red

源自中古英語 red，源自古英語 rēad，源自原始西日耳曼語 *raud，源自原始日耳曼語 *raudaz（對比西弗里斯蘭語 read、低地德語 root、rod、荷蘭語 rood、德語 rot、丹麥語、書面挪威語 rød、新挪威語 raud），源自原始印歐語 *h₁rowdʰós，來自詞根*h₁rewdʰ-（對比威爾士語 rhudd、拉丁語 ruber、rufus、吐火羅語A rtär、吐火羅語B ratre、古希臘語 ἐρυθρός (eruthrós)、阿爾巴尼亞語 pruth (“紅髮人”)、古教會斯拉夫語 рудъ (rudŭ)、捷克語 rudý、立陶宛語 raúdas、阿維斯陀語 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬙𐬀 (raoidita)、梵語 रुधिर (rudhirá，“紅色的，血腥的”)）。


an

繼承自中古英語 an，來自古英語 ān (不定冠詞，字面意思是“一”)。參見 one。

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音

主附錄： 英語冠詞#不定冠詞

在標準英語中，冠詞an用在元音前，而a用於輔音前。另外an 也可以出現在h音開頭的非重音音節前，如an historic。這時h音可能變成無聲，或發音微弱。只有6%的英國人喜歡這種用法，在書面中也只是稍微常見一些。

在歷史上，an也可以出現在one跟許多首字母為 u、eu (現在讀作/juː/, /jʊ/, /jə/)的詞之前，像是eunuch、unique、utility。這是因為這些首字母被讀作元音。在書寫中，直到19世紀這些詞在獲得首輔音之後，很久一段時間 an 仍然是這些詞前的常用詞。這種情況偶爾還會出現。

相反，在非標準（通常是方言）語音及其書面表達中，元音前很少出現 a。例如：“ain't this a innerestin sitchation” (Moira Young，Blood Red Road)。

a 的所有冠詞義項均可用在 an 上。

a 的變形 (全義項)
用於所有輔音前。


an

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音


mater

借自拉丁語 māter (“母亲”)，（部分地）经后期中古英語 matere。


Europe

來自中古英語 Europe，來自拉丁語 Europa，來自古希臘語 Εὐρώπη (Eurṓpē)。


German

來自拉丁語 Germānus、Germānī (“來自Germānia的民族”)，不同於Gauls (在凱撒和塔西佗的著作中)，最初源頭不明 (可能是凱爾特語族/高盧語)。
與german (“關係密切的”)或germane無關 (來自拉丁語形容詞germānus，經由古法語)。
至少在1520年開始出現。取代了英語中較早的術語Almain和Dutch (來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz)。除了德語、日耳曼語、荷蘭語的同源詞外，其他語言中表示德國人的兩類詞源一個是Saxon的同源詞和原始斯拉夫語 *němьcь的派生詞；更多資訊參閱這些條目。

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

There are some 32 different terms for prison officers, from the humorously affectionate kanga(rhyming slang:kangaroo = screw) and the variants Scooby-Doo and Dr. Who via the mildly confrontational German (as if still the enemy over 50 years after World War II!) to the outright abuse of shit-parcel.

1996，Angela Devlin，Prison Patter，Waterside Press, →ISBN:


Smoke

I'm heading down to the Smoke later this week.


surgery

來自中古英語 surgerie，來自古法語 surgerie，來自拉丁語 chirurgia，來自古希臘語 χειρουργία (kheirourgía)，來自χείρ (kheír，“手”) + ἔργον (érgon，“工作”)。chirurgy 的同源對似詞。

I dropped in on the surgery as I was passing to show the doctor my hemorrhoids.

我经过医生办公室时，顺便给他看了我的痔疮。


conservative

借自中古法語 conservatif，來自拉丁語 cōnservō (“儲存”)。等同conserve + -ative。

more conservative (comparative)
most conservative (superlative)

We have always been conscientiously attached to what is called the Tory, and which might with more propriety be called the Conservative, party.


gen

Nose around any modest-sized station and the odds are you'll find that the chargeman's office doubles as a bashers' club, a place where shivering spotters can get warm and catch up on the gen.

2015，Nicholas Whittaker，Platform Souls: The Trainspotter as 20th-Century Hero:


gen

詞源未知。可能來源包括：
* argent 的截斷形式
* generalise 的截斷形式，來自英語 shilling的反讀。

The betting also began to shift. "Sixpence Ned wins!" cried three or four; "Sixpence he loses!" answered another; "Done!" and up went the halfpence. "Half-a-crown Joe loses!"—"Here you are," answered Joe, but he lost again. "I'll try you a 'gen'" (shilling) said a coster; "And a 'rouf yenap'" (fourpence), added the other. "Say a 'exes'" (sixpence).—"Done!" and the betting continued, till the ground was spotted with silver and halfpence.

1851，Henry Mayhew，“Gambling of Costermongers”, in London Labour and the London Poor，卷 1，頁 17:

"Give me two gen, then, and take the whole bloody tol. I've walked me teef orf afore rouf this mornin', and wot 'ave I got? Two bloody yenneps! I ask yer."


cheque

I was not carrying cash, so I wrote a cheque for the amount.

我没有带现金，所以我写了一张支票。

They do not, however, all deal with the same banker, and when A gives a cheque to B, B usually pays it not into the same but into some other bank.

然而，他们并不都与同一家银行打交道，当 A 给 B 一张支票时，B 通常不是将支票存入同一家银行，而是存入另一家银行。

1848，John Stuart Mill，Principles of Political Economy [政治經濟學原理]，出版於 1920，頁 62:

Sometimes abbreviations are used (which would be explained on the statement) and only the last three figures of the cheque number may be given. ‘Sundries’ are cash or cheques paid into the account.
有时会使用缩写（会在声明中解释），并且只能提供支票号码的最后三位数字。“杂项”是指存入账户的现金或支票。

1999, Sam Seunarine, Office Procedures for the Caribbean, 2nd edition, reprinted 2001, page 126,

You can avoid dealing with paper cheques — written or printed — by paying your bills online.

您可以通过在线支付账单来避免处理纸质支票——无论是手写的还是印刷的。

2007，Eric Tyson，Tony Martin，Personal Finance for Canadians for Dummies:

The daily cheque clearings began around 1770 when bank clerks met at the Five Bells (a tavern in Lombard Street in the City of London) to exchange all their cheques in one place and settle the balances in cash.
每日支票结算始于1770年左右，当时银行职员在 Five Bells（伦敦金融城倫巴底街的一家小酒馆）会面，在一个地方兑换所有支票并以现金结算余额。

2009, R. Rajesh, T. Sivagnanasithi, Banking Theory Law & Practice, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, page 206,


estate

繼承自中古英語 estat，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 estat和古法語 estat（法語：état），來自拉丁語 status。state和status 的同源對似詞。

Professor Loretta Lees from King's College London's geography department says, "The word 'estate' has become synonymous with the term 'ghetto'. It's become a dirty word. Back in the '20s and '30s it didn't carry the same stigma."

2012年October19日，Josephine McDermott，“London's new housing loses the 'dirty word'”, in BBC News:

旅行車；一種帶有尾門（或升降門）的汽車 （自20世紀）


fortnight

繼承自中古英語 fourtenight、fourten night，繼承自古英語 fēowertīene niht (“十四夜、十四天”)，等價於 fourteen + night。對照 sennight。

[ˈfɔ˞ʔ.nɐɪ̯t̚]

[ˈfɔəʔ.nɐjʔ]

On being kicked the girl fell desperately in love with Henri, and for a fortnight they lived together and spent a thousand francs of Henri's money.

1933年January9日，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 1, in Down and Out in Paris and London，London: Victor Gollancz […], →OCLC:

The “lame duck” Johnson Administration, in its final fortnight in office, grappled last week with a diplomatic hot potato in the form of the latest Soviet proposal for a “just and lasting” Middle East peace settlement.

