beaucoup

借自法語 beaucoup。在越南戰爭期間因美國大兵而普及。

You know that cost beaucoup bucks!

Donlon says, "Well, we're rich and we got beaucoup beer and beaucoup chow. Now all we need is the Bob Hope show."

唐倫說：「嗯，我們很富有，我們有很多啤酒和很多食物。現在我們需要的只是鮑勃霍普秀。」

1979，Gustav Hasford，The Short-Timers，New York: Bantam Books, 出版於 1980, →ISBN，頁 93:


trendy

trendier (comparative)
trendiest (superlative)

I hate those trendy pre-wrinkled shirts.

Some people who go to trendy cafés lament getting stuck at the long central table that has to be shared, instead hoping they get a ‘private’ table. But that is foolish. On a recent trip to see family, I got stuck at the big table in a café, too; I ended up making a new friend there and learning about the surrounding town.

2024年July22日，Antone Martinho-Truswell，Take a seat: the long table is an antidote to loneliness:


pun

繼承自中古英語 ponnen、ponen、punen，來自古英語 punian、pūnian (“重擊，毆打，咆哮，輾壓，研磨”)，來自原始日耳曼語 *punōną (“打碎，粉碎”)。參見pound。作為一種文字遊戲，來自"beating"字到位的概念。

puns (third-person singular present)
punning (present participle)
punned (past participle)

We punned about the topic until all around us groaned.


pun

The pun is the lowest form of wit.


euthanasia

首次使用於1606年，來自古希臘語 εὐθανασία (euthanasía)，來自εὐ- (eu-，“好的”) + θάνατος (thánatos，“死亡”)。

/juːθəˈneɪʒə/

Euthanasia is the most difficult part of a veterinarian's job.


red

源自中古英語 red，源自古英語 rēad，源自原始西日耳曼語 *raud，源自原始日耳曼語 *raudaz（對比西弗里斯蘭語 read、低地德語 root、rod、荷蘭語 rood、德語 rot、丹麥語、書面挪威語 rød、新挪威語 raud），源自原始印歐語 *h₁rowdʰós，來自詞根*h₁rewdʰ-（對比威爾士語 rhudd、拉丁語 ruber、rufus、吐火羅語A rtär、吐火羅語B ratre、古希臘語 ἐρυθρός (eruthrós)、阿爾巴尼亞語 pruth (“紅髮人”)、古教會斯拉夫語 рудъ (rudŭ)、捷克語 rudý、立陶宛語 raúdas、阿維斯陀語 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬙𐬀 (raoidita)、梵語 रुधिर (rudhirá，“紅色的，血腥的”)）。

redder (comparative)
more red (comparative)
reddest (superlative)
most red (superlative)

Amerind

美洲原住民的，印第安人的

red whortleberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)

The girl wore a red skirt.

女孩穿著一條紅色的短裙。

Your colour, I warrant you, is as red as any rose.

我保證，你的顏色，就和薔薇一樣紅。

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

The flowers glowed red and golden: snapdragons and sunflowers, and nasturtians trailing all over the turf walls and peeping in at the round windows.

1954年July29日，J.R.R. Tolkien，“I: A Long-Expected Party”, in The Fellowship of the Ring (The Lord of the Rings; 1), →ISBN:

Her hair had red highlights.

紅色花色（紅桃或方塊）的；對比black (“梅花或黑桃花色的”)

I got two red queens, and he got one of the black queens.

我有兩張紅色的Q，他有一張黑色的Q。

支持以紅色為代表色的政黨的： 左翼的（尤指社會主義或共產主義，包括英國工黨和德國德國社會民主黨）

the red-black grand coalition in Germany

德國社民黨-基民盟聯合政府

支持以紅色為代表色的政黨的： 美國共和黨的

a red state

a red Congress


red

red：

His face turned red in embarrassment.


caterpillar

來自中古英語 catirpel、catirpeller，可能來自古諾曼語 catepeluse (現代法語chatte + pileuse (“多毛的貓”))，來自晚期拉丁語 catta + pilōsa。

caterpiller (alternative)
caterpillars (plural)

/ˈkætəˌpɪlə/

/ˈkætɚˌpɪlɚ/

The bird just ate that green caterpillar.

那隻鳥剛剛吃了一隻綠色毛毛蟲。


fan

fans (third-person singular present)
fanning (present participle)
fanned (past participle)

We enjoyed standing at the edge of the cliff, being fanned by the wind.

我們很享受站在懸崖邊緣被風吹拂的感覺。


yesterday

源自中古英語 yesterday、yisterday、ȝesterdai、ȝisterdai，源自古英語 ġiestrandæġ、ġister dæġ、ġestor dæġ、ġeostran dæġ，等同於yester- + day。对比低地蘇格蘭語 yisterday、yesterday (“昨天”)、哥特語 𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (gistradagis，“明天”，副詞)。也对比關係更遠的荷蘭語 gisteren、德語 gestern。

複數 yesterdays 不常用，使用情境一般是詩歌語，用“過去”義，如“all our yesterdays have come back to haunt us”。

帶 /ˈjɪ-/ 音的讀法現在屬於方言，但過去標準語也使用。如作家、發音研究者托馬斯·謝里丹就曾在著作中表示不推薦該種讀法。

Today is the child of yesterday and the parent of tomorrow.

今天是昨天的孩子、明天的家長。

Yesterday was rainy, but by this morning it had begun to snow.

昨天下雨，但今早開始轉雪。

Yesterday, upon the stair / I met a man who wasn’t there / He wasn’t there again today / I wish, I wish he’d go away …

yesterday's technology

The worker of today is different from that of yesterday.

如今的工人和過去的相比，已經大不相同。

All our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v]:

Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins. For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you.

2013年June22日，“Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 76:


yesterday

I started to watch the video yesterday, but could only finish it this evening.

昨天我就開始看這部影片了，但直到今晚才看完。

I want this done yesterday!


child

[ˈt͡ʃaɪ̯.ɫ̩d]

[t͡ʃəɪ̯(ə)ɫd]

kid

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

newborn

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

neonate

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

preteen

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

adolescent

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

tweenager

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

teenager

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

tween

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

teen

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

preadult

小孩，兒童 （未成年人）

call someone everything but a child of God

it is a wise child that knows his own father

the burnt child dreads the fire, the burnt child fears the fire

He has two children.

比喻性的後代 產物，結果

He was a child of the Renaissance.

他是文藝復興時期的產物。


give up

gives up (third-person singular present)
giving up (present participle)
gave up (past)
given up (past participle)

He was surrounded, so gave himself up.

他被包圍了，所以投降了。

They gave him up to the police.

They gave up the search when it got dark.

天黑了，他們停止了搜索。

He gave up his seat to an old man.

"Dear Miss Woodhouse, I would not give up the pleasure and honour of being intimate with you for any thing in the world."

“親愛的伍德豪斯小姐，跟你在一起又快樂又榮幸，我說什麽也不能離開你。”

They gave him up for dead.

他们認爲他活不成了。或
〈喻〉他們認爲他不會出現或到來了。

I gave up my faith years ago.

幾年前我放棄了我的信仰。

OK, I give up, you win.

好吧，我認輸了，你贏了。


academy

派生自法語 académie，派生自拉丁語 acadēmīa，派生自古希臘語 Ἀκαδημία (Akadēmía)。另請參見 academe。

（高等）专科学校。指中等或高等训练专门业务的学校，尤指军事、艺术或体育学院。

Royal Academy of Music


english

来源不确定。據推測，該詞產生與英國人將保齡球等技術引進美國有關，也可能與姓English的人有關。

（台球，保龄球）球绕着垂直轴做旋转运动。

You can't hit it directly, but maybe if you give it some english.

你不能直着打，但是可以有点旋转着打。


Dutch

原始印歐語詞
 *tewtéh₂
來自中古英語 Duch (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)，來自中古低地德語 dütsch, düdesch (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)和中古荷蘭語 dūtsch、duutsc (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *þiudisk，來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz (“部落的，民族的”)，衍生自*þeudō (“人”)，來自原始印歐語 *tewtéh₂。Deutsch和tuath 的同源對似詞。
對照中古英語 thedisch (“本地的，地方性的”)，該詞來自古英語 þēodisċ (“部落的，民族的”)、古撒克遜語 thiudisk（德國低地德語 düütsch (“德語”)）, 古高地德語 diutisc（現代德語 deutsch (“德語”)），現代荷蘭語 Duits (“德語”)和Diets (“荷蘭語”)（直到19世紀才完全區分開來）。參見Derrick、Teuton、Teutonic。
貶義義項（如Dutch courage, Dutch wife, Dutch uncle等）據說源自英荷戰爭和隨後的競爭。

The Dutch will vote on the matter next month.

荷蘭人將在下個月就此事投票。

In upstate New York, the Dutch continued to speak their language into the nineteenth century.

在紐約上州，荷蘭人在19世紀依然繼續使用他們自己的語言。


head

源自中古英語 hed, heed, heved, heaved ← 古英語 hēafod (“頭部；頂部；來源，起源；首領；首都”) ← 原始日耳曼語 *haubudą (“頭”) ← 原始印歐語 *káput-，*kapōlo- (“頭；碗”)的變體。
同源詞
與低地蘇格蘭語 heid, hede, hevid, heved (“頭”), 古英語 hafola (“頭”), 北弗里斯蘭語 hood (“頭”), 荷蘭語 hoofd (“頭”), 德語 Haupt (“頭”), 瑞典語 huvud (“頭”), 冰島語 höfuð (“頭”), 拉丁語 caput (“頭”), 梵語 कपाल (kapāla，“顱”), 印地語 कपाल (kapāl，“顱”)同源。

you can't put an old head on young shoulders

派生短語give something its head是指讓馬自由奔跑，有時也用作比喻車輛。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
頭腦，（心理、情感方面的）技能

Be careful when you pet that dog on the head; it may bite.

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

The company is looking for people with good heads for business.

公司正在尋找有商業頭腦的人。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
腦海，思想

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

This song keeps going through my head.

這首歌一直在我腦海中迴盪。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
（尤指中毒造成的）頭痛

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
頭飾

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（人）與頭腦有關的：
個人

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

Admission is three dollars a head.

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（動物）與頭腦有關的：
:Template:不可數（作量詞，表示牲畜等）一頭；一隻

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

200 head of cattle and 50 head of horses

12 head of big cattle and 14 head of branded calves

12頭大牛和14頭烙過印的小牛

at five years of age this head of cattle is worth perhaps $40

這頭五歲的牛大概值40美元

a reduction in the assessment per head of sheep

they shot 20 head of quail

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（動物）與頭腦有關的：
獵物的數量

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

planting the hedges increased the head of quail and doves

建樹籬增加了鵪鶉和鴿子的數量

:Template:可數 頭，人和動物身體的一部分。
（動物）與頭腦有關的：
鹿角

摸那隻狗的頭的時候得小心，它會咬人。

一端（前端、上端等）： 桌子的一端： 上座，桌子離房門最遠的一端，重要的座位

During meetings, the supervisor usually sits at the head of the table.

會議中主管者一般坐在桌子的上座。

一端（前端、上端等）：
:Template:可數 機器、工具等的主要操作部分：
（箭、矛、指針等）尖的一頭

The head of the compass needle is pointing due north.

指南針的指針指向正北方。

一端（前端、上端等）： 啤酒或碳酸飲料的泡沫；酒頭

Pour me a fresh beer; this one has no head.

給我倒一杯新鮮的啤酒，這杯的沒有沫兒。

(社會):Template:可數 領導者；專業人士：
領導者；首領；主謀

I'd like to speak to the head of the department.

Police arrested the head of the gang in a raid last night.

警方昨晚在一次突襲中逮捕了那個團伙的頭目。

(社會):Template:可數 領導者；專業人士：
校長

I was called into the head's office to discuss my behaviour.

我被叫去校長辦公室談談我的行爲。

重要/必要的部分： 首；尾；突出的部分： 河源；河流入湖處

The expedition followed the river all the way to the head.

探險隊沿河一直走到河流的源頭。

We are having a difficult time making head against this wind.

我們在逆風前進時遇到了困難。


head

head sea

head wind


head

heads (third-person singular present)
heading (present participle)
headed (past participle)

領導，主管（參見head up）

Who heads the board of trustees?

to head an army, an expedition, or a riot

領導軍隊；領導探險隊；領導暴動

We are going to head up North for our holiday.

We will head off tomorrow.

Next holiday we will head out West, or head to Chicago.

下個假期我們去西部或者去芝加哥。

Right now I need to head into town to do some shopping.

I'm fed up working for a boss. I'm going to head out on my own, set up my own business.

How does the ship head?

The salmon are first headed and then scaled.

to head trees


hold

源自中古英語 holden ← 古英語 healdan ← 原始日耳曼語 *haldaną (“照料（牲口），放牧”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *kel- (“驅趕”)（對比拉丁語 celer (“快”), 吐火羅語B kälts (“刺激，驅趕”), 古希臘語 κέλλω (kéllō，“驅趕”), 梵語 कलयति (kalayati，“他促使”)）。與西弗里斯蘭語 hâlde, 低地德語 holden, holen, 荷蘭語 houden, 德語 halten, 丹麥語、書面挪威語 holde, 新挪威語 halda同源。

holds (third-person singular present)
holding (present participle)
held (past)
held (past participle)
holden (past participle)

hold with the hare and run with the hounds

Hold the pencil like this.

The slightest effort made the patient cough. He would stand leaning on a stick and holding a hand to his side, and when the paroxysm had passed it left him shaking.

1918，W. B. Maxwell，章號 23, in The Mirror and the Lamp:

This package holds six bottles.

Hold my coat for me.  The general ordered the colonel to hold his position at all costs.

幫我拿著外套。  將軍要上校不惜一切代價保住他的位置。

保持某種狀態。 預約，預訂

Hold a table for us at 7:00.

幫我們訂一張7點的桌子。

Hold the elevator.

保持某種狀態。 拘留，扣押

Hold the suspect in this cell.

把嫌疑犯關進這間牢房裡。

to hold true;  The proposition holds.

保持某種狀態。 使自身處於某一狀態下

to hold firm;  to hold opinions

Mother[…]considered that the exclusiveness of Peter's circle was due not to its distinction, but to the fact that it was an inner Babylon of prodigality and whoredom, from which every Kensingtonian held aloof, except on the conventional tip-and-run excursions in pursuit of shopping, tea and theatres.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 2, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:


with

源自中古英語 with，源自古英語 wiþ，源自原始西日耳曼語 *wiþi，原始日耳曼語 *wiþrą (“反，反對”)的縮略形式。副詞的釋義可能是從其他日耳曼語意譯的，例如 挪威語 med、瑞典語 med 和德語 mit。

wyth (alternative)
whith (alternative)
wᵗʰ (alternative)
wᵗ (alternative)
w/ (dated alternative)
w (alternative)
wi' (alternative)
wit (alternative)
wit' (alternative)
wid (alternative)
wif (alternative)
wiv (alternative)

cut with a knife

I water my plants with this watering can. This is the watering can I water my plants with.

