Persian

來自中古英語 percynne，來自中古法語 persien，來自意大利語 persiano，來自中世紀拉丁語 Persiānus，來自拉丁語 Persia，來自古希臘語 Περσίς (Persís)，來自古波斯語 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsa/, “波斯”) (對照現代伊朗波斯語 فارس (fârs)或早期的古典波斯語 پارس (pārs))。

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/


Canada

借自法語 Canada，源自勞倫特語 kanata (“村莊、聚落”)。比較奧農達加語 ganataa (村莊)。


Cyprus

經由拉丁語 Cyprus，來自古希臘語 Κύπρος (Kúpros)。

薄、透明且通常為黑色的織物，一種縐紗。

Seated in an arm-chair, covered with cloth of gold, was the Queen; her robe was of black velvet, edged with the richest sable; and the diadem at the back of her head confined the folds of a long black Cyprus veil.

1834, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Francesca Carrara, 卷 1，頁號 131:


route

來自中古英語 route，源自古法語 route、rote (“道，路，徑”)（對比現代法語 route），來自拉丁語 (via) rupta (“用強力打開的（道路）”)，源自rumpere viam（“開闢道路”）。中國古代行政區劃的義項是意譯自漢語 路 (lù)。

The Chinese, ever since the first century of our era, have called the countries which we to-day name Kashgar and Sungaria, "routes." They referred them to their relative position on the two sides of the Tian-Shan, and called our Sungaria, Pe-lu, " northern route," and our Kashgar, Nan-lu, " southern route." The Turks gave other names to these countries; they called the northern route besh-balik, "the five cities," Pentapolis; the southern route was alti-shehr, " the six cities," Hexapolis.

1908, Henry Smith Williams, The Historians' History of the World:

Under the director were eight education promotion officials (quanxue yuan), each installed in a “route”(lu,corresponding to the policing ward).

2005, Huaiyin Li, Village Governance In North China: Huailu County, 1875-1936, →ISBN:

In the year Zhiyuan 8, 5th month, on xinwei day (around June, 1271), owing to the fact that the chieftains of the eight polities in Dali had submitted recently and were adhered to [China], the thirty-seven tribal regions under Dali were divided into three routes.

2008, Foon Ming Liew, Volker Grabowsky, & ʻArunrat Wichīankhīeo, Lan Na in Chinese historiography, →ISBN:

Chinese administrative "cities" were often the location of more than one yamen, each with its own territorial jurisdiction. For instance, Yangszhou was not only the seat of the Pacificiation Commission (xuanweisi) of Huaidonglu, but also the capital of the Yanzhou Route (lu) subordinated to the Pacification Commision. Morevover, it was the administrative seat of Jiangdu District, which was subordinated to the Yangzhou Route.

2012, Hans Ulrich Vogel, Marco Polo Was in China, →ISBN:


Antes

安特人，公元6-7世紀居住在多瑙河下游、黑海西岸（現代屬於摩爾多瓦和烏克蘭）的部落聯盟。


Africa

繼承自中古英語 Affrike，來自古法語 Affrique, Affrike，來自拉丁語 Āfrica，來自Āfrī，Āfer的單數 (迦太基國的人民)又源自於：
* 布匿語或腓尼基語中的𐤏𐤐𐤓 (ʿpr /ʿafar/, “灰塵”)，在其他閃語族語言也有同義詞。
* 柏柏爾語族中的ifri (“洞穴”)，ifran的複數，指突尼斯的洞穴居民 (參見泰塔溫)。
民間詞源包括：
* 古希臘語 ἀ- (a-) + φρίκη f (phríkē)，意思為不冷
* 拉丁語 aprica (“陽光”)。

阿非利加（行省名，位於羅馬帝國）


Germinal

借自法語 germinal，源自拉丁語 germen (“芽，蕾”) + -al。

/ˈdʒɜːmɪnəl/

芽月，法國共和月曆的第7個月，起於3月21/22日，終於4月19/20日。


Song

借自官話 宋 (Sòng)。


Mari

馬里，古代蘇美爾、亞摩利城市，在今敘利亞境內。


German

來自拉丁語 Germānus、Germānī (“來自Germānia的民族”)，不同於Gauls (在凱撒和塔西佗的著作中)，最初源頭不明 (可能是凱爾特語族/高盧語)。
與german (“關係密切的”)或germane無關 (來自拉丁語形容詞germānus，經由古法語)。
至少在1520年開始出現。取代了英語中較早的術語Almain和Dutch (來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz)。除了德語、日耳曼語、荷蘭語的同源詞外，其他語言中表示德國人的兩類詞源一個是Saxon的同源詞和原始斯拉夫語 *němьcь的派生詞；更多資訊參閱這些條目。

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

Rome was sacked by Germans and the Western Roman Empire collapsed.

羅馬被日耳曼人大肆劫掠，西羅馬帝國就此滅亡。


chairman

這個詞在歷史上指男性，但現在也用於女性。

負責用便攜式椅子、轎子或類似運輸工具抬人的人

Mr Western entered; but not before a small wrangling bout had passed between him and his chairmen; for the fellows, who had taken up their burden at the Hercules Pillars, had conceived no hopes of having any future good customer in the squire […]

1749, Henry Fielding, Tom Jones, Folio Society, 出版於 1973，頁號 618:

Mr. Winkle, catching sight of a lady's face at the window of the sedan, turned hastily round, plied the knocker with all his might and main, and called frantically upon the chairman to take the chair away again.

1836, Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers:


tomahawk

借自東阿爾岡昆語支 ，有可能是波瓦坦語 tumahák；對照馬里希特-帕薩瑪奎迪語 tomhikon (“斧”)、阿貝納基語 temahigan、demahigan (“斧”)。

环绕或砍倒（一块土地）周围的树木，以获得它的所有权。

He was the owner of 1,300 acres of land bought from the government and located where the city of Lexington, Ky., now stands. After his marriage he tomahawked an area of 600 acres near Carmichaelstown, […]

1909, Samuel Gordon Smyth, A Genealogy of the Duke-Shepherd-Van Metre Family: From Civil, Military, Church and Family Records and Documents, page 67:

Meantime, Silas Zane passed on and came to the forks, and admiring the locality, he tomahawked his right to it, securing one thousand acres.

1915, Chronicles of the Cochrans: Being a Series of Historical Events and Narratives, in which Members of this Family Have Played a Prominent Part, page 55:


presidency

過去英屬印度以馬德拉斯、孟買、孟加拉三大省劃分的統轄區


aerolith

And what about the great aerolith at Paphos which they are supposed to have worshipped under the name of Bahomet?

