（1 e4 c5的開局）

Palmgren was playing white and had opened the Sicilian quite correctly.

2009, Reg Keeland, translator, The Girl Who Played with Fire (translation of, 2006 (publication date), Stieg Larsson, Flickan som lekte med elden), Knopf, ISBN 9780307269980, chapter 9, page 129:


Croatian

/ˌkɹəʊˈeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌkɹoʊˈeɪ.ʃən/


Arabic

來自拉丁語 arabicus，來自Arabia + -icus，來自古希臘語 Ἀραβία (Arabía)，源自阿拉伯語 عَرَب (ʕarab)。

Arabical (alternative)
Arabick (alternative)

One day my UN students asked me, "Which is the Arabic country where the best Arabic is spoken?" I quickly replied, "Bosnia." They exclaimed, "But Bosnia is not an Arab country!"

2008，Abdallah Nacereddine，To Be Oneself: The Tragicomedy of an Unfinished Life History, →ISBN，頁 342:

White chalk on the fascia board above the Arabic-food stall reads "Lebanon" and "Lebs rule".

2012，Deborah Youdell，“Intelligibility, agency and the raced–nationed–religioned subjects of education”, in Intersectionality and "Race" in Education, →ISBN，頁 202:


Arabic

We’d gone to Arabic school as children and taken lessons in the summer holidays, and I still read the news in Arabic, but it wasn’t like I practised reciting the written language any more, with its complex rhythms and grammatical structures.

2023，Isabella Hammad，Enter Ghost，Jonathan Cape，頁 74:


Arabic

Arabical (alternative)
Arabick (alternative)
Arabics (plural)

Classic Arabic didn't "turn into" the various Arabic vernaculars. There is disagreement over whether the range of spoken Arabics all have a single ancestor (seems unlikely), but Classical Arabic is a somewhat artificial creation based on at least two dialects.

2004年April22日，Peter T. Daniels，“Taiwanese and their language”, in soc.culture.china (Usenet):

That's the majority of working N'Yawkers. Blacks and Hispanics outnumber the arabics.

2000年July20日，Topprolmc，“OT - I participated in an obscene act today!”, in rec.motorcycles.harley (Usenet):


Buddhist

more Buddhist (comparative)
most Buddhist (superlative)


Confucius

源自拉丁語 Confucius，來自官話 孔夫子 (Kǒng Fūzǐ)。

K'ung-tzu (alternative)
Kongzi (alternative)
Kong Zi (alternative)


Georgian

/ˈdʒɔːɹdʒən/


fourty

[I]t is also voted and hereby to be understood that we have concluded to pay yearly or per annum one hundred and fourty pounds Salary […]

1719—1762 (published 1908): George Waldo Browne (editor), Early Records of Londonderry, Windham, and Derry, N. H.


gold

金(化學元素，原子序為79，化學符號為Au)


gold

金唱片獎的(銷售逾百萬張的)


copper

繼承自中古英語 coper。

銅(化學元素，原子序為29，化學符號為Cu)

copper：

Coppers are generally good for a year, if the battery is carefully attended […]

1885，General Rules and Regulations Applicable to All Employes of the Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway Company:

Some coppers come already tinned. I didn't buy mine, so they surely were not tinned.

1890，The Manufacturer and Builder，卷 22，頁 83:

Coppers are not consumed, and their life depends largely on the manner in which they are used.

銅不會被消耗，其壽命主要取決於使用方式。

1907，“Instructions for the Care of Callaud Batteries”, in Journal of the Telegraph，卷 XL:

I had in my pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pistoles in gold. As he proceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the coppers.

1799，Benjamin Franklin，The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin，出版於 1868，頁 255:


copper

繼承自中古英語 coper。

more copper (comparative)
most copper (superlative)

She seemed so alive, with her shining eyes and her copper hair and her jokes and funny stories, but there was always a mystery at the center of her life, the sound of wild sobbing my mother said she heard coming through the floor.