我用這個水壺為我的植物澆水。這是我用來為我的植物澆水的水壺。

Find what you want instantly with our search engine.

使用我們的搜尋引擎快速尋找你想要的 (資訊)。

They dismissed the meeting with a wave of their hand.

他們用手揮了一下，(以表示) 會議取消。

They had cut of his head upon the cudy of his boat had not the man reskued him with a sword...

如果不是那人用劍救了他，他們就在他的船上砍下他的頭…

And keep each other company in spite, / As rivals in your common mistress, fame, / And with faint praises one another damn;

即使如此，你們仍彼此作伴，/ 作為共享情人的競爭對手——名聲，/ 詛咒對方以微弱的讚美；

We are with you all the way.

There are a number of problems with your plan.

What on Earth is wrong with my keyboard?

我的鍵盤到底出什麼毛病了？

He was pleased with the outcome.

I’m upset with my father.

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013年June29日，“A punch in the gut”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁s 72–3:

It was small and bumpy, with a tinge of orange.

這東西很小、凹凸不平，帶點兒橙色。

As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels.

隨著我們年齡增長，身體的主要動脈常常會因為斑塊而變得增厚，這是一種具有類似燕麥粥質地的脂肪物質，會在血管內壁上逐漸堆積。

2013年 7-8月，史蒂芬·P·洛尼, David M. Pelz，“Stents to Prevent Stroke”, in 美國科學家:

Speak with confidence.

He spoke with sadness in his voice.

She was with Acme for twenty years before retiring last fall.

她在 Acme 工作了二十年，去年秋天退休。

With your kind of body size, you shouldn’t be eating pizza at all.

考慮到你的體型，你不應該吃披薩。

That was a lot to explain; are you still with me?

需要解釋的太多了；你跟得上我嗎？

Are you still with me? Good. I was worried, because you may not think you need a lightweight rifle.

1983年May13日，David E. Petzal，“The Lightweight Division”, in Field & Stream:


with

Do you want to come with?


an

繼承自中古英語 an (“和，如果”)。

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音

An it harm none, do what ye will.

只要不傷害別人，你想做什麼都可以。


an

繼承自古英語 an，on (介詞)。

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音

在這一情況下，它與 a 一詞的用法相同，但因元音在前（在未發音的 h 之後）而有所變化。例如：“The train was speeding along at a mile a minute.”

I was only going twenty miles an hour.

我的速度只有每小時二十英里。


route

來自中古英語 route，源自古法語 route、rote (“道，路，徑”)（對比現代法語 route），來自拉丁語 (via) rupta (“用強力打開的（道路）”)，源自rumpere viam（“開闢道路”）。中國古代行政區劃的義項是意譯自漢語 路 (lù)。

The route was used so much that it formed a rut.

這條路走的車很多，都起車轍了。

You need to find a route that you can take between these two obstacles.

你要在這兩個障礙物中找出一條路線。

I corralled the judge, and we started off across the fields, in no very mild state of fear of that gentleman's wife, whose vigilance was seldom relaxed. And thus we came by a circuitous route to Mohair, the judge occupied by his own guilty thoughts, and I by others not less disturbing.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 8, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013年March13日，Harold J. Morowitz，“The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，頁 83:

（送貨、載人的）常規路線

We live near the bus route.

Here is a map of our delivery routes.

這是我們配送路線的地圖。

道，路，徑；通常特別指公路

Follow Route 49 out of town.


route

routes (third-person singular present)
routing (present participle)
routeing (present participle)
routed (past participle)

All incoming mail was routed through a single office.

所有收到的郵件都通過一個辦公室轉送。


sinister

繼承自中古英語 sinistre (“不幸的”)，來自古法語 senestre、sinistre (“左的”)，來自拉丁語 sinister (“左手”)。

more sinister (comparative)
most sinister (superlative)

dexter

從配戴者看盾牌的左側的，從觀看者看盾牌的右側的

惡意的，陰險的，邪惡的；陰森的

sinister influences

the sinister atmosphere of the crypt


Greek

繼承自古英語 Grēcas (“希臘人”)，Crēcas的變體，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Krēkō，來自拉丁語 Graecus，源頭不明，可能衍生自地名Γραῖα (Graîa)或來自部落名Graii的其他古巴爾幹語族形式，參見英語維基百科條目Griko、Names of the Greeks。希臘語中有個同源詞Γραικός (Graikós)，是從神話時代的祖先Γραίοι (Graíoi，“格瑞西安族”)而來。日爾曼語族同源詞包括荷蘭語 Griek、德語 Grieche。英語和日爾曼語族同源詞中的⟨g⟩，是受到法語 grec和古典拉丁語 Graecus的影響下恢復的。
該形容詞可追溯到14世紀的中古英語，取代了古英語 Grēċisċ (“希臘式的”)和早期中古英語 Gregeis。指兄弟會跟姐妹會，來自早期希臘字母的截斷。

Gr. (alternative)
Greeke (alternative)
Greeks (plural)

Was Joe a Greek in college?


apricot

pickled apricots


Africa

繼承自中古英語 Affrike，來自古法語 Affrique, Affrike，來自拉丁語 Āfrica，來自Āfrī，Āfer的單數 (迦太基國的人民)又源自於：
* 布匿語或腓尼基語中的𐤏𐤐𐤓 (ʿpr /ʿafar/，“灰塵”)，在其他閃語族語言也有同義詞。
* 柏柏爾語族中的ifri (“洞穴”)，ifran的複數，指突尼斯的洞穴居民 (參見泰塔溫)。
民間詞源包括：
* 古希臘語 ἀ- (a-) + φρίκη f (phríkē)，意思為不冷
* 拉丁語 aprica (“陽光”)。

the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa

馬格里布和撒哈拉以南非洲


fret

源自中古英語 frēten (“吃，侵蝕，摧毀，煩擾”)，源自古英語 fretan (“吃掉，吞噬；破裂，爆裂”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *fraetan，源自原始日耳曼語 *fraetaną (“消耗，吞食，吃掉”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fra- (“完全，完整”)（源自原始印歐語 *pro- (“朝著，向前”)）+ *etaną (“吃”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₁ed- (“吃”)）。
與荷蘭語 vreten、fretten (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、低地德語 freten (“吃掉”)、德語 fressen (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、哥特語 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fraitan，“吞食”)、瑞典語 fräta (“吃掉，侵蝕，腐蝕”)同源；亦與丹麥語 fråse (“狼吞虎嚥”)有關。
“摩擦”之義可能是因與盎格魯-諾曼語 *freiter（現代法語 fretter (方言)）的音近而混同，其源自通俗拉丁語 *frictāre，是拉丁語 fricāre的反覆體，源自fricō (“摩擦”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *bʰreyH- (“切割”)；對比古法語 froter（現代法語 frotter）。來源推測的主要阻礙是缺少古法語詞彙的證明。

frets (third-person singular present)
fretting (present participle)
fretted (past)
fret (past)
frate (past)
fretted (past participle)
fretten (past participle)

使躁動，使不平靜，激起漣漪

to fret the surface of water

A wristband frets on the edges.

This, as Maury remarks, "suggested the idea that there was no running water nor abrading forces at play upon the bed of the deep sea, and consequently, if ever an electric cord were lodged upon the telegraphic plateau, there it would lie in cold abstraction; without anything to fret, chafe or wear, save alone the tooth of time."

1893，A[lexander] Fraser-Macdonald，“The North Atlantic Viewed as a Region Traversed by Our Ocean Railways”, in Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation，London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC，頁 239:

Rancour frets in the malignant breast.

Beyond Tabor, the ſmall river Luſchnitze frets over craggy rocks, covered with thick woods, through which you continue your journey for three German miles, [...]

1789，John Gillies，章號 II, in A View of the Reign of Frederick II. of Prussia; with a Parallel between the Prince and Philip II. of Macedon，Printed for A[ndrew] Strahan, and T[homas] Cadell, in the Strand, →OCLC，頁 142:

And mid-way through the channel met / Conflicting tides that foam and fret, / And high their mingled billows jet, / As spears, that, in the battle set, / Spring upward as they break.

1815，Walter Scott，“The Lord of the Isles”, in The Poetical Works of Walter Scott: Complete in One Volume，Frankfurt: Printed by and for H. L. Brœnner, 出版於 1826, →OCLC, canto I，頁 130:

The sea frets itself around it [South Stack, Wales, UK] and gurgles in the cavern; ledges and reefs abut on it.

1891 June，William H[enry] Rideing，“Safety on the Atlantic”, in Scribner’s Magazine，卷 IX, 期 6, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner's Sons; London: F[rederick] Warne & Co., →OCLC，頁 700，列 2:


fret

He keeps his mind in a continual fret.

他的思想一直處於焦躁狀態。

It was our good fortune last autumn to escape from the feverish excitement and moral tension of this vast metropolis, from the hurry and fret of business, the glut of pleasure, the satiety of delight, the weariness of politics, and the exhausting duties of our critical function, into that favoured corner of our fortunate island, the West of England; [...]

1836 December，“Art. IX. Transactions of the Institute of British Architects. Vol. I. Part I. London, 1836.”, in The Quarterly Review，卷 LVIII, 期 CXVI, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, →OCLC，頁 524:

And the preacher who delivered the discourse went home and fretted; his wife, children and servants being witnesses. Sanctification takes the spirit of fret out of the heart.

1897，B[everly] Carradine，The Sanctified Life，Cincinnati, Oh.: Office of the Revivalist, →OCLC，頁 192:

After their introduction to Orlando, Celia wonders why Rosalind should be so morose ([William Shakespeare's As You Like It,] I.iii.10–19): [...] In her effort to cheer Rosalind, Celia compares these frets to burs, meaning the rough and prickly flowerheads: "They are but burs, cousin, thrown upon thee in holiday foolery."

1980，Renaissance Papers，Durham, N.C.: Southeastern Renaissance Conference, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 50:


fret

來自中古英語 freten (“捆”)，來自古法語 freter，來自frete (“金屬包頭”)（現代法語 frette）。用來表示音樂意思的源頭未知；可能來自 frete 或來自 fret（摩擦）。

frets (third-person singular present)
fretting (present participle)
fretted (past participle)

音樂方面的意思： 在（樂器）上裝上品

to fret a guitar


facies

借自拉丁語 faciēs (“形式，構造，形象；面孔，面容，容貌”)。face 的同源對似詞。

costive facies


harp

繼承自中古英語 harpe，繼承自古英語 hearpe (“豎琴”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *harpā，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *harpǭ (“豎琴”)。同源詞包括低地蘇格蘭語 hairp (“豎琴”)、西弗里斯蘭語 harpe、harp (“豎琴”)、低地德語 Harp (“豎琴”)、荷蘭語 harp (“豎琴”)、德語 Harfe (“豎琴”)、丹麥語 harpe (“豎琴”)、瑞典語 harpa (“豎琴”)。

harps (third-person singular present)
harping (present participle)
harped (past participle)

重複提及某個話題，尤其是為了嘮叨或抱怨

Why do you harp on a single small mistake?

為什麼你要對一個小錯誤喋喋不休呢？（美式用法）

Why do you harp on about a single small mistake?

為什麼你要對一個小錯誤喋喋不休呢？（英式用法）


English

源自中古英語 Englisch、English、Inglis，來自古英語 Englisċ (“盎格魯人的；英格蘭的”)，來自Engle (“盎格魯人，日耳曼部落”) + -isċ；等同於Angle + -ish。對比荷蘭語 Engels、丹麥語 engelsk、古法語 Englesche（法語 anglais的來源）, 德語 englisch、西班牙語 inglés，最初來源為原始印歐語 *h₂enǵʰ- (“窄的”)（對比梵語 अंहु (aṃhu，“窄的”)、अंहस् (aṃhas，“緊張；罪惡”)、拉丁語 angustus (“窄的”)、古教會斯拉夫語 ѫзъкъ (ǫzŭkŭ，“窄的”)）。

more English (comparative)
most English (superlative)

英語的，與英語有關的；派生自盎格魯-撒克遜語的

Those immigrants Anglicised their names to make them sound more English.

移民將他們的名字英語化，聽起來更加像英語中的名字。

an English ton


English

作“英格蘭人”一義時，是集合名詞，一般前接定冠詞“the”和指示形容詞。例: "The English are coming!" "Oh, those English, always drinking their tea..."

The Scottish and the English have a history of conflict.

蘇格蘭人和英格蘭人之間的恩怨由來已久。

熟練掌握、使用英語的能力

My coworkers have pretty good English for non-native speakers.

我的同事雖然母語不是英語，但他的英語說得很好。

英語中的表達 英語中的特定用語、用詞

What's the English for ‘à peu près’?

英語中怎麼表達“à peu près”？

The technical details are correct, but much of the English is not very clear.

技術信息都是正確的，但是用詞上有些模糊。

You are trying to put too much English on the ball.


English

與其他表示語言的詞相近，作“英語”一義時通常不加冠詞。例: “Say it in plain English!”

English is spoken here as an unofficial language and lingua franca.

在這裡英語算是一種非官方語言和共同語。

How do you say ‘à peu près’ in English?

在英語裡你們如何表達“à peu près”？


French

繼承自中古英語 Frenche、Frensch、Frensc、Frenshe、Frenk、Franche，來自古英語 Frenċisċ (“法語”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Frankisk (“法蘭克”)，等同於Frank + -ish (對照Frankish)。與西佛蘭德語 Fransch (“法語”)、荷蘭語 Frans (“法語”)、中古低地德語 vranksch、frenkisch、vrenkesch、vrenksch (“法語”)、中古高地德語 frenkisch、frensch （“法蘭克的，法蘭西的”；> 德語 fränkisch (“法蘭克尼亞”)）、丹麥語 fransk (“法語”)、瑞典語 fransk、fransysk (“法語”)、冰島語 franska (“法語”)同源。
用作粗俗語言的義項，其通常指早期19世紀上層階級實際使用的法語表達 (但通常輕微無禮)，後來被下層階級用作罵人的話，因為他們認為聽者不會熟悉這些用語。
用來指苦艾酒的義項，是French vermouth的簡稱。

She speaks French.

Ne mowe we alle Latin wite...
Ne French...

c. 1390, Robert Grosseteste, translating Chateau d'Amour as The Castle of Love, ll. 25 ff.:

I... wolde also be bolde in such french as is peculiare to the lawys of this realme, to leue it wyth them in wrytynge to.

1533, Thomas More, The Debellacyon of Salem & Bizance, fol. 96:

I could speak but little French.

1720，Daniel Defoe，Memoirs of a Cavalier，頁 13:

Thus, complementary to the French of France, the Quebecois (and in a lesser degree the Frenches of Africa, Swiss French, etc.) would constitute languages in their own right.

1991，Michael Clyne，Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations，Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN，頁 169:

Almost three quarters of the population 65 and older reported speaking French.

1997，Albert Valdman，French and Creole in Louisiana，頁 29:

Although he would spend the rest of his life in France, Picasso never mastered the language, and during those early years he was especially self-conscious about how bad his French was.

2004，Jack Flam，Matisse and Picasso: The Story of Their Rivalry and Friendship，頁 18:

The Frenches of England remain as working languages in the different registers of various occupational communities and for particular social rituals. Beyond the fifteenth century, French is a much less substantial presence in England, though[…]

2013，Jocelyn Wogan-Browne，Language and Culture in Medieval Britain: The French of England, C.1100-c.1500，Boydell & Brewer Ltd, →ISBN，頁 361:

My French is a little rusty.

[Racine's] language is the language of the times, and that of the purest sort; so that his French is reckoned a standard.

1742 April 4, R. West, letter to Thomas Gray:

作為學科的法國語言、文學

I'm taking French next semester.

Pardon my French.

The enraged headsman spares no 'bad French' in explaining his motives.

1845，Edward Jerningham Wakefield，Adventure in New Zealand，卷 I，頁 327:

Cameron: Pardon my French, but you're an asshole!

1986, John Hughes, Ferris Bueller's Day Off':

The book... is a welcome change from theory-infected academic discourse, pardon my French.

2005年May29日，New York Times Book Review，頁 12:

Dawn French.


French

複數形式Frenches的使用在早期現代英語出現過，在當代英語很少出現。和其他集體區域居民稱謂詞一樣，French在指代法國人時，會在前面加上定冠詞或定語。

主要用於集合名詞和以複數形式

The Hundred Years' War was fought between the English and the French.

百年戰爭是英國人和法國人之間的戰爭。

Under the Fourth Republic, more and more French unionized.

在第四共和國時期，越來越多的法國人加入了工會。

[…]to breake the necke of the wicked purposes & plots of the French[…]

1579，Francesco Guicciardini as，譯者 Geoffrey Fenton, The Historie of Guicciardin，頁 378:

Such is the nature and complexion of the frenches, that they are worth nothing, but at the first push.

1653，François Rabelais，譯者 Thomas Urquhart, Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais，卷 I，頁 214:

On the way, scouts reported that some French were heading toward them across the ice.

2002，Jeremy Thornton，The French and Indian War，頁 14:


French

more French (comparative)
most French (superlative)

French defence, French defense, French Defence

French lilac (Syringa vulgaris & Galega officinalis)

the French border with Italy

That must have hurt, especially because you knew the French children weren’t even trying. “Uh, go on, play weez your seellee nambeurs. Zey tell you nosseeng of ze true naytcheur of ze soula. I’ll weepa for you.”

2015年May3日，“Standardized Testing”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver，季数 2, 集数 12, John Oliver (actor), 經由 HBO:

French customs

French verbs


German

來自拉丁語 Germānus、Germānī (“來自Germānia的民族”)，不同於Gauls (在凱撒和塔西佗的著作中)，最初源頭不明 (可能是凱爾特語族/高盧語)。
與german (“關係密切的”)或germane無關 (來自拉丁語形容詞germānus，經由古法語)。
至少在1520年開始出現。取代了英語中較早的術語Almain和Dutch (來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz)。除了德語、日耳曼語、荷蘭語的同源詞外，其他語言中表示德國人的兩類詞源一個是Saxon的同源詞和原始斯拉夫語 *němьcь的派生詞；更多資訊參閱這些條目。

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

Rome was sacked by Germans and the Western Roman Empire collapsed.

羅馬被日耳曼人大肆劫掠，西羅馬帝國就此滅亡。


German

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

分體詞：Low German (Plattdeutsch)、High German

German has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

德語（的名詞）有三種性別：陽性、陰性和中性。


German

more German (comparative)
most German (superlative)
Germanest (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

與德國本地人或居民有關的；德國人後裔有關的

Her German husband has blond hair.

她的德裔丈夫長著一頭金髮。

If Demandt's essay served as a strident example of the German desire for normalcy, a more subtle example was provided by a brief allohistorical depiction of a Nazi victory in World War II written by German historian Michael Salewski in 1999.

2005年May23日，Gavriel D. Rosenfeld，The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 182:

Goths, a German tribe, 9; allied with other tribes against Rome, 39; …

1889, Theodore S. Fay, The three Germanys: glimpses into their history, vol. II, p. 1270 (inside the index):

分體詞：Low German、High German

Because the instructions were German, Yves couldn't read them.

因為這些指示是用德語寫成的，所以伊夫看不懂。

In this manner there existed, about the time of the Reformation, three grand divisions of the German language, viz. the Upper German (Ober Deutsch), the Low German (Nieder Deutsch, or Platt Deutsch), and lastly the High German (Hoch Deutsch).

1816，George Henry Noehden，A Grammar of the German Language，第3rd版，頁 3:

To trace its progress, it will be necessary to enter into detail, and to examine the German language in its two great divisions, the Low and High German.

1838，Joseph Bosworth，A Dictionary of the Anglo-saxon Language，頁 xiii:

This volume is intended to provide a survey of the linguistic characteristics of modern German dialects …. These are defined geographically as those within the borders of the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Austria, the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, the German-speaking part of Switzerland, and Alsace in France ([..]).

1990, Charles V.J. Russ, Introduction, in: Charles V.J. Russ (ed.), The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, p. xviii (note: the work covers Frisian, Low and High German dialects):


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum)

Japanese lantern (Alkekengi officinarum, syn. Physalis alkekengi)

A Japanese saw is one that cuts on the pull stroke rather than on the push stroke.

日本鋸是一種在拉衝程而非推衝程中實現切割的鋸子。

In the United States, Japanese animation has had a tremendous surge in popularity over the last few years.

過去幾年，日本動畫在美國人氣猛增。

Japanese retail stores have strove to, and have succeeded in, fulfilling these severe demands, and in doing so, have constantly had to innovate both technologically and institutionally in order to keep up with the competition.

日本零售商店努力并成功地满足了这些严格的要求，为此，必须不断在技术和制度上进行创新，以跟上竞争的步伐。

2013年February6日，Hideo Otake，“Revising the Interpretation of the Japanese Economy”, in State and Administration in Japan and Germany: A Comparative Perspective on Continuity and Change，頁 319:


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

:Template:U:en:-ese然而在東亞它卻經常被翻譯成漢語 日本人 (rìběnrén)或日語 日本人 (Nihonjin)。

A Japanese will typically have black hair, brown eyes, and pale skin.

日本人一般長著黑髮、褐眼睛，皮膚白皙。

Motoyuki Shibata isn’t a typical Japanese.
柴田元幸不是一名典型的日本人。

2007 October 16, Madeleine Brand, “Japan Struggles to Meet Its CO2 Emissions Limits”, Day to Day, National Public Radio,

How courteous is the Japanese;
He always says, "Excuse it, please."

日本人真有禮貌；
他總是開口說道“不好意思”。

Let’s go out to eat. I’m in the mood for Japanese.

咱們出去吃吧。我想吃日餐。


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

I’ve been studying Japanese for three years, and I still can’t order pizza in Tokyo!

我已經學日語三年了，可我依然沒法在東京點披薩！


Smoke

I'm heading down to the Smoke later this week.


abduction

來自拉丁語 abductiō (“搶劫；綁架”)，來自abdūcō (“帶走”)，來自ab (“離開”) + dūcō (“領導”)。等同於abduct + -ion。
* (解剖學)： 借自法語，來自拉丁語 abductus。
* 對照法語 abduction。

強行把人擄走（自18世紀中期）

the abduction of a child


myalgic encephalomyelitis

myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

肌痛性腦脊髓炎；慢性疲勞症候群

The 29th of October is a significant day for those who suffer from myalgic encephalomyelitis and all those who care for such people.

10月29日對肌痛性腦脊髓炎患者和關心他們的人來說，是一個重大的日子。


surgery

來自中古英語 surgerie，來自古法語 surgerie，來自拉丁語 chirurgia，來自古希臘語 χειρουργία (kheirourgía)，來自χείρ (kheír，“手”) + ἔργον (érgon，“工作”)。chirurgy 的同源對似詞。

Surgery is often necessary to prevent cancer from spreading.

为防止癌症扩散，手术通常是必需的。

I dropped in on the surgery as I was passing to show the doctor my hemorrhoids.

我经过医生办公室时，顺便给他看了我的痔疮。


substance

繼承自中古英語 substance，來自古法語 substance，來自拉丁語 substantia (“實質，本質”)，來自substāns，substō (“存在”，字面意思是“站在下面”)的現在主動分詞，來自sub + stō (“站立”)。取代本土的古英語 andweorc。

Some textile fabrics have little substance.

a man of substance

And there wasted his substance with riotous living.

在那裡任意放蕩、浪費資財。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 15:13:

Thy substance, valued at the highest rate, / Cannot amount unto a hundred marks.

你的财产，即使按最高价格计算，价值也不到一百马克。

c. 1594，William Shakespeare，“The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

substance abuse


euphoric

more euphoric (comparative)
most euphoric (superlative)

狂喜的、亢奮的、異常亢奮的

In this moment, I am euphoric.

此時此刻，我亢奮到了極點。


gangrene

來自法語 gangrène，來自拉丁語 gangraena，來自古希臘語 γάγγραινα (gángraina，“壞疽”)。

/ˈɡaŋˌɡɹiːn/

If gangrene sets in, we may have to amputate the foot.

如果坏疽发生，我们可能不得不截肢。


keyboard

keyboards (third-person singular present)
keyboarding (present participle)
keyboarded (past participle)

Keyboarding is the part of this job I hate the most.


data

借自拉丁語 datum (“所給予的”) 的主格複數形式、dō (“我給予”) 的主格過去分詞 data。date 的同源對似詞。

data 一詞常作不可數名詞，與動詞的單數形式使用，而較少用作可數名詞 datum 的複數形式。作為複數名詞與動詞的複數形式使用的情況僅多見於正式場合：在計算機科學和資料科學中例外，但醫學文獻中，此習性依然經常保留。

在大地測量學和幾何公差領域中，data 一詞專門用於不可數含義，而可數名詞 datum (指參考點或地面) 的複數形式為 datums，而非 data。

計算機領域中，data 的定義出自國際標準詞彙，這個定義旨在區分 data 與 information。然而，計算機專業常忽視其分別。

This data shows clearly that X is correlated with Y, although it tells us nothing about causation.

這些資料清楚地顯示出 X 與 Y 相關，但它們並未告訴我們關於因果關係的任何信息。

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…]

有了新的材料，分類學結論會受到這樣的認識影響：所檢查的材料反映了它所佔據的地點；而一個植物標本袋僅提供了做出可靠結論所需資料的一小部分。實際上，植物標本材料並不能讓人安全地推論：你看到的就是你得到的 […]

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 vii:

Risk is everywhere.[…]For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you. “The Norm Chronicles”[…]aims to help data-phobes find their way through this blizzard of risks.

風險無處不在。 […] 對於每一項風險，都有一個驚人精確的數值來衡量其從陰影中跳出來傷害你的可能性。《Norm Chronicles》 […] 旨在幫助資料恐懼症患者在這場風險的暴風雪中找到出路。

2013年June22日，“Snakes and ladders”, in 經濟學人，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 76:


bottleneck

It is easy to create entries; processing the paperwork is the bottleneck.

创建条目很容易；处理文书工作是瓶颈。

The bottleneck in this computer program is the inefficient sorting process; we should replace it with a faster one.

该电脑程序的瓶颈是排序过程效率低下；我们应该用速度更快的来替换它。


bottleneck

bottlenecks (third-person singular present)
bottlenecking (present participle)
bottlenecked (past participle)

The merge bottlenecked the traffic every morning.

车道合并导致每天早上交通都会拥堵。

The traffic bottlenecked at the merge every morning.

车道合并处每天早上都会出现阻塞情况。


blame

繼承自中古英語 blame，源自古法語 blame、blasme，由動詞blasmer產生，而它又衍生自晚期拉丁語 blastēmāre，blasphēmāre的變體，來自古希臘語 βλασφημέω (blasphēméō)。blaspheme 的同源對似詞。取代本土的古英語 tǣling (“責備”)、tǣlan (“責備”)。

Blame came from all directions.

The blame for starting the fire lies with the arsonist.

起火的责任应由纵火犯承担。

They accepted the blame, but it was an accident.

他们承受了指责，但这只是一次意外。


blame

繼承自中古英語 blamen，源自古法語 blasmer，來自晚期拉丁語 blasphēmāre (“責罵，辱罵”)，來自古希臘語 βλασφημέω (blasphēméō)。blaspheme 的同源對似詞。從本土詞wite (“責備、指責、譴責、懷疑”)（來自中古英語 wīten、中古英語 wītan）變為常見用語。

blames (third-person singular present)
blaming (present participle)
blamed (past participle)

The student driver was blamed for the accident.

事故责任归咎于学生司机。

After what happened at the wedding, I wouldn't blame you if you never spoke to them again.

婚礼上发生了那件事之后，如果你再也不和他们说话了，我不会责怪你。

We blamed the accident on the student driver.

我们把事故归咎于学生司机。


broadcast

Japanese simultaneous interpreter and translator Eriko Sekiya in an NHK Radio studio, from which she broadcasts (verb sense 3) a programme on introductory business English
日本同聲傳譯家、翻譯家関谷英里子正在NHK演播室，她在此作客介紹商務英語初級課程的節目
Paddy being broadcast (verb sense 4) or sown by hand in Chaudwar, Odisha, India
印度奧里薩邦喬烏德瓦爾的手工播撒稻種
broad + cast。

The DJ was feeling nervous before his first national broadcast.

這位DJ在第一次作客全國廣播節目前，顯得很緊張。

We interrupt this broadcast at the request of the police department to bring you the following special bulletin: The dead body of Miss Paula Canfield, missing student at Westlake University and daughter of the multi-millionaire Harold Canfield, has been found in the Arroyo Seco near the Colorado Street Bridge.

按照警方的要求，我們暫停本次廣播節目，並為您播報特別消息：近日失蹤的西湖大學學生、千萬富翁哈羅德·坎菲爾德先生的千金寶拉·坎菲爾德小姐的遺體，已於阿羅約塞科，靠近科羅拉多街橋的位置被發現。

1943，Wilfrid H. Pettitt，Nine Girls: A Play in Prologue and Two Acts，Chicago, Ill.: The Dramatic Publishing Company, →OCLC; 再版 Woodstock, Ill.: The Dramatic Publishing Company, 1971, →ISBN, Act I, scene i，頁s 15–16:

Radio Free Europe was established by a group of private citizens in December 1949, for the purpose of conducting a propaganda campaign against six Communist-dominated satellites in central and eastern Europe. […] Its program consisted of daily half-hour broadcasts, first to Czechoslovakia and then to Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Albania.

自由歐洲電台於1949年12月由私人團體建立，用於對中東歐的六個蘇聯衛星國進行政治宣傳。 […] 電台節目包括每天半小時的（對外宣傳）廣播節目，首先是對捷克斯洛伐克，後來擴展到匈牙利、波蘭、保加利亞、羅馬尼亞和阿爾巴尼亞。

1958，Robert T. Holt，“Introduction”, in Radio Free Europe，Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, →OCLC，頁 3:


climate

源自中古英語 climat < 古法語 climat < 拉丁語 clima < 古希臘語 κλίμα (klíma，“latitude”，字面意思是“傾斜”)。

Industries that require a lot of fossil fuels are unlikely to be popular in the current political climate.

在当前的政治环境下，需要大量化石燃料的行业不太可能受到欢迎。

In polling by the Pew Research Center in November 2008, fully half the respondents thought the two parties would cooperate more in the coming year, versus only 36 percent who thought the climate would grow more adversarial.

皮尤研究中心2008 11月的民意调查显示，有一半的受访者认为两党在未来一年将加强合作，而只有 36% 的受访者认为对抗的气氛将变得更浓。

2012年November7日，Matt Bai，“Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times:

This isn't the time for militant unionism. If I were at ScotRail, in the current climate I'd trade a pay freeze [sic: pay rise?] for job security.

现在不是搞激进工会主义的时候。如果我在苏格兰铁路公司，在目前的形势下，我会用冻薪（原文如此，意思是加薪？）来换取工作保障。

2020年December2日，Philip Haigh，“A winter of discontent caused by threat of union action”, in Rail，頁 63:


conservative

借自中古法語 conservatif，來自拉丁語 cōnservō (“儲存”)。等同conserve + -ative。

more conservative (comparative)
most conservative (superlative)

The chef added a conservative amount of salt to the dish.

The curriculum committee at this university is extremely conservative.

At a conservative estimate, growth may even be negative next year.


design

We have designs on winning the league next season.

我們的目標是贏得下個賽季的聯賽。

To be hateful of the truth by design.

I give it you without any other design than to shew you that I reckon nothing dear to me, when I want to do you a pleasure.

我把它給你，沒有任何其他目的，只是想讓你知道，當我想讓你高興時，我什麼都不看重。

1763，Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz，History of Louisisana，PG，頁 40:

At length, one night, when the company by ſome accident broke up much ſooner than ordinary, ſo that the candles were not half burnt out, ſhe was not able to reſiſt the temptation, but reſolved to have them ſome way or other. Accordingly, as ſoon as the hurry was over, and the ſervants, as ſhe thought, all gone to ſleep, ſhe ſtole out of her bed, and went down ſtairs, naked to her ſhift as ſhe was, with a deſign to ſteal them […]

1762，Charles Johnstone，The Reverie; or, A Flight to the Paradise of Fools，卷 2, Dublin: Printed by Dillon Chamberlaine, →OCLC，頁 202:

Lisicki will rise from her current ranking of 62 to at least 35 in the world on the back of her efforts at the All England Club, but she will have serious designs on a first Grand Slam title after overcoming the 2007 runner-up.

2011年June28日，Piers Newbery，“Wimbledon 2011: Sabine Lisicki beats Marion Bartoli”, in BBC Sport:


design

designs (third-person singular present)
designing (present participle)
designed (past participle)

The king designed to mount an expedition to the New World.


insult

insults (third-person singular present)
insulting (present participle)
insulted (past participle)

- Marvel owns your gods!
- Insulting is not arguing.


suspect

來自古法語 suspect，來自拉丁語 suspectus，suspiciō (“不信任，懷疑”)的完整體被動分詞，來自sub (“底下”) + speciō (“看，看著”)。

suspects (third-person singular present)
suspecting (present participle)
suspected (past participle)

揣測；想象或假設某事物為真或存在

to suspect the presence of disease

From her hand I could suspect no ill.

1667，John Milton，“Book 9”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Mr. Campion appeared suitably impressed and she warmed to him. He was very easy to talk to with those long clown lines in his pale face, a natural goon, born rather too early she suspected.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 5, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

WikiLeaks did not cause these uprisings but it certainly informed them. The dispatches revealed details of corruption and kleptocracy that many Tunisians suspected, but could not prove, and would cite as they took to the streets.

2013年June7日，Gary Younge，“Hypocrisy lies at heart of Manning prosecution”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 18:

to suspect the truth of a story

An inhabitant of Gubio, in the duchy of Urbino, in Italy, suspecting the fidelity of his wife, he, in a fit of jealousy, in order to find out whether his suspicion was true, did what the ecclesiastick history informs us Origen did from devotion.

1785，James Ridgway，A Dictionary of Literary Conversation:

I suspect him of being the thief.


surgeon

來自中古英語 surgien，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 surgien、sirogen（對應古法語surgien等），來自通俗拉丁語 *chīrurgiānus，來自拉丁語 chīrūrgia (“外科手術”)，來自chīrurgus (“外科手術”)，源自古希臘語 χειρουργός (kheirourgós)，來自χείρ (kheír，“手”) + ἔργον (érgon，“工作”)。

chirurgeon (alternative)
surgeons (plural)
surgeoness (feminine)

The surgeon refused to operate because the patient was her son.

外科醫生拒絕上台手術，因為病人是她的兒子。


lima

We had limas with dinner last night.


los

繼承自中古英語 lusk，來自古英語 lox，來自原始西日耳曼語 *luhs，來自原始日耳曼語 *luhsaz。與低地蘇格蘭語 los、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Luks、低地德語 Luks、荷蘭語 los、德語 Luchs、盧森堡語 Luuss等同源。

The los had been brought from a northern part of the United States.

猞猁是從美國北部某地帶來的。

A beaſt like unto a wolfe having many ſpottes, and being exceeding quicke of ſight: a wolfe like an hart, a Los or Lynx.

1592，Thomas Thomasius，Thomae Thomasii Dictionarium tertio ... emendatum ... et longe auctius ... redditum.:


ambiguous

源自拉丁語 ambiguus (“左右搖擺的，性質可疑的”)，該詞衍生自ambigere (“四處走動、徘徊、懷疑”)，由ambi- (“周圍、大約、兩側”)與agere (“驅動、移動”)組成。

more ambiguous (comparative)
most ambiguous (superlative)

The politician was criticized for his ambiguous statements and lack of precision.

這位政治人物因模稜兩可的言論與缺乏精準度而受到批評。


ammonia

來自拉丁語 sal ammoniacus (“阿蒙的鹽，氯化銨”)，因為它在埃及的（朱庇特）阿蒙神廟附近被發現而得名。Ammon衍生自古希臘語 Ἄμμων (Ámmōn)，來自埃及語 jmn (i-mn:n-A4)。

Never use ammonia to clean metal writing pens.

千萬不要用氨水來清洗金屬筆。

Slowly we rode down to the camp - a very sorrowful party. We took "Nep" straight to the surgery, where the doctor instantly applied injections of ammonia, then the new remedy for snake bite.

1887，Harriet W. Daly，Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia，頁 95:


awkward

來自awk (“怪異的，笨拙的”) + -ward。

awkwarder (comparative)
more awkward (comparative)
awkwardest (superlative)
most awkward (superlative)

clumsy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

lubberly

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

ungraceful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

unhandy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

dexterous

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

gainly

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

graceful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

handy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

skillful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

John was awkward at performing the trick. He'll have to practice to improve.

John在耍那個戲法的時候笨手笨腳的。他還是要練習才能提高。

That was an extremely awkward moment. Everyone was watching.

那一刻真的非常尷尬，大家都在看著。

An awkward silence had fallen.

I'm very awkward at parties.

Things get very awkward whenever 60-year old men use cheesy pick-up lines on me.

每有60多歲的老人用老土的搭訕語句找我攀談時，我都不知道該怎麼辦才好。

任性的 （指人）；不方便的，難以應付的，棘手的

He's a right awkward chap.

These cabinets are going to be very awkward when we move.

我們搬家時這些陳列櫃會很難處理。

Clearing up rock and fallen vegetation at such an awkward site required a team of specialist geoengineers.

2020年August26日，Andrew Mourant，“Reinforced against future flooding”, in Rail，頁 61:


cheque

I was not carrying cash, so I wrote a cheque for the amount.

我没有带现金，所以我写了一张支票。

They do not, however, all deal with the same banker, and when A gives a cheque to B, B usually pays it not into the same but into some other bank.

然而，他们并不都与同一家银行打交道，当 A 给 B 一张支票时，B 通常不是将支票存入同一家银行，而是存入另一家银行。

1848，John Stuart Mill，Principles of Political Economy [政治經濟學原理]，出版於 1920，頁 62:

Sometimes abbreviations are used (which would be explained on the statement) and only the last three figures of the cheque number may be given. ‘Sundries’ are cash or cheques paid into the account.
有时会使用缩写（会在声明中解释），并且只能提供支票号码的最后三位数字。“杂项”是指存入账户的现金或支票。

1999, Sam Seunarine, Office Procedures for the Caribbean, 2nd edition, reprinted 2001, page 126,

You can avoid dealing with paper cheques — written or printed — by paying your bills online.

您可以通过在线支付账单来避免处理纸质支票——无论是手写的还是印刷的。

2007，Eric Tyson，Tony Martin，Personal Finance for Canadians for Dummies:

The daily cheque clearings began around 1770 when bank clerks met at the Five Bells (a tavern in Lombard Street in the City of London) to exchange all their cheques in one place and settle the balances in cash.
每日支票结算始于1770年左右，当时银行职员在 Five Bells（伦敦金融城倫巴底街的一家小酒馆）会面，在一个地方兑换所有支票并以现金结算余额。

2009, R. Rajesh, T. Sivagnanasithi, Banking Theory Law & Practice, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, page 206,


collide

來自拉丁語 collidere (“撞击或碰撞在一起”)，來自com- (“一起”) + laedere (“打，猛力反抗，傷害”)；參見lesion。

collides (third-person singular present)
colliding (present participle)
collided (past participle)

When a body collides with another, then momentum is conserved.

当一个物体与另一个物体碰撞时，动量是守恒的。

Across this space the attraction urges them. They collide, they recoil, they oscillate.

1865, John Tyndall, The Constitution of the Universe (1869), page 14

And this friendly was not without its injury worries, with defender Gary Cahill substituted early on after a nasty, needless push by Dries Mertens that caused him to collide with goalkeeper Joe Hart, an incident that left the Chelsea defender requiring a precautionary X-ray at Wembley.

2012年June2日，Phil McNulty，“England 1-0 Belgium”, in BBC Sport:

China collided with the modern world.

中國和現代世界發生了衝突。


consensus

源自拉丁語 cōnsēnsus (“同意，一致”)，來自cōnsentiō (“共感；同意”)；參見consent。

After years of debate over the best wine to serve at Thanksgiving, no real consensus has emerged.

多年以来，人们持续谈及、争论“哪款葡萄酒是感恩节期间最佳之品”之一问题，但依然没有形成真正的共识。

a financial consensus forecast


conventional

more conventional (comparative)
most conventional (superlative)

They wear conventional clothes, eat conventional food, and keep conventional hours.

他们穿普通的衣服，吃普通的食物，按普通的时间工作。

Mother[…]considered that the exclusiveness of Peter's circle was due not to its distinction, but to the fact that it was an inner Babylon of prodigality and whoredom, from which every Kensingtonian held aloof, except on the conventional tip-and-run excursions in pursuit of shopping, tea and theatres.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 2, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

The history of our study of our solar system shows us clearly that accepted and conventional ideas are often wrong, and that fundamental insights can arise from the most unexpected sources.

1980，Carl Sagan，Cosmos: A Personal Voyage:


conversation

繼承自中古英語 conversacioun，來自古法語 conversacion及其同源詞，拉丁語 conversātiōnem，conversātiō (“會話”)的賓格單數，來自conversor (“駐足，陪伴”)。
型態分析為converse + -ation。

[ˌkʰɒɱ.vəˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

[ˌkʰɑɱ.vɚˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

banter

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

chat

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

chinwag

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

dialogue

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

discussion

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

interlocution

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

powwow

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

table talk

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

understanding

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

familiarity

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

I had an interesting conversation with Nicolas yesterday about how much he's getting paid.

昨天我与尼古拉斯就他的薪水进行了一次有趣的谈话。

Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace: the first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness: one gives substance and form to the statue, the other polishes it.

1699，William Temple，Heads designed for an essay on conversations:

When this conversation was repeated in detail within the hearing of the young woman in question, and undoubtedly for his benefit, Mr. Trevor threw shame to the winds and scandalized the Misses Brewster then and there by proclaiming his father to have been a country storekeeper.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

A little less conversation, a little more action please / All this aggravation ain't satisfactioning me

1968，Mac Davis, Billy Strange （作曲作詞）, “A Little Less Conversation”, 演出者 Elvis Presley:

性交（16世紀–19世紀）

criminal conversation

Ariadne[…]quitted her Lover Theseus, for the tumultuous Conversation of Bacchus.

1723，Charles Walker，Memoirs of the Life of Sally Salisbury:

Our travellers had happened to take up their residence at a house of exceeding good repute, whither Irish ladies of strict virtue, and many northern lasses of the same predicament, were accustomed to resort in their way to Bath. The landlady therefore would by no means have admitted any conversation of a disreputable kind to pass under her roof. Indeed, so foul and contagious are all such proceedings, that they contaminate the very innocent scenes where they are committed, and give the name of a bad house, or of a house of ill repute, to all those where they are suffered to be carried on.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:
 Folio Society 1973, p. 333:


convince

源自拉丁語 convincō (“說服，駁斥”)，來自con- + vincō (“攻佔，征服”)。convict 的同源對似詞。替代本土古英語 oferreċċan。

convinces (third-person singular present)
convincing (present participle)
convinced (past participle)

I wouldn't have or do something, unless I'm convinced that it's good.

Such convincing proofs and assurances of it as might enable them to convince others.

1718, Francis Atterbury, sermon preached on Easter Day at Westminster Abbey


deceive

deceives (third-person singular present)
deceiving (present participle)
deceived (past participle)

It feels painful to begin seeing clearly, that you’ve been deceived by the very people and institutions you trusted to guide you.


deserve

繼承自中古英語 deserven，來自古法語 deservir，來自拉丁語 dēserviō，來自dē- + serviō。

deserves (third-person singular present)
deserving (present participle)
deserved (past participle)

After playing so well, the team really deserved their win.

打得如此出色，这支球队确实配得上胜利。

After what he did, he deserved to go to prison.

他做了那样的事，就该坐牢。

This argument deserves a closer examination.

这一论点值得进一步研究。

God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity deserveth.

神追討你，比你罪孽該得的還少。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 11:6:

John Gay deserved to be a favourite.

1853，William Makepeace Thackeray，The English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century:

the grantees named in the questioned deed executed by their father richly deserved receiving the family home.

Perhaps they do, but they don't deserve that the rest of us contribute money or appropriate public funds for the purchase of pictures and the construction of buildings.

2008，Michael Walzer，Spheres Of Justice: A Defense Of Pluralism And Equality，頁 24:


desirable

more desirable (comparative)
most desirable (superlative)

/dɪˈzaɪəɹəbəl/

合意的，令人滿意的，可取的

This applicant has almost all desirable properties.

這個申請者幾乎有所有（我們）需要的素質。

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…]

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 vii:


desirable

/dɪˈzaɪəɹəbəl/

想要的東西；理想的東西。

There are plenty of desirables on display in the window.

櫥窗裡展示有很多[我們]想要的東西。


desperate

借自拉丁語 dēspērātus，dēspērō (“沒有希望”)的過去分詞。

more desperate (comparative)
most desperate (superlative)

I hadn't eaten in two days and was desperate for food.

我已经两天没吃东西了，非常想吃东西。

desperate to eat; desperate for attention

极度渴望吃东西；极度渴望得到关注

I was so desperate at one point, I even went to see a loan shark.

我一度非常绝望，甚至去借高利贷。

But signalman Bridges was never to answer driver Gimbert's desperate question. A deafening, massive blast blew the wagon to shreds, the 44 high-explosive bombs exploding like simultaneous hits from the aircraft they should have been dropped from. The station was instantly reduced to bits of debris, and the line to a huge crater.

2022年January12日，Benedict le Vay，“The heroes of Soham...”, in RAIL，期 948，頁 43:

a desperate disease; desperate fortune

“I knew very well that when the Peruvian Indian does anything wrong it is because he is forced to it by oppression and made desperate by abuse,” replied Lucia.

1904，Clorinda Matto de Turner，Birds Without a Nest: A Story of Indian Life and Priestly Oppression in Peru，頁 218:

Humankind's global integration makes biological combat a weapon of choice for desperate killers, who are either suicidal or intend to infect others […]

2016，Hans-Martin Sass，Cultures in Bioethics，LIT Verlag Münster, →ISBN，頁 239:

He dove into the rushing waters in a desperate effort to save her life.

他拼命跳入湍急的水流中以挽救她的生命。


dissuade

dissuades (third-person singular present)
dissuading (present participle)
dissuaded (past participle)

Jane dissuaded Martha from committing suicide.


emperor

In imperial China, it was often a responsibility of the emperor to evaluate his predecessor after the latter's death.


escalate

escalates (third-person singular present)
escalating (present participle)
escalated (past participle)

Violence escalated during the election.

The shooting escalated the existing hostility.

槍擊事件使現有的敵意升級。

"Operating the WCML at this intensity makes it challenging to maintain acceptable performance levels, resulting in a frustratingly unreliable service for passengers. Minor disruption can escalate into significant delays because a train running only a few minutes late can miss its slot across a junction, resulting in a snowballing effect across the network."

2020年May6日，Philip Haigh，“Just one more stop on the long journey to HS2 fulfillment [sic]”, in Rail，頁 65:

在技術支援中，將客戶或問題等移交給上一級主管部門。

The tech 1 escalated the caller to a tech 2.

技術員1將來電者轉移給技術員2。


ether

源自2001年美國歌手纳斯的歌曲“Ether”。

ethers (third-person singular present)
ethering (present participle)
ethered (past participle)

The battle rapper ethered his opponent and caused him to slink away in shame.

那個說唱歌手惡毒地羞辱了他的對手一番，整得他溜走了。

HS Coach Gets Ethered By Girlfriend On FB, Resigns Amid Investigation [article title] […] On Monday, a woman living in Bowling Green, Ky., used her Facebook page to unleash one of the coldest, boyfriend-crushingest Dear John letters you'll ever read.

2014年February26日，Tom Ley，“HS Coach Gets Ethered by Girlfriend on FB, Resigns Amid Investigation”, in Deadspin，存檔自the original on 2018-10-22:

Cory Barker: Game of Thrones is the easiest answer for me, but MaryAnn [Sleasman] did a fine job of ethering that overrated hunk of junk, so I'm free to take a few shots at Sherlock.

2015年August15日，“Pass the Remote: What is a Popular Show Everyone Loves but You Hate?”, in TV.com，存檔自the original on 2018-12-20:

Best of all, [Steven] Soderbergh, a shade queen of our time!!!, slyly ethers James Cameron: […]

2015年September15日，Kirsten Yoonsoo Kim，“Steven Soderbergh Ethers James Cameron to Promote His Brandy”, in Complex，存檔自the original on 2015-09-19:

On Wednesday, I found myself nodding along vigorously to the latest Kanye West Twitter screed, as this particular iteration included a call for more inclusion at the Grammys and one extremely polite ethering of Macklemore.

2016年February25日，Rohan Nadkarni，“How does Kanye West Tweet So Fast?: Some Working Theories—because these Rants are Coming at a Record Speed”, in GQ，存檔自the original on 2016-02-28:


excessive

繼承自中古英語 excessive，excessif，來自古法語 excessif，來自中世紀拉丁語 excessivus。

more excessive (comparative)
most excessive (superlative)

Putting a wide vibrato on a single 16th triplet note at 160 beats per minute seems rather excessive.


extraordinary

派生自拉丁語 extrāōrdinārius，來自extrā ōrdinem。By surface analysis, extra- + ordinary。extraordinaire 的同源對似詞。

more extraordinary (comparative)
most extraordinary (superlative)

/ˌɛkstɹəˈɔː(ɹ)dɪnəɹi/

/ˌɛkstɹəˈɔː(ɹ)dɪnɹi/

Except in extraordinary circumstances, […]


glossary

來自中古英語 glosarie，來自拉丁語 glossārium，來自古希臘語 γλῶσσα (glôssa，“舌頭”)。

At the back of the book you can find the glossary.

在書的末尾，你會看到術語表。

同類詞：terminology


grudge

grutch的變體 (15世紀中期，比begrudge年輕)，來自中古英語 grucchen (“喃喃自語，抱怨，怨恨，嫉妒”)，來自古法語 grouchier、groucier (“喃喃自語，抱怨”)，起源自日耳曼語族，可能是仿譯。
與中古高地德語 grogezen (“嚎叫，哀號”)、德語 grocken (“發牢騷”)同族。對照古諾爾斯語 krytja (“喃喃自語”)、古高地德語 grunzen (“咕噥”)。

to have, hold, or bear a grudge against someone

Bag. And if I do not my good Lord damme me for it

1607, Barnabe Barnes, THE DIVILS CHARTER: A TRAGÆDIE Conteining the Life and Death of Pope Alexander the ſixt, ACTVS. 5, SCÆ. 1:


hazy

最初源自航海詞彙 hawsey (1625年，詞源不明)。可能源自中古英語 *hasi、*haswy、古英語 haswiġ (“灰暗”)、古英語 hasu (“灰暗”)、原始日耳曼語 *haswaz (“灰”)、原始印歐語 *ḱeh₂s- (“灰白”) 等。By surface analysis, haze + -y，不過現代英語的 haze 更有可能是 hazy 的逆向構詞。

hazier (comparative)
haziest (superlative)

a hazy view of the polluted city street

汙染後的城市看上去灰濛濛的

a hazy argument

a hazy intellect


impart

繼承自中古英語 imparten、借自中古法語 impartir、empartir，源自晚期拉丁語 impartiō、impertiō，源自 im- + 拉丁語 partiō (“分割”)。

imparts (third-person singular present)
imparting (present participle)
imparted (past participle)

disclose

（通過話語、寫作等）通知，透露

tell

（通過話語、寫作等）通知，透露

賦予，給予（品質或財產）

The sun imparts warmth.

to impart food to the poor


incentive

借自中世紀拉丁語 incentīvus (“起調或定調”)，來自incinō (“起調”)，來自in- (“在”) + canō (“唱”)。該詞的形成似乎受到incendō (“放火”)的影響。

I have no incentive to do housework right now.

It is tempting to speculate about the incentives or compulsions that might explain why anyone would take to the skies in [the] basket [of a balloon]: perhaps out of a desire to escape the gravity of this world or to get a preview of the next; […].

2013年June7日，David Simpson，“Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 36:

Management offered the sales team a $500 incentive for each car sold.


longevity

借自拉丁語 longaevitās，來自longaevus (“古舊的，老年的”) + -itās。

longævity (alternative)
longevities (plural)

[lɑŋˈd͡ʒɛv.ə.ɾi]

Grandpa had incredible longevity: he lived to be 105 years old!

爺爺很長壽：他活到105歲！

This 142-year-old tiny ex-LNWR SB [signal box, at Batley] is an amazing survivor, probably owing its longevity to its location alongside a level crossing. Indeed it started life as a gate box with the delightful name of Lady Ann's Crossing.

2020年July1日，David Allen，“Signalling from Leeds along the S&C”, in Rail，頁 74:


medication

來自中古法語 médication，來自拉丁語 medicatio，來自medicari (“治療，治愈”)，來自medicus (“醫生”)，來自mederi (“治療”)。

Have you been taking your medication(s)?

Are you going to be be like this all day? It’s like I’ve not took^([sic，意為taken]) my medication.

2019年March19日，The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off，季数 2, 集数 3, Michael Pennington (actor), 經由 Channel 4:

Such behavior, if it doesn't abate, will necessitate medication and supervision.

上述行為如果沒有减轻，将需要進行药物治疗和监督。


morbid

more morbid (comparative)
most morbid (superlative)

病的；致病的；病態的；可怕的

You may read more about such things, if morbid curiosity has you ever overtaken.


nasal

繼承自中古英語，派生自中世紀拉丁語 nāsālis，源自nāsus (“鼻子”) + -ālis (形容詞後綴)。nasalis 的同源對似詞。

more nasal (comparative)
most nasal (superlative)

nasal vowel

nasal utterance

"Are you sure you're OK?" she said with a nasal Australian accent.

「你確定你沒事？」她用帶著鼻音的澳大利亞口音說。

2016，A.K. Brown，Jumpstart (Champagne Universe Series: Book 1)，頁 2:


notion

借自拉丁語 nōtiō (“認知，領悟，觀察，調查，想法，觀念”)，源自nōscō (“知道”)。对比法語 notion。见know。

The inflammatory message has twisted notions of respect and citizenship.

A perverse will easily collects together a system of notions to justify itself in its obliquity.

December 2, 1832, John Henry Newman, Wilfulness, the Sin of Saul

“Anthea hasn't a notion in her head but to vamp a lot of silly mugwumps. She's set her heart on that tennis bloke[…]whom the papers are making such a fuss about.”

1935，George Goodchild，章號 1, in Death on the Centre Court:

Yankee notions

I have a notion to do it.


paralyse

paralyses (third-person singular present)
paralysing (present participle)
paralysed (past participle)

The transport strike paralysed the city.

交通罷工使這座城市陷入癱瘓。


pave

paves (third-person singular present)
paving (present participle)
paved (past participle)

The road to hell is not always paved with well-meaning intentions only; some of its paving stones can be spite, venality, cowardice, impudence and what not.


peel

源自中古英語 pelen，源自古英語 pilian、古法語 peler、pellier，源自拉丁語 pilō, pilāre (“剝皮，去除……的毛髮”)，源自pilus (“頭髮，毛髮”)。pill 的同源對似詞。

peels (third-person singular present)
peeling (present participle)
peeled (past participle)

I sat by my sister's bed, peeling oranges for her.

我坐在姊/妹的床上，給她削橙子吃。

I peeled (the skin from) a banana and ate it hungrily.

我剝開香蕉皮，狼吞虎嚥地吃起香蕉來。

We peeled the old wallpaper off in strips where it was hanging loose.

我們把鬆垮的舊墻紙扯下來。

I had been out in the sun too long, and my nose was starting to peel.

我站在陽光下太長時間，鼻子開始脫皮了。

The children peeled by the side of the lake and jumped in.

孩子們在湖邊脫下衣服，跳進湖裡。


portal

the portal vein


prejudice

來自中古英語 prejudice，來自古法語 prejudice，來自拉丁語 praeiūdicium (“前例，前判；傷害，損害”)，來自prae- (“之前”) + iūdicium (“審判”)。

præjudice (alternative)
p͛judice (alternative)
prejudices (plural)

/ˈpɹɛd͡ʒədɪs/

I am free of all prejudices. I hate everyone equally.

我不帶任何歧視。我平等地恨每一個人。


radioactive

於1898年由皮埃尔·居里和玛丽·居里借自法語 radio-actif所創的新詞，等同於radio- + active。

radio-active (alternative)
more radioactive (comparative)
most radioactive (superlative)

radioactive waste

Uranium is a radioactive material.

As a matter of fact many of our best drinking waters have all sorts of unspecified qualities. Burton water, for example, is radioactive by Beetham's standards up to the ninth degree.

1917，H. G. Wells，“The First Vision”, in The Soul of a Bishop:

對人或思想有危險且令人厭惡的

Even sleazy tactics and his radioactive mouth may not be able to contain this debacle.

And while Biden’s other nominees have done little to provoke Republican backlash thus far, [Neera] Tanden is “radioactive,” as Sen. John Cornyn (R-Texas) put it.

2020年November30日，Burgess Everett, Caitlin Emma, Theodoric Meyer，引 John Cornyn, “Joe Biden's 'radioactive' nominee”, in POLITICO:

If, by some miracle, Democrats hang on to one or both houses of Congress this November, it will be because of Cawthorn, Paul Gosar, Marjorie Taylor Greene, Lauren Boebert and other would-be G.O.P. candidates trying to be just like them — the Radioactive Republicans.

2022年April4日，Gail Collins, Bret Stephens，“Which ‘Radioactive Republicans’ Are We Betting On?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


resect

借自拉丁語 resectus，resecare (“切斷”) 的過去分詞，源自 re- + secare (“切割”)。

resects (third-person singular present)
resecting (present participle)
resected (past participle)

通過手術切除（器官或結構的一部分）

The tumor was resected after chemotherapy.


specimen

來自拉丁語 specimen (“標記，標誌，範例”)，來自speciō (“觀察，注視”)。

樣本 樣鈔，供印刷廠測試或查驗印刷品質的紙幣

early specimens of the art of Picasso

To assure a defendant's acquittal, a lawyer usually needed only to convince the jury that the victim was a pretty sorry specimen of a human being.

2006，Bill Neal，Getting Away with Murder on the Texas Frontier:

樣本 樣票，給郵政局長和郵政管理部門的郵票，以便檢查是否為偽造郵票

early specimens of the art of Picasso


sphincter

借自晚期拉丁語 sphinctēr (“肛門肌肉”)，源自古希臘語 σφῐγκτήρ (sphĭnktḗr，“環，帶；收縮的肌肉”)，最終源自前希臘時期的底層語言。可能與 sphinx 有關。

the sphincter of the bladder

the iris sphincter in the eye

She decided that she would force him to climax first by the sheer strength of her young animal control, the strength of her sphincters […]

1982，Lawrence Durrell，Constance (The Avignon Quintet)，Faber & Faber，頁 836:


stammer

繼承自中古英語 stameren，繼承自古英語 stamerian，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *stamrōn，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *stamrōną (“口吃，結巴”)。對照德語 stammeln、荷蘭語 stameren、古諾爾斯語 stammr。stumble 的同源對似詞。

stammers (third-person singular present)
stammering (present participle)
stammered (past participle)

結結巴巴地說，磕磕絆絆地說

He blushed, and stammered a few words of apology.

他红了脸，结结巴巴地说了几句道歉的话。

The high school had a send-off in my honour. It was an uncommon thing for a young man of Rajkot to go to England. I had written out a few words of thanks. But I could scarcely stammer them out. I remember how my head reeled and how my whole frame shook as I stood up to read them.
高中为我举行了欢送会。拉杰果德的年轻人去英国可不是什么稀奇事。我写了几句感谢的话，却几乎说不出来。我记得当我站起来读这些话的时候，我感到头晕目眩，整个身子都在颤抖。

1927-29, M.K. Gandhi, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, translated 1940 by Mahadev Desai, Part I, Chapter xi:


stammer

She said goodbye in a stammer.


strategic

自古希臘語 στρατός (stratós，“陸軍”) + ἄγω (ágō，“我領導；我組織”) 至 στρατηγός (stratēgós，“長官，將軍”) 至 στρατηγικός (stratēgikós，“將軍的；與將軍有關的」或「與策略有關的”) 而來。

more strategic (comparative)
most strategic (superlative)

（武器、戰爭或地方）戰略性的

a strategic nuclear weapon

a strategic bomber aircraft


strategy

借自古希臘語 στρατηγία (stratēgía)。

Oftentimes, the very simple strategies pay very great dividends.


versus

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-versus.wav

v

用於法庭案件的標題，表示原告控訴被告

v.

用於法庭案件的標題，表示原告控訴被告

It is the Packers versus the Steelers in the Super Bowl.

這場是綠灣包裝工對陣匹茲堡鋼人的超級盃比賽。

用於法庭案件的標題，表示原告控訴被告

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans.


avid

來自法語 avide，來自拉丁語 avidus (“渴望的，想要的；貪婪的”)，來自aveō (“想，渴望，請求”)。

more avid (comparative)
avider (comparative)
most (superlative)
avidest (superlative)

（對某事物表現岀） 感興趣的；熱衷的，忠實的；熱切的

I'm an avid reader.

an avid fan of 1960s sci-fi movies

1960年代科幻片的狂熱影迷。

A blanket disdain for indigenous foods doesn't explain the delay, because Spain was avid to adopt a different New World root.

1999，Larry Zuckerman，The Potato: How the Humble Spud Rescued the Western World:

We waited for something to happen, for anything to happen, we were avid for some event to unfold itself out of the burning nothing to save us.

1996，Janette Turner Hospital，Oyster，Virago Press，頁 3:


relaxer

Music is a good relaxer.

音樂是一種很好的放鬆方式。


mode

來自古法語 mode m，來自拉丁語 modus (“方法，方式；節奏，旋律”)。modus 的同源對似詞。

方式，辦法 一個系統的狀態，由該系統的一個本徵函數所代表 與信號或振動相關的狀態

What was the mode of entry?

An effectual and inexpensive mode of Protecting Wall-Trees from Spring-Frosts.

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

1855，Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society，卷 9，頁 205:

common-mode

differential-mode

normal mode of vibration

方式，辦法 一個系統的狀態，由該系統的一個本徵函數所代表 電磁場的波型

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

longitudinal mode

transverse mode

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

In insert mode, characters typed are directly inserted into the buffer.

在插入模式粗体文本下，键入的字符直接插入到缓冲区中。

方式，辦法 裝置上用於特定目的的一系列設定

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

airplane mode; night mode

The car was then placed into its Level 2 driving mode, much like you would for the current adaptive cruise control systems.

然后，汽车进入二级驾驶模式，类似于当前的自适应巡航控制系统。

2024年May4日，Mat Gallagher，“I tried Mercedes’ new autonomous driving in busy city streets – it's mind-blowing”, in T3:

方式，辦法 玩法變化，例如難度

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

Campaign mode (the career mode that includes the notorious Gran Turismo driving school) is off limits while offline. Also unavailable offline: buying new cars, viewing your garage, editing car liveries, and even the "taking photos of fancy cars in exotic scenery" mode.

战役模式（包含臭名昭著的“GT赛车”驾驶学校的生涯模式）在离线状态下无法使用。此外，离线状态下也无法使用以下模式：购买新车、查看车库、编辑车辆涂装，甚至包括“在异国风光中拍摄豪车”模式。

2017年October17日，Jonathan M. Gitlin，“Gran Turismo Sport is extremely limited in offline mode”, in Ars Technica:

I've stumbled over gaming's simplest hurdles, been humiliated by the lowliest of enemies and will often go for an easy mode if one's available, and yet I've run through Bloodborne twice without ever really breaking much of a sweat.

我曾在游戏中最简单的障碍跌倒过，被最卑微的敌人羞辱，并且如果可以选择简单模式，我基本上就会选，然而我已经两次通关《血源诅咒》，却从未真正出过什么大汗。

2018年March6日，Martin Robinson，“Dispelling the myths of Bloodborne”, in Eurogamer:

Selfie modes, meanwhile, let you add filters and change characters’ facial expressions，來自Link in The Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker to Arthur Morgan in Red Dead Redemption 2.

同时，自拍模式可让您添加滤镜并更改角色的面部表情，从《塞尔达传说：风之杖》中的林克到《荒野大镖客2》中的亚瑟·摩根。

2019年February25日，Jordan Erica Webber，“Point and shoot: what's next for photography in video games?”, in The Guardian:

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

方式，辦法 形式，僅實質性質存在的東西

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

After a series of early setbacks, her political campaign is in crisis mode.

在经历了早期的一系列挫折之后，她的政治竞选陷入了危机。

After being stabbed, he went into survival mode until he got to the hospital.

被刺伤后，他一直拼命求生，直到被送往医院。


mode

來自法語 mode f (“時尚，潮流”)。

Her wardrobe is always in mode.


abductor

外展肌 （17世紀早期）

the abductor oculi draws the eye outward.


abrasive

more abrasive (comparative)
most abrasive (superlative)

傷人感情的，性情或態度粗暴的

An abrasive person can grate on one's sensibilities.

Despite her proper upbringing, we found her manners to be terribly abrasive.


acclivity

首次記錄於1614年。借自拉丁語 acclīvitās，源自acclīvis (“上升”)，源自ad + clīvus (“坡”)。

Just below it leaned a tottering crag that would have toppled, starting an avalanche on an acclivity where no sliding mass could stop.

就在它下方，有一個搖搖欲墜的峭壁，它可能會倒塌，在上升坡引發雪崩，那裡沒有滑動的物體可以停止。


activate

activates (third-person singular present)
activating (present participle)
activated (past participle)

activate the economy

The pranksters activated the fire alarm by spraying deodorant next to it.

恶作剧者通过在旁边喷洒除臭剂来触发火警警报。

組織、建立軍事單位或駐地

A new squadron was activated.


anisotropy

Velvet exhibits anisotropy when rotated about its geometric normal.

围绕其几何法线旋转时，天鹅绒表现出各向异性。


beryl

繼承自中古英語 beryl，來自古法語 beril，來自拉丁語 bērillus、bēryllus，來自古希臘語 βήρυλλος (bḗrullos，“綠柱石”)，來自普拉克里特語 [具體何詞?]，來自梵語 वैडूर्य (vaiḍūrya)。

The crown was set with six beryls of excellent size and color.

The appearance of the wheels and their work was like unto the colour of a beryl …

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ezekiel 1:16:


cap

源自中古英語 cappe，源自 古英語 cæppe，源自晚期拉丁語 cappa。cape、chape和cope 的同源對似詞。

The children were all wearing caps to protect them from the sun.

孩子们都戴着帽子，防止太阳晒伤。

He took the cap off the bottle and splashed himself with some cologne.

他打开瓶盖，往身上喷了些古龙水。

He had golden caps on his teeth.

There was snow on the cap of the mountain.

We should put a cap on the salaries, to keep them under control.

我们应给工资设限，使其得到控制。

The G7 countries have agreed to impose a price cap on Russian oil in an attempt to stem the flow of funds into the Kremlin’s war coffers. […] The level of the cap is still being discussed.

2022年September2日，Alex Lawson，“G7 countries agree plan to impose price cap on Russian oil”, in The Guardian:

装在纸条或塑料杯中的少量冲击性炸药，用于玩具枪。

Billy spent all morning firing caps with his friends, re-enacting storming the beach at Normandy.

比利一早上都在和朋友玩儿玩具枪，好像要重现诺曼底海滩上的激战一样。

用于引爆较大炸药的小型爆炸装置。

He wired the cap to the bundle of dynamite, then detonated it remotely.

他将引爆装置连接到炸药包上，然后远程引爆。

no cap

that's cap

入選國家隊；在國際賽場上亮相。

Rio Ferdinand won his 50th cap for England in a game against Sweden.

里奥·费迪南在对阵瑞典的比赛中第50次代表英格兰队出场。

Overall, though, England’s injury-diminished side coped well on the night when Ruben Loftus-Cheek, Jordan Pickford and Tammy Abraham all won their first caps.

2017年November10日，Daniel Taylor，“Youthful England earn draw with Germany but Lingard rues late miss”, in The Guardian (London):

the cap of column, door, etc.; a capital, coping, cornice, lintel, or plate

flat cap; foolscap; legal cap


coherent

自 co- + haereō 演變為拉丁語 cohaērēns，再演變為中古法語 coherent，再演變而來。By surface analysis, cohere + -ent。

cohærent (alternative)
more coherent (comparative)
most coherent (superlative)

/kəʊˈhɪə.ɹənt/

/kəʉˈhɪə.ɹənt/

各部分相互協調、自然得當的

a coherent design


prophet

繼承自中古英語 prophete，源自盎格魯-諾曼語 prophete，源自拉丁語 prophēta，源自古希臘語 προφήτης (prophḗtēs，“為神代言的人”)，源自 πρό (pró，“在……之前”) + φημί (phēmí，“說，講”)。此詞取代了原始的古英語 wītga。

a prophet has no honor in his own country

a prophet is not without honor save in his own country

先知，受神靈啟發而說話的人

Muslims believe that Muhammad was the final prophet sent to mankind.

穆斯林相信穆罕默德是上帝派給人類的最後一位先知。


tomorrow

來自中古英語 tomorwe、tomorwen，來自古英語 tō morgne (“明天”，副詞)，來自tō (“在”) + morgne（morgen (“早晨”)的與格），來自原始日耳曼語 *murganaz (“早晨”)，或許來自原始印歐語 *mergʰ- (“閃爍”)，等同於to- + morrow。

If you don't get your life on track today, you're going to be very sorry tomorrow.

要是你現在不把生活弄回正軌，以後你會對此感到可惜的。


tomorrow

to-morrow (alternative)
tomorrows (plural)

Tomorrow will be sunny.

Oh seek, my love, your newer way; / I'll not be left in sorrow. / So long as I have yesterday, / Go take your damned to-morrow!

1926，Dorothy Parker，“Godspeed”, in Enough Rope，頁 69:


tomato

源自西班牙語 tomate，來自古典納瓦特爾語 tomatl，來自原始納瓦語 *tomatl。對照tomatillo。

[tʰə̥ˈmɑːtʰəʊ]

[tʰə̥ˈmɐːtʰɐʉ]

[tʰə̥ˈmeɪɾoʊ]

[tʰə̥ˈmeɪɾə]

Lookit the legs on that hot tomato!

When she left the room, I asked Robert, “Who's the tomato?” “Marisa. She's from Mexico.” He had a telltale smile on his face.

2008, Denny Durbin, Lazy Enchiladas: Redefining Success: Tasty Lessons on Love, Life, & Relationships, Bodega Publishing (ISBN 9780980207248), page 13:

“Who's the tomato?” a cop said as Evie walked past. “Her? She's the stiff's niece,” another cop answered. Evie flinched to hear Will discussed like that. “You wanna clam up?” Malloy barked and the officers fell silent.

2020, Libba Bray, The King of Crows, Little, Brown Books for Young Readers (ISBN 9780316532624)


convergence

來自 converge + -ence（仿照拉丁語 convergentia）。

We built a homestead at the convergence of two rivers

我们在两条河的交汇处建造了家园


chicken breast

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chicken breast.wav

Lunch today is chicken breast with carrots.

今天的午餐是雞胸肉配胡蘿蔔。


tap water

We have only tap water to drink.


taken

繼承自中古英語 taken、takenn，繼承自古英語 tacen、*ġetacen，源自古諾爾斯語 tekinn，源自原始日耳曼語 *tēkanaz，後者為原始日耳曼語 *tēkaną (“拿走；抓住；觸摸”) 的過去分詞。同源詞包括低地蘇格蘭語 takin、tane、丹麥語 tagen、瑞典語 tagen、冰島語 tekin 等。
字面上源自 take + -n。

He was very taken with the girl, I hear.

我聽說他非常迷戀那個女孩。

I can't ask her out, she's taken.

我不能約她出去，她已經名花有主了。


deed

One small deed can have one stour effect or more.


mine

繼承自中古英語 min、myn，繼承自古英語 mīn，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *mīn，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *mīnaz，繼承自原始印歐語 *méynos。
同源詞包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 mien、西弗里斯蘭語 myn、荷蘭語 mijn、低地德語 mien、德語 mein、丹麥語、瑞典語和挪威語 min、冰島語 mín。

The house itself is mine, but the land is not.

房子本身是我的，但土地不是我的。

Mine has been a long journey.

我的（旅程）是一段漫长的旅程。

我的東西 獨立使用，從句子中分出。

Mine for only a week so far, it already feels like an old friend.

至今虽然才一周，我已经感觉它像是我的老朋友了。

我的東西 不直接用於被屬有的名詞前面。

This house of mine is over 100 years old.

我的这所房子已有 100 多年的历史了。


mine

源自中古英語，源自古法語 mine，源自晚期拉丁語 mina，源自高盧語（對比威爾士語 mwyn、愛爾蘭語 mianach (“礦石”)），源自原始凱爾特語 *mēnis (“礦石；金屬”)。

This diamond comes from a mine in South Africa.

这颗钻石产自南非的一个矿山。

He came out of the coal mine with a face covered in black.

他满脸黑漆地从煤矿里走出来。

Most coal and ore comes from open-pit mines nowadays.

如今，大多数煤和矿石都来自露天矿。

She's a mine of information.

His left leg was blown off after he stepped on a mine.

他踩到地雷后左腿被炸断了。

The warship was destroyed by floating mines.


mine

mines (third-person singular present)
mining (present participle)
mined (past participle)

Crater of Diamonds State Park is the only place in the world where visitors can mine their own diamonds.

钻石坑州立公园是世界上唯一一个允许游客亲自开采钻石的地方。

We had to slow our advance after the enemy mined the road ahead of us.

敌人在我们前面的道路上埋设了地雷，我们不得不放慢前进的速度。


meanwhile

繼承自中古英語 menewhile，等同於mean (“中間”) + while。是副詞in the mean while的省略，名詞通常用在形容詞後面。

There was a party going on downstairs. Meanwhile, I was reading a book.

樓下在開派對。而同時，我正在看書。

Meanwhile Nanny Broome was recovering from her initial panic and seemed anxious to make up for any kudos she might have lost, by exerting her personality to the utmost. She took the policeman's helmet and placed it on a chair, and unfolded his tunic to shake it and fold it up again for him.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 19, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

We’re going on holiday next month; meanwhile, keep working on the project.

我們下個月要去度假；同時還要繼續寫專案。

The day may dawn when fair play, love for one's fellow men, respect for justice and freedom, will enable tormented generations to march forth triumphant from the hideous epoch in which we have to dwell. Meanwhile, never flinch, never weary, never despair.

1955年March1日，Winston Churchill，“Defence”, in parliamentary debates (House of Commons)，列 1905:

“[…] I’m not ignoring you, I’m very sorry, I’ll talk to you soon. Meanwhile, get your tickets.”

2004，David Osterczy，Interknot: Adventures in Internet Dating, →ISBN，頁 134:

Some songs on the album are beautiful. Meanwhile, others are quite forgettable.

專輯裡有些歌寫得很棒，可其他的卻顯得很不抓耳。

When you are in the studio you don’t have anybody to feed off of, meanwhile when you are playing live you interact with people and you feel the energy in the room.

2013年March29日，Markos Papadatos，引 Marina Diamandis, “Marina And The Diamonds on 'How to be a Heartbreaker'”, in Greek Reporter:


benefit

benefits (third-person singular present)
benefiting (present participle)
benefitting (present participle)
benefited (past participle)
benefitted (past participle)

Disrespecting and insulting unpopular religious movements won't ever benefit everybody else in the long run; yes or no?


beg

源自中古英語 beggen，古英語 *becgan、*bedcan、*bedican的同化形，bedecian (“乞求，懇求”)的中略形，可能源自原始日耳曼語 *bedagô (“請求者；乞丐”)，源自*bedą、*bedō (“祈禱；請求”)。與北弗里斯蘭語 bēdagi (“祈禱”)、哥特語 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍅𐌰 (bidagwa，“乞丐”)、古英語 biddan (“要求”)有關。參見bid、bead；也見書面挪威語 be (“乞求，要求”)。

begs (third-person singular present)
begging (present participle)
begged (past participle)

本詞是連接動詞，後接 to + 動詞不定式。

He begged on the street corner from passers-by.

I beg your pardon. I didn’t mean to cause offence.

請您原諒我。我不是要冒犯您的。

He begged her to go to the prom with him.

[約瑟]求耶穌的身體。

But that same day came Sam Tewkesbury to the Why Not? about nightfall, and begged a glass of rum, being, as he said, 'all of a shake' …

1898, J. Meade Falkner, Moonfleet Chapter 5


got

(get的過去分詞)： 第二句例句字面意思為“在過去的某個時間我得到了兩個孩子”，但在“have got”的句型中，“got”用於表示“得到的，獲得的”的意思，而使句型僅僅表達所有、擁有的意思。本句實際上是 "I have two children" 的口語化表達。相類似的，第三句例句是 "How many children do you have?" 的口語化表達。

(get的過去分詞)： 美式和英式古舊用法中，get-got-gotten 和 get-got-got 的動詞變化是和表達的意思有關的，而現代英式用法中幾乎沒有此種區別，大部分情況下只用 get-got-got。

(表示責任、義務)： “got”只是填充詞而無實際意義。“I have to study for my exams”和例句所表達的意思是一樣的。“got”一詞在口語中常常重讀："You've just got to see this."

We got the last bus home.

(英國、澳大利亞、新西蘭) get的過去分詞。:Template:分類

By that time we'd got very cold.

I've got two children.

How many children have you got?

I can't go out tonight, I've got to study for my exams.

今晚我不能出去。我得複習準備考試。

(美國南部)(與to連用) 必須做

I got to go study.

We got to ride to clean up the streets / For our wives and our daughters!

1971, Carol King and Gerry Goffin, “Smackwater Jack”, Tapestry, Ode Records

(美國南部) 有，得到（相當於have）

They got a new car.

He got a lot of nerve.

(美國南部、非裔美國人) 遭謀殺

He got got.


of

來自中古英語 of，來自古英語 of (“從、自”)，af的非重音形式，æf (“從、離、離開”)，來自原始日耳曼語 *ab (“離開；遠離”)。off 的同源對似詞，為古英語單詞的重音派生詞。參見off。

o (alternative)
o' (alternative)
a (alternative)

(屬於)： 對於人，一般會直接用所有格形式。

(組成，製成)： of 可以直接與動詞或形容詞短語連用。

現代英語逐漸少用 of 修飾名詞，轉用名詞 + 名詞的結構。對比 part of speech (“詞類”)（16世紀） vs. word class (“詞類”)（20世紀），Federal Bureau of Investigation（“聯邦調查局”，1908年） vs. Central Intelligence Agency（“中央情報局”，1947年），affairs of the world（18世紀） vs. world affairs（“國際事務”，20世紀）。

of 連接名詞和被某些副詞修飾的定語形容詞時，可以被省略。這個用法中可用的副詞包括too、so、how、as、more、less、this、that。

表達距離或移動。 從，遠離（位置、人群、距離等）。（自西元10世紀）

There are no shops within twenty miles of the cottage.

村舍方圓二十哩以內沒有商店。

Though Washington does not officially recognize Moscow, the Hoover Administration permits a Soviet Russian Information Bureau to flourish in a modest red brick house on Massachusetts Avenue, within a mile of the White House.

There are now upwards of 1.4 million 99ers in America facing a life with no benefits and few prospects for finding a job in a market in which companies are still not hiring.

表達距離或移動。 表示差多少分鐘到幾整點。（自西元19世紀）

What's the time? / Nearly a quarter of three.

現在幾點？ / 差不多三點差一刻。

"Fellow Democrats," he began, "I left Washington at a quarter of two this morning …."

1940 June 17, "Little Bull Booed", Time:

Quarter of seven. Fifteen minutes to go.

1982, TC Boyle, Water Music, Penguin, 2006, page 194:

表達分離。
表示去除、缺少或分離，謂語用及物動詞，帶賓語。 （自10世紀）

Finally she was relieved of the burden of caring for her sick husband.

最後，她終於卸下了照顧生病丈夫的重擔。

Antigonus [took] upon him to favour a souldier of his by reason of his vertue and valour, to have great care of him, and see whether they could recover him of a lingering and inward disease which had long tormented him ….

1603，Michel de Montaigne，譯者 John Florio, The Essayes […]，London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:
, II.1:

I am almost entirely cured of my rheumatism—just a little pain in my knee now and then, to make me remember what it was, and keep on flannel.

In Houston, ten minutes after the Lindquist Finance Corp. was robbed of $447, Office Manager Howard Willson got a phone call from the thief who complained: "You didn't have enough money over there."

表達分離。
表示去除、缺少或分離，結果狀態用形容詞 （自10世紀）

He seemed devoid of human feelings.

But schemes are perfectly accidental: some will appear barren of hints and matter, but prove to be fruitful ….

Yet for long spells Villa looked laboured and devoid of ideas.

2010 October 31, Stuart James, The Guardian:

表達起源。
表達起源、先祖。 （自9世紀）

The word is believed to be of Japanese origin.

一般認為這個詞來自日語。

They wondred all, and marveylled sayinge amonge themselves: Loke, are not all these which speake off galile? And howe heare we every man his awne tongue wherein we were boren?

1526, William Tyndale, trans. Bible, Acts II:

My father was born of a family of weavers in Manchester, England.

Nothing may come of these ideas, yet their potential should not be dismissed.

2010, "The Cost of Repair", The Economist:

表達起源。 用於別稱，表示人的出生地、住處、所在國或其他與之相關的地名。

Jesus of Nazareth

Anselm of Canterbury

坎特伯雷的安瑟莫（接所在教區）

Anselm of Aosta

奧斯塔的安瑟莫（接出生地）

Anselm of Bec

貝克的安瑟莫（接所在修道院）

Pedro II of Brazil

巴西的佩德羅二世（接統治區域）

Mrs Miggins of Gasworks Road, Mudchester

住在馬切斯特煤氣廠路的米金斯女士（接住處）

表達起源。
表示動作或情感的來源；引出原因、起因；出於，因為 （自9世紀）

The invention was born of necessity.

這項發明是因其必然性而誕生的。

Undoubtedly it is to be understood, that inflicting deserved punishment on all evil doers, of right, belongs to God.

The woman who danced for me said she was there of her own free will, but when I pushed a bit further, I discovered that she "owed a man a lot of money", and had to pay it back quickly.

2008 December 3, Rowenna Davis, The Guardian:

表達起源。
表示動作的來源或原因。 （自10世紀）

It is said that she died of a broken heart.

He smelled of beer and cigarette smoke and his own body.

2006, Joyce Carol Oates, The Female of the Species:

Two men, one from Somalia and one from Zimbabwe, died of terminal illnesses shortly after their incarceration ended.

2010 October 5, Rebecca Omonira-Oyekanmi, The Guardian:

表達起源。
表示形容詞修飾的主語或原因。 （自13世紀）

I am tired of all this nonsense.

我已經厭倦了這些胡言亂語。

Lib Dems were appalled by Mr Boles’s offer, however kindly meant: the party is so frightened of losing its independence under Mr Clegg that such a pact would “kill” him, says a senior member.

2010 September 23, Bagehot, The Economist:

Thus, one finds individuals dead of a gunshot wound with potentially lethal levels of drugs.

2015, Vincent J. M. DiMaio, Gunshot Wounds:

表示施事。
表示動作發出的主體（現在一般後接by）。 （自9世紀）

I am not particularly enamoured of this idea.

After a good while, the iewes toke cousell amonge themselves to kyll him. But their layinges awayte wer knowen of Saul.

1526, William Tyndale, trans. Bible, Acts IX:

she might appeare to be the lively patterne of another Lucrece, yet know I certainly that, both before that time and afterward, she had beene enjoyed of others upon easier composition.

The family is ordained of God.

1995, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The Family: A Proclamation to the World:

Colombia and Venezuela share an elegantly restrained style, with much back-stepping, smaller hand-movements and little use of the elaborate, arm-tangling moves beloved of Cuban dancers.

2008 March 27, "Selling rhythm to the world", The Economist:

用於引出“主語所有格”；接名詞，組成名詞短語的後置修飾語 （也請參見下方的“屬有”義項）。 （自13世紀）

The contract can be terminated at any time with the agreement of both parties.

只要兩黨都能同意，協定可以隨時達成。

In Blood and Sand, meanwhile, Valentino repeatedly solicits the attention of women who have turned away from him.

1994, Paul Coates, Film at the Intersection of High and Mass Culture, page 136:

Somehow Croatia has escaped the opprobrium of the likes of the German Christian Democrats and others that are against any rapid enlargement of the European Union to the include rest of the western Balkans.

2009 December 28, "Head to head", The Economist:

表示施事。
表示形容詞所描述之物的施事者。 （自16世紀）

It was very brave of you to speak out like that.

你那樣大膽說出來，很勇敢。

When this was over, Mr. Woodhouse gratefully observed,—"It is very kind of you, Mr. Knightley, to come out at this late hour to call upon us."

Morrissey's spokesperson says he is considering the offer. It would perhaps be rude of him to decline.

2007 January 10, Dorian Lynskey, The Guardian:

表達構成、物質。
表示材料，製造所需的物質。 （自9世紀）

接於表示建設、製造的動詞後

Many 'corks' are now actually made of plastic.

現在的許多“軟木塞”實際上是用塑料做的。

The mallet is made of a hard heavy wood resembling ebony, is about twelve inches in length, and perhaps two in breadth, with a rounded handle at one end ….

表達構成、物質。
表示前述物體製作所需的材料。 （自10世紀）

She wore a dress of silk.

Perhaps symbolically, Van Doesburg was building a house of straw: he died within a few months of completion, not in Meudon but in Davos, of a heart attack following a bout of asthma.

2010 January 23, Simon Mawer, The Guardian:

表達構成、物質。
表示集合名詞的組成。 （自12世紀）

What a lot of nonsense!

His papers at this period contain a mass of very unedifying and uninteresting documents ….

1853, William Makepeace Thackeray, Barry Lyndon:

I'd expected to be confronted by oodles of barely suppressed tension and leather-clad, pouty-mouthed, large-haired sexiness; the visual shorthand of rock gods in general, and Jon Bon Jovi in particular.

2010 October 31, Polly Vernon, The Guardian:

表達構成、物質。
表示某事物是一類事物中的典型例子。 （自12世紀）

Welcome to the historic town of Harwich.

This having the rainy month of March and April to water it, sprung up very pleasantly, and yielded a very good crop ….

In his studio in the Behlendorf woods, near the Baltic city of Lübeck, Günter Grass reflects on the outcry over his fictive memoir Peeling the Onion.

2010 October 30, Maya Jaggi, The Guardian:

表達構成、物質。
連接兩個差不多同位的名詞，前一名詞修飾後一名詞。 （自14世紀）

I'm not driving this wreck of a car.

As he swallowed the soup his heart warmed to this fool of a girl.

1911, Katherine Mansfield, In a German Pension:

"I'm having a bitch of a day," he says, after ordering a restorative pint of Guinness and flopping down in a seat by the front window.

2010 August 22, Sean O'Hagan, The Guardian:

表示主題。
連接動詞（一般與想、感受、表達等有關）和主語、主題；有關，關於 （自10世紀）

I'm always thinking of you.

he spoke of his uncle with warm regard, was fond of talking of him ….

while producing Cook, which includes more than 250 seasonal recipes by 80 different chefs, we washed up more than 500 times (oh, how I dreamed of dishwashers).

2010 October 19, Rebecca Seal, The Guardian:

表示主題。
引出主題；有關，關於 （自12世紀）

接名詞（現在基本用於表示知識、交流等的名詞）

He told us the story of his journey to India.

他告訴我們他去印度旅行時的故事。

Recession and rising unemployment have put paid to most thoughts of further EU enlargement.

表示主題。
引出主題。 （自15世紀）

This behaviour is typical of teenagers.

The same secludedness and isolation to which the schoolmaster whale betakes himself in his advancing years, is true of all aged Sperm Whales.

表示部分。
引出部分所從屬的整體。 （自9世紀）

Most of these apples are rotten.

這些蘋果大部分都爛掉了。

But as for me said sire Gareth I medle not of their maters therfore there is none of them that loueth me / And for I vnderstande they be murtherers of good knyghtes I lefte theyre company

The dead bodies of the Koreish were despoiled and insulted; two of the most obnoxious prisoners were punished with death ….

1789, Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volume 6:

Many of the civilisational achievements of Mesopotamia are the product of that symbiosis.

2010 November 10, Michael Wood, The Guardian:

表示部分。
一個，一些 （自9世紀）

接在 to be 之後作表語

On the whole, they seem to be of the decent sort.

總體來說，他們還算體面。

And the folysshe sayde to the wyse: geve us of youre oyle, for oure lampes goo out?

1526, William Tyndale, trans. Bible, Matthew XXV:

Dunning, however, is of the old school, and does not like new faces; so he will have no Irishman at his door ….

1846, James Fenimore Cooper, The Redskins:

連接名詞或代詞所有格，表示部分（不過現在經常和“屬有”義合併）。 （自13世紀）

He is a friend of mine.

He is just what I should have liked a son of mine to be.

1893, Oscar Wilde, A Woman of No Importance, IV:

In its flattering way, the press tried to invest this habit of Bush's with the sense that it was indicative of a particularly sharp wit.

2010 August 27, Michael Tomasky, The Guardian:

表示屬有，…的
屬於、存在或發生在某地、某時。對比“起源”義。 （自9世紀）

He was perhaps the most famous scientist of the twentieth century.

他可能是20世紀的最負盛名的科學家。

The building was erected in two years, at the parochial expence, on the foundation of the former one, which was irreparably damaged by the hurricane of Auguſt, 1712.

1774, Edward Long, The History of Jamaica. Or, General Survey of the Antient and Modern State of that Island, volume 2, book 2, chapter 7, 5:

Thus, as he dressed, the thoughts and the rage of yesterday began to stir and move in his mind again.

Within ten seconds, the citizens of New York, Cleveland, Detroit and Toronto were being given first-hand experience of what it was like to live in the nineteenth century.

2003 August 20, Julian Borger, The Guardian:

表示屬有，…的
經由產權、控制等而屬於（某地） （自9世紀）

The owner of the nightclub was arrested.

In a much-anticipated radio broadcast the Duke of Edinburgh said last night that Britain will be a grim place in the year 2000 ….

The third son, William John (1826-1902), was headmaster of the Boys' British School, Hitchin ….

2001, Dictionary of National Biography, 2001, page 27:

因具有某種特征而屬於（某物或某人）；“屬格所有形”。（對於抽象名詞，和“主語所有格”有交叉。） （自13世紀）

Keep the handle of the saucepan away from the flames.

保持煮鍋的柄不靠近火焰。

The breasts of young girls sometimes become tender at puberty in sympathy with the evolution of the sexual organs ….

1933, Havelock Ellis, Psychology of Sex, volume 4:

It amounts to knocking on the door of No 10 then running away.

2010 October 29, Marina Hyde, The Guardian:

組成“賓語所有格”。
接施事名詞、動名詞或動作名詞。 （自12世紀）

She had a profound distrust of the police.

And he saith unto them, Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men.

1611, Bible, Authorized Version, Matthew IV:

Antifeminism has been a credible cover and an effective vehicle because the hatred of women is not politically anathema on either the Right or the Left.

表達性格或品格。
連接形容詞與名詞/名詞短語，組成準狀語修飾詞；至於，關於 （自13世紀）

My companion seemed affable and easy of manner.

我的同伴看起來友善隨和。

He was huge, raw-boned, knotty, long of body and long of leg, with the head of a war charger.

Still nimble of mind and fleet of foot, Morris buzzed here and there, linking well and getting stuck in at every opportunity.

2004 August 11, Sean Ingle, The Guardian:

表達性格或品格。
表示品質或特征。 （自13世紀）

Pooh was said to be a bear of very little brain.

據說維尼熊是一頭不太聰明的熊。

His frank acceptance of the situation marks him as either an innocent man, or else as a man of considerable self-restraint and firmness.

1891, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Boscombe Valley Mystery:

No other man has made so deep a mark on his time and on our world unless he has been a man of action, a Cromwell or a Napoleon.

1951, Jacob Bronowski, The Common Sense of Science:

表達性格或品格。
表示數量、年齡、價格等。 （自13世紀）

We have been paying interest at a rate of 10%.

She was a tall young girl of about twenty-two or three, holding herself erect and with fine dignity.

1903, Frank Norris, The Pit, Doubleday 1924, page 4:

A police car, traveling southbound at a speed of 40.0 m/s, approaches with its siren producing sound at a frequency of 2 500 Hz.

2006, Serway & Jewett, Principles of Physics, page 428:

表達性格或品格。 連接單數不定名詞（前接不定冠詞）和定語形容詞（由程度副詞修飾）。

It's not that big of a deal.

表達時間點。
……的期間，現在多用於重複或常規的事情。 （自9世紀）

Of an evening, we would often go for a stroll along the river.

晚上我們經常沿著河邊散步。

If there was a type Ida despised, Sir Claude communicated to Maisie, it was the man who pottered about town of a Sunday ….

表達時間點。
表示時間的長度。 （自13世紀）

I've not tekken her out of a goodly long while.

表達時間點。
表示狀態、活動等的持續時間。 （自18世紀）

After a delay of three hours, the plane finally took off.

在延誤三小時過後，飛機終於起飛。

The cab driver's claim he was sleepwalking during the attack has already been supported by his wife of 37 years.


fauna

源自新拉丁語 fauna，來自拉丁語 Fauna，和Faunus (“森林和牧人之神”)相關；與古希臘語 θαῦνον (thaûnon，“野生動物、野獸”)、θώς (thṓs，“胡狼，野狗；豹”)、弗里吉亞語 δάος (dáos，“狼”)同族。

faunae (plural)
faunas (plural)
faunæ (plural)

動物相 （自18世紀晚期）

the fauna of China

Japanese waters also support a rich and diverse shark fauna, including the smallest known shark Squaliolus laticaudus, and the bizarre goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni.

1983，Richard Ellis，The Book of Sharks，Knopf, →ISBN，頁 199:


ice cap

The ocean beneath the arctic ice cap hosts many unique organisms adapted to the cold and shortage of light.

北極冰帽下的海洋裡，生活著許多適應寒冷黑暗環境的生物。

The ice cap of Kilimanjaro is shrinking, and some researchers believe it will disappear within the next one hundred years.

乞力馬扎羅山的冰帽正在萎縮，部分研究者相信，它會在一百年內完全消失。


impregnate

較早的形式作 impregn，源自中古法語 imprégner，源自古法語 enpreignier。

impregnates (third-person singular present)
impregnating (present participle)
impregnated (past participle)

I was impregnated at a clinic but don't know who the sperm donor is.

我在診所受孕，但不知道精子捐贈者是誰。

The queen at their head, the representative of the future, has not yet been impregnated. Their entire destiny depends on the ensuing nuptial flight.

1903 [1901]，Maurice Maeterlinck，譯者 Alfred Sutro, The Life of the Bee，New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company，頁 264:


mimicry

They say that mimicry is the sincerest form of flattery, but I still think I'm being mocked when he acts just like me.

When animal mimicry goes really wrong they don't just look like something that a predator would ignore, they look like lunch.


molybdenum

借自新拉丁語 molybdaenum，來自molybdaena (“任何像鉛的物質”)，來自古希臘語 μολύβδαινα (molúbdaina，“鉛墜，一塊鉛”)，來自μόλυβδος (mólubdos，“鉛；石墨”)，來自安那托利亞語族詞彙同源的呂底亞語 𐤪𐤠𐤭𐤦𐤥𐤣𐤠 (mariwda，“黑暗”)，來自原始印歐語 *morkʷ-iyo-，來自詞根*morkʷ- (“暗”)，與英語 murk同源。參見拉丁語 plumbum nigrum (“鉛”)。後綴為 + -um (“化學元素”)。
18世紀最後25年被證實。

molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum disulphide

a quadruple bond between molybdenums

Thus in M₄O₁₁, for example, ¾ of the molybdenums are octahedrally connected and ¼ are tetrahedrally coordinated and, furthermore, the formula is compatible with the existence of one Mo(IV) for every three Mo(VI), so at first glance the compound might appear to be a class I mixed valence system.

2007，Peter Day，Molecules into Materials: Case Studies in Materials Chemistry—Mixed Valency, Magnetism and Superconductivity，頁 233:


chloroform

借自法語 chloroforme，这个词于1834年由讓-巴蒂斯特·杜馬所造，由 terchloride（“三氯化物”）和 formyle（“甲酰基”）混合而成。By surface analysis, chloro- + -form。

Some assume that chloroform is a gas because it was given by inhalation.

一些人认为氯仿是一种气体，因为它是通过吸入而产生的。


little

less (comparative)
lesser (comparative)
least (superlative)

Words mean little without real work.


building

來自中古英語 bildyng、buildyng、buyldyng、byldyng、bulding、beldyng，等同於build + -ing。

The building of the bridge will be completed in a couple of weeks.

這座橋幾星期內就能建好。

One particularly damaging, but often ignored, effect of conflict on education is the proliferation of attacks on schools[…]as children, teachers or school buildings become the targets of attacks. Parents fear sending their children to school. Girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence.

冲突对教育产生的一个特别有害但往往被忽视的影响是，对学校的袭击激增 […] ，因为儿童、教师或学校建筑成为袭击的目标。家长们害怕送他们的孩子去学校。女孩特别容易遭受性暴力。

2013年July19日，Mark Tran，“Denied an education by war”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 6，頁 1:

My sister lives in that apartment building.

我姊妹住在那棟公寓樓裡。


relict

A small number of linguists believe that Cimbrian is not an Austro-Bavarian dialect but a relict of Lombardic.


remote control

The bomb was detonated by remote control.


a cappella

借自意大利語 alla cappella (“以[西斯廷]教堂的方式”)，指非器樂合唱團。

a capella (alternative)
acapella (alternative)

/ˌɑ kəˈpɛl.ə/

沒有樂器伴奏地 （自19世紀晚期）

Groups of teens singing a cappella on street corners got recording contracts.

一群在街角唱無伴奏合唱的青少年獲得了錄音合同。


a cappella

/ˌɑ kəˈpɛl.ə/

無伴奏合唱的 （首次記錄於19世紀晚期）

An a cappella group sang during the wedding reception.

一個無伴奏合唱團在婚宴上唱歌。


a good many

The government has enacted a good many reforms.

政府實施了許多改革措施。


a la mode

借自法語 à la mode (“時尚的”)。

à la mode (alternative)
alamode (alternative)
ala mode (alternative)

Our pie a la mode has a scoop of vanilla ice cream on top.

With a bowl of beef stew, apple pie a la mode, and two cups of coffee under his belt, Gus Wilson walked leisurely back to the Model Garage.

November 1959, "Martin Bunn", Popular Science, Gus Pulls a Switch:


abdicate

* 首次記錄於1541年。
* 派生自拉丁語 abdicātus (“放棄的”)，abdicō (“放棄，拒絕”) 的完成被動分詞，源自ab (“離開”) + dicō (“宣告、表明”)，類似於dīcō (“說”)。

abdicates (third-person singular present)
abdicating (present participle)
abdicated (past participle)

去除；拋棄；放棄 （16世紀中期至17世紀晚期）

betray and abdicate the due right both of ourselves and successors

投降、放棄或交出（主權等）；不再擔任或履行高級職位、身分 （首次記錄於17世紀）

to abdicate the throne, the crown, the papacy

The cross-bearers abdicated their service.

1776，Edward Gibbon，The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:

He abdicates all right to be his own governor.

1790，Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France:

The understanding abdicates its functions.

1856，James Anthony Froude，History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth:


abdication

首次記錄於1552年。派生自中古法語 abdication，派生自拉丁語 abdicātiō (“放棄、廢棄”)，源自abdicō。

自願放棄主權 （首次記錄於17世紀晚期）

abdication of the throne, government, power, authority


abduce

派生自拉丁語 abdūcō (“帶走”)，源自ab (“從；離開”) + dūcō (“帶領”)。

abduces (third-person singular present)
abducing (present participle)
abduced (past participle)

牽引；導走；帶走；收回；引向不同的部位；將肢體移出，遠離身體中央 （16世紀中期）

If we abduce the eye unto either corner, the object will not duplicate.


abduct

派生自拉丁語 abductus，abduco (“帶走”)的完成被動分詞，源自 ab (“遠離”) + duco (“帶領”)。
* (生理學)： abduction 的逆構詞。

abducts (third-person singular present)
abducting (present participle)
abducted (past participle)

誘拐；劫持；綁架 （17世紀早期）

That same night he had by force abducted the president and the secretary of the club, and had taken them, much against their will upon a voyage in the wonderful air-ship, the “Albatross,” which he had constructed.

1904，Jules Verne，章號 16, in The Master of the World:

to abduct children