1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber 1992, p. 243:


kor

來自希伯來語 כֹּר。

cor的另一種寫法：希伯來和腓尼基的體積單位

Solomon responded by committing 20,000 kors of pure oil and 20,000 kors of wheat in annual payments. A kor of oil is an ancient Hebrew unit of liquid of about 58 gallons. A kor of wheat is equal to 6.25 bushels.

2002, Don Victor Bovey, In Touch With Eternity，頁號 161:


estate

繼承自中古英語 estat，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 estat和古法語 estat（法語：état），來自拉丁語 status。state和status的同源對似詞。

estate car, station sedan, station wagon, wagon

階層，地位 (王國境內的諸階層) （自14世紀）

I am afraid that some of the nobles who are campaigning for it simply want to use the Estates to cut down the King's power and increase their own.

1992, Hilary Mantel, A Place of Greater Safety, Harper Perennial, 出版於 2007，頁號 115:

The three estates of feudal lords, clergy and royal officers met in separate chambers, and exercised an advisory role.

2011, Norman Davies, Vanished Kingdoms, Penguin, 出版於 2012，頁號 202:


nasal

繼承自中古英語，派生自中世紀拉丁語 nāsālis，源自nāsus (“鼻子”) + -ālis (形容詞後綴)。nasalis的同源對似詞。

頭盔突出保護鼻子的部分；護鼻器

The nasal continued in use until about 1140, when it was generally discarded, but isolated examples may be found in every succeeding century down to the seventeenth.

1909, Charles Henry Ashdown, European Arms & Armor，頁號 78:

Rorge had donned a black halfhelm with a broad iron nasal that made it hard to see that he did not have a nose.

1999, George R.R. Martin, A Clash of Kings, Bantam Books, 出版於 2011，頁號 463:


ether

源自中古英語 ēther，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 ether和中古法語 ether, ethere, aether ← 古法語 aether (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；（猜想）用來填充上部空間的物質”)（現代寫法法語 éther）, 或直接源自拉丁語 aethēr (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；天空；白日之光；圍繞神的空靈物質”)（也見晚期拉丁語 aethēr (“類似乙醚的物質”)） ← 古希臘語 αἰθήρ (aithḗr, “大氣上層的純淨空氣；天空；（猜想）填充空間、可傳熱傳光的物質”)← αἴθω (aíthō, “燒；點燃；發光”) ← 原始印歐語 *h₂eydʰ- (“燒；火”)。
本詞也與意大利語 ether, ethera (古舊), etere, 中古荷蘭語 ether（現代寫法荷蘭語 aether (古舊), ether）, 中古高地德語 ēther（現代寫法德語 aether, ether (古舊), Äther）, 西班牙語 éter同源。

I ſuppose this æther pervades all groſs bodies, but yet ſo as to ſtand rarer in their pores than in free ſpaces, and ſo much the rarer, as their pores are leſs. And this I ſuppose (with others) to be the cauſe, why light incident on thoſe bodies is refracted towards the perpendicular; […] I ſuppose the rarer æther within bodies, and then denſer without them, not to be terminated in a mathematical ſuperficies, but to grow gradually into one another; […]

1679 February 28, Thomas Birch, 引 Isaac Newton, “The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle. [Letter from Isaac Newton to Robert Boyle.]”, 出自 Robert Boyle, The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. In Five Volumes. To which is Prefixed the Life of the Author, 卷 I, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], 出版於 1744, →OCLC，頁號 70:

Having ſhewn how the Æther cauſes a great part of the Phænomena of Nature, it may be aſked, whence this general material Cauſe has its great Activity and Power? […] This Cauſe muſt be either Matter or Spirit, there being nothing in the Univerſe, which we know if, beſides theſe two. But this Cauſe cannot be Matter: for Matter is in own Nature inert, and has not any Activity in itſelf; and conſequently cannot communicate any Power to the Æther. And therefore the Cauſe, which gives the Æther its Activity and Power, muſt be Spirit. Spirit, which intercedes the Particles of Æther, and gives them a repulſive Power, and ordains and executes the Laws, by which Æther and Bodies act mutually on one another, muſt be preſent in all Parts of Space, where there is Æther.

1747, Bryan Robinson, A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton, London: Printed for Charles Hitch […], →OCLC; quoted in “Literary Memoirs. A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton, by Bryan Robinson, M.D. London, Printed for Charles Hitch, at the Red Lion in Pater-noster-Row, 1747. Containing 140 Pages in Octavo, Exclusive of a Short Preface.”, 出自 The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register, 卷 III, 期 XXVIII, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], 11 April 1747, →OCLC，頁號s 59–60:

The whole matter of the univerſe may be divided into atoms and æther. […] The latter, æther, is a ſubtile elaſtic fluid, whoſe particles have a continual tendency to ſeparate or fly off every way, unleſs impreſſed by ſome body: This æther ſurrounds each atom like an atmoſphere, and preſſes equally towards the center of each.

1770 November 1, “Investigator” [pseudonym], “Of the Causes of Attraction and Repulsion”, 出自 Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave] 編, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, 卷 XL, London: Printed […], for D[avid] Henry; and sold by F[rancis] Newbery […], →OCLC，頁號 497，列號 1:

"The ether. The earth browses upon a circular path in the fields of space, and as it moves the ether is continually pouring through it and providing its vitality."

1929, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, When the World Screamed:


Syria

繼承自中古英語 Sirie，源自拉丁語 Sȳria，源自古希臘語 Σῠρῐ́ᾱ (Suríā)，最终源自阿卡德語 𒀸𒋩 (Aššur, “亞述”)，最初是 Assyria 的同義詞。

西元前64年至西元135年的古羅馬行省


ice cap

發燒時放在額頭上的冰袋。[自19世纪]

After the use of ice caps for some days it is well to provide cool bathing for the head, at least three times daily.