1969年January12日，Benjamin Welles，“A Hot Potato for Nixon”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


presidency

presidence (alternative)
presidencies (plural)

過去英屬印度以馬德拉斯、孟買、孟加拉三大省劃分的統轄區


vermicelli

源自意大利語 vermicelli，vermicello的複數形，源自verme (“蠕蟲”)，源自拉丁語 vermis + -cello (“指小後綴”)。


of

來自中古英語 of，來自古英語 of (“從、自”)，af的非重音形式，æf (“從、離、離開”)，來自原始日耳曼語 *ab (“離開；遠離”)。off 的同源對似詞，為古英語單詞的重音派生詞。參見off。

o (alternative)
o' (alternative)
a (alternative)

(屬於)： 對於人，一般會直接用所有格形式。

(組成，製成)： of 可以直接與動詞或形容詞短語連用。

現代英語逐漸少用 of 修飾名詞，轉用名詞 + 名詞的結構。對比 part of speech (“詞類”)（16世紀） vs. word class (“詞類”)（20世紀），Federal Bureau of Investigation（“聯邦調查局”，1908年） vs. Central Intelligence Agency（“中央情報局”，1947年），affairs of the world（18世紀） vs. world affairs（“國際事務”，20世紀）。

of 連接名詞和被某些副詞修飾的定語形容詞時，可以被省略。這個用法中可用的副詞包括too、so、how、as、more、less、this、that。

表達時間點。
表示時間的長度。 （自13世紀）

I've not tekken her out of a goodly long while.


driveway

driveway doesn't go all the way to the road


cheerio

/ˈtʃɪəɹ.i.əʊ/

/ˈt͡ʃɪəɹ.i.oʊ/

在北美很少使用。儘管其他人可能可以理解，但這個詞可能被視作幽默用法，且可能被用來模仿英式英語使用者。

"In that case," said Archie, relieved, "cheerio, good luck, pip-pip, toodle-oo, and good-bye-ee! I'll be shifting!"

「這樣的話，」阿奇鬆了口氣，「再見，祝你好運，再見，再見，再見！我要走了！」

1921，P. G. Wodehouse，Indiscretions of Archie, ch. XIII. Rallying Round Percy:

But we all knew it wasn't the final end of the HST. This wasn't "goodbye", more like a "cheerio", see you someplace soon.

但我們都知道這並不是 HST 的最終結束。 這不是「goodbye」，更像是「cheerio」很快就會在某個地方見到你。

2019年October23日，Pip Dunn，“The next king of Scotland”, in Rail，頁 50:


cellar

繼承自中古英語 celer, seler，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 celer, 古法語 celier（現代cellier），來自晚期拉丁語 cellārium，來自拉丁語 cella。cellarium 的同源對似詞。

Most of my tools and hardware are in the garage, but I keep some tools in the cellar, too, mainly for convenience.

我的大部分工具和硬件都在车库里，但我也将一些工具放在地下室里，主要是为了方便。


defenestration

來自新拉丁語 defenestratio，來自dē (“自；外”) + fenestra (“窗戶”) + -atio (表示動作或過程的後綴)；對照中古法語 défenestrer (現代法語 défenestrer)、défenestration、意大利語 defenestrazione、德語 Fenstersturz。動詞defenestrate是後來形成的。

高調地將某人從組織中除名

Be that as it may, his defenestration was coldly abrupt, and in his place, the Football Association resurrected a veteran manager and former England star in Joe Mercer for seven games.

With Rishi Sunak and Sajid Javid gone from the cabinet, it could all be over for Boris Johnson – although quite how long it will take his enemies to finish him off is not at all clear and his defenestration does not look immediate.

2022年July5日，Andrew Sparrow，“As Sunak and Javid quit cabinet, is it all over for Boris Johnson?”, in The Guardian:


dodgem

What better way to let off a little steam, than by zipping around on the dodgems, or flying high on the Cosmic Typhoon roller coaster?

還有什麼方式比開著碰碰車四處飛馳，或坐上“宇宙颱風”過山車衝上雲霄更能讓人放鬆發洩呢？

2007年December19日，“Special Offer”, in North Devon Gazette，UK:


wop

借自那不勒斯語 guappo (“夥計；男人”)，借自西班牙語 guapo (“大膽的；英俊的”，問候語)。


vulgus

拉丁文或希蠟文的作詩課題集


feed

繼承自中古英語 fede、fed，源自詞源1。

One proposed going to Hungerford-market to do a feed on decayed shrimps or other offal laying about the market; another proposed going to Covent-garden to do a 'tightener' of rotten oranges, to which I was humorously invited; […]

184?, Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor

"There won't be any more blessed concerts for a million years or so; there won't be any Royal Academy of Arts, and no nice little feeds at restaurants."

1898，H.G. Wells，The War of the Worlds，London: William Heinemann，頁 257:


jack-tar

jacktar的另一種拼寫法


juniper

[ˈd͡ʒunɪ̈pɚ]


loot

一種杓子，主要用於移走製鹽鍋中浮在鹽水表面的雜質。


louvre

louver的另一種寫法


medical

借自中古法語 medical，源自中世紀拉丁語 medicālis，源自拉丁語 medicus。代替古英語 lǣċe (“醫生”)，其與冰島語 læknir (“醫生”)同源。

more medical (comparative)
most medical (superlative)

medical ward


oof

錢 （約 1850 年 – 約 1940 年）

“Oh,” Johnnie was saying, “so Quest is his name, is it, and he lives in a city called Boisingham, does he? Is he an oof bird?” (rich)
“Rather,” answered the Tiger, “if only one can make the dollars run, but he's a nasty mean boy, he is.
（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

1888, H. Rider Haggard, Colonel Quaritch V.C. (archive.org ebook), page 232:

Burlington Bertie's the latest young jay
He rents a swell flat somewhere Kensington way
He spends the good oof that his pater has made
Along with the Brandy and Soda Brigade.

1900, Harry B. Norris, Burlington Bertie (song)

What's he after? Oof—oof—oof, that's what he's after. He's for his own pocket, he's for being boss of all the woolly West. He's after keeping us poor and making himself rich.
（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

1911–1912, published 1916, Gilbert Parker, The World For Sale, book 2, chapter 10 (Gutenberg ebook, archive.org ebook):

Chuffy: It's on a knife edge at the moment, Bertie. If he can get planning permission, old Stoker's going to take this heap off my hands in return for vast amounts of oof.
（請為本使用例添加中文翻譯）

1991 May 12, "Kidnapped!" Jeeves and Wooster, Series 2, Episode 5:


rummy

rummier (comparative)
rummiest (superlative)

“You say rummy things and you do rummy things. What I mean to say is, you're impulsive.”

1920，P. G. Wodehouse，Jill the Reckless，頁 28:


pope

源自中古英語 pope，popa，源自古英語 pāpa，源自通俗拉丁語 papa (牧師和主教的頭銜，到 8 世紀只有羅馬主教)，源自早期中古希臘語 παπᾶς (papâs，牧師和主教的頭銜，尤其是公元 3 世紀的亞歷山大主教)，源自後期 古希臘語 πάπας (pápas，牧師和主教的稱號，意為精神之父)，源自πάππας (páppas，“爸爸”)。

cleric

羅馬天主教羅馬主教的榮譽稱號，他是教會的神父和領袖，也是梵蒂岡城國的君主。

do not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope

在英語用法中，這個術語最初通常是指羅馬主教，儘管這個埃及頭銜實際上更為古老。在科普特教會內，亞歷山大牧首通常被稱為教皇~;在東正教內部，其獨特的亞歷山大牧首正式被稱為“亞歷山大教皇”，但通常僅在禮拜儀式和官方文件中才這樣稱呼。

羅馬天主教羅馬主教的榮譽稱號，他是教會的神父和領袖，也是梵蒂岡城國的君主。 英國傳統上在蓋伊福克斯日及其他時間焚燒教皇的肖像。

Þa wæs in þa tid Uitalius papa þæs apostolican seðles aldorbiscop.

ante''' 950, translating Bede's Ecclesiastical History (Tanner), iv. i. 252

The Pope is not going to issue a bull condemning the Spanish Church's support of France and destroy the Church's right to exist in Spain.