1999，Maria M. Gillan，Things My Mother Told Me，頁 38:


copper

繼承自中古英語 coper。

coppers (third-person singular present)
coppering (present participle)
coppered (past participle)


copper

源自cop (“捕捉，抓住”) + -er (後綴)。

One evening as I was lying down in Leicester Square / I was picked up by the coppers and kicked in the balls

1985，Shane MacGowan （作曲作詞）, “The Old Main Drag”, in Rum Sodomy & the Lash，演出者 The Pogues:


iron

铁(化學元素，原子序為26，化學符號為Fe)


rust

rusts (third-person singular present)
rusting (present participle)
rusted (past participle)


marble

marbles (third-person singular present)
marbling (present participle)
marbled (past participle)


quatorze

piquet 中的四個 A、K、Q、J 或10，其中任何一個都算作14點。


apron

:前形 napron < 古法语 naperon——nappe（桌布，台布）的小词形 < nappa（餐巾）。 napron 与定冠词 a 的组合被错误划词为“an apron”，是 napron 词首的 n 脱落的原因。

（做饭、做实验等的）围裙

（剧院的）台口（舞台幕前的部分）


apron

aprons (third-person singular present)
aproning (present participle)
aproned (past participle)


apricot

pickled apricots


persimmon

來自波瓦坦語 pichamins、pushemins、pasimenan (“果乾”)，來自原始阿爾岡昆語詞根*-imin (“水果，莓果”)的同源語言，像烏納米語 ximin。

柿樹，指Diospyros kaki（東亞）或Diospyros virginiana (北美)。


cabbage

cabbages (third-person singular present)
cabbaging (present participle)
cabbaged (past participle)


article

article
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：报导
* 正體中文：報導


translate

translates (third-person singular present)
translating (present participle)
translated (past participle)

[ˈtʃɹɛ̃nzɫæe̯ʔ]


translator

[ˌtʰɹænzˈleɪtʰɚ]

[ˌtʰɹænzˈleɪɾɚ]


airport

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-airport.wav

飞机场，機場：民用飛航器所降落和起飛的地點，通常包含有舖設路面的跑道、飛航器維修地點、和乘客使用設施。


interpretation

/ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/

/ɪnˌtɝpɹəˈteɪʃən/

/ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈtæɪʃən/


Africa

繼承自中古英語 Affrike，來自古法語 Affrique, Affrike，來自拉丁語 Āfrica，來自Āfrī，Āfer的單數 (迦太基國的人民)又源自於：
* 布匿語或腓尼基語中的𐤏𐤐𐤓 (ʿpr /ʿafar/，“灰塵”)，在其他閃語族語言也有同義詞。
* 柏柏爾語族中的ifri (“洞穴”)，ifran的複數，指突尼斯的洞穴居民 (參見泰塔溫)。
民間詞源包括：
* 古希臘語 ἀ- (a-) + φρίκη f (phríkē)，意思為不冷
* 拉丁語 aprica (“陽光”)。

the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa

馬格里布和撒哈拉以南非洲

The Sahara stood as an important marker between the Maghreb and Africa, not only in modern times but in times immemorial.

撒哈拉是馬格里布和黑非洲之間的一個重要標誌地，不僅在現代，在遠古時期亦是如此。

2021年June10日，Abdelmajid Hannoum，The Invention of the Maghreb: Between Africa and the Middle East，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 205:

阿非利加（行省名，位於羅馬帝國）


Asia

繼承自中古英語 Asia、Asie，來自古法語 Asie和拉丁語 Asia，來自古希臘語 Ᾰ̓σῐ́ᾱ (Ăsĭ́ā)，來自邁錫尼希臘語 𐀀𐀯𐀹𐀊 (a-si-wi-ja /aswijaː/)，也可能來自赫梯語 𒀸𒋗𒉿 (aš-šu-wa /Aššuwa/，“西北安納托力亞”)，起源未知。可能愛琴語系為基底或阿卡德語。可能是Assuwa 的同源對似詞。

轉變自地名的女性人名，用於現代

And Scott Haskell started going out with this sophomore girl called Asia, who was this rich girl from Weston Heights.

1994，Blake Nelson，Girl: A Novel，Simon&Schuster, →ISBN，頁 81:

亞細亞（羅馬帝國的舊省份，位於現今土耳其西部）


Europe

來自中古英語 Europe，來自拉丁語 Europa，來自古希臘語 Εὐρώπη (Eurṓpē)。

Al Mahlool, Fared (2021-11-13)， “1:53 PM · Nov 13, 2021”，Twitter，Twitter, 取回于2021-11-13:“French politician Julien Odoul says he would prefer the cold death of migrants stranded behind barbed wire on the Belarus-Poland border, rather than being allowed to enter Europe.”

由UEFA舉辦的國際俱樂部比賽。


Australasia

/ˌɒstɹ(ə)lˈeɪʒə/

/ˌɔstɹl̩ˈæɪʒɐ/


Australia

/əˈstɹæɪljə/

/əˈstɹæɪliːə/

/əˈstɹɛliːə/

/ɔːˈstɹeɪlɪə/

/ɔːˈstɹeɪlɪjə/


more

更多（many的比較級）


elementary

more elementary (comparative)
most elementary (superlative)


alcalde

借自西班牙語 alcalde，派生自阿拉伯語 اَلْقَاضِي (al-qāḍī，“法官”)。

在西班牙或拉丁美洲，同時具有司法和行政職能的市政長官


changer

一般和其他名詞搭配使用，如 automatic tool changer、shape changer、mind changer。


better

[ˈbɛtʰɚ~ˈbɛθ̠ɚ~ˈbɛt̪ɚ]

[ˈbɛʔɚ~ˈbɛʔəɾ]

較好、更好、使某某变得更好﹝good的比較級﹞


best

good
better (comparative)
bester
bestest


CID

Caller IDentification; Caller ID; Call ID


Hibernia

源自拉丁語 Hibernia ← 古希臘語 Ἰέρνη (Iérnē), Ἰουερνία (Iouernía), Ἱβερνία (Hibernía)。

/hɪˈbɜː(ɹ)nɪə/


gracias

借自西班牙語 gracias (“謝謝”)。

/ˈɡɹɑ.θi.əs/

Muchos gracias, my friend. —The girls are in the kitchen, Bimbo told Vera.

"Gracias, my friend. I owe you a great debt.

“No, gracias, my friend. This will do fine.”

2010，Tina Rosenberg，Glenapp Castle: A Scottish Intrigue，頁 154:


speak

speaks (third-person singular present)
speaking (present participle)
spoke (past)
spake (past)
spoken (past participle)
spoke (past participle)


create

creates (third-person singular present)
creating (present participle)
created (past participle)


invent

invents (third-person singular present)
inventing (present participle)
invented (past participle)


drive

[d̠ɹ̠ ̝ʷaɪv]


example

/ɪɡˈzɑːmpl̩/


example

examples (third-person singular present)
exampling (present participle)
exampled (past participle)

/ɪɡˈzɑːmpl̩/


Portugal

/ˈpɔːt͡ʃəɡəl/

/ˈpɔːtjəɡəl/

/ˈpɔɹt͡ʃəɡəl/


consonant

繼承自中古英語 consonant 或 consonaunt，源自古法語 consonant，源自拉丁語 cōnsonāns，源自前綴 con- (“和”) + 現在分詞 sonāns (“正聽起來”)，源自 sonāre (“聽起來”)。此拉丁語詞又是古希臘語 σύμφωνον (súmphōnon) 的仿譯。


consonant

more consonant (comparative)
most consonant (superlative)

Each one pretends that his opinion […] is consonant to the words there used.

1710，William Beveridge，The true nature of the Christian church, the office of its ministers, and the means of grace administred by them explain'd. In twelve sermons:

Cheerfulness, even gaiety, is consonant with every species of virtue and practice of religion, and I think it inconsistent only with impiety and vice.

1900，Sabine Baring-Gould，“The Rev. Mr. Carter, Parson-Publican”, in Yorkshire Oddities, Incidents and Strange Events:

This essential right of the courts to be free of intimidation and coercion was held to be consonant with a recognition that freedom of the press must be allowed in the broadest scope compatible with the supremacy of order.

1946, 美國 Supreme Court, Pennekamp v. Florida 328 U.S. 331,334

consonant words and syllables

1645-1650, James Howell, Epistolae Ho-Elianae

No Russian whose dissonant consonant name / Almost shatters to fragments the trumpet of fame.

1813，Thomas Moore，Intercepted Letters, or the Two-Penny Post-Bag:


diphthong

/ˈdɪfθɒŋ(ɡ)/


Vietnam

en，美國，罕见，可能参考了piece等词或者南越的发音

en，美國，罕见，可能参考了piece等词或者南越的发音


Tientsin

The difficulty, then, was to obtain for our country, whilst remaining at peace, the same commercial advantages which England and France might acquire by war. This task our Minister performed with tact, ability, and success, by the conclusion of the treaty of Tientsin of the 18th June, 1858, and the two supplemental conventions of Shanghae of the 8th November following.* These have placed our commercial relations with China on the same satisfactory footing with those of England and France, and have resulted in the actual payment of the full amount of all the just claims of our citizens, leaving a surplus to the credit of the Treasury. This object has been accomplished, whilst our friendly relations with the Chinese Government were never for a moment interrupted, but on the contrary have been greatly strengthened.

1866，James Buchanan，Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion，New York: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL，頁 264:

This locomotive replaced the mules and was the beginning of the railway system of the country, for it amply demonstrated to those in authority at the time the economy of rail transport. This great advance made, it was a short step to eliminate the canal altogether with the result that by 1888 the mule tramway had been converted into a railway of 40 miles giving the mines direct access to the sea at the port of Tangku, on the Peiho, about 40 miles below Tientsin, which was also reached by the railway in 1888 (October).