1903, Canadian Journal of Medicine and Surgery (volume 14, page lii)


archer

繼承自中古英語 archer、archere，來自古法語 archier，來自通俗拉丁語 *arcārius，改自arcuārius，來自拉丁語 arcus (“弓”)。本土古英語 sċytta的移位。

/ˈɑː(ɹ).t͡ʃə(ɹ)/


accelerator

* 1611年初次使用。
* (機動車)： 1900年首次使用。
* accelerate + -or

一種輕型貨車，在郵局和火車站之間運送郵件。


Taiwan

可追溯至1600年代，源自較早的 Tayuan、Tayoan 和其他變體，源自西拉雅語 taywan，由 tayw (“人”) + an (“地”) 組成。在荷蘭語文獻中作 Tayouan（以及其他變體），閩南語泉漳話作大員／大员 (Tāi-oân)（以及其他變體）。此詞最初是指今臺南安平一帶的一個沙質半島，後來成為整個島嶼的名稱。

Chinese Taipei

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱： 中華民國；首都： 臺北）。（自20世紀）

Republic of China

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱： 中華民國；首都： 臺北）。（自20世紀）

ROC

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱： 中華民國；首都： 臺北）。（自20世紀）

Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱： 中華民國；首都： 臺北）。（自20世紀）

Formosa

臺灣島，臺灣海峽和菲律賓海之間的一個島嶼，也稱為福爾摩沙

Formosa

以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃

Taiwan 和 Taiwanese 都被廣泛用作定語，例如 Taiwan/Taiwanese culture (“臺灣文化”)、Taiwan/Taiwanese government (“臺灣政府”)、Taiwan/Taiwanese food (“臺灣美食”)等。

以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃 清朝的行政區劃 臺灣府，隸屬於福建省

TAIWAN, or Chinese Formosa, is considered a Foo or district of the province of Fokien, and is governed by a Taoutai extraordinary, who, though responsible to the provincial viceroy, possesses the privilege of memorialising the Throne direct. “The district of Taiwan,” says the Chinese Government Chart, of which a copy was supplied to me by the Formosan authorities, “is bounded in the rear by mountains, and in front by the sea. The ancestral hills of Formosa derive their origin from the Woo-hoo-mun (Five Tiger Gate), the entrance to Foochow, whence they glided across the sea. In the ocean towards the east are two places called Tungkwan (Damp Limit) and Pih-mow (White Acre), which mark the spots where the dragons of the Formosan hills emerged. These sacred reptiles had pierced unseen the depths of ocean, and announcing their ascent to the surface by throwing up the bluff at Kelung-head, by a number of violent contortions heaved up the regular series of hills, valleys, and plains that extend north and south in varied undulations for the space of 1000 leagues (applied figuratively). The mountain-peaks are too multitudinous to enumerate, and the geography of the island too comprehensive to take into present consideration ; we will therefore confine ourselves to a few general remarks. In rear of the hills, eastward, flows the ocean ; facing them, to the westward, is the sea ; and between lies the prefecture of Taiwan.”

臺灣，或稱中國福爾摩沙，被認為是福建省的一個府或地區，由一位道臺管理，雖然他對福建省總督負責，但卻擁有直接向皇上遞交奏摺的特權。臺灣當局向我提供了一份中國政府圖表，其中寫道：「臺灣地區後靠山，前臨海。福爾摩沙的祖山源於福州的入口五虎門，從那裡滑行過海。東邊的大海裡有兩個地方，叫東關和白畝，是臺灣山龍出沒的地方。這些神聖的爬行動物神穿透了看不見的海洋深處，在基隆頭拋起峭壁，使它們湧上了海面，並藉由劇烈的變形，將一系列有規律的丘陵、山谷和平原抬起來，這些丘陵、山谷和平原以不同的起伏向南北延伸，長達1000 里格（比喻）。由於山峰眾多，無法一一列舉，該島的地理情況過於廣泛，目前無法考慮；因此，我們僅作一些概括性的評論。山峰的後方，向東是海洋；面對山峰，向西是大海；中間是臺灣府。」

1864, 郇和, “Notes on the Island of Formosa.”, 出自 The Journal of the Royal Geographic Society of London, 卷 XXXIV, London: John Murray, 出版於 1865, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號 6:

THE PESCADORES, consisting of over twenty inhabited islands, besides several inlets and rocks, lie off the south-western coast of Formosa at a minimum distance of about twenty-five miles, and the entire group is set down on the charts as extending from latitude 23° 12′ to 23° 47′ N., and from longitude 119° 19′ to 119° 41′ E. They form together the Dashing Lake District or Ting, 澎湖廳, of the Taiwan Prefecture, and are placed under the control of resident civil and military mandarins who report to their superior officers at Taiwanfoo.

澎湖列島由二十多個有人居住的島嶼組成，此外還有一些小海灣和岩石，位於福爾摩沙西南海岸外，最短距離約25英里，整個列島在海圖上的位置是從北緯23°12′到23°47′，東經119°19′到119°41′，它們共同組成了臺灣府澎湖廳，由常駐的文官和武官控制，他們向臺灣府的上級官員報告。

1887 February, 甘為霖 (W. Campbell), “A Few Notes from the Pescadores.”, 出自 Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, 卷 XVIII, 期 2, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, →OCLC，頁號 62:

In effect each area paid an assigned land tax quota, which was allocated among households — depending upon the amount of land they owned and registered with the land tax office. Households paid this tax in silver, and by 1736 the state collected this kind of land tax in all provinces except Shansi, Taiwan prefecture (part of Fukien province), and Kweichow.

實際上，每個地區都要繳納指定的土地稅配額，根據家庭擁有並在土地稅務局登記的土地數量，將配額分配給家庭。家庭用白銀繳納這種稅，到 1736 年，國家在除山西、臺灣府（福建省的一部分）和貴州省以外的所有省份徵收這種土地稅。

1980, Ramon H. Myers, “The Public Sector: The State”, 出自 The Chinese Economy Past and Present, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁號s 78–79:

President Ma further noted that in 1683 during the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) the emperor formally included the Diaoyutais as territory of China in Taiwan Prefecture, Fujian Province. In 1812, the Diaoyutais were placed under the administration of the Kavalan Office of the Taiwan prefectural government, he added, pointing out that the Record of Missions to Taiwan and Adjacent Waters 《臺海使槎錄》 and the Illustrations of Taiwan 《全臺圖説》 prove that China effectively ruled over the Diaoyutai Islets during the Qing Dynasty.

馬總統進一步指出，於1683年，清朝（1644-1911）皇帝正式將福建省臺灣地區的釣魚台納入中國領土。 1812年，釣魚台劃歸臺灣府噶瑪蘭廳管轄，並以《臺海使槎錄》和《全臺圖説》證明中國在清朝時期對釣魚台群島進行了有效統治。

2016 [2014 April 17], “President Ma Attends "Examining the Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands Dispute under New and Multiple Perspectives" International Conference”, 出自 馬英九 編, Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook of International Law and Affairs, 卷 32 (2014), Brill Nijhoff, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號 281:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。

以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃
清朝的行政區劃
臺灣省，清帝國的行省 （自19世紀晚期）

In 1885 Governor LIU determined to reconstruct Taipei and make it the temporary capital until, the railway having on its way to Taiwan reached the old town of Changhua, in about the middle of Formosa, he should build a city near that place and make it, under the name of Taiwan, the capital of the province of Taiwan.

1896, J. D. Clark, Formosa, Shanghai: Shanghai Mercury, →OCLC，頁號 44:

Near Bang-ka is Twa-tu-tia, the great center of the tea-trade of Formosa, and the capital of the province of Taiwan (i. e. Formosa) from 1885 to 1896.

艋舺附近是大稻埕，它是福爾摩沙茶葉貿易的重要中心，也是1885年至1896年間臺灣省（即福爾摩沙）的省會。

1898, “Bang-ka, or Mang-ka”, 出自 Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia: A New Edition, 卷 I, New York: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC，頁號 480，列號 2:

The Chinese forces holding Formosa numbered about 50,000 men, and its defence was ably conducted by Liu Ming-chüan, then imperial High Commissioner ad hoc afterwards first governor of the newly created province of Taiwan.

控制福爾摩沙的中國軍隊約有五萬人，其防禦由時任欽差大臣、後來擔任新成立的臺灣省首任總督的劉銘全出色地指揮。

1918, 馬士, “France and Tongking”, 出自 The International Relations of the Chinese Empire, 卷 II, 朗文出版社, →OCLC，頁號 861:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。

以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃
日本殖民地 （自19世紀晚期）

Taiwan (Formosa) and Hōkotō (the Pescadores) were ceded to Japan upon the close of the Chinese War of 1895. Taiwan has a Governor-General with extreme powers, and is now an integral part of Japan.

1895年中日戰爭結束後，臺灣島（福爾摩沙）和澎湖列島被割讓給日本。臺灣有一位擁有極大權力的總督府，現在是日本不可分割的一部分。

1902, “Appendix”, 出自 The Isle of Man, Gibraltar, Malta, St Helena, Barbados, Cyrpus, the Channel Islands, the British Army & Navy (The British Empire Series), 卷 V, →OCLC，頁號 649:

Taiwan is governed by a Governor-General. Since 1895 three Governors have resigned. The present in office is General Count Samata Sakuma.

臺灣由總督管轄。 自1895年以來，已有三任總督辭職。 現任總督是佐久間左馬太將軍。

1913, Charlotte M. Salwey, “Formosa, the Beautiful (Taiwan)”, 出自 The Island Dependencies of Japan, London: Eugène L. Morice, →OCLC，頁號 39:

Amoy is one of the three Chinese ports closer to the Japanese colony of Taiwan (Formosa) than are any ports in the Japanese Empire proper.

與日本帝國本土的任何港口相比，廈門是距離日本殖民地臺灣（福爾摩沙）最近的三個中國港口之一。

1938 July 29, “Amoy is Island Key to South China's Strategic Province”, 出自 The Winchester Star, 卷 LVIII, 期 1, Winchester, Mass., →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號 2，列號 5:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。


vulgus

拉丁文或希蠟文的作詩課題集


lobster

繼承自中古英語 loppestere、lopster，來自古英語 loppestre (“龍蝦，像蜘蛛的生物”)，源頭不確定。有些人認為是拉丁語 lō̆custa (“蚱蜢，蝗蟲”)訛變 + 古英語陰性代理後綴-estre。在拉丁語短語lō̆custa marīna（字面意思為「海蚱蜢」）用來表示一種甲殼動物（蝦子或龍蝦）。
或者是來自古英語 lobbe、loppe (“蜘蛛”) + 古英語陰性代理後綴-estre，等同於lop + -ster。

cray, langouste, spiny lobster, rock lobster


melancholy

繼承自中古英語 malencolie，來自古法語 melancolie，來自古希臘語 μελαγχολία (melankholía, “atrabiliousness”)，來自μέλας (mélas)、μελαν- (melan-, “黑色，黑暗，陰暗”) + χολή (kholḗ, “膽汁”)。對照拉丁語 ātra bīlis (“黑膽汁”)。形容詞用法是中古英語的創新，可能受到後綴-y、-ly的影響。

Melancholy, cold and dry, thick, black, and sour, […] is a bridle to the other two hot humours, blood and choler, preserving them in the blood, and nourishing the bones.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:
, Bk.I, New York 2001, p.148:


perfectionist

聖經共產主義者，由 J. H. Noyes（1811-1886）創立的一個美國小教派，於 1848 年設立在紐約州奧奈達，認為如果接受福音，就可以確保免於罪惡（自19世紀起）


redneck

由 red + neck 組成。對照rooinek。原先指的是脖子發紅的農民，他們因為長時間在田裡勞作，脖子被曬傷而發紅。

1921年西弗吉尼亞煤礦戰爭中戴上紅頭巾以示身份的礦工

巴爾的摩街頭幫派的成員，活躍於1859年


phlegm

來自中古英語 flewme、fleume、fleme，來自古法語 fleume、中古法語 flemme（法語 flegme），其來源是拉丁語 phlegma，來自古希臘語 φλέγμα (phlégma, “火焰；燃燒；體內濕滑的體液”)，來自φλέγειν (phlégein, “燃燒”)。對照phlox、flagrant、flame、bleak (形容詞)、fulminate。拼法後來受拉丁語和希臘語的詞根而進行過調整。

Each person's unique mixture of these substances determines his temperament: a predominance of blood gives a sanguine temperament; a predominance of phlegm makes one phlegmatic; yellow bile, bilious (or choleric); and black bile, melancholic.

1993, William Dalrymple, City of Djinns, HarperCollins 1993:

從植物體中獲得的蒸餾物；水溶液 （自16世紀）

The attempts made to analyse vegetable substances previous to 1720, merely produced their resolution into the supposed elements of the chemists of those days, namely, salts, Earths, phlegm, and sulphur.

1812, Humphry Davy, The Elements of Chemical Philosophy, Introduction, Part I. Vol. I, pp. 50-51:


bulletin board system

As companies increase their use of microcomputer-based bulletin board systems, microcomputer managers are finding themselves saddled with the responsibility of being system operators for the boards.

1986 April 21, Melissa Calvo, “Managers Say Bulletin Boards Part of Job”, 出自 InfoWorld, 卷 8, 期 16, →ISSN，頁號 18:

Hackers and hacker clubs primarily communicate by means of bulletin board systems. It is estimated that there are about 1,300 underground bulletin boards in the U.S.

2001, Sanjiv Purba, Architectures for E-Business Systems, CRC Press, →ISBN，頁號 702:


tumen

toman (“(歷史) 蒙古軍隊的一個師”)的另一種寫法

The largest unit was the tumen, equivalent to a division: 10,000 men in principle (and sometimes less). An army was made up of two to four tumen, each composed of ten times a thousand men (the equivalent of a regiment), and each regiment of ten times a hundred men (the equivalent of a squadron), ten times ten men.

2004, Gerard Chaliand, Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube，頁號 65:


computus

借自拉丁語 computus。conto的同源對似詞。

一本用於計算天文事件和可移動節日日期的表格

This computus also contains only one completed Plinian diagram, that for the planetary harmonic intervals.