1959 August 19, Flannery O'Connor, letter in Habit of Being (1980), 347

I really did want to interview the pope. Any pope. I'm not particular.

2007 May 5, Ted Koppel (guest), Wait, Wait... Don’t tell me!, National Public Radio

This is the only piece in which the author has given a hint of his religion, by ridiculing the ceremony of burning the pope, and by mentioning with some indignation the inscription […]

這是作者唯一暗示其宗教信仰的作品，他嘲笑焚燒教皇的儀式，並憤慨地提到了銘文[…]

1830，Alexander Pope，The Poetical Works of Alexander Pope，頁 xxi:

As York's succession was challenged by burning the pope, the Duke of Monmouth was again heralded in the city as a Protestant alternative.

由於約克的繼承權因焚燒教皇而受到挑戰，蒙茅斯公爵再次在該城被譽為新教徒的替代者。

2005，Gary S. De Krey，London and the Restoration, 1659–1683, →ISBN，頁 182:

梅花鱸，一種小型歐亞淡水魚（Gymnocephalus cernua）；同屬的其他物種。

Byfleet-river, wherein are very large pikes, jack, and tench ; perch, of eighteen inches long ; good carp, large flounders, bream, roach, dace, gudgeons, popes, large chub, and eels.

弗利特河畔，有非常大的梭子魚、傑克魚和丁鯛；鱸魚，長十八吋；優質鯉魚、大比目魚、鯿魚、擬鯉、雅羅魚、鮈魚、梅花鱸、大鰱魚和鰻魚。

1792，William Augustus Osbaldiston，The British Sportsman, Or, Nobleman, Gentleman and Farmer's Dictionary of Recreation and Amusement，頁 176:

It resembles the perch (unfortunately for itself) in having a very long and prickly fin on its back, advantage of which is taken by the boys about Windsor, who are very fond of 'plugging a pope.' This operation consists in fixing a bung in the sharp spines on the poor pope's back fin, and then throwing him into the water.

它與鱸魚很相似（對它自己是不幸的），背上有一個很長且多刺的鰭，溫莎周圍的男孩們就利用了這一點，他們非常喜歡“堵住梅花鱸”。這行動包括將塞子塞進可憐的梅花鱸背鰭上的尖刺中，然後將他扔進水中。

1862，Francis T. Buckland，Curiosities of Natural History，頁 230:

Popes are caught whilst gudgeon-fishing with the red worm, but they are sometimes a great nuisance to the perch-fisher, as they take the minnow.

在用紅蟲釣魚時可以捕獲梅花鱸，但它們有時會給鱸魚捕撈者帶來很大的麻煩，因為它們會吃掉小魚。

1865年January14日，Astley H. Baldwin，“Small Fry”, in Once a Week，頁 105:

Alca genus; 6 species, including the razorbill, the penguin, the pope, and others.

Alca 屬；6 個物種，包括刀嘴海雀、企鵝、大西洋海鸚和其他物種。

1759，“Linnæus's Systema Naturæ”, in The Gentleman's Magazine，頁 456:

The Pope: This is a very singular bird; it is about the size of our widgeon, or somewhat larger, but is not quite so large as the duck: the head is large and rounded; the eyes are small, and stand forward on the head, and lower down than in the generality of birds [...]

1773，John Hill，“Alca”, in A General Natural History，卷 3，頁 442:

"About a hundred yards further North" says Troutbeck, "is a 'subterraneous' cavern called the Pope's Hole, about fifty fathoms under the ground, into which the sea flows, so called from a sort of bird which roosts in it by night, about ninety feet high above the level of the water."!! [...] It derives its name from its being a place of shelter to some puffins, vulgo "popes".

1822，George Woodley，A view of the present state of the Scilly Islands，頁s 264–5:

The Norsemen catch great numbers of these popes, parrots, or lunder, as they are variously named, and train dogs to go into the holes where the puffin has its nest, lying in it with feet in the air.

1864，Charles Issac Elton，Norway: The Road and the Fell，頁 94:

I was informed by a fisherman that there were now hundreds of gannets in the channel off Plymouth, and that he had also met with some puffins (which he called "popes")

1874，J. Van Voorst，Zoologist: A Monthly Journal of Natural History，頁 3904:


redneck

由 red + neck 組成。對照rooinek。原先指的是脖子發紅的農民，他們因為長時間在田裡勞作，脖子被曬傷而發紅。


biro

源自 BIC 公司生產的 BIRO 品牌鋼筆，該品牌以鋼筆的發明者比羅·拉斯洛（Bíró László József）命名。

Massimo's finger was poised above red on his multi-coloured biro like a kangaroo frozen in headlights.

2007, Karen Foxlee, The Anatomy of Wings, page 250,


rent boy

Francis Urquhart: Got anything on him?
Tim Stamper: There was a whiff of scandal about ten years ago.
Francis Urquhart: Rent boy. In a train. To Red Hill. Yes. Wanted to sell his story but we bought it and hushed him up. Be ungentlemanly to bring that up. A man's private life should be private.
Tim Stamper: On the other hand, getting sucked off in second class is hardly prime ministerial behaviour.
Francis Urquhart: Yes, you have a point there.

1990，House of Cards, Season 1, Episode 4:

An Irishman came up to him, bought him a drink, asked him if he was a rent boy, and agreed to give £40 for coming back.

1992，Donald James West, Buz De Villiers，Male prostitution，頁 93:

Just then, a rent boy with perfect white teeth and a babyface flashed me one of those unforgettable Thai smiles.

2007，John Patrick，Dangerous Boys, Rent Boys，頁 12:


curses

Fisherman: '1 PLAY COIN FOR 100 GOLD, A BOUNTIFUL TRADE, IF I'D BE SO BOLD!' / Shovel Knight: 'NOT NOW' / FISHERMAN: 'CURSES! THE THOUGHT OF THIS BURDEN UPSETS ME, BUT THAT'S WHAT A LIFE OF ADVENTURING GETS ME!'

2014，Yacht Club Games，Shovel Knight: Shovel of Hope, Nintendo 3DS，關卡/區域：Armor Outpost:


scavenger

原是中古英語 scavager，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 scawageour (“與清道夫有關的人，檢查員，收稅員”)，來自古諾曼語 *scawage、escauwage (“清道夫”)、古法語 *scavage、escavage，escauvinghe的變體 (對照中世紀拉丁語 scewinga、sceawinga)，來自古荷蘭語 scauwōn (“檢查，審查，查看”)。如今常被重構/分析為 scavenge (最初是該詞的逆向構詞) + -er。對照古英語 sċēawung (“展示，奇觀，檢驗，檢查”)、荷蘭語 schouwing (“檢查”)。參見show。

紡織廠中負責撿拾掉落棉花的童工


bester

[…] "bouncers and besters," who cheat by laying wagers […]

1853, The Scripture Readers' Journal (page 15)


anorak

* 源自格陵蘭語 annoraaq。
* (有怪癖的人)：最初指鐵道迷（因為他們在尋找火車的時候會穿著連帽衫）

He has described himself as the uber-geek, an anorak's anorak, a standard bearer for fellow Star Trekkies everywhere, and his air of bland, amiable bafflement has served him remarkably well in a string of TV and film roles.

