relict

A small number of linguists believe that Cimbrian is not an Austro-Bavarian dialect but a relict of Lombardic.


a posteriori

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 ā posteriōrī。康德將其作為藝術術語引入後用於哲學。

more a posteriori (comparative)
most a posteriori (superlative)

在現有語言的基礎上發展的


vehicular

兩個沒有共同母語和共同文化的群體之間使用的；作為媒介的

vehicular language

English is used as a vehicular language in many business settings.

英語在許多商業場合被用作媒介語言。

Latin was a vehicular language for natural philosophers and others from the late Renaissance to the late 18th century.

從文藝復興晚期到 18 世紀晚期，拉丁語是自然哲學家和其他人的媒介語言。


vocalize

vocalise (alternative)
vocalizes (third-person singular present)
vocalizing (present participle)
vocalized (past participle)


unacceptable

来自中古英語 unacceptabylle，等价于un- + acceptable。

more unacceptable (comparative)
most unacceptable (superlative)


headless

繼承自中古英語 heedles、hevedles，來自古英語 hēafodlēas (“無頭”)，等同head + -less。與荷蘭語 hoofdloos (“無頭”)、丹麥語 hovedløs (“無頭”)、瑞典語 huvudlös (“無頭”)、冰島語 höfuðlaus (“無頭”)等同源。

unheaded

站點的前端與其後面的平台完全分離的


instructive

手段格，一種存在於芬蘭語支的語法格


lexicography

源自 lexico- (表示「言語；詞語」的前綴) + -graphy (表示「關於特定主題的書面內容」的後綴)。

/ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfi/

/ˌlɛksɪˈkɑɡɹəfi/

分析和描述某語言詞彙中的語義、組合和範式關係，並發展詞典組件和結構理論、以將詞典中各部分資料聯繫起來的學術學科

But changes of this nature belong to lexicography, as they do not affect the grammatical forms of words.

1828，Moses Stuart，“Changes of Consonants”, in A Grammar of the Hebrew Language，第3rd版, Andover, Mass.: Flagg & Gould, →OCLC, part II (Changes and Peculiarities of Consonants and Verbs), § 105，頁 51:

What the history of language in general teaches, that in course of time, there is less change in form than signification, in grammar than lexicography, is true of the Greek.

1840，Geo. Benedict Winer [i.e., Georg Benedikt Winer]，“§ 4. Grammatical Character of the N.T. Diction.”, in J. H Agnew, O. G. Ebbeke（譯者）, A Grammar of the Idioms of the Greek Language of the New Testament，Philadelphia, Pa.: Herman Hooker, […], →OCLC, part I，頁 37:

If Lexicography in general is that science whose task it is to set forth the nature of every single word of a language through all the periods of its existence, it is the task of Latin lexicography in particular to set forth the nature of every single word of the Latin language, as it makes itself known in all the periods of the existence of that language; or more succinctly expressed, it is the object of Latin lexicography to give the history of every single word of the Latin language.

1845 February，Wilhelm Freund，“Article IV. Principles of Latin Lexicography.”, in T[heodore] D[wight] Woolsey（譯者）, Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review，卷 II, 期 V, New York, N.Y., London: Wiley & Putnam; Andover, Mass.: Allen, Morrill and Wardwell, →OCLC, section I (Of the Idea and Elements of Latin Lexicography), § 1，頁 80:

[T]he philologist may well refuse to accept a body of triliteral roots, developed on a highly artificial and uniform plan, as the ultimate fact in Semitic lexicography.

1911年December13日，C. J. Ball，“A Study in Biblical Philology”, in Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology，卷 XXXIII, 期 CCXLIX, London: Society of Biblical Archaeology, →OCLC，頁 13:

Academic lexicography, or 'metalexicography', as pursued in university departments of English or Linguistics, is concerned not primarily with the compiling of dictionaries – though academics may be involved in this, as consultants, for example – but with researching and teaching about the whole business of making dictionaries: their history, their typology, their structures, their users, and so on [...].

2002，Howard Jackson，“Criticising Dictionaries”, in Lexicography: An Introduction，London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN，頁 173:


amplifier

增加強度的副詞，如“really”、“totally”


garden path sentence

來自俗語lead someone up (or down) the garden path，因為讀者對該句子形成了一種解釋，這種解釋直到接近句子結尾時才是合理的，這時讀者意識到他們的解釋不可能是正確的（他們被帶入了一條花園小路），他們必須嘗試另一種解釋。

garden path (alternative)
garden-path sentence (alternative)
garden path sentences (plural)

/ˈɡɑː(ɹ)dən pɑːθ ˈsɛntəns/

/ˈɡɑːɹdən pæθ ˈsɛntəns/

Whether a particular construction causes a garden-path effect depends on the specific grammar of the language. For example, the famous example of an English garden-path sentence in (1) ["The horse raced past the barn fell"] would not exist if the past tense form of the verb race were not identical to the reduced relative form, the former of which is the preferred reading for this sentence.

1995，Reiko Mazuka，Kenji Itoh，“Can Japanese Speakers be Led down the Garden Path?”, in Japanese Sentence Processing，Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, →ISBN，頁s 295–296:

One of the functions of punctuation is to reduce any ambiguity, and readers are less confused by garden-path sentences that are punctuated than by those that are not[…].

2005，Michael W[illiam] Eysenck，Mark T. Keane，“Language Comprehension”, in Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook，第5th版, Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press, →ISBN，頁 362, column 1:

[I]n a garden path sentence, we interpret a sentence in a particular way only to find out near the end that we misinterpreted it. The subjective impression is that of being led down a garden path until discovering at the end that we took the wrong way and have to retrace our steps.

2008，David W. Carroll，“Sentence Comprehension and Memory”, in Psychology of Language，第5th版, Belmont, Calif.: Thomson Wadsworth, →ISBN，頁 134:

A garden path sentence contains a temporary ambiguity[…]. It becomes clear that something has gone wrong when the comprehender receives input that is incompatible with the past-tense analysis of the ambiguous form[…]. The parser then must abandon its initial parse and attempt to reanalyze the input.

2013，Montserrat Sanz，Itziar Laka，Michael K. Tanenhaus，“Sentence Comprehension before and after 1970: Topics, Debates, and Techniques”, in Language Down the Garden Path: The Cognitive and Biological Basis for Linguistic Structures (Oxford Studies in Biolinguistics)，Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 85:


feng

外文在轉寫漢語拼音時，常常無法區分原本詞句的聲調，而以輕聲/無聲調的形式寫出。

拉丁字母 ʩ，用於構音障礙者發出的清軟顎咽擦音。


Glagolitic

來自新拉丁語 glagoliticus，來自古教會斯拉夫語 глаголица (glagolica)，來自глаголъ (glagolŭ，“詞語，話語”)，格拉哥里字母拼寫ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⰻⱌⰰ (glagolica)。

/ˌɡlæɡəʊˈlɪtɪk/

/ˌɡlæɡəˈlɪtɪk/


hypercorrection

矯枉過正，（對正確形式過分追求而）糾正過頭


cognacy

同源詞間的關係；另一種語言共享相同祖源用詞的情況。

First, in depending on vocabulary, as opposed to morphology or grammar, one runs the risk of assuming cognacy between similar words when the real explanation is borrowing.

2000，Bernd Heine & Derek Nurse，African Languages: An Introduction, →ISBN，頁 262:

兩種語言共享同源詞的程度，通常以百分比表示。

In Table 13.1 are given the percentages for the degrees of cognacy between pairs of languages in the Upper Cross group.

1988，Monday B. Abasiattai，Expanding frontiers of African history: the inter-disciplinary methodology, →ISBN，頁 255:


ateji

源自日語 当(あ)て字(じ) (ateji) 或 宛字(あてじ) (ateji)。


Standard English

Students with a pronounced Midland South dialect are required to take a course teaching them to speak and write in Standard English.

有米德蘭南部口音的學生需要參加課程來學習讀寫標準英語。

A debate rages on whether or not the singular they constitutes Standard English usage.

圍繞標準英語中是否接納“they”這個詞的單數用法，爆發了一場爭論。


etymologize

etymologizes (third-person singular present)
etymologizing (present participle)
etymologized (past participle)


Iranian

/ɪˈɹɑːni.ən/


chengyu

來自官話 成語／成语 (chéngyǔ)。


duoplural

雙複數；標記兩個或多個事物的名詞的語法數

Languages that employ the duoplural include Navajo and Taos, where the verb shows singular, dual, and plural numbers, but the nouns are marked only as singular or nonsingular (duoplural).

使用雙複數的語言包括納瓦霍語和陶斯語，它們的動詞有單數、雙數和複數的區別，但名詞僅標記為單數或非單數（雙複數）。


nominalize

nominalizes (third-person singular present)
nominalizing (present participle)
nominalized (past participle)

名詞化，使……轉變為名詞

To nominalize an adjective that refers to a known noun, the articles el, la, los, and las are used (Unit 11 §59); to nominalize an adjective that does not refer to a known noun, the neuter article lo is used.
為了使一個指的是已知名詞的形容詞名詞化，使用 el、la、los 和 las 這些冠詞（第11單元 §59）；如果形容詞並不指的是已知的名詞，則使用中性冠詞 lo。

1960, Modern Language Association of America, Dwight le Merton Bollinger, Modern 西班牙語：A Project of The Modern Language Association, Harcourt, Brace, page 226

But, Dretske asks, what happens when we nominalize a propositional allomorph?

但是，德雷茨克問，當我們將命題的異構體名詞化時會發生什麼？

1983，Peter Achinstein，The Nature of Explanation，Oxford University Press US，頁 199:


monophthongize

monophthongizes (third-person singular present)
monophthongizing (present participle)
monophthongized (past participle)

單元音化，使……變成單元音


rendaku

連濁（日語的一種語音現象）


disambiguate

disambiguates (third-person singular present)
disambiguating (present participle)
disambiguated (past participle)

When necessary, the Greek spelling is disambiguated by an appended phonetic transcription.

1967，Language: Journal of the Linguistic Society of America，卷 43，頁 619:

The dictionary's traditional “readers” have largely survived this transition, too. They find earlier and better uses of terms which computers can't (in the jargon) disambiguate—distinguish from other similar uses.

2016，John Simpson，The Word Detective，Little, Brown, 出版於 2016，頁 281:


PS

一些祖語名稱的縮寫： Proto-Slavic（原始斯拉夫語）

一些祖語名稱的縮寫： Proto-Semitic（原始閃米特語）

一些祖語名稱的縮寫： Proto-Sahaptian（原始薩哈潑丁語）


reparandum

言语中的错误，随后由说话者纠正


damma

借自阿拉伯語 ضَمَّة (ḍamma，“連接”)，動詞ضَمَّ (ḍamma，“連接”)的實例名詞。指的是發 /u/ 音的時候把兩片嘴唇連接起來.

合口符，阿拉伯語中表示 u 的元音點，看起來像是在字母上加了個小的捲曲（ـُ），表示短 /u/ 音。如果後面直接跟著字母و (wāw)，則其表示長 /uː/ 音。


explicature

话语中明确表达的事物 （自20世紀）

In relevance theory terms, he must construct a hypothesis about the explicit content of Ally's utterance;that is, he mustrely upon both the words she uses in this utterance and an inferencing process to construct an explicature.

2012，Jodie Clark，Language, Sex and Social Structure:

If the speaker was your flat-mate and you had a habit of borrowing her property without permission, she might be asking you if you'd 'borrowed' the book she owned (explicature) and the utterance might be taken as a demand for its return.

2013，Peter Grundy，Doing Pragmatics，頁 136:


substituendum

For a given substituendum, there is usually only one clearcut choice for substitute.

1975，James Stanton Bare，“Methodological Considerations: The Pāṇinian Devices of Homogeneous Represenation and Āntaratamya”, in Phonetics and phonology in Pāṇini: the system of features implicit in the Aṣṭādhyāyī，頁 103:

The sixth (ṣaṣthī́) sUP triplet is used to indicate that the expression after which it is introduced is the substituendum (sthāné-yogā).

1989 [c. 450 公元前]，Pāṇini，譯者 Sumitra M. Katre, Aṣṭādhyāyī，頁 19:

In (6.16) and (6.17), the difference between substituens and substituendum is very pronounced[…]

2014年July15日，Sylvia Jaki，Phraseological Substitutions in Newspaper Headlines: “More Than Meats the Eye”，John Benjamins, →ISBN，頁 188:


tonogenesis

源自tono- + -genesis；由美國的語言學家詹姆斯·馬提索夫在1970年發表的論文《聲門音異化與拉祜語高升調：聲調發生的案例研究》（Glottal dissimilation and the Lahu high-rising tone: A tonogenetic case-study）中造出。