1987, Bruce Eastwood, 5: Plinian astronomical diagrams in the early Middle Ages, Edward Grant, John Emery Murdoch, Mathematics and Its Applications to Science and Natural Philosophy in the Middle Ages, page 149,

Prognostics have thus been discovered in computi, in volumes on science or medicine, and in miscellanies which present a host of different text genres.

2007, László Sándor Chardonnens, Anglo-Saxon Prognostics, 900-1100: Study and Texts，頁號 25:


scavenger

原是中古英語 scavager，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 scawageour (“與清道夫有關的人，檢查員，收稅員”)，來自古諾曼語 *scawage、escauwage (“清道夫”)、古法語 *scavage、escavage，escauvinghe的變體 (對照中世紀拉丁語 scewinga、sceawinga)，來自古荷蘭語 scauwōn (“檢查，審查，查看”)。如今常被重構/分析為 scavenge (最初是該詞的逆向構詞) + -er。對照古英語 sċēawung (“展示，奇觀，檢驗，檢查”)、荷蘭語 schouwing (“檢查”)。參見show。

紡織廠中負責撿拾掉落棉花的童工


Yamato

源自日語 大和 (Yamato)，後者來源不明，但可能和山 (yama) 有關。

The museum curator said that the sword originated from the Yamato period in Japan.

博物館館長說，這把劍起源於日本的大和時代。


Yantai

來自漢語 煙臺／烟台 (Yāntái)的漢語拼音，得名於明朝時期當地奇山上的狼煙塔。

芝罘，村名，位於中國山東，煙臺的舊名


Francia

借自拉丁語 Francia。France的同源對似詞。


academe

借自新拉丁語 academia，派生自古希臘語 Ἀκαδημία (Akadēmía)；academy的同源對似詞。Academe 是古雅典附近的花園或樹林的名稱，柏拉圖曾在此講學；據說以其前主人阿卡德摩斯（Ἀκάδημος／Ἑκάδημος，希臘神話中一位阿提卡英雄）命名。

academy

學會 （自16世紀晚期）

academia

學術生活、環境或社群 （自19世紀中期）

pedant

高等院校的高級教職員工；學究 （自20世紀中）

雅典一個花園的名稱。學者在此見面 （自16世紀晚期）


Bucephalus

借自古希臘語 Βουκέφαλος, Βουκεφάλας (Bouképhalos, Boukephálas)，源自βοῦς (boûs, “公牛”) + κεφᾰλή (kephalḗ, “頭”)。

布西發拉斯，亞歷山大大帝的戰馬


Upper Volta

來自Volta (“沃爾特河”)，來自葡萄牙語。


Edo

源自日語 江戸 (えど, Edo)。


ataman

來自俄語 атама́н (atamán)。


Shu

源自埃及語 šw (“舒”)。

蜀/蜀漢，中國三國時期國家


aborigines

原住民，土著 （自18世紀早期）


Ashoka

源自梵語 अशोक (aśoka, “沒有悲傷”)。


pya

源自緬甸語 ပြား (pra:)。

殖民時期緬甸的輔幣，相當於六十四分之一盧比


Leningrad

以弗拉基米爾·列寧命名，源自俄語 Ленингра́д (Leningrád)，Ле́нин (Lénin, “列寧”) + град (grad, “城市”)。

列寧格勒，1924-1991年聖彼得堡（Saint Petersburg）的名稱


Vandal

源自拉丁語 Vandalus，源自原始日耳曼語 *wandilaz，源自原始印歐語 *wendʰ-eh₂-，源自原始印歐語 *wendʰ- (“轉，纏繞，編織”)。與古英語 Wendlas有關。

汪達爾人，古代日耳曼人的一支


angon

源自中古希臘語 ἄγγων (ángōn, “鉤”)；源自日耳曼語族。

中世紀早期一些日耳曼部落戰士所持的標槍，尖端帶刺


Church of the East

派生自古典敘利亞語 ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ (ʿĒḏtā d-Maḏenḥā)，在羅馬帝國開始盛行基督教後，此教派在帝國邊界的東部曾占主導地位。自1890年代起此詞開始在英語作為專有名詞使用。


Jamahiriya

源自阿拉伯語 جَمَاهِيرِيَّة (jamāhīriyya, “民眾的[國家]”)，源自جُمْهُورِيَّة (jumhūriyya, “共和國”)，將جُمْهُور (jumhūr, “公眾”)換成複數جَمَاهِير (jamāhīr, “民眾”)。

民眾國，利比亞1977-2011年卡扎菲掌權時國名的一部分：大阿拉伯利比亚人民社会主义民众国


quaestio

源自拉丁語 quaestiō (“詢問”)。


Sukhothai

借自泰語 สุโขทัย。

素可泰王國，在今泰國北部。


Indian

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 indien, 中古法語 indien，等同於Ind + -ian。用於美洲原住民是早期探險家將其與印度人混淆。

American Indian, Amerindian, Amerind, Native American, Red Indian, First Nations person

大洋洲原住民 （自18世紀）


saler

源自古法語 salière，源自拉丁語 salarius，源自拉丁語 sal (“鹽”)。


Hanseong

漢城（首爾在朝鮮王朝時期的名稱）


Cao

源自官話 曹 (Cáo)的拼音。


Morea

Մորեա

伯羅奔尼撒半島的歷史名稱

Morée

伯羅奔尼撒半島的歷史名稱

Μωρέας

伯羅奔尼撒半島的歷史名稱

Μωριάς

伯羅奔尼撒半島的歷史名稱

Morea

伯羅奔尼撒半島的歷史名稱

Morea

伯羅奔尼撒半島的歷史名稱

موره

伯羅奔尼撒半島的歷史名稱

Moreia

伯羅奔尼撒半島的歷史名稱

Mora

伯羅奔尼撒半島的歷史名稱

摩里亞，伯羅奔尼撒半島在歷史上的名稱


Saigon

借自越南語 Sài Gòn。

西貢，越南最大城市胡志明市1975年以前的名稱。


Versailles

借自法語 Versailles，來自未知的拉丁語源頭（参见下方法语词条），可能源自原始印歐語 *wértti (“轉圈”)。

dictate of Versailles / Dictate of Versailles

凡尔赛条约（1919年）

凡尔赛条约（1919年）


taille

法國大革命以前君主和領主征收的租稅

The main royal tax was the taille, a tax on landed wealth, distributed among the généralités and assessed and levied in a variety of ways, and it was supplemented by a range of other direct taxes ….

2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin 2003, p. 143:


corned beef

(典獄長)： chief的押韻俚語。

Steve and I raced for the building and began climbing the wall, before any of the screws knew what was happening. […] The Corned Beef came out first and initiated the ploy to get us down.

1999, Alex Alexandrowicz, David Wilson, The Longest Injustice: The Strange Story of Alex Alexandrowicz


tsar

借自俄語 царь (carʹ)，源自古東斯拉夫語 цьсарь (cĭsarĭ)，源自原始斯拉夫語 *cěsařь，源自一日耳曼語族語言，源自原始日耳曼語 *kaisaraz，源自拉丁語 Caesar。kaiser的同源對似詞。現寫法 tsar 於19世紀開始取代舊寫法 czar。

沙皇（俄國及南歐國家的君主）

and why, in the name of common sense, should the English call the Czar (tsar) of Russia raze?

1832 August 1, W. Barnes, “On the Origin of Language”, 出自 Gentleman's Magazine, London，頁號 129:


Roman Empire

/ˈɹəʊmən ˈɛmpaɪə/

/ˈɹoʊmən ˈɛmpaɪɚ/

羅馬帝國 （自15世紀）

神聖羅馬帝國 （自16世紀）


Great Patriotic War

仿譯自俄語 Вели́кая Оте́чественная война́ (Velíkaja Otéčestvennaja vojná)。

偉大的衛國戰爭 （第二次世界大戰的歐洲東線戰場；蘇德戰爭）


routier

源自法語 routier，源自route (“隊，團”)；對比英語 highwayman。


Cox-Klemin A-1，一種空中救護飛機，從未大量生產


supplication

源自中古英語 supplicacioun、supplication，源自古法語 supplication，源自拉丁語 supplicatio, supplicationem，源自supplicare。

古羅馬時期，向神感謝保佑勝利等的莊嚴儀式或節日


yasak

借自俄語 ясак (jasak)，源自突厥語族。

牙薩克，西伯利亞原住民向俄國人繳納的毛皮稅


swastika

源自梵語 स्वस्तिक (svastika)，源自सु (su, “好的”) + अस्ति (asti)（表示“存在”的動詞，源自स्वस्ति (svasti)）+ 指小後綴 क (ka)。原義為“與幸福有關係的小物件”、“吉祥好運的標誌”。英語中最早見於1871年，用來代替希臘化的gammadion。1932年以後，也常用來指納粹黨的類似圖案（德語 Hakenkreuz）。

crooked cross, cross cramponned, cross cramponnée, cross cramponny

“I can’t imagine anyone believes in Communist culprits instead of a contract job commissioned on behalf of the swastika.”

2011, Rudolph Herzog, 譯者 Jefferson Chase, Dead Funny: Humor in Hitler's Germany, Brooklyn: Melville House, →ISBN，頁號 36:


licorne

源自法語 licorne，仿譯自俄語 единоро́г (jedinoróg, “獨角獸”)。

18-19世紀俄羅斯帝國軍隊使用的一種前裝式加榴炮

But I think our new 24-pounder howitzer will be found superior to any of them, not even excepting the Russian Licorne.

1824, “Answers of Sir A. D., K. C. B. of the Royal Artillery, to some questions from Lieutenant C. D. Bengal Artillery”, 出自 The British Indian Military Repository, 卷 3:

The Russians have a howitzer denominated licorne, the bore of which is, in its whole extent, the truncated frustrum of a cone: the only field guns in the possession of the artillery at Corfu, in 1822, were Russian guns of this description.

1837, T. F. Simmons, Ideas as to the Effect of Heavy Ordnance Directed Against and Applied by Ships of War, etc.:

Essentially a hybrid between a howitzer and a gun, thus a gun-howitzer, the licorne was capable of a flatter trajectory and a longer range than the conventional howitzer.

2007, Jeff Kinard, “Eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century artillery”, 出自 Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact:


sillon

借自法語 sillon (“犂溝”)。

建在寬溝中的一種防禦工事。

Sillon, is a work raised it up in ropes very hard for an in the middle of a foss

1767, Thomas Simes, The Military Medley:


cuts

‘I′ll give you something to keep you awake, McFadyen!’ Ape shouted.

1995, Bill Marsh, Ape, Old Yanconian Daze, page 110,

He reckons that about 80% of the boys in the school regularly received the cuts from Mr Saunders so he didn′t feel as if he was being unduly picked on.

他估計，學校裡大概有80%的男生都經常受到桑德斯先生的體罰，所以他並不覺得自己是被故意挑中的。

2001, Lyall Ford, Poorhouse to Paradise: The Adventures of a Pioneering Family in a North Queensland Country Town，頁號 55:

My greatest happiness is that Sebastian is having a good time at school and has never been given the cuts.

我最開心的事情就是，塞巴斯蒂安在學校過得好，沒被老師體罰。

2008, Gaynor McGrath, Lemniscate，頁號 250:


abazi

借自格魯吉亞語 აბაზი (abazi)。abbasi的同源對似詞。

阿巴齊，格魯吉亞古代貨幣，用至1833年，下分為 40 puli。


Picard

16世紀及更早以前，荷蘭弗拉芒地區及波西米亞的亞當派信徒

一種男用高底鞋，1720年左右從法國引進至英格蘭


guberniya

借自俄語 губе́рния (gubérnija)。


Joseon

源自朝鮮語 조선 (朝鮮, Joseon)的文化观光部2000年式羅馬轉寫。


Chosen

Joseon的另一種寫法


night watchman

警察制度完善前，夜間在街道上巡邏，性質類似夜班巡警的人


Petrograd

彼得格勒（俄羅斯城市聖彼得堡在1914年至1924年之間的名字，後來改名列寧格勒）


samare

17世紀的一種女式長擺外套


seventy-four

一種配備74門火炮的雙層帆船

the ocean stream / Here and there studded with a seventy-four ….

For all the world like a seventy-four of the line, / Riding the swell and firing off Finisterre.

1958, Howard Nemerov, "Seven Macabre Songs", in Mirrors and Windows


stonebow

O, for a stone-bow, to hit him in the eye!

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期）, 威廉·莎士比亚, “Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, 出自 Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）), 伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene v]:


zhiqing

來自官話 漢語 知青 (zhīqīng)的漢語拼音，知識青年／知识青年 (zhīshi qīngnián)的簡稱。


sycee

來自粵語 細絲／细丝 (sai³ si¹)。


sirvente

借自法語 sirvente，源自古普羅旺斯語 sirventes、sirventesc，源自 sirvent，源自 servir (“服務”)，源自拉丁語 servīre。

一種普羅旺斯吟遊詩人演唱的的諷刺歌曲

The knight in the meantime, had brought the strings into some order, and after a short prelude, asked his host whether he would choose a sirvente in the language of oc, or a lai in the language of oui, or a virelai, or a ballad in the vulgar English.

1820, 沃尔特·司各特, 章號 XVII, 出自 艾凡赫, 卷 II, 爱丁堡: […] Archibald Constable and Co.；伦敦：Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC，頁號 42:


litra

古代西西里的一種銀幣，相當於五分之一打蘭


espadon

一種長而重、要雙手揮持的雙刃劍，過去由西班牙步兵和劊子手使用

royal guardsmen with their espadons

身帶巨劍的皇家禁衛軍士兵

1902, Carlos Augusto Montalto Jesus, Historic Macao:


squadron

由兩個連隊組成的騎兵隊伍，平均每隊有120-200人


shahanshah

借自波斯語 شاهنشاه (šâhanšâh)，源自中古波斯語 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠𐭭 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾn mlkʾ /šāhān-šāh/, “王中之王”)。

王中之王，萬王之王；古代波斯及亞美尼亞君主的稱號


Dahomey

借自豐語 dã homè (“達的肚子；蛇的肚子”)。

達荷美（舊國家名，位於非洲），為現今的西非國家貝寧

The way other children hear tell of Red Riding Hood and Goldilocks, I heard of this ‘Black Sparta’, the noble kingdom of Dahomey, fighting to hold off the French to the very end.

就像其他孩子听说《小红帽》跟《金髮女孩與三隻熊》的故事一样，我小时候听说的是这“黑色斯巴达战士”的故事，讲的是崇高的达荷美王国，为抵挡法国人而战斗到底。

2016, Zadie Smith, Swing Time, Hamish Hamilton，頁號s 360-361:


South West Africa

仿譯自德語 Südwestafrika，原為德國殖民時期的名稱，第一次世界大戰後委任南非統治。

西南非洲（舊省名，位於南非）


suyu

借自克丘亞語 suyu (“地區，區域；國家”)。

印加帝國的四大行政區劃之一


Octavian

源自拉丁語的男性人名，以羅馬帝國開國君主奧古斯都而聞名


émigré

借自法語 émigré。

法國大革命期間逃亡出法國的人（尤指保皇派）

Any émigré who had returned to France without obtaining government consent was required to leave France forthwith […]

任何未经政府同意返回法国的移民都必须立即离开法国 […]

2002, Colin Jones, The Great Nation, Penguin, 出版於 2003，頁號 516:


Sadlermiut

薩德里爾米烏特人；20世紀初的因紐特人群體，主要生活在哈德遜灣的科茨島、海象島和南安普敦島及其周邊地區，幾乎與世隔絕。


conversus

There were again the Novices, who were not all necessarily young, for a conversus passed through a noviciate; and even a monk of another order, or of another house of their own order, and even a monk from a cell of their own house, was reckoned among the novices.

1856, Edward L. Cutts, “The Monks of the Middle Ages”, 出自 The Art-Journal, 卷 2，頁號s 342–3:

The Conversi were, in fact, the servants of the Monks; or, as the chronicler more mildly phrases it, the Monks were the head and the Conversi were the arms of the conventual body.

1874, Edmund Sharpe, The Architecture of the Cistercians, 卷 2，頁號 9:

A story in the early thirteenth-century vita of Arnulf (d. 1228), a conversus who was Abundus’s confrere at Villers, offers us some insight into the kind of relationship Juette and Abundus may have had: […]

1995, Jennifer Carpenter, “Juette of Huy, Recluse and Mother […]”, 出自 Power of the Weak: Studies on Medieval Women, →ISBN，頁號 74:


Avar

源自阿瓦爾語 аварал (awaral)

潘諾尼亞阿瓦爾人（古代歐亞大陸游牧民族）


Red Army

紅色是共產主義的傳統代表色，亦表示蘇聯時期的意識形態。

紅軍 蘇聯紅軍（1918年-1946年間的蘇聯陸軍和空軍）


Artsakh

借自亞美尼亞語 Արցախ (Arcʿax)。

The historian Movses Khorenatsi (an Armenian source from the fifth century AD according to some, and the eighth century AD, according to others) indicated that the province of Utik (along with Artsakh with which it was contiguous on the south) was part of the Armenian kingdom of the Ervandunis (or Orontids) between the fourth to second centuries BC.

1994, Levon Chorbajian, Patrick Donabédian, Claude Mutafian, The Caucasian Knot: The History & Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh, Zed Books，頁號 53:

For the most part, Caucasian Albania (in Armenian, A[ġ]vank—that is Aghvank or Aghouank) only stretched a short way south of the Kura River. If there was a disputed province of ancient Armenia, it was Utik (which contained the town of Partav, at one time Caucasian Albania's capital, and the southern valley of the Kura), and not Artsakh, the more mountainous region corresponding to Karabakh and Shahumianovsk today.

2003 December 16, John Wright, Richard Schofield, Suzanne Goldenberg, Transcaucasian Boundaries, Routledge，頁號 91:

Khorenatsi indicated that the province of Utik, together with Artsakh adjoining it to the south, formed part of the Armenian kingdom of the Ervandunis (or Orontids) in the fourth to second centuries BC.

2016 May 13, Ohannes Geukjian, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy, Routledge，頁號 30:


Perea

比利亞，希律王在約旦河谷東側占領的一塊地區

At the death of Herod the Great (4 b.c.), his sons — Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Herod Philip — were given jurisdiction over his divided kingdom. Herod Antipas became the tetrarch of Galilee and Perea […].
#*:: 大希律王死後（公元前4年），他的兒子阿基勞斯、希律·安提帕斯、希律·腓力二世被授予對他分裂王國的管轄權。其中希律·安提帕斯分得加利利和比利亞 […]。

2002, Kenneth L. Barker (general editor), Zondervan NIV Study Bible, Zondervan, ISBN 978-0-310-93896-5, note on Luke 3:1:


Wac

I stepped out of my tent in Marrakech one night to get a bar of candy and caught your dose of clap when that Wac I never even saw before hissed me into the bushes.

1961 November 10, Joseph Heller, “The Soldier in White”, 出自 Catch-22 […], New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁號 172:


Deseret

出自《摩爾門經》，書中說這是耶锐代特人語言中“蜜蜂”的意思。

德撒律州（1849年由鹽湖城的耶穌基督後期聖徒教會的定居者提出創建的美國州份）


trotter

crubeen

豬、羊等四足動物的腳/蹄（尤指作肉食用的）

One of these proprietors is a magistrate of Oxfordshire, another a justice of the peace for Berkshire, and Stewart, who was a tailor's trotter, originally, was lately high sherriff ^([sic]) of his county.

1830, William Cobbett, Eleven Lectures on the French and Belgian Revolutions，頁號 8:


spital

繼承自中古英語 spitel，源自中世紀拉丁語 hospitāle。

接收和照顾病人的慈善机构，后来与医院区别开来，专门为低层或经济能力薄弱的人服务

Put up a supplication to him in the name of a thousand orphans, an hospital, a spital, a prison, as he goes by, they cry out to him for aid, ride on, surdo narras, he cares not […]

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition II, section 1, member 3:


leud

起於1750年，源自中世紀拉丁語 leudēs 複 (“國王的附庸或追隨者”)，源自古法蘭克語 *liudi (“人們”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *liudiz (“人”)，源自原始印歐語 *h₁léwdʰis (“男人，人”)。同源詞包括古高地德語 liuti (“人民，下屬”)、哥特語 *𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐍃 (*liuþs)、古英語 lēod (“首領，男人”)。參見 lede、leod。


Huk

Hukbalahap 的截斷形式，源自他加祿語 Hukbalahap，Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon (“抗日人民軍”) 的縮寫。該詞本身又來自他加祿語 hukbo (“軍隊”)，派生自泉漳話 服務／服务 (ho̍k-bū)。


acater

繼承自中古英語 achatour，源自古法語 acater (“購買”)。


mett

古英格蘭容積單位，大約相當於2蒲式耳

Once the mitta, or mett, a quantity of two bushels, is used for salt. The name still lingers in Lancashire.

1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, 卷 1，頁號 168:


knyaz

knez (“中世紀斯拉夫國家的王公、王子”)的另一種寫法


knez

借自白俄羅斯語 князь (knjazʹ)、烏克蘭語 князь (knjazʹ)（源自古盧森尼亞語 кнѧзь (knjazʹ)）和俄語 князь (knjazʹ)；均源自古東斯拉夫語 кънѧзь (kŭnęzĭ)、кнѧзь (knęzĭ)，源自原始斯拉夫語 *kъ̏nędzь (“王公，王子”)，源自早期的 *kъnęgъ，最終源自原始日耳曼語 *kuningaz (“國王”)。cyning和king的同源對似詞。

中世紀斯拉夫國家的王公、王子

中世紀匈牙利的羅馬尼亞社群領袖


Mianyang

借自官話 沔陽／沔阳 (Miǎnyáng)。

沔陽（縣名，位於中國湖北）；現在稱作仙桃（Xiantao）。


Kii

紀伊（令制國名，位於日本，今和歌山縣）。


Landsknecht

借自德語 Landsknecht，源自 Lands (“土地的”) + Knecht (“僕人”)。lansquenet的同源對似詞。

Landsknechts (plural)
Landsknechte (plural)


ell

繼承自中古英語 elle、elne，繼承自古英語 eln (“从肘部到中指尖端的前臂长度；计量单位”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *alinu，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *alinō，繼承自原始印歐語 *Heh₃l-én-eh₂，源自 *Heh₃l- (“肘部，前臂”)。
同源詞包括荷蘭語 el (“厄爾”)、德國低地德語 Ell (“厄爾”)、德語 Elle (“厄爾”)、瑞典語 aln (“厄爾；肘尺”)、冰島語 alin (“厄爾；肘尺”)、拉丁語 ulna (“前臂”)。

give them an inch and they'll take an ell

厄爾，歷史上的長度單位。英格蘭制厄爾為1.25碼（45英寸或114公分），蘇格蘭制厄爾為大約37寸（94公分），佛拉芒制厄爾為0.25碼（27寸或69公分），有些歐洲地方的厄爾不足50公分

At certain times in the ice-mountains of Switzerland there happen cracks which have shewn the great thickness of the ice, as some of these cracks have measured three or four hundred ells deep.

1791, Erasmus Darwin, The Economy of Vegetation, J. Johnson，頁號 51:

A homely proverb recognises the existence of a troublesome class of persons who, having an inch conceded them, will take an ell.

1841, Charles Dickens, 章號 XXX, 出自 Barnaby Rudge:

Berkhyas is described as being a mountain in size, his face black, his body covered with hair, his neck like that of a dragon, two boar's tusks from his mouth, his eyes wells of blood, his hair bristling like needles, his height 140 ells, his breadth 17, pigeons nestling in his snaky locks.

1850, Thomas Keightley, The Fairy Mythology, London: H.G. Bohn，頁號 19:

If he had imputed to them conditions it was all his own doing: it came from his inveterate habit of abysmal imputation, the snatching of the ell wherever the inch peeped out, without which where would have been the tolerability of life?


souler

Often the soulers were children, who would sing their ancient souling-songs from door to door in return for gifts or food.

2002, Kerr Cuhulain, Full Contact Magick: A Book of Shadows for the Wiccan Warrior:


terce

起於晚期中古英語，源自古法語 terce，源自拉丁語 tertia (“第三”)。

白天的第三個小時（大約上午9時）


tierce

源自古法語 tierce，源自拉丁語 tertia。

一种容量单位，相当于一个木桶或其他能容纳这种数量的容器的三分之一；一种比 barrel 大、比 hogshead 或 puncheon 小的容器，用于包装葡萄酒、咸腌制食品、大米等以供装运

He then gave me a large piece of silver coin, such as I never had seen or had before, and told me to get ready for the voyage, and he would credit me with a tierce of sugar, and another of rum […]。

1789, Olaudah Equiano, 章號 6, 出自 The Interesting Narrative, 卷 I:

Again, by 28 Hen. VIII, cap. 14, it is re-enacted that the tun of wine should contain 252 gallons, a butt of Malmsey 126 gallons, a pipe 126 gallons, a tercian or puncheon 84 gallons, a hogshead 63 gallons, a tierce 41 gallons, a barrel 31.5 gallons, a rundlet 18.5 gallons.

1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England，頁號 205:


equiparate

古典借詞，源自中世紀拉丁語 aequiparātus，aequiparō (“放在同一水平，比较”) 的過去分詞，源自 aequus (“等同的；水平的”) + parō (“地方”)。

将属性从一个对象或概念转移到另一个对象或概


Karakorum

借自蒙古語 Хархорум (Xarxorum)。

Karakorum, once the capital of Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire, lies in ruins scattered in the vicinity of the present-day town of Harhorin.

哈拉和林曾是成吉思汗蒙古帝国的首都，而如今的哈拉和林镇附近只剩下一片废墟。

1996, International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania, Taylor & Francis (Routledge)，頁號 451:


Holy Roman Empire

神聖羅馬帝國 （自17世紀）


Eastern Roman Empire

/ˈiːstən ˈɹəʊmən ˈɛmpaɪə/

同類詞： Western Roman Empire


Dalmatia

借自拉丁語 Dalmatia，可能源自該地區一操伊利里亞語、名為 Dalmatae 的部落。

達爾馬提亞（省名，位於羅馬帝國）