2007年February15日，Maev Kennedy，“I used to say he was England's answer to John Cusack. Now I think he's England's answer to Jack Lemmon”, in The Guardian:


amnesia

來自修改後的拉丁語 amnesia，來自古希臘語 ἀμνησία (amnēsía，“遺忘”)，為μιμνήσκω (mimnḗskō，“提醒，記得”)的名詞派生詞，並加上否定前綴。

amm

一種強效的以苴麻為主的大麻品種

ammie

一種強效的以苴麻為主的大麻品種

一種強效的以苴麻為主的大麻品種

She's lighting up some sensis, he's lighting up amnesias / I'm 'bout to get it started, I'm 'bout to get amnesia'd

2015，Jme （作曲作詞）, “Man Don’t Care” (音軌號 13), in Integrity>，演出者 Jme:


about-turn

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-about-turn.wav

向後轉，掉頭（首見於20世紀中期）


abe

Let it abe, I say.

1839, The New Monthly Magazine, volume 1, page 527:

But if it amuses her I let it abe.

1864，Charles Dickens，Household Words，頁 186:

But let that abe.

1885，Charles Gibbon，Heart's Delight，頁 154:


airship

源自air + ship的複合詞。
* (英式幽默含義)： 模仿 worship（對治安官等的尊稱），可能也暗指Colonel Blimp（布林普上校）。

被視為傲慢疏遠的英國皇家空軍高階軍官


switchback

The Zig Zag Railway near Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia, c. 1900, now operated as a heritage railway. It was built as a switchback (noun sense 1.1) with three lines—called the Top Road, Middle Road, and Bottom Road—to climb the western flank of the Blue Mountains.
澳大利亚新南威尔士利斯戈附近的“之字形铁路”，约1900年建成，目前作为一条历史遗产铁路运营。它以之字形排列的轨道（名词义项 1.1）建造，有三条线路蓝山西侧行驶，分别称为顶路、中路和底路。
A switchback (noun sense 2.3) on the Terrace Trail, a forest trail in Newcastle, Washington, U.S.A.
美国华盛顿州纽卡斯尔的森林小道 Terrace Trail 上的发夹弯（名词义项 2.3）
Switchbacks (noun sense 2.3) on the Route du Col de Braus, a mountain pass in the Alps in the department of Alpes-Maritimes, France.
法国滨海阿尔卑斯省阿尔卑斯山脉布劳斯山口上的发夹弯（名词义项 2.3）
該名詞由switch (“使用轉轍器將列車從一條鐵路轉到另一條鐵路”，動詞) + back (“逆轉方向返回”，副詞)衍生而來。
動詞源自於名詞。

鐵路軌道上有陡峭的上坡和下坡，列車部分或完全靠重力移動，利用下坡時產生的動量沿軌道的上坡部分上行；尤指 雲霄飛車，過山車

The WR faction claims that the Westbury route is better adapted to high speed, to which advocates of the SR route are apt to retort that the effect of modern diesel traction on schedules over the Salisbury–Exeter switchback has yet to be measured (the speed potential between Waterloo and Salisbury is scarcely disputable) […]

1964 March，“News and comment: Which way to the west?”, in Modern Railways，Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing，頁 147:

The switchback road to Diabaig - pronounced 'Jer-vague' - passes through some of the most exhilarating scenery in Scotland. […] With a final swoop, the road plummets down into Diabaig, where cottages are dotted across the slopes of a rocky semi-circle.

1980，AA Book of British Villages，Drive Publications Ltd，頁 151:


ripon

源自城市名Ripon，該城出產馬刺多。


manœuvre

[…] but then it came of itself: it was not elicited by meretricious arts and calculated manœuvres; and one had but to accept it — to answer what he asked […]

Gregson and Lestrade had watched the manœuvres of their amateur companion with considerable curiosity and some contempt.

1886，Arthur Conan Doyle，A Study in Scarlet:

Peter, forging ahead with the bag, stopped to see the result of these manœuvres.

1930，Norman Lindsay，Redheap，Sydney: Ure Smith, 出版於 1965，頁 131:

[…] we may certainly prepare ourselves for every kind of novel stratagem and every kind of brutal and treacherous manœuvre.

1940，Winston Churchill，We shall fight on the beaches:

[…] and the belief that states had increasingly little room for manœuvre if they wanted their people to benefit from it.

2003，David Miller，Political Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction，Oxford University Press，頁 7:


manœuvre

manœuvres (third-person singular present)
manœuvring (present participle)
manœuvred (past participle)

We can ask how long it was before the team scored its first goal; or how long the centre-forward spent in manœuvring the ball towards the goal; and even how long the ball was in flight between his kicking it and its going between the goal-posts. But we cannot ask how many seconds were occupied in the scoring of the goal.

1954，Gilbert Ryle，“dilemma vii: Perception”, in Dilemmas: The Tarner Lectures, 1953，The Syndics of the Cambridge University Press，頁 103:


manoeuvre

源自中古法語 manœuvre (“操作”)，manouvrer (“操作，調動”) ← 古法語 manovre (“體力勞動”) ← 中世紀拉丁語 manopera, manuopera (“手上工作”)，manu (“用手”) + operari (“工作”)，可能源自古法蘭克語 *handwerc (“手上工作”)。對比古英語 handweorc, 古英語 handġeweorc, 德語 Handwerk。

maneuver的英國、加拿大、愛爾蘭、南非、澳大利亞和新西蘭拼寫法


manoeuvre

manoeuvres (third-person singular present)
manoeuvring (present participle)
manoeuvred (past participle)

maneuver的英國、加拿大、愛爾蘭、南非、澳大利亞和新西蘭拼寫法


Brexit

Britain + exit 組成的混成詞，類推自 Grexit。
根據牛津英語詞典，最早的使用記錄是在2012年5月15日，由 Peter Wilding 在 Euractiv 的一篇部落格文章中發表，標題為「Stumbling towards the Brexit」，與2012年2月6日創造的 Grexit 作類比。

Brexits (third-person singular present)
Brexiting (present participle)
Brexited (past participle)

Brexiting the EU, not leaving Europe

2015，Stefano Francesco Fugazzi，Brexit?, →ISBN，頁 27:

[Nigel] Farage recalls: What was clear from that polling was that in June 2015 the most trusted person in the country on whether to Brexit or not to Brexit was David Cameron.

[奈杰尔]法拉奇回忆道：从那次民意调查中可以清楚看出，2015年6月，在是否脱欧问题上，英国民众最信任的人是戴维·卡梅伦。

2016，Owen Bennet，章號 10, in The Brexit Club: The Inside Story of the Leave Campaign’s Shock Victory, →ISBN:

Parisiens I had talked to were universally disgusted: with David Cameron, for holding the vote; with the British, for Brexiting; […]

与我交谈过的巴黎人普遍感到厌恶：对戴维·卡梅伦举行公投感到厌恶；对英国人脱欧感到厌恶； […]

2016，Maureen Dowd，“Unconventional Conventions”, in The Year of Voting Dangerously: The Derangement of American Politics, →ISBN:


sprog

起於20世紀40年代，原為軍隊俚語，可能源自舊詞sprag (“活潑的年輕男子”)，源頭不明。

To test this hypothesis further, he and his mate Fifer persuaded 16 women, heavy with child, to read a story called The Cat in the Hat to their unborn sprogs, twice a day, during the last few weeks of their pregnancies.

1984 September 13, Donald Gould, Forum: Suck it and see, page 54,

Kids will love the climbing wall and NZ′s highest vertical slide. If the sprogs get bored with reality, movie make-believe (p232) is right next door.

2010, Brett Atkinson, Sarah Bennett, Scott Kennedy, New Zealand′s South Island, Lonely Planet, page 220,


sprog

sprogs (third-person singular present)
sprogging (present participle)
sprogged (past participle)

You must have been terrified, it′s not like today with film stars sprogging babies everywhere.