1922，H. Stringer，The Chinese Railway System，Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, Limited，頁 2:

Mrs. Hoover had accompanied me to Peking and upon my return to the city next day I found her very ill at the hotel. There was no doctor available, so I had her carried to the station and took the first train to Tientsin where there was an able physician. That trouble proved to be a sinus stoppage and was quickly relieved.

1951，Herbert Hoover，The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, Years of Adventure 1874-1920，New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, →OL，頁 48:


Scottish

苏格兰的，与苏格兰有关的


Andorra

借自西班牙語 Andorra。

安道爾（南歐的微型國家，位於西班牙和法國之間；法定名稱：Principality of Andorra；首都及最大城市：Andorra la Vella）


Monaco

/mɒˈnɑː.kəʊ/


Cyprus

經由拉丁語 Cyprus，來自古希臘語 Κύπρος (Kúpros)。

塞浦路斯/賽普勒斯 地中海島嶼名

中東或東南歐國家名，官方名稱：Republic of Cyprus，1960年獨立，1974年後實際管轄島嶼的南部，北部由北塞浦路斯（Northern Cyprus；1983年後官方名稱Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus）統治。


Cyprus

經由拉丁語 Cyprus，來自古希臘語 Κύπρος (Kúpros)。

cypres (alternative)
cypress (alternative)

薄、透明且通常為黑色的織物，一種縐紗。

Seated in an arm-chair, covered with cloth of gold, was the Queen; her robe was of black velvet, edged with the richest sable; and the diadem at the back of her head confined the folds of a long black Cyprus veil.

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 1，頁 131:


Zambia

贊比亞（國名，位於南非）。以前叫北羅德西亞。


Zimbabwe

派生自修納語 dzimba-dze-mabwe (“石頭屋”)，即大辛巴威遺址。


Belarus

借自白俄羅斯語 Белару́сь (Bjelarúsʹ)。

白俄羅斯（國家名，位於東歐；法定名稱：白俄羅斯共和國；首都及最大城市：明斯克）


Germany

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mə.nɪ/


Croatia

借自中古拉丁語 Croātia，等價於現代英語 Croat + -ia。

/ˌkɹəʊˈeɪ.ʃə/

/ˌkɹoʊˈeɪ.ʃə/

克羅埃西亞，克羅地亞（國家名，位於東南歐的巴爾幹半島）


Iran

源自波斯語 ایران (ʾīrân) ← 中古波斯語 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾyʿʾn，“伊朗人的(土地)”)。 进一步的词源及其同源词请见ērān。
该词作为一个政治实体的名字是3世纪时由对伊朗人的土著语言的称呼发展而来。

伊朗，西亚国家。官方名称：伊朗伊斯兰共和国。

（文学、学术上使用）伊朗人居住的地方。


map

en，標準英音，通用美式

en，標準英音，通用美式


Sri Lanka

/sɹiˈlɑːŋkə/

/ʃɹiˈlɑːŋkə/


toki pona

Toki Pona的大小寫替代形式


Korea

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-Korea.wav


Nigeria

/naɪˈdʒɪə.ɹɪə/


jump

jumps (third-person singular present)
jumping (present participle)
jumped (past participle)


finance

finances (third-person singular present)
financing (present participle)
financed (past participle)


flatter

flatters (third-person singular present)
flattering (present participle)
flattered (past participle)


fonder

fond 的比較級形式。


forger

繼承自中古英語 forger、forgere，源自古法語 forgiere；等價於 forge + -er。


fragment

fragments (third-person singular present)
fragmenting (present participle)
fragmented (past participle)

Once the centralized power of Rome fragmented, economic, social and political power simplified and relocalized.

2023年July31日，Charles Hugh Smith，Lessons from the Unraveling of the Roman Empire: Simplification, Localization:


franc

根據ISO 4217，法郎“franc”的貨幣代碼縮寫為“F”。而部分國家的法郎採用“F”前+國家二字母代碼的方式表示：

法郎（法國、比利時、盧森堡前貨幣單位）

法郎（其他國家現在仍在使用的貨幣單位）


fraterniser

So, Andover featured in the Glorious Revolution, which involved the deposition of Catholic fraterniser James II and his replacement by stout Protestants William and Mary.

因此，安多弗在光榮革命中發揮了重要作用，在這場革命中，親近天主教的詹姆斯二世被廢黜，取而代之的是堅定的新教徒威廉和瑪麗。

2023年June28日，Stephen Roberts，“Bradshaw's Britain: Alton to Exeter”, in RAIL，期 986，頁 58: