broadcast

No one knows how long it will be until a broadcast from a studio in New York will be viewed in India as well as in Indiana, will be seen in the Congo as it is seen in Chicago. But as surely as we are meeting here today, that day will come; and once again our world will shrink.

1961 May 9, Newton Minow, "Television and the Public Interest":

After nearly 40 years of continuous broadcast in Hong Kong, a 24-hour transmission of the BBC World Service will go silent in the former British colony, replaced with programming from China's state radio channel. The move by Radio Television Hong Kong, owned by the local government, was meant to "enhance the cultural exchange between the mainland and Hong Kong", a spokesman said.

經歷40年不間斷的廣播，BBC國際頻道在香港的24小時傳輸將被中國國有電台頻道所取代，結束其在這片英國前殖民地的使命。受政府所管理的香港電台發言人稱，此次對BBC國際頻道的移除是為了“加強內地與香港之間的文化交流”。

2017年August13日，Benjamin Haas，“Radio silence: 24-hour broadcast of BBC World Service dropped in Hong Kong: After four decades in the former British colony, BBC World Service is to be mostly replaced with China’s state radio channel”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2017-08-16:

The DJ was feeling nervous before his first national broadcast.

這位DJ在第一次作客全國廣播節目前，顯得很緊張。

We interrupt this broadcast at the request of the police department to bring you the following special bulletin: The dead body of Miss Paula Canfield, missing student at Westlake University and daughter of the multi-millionaire Harold Canfield, has been found in the Arroyo Seco near the Colorado Street Bridge.

按照警方的要求，我們暫停本次廣播節目，並為您播報特別消息：近日失蹤的西湖大學學生、千萬富翁哈羅德·坎菲爾德先生的千金寶拉·坎菲爾德小姐的遺體，已於阿羅約塞科，靠近科羅拉多街橋的位置被發現。

1943，Wilfrid H. Pettitt，Nine Girls: A Play in Prologue and Two Acts，Chicago, Ill.: The Dramatic Publishing Company, →OCLC; 再版 Woodstock, Ill.: The Dramatic Publishing Company, 1971, →ISBN, Act I, scene i，頁s 15–16:

Radio Free Europe was established by a group of private citizens in December 1949, for the purpose of conducting a propaganda campaign against six Communist-dominated satellites in central and eastern Europe. […] Its program consisted of daily half-hour broadcasts, first to Czechoslovakia and then to Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Albania.

自由歐洲電台於1949年12月由私人團體建立，用於對中東歐的六個蘇聯衛星國進行政治宣傳。 […] 電台節目包括每天半小時的（對外宣傳）廣播節目，首先是對捷克斯洛伐克，後來擴展到匈牙利、波蘭、保加利亞、羅馬尼亞和阿爾巴尼亞。

1958，Robert T. Holt，“Introduction”, in Radio Free Europe，Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, →OCLC，頁 3:

Since my laſt, I went to ſee a piece of Daniel Fitch's, of Pluckley, Kent. He has two acres of broadcaſt, the oldeſt I have ever ſeen, ſown twenty years ago with barley, like clover.

1785，W. Belcher，“Observations on Lucerne”, in Annals of Agriculture, and Other Useful Arts，卷 III, 期 18, London: Printed for the editor, and sold by H. Goldney, No. 15, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC，頁 433:

It was stated by Mr. Miller, that the common method was, formerly, to sow the barley-seed with a broadcast at two sowings; the first being harrowed in once, but the second not until the seed is buried; […]

1807，“BARLEY”, in The Complete Farmer; or, General Dictionary of Agriculture and Husbandry: Comprehending the Most Improved Methods of Cultivation; the Different Modes of Raising Timber, Fruit, and Other Trees; and the Modern Management of Live-stock: With Descriptions of the Most Approved Implements, Machinery, and Farm-buildings，第5th wholly re-written and enlarged版, London: Printed by Rider and Weed, Little Britain, for R. Baldwin [et al.], →OCLC，列 2:


broadcast

Japanese simultaneous interpreter and translator Eriko Sekiya in an NHK Radio studio, from which she broadcasts (verb sense 3) a programme on introductory business English
日本同聲傳譯家、翻譯家関谷英里子正在NHK演播室，她在此作客介紹商務英語初級課程的節目
Paddy being broadcast (verb sense 4) or sown by hand in Chaudwar, Odisha, India
印度奧里薩邦喬烏德瓦爾的手工播撒稻種
broad + cast。

broadcasts (third-person singular present)
broadcasting (present participle)
broadcast (past participle)
broadcasted (past participle)

過去式和過去分詞可用 broadcast 或 broadcasted，但 broadcast 更常用。截止2019年，Google Books 給出326,000個有關 "was broadcast"的結果，而"was broadcasted"的結果為12,900個。

When the boys reached the business section of Bayport they found that Jackley's confession had already become known. The local radio station had broadcast it in the afternoon news program and people everywhere were discussing it.

1927年June1日，Franklin W. Dixon [pseudonym: Leslie McFarlane]，“A Surprise”, in The Tower Treasure (The Hardy Boys; no. 1)，New York, N.Y.: Grosset & Dunlap, →OCLC:

Practicing vocational service to the limit of one's vision makes a difference whether an employer regards his employees as "robots or human beings"; it makes a difference in the kind of advertisements he publishes or broadcasts; it makes a difference how he reacts under pressure from a competitor; it makes a difference in the quality of his service.

1967 January，“Four Avenues of Service”, in Adventure in Service (Pamphlet [Rotary International]; 52)，Evanston, Ill., Zurich: Rotary International, →OCLC，頁 69:

The TV is broadcasting a FUZZY PICTURE that shows the weatherman from WVII, the Bango ABC affiliate.

1999 February，Stephen King，“Act 3”, in Storm of the Century，第trade paperback版, New York, N.Y.: Pocket Books, →ISBN，頁 175:

The state of Rhode Island was the scene, on October 30, 1974, of yet another scare involving an adaptation of The War of the Worlds. Broadcast on radio station WPRO, Providence, the drama frightened listeners across the state. The play began with reporters covering a "meteor crash" near Jamestown, the purported Martian landing site. […] City fire stations and other radio and TV outlets reported being inundated with inquiries from anxious callers, as was WPRO, which received more than a hundred calls.

2005，Robert E. Bartholomew，“Introduction”, in H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells, The War of the Worlds，New York, N.Y.: Cosimo Books, →ISBN，頁 8:

The Royal Shakespeare Company will today become the first theatre in the UK to broadcast Shakespeare direct into schools. A production of Richard II, starring David Tennant in the title role, is going to be streamed free of charge into classrooms up and down the country.

2013年November15日，“Shakespeare broadcast direct into schools for first time”, in ITV News，存檔自the original on 2017-06-13:

將訊息傳播到廣大地區；（尤指）一次性將同一封電郵發給許多人

The break with imperialism and the liberation of Russia from the predatory war, the publication of the secret treaties and the solemn abrogation of the policy of seizing foreign soil, the proclamation of national freedom and the recognition of the independence of Finland, the declaration of Russia as a "Federation of Soviet National Republics" and the militant battle-cry of a resolute struggle against imperialism broadcast all over the world by the Soviet government in millions of pamphlets, newspapers, and leaflets in the mother tongues of the peoples of the East and West—all this could not fail to have its effect on the enslaved East and the bleeding West.

[1934]，Joseph Stalin，“The October Revolution and the National Question”, in The October Revolution: A Collection of Articles & Speeches (Marxist Library)，London: Martin Lawrence, →OCLC, section III (The International Importance of the October Revolution)，頁s 15–16:

However, truth and lies can usually be confirmed or denied by speaking with eyewitnesses of events in order to verify what took place. The amount of time separating the event in question from when it was broadcasted also makes a difference.

2014，Greg[ory J.] Monette，The Wrong Jesus: Fact, Belief, Legend, Truth … Making Sense of What You’ve Heard，Colorado Springs, Colo.: NavPress in alliance with Tyndale House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 178:

Urban legend has it that someone is monitoring all those e-mails broadcast from your work address. Hard to imagine a more boring job but the truth is, and I shouldn't have to tell people this, the record of those e-mails is in a server somewhere and it can be monitored.

2016，Richard A. Moran，“That Permanent Record”, in The Thing about Work: Showing Up and Other Important Matters: A Worker’s Manual，Brookline, Mass.: Bibliomotion, →ISBN:

She [Françoise Dolto] is most well known in France for her broadcasts on France-Inter, Lorsque l'enfant parait; she broadcasted for twelve minutes every day of the week for two years, answering parents' questions.

2009，Sian Morgan，“Françoise Dolto: A Biography”, in Theory and Practice in Child Psychoanalysis: An Introduction to the Work of Françoise Dolto，London: Karnac Books, →ISBN，頁 22:

I ſhall content myſelf, […] to ſay that the ſeed ſhoud be ſown in the garden, or very good ground, in rows, or broadcaſt, and as ſoon as the plants are of the ſize of a gooſe-quill, to be tranſplanted in rows of eighteen inches diſtance, and eighteen inches apart, one plant from the other: […]

1789，Thomas Boothby Parkyns，“Some Account of the Racine de Disette, or Root of Scarcity, of Its Utility, and the Mode of Treating It; from a Letter of Thomas Boothby Parkyns, Esq., Addressed to the Secretary of the above-mentioned Society [the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce].—From the Same Work [vol. 5 of the Transactions of the Society].”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature，London: Printed for J[ames] Dodsley, in Pall-Mall, →OCLC，頁 80，列 1:

I wanted to grow my own cut flowers for the big day so three months earlier I broadcasted an annual seed mix across a few recently cleared borders.

2013年November9日，Sarah Price，“Breathing new life into an old garden [print edition: New life, old garden]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening)，London，存檔自the original on 2016-05-15，頁 G1:


chairman

這個詞在歷史上指男性，但現在也用於女性。

When I got ready to leave, why, Chairman Mao came down to the plane. Chairman Mao gave me some Chinese rugs and told me that I was the only prisoner of war that had ever come through there from North China.

2003，William L. Taylor，Wake Island : the Alamo of the Pacific，History Channel, →OCLC:

Unsurprisingly, the Group was highly critical of the BTC's organisation and finances, and this prompted Marples to bring forward the Transport Act 1962, which created BR as a standalone entity with its own Board, headed by a full-time chairman. Beeching accepted this latter position, and initially became the BTC chairman in June 1961.

2023年March8日，David Clough，“The long road that led to Beeching”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 43:

負責用便攜式椅子、轎子或類似運輸工具抬人的人

Mr Western entered; but not before a small wrangling bout had passed between him and his chairmen; for the fellows, who had taken up their burden at the Hercules Pillars, had conceived no hopes of having any future good customer in the squire […]

1749，Henry Fielding，Tom Jones，Folio Society, 出版於 1973，頁 618:

Mr. Winkle, catching sight of a lady's face at the window of the sedan, turned hastily round, plied the knocker with all his might and main, and called frantically upon the chairman to take the chair away again.

1836，Charles Dickens，The Pickwick Papers:


chairman

chairmans (third-person singular present)
chairmaning (present participle)
chairmanning (present participle)
chairmaned (past participle)
chairmanned (past participle)


claim

claims (third-person singular present)
claiming (present participle)
claimed (past participle)


climate

源自中古英語 climat < 古法語 climat < 拉丁語 clima < 古希臘語 κλίμα (klíma，“latitude”，字面意思是“傾斜”)。

As fruits of hotter countries, transearthed in colder climates, have vigour enough in themselves to be fructuous according to their nature: but, that they are hindered by the chilling nips of the air, and the soil, wherein they are planted.

就像来自较热地区的水果，在较冷的气候下移植，本身也具有足够的活力，可以按照其自然节律结出果实：但是，它们受到空气和移栽地土壤的寒冷所阻碍。

1904，Owen Felltham, William Henry Oliphant Smeaton，Resolves:

And the effects from climate change are already extreme.

气候变化的影响已经非常极端。

2018，VOA Learning English > China's Melting Glacier Brings Visitors, Adds to Climate Concerns:

Industries that require a lot of fossil fuels are unlikely to be popular in the current political climate.

在当前的政治环境下，需要大量化石燃料的行业不太可能受到欢迎。

In polling by the Pew Research Center in November 2008, fully half the respondents thought the two parties would cooperate more in the coming year, versus only 36 percent who thought the climate would grow more adversarial.

皮尤研究中心2008 11月的民意调查显示，有一半的受访者认为两党在未来一年将加强合作，而只有 36% 的受访者认为对抗的气氛将变得更浓。

2012年November7日，Matt Bai，“Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times:

This isn't the time for militant unionism. If I were at ScotRail, in the current climate I'd trade a pay freeze [sic: pay rise?] for job security.

现在不是搞激进工会主义的时候。如果我在苏格兰铁路公司，在目前的形势下，我会用冻薪（原文如此，意思是加薪？）来换取工作保障。

2020年December2日，Philip Haigh，“A winter of discontent caused by threat of union action”, in Rail，頁 63:

地球上某個平行緯度間的地區


climate

climates (third-person singular present)
climating (present participle)
climated (past participle)


compare

由 com + par （平等）構成 compar，演化至拉丁語 comparare，演化至古法語 comparer，引進于晚期中古英語。

compares (third-person singular present)
comparing (present participle)
compared (past participle)

對比、比對、比較（縮寫 cf. 或 cp.）
compare A and B -- 對比 A 與 B

對比、比對、比較（縮寫 cf. 或 cp.）
compare A with/to B -- 對比 A 與 B

They always compare their situation and ours. 他們總是對比他們和我們的處境。


conservative

借自中古法語 conservatif，來自拉丁語 cōnservō (“儲存”)。等同conserve + -ative。

同類詞：moderate、liberal、progressive、libertarian、centrist、fascist、communist、socialist

During the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, this commitment brought him into frequent critical confrontation with entrenched forms of conservative thinking (in academic areas from history and social science to the more abstract domains of ethical and political philosophy),[…]

1999，Nicholas Walker，“The Reorientation of Critical Theory: Habermas”, in The Edinburgh Encyclopedia of Continental Philosophy，Routledge, →ISBN，頁 489:


conservative

more conservative (comparative)
most conservative (superlative)

The chef added a conservative amount of salt to the dish.

The curriculum committee at this university is extremely conservative.

At a conservative estimate, growth may even be negative next year.

We have always been conscientiously attached to what is called the Tory, and which might with more propriety be called the Conservative, party.

免受損失、浪費、損害的；保存的

Operative treatment should be reserved for those patients in whom conservative treatment has failed and who are motivated with regard to sports.

2000，G. Puddu et al.，“Achilles Tendon Injuries”, in The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine, →ISBN，頁 200:


convention

大會，會議；習俗，慣例；公約，協定


criminal

more criminal (comparative)
most criminal (superlative)


debate

debates (third-person singular present)
debating (present participle)
debated (past participle)


design

We have designs on winning the league next season.

我們的目標是贏得下個賽季的聯賽。

To be hateful of the truth by design.

I give it you without any other design than to shew you that I reckon nothing dear to me, when I want to do you a pleasure.

我把它給你，沒有任何其他目的，只是想讓你知道，當我想讓你高興時，我什麼都不看重。

1763，Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz，History of Louisisana，PG，頁 40:

At length, one night, when the company by ſome accident broke up much ſooner than ordinary, ſo that the candles were not half burnt out, ſhe was not able to reſiſt the temptation, but reſolved to have them ſome way or other. Accordingly, as ſoon as the hurry was over, and the ſervants, as ſhe thought, all gone to ſleep, ſhe ſtole out of her bed, and went down ſtairs, naked to her ſhift as ſhe was, with a deſign to ſteal them […]

1762，Charles Johnstone，The Reverie; or, A Flight to the Paradise of Fools，卷 2, Dublin: Printed by Dillon Chamberlaine, →OCLC，頁 202:

Lisicki will rise from her current ranking of 62 to at least 35 in the world on the back of her efforts at the All England Club, but she will have serious designs on a first Grand Slam title after overcoming the 2007 runner-up.

2011年June28日，Piers Newbery，“Wimbledon 2011: Sabine Lisicki beats Marion Bartoli”, in BBC Sport:


design

designs (third-person singular present)
designing (present participle)
designed (past participle)

She designed his retirement from the Royal Irish Artillery, and had negociated an immediate berth for him on the Staff of the Commander of the Forces, and a prospective one in the household of Lord Townshend […]

1863，Sheridan Le Fanu，The House by the Churchyard:

The huge square box, parquet-floored and high-ceilinged, had been arranged to display a suite of bedroom furniture designed and made in the halcyon days of the last quarter of the nineteenth century, when modish taste was just due to go clean out of fashion for the best part of the next hundred years.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 1, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

The king designed to mount an expedition to the New World.

He was designed to the study of the law.

1700，John Dryden，Translations from Ovid's Epistles, Preface:


device

來自中古英語 devys，來自古法語 devis，來自拉丁語 dīvīsus，dīvidō (“分發”)的過去分詞。

Every cycle shall be equipped with: … (b) an audible warning device consisting of a bell …

1949. Geneva Convention on Road Traffic Chapter VI. Provisions Applicable to Cycles in International Traffic

An artificial kidney these days still means a refrigerator-sized dialysis machine. Such devices mimic the way real kidneys cleanse blood and eject impurities and surplus water as urine.

如今，人工肾脏仍然意味着一台大小和冰箱差不多的透析机。这种设备模仿真正肾脏净化血液的方式，并以尿液的形式排出杂质和多余的水。

2013年June1日，“A better waterworks”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8838，頁 5 (Technology Quarterly):

His device is against Babylon, to destroy it.

祂定意攻擊巴比倫，將他毀滅。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 51:11:

He disappointeth the devices of the crafty, so that their hands cannot perform their enterprise.

破壞狡猾人的計謀，使他們所謀的，不得成就。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 5:12:

Their recent device of demanding benevolences.

1827 Hallam, Henry, The English Constitution, Harper

Drawings and pictures are more than mere ornaments in scientific discourse. Blackboard sketches, geological maps, diagrams of molecular structure, astronomical photographs, MRI images, the many varieties of statistical charts and graphs: These pictorial devices are indispensable tools for presenting evidence, for explaining a theory, for telling a story.

在科学论述中，图画、图片可不仅仅是装饰品。它们包括了黑板上的草图、地质图、分子结构图、天文照片、核磁共振图像、各种统计图表和图形。这些图像手段是展示证据、解释理论、讲述故事所不可或缺的工具。

2012年March7日，Brian Hayes，“Pixels or Perish”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 2，頁 106:

Inflammable material is planted in my head / It's a suspect device that's left 2000 dead

1979 Stiff Little Fingers, "Suspect Device":

THE ARMY BOMB Disposal Team rendered safe a viable device in Cavan this afternoon.

2014 September 3, Cliodhna Russell, The Journal "A viable device was found in Cavan today, it has now been made safe"

The army bomb squad carried out two controlled explosions on the device. It was later found that the suspect device was a hoax and not a viable explosive.

2014 August 3, Louise Kelly & Conor Feehan "Suspect device found at shopping centre revealed as hoax" Irish Independent

用於將持有者與其他人區分開來的格言、徽記或其他標誌。與 badge 或 cognizance 不同，主要是因為它是用來區別個人，而不是可以流傳給同一家族中的其他人。

The devices of these savages are the serpent, the Deer, and the Small Acorn.

1736. O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey. The Documentary History of the State of New York Chapter I, Article III: Enumeration of the Indian Tribes.

Moreover I must have instruments of mine own device, weighty, and exceeding costly

1824. Landor, Walter Savage "King Henry IV and Sir Arnold Savage" from Imaginary Conversations of Literary Men and Statesmen, page 44

And she said,

全部或部分作為商標或服務標誌使用的圖像

表示官方或專有權力或來源的圖像或標誌

Prior to the issuance of the first stamps, letters accepted by postmasters for dispatch were marked "Paid" by means of pen and ink or hand stamps of various designs. … To facilitate the handling of mail matter, some postmasters provided special stamps or devices for use on letters as evidence of the prepayment of postage.

1943 United States Post Office Department. A Description of United States Postage Stamps / Issued by the Post Office Department from July 1, 1847, to April 1, 1945 [sic], USGPO, Washington, p1:

It will be out of faſhion to weare ſwords, / Maſques, and devices welcome, I ſalute you […]

c. 1634，James Shirley (falsely attributed to John Fletcher)，The Coronation:


discuss

discusses (third-person singular present)
discussing (present participle)
discussed (past participle)


dissident

more dissident (comparative)
most dissident (superlative)


dissident

持不同政見者, 異議分子, 異見人士


earthquake

繼承自中古英語 erthequake，可以拆解為 earth + quake。取代了中古英語 eorð byfung (“地震”)，後者源自古英語 eorþbeofung (字面意思是“土地搖動”)。

地震（由火山活動或地質斷層周圍的運動引起的地面震動）（自14世紀起）

Her alablaster brest she soft did kis, / Which all that while shee felt to pant and quake, / As it an Earth-quake were: at last she thus bespake.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto II”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Last year's earthquake crushed his house, his livelihood and very nearly his leg, he said, pointing to a plastered limb that refuses to heal.

特指發生在地球上的地面震動 （20世紀起）

Since the response of some man-made structures to the ground motion near the epicenter is highly dependent on frequency, a significant difference in potential damage to the structures is expected between earthquakes and moonquakes.

1988，Jürgen Oberst, Yosio Nakamura，“A seismic risk for the lunar base”, in The Second Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century，卷 1, NASA，頁s 231–233:

The wave patterns, too, are strikingly different: The secondary (S) waves and surface waves on lunar seismograms are not generally as clearly defined and distinct as are those of earthquakes.

2006，Bruce A. Bolt，Earthquakes, Fifth Edition:

唐突劇變；具嚴重破壞性的事件

As we have seen, economic earthquakes often result in political shockwaves. […] He highlights a correlation between those states with the highest robot density and those states that unexpectedly swung behind Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election, namely Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.

2019年July11日，John Thornhill，“Does tech threaten to rerun the worst of the Industrial Revolution?”, in Financial Times:

Leo Varadkar has announced he is standing down as Ireland’s prime minister and also giving up his role as leader of the Fine Gael party in the ruling coalition, in a surprise move described by pundits as a “political earthquake” for the country.

2024年March20日，Jon Henley，“Leo Varadkar steps down as Irish prime minister in shock move”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


earthquake

earthquakes (third-person singular present)
earthquaking (present participle)
earthquaked (past participle)

Watch the Philippines very closely for the next little while. There is rumbling and earthquaking deep within Pinatubo and increased earthquaking within Mayon.

1993，Gyeorgos C. Hatonn，The Best of Times: The Worst of Times，頁 129:


electricity

/ɪˌlɛkˈt͡ʃɹɪsɪti/


estimate

借自拉丁語 aestimatus，是aestimō的過去分詞，舊形式為aestumo (“重視，尊敬，評價”)；來自古拉丁語 *ais-temos (“切銅的人”)，意指在羅馬共和國鑄造牆壁的人。參見esteem 的同源對似詞，以及aim。

“They know our boats will stand up to their work,” said Willison, “and that counts for a good deal. A low estimate from us doesn't mean scamped work, but just that we want to keep the yard busy over a slack time.”

1928，Lawrence R. Bourne，章號 3, in Well Tackled!:

估計數：對某些肯定數量的上限

The desired norm estimate is now obtained from the identity... [referring to an earlier statement saying that a certain norm is less than or equal to a certain expression]

1992，Louis de Branges，“The convergence of Euler functions”, in Journal of Functional Analysis, →DOI，頁 185:


estimate

estimates (third-person singular present)
estimating (present participle)
estimated (past participle)

I estimate that I need 400 board feet of lumber to complete a job, and then order 350 because I do not want a surplus, or perhaps order 450 because I do not want to make any subsequent orders.

1965，Ian Hacking，Logic of Statistical Inference:

Higher real prices for durables are estimated to have reduced their consumption per capita by 1.09% in 1930, […]

2003，Alexander J. Field, Gregory Clark, William A. Sundstrom，Research in Economic History:

It is always very difficult to estimate the age in which you are living.

1870，John Campbell Shairp，Culture and Religion in Some of Their Relations:


evaporate

evaporates (third-person singular present)
evaporating (present participle)
evaporated (past participle)

/ɪˈvæpəɹeɪt/

使蒸發；使脫水；揮發,蒸發,蒸發鹽


expand

expands (third-person singular present)
expanding (present participle)
expanded (past participle)


expect

expects (third-person singular present)
expecting (present participle)
expected (past participle)


gather

gathers (third-person singular present)
gathering (present participle)
gathered (past participle)


guerrilla

:出自19世纪初半岛战争时出现的西班牙语 guerrilla 。


guerrilla

:出自19世纪初半岛战争时出现的西班牙语 guerrilla 。

(市场营销学) 游击战略，游走策略。


hijack

hi-jack (alternative)
highjack (alternative)

劫持，盜取，搶奪，搶劫。


individual

/ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒwəl/

/ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒəl/

/ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒʊəl/

/ˌɪndɪˈvɪd͡ʒəl/

/ˌɘndɘˈvɘd͡ʒʉ.ɘl/

/ˌɘndɘˈvɘd͡ʒɘl/


infect

infects (third-person singular present)
infecting (present participle)
infected (past participle)


inspect

inspects (third-person singular present)
inspecting (present participle)
inspected (past participle)


insult

insults (third-person singular present)
insulting (present participle)
insulted (past participle)

- Marvel owns your gods!
- Insulting is not arguing.


laboratory

來自中世紀拉丁語 labōrātōrium。

/ˈlæbɹəˌtɔɹi/

/ləˈbɔɹəˌtɔɹi/

/ləˈbɔɹətɹi/

/ləˈbɒɹət(ə)ɹiː/

/ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/

Again she read the passage that had riveted her attention; and, rising from her seat, carried the still open volume, and laid it on a slab by the furnace in the laboratory: it was a celebrated treatise on poisons, written in the fifteenth century.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“The Laboratory”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 325:

[Isaac Newton] was obsessed with alchemy. He spent hours copying alchemical recipes and trying to replicate them in his laboratory. He believed that the Bible contained numerological codes.

2014年June21日，“Magician’s brain”, in The Economist，卷 411, 期 8892:


literature

/ˈlɪ.tʃɹə.tʃɚ/


loyal

loyaler (comparative)
loyaller (comparative)
loyalest (superlative)
loyallest (superlative)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-loyal.wav


measure

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-measure.wav


minister

內閣部长；大臣；（中華民國行政院的）部長或主任委員


mob

源自中古英語 mob，mobile的縮略,，源自英語 mobile (“mōbile (vulgus)”)。遊戲中的意思源自mobile，由Richard Bartle用於早期MUD。

Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob.

(我們能否確認James Madison引文的時間，或提供標題、作者全名和其他詳情？), Jr.

【集合名詞】 一群動物，例如馬或牛

黑手黨或從事有組織犯罪的類似組織

1920，Mary Roberts Rinehart，Avery Hopwood，章號 I, in The Bat: A Novel from the Play (Dell Book; 241)，New York, N.Y.: Dell Publishing Company, →OCLC，頁 01:

What if it is a mob killing? They can’t hurt me, but …

1986, Paul Chadwick, Concrete: Under the Desert Stars, Dark Horse Books

【電子遊戲】非玩家角色(NPC)，泛指為了進行遊戲而被殺死的角色。

You can't win with small, balanced groups. You have to zerg the mob with a high number of players.

2002, "Wolfie", Re: Whoa - massive changes due in next patch (on newsgroup alt.games.everquest)

【澳大利亞原住民】一群凝聚力強的人。

There’s nothing like local knowledge and after thousands of years living here the Noongar mob understand this land better than anyone, so it makes sense for them to tap into the lucrative tourism industry.

2011 March 10, Allan Clarke, W.A. through Noongar eyes


mob

mobs (third-person singular present)
mobbing (present participle)
mobbed (past participle)

圍觀（某人），有時充滿敵意。

Politicians have been turning up to Glastonbury for years, but this year the leader of the opposition was among the most hotly anticipated attractions: when he arrived on site, his Land Rover was mobbed by fans.

2017年June26日，Alexis Petridis，“Glastonbury 2017 verdict: Radiohead, Foo Fighters, Lorde, Stormzy and more”, in the Guardian:


mob

(我們能否查找並添加Goldsmith引用過本詞的語句？)


operation

/ˌɒpəˈɹeɪʃən/

/ˌɑpəˈɹeɪʃən/


plot

故事结构，包含各種電影、小說、影劇中的劇情轉折，整個故事結構中的關鍵低潮及高潮部分。


poet

[ˈpʰoʊ̯ɪ̈(ʔ)t̚]


pressure

[ˈpɹɛʃ.ə(ɹ)]


propaganda

來自新拉丁語 prōpāganda，是Congregātiō dē Prōpāgandā Fidē的簡稱，意為「傳佈信仰聖部」，為拉丁語 prōpāgō (“傳播”)的離格陰性動名詞。propagation 的同源對似詞。現在政治含意來自第一次世界大戰，最初非貶義詞。

/ˌpɹɒpəˈɡændə/

[ˌpɹɒp.əˈɡæn.də]

[ˌpɹɑp.əˈɡɛə̯n.də]

They established a government propaganda commission, called the w:en:Creel Commission, which succeeded, within six months, in turning a pacifist population into a hysterical, war-mongering population which wanted to destroy everything German, tear the Germans limb from limb, go to war and save the world.

2002，Noam Chomsky，“Selections”, in Media Control:


produce

繼承自中古英語 produce，來自拉丁語 prōdūcō。

produces (third-person singular present)
producing (present participle)
produced (past participle)

/pɹəˈd͡ʒuːs/

/ˈpɹɒd͡ʒuːs/


produce

繼承自中古英語 produce，來自拉丁語 prōdūcō。

/pɹəˈd͡ʒuːs/

/ˈpɹɒd͡ʒuːs/


willing

more willing (comparative)
most willing (superlative)

If my boyfriend isn't willing to change his drinking habits, I will split up with him.　　如果我男朋友不想改掉他好酒的习惯的话，我就跟他分手。


vehicle

借自法語 véhicule，源自拉丁語 vehiculum (“運輸工具”)，源自 vehere (“攜帶”)。


veto

vetoes (third-person singular present)
vetoing (present participle)
vetoed (past participle)


victim

（原意）牺牲品（作为人类或动物祭品而被杀死并提供的生物，常用于宗教仪式）；圣餐中的圣体，圣血。

②犯罪中受害或处于不利地位的一方。

③遭受灾难或其他不利情况的不幸的人。

受难者（因自愿承担而遭受任何其他伤害、损失或损害的人）。

（叙述学）被反面人物征服或操纵的人物。


violence

强暴;暴力;暴行;激烈;猛烈


temporary

/ˈtɛmpəɹəɹi/

/ˈtɛmpəˌɹɛɹi/


territory

/ˈtɛɹɪˌtɔɹi/

領地；領土；地區；領域，範圍


trade

trades (third-person singular present)
trading (present participle)
traded (past participle)


severe

源自中古法语 ←拉丁语 severus (“严重的，严肃的，穿着朴素的”)。

严重的，严峻的；极坏的。


suspect

來自古法語 suspect，來自拉丁語 suspectus，suspiciō (“不信任，懷疑”)的完整體被動分詞，來自sub (“底下”) + speciō (“看，看著”)。

suspects (third-person singular present)
suspecting (present participle)
suspected (past participle)

揣測；想象或假設某事物為真或存在

to suspect the presence of disease

From her hand I could suspect no ill.

1667，John Milton，“Book 9”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Mr. Campion appeared suitably impressed and she warmed to him. He was very easy to talk to with those long clown lines in his pale face, a natural goon, born rather too early she suspected.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 5, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

WikiLeaks did not cause these uprisings but it certainly informed them. The dispatches revealed details of corruption and kleptocracy that many Tunisians suspected, but could not prove, and would cite as they took to the streets.

2013年June7日，Gary Younge，“Hypocrisy lies at heart of Manning prosecution”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 18:

to suspect the truth of a story

An inhabitant of Gubio, in the duchy of Urbino, in Italy, suspecting the fidelity of his wife, he, in a fit of jealousy, in order to find out whether his suspicion was true, did what the ecclesiastick history informs us Origen did from devotion.

1785，James Ridgway，A Dictionary of Literary Conversation:

I suspect him of being the thief.


suspect

Round up the usual suspects.

1942, Casablanca, written by Julius J. Epstein、Philip G. Epstein and Howard Koch


suspect

more suspect (comparative)
most suspect (superlative)

What I can do or offer is suspect.

1671，John Milton，“The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 2:

In his first book since the 2008 essay collection Natural Acts: A Sidelong View of Science and Nature, David Quammen looks at the natural world from yet another angle: the search for the next human pandemic, what epidemiologists call “the next big one.” His quest leads him around the world to study a variety of suspect zoonoses—animal-hosted pathogens that infect humans.

2013年January7日，Katie L. Burke，“Ecological Dependency”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 1，存檔自the original on 2017-02-09，頁 64:

Facing a backlash over the use of the term “cosmopolitan,” [Josh] Hawley later defended himself against accusations of antisemitism on Twitter as “an ardent advocate of the state of Israel and the Jewish people.” But this conflation of the state of Israel and the Jewish people is the entire point. To today’s far right, Israel is a firm ally against Islam, while “cosmopolitans,” many of whom just happen to be Jewish, are suspect.

2019年July24日，David Austin Walsh，“Flirting With Fascism”, in Jewish Currents:

What appears suspect about the Beeching Report is how quickly it was railroaded through, with the answers manufactured before the questions were asked.

2023年March8日，Howard Johnston，“Was Marples the real railway wrecker?”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 52:

Now I’m suspect of other advice that I read in your pages.

2004, Will Nickell, letter to the editor of Field & Stream, Volume CIX Number 8 (December 2004–January 2005), page 18


radar

/ˈɹeɪdɑː(ɹ)/


recession

借自拉丁語 recessiō。


reject

*源自晚期的中古英語 rejecten ← 拉丁語 rēiectus ，rēicere（“扔回”） 的過去分詞形式 ← rē- （“回”）+ iacere（“扔”）。
*該詞代替了如下近義詞：中古英語 forwerpen (“拋棄”)(源自古英語 forweorpan)； 中古英語 forcasten(“扔掉”) (源自古諾爾斯語 forkasta)；中古英語 skirpen(“使噴湧而出”)(源自古諾爾斯語 skirpa (“吐出”))；中古英語 wernen(“拒絕，回絕”) (源自古英語 wiernan (“拒絕，回絕”))；中古英語 withchosen, withchesen（“拒絕”）(源自古英語 wiþċēosan (“拒絕”))。

rejects (third-person singular present)
rejecting (present participle)
rejected (past participle)

她甚至拒絕了我的改進后的建議。


relations

/ɹɪˈleɪʃənz/


research

/ˈɹiː.sɜːtʃ/


resign

resigns (third-person singular present)
resigning (present participle)
resigned (past participle)


resolution

最早記錄於1412年，作中古英語 resolucioun (“解除；解散”)，可能源自盎格魯-諾曼語 resolucion 或直接源自拉丁語 resolūtiō (“鬆開；解決”)，源自 resolvō (“鬆開”)，源自延伸前綴 re- + solvō (“鬆開”)。

/ˌɹɛzəˈluːʃ(ə)n/


resource

Nevertheless, it is clear that the global energy demand for air-conditioning will grow substantially as nations become more affluent,[…]. This trend will put additional strain not only on global energy resources but also on the environmental prospects of a warming planet.

2013 September-October，Michael Sivak，“Will AC Put a Chill on the Global Energy Supply?]”, in American Scientist，存檔自the original on 2014-02-06:

By French-Style Revolution I don't mean a violent overthrow of the ruling elite as much as a tumultuous reset of how resources and power are distributed. Systems become vulnerable to such resets when they become highly asymmetrical in how they distribute resources and power, and rigid in their defense of the extreme inequality of the distribution.

2023年December10日，Charles Hugh Smith，Could America Have a French-Style Revolution?:


resource

resources (third-person singular present)
resourcing (present participle)
resourced (past participle)


rocket

rockets (third-person singular present)
rocketing (present participle)
rocketed (past participle)


surgeon

來自中古英語 surgien，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 surgien、sirogen（對應古法語surgien等），來自通俗拉丁語 *chīrurgiānus，來自拉丁語 chīrūrgia (“外科手術”)，來自chīrurgus (“外科手術”)，源自古希臘語 χειρουργός (kheirourgós)，來自χείρ (kheír，“手”) + ἔργον (érgon，“工作”)。

chirurgeon (alternative)
surgeons (plural)
surgeoness (feminine)

The surgeon refused to operate because the patient was her son.

外科醫生拒絕上台手術，因為病人是她的兒子。


dermatologist

/ˌdɜːməˈtɒlədʒɪst/


sedative

more sedative (comparative)
most sedative (superlative)


prescription

præscription (alternative)
prescriptions (plural)

/pɹəˈskɹɪpʃən/

消滅時效，法令限制，訴訟時效


tablet

tablets (third-person singular present)
tableting (present participle)
tabletting (present participle)
tableted (past participle)
tabletted (past participle)


materia medica

來自拉丁語 materia (“材料”) + medica，來自medicus (“醫學的”)


basket

baskets (third-person singular present)
basketing (present participle)
basketed (past participle)


isolation

/ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/


pivot

以一只脚为中枢脚转动身体改变方向的动作


pivot

pivots (third-person singular present)
pivoting (present participle)
pivoted (past participle)


quarter

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-quarter.wav


quarter

quarters (third-person singular present)
quartering (present participle)
quartered (past participle)


season

使(談話、故事等)增添趣味


substitutes

substitute 的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


switch

可能借自中古荷蘭語 swijch (“枝條”)。首次記錄於1592年左右


tipoff

tip-off的另一種拼寫法


tomahawk

借自東阿爾岡昆語支 ，有可能是波瓦坦語 tumahák；對照馬里希特-帕薩瑪奎迪語 tomhikon (“斧”)、阿貝納基語 temahigan、demahigan (“斧”)。

yeerely bring into our store house, at the beginning of their haruest two bushels of corne a man […] for which they should receiue so many Iron Tomahawkes or small hatchets.

1615, Ralph Hamor, A True Discourse of the Present State of Virginia (published in Richmond in 1957), page 13:

戰斧式扣籃，將手臂放在脑后的扣籃方式。

由一个半圆和两条线段组成的几何结构，用作三等分角的工具；因其与美洲印第安人斧头的相似而得名。

一种曲棍球击球方式，球员将曲棍球棒倒置并摆动，使其内侧边缘与球接触。


tomahawk

tomahawks (third-person singular present)
tomahawking (present participle)
tomahawked (past participle)

Not satisfied with tomahawking our colleagues in the country, they ask the scanty remnant in the House to join in the scalp dance.

1906, FE Smith, maiden speech to House of Commons, 12 Mar 1906:

环绕或砍倒（一块土地）周围的树木，以获得它的所有权。

He was the owner of 1,300 acres of land bought from the government and located where the city of Lexington, Ky., now stands. After his marriage he tomahawked an area of 600 acres near Carmichaelstown, […]

1909, Samuel Gordon Smyth, A Genealogy of the Duke-Shepherd-Van Metre Family: From Civil, Military, Church and Family Records and Documents, page 67:

Meantime, Silas Zane passed on and came to the forks, and admiring the locality, he tomahawked his right to it, securing one thousand acres.

1915, Chronicles of the Cochrans: Being a Series of Historical Events and Narratives, in which Members of this Family Have Played a Prominent Part, page 55:


trailer

源自 trail + -er。“預告片”之義來源於其以前是在正片後放映的情況。


windmill

源自中古英語 wyndmylne，wyndmylle，相當於 wind + mill。與低地蘇格蘭語 wyndmyln，wyndmyl，薩特弗里斯蘭語 Wíendmäälne，西弗里斯蘭語 wynmûne，荷蘭語 windmolen, 南非語 windmeul，下薩克森荷蘭語 windmölle (Achterhooks)，wiendmeule (Drents, Veluws)，德國低地德語 Windmöhl，德語 Windmühle，丹麥語 vindmølle，書面挪威語 vindmølle, 新挪威語 vindmølle，vindmylne，瑞典語 vindmölla，冰島語 vindmylla 同源。


windmill

windmills (third-person singular present)
windmilling (present participle)
windmilled (past participle)


lima

We had limas with dinner last night.

Lima的大小寫替代形式北約音標字母


loli

來自日語 ロリ或lolicon 的截斷形式。

主要用於日本動畫和日本漫畫


noti

While it might seem harmless to sneak the occasional peek at their Story or see what they’ve been watching on Netflix, Fortin says you’re leaving yourself open to “potentially stressful situations that may come at a time when you're gaining momentum in your progress.” Think about it—if their number isn’t blocked, you’ll jump at each noti wondering if it’s them.

2023年October23日，Rachel Varina，“How to Get Over a Breakup So You Can *Actually* Move On and Heal”, in Cosmopolitan:


boro

borough的另一種拼寫法


hymn

hymns (third-person singular present)
hymning (present participle)
hymned (past participle)


buffet

歐式自助餐（台灣又稱【吃到飽餐廳】，限時不限量自由取餐）


los

繼承自中古英語 lusk，來自古英語 lox，來自原始西日耳曼語 *luhs，來自原始日耳曼語 *luhsaz。與低地蘇格蘭語 los、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Luks、低地德語 Luks、荷蘭語 los、德語 Luchs、盧森堡語 Luuss等同源。

The los had been brought from a northern part of the United States.

猞猁是從美國北部某地帶來的。

A beaſt like unto a wolfe having many ſpottes, and being exceeding quicke of ſight: a wolfe like an hart, a Los or Lynx.

1592，Thomas Thomasius，Thomae Thomasii Dictionarium tertio ... emendatum ... et longe auctius ... redditum.:


los

繼承自中古英語 los，來自古英語 los，來自原始日耳曼語 *lusą，來自原始印歐語 *lews-。

If we come under France, we have not onely Spaine our enimie by Sea and Land (as we have ſhewne) but the los of our Spaniſh Trade, and the hazarding of our whole Levant Traffick: And if we rightly calculate, that amounts to no ſmall part of our Commerce.

1673，[Joseph Hill]，The Interest Of theſe United Provinces. Being a Defence of the Zeelanders Choice […]，Middelburg: Printed by Thomas Berry，[https://books.google.com/books?id=YD_cbDEj10sC&pg=PP75&dq=%22los%22 頁 [75]]:


wiktionary

It has also spawned a wiktionary, wikiquotes, wikinews, wikibooks and the wikimedia information commons

2007，Martin Parker, Valerie Fournier, Patrick Reedy，The Dictionary of Alternatives: Utopianism and Organization，頁 313:


wiktionary

However, with the increase in free resources like wiktionaries, or the increase in the number of translated materials available on the Internet

2011，Zygmunt Vetulani，Human Language Technology. Challenges for Computer Science:

PanLex draws on various lexical resources, including dictionaries, wiktionaries, glossaries, lexicons, word lists, terminologies, thesauri, wordnets, ontologies, vocabulary databases, namedentity resources, and standards

2011，Nikolas Coupland，The Handbook of Language and Globalization:

維基媒體基金會所營運的自由的線上詞典中的一個；某一特定語言的維基詞典

In fact the English Wiktionary edition contains entries for more than 400 languages, so that out of this source, more language specific wiktionaries could be created than there are actually officially listed.

2013，Anaïd Donabédian, Victoria Khurshudian, Max Silberztein，Formalising Natural Languages with NooJ，頁 18:


gen

Nose around any modest-sized station and the odds are you'll find that the chargeman's office doubles as a bashers' club, a place where shivering spotters can get warm and catch up on the gen.

2015，Nicholas Whittaker，Platform Souls: The Trainspotter as 20th-Century Hero:

I had some recent gen that they had been seen quite recently at Kunoth Well, a little dot on the map on the edge of the Tanami Desert.

2005，Sean Dooley，The Big Twitch，Sydney: Allen and Unwin，頁 172:

不特別關注浪漫或性的同人作品


gen

Gen (“普世博愛運動青年團的成員”)的大小寫替代形式


gen

gens (third-person singular present)
genning (present participle)
genned (past participle)

使用自動程式生成，尤指計算機程式

Defining the devices so that they will be genned during the sysgen and installation is the other half.

1991，Bruce H. Hunter, Karen Bradford Hunter，UNIX Systems: Advanced Administration and Management Handbook:

The older, genned files are difficult to keep up-to-date and are unsupported for some newer NICs.

1993，Debra R. Niedermiller-Chaffins, Drew Heywood，Inside Novell NetWare, →ISBN，頁 100:

As the capacities of the large servers are exceeded, a new server is genned into the RAC cluster.

2010，Donald K. Burleson，Oracle Tuning: The Definitive Reference, →ISBN，頁 1109:

The Turing factories on Isis's small moon had fallen short of productivity goals, though another two factory units had been genned.


gen

Samples could be taken from the original, and plans could be made, but genning could not be initiated until death had occurred.

2008，Bart Dahmer，Primal Screams, →ISBN，頁 36:

Her nurturer ears, genned to be hyper-sensitive, had to be hurting from the noise.

2011，Karen Sandler，Tankborn, →ISBN，頁 28:


gen

詞源未知。可能來源包括：
* argent 的截斷形式
* generalise 的截斷形式，來自英語 shilling的反讀。

The betting also began to shift. "Sixpence Ned wins!" cried three or four; "Sixpence he loses!" answered another; "Done!" and up went the halfpence. "Half-a-crown Joe loses!"—"Here you are," answered Joe, but he lost again. "I'll try you a 'gen'" (shilling) said a coster; "And a 'rouf yenap'" (fourpence), added the other. "Say a 'exes'" (sixpence).—"Done!" and the betting continued, till the ground was spotted with silver and halfpence.

1851，Henry Mayhew，“Gambling of Costermongers”, in London Labour and the London Poor，卷 1，頁 17:

"Give me two gen, then, and take the whole bloody tol. I've walked me teef orf afore rouf this mornin', and wot 'ave I got? Two bloody yenneps! I ask yer."


gen

"Mladenovic playing in what the young gen is calling a crop top, but what my gen is calling a bra," Bouchard tweeted. "Sign of the times that Wimbledon has no issue with that. Still can remember the year some had troubles because of 'too short' skirts lol."

2022年June28日，“Wimbledon tennis: Fans react to Kristina Mladenovic's eye-catching outfit”, in The New Zealand Herald:

It’s anyone’s guess whether such attitudes will persist into adulthood, but if Gen Z (and the gens to come) do prove more alco-skeptic than their forbears then the above twelve steps are deftly primed to cash in.

2022年July4日，Ben Schott，“Is There Anything That Gen Z Won’t Drink?”, in The Washington Post:

按時間順序排列的某件事的具體版本

For my fellow first-gens, get ready to hide a smirk, because your life story is likely hidden somewhere in this chapter. For the uninitiated—that is, the person who's never had a thing to do with the Arab way of doing things (namely dating)—I advise you to buckle up.

2004，Sally Bishai，“Courtship, Marriage and the Ubiquitous ‘Dating Thing’”, in Mid-East Meets West: On Being and Becoming a Modern Arab American，Lincoln, Neb.: iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 57:

[…] I witness firsthand the difficult "downstream" outcomes (Grusky 2014) of social class stratification in a university setting where approximately 3,400 undergraduates (13% of the undergraduate population) are first in their families to attend and/or graduate from college (first-gens). Most of these students are low income and nearly 1,200 first-gens have grown up in poverty.

2016，Dwight Lang，“Witnessing Social Class in the Academy”, in Working in Class: Recognizing How Social Class Shapes Our Academic Work，Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, part 2 (Teaching)，頁 102:

The Family Values and Framing Strategy steps address soft issues as what is the purpose of the new investment strategy, is there a desire to engage and train the next generation (Next Gens), and is there building buy-in and engagement across the family members important to strengthen family unity.

2017，Temple Fennell，“SCIE: Sustainable Cycle of Investing Engagement”, in Kirby Rosplock, The Complete Direct Investing Handbook: A Guide for Family Offices, Qualified Purchasers, and Accredited Investors (Bloomberg Financial Series)，Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 242:


stary

starier (comparative)
stariest (superlative)

starey的另一種拼寫法

Buddy Eagleton was ahead of Reppler and he turned to run, his eyes wide and stary.


Robert

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 Robert，源自古高地德語 Hrodperht（Ruodberht）在古古法蘭克語的同源詞，源自原始西日耳曼語 *Hrōþiberht，源自原始日耳曼語 *Hrōþiberhtaz (字面意思是“閃耀的榮譽”)。Rupert 的同源對似詞。

諾曼征服英格蘭以來，最常用的英語人名之一。

源自日耳曼語族的男性人名。

My brother Robert? Old Sir Robert's son? / Colbrand the giant, that same mighty man?

:Template:RQ:Shakespeare King John: Act I, Scene I:

I hadn't even considered names for a girl. Robby it would be. Robert Douglas. Where the Douglas came from is another story, but the Robert came from me because I liked the sound. Robert was formal, dignified, important. Robert. And that was nearly as nice as the chance I'd have to call my little brother Rob and Robby.

1984，John Edgar Wideman，Brothers and Keepers: A Memoir，Mariner Books, 出版於 2005, →ISBN，頁 93:


ultimatum

來自拉丁語 ultimatus (“晚期，最後的”)，來自拉丁語 ultimus (“極端，最後， 最遠的，最大限度的，最終”)


war

wars (third-person singular present)
warring (present participle)
warred (past participle)


yogurt

借自鄂圖曼土耳其語 یوغورت (yōghurt, yoğurt)（參見現代土耳其語 yoğurt）。


yoghurt

借自鄂圖曼土耳其語 یوغورت（現代土耳其語 yoğurt）。

yogurt的另一種拼寫法


welsh

有人認為源自Welsh (“威爾士人”)的貶義，但缺乏明確證據。對比gyp (“詐騙”)（可能源自gypsy (“吉普賽人”)）和jew (“騙取”)（源自Jew (“猶太人”)）。

welshes (third-person singular present)
welshing (present participle)
welshed (past participle)

以不支付債務（尤指賭債）的方式詐騙


wales

wale的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


cadmium

1817年，來自古希臘語 Καδμεία (Kadmeía，“爐甘石”)，一種含鎘的礦物混合物，以國王Κάδμος (Kádmos，“卡德摩斯”)的名字命名。

鎘（一種化學元素（符號 Cd），原子序數為48：一種柔軟的銀白）

CSPI says the Trump Administration could take steps to protect consumers from each of these chemicals and support FDA’s broader post-market assessment efforts. It could ensure that FDA sets health-protective limits on heavy metals, like lead, arsenic, and cadmium, in foods consumed by children.

CSPI表示，特朗普政府可以採取措施保護消費者免受這些化學物質的侵害，並支持FDA更廣泛的市場後評估工作。它可以確保FDA為兒童食用的食品中的重金屬（如鉛、砷和鎘）設定保護健康的限值。

2025年January15日，“FDA moves to eliminate carcinogenic Red 3 from foods”, in Center for Science in the Public Interest:


cakes

cake 的第三人稱單數簡單現在時直陳式


cannon

cannons (third-person singular present)
cannoning (present participle)
cannoned (past participle)


cautious

小心的，谨慎的，试探性的。


celebration

/ˌsɛlɪˈbɹeɪʃən/

/ˌsɛləˈbɹeɪʃən/

/ˌsɛlˈbɹeɪʃən/


abscess

派生自拉丁語 abscessus，源自abscēdō (“走開，離開”)，源自 abs (“遠離”) + cēdō (“走”)。參見cede。

膿腫、膿瘡、潰瘍 （首次記錄於16世紀中期）


abscess

abscesses (third-person singular present)
abscessing (present participle)
abscessed (past participle)


advocate

借自古法語 advocat，来自拉丁語 advocātus（advocāre (“呼籲”)）的過去分詞，借译自古希臘語 παράκλητος (paráklētos)（英語 paraclete的词源）。advoke、avouch和avow 的同源對似詞。

這位律師是鎮上為數不多的優秀兒童律师之一。

The lawyer was one of a few good child advocates in town.

提倡者，拥护者，鼓吹者。(+ for, of)

擁護性工作者權益的人

她一直是改革的堅定倡導者。

She has been a strong advocate for reform.


advocate

advocates (third-person singular present)
advocating (present participle)
advocated (past participle)

（及物动词）主张，拥护，鼓吹。

我喜歡樹，但我不主张住在樹里。

I like trees, but I do not advocate living in them.

“localist” politicians who advocate self-determination to be voted into power

主張用選票實現自治的“本土派”


almighty

more almighty (comparative)
most almighty (superlative)


aluminum

aluminium (“鋁”)在美式、加式和菲律賓的标准拼写


ambiguous

源自拉丁語 ambiguus (“左右搖擺的，性質可疑的”)，該詞衍生自ambigere (“四處走動、徘徊、懷疑”)，由ambi- (“周圍、大約、兩側”)與agere (“驅動、移動”)組成。

more ambiguous (comparative)
most ambiguous (superlative)

The politician was criticized for his ambiguous statements and lack of precision.

這位政治人物因模稜兩可的言論與缺乏精準度而受到批評。

And forasmuch as in this same question I am ambiguous, and Simplicius is resolute....

鑑於在此問題上我仍游移不定，而辛普利休斯立場堅決...

1662，Thomas Salusbury，Mathematical collections and translations, in two tomes - Salusbury:


ammonia

來自拉丁語 sal ammoniacus (“阿蒙的鹽，氯化銨”)，因為它在埃及的（朱庇特）阿蒙神廟附近被發現而得名。Ammon衍生自古希臘語 Ἄμμων (Ámmōn)，來自埃及語 jmn (i-mn:n-A4)。

Never use ammonia to clean metal writing pens.

千萬不要用氨水來清洗金屬筆。

Slowly we rode down to the camp - a very sorrowful party. We took "Nep" straight to the surgery, where the doctor instantly applied injections of ammonia, then the new remedy for snake bite.

1887，Harriet W. Daly，Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia，頁 95:


analogy

借自拉丁語 analogia，來自古希臘語 ἀναλογίᾱ (analogíā)。

/əˈnæləd͡ʒi/


analysis

comparative analysis


appendicitis

appendicitises (plural)
appendicitides (plural)
appendicites (plural)


approximate

來自拉丁語 approximatus，是approximare (“接近”)的現在分詞；ad + proximare，見proximate。

more approximate (comparative)
most approximate (superlative)

靠近；貼近；相近、近乎相同

大概；約略；近乎準確、正確的；近似的

Approximate results or values.

例句：
#:* 近似的結果或值。

To help carry out its mission, NASA's Genesis spacecraft has on board an ion monitor to record the speed, density, temperature and approximate composition of the solar wind ions.

例句：
#:* 為了執行其任務，美國太空總署的起源號探測器使用它機上的離子監測器，去記錄太陽風離子的速度、密度和溫度來推測它的組成方式。


approximate

approximates (third-person singular present)
approximating (present participle)
approximated (past participle)


apt

apt
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：够格
* 正體中文：夠格


apt

apt
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：适切
* 正體中文：適切


architect

architect
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：设计师
* 正體中文：設計師


argumentation

argumentation
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：论法
* 正體中文：論法


arrogance

/ˈæɹ.ə.ɡəns/


ashamed

ashamed
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：惭愧
* 正體中文：慚愧


ashamed

ashamed
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：没有脸皮
* 正體中文：沒有臉皮


ashamed

ashamed
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：没脸
* 正體中文：沒臉


ashamed

ashamed
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：羞惭
* 正體中文：羞慚


assault

assault
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：突击
* 正體中文：突擊


assault

assault
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：冲锋
* 正體中文：衝鋒


assault

assault
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：进攻
* 正體中文：進攻


assembly

assembly
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：组件
* 正體中文：組件


assembly

assembly
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：讲习会
* 正體中文：講習會


assembly

assembly
====翻译====
翻譯
* 简体中文：集会
* 正體中文：集會


association

/əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃən/

/əˌsəʊsiˈeɪʃən/

/əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/

［通訊工程］協會，結合，組合

［電子計算機］協會；結合


aviation

拉丁文的avis，意義為鳥。

飛行的科學或飛行的技藝。


awkward

來自awk (“怪異的，笨拙的”) + -ward。

more awkward (comparative)
most awkward (superlative)

Than groned the knyght for his grymme woundis, and gyrdis to Sir Gawayne and awkewarde hym strykes, and […] kut thorow a vayne[…].
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）


awkward

來自awk (“怪異的，笨拙的”) + -ward。

awkwarder (comparative)
more awkward (comparative)
awkwardest (superlative)
most awkward (superlative)

clumsy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

lubberly

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

ungraceful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

unhandy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

dexterous

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

gainly

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

graceful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

handy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

skillful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

John was awkward at performing the trick. He'll have to practice to improve.

John在耍那個戲法的時候笨手笨腳的。他還是要練習才能提高。

That was an extremely awkward moment. Everyone was watching.

那一刻真的非常尷尬，大家都在看著。

An awkward silence had fallen.

I'm very awkward at parties.

Things get very awkward whenever 60-year old men use cheesy pick-up lines on me.

每有60多歲的老人用老土的搭訕語句找我攀談時，我都不知道該怎麼辦才好。

任性的 （指人）；不方便的，難以應付的，棘手的

He's a right awkward chap.

These cabinets are going to be very awkward when we move.

我們搬家時這些陳列櫃會很難處理。

Clearing up rock and fallen vegetation at such an awkward site required a team of specialist geoengineers.

2020年August26日，Andrew Mourant，“Reinforced against future flooding”, in Rail，頁 61:


awkward

來自awk (“怪異的，笨拙的”) + -ward。

笨拙的人；尷尬的情況；任性的人等 （可以使用上述形容詞形容的人或物）

Another important branch of deportment was to seat the awkwards stiffly on the extreme edge of a chair, fold the hands on the very precarious lap, droop the eyes in a pensive way.

1912，Eliza Ripley，Social Life in Old New Orleans, Being Recollections of My Girlhood，New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:

'What periods are you talking about?' / 'The monthly awkwards. Didn't the girls at Molyneux have them when you were managing director?' / The Rabbit leaned forward, sniffing the air in the immediate vicinity. 'Either you've been drinking or you've got some girl into trouble. Or am I being unfair to you and it's both?'

1998，Leo Marks，Between Silk and Cyanide: The Story of SOE's Code War，London: HarperCollins, →ISBN:

That is a way to make awkwards. And it's not fun to hang out with awkwards more than once.

2014，Grace Helbig，Grace's Guide: The Art of Pretending to Be a Grown-up，New York, N.Y.: Touchstone Books, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN，頁 76:


BCG

Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin / Bacille Calmette-Guérin (“卡介苗”)之首字母縮略詞。


beriberi

可能借自僧加羅語短語 බැරි බැරි (bæri bæri，“我不能，我不能”)（因為虛弱導致做不了事）。


calorie

借自法語 calorie，由拉丁語 calor演變而來。最初在19世紀被定義為大卡路里，幾十年後才被定義成小卡路里。

Biotics possess extraordinary abilities, but they must live with minor inconveniences. The most obvious issue is getting adequate nutrition. Creating biotic mass effects takes such a toll on metabolism that active biotics develop ravenous appetites. The standard Alliance combat ration for a soldier is 3000 calories per day; biotics are given 4500, as well as a canteen of potent energy drink for quick refreshment after hard combat.

2008，BioWare，Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC，幕：Biotics: Life as a Biotic Codex entry:

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013年June29日，“A punch in the gut”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁s 72–3:


carrot

源自中古法語 carotte ← 拉丁語 carōta ← 古希臘語 καρῶτον (karôton)。同carotte。代替本土詞more ← 古英語 moru。
* “激勵的工具”是指carrot and stick (“胡蘿蔔加大棒”)。
* 動詞一義源自烘乾後皮毛呈橙色。

carrot：


carrot

carrots (third-person singular present)
carroting (present participle)
carroted (past participle)

（毛氈製作工藝中）給毛皮用硝酸汞處理


cellular

细胞的；由细胞组成的；细胞状的
* [简体]:蜂窝[通信]
* [正體]:細胞式的，蜂巢式的[通訊]
* 正體: 細胞式的，蜂巢式的[通訊工程]
* 正體: 格狀系統[電子計算機]


cellulose

纤维素
* 正體： 纖維素［電子計算機］


chain

chains (third-person singular present)
chaining (present participle)
chained (past participle)


cheque

I was not carrying cash, so I wrote a cheque for the amount.

我没有带现金，所以我写了一张支票。

They do not, however, all deal with the same banker, and when A gives a cheque to B, B usually pays it not into the same but into some other bank.

然而，他们并不都与同一家银行打交道，当 A 给 B 一张支票时，B 通常不是将支票存入同一家银行，而是存入另一家银行。

1848，John Stuart Mill，Principles of Political Economy [政治經濟學原理]，出版於 1920，頁 62:

Sometimes abbreviations are used (which would be explained on the statement) and only the last three figures of the cheque number may be given. ‘Sundries’ are cash or cheques paid into the account.
有时会使用缩写（会在声明中解释），并且只能提供支票号码的最后三位数字。“杂项”是指存入账户的现金或支票。

1999, Sam Seunarine, Office Procedures for the Caribbean, 2nd edition, reprinted 2001, page 126,

You can avoid dealing with paper cheques — written or printed — by paying your bills online.

您可以通过在线支付账单来避免处理纸质支票——无论是手写的还是印刷的。

2007，Eric Tyson，Tony Martin，Personal Finance for Canadians for Dummies:

The daily cheque clearings began around 1770 when bank clerks met at the Five Bells (a tavern in Lombard Street in the City of London) to exchange all their cheques in one place and settle the balances in cash.
每日支票结算始于1770年左右，当时银行职员在 Five Bells（伦敦金融城倫巴底街的一家小酒馆）会面，在一个地方兑换所有支票并以现金结算余额。

2009, R. Rajesh, T. Sivagnanasithi, Banking Theory Law & Practice, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, page 206,


cheque

chequy的棄用形式。

George PARK of FULFORDLIES, descended of the Family of Parkswells, carries Or, a Fesse Cheque, Gules and Argent; between Three Bucks Heads cabossed, all within a Border of the 2d; Motto, Providentia me committo.

1722，Alexander Nisbet，A System of Heraldry Speculative and Practical，頁 335:

Arms. Argent, a chevron cheque, gules, and of the field, between three bugle horns, sable , garnished of the second, plate 40.

1779，Hugh Clark，Thomas Wormull，The Peerage of the Nobility of England, Scotland, and Ireland，頁 137:

Parted per pale gules and or, a lion rampant intercharged inter 3 fleurs de lys. 2. A saltire cheque gules and or inter 3 escallop shells gules. 2 Argent, within a bordure azure, semé de fleur de lis or, parted per chevron ermine[…]

1797，Thomas Langley，The History and Antiquities of the Hundred of Desborough, and Deanery of Wycombe, in Buckinghamshire: Including the Borough Towns of Wycombe and Marlow, and Sixteen Parishes，頁 442:

... : several escutcheons of arms are dispersed about her, and her kirtle, or inward drapery thus blazoned; Or. a fret gules, and others on her mantle, Or. cheque, gules, and azure, a talbot is couchant at her feet.

1820，John Chambers，A General History of Worcester，頁 148:


chloride

源自chlor(ine) + -ide，由英國的化學家漢弗里·戴維在1812年造出。

/ˈklɔːˌɹaɪd/

potassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate

Another type, also common in the Taipei area has more chlorides than sulfates, and while it is also hot, its flavor is more salty than sour. The springs at Chinshan on the north coast are typical of this type.

另一种温泉在台北地区也很常见，氯化物含量比硫酸盐多，虽然也很热，但味道偏咸而不是酸。北海岸金山的温泉就是这种温泉的典型代表。

1982年February21日，“Wulai: Hot springs resort with treasury of culture”, in Free China Weekly，卷 XXII, 期 7, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 2，列 2:

Klopfer and Gamble (1966) gave 16 female goats (C. hircus) 5 min of contact with their young at parturition. Nine of the mothers had been temporarily rendered anosmic (could not smell) at parturition by spraying a 10% cocaine hydrogen chloride solution into their nostrils 20–90 min prior to parturition. […] Eight of the nine females who were anosmic at parturition but could smell at reintroduction accepted their own offspring, as well as alien young during reinstatement.

2008，Edward O. Price，“Maternal and Neonatal Behavior”, in Principles and Applications of Domestic Animal Behavior: An Introductory Text，Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Cambridge, Mass.: CABI, →ISBN，頁 149:

The Renew is also free of polyvinyl chloride, asbestos, chlorofluorocarbons and halons.

Renew 也不含聚氯乙烯、石棉、氯氟烃和海龙。

2009年February12日，Azadeh Ensha，“A Cellphone That Is Made With the Environment in Mind”, in The New York Times:


chlorine

由漢弗里•戴維創造，源自古希臘語 χλωρός (khlōrós，“蒼白的綠色”)。

氯，鹵族化學元素，原子序為17，化學符號為Cl。它是分佈最廣的元素之一。其單質為氯氣，具有高活性和高毒性。


cirrhosis

源自古希臘語 κιρρός (kirrhós，“黄褐色”) + -osis。


coastal

more coastal (comparative)
most coastal (superlative)


colic

借自法語 colique。最終源自古希臘語 κωλικός (kōlikós，“結腸受苦”，adj).

cholick (alternative)
cholic (alternative)
colics (plural)

腹部劇烈疼痛或引起此類疼痛的疾病（由於腸道或腸道相關問題）。

嚴重煩躁和哭泣，尤其是患有某些疾病的嬰兒。

用於緩解此類症狀的藥用植物。


colic

cholick (alternative)
cholic (alternative)


colitis

Crohn's disease and colitis


collaboration

/kəˌlæbəˈɹeɪʃən/


collide

來自拉丁語 collidere (“撞击或碰撞在一起”)，來自com- (“一起”) + laedere (“打，猛力反抗，傷害”)；參見lesion。

collides (third-person singular present)
colliding (present participle)
collided (past participle)

When a body collides with another, then momentum is conserved.

当一个物体与另一个物体碰撞时，动量是守恒的。

Across this space the attraction urges them. They collide, they recoil, they oscillate.

1865, John Tyndall, The Constitution of the Universe (1869), page 14

And this friendly was not without its injury worries, with defender Gary Cahill substituted early on after a nasty, needless push by Dries Mertens that caused him to collide with goalkeeper Joe Hart, an incident that left the Chelsea defender requiring a precautionary X-ray at Wembley.

2012年June2日，Phil McNulty，“England 1-0 Belgium”, in BBC Sport:

China collided with the modern world.

中國和現代世界發生了衝突。


collocation

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 collocātiō。By surface analysis, col- + location。

/ˌkɒləˈkeɪʃən/


compass

compasses (third-person singular present)
compassing (present participle)
compassed (past participle)


competence

能力，勝任；權能，權限，強性


competent

more competent (comparative)
most competent (superlative)

有能力的，能胜任的；应该的；足够的；有


competition

/ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃən/

/ˌkɑːmpəˈtɪʃən/


consensus

源自拉丁語 cōnsēnsus (“同意，一致”)，來自cōnsentiō (“共感；同意”)；參見consent。

After years of debate over the best wine to serve at Thanksgiving, no real consensus has emerged.

多年以来，人们持续谈及、争论“哪款葡萄酒是感恩节期间最佳之品”之一问题，但依然没有形成真正的共识。

a financial consensus forecast


consensus

consensuses (third-person singular present)
consensusing (present participle)
consensused (past participle)

尋求共識；進行討論，以達成共同協議

I think we a strongly consensused society. There was a consensus during the 1950's, the Eisenhower years, in our society. Then in the 1960's came a period of division.

1975, United States. Bureau of the Census, The Census Bureau (page 168)

None of this consensusing was done with the Manual. There were no national workshops, forums, etc.

1992, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Environment, The Science of Wetland Definition and Delineation: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, First Session, November 12, 1991 (page 185)


consent

consents (third-person singular present)
consenting (present participle)
consented (past participle)


consideration

/kənˌsɪdəˈɹeɪʃən/


consultant

請教者；商議者；顧問，會診醫生


consume

consumes (third-person singular present)
consuming (present participle)
consumed (past participle)

標準英音，英國，澳大利亞

To use（使用；耗費）

To eat（吃；食用）


contamination

sample contamination


contempt

鄙夷, 轻蔑, 藐视, 受辱, 丢脸


conventional

more conventional (comparative)
most conventional (superlative)

A “moving platform” scheme[…]is more technologically ambitious than maglev trains even though it relies on conventional rails. Local trains would use side-by-side rails to roll alongside intercity trains and allow passengers to switch trains by stepping through docking bays.

2013年June1日，“Ideas coming down the track”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8838，頁 13 (Technology Quarterly):

They wear conventional clothes, eat conventional food, and keep conventional hours.

他们穿普通的衣服，吃普通的食物，按普通的时间工作。

Mother[…]considered that the exclusiveness of Peter's circle was due not to its distinction, but to the fact that it was an inner Babylon of prodigality and whoredom, from which every Kensingtonian held aloof, except on the conventional tip-and-run excursions in pursuit of shopping, tea and theatres.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 2, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

The history of our study of our solar system shows us clearly that accepted and conventional ideas are often wrong, and that fundamental insights can arise from the most unexpected sources.

1980，Carl Sagan，Cosmos: A Personal Voyage:


conventional

一种传统的金边债券，每六个月向持有人支付固定现金付款（或息票）直至到期，到期时持有人收到最后付款和本金返还


conversation

繼承自中古英語 conversacioun，來自古法語 conversacion及其同源詞，拉丁語 conversātiōnem，conversātiō (“會話”)的賓格單數，來自conversor (“駐足，陪伴”)。
型態分析為converse + -ation。

[ˌkʰɒɱ.vəˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

[ˌkʰɑɱ.vɚˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

banter

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

chat

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

chinwag

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

dialogue

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

discussion

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

interlocution

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

powwow

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

table talk

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

understanding

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

familiarity

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

I had an interesting conversation with Nicolas yesterday about how much he's getting paid.

昨天我与尼古拉斯就他的薪水进行了一次有趣的谈话。

Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace: the first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness: one gives substance and form to the statue, the other polishes it.

1699，William Temple，Heads designed for an essay on conversations:

When this conversation was repeated in detail within the hearing of the young woman in question, and undoubtedly for his benefit, Mr. Trevor threw shame to the winds and scandalized the Misses Brewster then and there by proclaiming his father to have been a country storekeeper.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

A little less conversation, a little more action please / All this aggravation ain't satisfactioning me

1968，Mac Davis, Billy Strange （作曲作詞）, “A Little Less Conversation”, 演出者 Elvis Presley:

處理交易時系統之間基於協議的互動（自20世紀）

與他人的商業或交際；與他人交易（14世紀–18世紀）

行為，舉止；生活方式（自14世紀）

Let your conversation be without covetousness; and be content with such things as ye have: for he hath said, I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee.

你們存心不可貪愛錢財；要以自己所有的為足；因為主曾說：『我總不撇下你，也不丟棄你。』

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Hebrews 13:5:

There are many that take no heed what happeneth to others by bad conversation, and therefore overthrow themselves in the same manner through their own fault, not foreseeing dangers manifest.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:

性交（16世紀–19世紀）

criminal conversation

Ariadne[…]quitted her Lover Theseus, for the tumultuous Conversation of Bacchus.

1723，Charles Walker，Memoirs of the Life of Sally Salisbury:

Our travellers had happened to take up their residence at a house of exceeding good repute, whither Irish ladies of strict virtue, and many northern lasses of the same predicament, were accustomed to resort in their way to Bath. The landlady therefore would by no means have admitted any conversation of a disreputable kind to pass under her roof. Indeed, so foul and contagious are all such proceedings, that they contaminate the very innocent scenes where they are committed, and give the name of a bad house, or of a house of ill repute, to all those where they are suffered to be carried on.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:
 Folio Society 1973, p. 333:

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

So grosse is our conuersation, and dull is our apprehension: while mortall Sense, in vs, ruleth the common wealth of our litle world.

1570, John Dee, in H. Billingsley (trans.) Euclid, Elements of Geometry, Preface:


conversation

conversations (third-person singular present)
conversationing (present participle)
conversationed (past participle)

[ˌkʰɒɱ.vəˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

[ˌkʰɑɱ.vɚˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

Gone now are the "high-minded" style, the "adapted from literature" feel, the voice-over narration, and the abstract conversationing about ideas, values...

1983，James Frederick Mason, Hélène Joséphine Harvitt，The French review:

...he has breakfasted me, dined me, conversationed me, absolutely caressed me. He has been really most kind and paternal...

1989，Robert L Gale，A Henry James encyclopedia:

After all this conversationing, Scottie, my usual dance partner, was getting antsy and wanted to dance.

2002，Georgie Nickell，I Only Smoke on Thursdays:


convince

源自拉丁語 convincō (“說服，駁斥”)，來自con- + vincō (“攻佔，征服”)。convict 的同源對似詞。替代本土古英語 oferreċċan。

convinces (third-person singular present)
convincing (present participle)
convinced (past participle)

I wouldn't have or do something, unless I'm convinced that it's good.

Such convincing proofs and assurances of it as might enable them to convince others.

1718, Francis Atterbury, sermon preached on Easter Day at Westminster Abbey

[…]his two Chamberlaines / Will I with Wine, and Waſſell, ſo conuince, / That Memorie, the Warder of the Braine, / Shall be a Fume,[…]

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene vii]，頁 135:

And therfore, God neuer wrought Miracle, to conuince Atheiſme, becauſe his Ordinary Works conuince it.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Atheisme. XVI.”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC，頁 90:

Which of you conuinceth mee of ſinne?

你們中間誰能指證我有罪呢？

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, John 8:46，列 1:


criterion

/kɹɪˈtɪəɹi.ən/


cuckoo

（以 A cuckoo in the nest 的形式）被发现在不该在的地方的人


cuckoo

cuckoos (third-person singular present)
cuckooing (present participle)
cuckooed (past participle)


decay

civic and moral decay

systemic decay

I fancied at first the stuff was paraffin wax, and smashed the jar accordingly. But the odor of camphor was unmistakable. It struck me as singularly odd, that among the universal decay, this volatile substance had chanced to survive, perhaps through many thousand years.

1895，H. G. Wells，章號 X, in The Time Machine:


decay

decays (third-person singular present)
decaying (present participle)
decayed (past participle)


deceive

deceives (third-person singular present)
deceiving (present participle)
deceived (past participle)

It feels painful to begin seeing clearly, that you’ve been deceived by the very people and institutions you trusted to guide you.


deduction

源自中古法語 déduction，源自拉丁語 deductio。
相當於 deduct + -ion 或 deduce + -tion。


deformation

形状损坏；变形；畸形；应变
* 正體: 形變[電機工程]
* 简体: 变形[船舶科技]
* 正體: 變形[造船工程]
* 简体: 变形[测绘学]
* 正體: 變形[測量學]


degradation

/ˌdɛɡɹəˈdeɪʃən/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-degradation.wav

降級；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰變；減囂夷酌


dermatology

源自古希臘語 δέρμα (dérma，“皮，皮膚”) + -logy。構詞分析作dermato- + -logy。

/ˌdɜːməˈtɒlədʒi/


deserve

繼承自中古英語 deserven，來自古法語 deservir，來自拉丁語 dēserviō，來自dē- + serviō。

deserves (third-person singular present)
deserving (present participle)
deserved (past participle)

After playing so well, the team really deserved their win.

打得如此出色，这支球队确实配得上胜利。

After what he did, he deserved to go to prison.

他做了那样的事，就该坐牢。

This argument deserves a closer examination.

这一论点值得进一步研究。

God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity deserveth.

神追討你，比你罪孽該得的還少。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 11:6:

John Gay deserved to be a favourite.

1853，William Makepeace Thackeray，The English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century:

the grantees named in the questioned deed executed by their father richly deserved receiving the family home.

Perhaps they do, but they don't deserve that the rest of us contribute money or appropriate public funds for the purchase of pictures and the construction of buildings.

2008，Michael Walzer，Spheres Of Justice: A Defense Of Pluralism And Equality，頁 24:

That gentle Lady, whom I loue and serue, / After long suit and weary seruicis, / Did aske me, how I could her loue deserue, / And how she might be sure, that I would neuer swerue.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Pray you, lead on. At every house I'll call; / I may command at most. Get weapons, ho! / And raise some special officers of night. / On, good Roderigo: I'll deserve your pains.

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (请用大写罗马数字指定剧本幕号，并用小写罗马数字指定剧本场号):

A man that hath / So well deserved me.

c. 1619–22, Philip Massinger and John Fletcher, A Very Woman


desirable

more desirable (comparative)
most desirable (superlative)

/dɪˈzaɪəɹəbəl/

合意的，令人滿意的，可取的

This applicant has almost all desirable properties.

這個申請者幾乎有所有（我們）需要的素質。

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…]

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 vii:


desirable

/dɪˈzaɪəɹəbəl/

想要的東西；理想的東西。

There are plenty of desirables on display in the window.

櫥窗裡展示有很多[我們]想要的東西。


desperate

借自拉丁語 dēspērātus，dēspērō (“沒有希望”)的過去分詞。

more desperate (comparative)
most desperate (superlative)

I hadn't eaten in two days and was desperate for food.

我已经两天没吃东西了，非常想吃东西。

desperate to eat; desperate for attention

极度渴望吃东西；极度渴望得到关注

I was so desperate at one point, I even went to see a loan shark.

我一度非常绝望，甚至去借高利贷。

But signalman Bridges was never to answer driver Gimbert's desperate question. A deafening, massive blast blew the wagon to shreds, the 44 high-explosive bombs exploding like simultaneous hits from the aircraft they should have been dropped from. The station was instantly reduced to bits of debris, and the line to a huge crater.

2022年January12日，Benedict le Vay，“The heroes of Soham...”, in RAIL，期 948，頁 43:

a desperate disease; desperate fortune

“I knew very well that when the Peruvian Indian does anything wrong it is because he is forced to it by oppression and made desperate by abuse,” replied Lucia.

1904，Clorinda Matto de Turner，Birds Without a Nest: A Story of Indian Life and Priestly Oppression in Peru，頁 218:

Humankind's global integration makes biological combat a weapon of choice for desperate killers, who are either suicidal or intend to infect others […]

2016，Hans-Martin Sass，Cultures in Bioethics，LIT Verlag Münster, →ISBN，頁 239:

He dove into the rushing waters in a desperate effort to save her life.

他拼命跳入湍急的水流中以挽救她的生命。

The letters which were of most importance were in half a dozen languages and in the desperate handwriting of the period. Eminent men in that age thought it - like Hamlet - a baseness to write fair. Often at the end of a page I have[…]

She pictured having a boyfriend over and losing him when he saw her desperate taste in shampoo; however, the chances of that happening were slim.

(Can we date this quote?)，Stopping Inertia，Dorrance Publishing, →ISBN，頁 131:

Whoever's writing the stuff on this has desperate handwriting, like they must be a doctor...

2022 September 2, Irish People Try American-Style Pancakes, circa 8:12:

激烈的，激動的，瘋狂的，狂暴的

For Liverpool, it capped six days of desperate disappointment after missing out on the Premier League to Manchester City by a single point then losing to this experienced, street-smart Real team.

2022年May28日，Phil McCulty，“Liverpool 0-1 Real Madrid”, in BBC Sport:


desperate

借自拉丁語 dēspērātus，dēspērō (“沒有希望”)的過去分詞。

desperate times call for desperate measures

desperate times require desperate measures


detection

派生自拉丁語 dētēctiō。


determination

/dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/


devil

devils (third-person singular present)
deviling
devilling
deviled
devilled


diaphragm

/ˈdaɪəˌfɹæm/


discourse

discourses (third-person singular present)
discoursing (present participle)
discoursed (past participle)


disintegrate

disintegrates (third-person singular present)
disintegrating (present participle)
disintegrated (past participle)

崩潰，分裂；分解；蛻變；衰變；倒塌


dispatch

dispatches (third-person singular present)
dispatching (present participle)
dispatched (past participle)

(货物从发货地、商家)寄出


dissuade

dissuades (third-person singular present)
dissuading (present participle)
dissuaded (past participle)

Jane dissuaded Martha from committing suicide.


draught

来自古英语dræht，来自draġan，拉。


dumb

dumber (comparative)
dumbest (superlative)


dynamic

more dynamic (comparative)
most dynamic (superlative)


dynamic

动力的；能动的；机能上的；有生气的


elevation

/ˌɛlɪˈveɪʃən/

高度；仰角；海拔；提高；高地；隆起


emigrate

源自拉丁語 emigratus, emigro (“搬走、移走、離開某個地方”) 的完成時被動分詞，源自 ex- (“出於，從”) + migro (“移動、移除、離開”)。

emigrates (third-person singular present)
emigrating (present participle)
emigrated (past participle)

They [the Huns] were emigrating from Tartary into Europe in the time of the Goths.

1872，John Henry Newman，Historical Sketches:


emotional

more emotional (comparative)
most emotional (superlative)

/ɪˈməʊʃənəl/

/ɪˈmoʊʃənəl/

emotional crisis

emotional lift

emotional decision

emotional speech

She’s an emotional person.

她是個容易受到情緒影響的人。

emotional greeting


emotional

/ɪˈməʊʃənəl/

/ɪˈmoʊʃənəl/


emperor

In imperial China, it was often a responsibility of the emperor to evaluate his predecessor after the latter's death.


enough

放在名词前后作修饰性定语时，表示“具有令人满意数量特征的”，如：


enough

放在动词、形容词或另一个副词作状語，表示“达到令人满意程度地”如：


enough

不定代詞，用作主语或宾语，表示“足够的数目/充足的数量”，如：


basta

借自意大利語 basta。

夠了！停下！別再繼續了！

西班牙/葡萄牙/意大利語語境以外棄用


entertain

entertains (third-person singular present)
entertaining (present participle)
entertained (past participle)

[ˌɛɾ̃ɚˈtʰeɪn]

招待，款待; 使欢乐, 使娱乐


epithelium

/ˌɛpɪˈθiːlɪəm/


erythrocyte

/əˈɹɪθɹəˌsaɪt/


escalate

escalates (third-person singular present)
escalating (present participle)
escalated (past participle)

Violence escalated during the election.

The shooting escalated the existing hostility.

槍擊事件使現有的敵意升級。

"Operating the WCML at this intensity makes it challenging to maintain acceptable performance levels, resulting in a frustratingly unreliable service for passengers. Minor disruption can escalate into significant delays because a train running only a few minutes late can miss its slot across a junction, resulting in a snowballing effect across the network."

2020年May6日，Philip Haigh，“Just one more stop on the long journey to HS2 fulfillment [sic]”, in Rail，頁 65:

在技術支援中，將客戶或問題等移交給上一級主管部門。

The tech 1 escalated the caller to a tech 2.

技術員1將來電者轉移給技術員2。


esophagus

Bad, the Warhol-produced film directed by Jed Johnson, playing at the Saxon in the esophagus of the Combat Zone, […]

1977年April30日，Steve Blevins，“A Sack-full of Films”, in Gay Community News，頁 11:

They call me the Hiphopopotamus / Flows that glow like phosphorous / Popping off the top of this esophagus / Rocking this metropolis

他们叫我河马 / 像磷光一样发光的流体 / 从食道顶部喷涌而出/ 震撼这座大都市

2008，“Hiphopopotamus vs. Rhymenoceros”, 演出者 Flight of the Conchords:


estate

繼承自中古英語 estat，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 estat和古法語 estat（法語：état），來自拉丁語 status。state和status 的同源對似詞。

狀態；條件 （自13世紀）

But when I came to mans eſtate,
With hey ho, [the winde and the raine],
Gainſt Knaues and Theeues men ſhut their gate.

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]，頁 275:

Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Romans 12:16:

To remove therfore if it be possible, this great and sad oppression which through the strictnes of a literall interpreting hath invaded and disturb’d the dearest and most peaceable estate of houshold society, to the over-burdening, if not the over-whelming of many Christians better worth then to be so deserted of the Churches considerate care, this position shall be laid down; first proving, then answering what may be objected either from Scripture or light of reason.

1643，John Milton，Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce:

財富；財產，資產 （自14世紀）

貴族，貴婦 （14世紀–17世紀）

Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Mark 6:21:

階層，地位 (王國境內的諸階層) （自14世紀）

I am afraid that some of the nobles who are campaigning for it simply want to use the Estates to cut down the King's power and increase their own.

1992，Hilary Mantel，A Place of Greater Safety，Harper Perennial, 出版於 2007，頁 115:

The three estates of feudal lords, clergy and royal officers met in separate chambers, and exercised an advisory role.

2011，Norman Davies，Vanished Kingdoms，Penguin, 出版於 2012，頁 202:

(尤指廣闊) 領地，領土；莊園 （自18世紀）

It has been a long time since new follies were springing up across the great estates of Britain. But the owners of Doddington Hall, in Lincolnshire, have brought the folly into the 21st century, by building a 30ft pyramid in the grounds of the Elizabethan manor.

2014年September7日，“Doddington's garden pyramid is a folly good show: The owners of a Lincolnshire stately home have brought the folly into the 21st century, by building a 30ft pyramid [print edition: Great pyramid of Lincolnshire, 6 September 2014, p. G2]”, in The Daily Telegraph，London:

Professor Loretta Lees from King's College London's geography department says, "The word 'estate' has become synonymous with the term 'ghetto'. It's become a dirty word. Back in the '20s and '30s it didn't carry the same stigma."

2012年October19日，Josephine McDermott，“London's new housing loses the 'dirty word'”, in BBC News:

旅行車；一種帶有尾門（或升降門）的汽車 （自20世紀）

I call matter of estate not only the parts of sovereignty, but whatsoever[…]concerneth manifestly any great portion of people.

一個配置的集體資訊科技資源

This time, however, it only includes the static parameters that you expect to be consistent across your estate.

2015，Peter Carter，Pro SQL Server Administration，頁 82:


estate

estates (third-person singular present)
estating (present participle)
estated (past participle)


ether

源自中古英語 ēther，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 ether和中古法語 ether, ethere, aether ← 古法語 aether (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；（猜想）用來填充上部空間的物質”)（現代寫法法語 éther）, 或直接源自拉丁語 aethēr (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；天空；白日之光；圍繞神的空靈物質”)（也見晚期拉丁語 aethēr (“類似乙醚的物質”)） ← 古希臘語 αἰθήρ (aithḗr，“大氣上層的純淨空氣；天空；（猜想）填充空間、可傳熱傳光的物質”)← αἴθω (aíthō，“燒；點燃；發光”) ← 原始印歐語 *h₂eydʰ- (“燒；火”)。
本詞也與意大利語 ether, ethera (古舊), etere, 中古荷蘭語 ether（現代寫法荷蘭語 aether (古舊), ether）, 中古高地德語 ēther（現代寫法德語 aether, ether (古舊), Äther）, 西班牙語 éter同源。

æther (alternative)
aether (alternative)
aethyr (alternative)
ethyr (alternative)
ethers (plural)

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 人類所呼吸的物質；空氣

On Wings the Birds through Æther glide, / And Fiſhes cut with Fins the Tide.

1746年February28日，Criticus [pseudonym]，“Dialogue on Women”, in The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register，卷 II, 期 XXV, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], →OCLC，頁 389:

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 天空；真空；虛無

Take a snapshot of the conflicts around the world: Sunnis vs. Shiites, Israelis vs. Palestinians, Serbs vs. Kosovars, Indians vs. Pakistanis. They seem to be driven by religious hatred. It’s enough to make you wonder if the animosity would melt away if all religions were suddenly, somehow, to vanish into the ether. But James Carse doesn’t see them as religious conflicts at all. To him, they are battles over rival belief systems, which may or may not have religious overtones.

2008年July21日，Steve Paulson，“Religion is Poetry”, in Salon，存檔自the original on 2017-08-30:

In barely the blink of an eye, the perfectly healthy Judy entered a permanent vegetative state. […] What haunted me was the idea that one moment you’re gazing at your 2-year-old in her playroom and the next, you, the mother, have been whisked off into the ether forever.

2009 December，Sandra Tsing Loh，“On Being a Bad Mother: True Confessions”, in The Atlantic, →ISSN，存檔自the original on 2018-07-25:

There’s a very real chance that, rather than crumbling into the dust and floating off into the ether, Thanos’s victims [in the film Avengers: Infinity War] were actually sucked up into the Soul Stone.

2018年May7日，Meg Downey，“Marvel’s Comic Soul Stone could Explain the Jump from Infinity War’s Ending to Avengers 4: A Brief History of Crazy Multidimensional Power”, in Polygon，存檔自the original on 2018-06-24:

I ſuppose this æther pervades all groſs bodies, but yet ſo as to ſtand rarer in their pores than in free ſpaces, and ſo much the rarer, as their pores are leſs. And this I ſuppose (with others) to be the cauſe, why light incident on thoſe bodies is refracted towards the perpendicular; […] I ſuppose the rarer æther within bodies, and then denſer without them, not to be terminated in a mathematical ſuperficies, but to grow gradually into one another; […]

1679年February28日，Thomas Birch，引 Isaac Newton, “The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle. [Letter from Isaac Newton to Robert Boyle.]”, in Robert Boyle, The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. In Five Volumes. To which is Prefixed the Life of the Author，卷 I, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], 出版於 1744, →OCLC，頁 70:

Having ſhewn how the Æther cauſes a great part of the Phænomena of Nature, it may be aſked, whence this general material Cauſe has its great Activity and Power? […] This Cauſe muſt be either Matter or Spirit, there being nothing in the Univerſe, which we know if, beſides theſe two. But this Cauſe cannot be Matter: for Matter is in own Nature inert, and has not any Activity in itſelf; and conſequently cannot communicate any Power to the Æther. And therefore the Cauſe, which gives the Æther its Activity and Power, muſt be Spirit. Spirit, which intercedes the Particles of Æther, and gives them a repulſive Power, and ordains and executes the Laws, by which Æther and Bodies act mutually on one another, muſt be preſent in all Parts of Space, where there is Æther.

1747，Bryan Robinson，A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton，London: Printed for Charles Hitch […], →OCLC; quoted in “Literary Memoirs. A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton, by Bryan Robinson, M.D. London, Printed for Charles Hitch, at the Red Lion in Pater-noster-Row, 1747. Containing 140 Pages in Octavo, Exclusive of a Short Preface.”, in The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register，卷 III, 期 XXVIII, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], 11 April 1747, →OCLC，頁s 59–60:

The whole matter of the univerſe may be divided into atoms and æther. […] The latter, æther, is a ſubtile elaſtic fluid, whoſe particles have a continual tendency to ſeparate or fly off every way, unleſs impreſſed by ſome body: This æther ſurrounds each atom like an atmoſphere, and preſſes equally towards the center of each.

1770年November1日，“Investigator” [pseudonym]，“Of the Causes of Attraction and Repulsion”, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle，卷 XL, London: Printed […], for D[avid] Henry; and sold by F[rancis] Newbery […], →OCLC，頁 497，列 1:

"The ether. The earth browses upon a circular path in the fields of space, and as it moves the ether is continually pouring through it and providing its vitality."

1929，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，When the World Screamed:

廣播電視信號傳播的媒介；（想象中）互聯網、數字交流方式存在之處；網絡空間

He held some friendly chat with Pabodie over the ether, and repeated his praise of the really marvelous drills that had helped him make his discovery.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

H. P. Lovecraft, At the Mountains of Madness

Now we are liberal with our innermost secrets, spraying them into the public ether with a generosity our forebears could not have imagined. Where we once sent love letters in a sealed envelope, or stuck photographs of our children in a family album, now such private material is despatched to servers and clouds operated by people we don't know and will never meet.

2013年June14日，Jonathan Freedland，“Obama’s Once Hip Brand is Now Tainted [online version: Obama is Like Apple, Google and Facebook: A Once Hip Brand Tainted by Prism]”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 1, London，存檔自the original on 2018-09-26，頁 18:

物體、人、地方周圍產生的一種氣質

The luminous æther of his life was not obſcured by any ſhade dark enough to be denominated a defect.

1793，“[Characters.] An Account of the Late Earl of Mansfield.”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature，卷 XXXV, London: Printed, by assignment from the executors of the late Mr. James Dodsley, for W. Otridge and Son; [et al.], →OCLC，頁 274，列 2:

But the moſt valuable Qualities of the ÆTHER are it's medicinal ones; it having been found by repeated Experience to be an excellent Remedy in moſt nervous Diſeaſes; particularly in Fits of all ſorts, whether Epileptic, Convulſive, Hyſteric, Hypochondriac, or Paralytic: […]

1759，M[atthew] Turner，An Account of the Extraordinary Medicinal Fluid, Called Æther，[Liverpool]: Printed by John Sadler, →OCLC，頁 5:

The only thing that really worried me was the ether. There is nothing in the world more helpless and irresponsible and depraved than a man in the depths of an ether binge.

1971，Hunter S. Thompson，Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas，New York: Popular Library, →ISBN，頁 4:

M. Malaguti finds that dry chlorine, while acting in the dark upon oxacid æthers, always attacks, and in a uniform manner, the sulphuric æther which is the base of them. […] The action of potash on the compound chloridized æthers is also constant and uniform: the results are always chloride of potassium, acetate of potash, and an organic salt with a base of potash, the acid of which is that which existed in the compound chloridized æther.

1838 March，“Action of Chlorine on Æthers”, in The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science，卷 XII (3rd Series), 期 74, London: Printed by R[ichard] and J[ohn] E[dward] Taylor, […], →OCLC，頁 297:

When chlorine gas is passed in excess through salicylic ether (salicylae of ethyl) heated over a water-bath, a solid substance is formed which is soluble in hot alcohol, and crystallizes, on cooling, in beautiful colourless tables. This compound is bichloruretted salicylic ether, formed from salicylic ether (C₁₈H₁₀O₆) by the substitution of 2 eq. chlorine for 2 eq. hydrogen: its composition is therefore C₁₈H₈Cl₂O₆.

1851，A[uguste André Thomas] Cahours，“[Notices of Papers Contained in the Foreign Journals.] On Anisol and Phenetol”, in The Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London，卷 III, London: Hippolyte Bailliere, […]; Paris: J. B. Baillière, […]; Madrid: Bailly Baillière, […], →OCLC，頁 78:

[…] I allude to the æthers formed by the union of fatty acids with different alcohols. […] With regard to the fatty æthers themselves, I prepared them generally by M. Berthelot's method, by heating the alcohol and the acid for a day at 392°F. in a tube hermetically sealed; the product was mixed with a little æther, and it was digested some time with slaked lime in the water-bath, to separate the free acid from the neutral compound.

1858年October15日，M. Hanhart，“On Some New Æthers of Stearic and Margaric Acids”, in The Chemical Gazette, or, Journal of Practical Chemistry, in All Its Applications to Pharmacy, Arts and Manufactures，卷 XVI, 期 CCCLXXXIV, London: Published by Taylor and Francis, […]，頁 384:


ether

源自2001年美國歌手纳斯的歌曲“Ether”。

ethers (third-person singular present)
ethering (present participle)
ethered (past participle)

The battle rapper ethered his opponent and caused him to slink away in shame.

那個說唱歌手惡毒地羞辱了他的對手一番，整得他溜走了。

HS Coach Gets Ethered By Girlfriend On FB, Resigns Amid Investigation [article title] […] On Monday, a woman living in Bowling Green, Ky., used her Facebook page to unleash one of the coldest, boyfriend-crushingest Dear John letters you'll ever read.

2014年February26日，Tom Ley，“HS Coach Gets Ethered by Girlfriend on FB, Resigns Amid Investigation”, in Deadspin，存檔自the original on 2018-10-22:

Cory Barker: Game of Thrones is the easiest answer for me, but MaryAnn [Sleasman] did a fine job of ethering that overrated hunk of junk, so I'm free to take a few shots at Sherlock.

2015年August15日，“Pass the Remote: What is a Popular Show Everyone Loves but You Hate?”, in TV.com，存檔自the original on 2018-12-20:

Best of all, [Steven] Soderbergh, a shade queen of our time!!!, slyly ethers James Cameron: […]

2015年September15日，Kirsten Yoonsoo Kim，“Steven Soderbergh Ethers James Cameron to Promote His Brandy”, in Complex，存檔自the original on 2015-09-19:

On Wednesday, I found myself nodding along vigorously to the latest Kanye West Twitter screed, as this particular iteration included a call for more inclusion at the Grammys and one extremely polite ethering of Macklemore.

2016年February25日，Rohan Nadkarni，“How does Kanye West Tweet So Fast?: Some Working Theories—because these Rants are Coming at a Record Speed”, in GQ，存檔自the original on 2016-02-28:


ether

Ether的大小寫替代形式

Gas is not ether–it's a separate virtual currency with its own exchange rate against ether.

2018，Andreas M. Antonopoulos，Gavin Wood，Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and DApps，O'Reilly Media, →ISBN:


excessive

繼承自中古英語 excessive，excessif，來自古法語 excessif，來自中世紀拉丁語 excessivus。

more excessive (comparative)
most excessive (superlative)

Putting a wide vibrato on a single 16th triplet note at 160 beats per minute seems rather excessive.


expedition

探險，遠征：探險隊, 考察隊


expenditure

支出，消費; 花費, 使用,支出額；經費


external

more external (comparative)
most external (superlative)


extraordinary

派生自拉丁語 extrāōrdinārius，來自extrā ōrdinem。By surface analysis, extra- + ordinary。extraordinaire 的同源對似詞。

more extraordinary (comparative)
most extraordinary (superlative)

/ˌɛkstɹəˈɔː(ɹ)dɪnəɹi/

/ˌɛkstɹəˈɔː(ɹ)dɪnɹi/

Except in extraordinary circumstances, […]


extremely

extreamely (alternative)
extreamly (alternative)
more extremely (comparative)
most extremely (superlative)


fare

fares (third-person singular present)
faring (present participle)
fared (past)
fore (past)
fared (past participle)
faren (past participle)

成功（或不成功、更好等）


feces

源自拉丁語 faecēs，faex (“殘渣，渣滓”)的主格複數。

本詞接動詞複數或單數均可("feces have a strong smell"；"feces has a strong smell")。用動詞複數更常見（尤其英式），有些詞典只認可接動詞複數，有些則單複數均認可。


filter

filters (third-person singular present)
filtering (present participle)
filtered (past participle)


fist

fists (third-person singular present)
fisting (present participle)
fisted (past participle)


fortnight

繼承自中古英語 fourtenight、fourten night，繼承自古英語 fēowertīene niht (“十四夜、十四天”)，等價於 fourteen + night。對照 sennight。

[ˈfɔ˞ʔ.nɐɪ̯t̚]

[ˈfɔəʔ.nɐjʔ]

On being kicked the girl fell desperately in love with Henri, and for a fortnight they lived together and spent a thousand francs of Henri's money.

1933年January9日，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 1, in Down and Out in Paris and London，London: Victor Gollancz […], →OCLC:

The “lame duck” Johnson Administration, in its final fortnight in office, grappled last week with a diplomatic hot potato in the form of the latest Soviet proposal for a “just and lasting” Middle East peace settlement.

1969年January12日，Benjamin Welles，“A Hot Potato for Nixon”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


fraternity

原始印歐語詞
 *bʰréh₂tēr
繼承自中古英語 fraternite，來自古法語 fraternité，來自拉丁語 frāternitās。


fry

源自中古英語 fryen，借自古法語 frire，源自拉丁語 frīgō (“炸”)，源自原始印歐語 *bʰer-。同源於古希臘語 φρύγω (phrúgō，“烤”)，梵語 भृज्जति (bhṛjjati，“烤”)，भृग् (bhṛg)。替換中古英語 hirsten，源自古英語 hierstan (“to fry”)。


fry

源自中古英語 frie (“小魚，後代”)


fuss

fusses (third-person singular present)
fussing (present participle)
fussed (past participle)


garlic

早期寫法garlick、garlicke，來自中古英語 garlek、garlik，來自古英語 gārlēac (“大蒜”，字面意思是“矛-韭蔥”)，來自gār (“矛”，指蒜瓣) + lēac (“韭蔥”)。與低地蘇格蘭語 garlic (“大蒜”)同源。

garlick (alternative)
garlicke (alternative)
garlics (plural)

Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.

2013年March7日，David S. Senchina，“Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，頁 134:


garlic

garlick (alternative)
garlicke (alternative)
garlics (third-person singular present)
garlicking (present participle)
garlicked (past participle)


genus

源自 拉丁語 genus，源自 拉丁語 gignere， 古拉丁語 gegnere

genera (plural)
genuses (plural)
genusses (plural)


glossary

來自中古英語 glosarie，來自拉丁語 glossārium，來自古希臘語 γλῶσσα (glôssa，“舌頭”)。

At the back of the book you can find the glossary.

在書的末尾，你會看到術語表。

同類詞：terminology


gossip

gossips (third-person singular present)
gossiping (present participle)
gossipping (present participle)
gossiped (past participle)
gossipped (past participle)


grudge

grutch的變體 (15世紀中期，比begrudge年輕)，來自中古英語 grucchen (“喃喃自語，抱怨，怨恨，嫉妒”)，來自古法語 grouchier、groucier (“喃喃自語，抱怨”)，起源自日耳曼語族，可能是仿譯。
與中古高地德語 grogezen (“嚎叫，哀號”)、德語 grocken (“發牢騷”)同族。對照古諾爾斯語 krytja (“喃喃自語”)、古高地德語 grunzen (“咕噥”)。

to have, hold, or bear a grudge against someone

Bag. And if I do not my good Lord damme me for it

1607, Barnabe Barnes, THE DIVILS CHARTER: A TRAGÆDIE Conteining the Life and Death of Pope Alexander the ſixt, ACTVS. 5, SCÆ. 1:


grudge

grudges (third-person singular present)
grudging (present participle)
grudged (past participle)

勉強地給/准許；不情願做（自16世紀）

Wee shall finde our whole life so necessarily ioyned with sorrow, that we ought rather delight (and take pleasure) in Gods louing chastisements, and admonitions, then any way murmure and grudge at our crosses, or tribulations :

1608, Henrie Gosson, The Woefull and Lamentable wast and spoile done by a suddaine Fire in S. Edmonds-bury in Suffolke, on Munday the tenth of Aprill. 1608., reprinted by F. Pawsey, Old Butter Market, Ipswich, 1845, page 6:

If we of the central land were to grudge you what is beneficial, and not to compassionate your wants, then wherewithal could you foreigners manage to exist?

1841，Edmund Burke，The Annual Register，Rivingtons，頁 430:

Of course, his interest in the war and in the regiment was unbounded; he did not take to drill with especial readiness, but he was insatiable of it, and grudged every moment of relaxation.

1869，Thomas Wentworth Higginson，Army Life in a Black Regiment，Fields, Osgood, & Co.，頁 62:

Our two inimitable drolls did a roaring trade with their broadsheets among lovers of the comedy element and nobody who has a corner in his heart for real Irish fun without vulgarity will grudge them their hardearned pennies.

1922 February，James Joyce，“[[Episode 12: The Cyclops]]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

埋怨，抱怨，不滿（15世紀–18世紀）

以惡意的態度或目的持有或窩藏


guilt

guilts (third-person singular present)
guilting (present participle)
guilted (past participle)


gymnasium

借自拉丁語 gymnasium，來自古希臘語 γυμνάσιον (gumnásion)，來自γυμνός (gumnós)。


hail

hails (third-person singular present)
hailing (present participle)
hailed (past participle)