2007, Libby Purves, Love Songs and Lies, unnumbered page,

‘Women lose their sexual drive after they′ve sprogged,’ Norman Potting interjected.
“女人生過孩子之後就沒有性慾了。”Norman Potting 插嘴道。

2009, Peter James, Dead Tomorrow, unnumbered page,


surveyor

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 surveour ← 古法語 sorveor。等同於survey + -or。

Other costs associated with selling a home include surveyor's fees, legal fees, estate agent's commission, stamp duty and the VAT.


academicals

在某些大學和學院中規定穿著的服飾（通常在畢業之類的特殊場合穿著）


pisser

令人失望或困惑的事情或處境


Caesarean section

可能音變自拉丁語短語 a caesō mātris uterō (“[出生]自母親子宮的切口”)，可能是凱撒名字的由來。參見Caesar、caedō，以及英語維基百科條目Caesarean section § Etymology。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/EN-AU ck1 Caesarean section.ogg


regarder

監測森林，並向森林保護法院報告的官員


Indian

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 indien, 中古法語 indien，等同於Ind + -ian。用於美洲原住民是早期探險家將其與印度人混淆。

印度餐館的菜品 （自20世紀）

We're going out tonight for an Indian.

今晚我們去印度餐館吃飯。

We're going down the Indian for a curry - wanna join us?

我們要去印度餐館吃咖喱——你也一起來嗎？


advert

This was a wonderful advert for the Premier League, with both Chelsea and United intent on all-out attack - but Ferguson will be concerned at how his side lost their way after imperiously controlling much of the first period.

2011年March1日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 2 - 1 Man Utd”, in BBC:

When I was writing my 'Tube Talk' column, a man sent me a letter complaining about the advertisement of cars on the Underground. Why would the Underground masochistically promote a rival transport mode? The answer, I discovered, was that the adverts on the network must not 'harm the brand', and a car advert per se was not deemed to do that. However, a car advert that said 'Why are you using this horrible Tube when you could be driving one of our lovely cars?' would not be allowed.

2012，Andrew Martin，Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube，Profile Books, ISBN 978-1846684777，頁 41:

In America alone, people spent $170 billion on “direct marketing”—junk mail of both the physical and electronic varieties—last year. Yet of those who received unsolicited adverts through the post, only 3% bought anything as a result.

2013年May25日，“No hiding place”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8837，頁 74:


treat

源自中古英語 treten，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 treter、古法語 tretier、traiter，源自拉丁語 trāctare (“拉”)，源自trahere (“拖，拉”)的過去分詞詞幹。

treats (third-person singular present)
treating (present participle)
treated (past participle)

在北英格蘭的一些方言，過去式和過去分詞用 tret (/tɹɛt/)。


lire

源自中古英語 lire、lyre，源自古英語 līra (“肌肉，腓”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *ligwizô、*lihwizô (“大腿”)，源自原始印歐語 *lekʷs-、*lewks- (“腹股溝”)。與荷蘭語 lies (“腹股溝”)、瑞典語 lår (“大腿”)同源。


lire

源自中古英語 lire、lyre，源自古諾爾斯語 hlýr 複 (“臉頰”)。對比中古英語 lere，源自古英語 hlēor (“臉頰，面色”)。參見leer。


lire

源自古諾爾斯語 líri。與挪威語 lira同源。


ROC

Royal Observer Corps（存在於1925 - 1992年的英國國防組織）


sare

sarer (comparative)
sarest (superlative)


potato chip

薯條，將馬鈴薯切成長條狀進行油炸的食物；可稱呼為chip或chipped potato，一般比美國所稱的french fries要大。


potato crisp

將馬鈴薯切成薄片進行油炸的食物，薯片


agony aunt

在報紙或其他期刊的問答專欄作家。

一些提供諮商與解答個人問題的專欄。


all the way to Egery and back

漫長的道路；迂迴的路線；長距離的旅行


tote

He was a humorist of note and keen at repartee,

1892, Banjo Paterson, The Man from Ironbark


corned beef

(典獄長)： chief的押韻俚語。

Steve and I raced for the building and began climbing the wall, before any of the screws knew what was happening. […] The Corned Beef came out first and initiated the ploy to get us down.

1999, Alex Alexandrowicz, David Wilson, The Longest Injustice: The Strange Story of Alex Alexandrowicz


oil painting

"Very lovely!" he said, staring her straight in the face.

1920 Henry St. John Cooper Sunny Ducrow, Putnam's, p.117:

Wayne Swan: All I can say is that she's a much more attractive person than the Prime Minister.

2007 "Virginia Trioli talks to George Brandis and Wayne Swan" Lateline ABC (Australia) 14 September 2007:


public transport

The Airports National Policy Statement objectives require the proportion of journeys made to the airport by passengers to be at least 50% by public transport by 2030 and 55% by 2040.

2019 October，John Glover，“Heathrow rail expansion”, in Modern Railways，頁 71:


vell

vells (third-person singular present)
velling (present participle)
velled (past participle)


vell

對比拉丁語 vellus (“帶羊毛的羊皮；獸皮”)、英語fell (“獸皮”)。

用鹽醃製過的牛犢胃，用於製作乳酪


verd

能砍伐森林綠樹作燃料的特權


oofless

more oofless (comparative)
most oofless (superlative)


thrashel

threshel (alternative)
thrashels (plural)
threschald (alternative)
thraswald (alternative)
thrashold (alternative)
thrashol (alternative)
thrashal (alternative)
threshal (alternative)
threshwart (alternative)
threshwort (alternative)

連枷；由一根木桿和一根短而重的棍子組成的工具

(我們能否查找並添加Halliwell引用過本詞的語句？)


hygge

源自丹麥語 hygge或挪威語 hygge。

舒適、歡快。（自21世紀）

According to this now vast popular literature, the creation of an atmosphere of hygge is aided by gløgg (mulled wine), meatballs and cardamom buns.

2016, Charlotte Higgins, The Guardian, 22 November:


hygge

源自丹麥語 hygge或挪威語 hygge。

用於帶有丹麥或挪威背景的語境。

愜意、歡樂。 （自21世紀）

‘So, where are they all? What's everyone doing?’

2015, Helen Russell, The Year of Living Danishly, Icon Books Ltd (ISBN 9781848318137):


Smirnoff

一份 Smirnoff（斯米諾／思美洛／思美洛夫）品牌的伏特加

I soon regretted drinking three Smirnoffs on an empty stomach.

我很快就後悔空腹喝了三杯斯米諾。


squirt

源自中古英語 squirten、squyrten，源頭不明；可能是擬聲詞。類似swirl。對比低地德語 swirtjen。

Hey squirt! Where you been?

Hurd returns with Mal, Mr. Eph, and Gumbo, the “town squirt” of twelve, and the boys′ activities come out.

1986, Alethea Helbig, Agnes Perkins, Cutlass Island, entry in Dictionary of American Children′s Fiction, 1960-1984: Recent Books of Recognized Merit, page 137,

How the child managed to converse and fold at the same time was a marvel, yet the shirt lay in a tidy rectangle by the time she came up for air.

2010, Karen Witemeyer, A Tailor-Made Bride, Bethany House Publishers, US, page 66,


Slav

源自中古英語 sclave，借自中世紀拉丁語 Sclavus，源自中古希臘語 Σκλάβος (Sklábos)。slave和ciao 的同源對似詞。代替本土詞古英語 Wined。

在18世紀中期到19世紀中期，複數更常用 Slavi；之後 Slavs 佔據主流。


how do you do

how-do-you-do (alternative)
how-d'ye-do (alternative)
how do you dos (plural)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/En-au-how do you do.ogg

Well, this is a fine how do you do isn't it, Gromit?

1993，Nick Park，Wallace and Gromit: The Wrong Trousers:

On the winding road to Petropolis, they did not speak, not about modernism or the construction of houses or antique bird jails or fine how-do-you-dos.

2010, Michael Sledge, The More I Owe You: A Novel, Counterpoint Press ISBN 9781582435763, page 78

"Vienna!" Mr. B. went on. "This is a bit of a how-do-you-do, is it not?"

2013, Chris Raschka, Seriously, Norman!, Scholastic Inc. ISBN 9780545388467, page 115


pain in the arse

使人感到不快、討厭的人或事物


trapezium

最早記錄出現在1570年，古典借詞，源自晚期拉丁語 trapezium，源自古希臘語 τραπέζιον (trapézion，“不規則四邊形的”，字面意思是“小桌子”)，τράπεζα (trápeza，“桌子”)的指小詞。trapeze 的同源對似詞。

(几何学)： 對比世界上其他地方，只有美國和加拿大在 trapezium 和 trapezoid 的釋義上發生了互換。


Sally

將 Sarah 中的 r 音讀作 l 而成的暱稱。對比 Hal ← Harry，及 Moll ← Mary。


trucker

源自中古英語 *trukere (“騙子”)，源自中古英語 trukien (“失敗，使失望”)，等同於truck (“失敗”) + -er。對比trooker。


trucker

more trucker (comparative)
most trucker (superlative)


fire brigade

/ˈfaɪə(ɹ)bɹɪˌɡeɪd/

消防隊 下屬於地方政府的組織，職責是防止及撲滅火災


pictures

We go to the pictures every Saturday night.

我們每週六晚都會去電影院。


Sunday name

Sunday + name，因為星期天到教堂做禮拜時會被叫到。

名字的全稱（如全稱Stephen相對於簡稱Steve）


ones

同類詞：twos、threes、fours、fives


smoker

有小品、歌唱等節目的社交活動（無論是否允許吸煙）


points

switch

能切換鐵道線路的可移動鐵軌

能切換鐵道線路的可移動鐵軌


air-conditioning

Nevertheless, it is clear that the global energy demand for air-conditioning will grow substantially as nations become more affluent, with the consequences of climate change potentially accelerating the demand.

尽管如此，很明显，随着国家变得更加富裕，全球对空气调节的能源需求将大幅增加，气候变化的后果可能会加速其增长。

2013 September-October，Michael Sivak，“Will AC Put a Chill on the Global Energy Supply?”, in American Scientist:


builder's bum

當褲子穿得太低或彎腰時露出的臀部頂端


ginger minger

/ˈd͡ʒɪnd͡ʒə(ɹ) ˈmɪnd͡ʒə(ɹ)/


caned

more caned (comparative)
most caned (superlative)

上頭的，因飲酒或吸毒而處於興奮狀態的


noit

note (“職責；工作”)的另一種寫法


casualize

casualizes (third-person singular present)
casualizing (present participle)
casualized (past participle)

Many of the workers have been casualized during the recent downturn.

在最近的经济低迷时期，许多工人都被转成了临时工。


triff

As I remember it, Elite screwed up the first time it had a go at this one, and ended up having to get Gargoyle (who?) to cobble something together in about two weeks or something ridiculous. You wouldn't believe it, though. This one's triff through and through.

1989, Jonathan Davies, Scooby-Doo (video game review in Your Sinclair issue 46)

Our daughter thinks you're wonderful. “Cool” I think was the adjective she used. […] Or maybe it was “triff”.


shopping centre

The streets radiated out from the new shopping centre like the spokes of a wheel.

街道从新的购物中心向外辐射，就像车轮的辐条一样。

1968，Carl Ruhen，The Key Club，Sydney: Scripts，頁 20:


yack

I have got the Yacks, so do not come it. Fight cocum.

1859，Snowden's magistrates assistant，頁 498:

[…] and away I scampered with the tiddlywink-table, while Teddy Limber […] frisked the yokel of his yack and skin.

1863，George William MacArthur Reynolds，The Mysteries of the Court of London，卷 3，頁 86:


smolt

繼承自中古英語 smolt、smylt，繼承自古英語 smolt、smeolt (“温和的、平和的、宁静的、静止的、温柔的、清晰的、明亮的”)，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *smultaz、*smeltaz (“安静的、温柔的”)，源自原始印歐語 *(s)meld- (“击打、研磨、压碎、削弱”)。同源詞包括低地蘇格蘭語 smolt (“平静的”)、古撒克遜語 smultro (“安静的”)、中古荷蘭語 smolt、smout (“弱的、温柔的、安静的”)、中古高地德語 smolz (“亲爱的、可爱的、美丽的、有光泽的”)。

more smolt (comparative)
most smolt (superlative)


south-eastern

more south-eastern (comparative)
most south-eastern (superlative)


prin

preen的另一種拼寫法


prin

prins (third-person singular present)
prinning (present participle)
prinned (past participle)

preen的另一種拼寫法


trotter

crubeen

豬、羊等四足動物的腳/蹄（尤指作肉食用的）

One of these proprietors is a magistrate of Oxfordshire, another a justice of the peace for Berkshire, and Stewart, who was a tailor's trotter, originally, was lately high sherriff ^([sic]) of his county.

1830，William Cobbett，Eleven Lectures on the French and Belgian Revolutions，頁 8:


thumper

1950年代末推出的一種“摔門式”列車


academize

academizes (third-person singular present)
academizing (present participle)
academized (past participle)

將（學校）改制為公辦學院


give way sign

指示道路使用者給其他使用者讓路的路標


aver

繼承自中古英語 aver、avere (“役马；泛指任何驮畜；所有物、财物、财产、财富；富有；所有权、占有权”) [以及其他形式]：
* 源自古法語 aver、aveir、avoir (“财产，财物；（统称）驮兽；家畜；牛”)（現代法語 avoir (“资产，财产”)），源自 aveir、avoir (“有”)，源自拉丁語 habēre，habeō (“拥有，持有，佔有”) 的現在主動不定式，源自原始印歐語 *gʰeh₁bʰ-, *ǵʰeh₁bʰ- (“抓，拿”)；或
* 繼承自古英語 eafor (“驮马；佃户运输货物的义务”)，進一步的詞源未知。

馱畜；主要指役馬，但也可指公牛或其他動物


sitten

源自中古英語 siten、seten，源自古英語 seten、ġeseten, sittan (“坐”) 的過去分詞。等價於 sit + -en (過去分詞)。同源詞包括荷蘭語 gezeten、德語 gesessen。

more sitten (comparative)
most sitten (superlative)

The tailȝeour was no thing weill sittin, He left the sadill.

He micht counter Will on horss, For Sym wes bettir sittin Nor Will.


bumps

将某人抛向空中以庆祝其生日的仪式


'ad

“’Ere y'are, the best rig-out you ever ’ad. A tosheroon [half a crown]^([sic]) for the coat, two ’ogs for the trousers, one and a tanner for the boots, and a ’og for the cap and scarf. That's seven bob.”

1933年January9日，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 29, in Down and Out in Paris and London，London: Victor Gollancz […], →OCLC，頁s 214–215:


remanet

被推迟或延期至另一届会议的法案


wike

繼承自古英語 wic。參見 wick (“村”)。


in hand

at hand

佔有著，擁有著，在手頭上 （自10世紀）

on hand

佔有著，擁有著，在手頭上 （自10世紀）

to hand

佔有著，擁有著，在手頭上 （自10世紀）

handy

佔有著，擁有著，在手頭上 （自10世紀）

at the ready

佔有著，擁有著，在手頭上 （自10世紀）

under control

處於掌控之中 （自18世紀）

ignored

正考慮；目前正在處理或解決 （自14世紀）

neglected

正考慮；目前正在處理或解決 （自14世紀）

out of hand

處於掌控之中 （自18世紀）

（賽程中的比賽）還需要參與，還沒比完 （自19世紀）

At the other end […] the Sounders completed a run that had taken them from 15 points off the lead, to first place in the Supporters Shield standings with two games in hand.


pongo

源自剛果語 mpongo (“猩猩”)。


saltee

源自意大利語 soldo。

One day he would gather more than I in three; another, to hear his tale, it had rained kicks all day in lieu of “saltees,” and that is pennies.

1862，Charles Reade，The Cloister and the Hearth: A Tale of the Middle Ages，頁 242:


sty

繼承自中古英語 stien、stiȝen、stighen，繼承自古英語 stīgan (“去；登高，爬上”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *stīgan，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *stīganą，源自原始印歐語 *steygʰ-。
同源詞包括荷蘭語 stijgen、德語 steigen、丹麥語 stige、書面挪威語 stige、新挪威語、瑞典語 stiga、古諾爾斯語 stíga。


palatalised

more palatalised (comparative)
most palatalised (superlative)


yodeller

yodeler的另一種拼寫法


stop up

stops up (third-person singular present)
stopping up (present participle)
stopped up (past participle)

同類詞：block off、close off


baths

设有公共游泳池或淋浴设施的建筑物；最初是一个设有独立隔间的场所，没有浴室的人可以在此洗澡

There is a baths on the other side of the road.


fanny

起於19世紀。最终源自 Fanny，名字 Frances 的暱稱。對照dick、John Thomas、mickey。

在北美用法中，这是指臀部的最温和的委婉说法，适合在与小孩交谈时使用。在其他地方，这是对女性生殖器和性的粗俗直接提及。

女陰，屄 （自1830年代）

Her dress was so short you could nearly see her fanny.

她的裙子太短了，下面都快露出來了。

get some fanny tonight

This club is full of fanny.

這家俱樂部到處都是女的。


fanny

來自 Fanny Adams。水手们不喜欢作为口粮提供的羊肉罐头，说里头装的是 Fanny Adams 被残忍杀害和肢解后的残骸。

I put on a big fanny of Ky, that is a straight-sided pot of cocoa for them returning.


clunge

情境喜劇 The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin 第三季中，角色 McBlane（Joseph Brady 飾演）在咆哮時說了一句無意義的“ap yer clunge!”（“up your clunge”）。這個詞可能是由作家 David Nobbs 所造的，意思是“屁股”。
因英國電視劇《中間人》而流行。

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:clunge。


twat

未知。可能與古諾爾斯語 þveit (“砍伐、割开、森林中的空地”) 有關，若如此，則是 thwaite 的同源對似詞。但也可能只是擬聲詞。

At 4pm, the phone went. It was The Sun: 'We hear your daughter's been expelled for cheating at her school exams...'
She'd made a remark to a friend at the end of the German exam and had been pulled up for talking.
As they left the exam room, she muttered that the teacher was a 'twat'. He heard and flipped—a pretty stupid thing to do, knowing the kids were tired and tense after exams. Instead of dropping it, the teacher complained to the Head and Deb was carpeted.

下午4点，电话响了。是《太阳报》打来的：“我们听说你女儿因在学校考试中作弊而被开除……”
她在德语考试结束时对一位朋友说了一句话，结果因为谈话而被叫了出去。
当他们离开考场时，她嘟囔着说老师是个“傻瓜”。他听到后勃然大怒——这是相当愚蠢的做法，因为他知道孩子们考试后很累很紧张。老师非但没有放下，反而向校长抱怨，黛布被狠狠地训斥了一顿。

"LARGE MOCHA TO GO, MEDIUM CHAI FOR HERE, YOU TWATS"

“大杯摩卡要外带，中杯印度茶要给我，你们这帮混蛋”

2009，Jeph Jacques，Questionable Content (webcomic), Number 1433: Sweet Distraction:


twatting

When are they going to fix that twatting coffee machine?

他们什么时候才能修好那台该死的咖啡机？


twatted

more twatted (comparative)
most twatted (superlative)

What kind of a cold-hearted bitch does that, You stinky twatted sadistic whore.

是什么样冷酷无情的婊子会做出这样的事，你这屄臭的虐待狂婊子。

2004，Shane Feldman，Burn: A Bipolar Memoir，頁 114:

深深受伤的（通常是由于另一方的故意行为造成的）


continuando

原告在同一诉讼中追讨多项侵权行为的损害赔偿


parish-pump

由 parish (“教區”) + pump (“水泵”)，即 parish pump 的定語形式，暗指教區水泵作為教區居民會面交談的場所。

/ˈpæɹɪʃ ˌpʌmp/

/ˈpæɹɪʃ ˌpʌmp/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-parish-pump.wav

僅具區域利益或意義的；小地方主義的，目光偏狹的

parish pump politics

parish-pump squabbles

Never avoid bars or smoke-rooms, because in the former case you miss the chance of marrying a flirt, and in the latter of having your mind improved by local parish-pump politics, and your head broken by a fool in his cups.

永遠不要避開酒吧或吸煙室，因為在前一種情況下，你錯過了與一個輕浮女子結婚的機會，而在後一種情況下，你錯過了通過地方教區水泵式政治來提高自己思想的機會，以及被一個醉漢打破頭的機會。

[1875?]，Thomas Bardel Brindley，章號 I, in Hints, Humorous and Satirical, to All the World and His Wife. […] [給全世界及其妻子的幽默諷刺提示]，第3rd版, 倫敦: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co. […], →OCLC, paragraph 7，頁 6:

I now turn to the question of political progress. Ten days or so ago I was criticized in a newspaper for saying that I would confine political progress to the parish-pump level. […] I believe it right to ensure that truly responsible local government at the rural community and Municipal Council levels is firmly established and as quickly as possible.

現在我轉向政治進步的問題。大約十天前，我因為說我會將政治進步限制在地方基層水準而在報紙上受到批評。 […] 我認為確保在農村社區和市政委員會層面建立真正負責任的地方政府並盡快實施是正確的。

1952 March 19 (date delivered)，Victor Purcell，引 Gerald Templer, “The Case for the Governments [政府的立場]”, in Malaya: Communist or Free? [馬來亞：共產主義還是自由？]，Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 出版於 1954, →OCLC，頁 189:

This study […] pays serious attention to so called parish-pump conflicts in the belief that they performed a fundamental role in shaping opinion in the countryside. The vitality of parish pump alignments had a temporal dimension, too, for it seems that the querulousness of the rural community expressed a developing perception of equilibrium and well-being.

這項研究 […] 認真關注所謂的地方瑣事衝突，相信它們在塑造鄉村輿論方面發揮了基礎性作用。地方小事派別的活力也有時間維度，因為鄉村社區的好爭吵似乎表達了對均勢和福祉不斷發展的認識。

1985，P[eter] M[ichael] Jones，“Introduction”, in Politics and Rural Society: The Southern Massif Central c. 1750–1880 [政治與鄉村社會：南部中央高原約1750-1880年]，Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 5:

The idea of "parish-pump politics" is well known. Instead of engaging in problem solving at the community level, local politicians often think only of their own, local community, even if it is much more reasonable to cooperate with neighbouring communities and to pursue common regional interests.

「狹隘地方政治」的觀念是眾所周知的。當地政治家們常常只考慮自己的地方社區，而不是在社區層面參與解決問題，即使與鄰近社區合作並追求共同的區域利益更為合理。

2016，Michael Böcher, Max Krott，“Case Studies [案例研究]”, in Science Makes the World Go Round: Successful Scientific Knowledge Transfer for the Environment [科學讓世界運轉：成功的環境科學知識轉移]，[Cham, Zug, Switzerland]: Springer Nature, →DOI, →ISBN，頁 62:


butters

原為 butterface (“身材很棒、長相不佳的人；背影殺手”) 的截斷形式。


ducks

Hello ducks, how are you today?


cause célèbre

源自法語 cause (“原因，起因；案件，訴訟”) + célèbre (“著名”)，最早出现于18世纪著名法律案例汇编Causes célèbres（《名案录》）的标题中。

轟動的案件，眾所周知的事件

Getting iced out by the tech giants turned Parler into a cause célèbre for conservatives who complained they were being censored, as well as a test case for the openness of the internet.

2021年February15日，Jack Nicas，“Parler, a Social Network That Attracted Trump Fans, Returns Online”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

As Musk has waged this pressure campaign, he has incessantly posted in support of the far right in Europe and their current causes célèbres.

2025年January10日，Ali Breland，“Elon Has Appointed Himself King of the World”, in The Atlantic:


Mrs Miggins

來自 Mrs + Miggins (姓氏)，可能因英國電視喜劇系列《黑爵士II》（首播於1986年1月9日至2月20日）中提及的角色Mrs Miggins而流行，該角色是一家派餅店的老闆，並在《黑爵士第三季》（1987年9月17日至10月22日）中作為咖啡店老闆娘出現。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Mrs Miggins.wav

任何普通的女性，特別是年長的女性

其他形式：Mrs. Miggins

近義詞：woman on the street

I doubt that Mrs Miggins on the number 32 bus cares much about the plight of the yellow woodlouse.
我懷疑32號公車上的米金斯太太會關心黃色潮蟲的困境。

Many were the high expectations entertained by fond parents, of the rapid progress which their darlings would make, when placed under the tuition of the young man from college, that would teach without whipping, "Old man," said Mrs. Miggins (as I heard) to her husband, a sturdy farmer, "old man, our Jack is a mighty smart boy: I saw him the other day, when he wanted some cake go to the cupboard, take a long stick, pull it down on the floor, and then taking it up, he ran to me and cried out, 'Goodness, mother, look here what a piece of cake I found on the floor; may'nt I have it?' He is a mighty clever boy, and neighbor Johnson's son will teach him every thing that's smart."

慈愛的父母對他們的寶貝寄予很高的期望，認為在這位大學畢業、不用鞭打就能教學的年輕人指導下，孩子們會快速進步。「老頭子，」米金斯太太（據我所聞）對她那個結實的農夫丈夫說，「老頭子，我們的傑克是個非常聰明的孩子：前幾天我看到他想要蛋糕時，走到櫥櫃那裡，拿了一根長棍子，把蛋糕弄到地板上，然後撿起來跑到我面前喊道：『天哪，媽媽，你看我在地板上發現了什麼蛋糕；我可以吃嗎？』他是個非常聰明的孩子，鄰居強森的兒子會教他所有聰明的東西。」

1849 February，“The 'Moral Suasion' Theory”, in The University Magazine，卷 I, 期 2, Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia, →OCLC，頁s 53–54:

You can do nothing Evangelical without a tea-meeting. […] Mrs. Griggs and Mrs. Miggins are ready with their donation to your subscription list, but you must give them the opportunity of drinking Bohea in public before they will disburse.

沒有茶會就做不了任何福音派的事。 […] 格里格斯太太和米金斯太太已經準備好向你的認捐名單捐款，但你必須先給她們在公開場合喝紅茶的機會，她們才會掏錢。

1873，Iota [pseudonym; John Francis Waller]，“Hatchley Colne”, in The Adventures of a Protestant in Search of a Religion，London: R. Washbourne, […], →OCLC，頁 192:

It's all very well trusting users, but what happens if Mrs. Miggins brings in a floppy disk from home with some code on it written by her son.

信任用戶當然很好，但如果米金斯太太從家裡帶來一張磁片，上面有她兒子寫的一些程式碼，會發生什麼呢？

2003，Nigel Stanley，“Scalability and Security”, in Microsoft .NET Jumpstart for Systems Administrators and Developers，Burlington, Mass.: Digital Press, Elsevier Science, →ISBN，頁 150:

Instead, this government seems to see a Britain stymied by local vested interests, where our whole economic future is called into question because Mrs Miggins doesn't want a motorway through her back garden, or a nuclear power station built next door. […] Its solution is to cut Mrs Miggins – and anyone else who wants a say in what happens in their local neighbourhood – out of the process. Instead, big decisions will be taken by an appointed panel of "experts".

相反，這個政府似乎認為英國被地方既得利益集團所阻礙，我們整個經濟未來都受到質疑，因為米金斯太太不想要高速公路穿過她的後院，或者在隔壁建核電廠。 […] 它的解決方案是將米金斯太太——以及任何其他想要對當地社區發生的事情有發言權的人——排除在程序之外。相反，重大決策將由一個被任命的「專家」小組來決定。

2007年June4日，Mark Lynas，“Don't Blame Mrs Miggins”, in New Statesman，London: New Statesman Ltd., →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2011-01-03:

For a mercifully short period, it felt as though the Today programme was dominated by high-level political debate over whether Labour could be blamed for the whole thing (in general, government spokesmen were not persuaded by this thesis), or whether Gordon Brown could take credit for Mr and Mrs Miggins and the Miggins brood getting home in one piece (the direction of this debate was not unpredictable either).

在令人慶幸的短暫時期內，《今日》節目似乎被高層政治辯論所主導，爭論的是工黨是否應該為整件事負責（總的來說，政府發言人對這個論點並不信服），或者戈登·布朗是否能為米金斯先生和米金斯太太以及米金斯一家安全到家而邀功（這場辯論的方向也是可以預料的）。

2010，Adam Boulton, Joey Jones，“Decision Time”, in Hung Together: The Cameron–Clegg Coalition，London: Simon & Schuster UK, 出版於 2012, →ISBN, part I (Campaign)，頁 80:

If Tesco want to invest and produce a front-end to interact and deal with Mrs Miggins and her interaction with Government, why shouldn't they be able to? Tesco don't want to get involved in a £1 billion procurement, but they want more up-sell to Mrs Miggins.

如果特易購想要投資並製作一個前端來與米金斯太太互動，處理她與政府的互動，為什麼不可以呢？特易購不想參與10億英鎊的採購，但他們想要向米金斯太太進行更多追加銷售。

2011年March15日，Public Administration Select Committee, House of Commons，引 Martin Rice, witness, Government and IT—"a Recipe for Rip Offs": Time for a New Approach: Twelfth Report of Session 2010–12 (HC 715-II)，卷s II (Oral and Written Evidence), London: The Stationery Office, 出版於 28 July 2011, →ISBN，頁 Ev 26，列 1:

[…] Volvo is a motoring minnow. They made around 450,000 cars last year. […] So Volvo announcing that it's going all electric is going to have the same effect on the world's carbon emissions as Mrs Miggins turning the thermostat down in her front room.

[…] 沃爾沃在汽車業只是小角色。他們去年製造了大約45萬輛汽車。 […] 所以沃爾沃宣布全面電動化對世界碳排放的影響，就像米金斯太太在客廳調低暖氣溫度一樣微不足道。

2017年July7日，Jeremy Clarkson，“Volvo going electric will have the same effect as Mrs Miggins turning down the heating in her front room”, in The Sun，London: News Group Newspapers, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2020-11-20:

Although asset managers ultimately manage money for private individuals – a point which they frequently shorthand by referring to the end investor under the patronising and arrogant generic term 'Mrs Miggins' – very few people working in the firms have had any contact with private individuals at all. […] [E]ven in the retail market the very large majority of relationships with end clients are mediated – it isn't actually necessary to meet Mrs Miggins, Mr Miggins or any other members of the Miggins family.

儘管資產管理公司最終是為個人投資者管理資金——他們經常用居高臨下且傲慢的通用術語「米金斯太太」來簡稱最終投資者——但在這些公司工作的人中很少有人與個人投資者有過任何接觸。 […] 即使在零售市場，與最終客戶的絕大多數關係都是間接的——實際上沒有必要見到米金斯太太、米金斯先生或米金斯家族的任何其他成員。

2018，Lucian Camp, Anthony Thomson，No Small Change: Why Financial Services Needs a New Kind of Marketing，Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN:

From the moment you park up in a police car outside some little old lady's house, even if it's only to walk down the road to make an inquiry at a neighbour's, Mrs. Miggins will be convinced that you're there to tell her that one of her family has died in some tragic accident.

從你把警車停在某個小老太太家外面的那一刻起，即使你只是要走到路下去鄰居家詢問什麼，米金斯太太也會確信你是來告訴她家裡有人在某個悲劇事故中死亡的。

2022，Darren Moor，“Try Not to Frighten Mrs. Miggins Any More than You have Already”, in How to Survive Your Early Years as a Police Officer: Tips, Tactics and Humour for the Probationer and Beyond，Market Harborough, Leicestershire: Matador, →ISBN: