Yangtze

來自漢語 揚子／扬子和揚子江／扬子江 (Yángzǐ Jiāng)官話發音的不規則羅馬化，原是指揚子津 (Yángzǐjīn)，揚州附近的一個舊渡口，以前是長江下游的名稱，後來被外國遊客用於整個長江。民間詞源認為該名稱意思為「海洋之子」，源自同音誤用的洋子江，據說是利瑪竇所用的，這個名稱在他去世後出版的日記中使該河流在歐洲廣為人知，寫成拉丁語 Iansu、Iansuchian。

That Riuer of Nanquin which I called (Yamſu or) Ianſu, the ſonne of the Sea, goeth Northward to Nanquin, and then returning ſomewhat Southward, runneth into the Sea with great force; fortie myles from which it paſſeth by Nanquin. And that from hence to Pequin there might bee paſſage by Riuers, the Kings of China haue deriued a large Channell from this to another Riuer, called the Yellow Riuer, ſuch being the colour of that troubled water. This is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

流经南京的这条河，我称之为“扬子江”或“洋子江”，“大洋之子”，它向北流经南京，然后稍微转向南，奔流入海：入海口距离南京有四十里远。从这里到北京还有河流可以通行，中国历代国王从这条河开凿了一条大水道，通向另一条河，称为黄河，因为该河水颜色浑浊而得名。这是该国另一条著名的河流，气势磅礴，声名显赫，发源于王国西部的昆仑山，那里据推测是恒河的发源地，或靠近恒河的发源地。

1625，Samuel Purchas，Pvrchas His Pilgrimes，卷 III, London, →OCLC，頁 340:

You will perceive that the British and French commissioners ascend the Yangtze at pleasure, and have the steamers of their respective countries at their disposal. I was compelled, for the want of other conveyance, to come hither in a little British steamer which plies between Shanghai and Hong Kong.

您会发现，英国和法国的专员们可以随意沿长江而上，并可以使用他们各自国家的轮船。由于没有其他交通工具，我不得不乘坐一艘往返于上海和香港之间的英国小轮船来到这里。

1853年December8日，Humphrey Marshall，Documents Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with Other Countries，期 37, Macao: A.O.P. Nicholson, 出版於 1854, →OCLC，頁s 323–324:

The Bishop of Shanghai desires that the bounds of his jurisdiction shall be more clearly expressed, and that therefore his title shall hereafter be, "The Bishop of Shanghai, having jurisdiction in the lower valley of Yangtze." The jurisdiction will be sufficiently large. The Yangtze River is three thousand miles in length, and the population on its borders numbers one hundred millions. As there are already three Bishops of the Church of England, with a large Missionary force of English Clergy, in that empire, Bishop Boone desires that his jurisdiction be limited to the population on the lower Yangtze, a line of eight hundred miles.

上海主教希望更清楚地表达他的管辖范围，因此他的头衔今后将是“上海主教，管辖长江下游流域”。管辖范围将足够大。长江长三千英里，其两岸的人口达一亿。由于该（清）帝国已有三位英国国教主教，以及一支庞大的英国神职人员传教士队伍，布恩主教希望他的管辖范围仅限于长江下游八百英里的人口。

1887 [1886年October19日]，G. T. Bedell, Thomas H. Vail, B. W. Morris, Geo. F. Seymour, Wm. J. Boone，“Fourteenth Day's Proceedings”, in Journal of the Proceedings of the Bishops, Clergy, and Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America，Chicago，頁 99:

It is not till the Yangtze reaches Sha-shih that its character completely changes. The first note of change is a great embankment, thirty feet high, which protects the region from inundation. Below Sha-shih the vast river becomes mixed up with a network of lakes and rivers, connected by canals, the area of the important Tungting Lake being over 2000 square miles.

直到长江到达沙市，其性质才完全改变。第一个变化是一条三十英尺高的大堤，保护该地区免遭洪水侵袭。在沙市下游，这条宽阔的河流与由运河连接的湖泊和河流网络混合在一起，其中重要的洞庭湖面积超过2000平方英里。

1900，Isabella L. Bird，The Yangtze Valley and Beyond，卷 1，頁s 9-10:

Of the northernmost one of these folds, the writer has some faint recollection of seeing the folded strata. They form the hills to the west of Han-yung and the central ridge across the city of Wu-chang and extends further east; the west-easterly course of the Yang-tze below Yang-lo (lat. 30° 30' N.) is in all probability determined by this E-W fold.

1918，J.S. Lee，The Geology of China，University of Birmingham, →OCLC，頁 320:

Aside from the Turfan depression in Hsin-chiang (Sinkiang) province, the hottest part of China lies in the middle and lower Yangtze Valley. Maximum temperatures of 43°-44°C (110°-112°F) have been recorded in Ch'ang-sha and Nan-ching.

除新疆省吐鲁番盆地外，中国最热的地区位于长江中下游。长沙和南京的最高气温曾达到43°-44°C (110°-112°F) 。

1969，Yi-Fu Tuan，China，Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company，頁 22:

Early in the summer of 1127 the emperor was located near the city of Nan-ching just south of the Yangtze River.

1127年初夏，皇帝位于长江南岸的南京城附近。

1974，John H. Winkelman，The Imperial Library in Southern Sung China, 1127-1279 : A Study of the Organization and Operation of the Scholarly Agencies of the Central Government，頁 12:

The Chinese Communists destroyed natural resources by widening the Yangtze River, and brought natural disasters to the mainland, including the worst floods in Szechwan province and other areas.

中国共产党拓宽长江，破坏了自然资源，给大陆带来了自然灾害，包括四川省和其他地区最严重的洪水。

1982年January3日，“News Stories of Year on Peiping Selected”, in Free China Weekly，卷 XXIII, 期 1, Taipei，頁 3:

The rains swelled the Yangtze River, raising record water levels on July 19 at the Three Gorges Dam, upriver from the city of Wuhan.

降雨导致长江水位上涨，7月19日武汉上游三峡大坝的水位达到历史最高水平。

2020年August10日，“Worst Rains in Decades Cause China Flooding”, in Time，卷 196, 期s 5-6，頁 10:

The building, on the outskirts of Ezhou, a city on the southern bank of the Yangtze River, is hailed as the world’s biggest free-standing pig farm, with a second, identical hog high-rise opening soon.

该建筑位于长江南岸城市鄂州的郊区，被誉为世界上最大的独立式养猪场，而另一座与之相同的养猪大楼也即将开业。

2023年February8日，Daisuke Wakabayashi, Claire Fu，“China’s Bid to Improve Food Production? Giant Towers of Pigs.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2023-02-08:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Yangtze。


yestreen

繼承自中古英語 yestreen，源自 yestereven (“昨夜”)，繼承自 古英語 ġiestranǣfen (“昨夜”)，等價於yester- + e'en (“傍晚；晚上”)。和西弗里斯蘭語 justerjûn (“昨夜”) 同源。

yestereen (alternative)
yestreens (plural)

It was the creature Dougal that extricated me, as he did yestreen […]

You have not forgotten our telephone conversation of yestreen, Jeeves?

1960，P. G. Wodehouse，章號 11, in Jeeves in the Offing:


yew

源自中古英語 ew，源自古英語 īw、ēow，源自原始日耳曼語 *īwaz、*īhwaz（對比冰島語 ýr），*īwō的陽性變體（對比荷蘭語 ijf、德語 Eibe），源自原始印歐語 *h₁eyHweh₂。
也見赫梯語 [需要文字] (eja，“一種常綠樹”)、威爾士語 yw (“紫杉”)、愛爾蘭語 eo [與古英語 īw、ēow同源]；以及拉特加萊語 īva (“稠李”)、立陶宛語 ievà (“稠李”)、俄語 и́ва (íva，“柳樹”)。

To prevent a too great consumption of yew, bowyers were directed to make four bows of witch-hazel, ash or elm, to one of yew, and no person under seventeen years of age, unless possessed of moveables worth forty marks, of the son of parents having an estate of ten pounds per annum might shoot in an yew bow, under a penalty of 6s. 8d.

1786，Francis Grose，A Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons，頁 37:


yo-yo

原是商標名。最可能源自伊洛卡諾語 yóyo，或另一菲律賓語族同源詞。

It is hard to watch the management for very long and not conclude that the place is run by a bunch of yo-yos.

Now look at them yo-yos, that's the way you do it

1985，Sting & Mark Knopfler （作曲作詞）, “Money for Nothing”, in Brothers in Arms，演出者 Dire Straits:

Henry glanced past him at the few other customers currently in attendance. "Hey! Any of you yo-yos headed up Castle Hill?"


yoga

借自查莫羅語 yoga。

A mealybug, Pseudococcus nr. microadonidum Beardsley (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) has been found feeding on the foliage of E. joga. This mealybug was sometimes found in the domatia of yoga leaves. It has been recorded on coconut, banana, and pandanus from Kiribati, Pohnpei, and Marshall Islands. This insect is a new record on yoga and for Guam.

2002，“Pests of Elaeocarpus joga in Guam”, in Micronesica，卷 34, 期 2，頁 109:


xian

Xian的首字母小寫形。

(有時帶冒犯性或貶義) Xian的另一種寫法: 基督教的

But what an epoch in the xian world—what a time for a xian Orator to make a deep & eternal impression on socity:Template:SIC.

1993，Mary Moody Emerson，The Selected Letters of Mary Moody Emerson，Athens: University of Georgia Press，頁 242:


whithersoever

And a certaine Scribe came, and ſaid vnto him, Maſter, I will follow thee whitherſoeuer thou goeſt.

有一個經文士前來對他說：「老師，無論你到哪裡去，我都要跟從你。」

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 8:19，列 1:

JONES was commanded to leave the Houſe immediately, and told, that his Clothes and every thing elſe ſhould be ſent to him whitherſoever he ſhould order them.

1749，Henry Fielding，“XII. Containing Love Letters, &c.”, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 II, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book VI，頁 305:

[…] whithersoever he turned, the bars and shackles of civilization shut him in and bound him hand and foot.

[…] 他无论走到哪里，文明都束缚着他的手脚。

1876，Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens]，章號 XXXV, in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer，Hartford, Conn.: The American Publishing Company, →OCLC，頁 270:

[T]he flaming pillar slowly twisted and thundered off whithersoever it passes to in the bowels of the great earth, leaving Ayesha standing where it had been.

1887，H. Rider Haggard，She: A History of Adventure:

But again I thought of the emptiness and horror of reality, and boldly prepared to follow whithersoever I might be led.

1926, H.P. Lovecraft, Weird Tales, 8, No.3, 373-80.


wholeheartedly

whole-heartedly (alternative)
more wholeheartedly (comparative)
most wholeheartedly (superlative)

He jumped in wholeheartedly and began to learn the language.

他全心投入，开始学习这门语言。

Fans relished the traditional FA Cup fanfare from the Coldstream Guards and the hymn Abide With Me before throwing themselves wholeheartedly into an experience they have been largely deprived of since the first coronavirus lockdown began in March 2020.

2021年May15日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 0-1 Leicester”, in BBC Sport:


weka

[…] riroriros would be twittering overhead, with a shy weka peeping round a tree trunk. Wekas were very common then; they were our weather forecasters. Before rain their calls were always louder and repeated more frequently.

1964, Forest and Bird (issues 151-170, page 15)

Thin darned socks, and old old clothes. The greatcoat. A superb weka feather cloak.

1983，Keri Hulme，The Bone People，Penguin, 出版於 1986，頁 374:


well-worn

more well-worn (comparative)
most well-worn (superlative)

The decay of social norms and status quo systems triggering an authoritarian tightening of the screws is a well-worn pattern throughout human history.

2023年August28日，Charles Hugh Smith，Neither Comply Nor Resist:


whacked

more whacked (comparative)
most whacked (superlative)

吸毒後進入興奮狀態的，嗑嗨的

Big Dima said he found it 'very much sexiness' knowing we could hear him getting whacked on speed and fucking Svetlana's rather sparse brains out almost every day.

2014，Boris Mihailovic，At the Altar of the Road Gods: Stories of motorcycles and other drugs:


vermouth

借自法語 vermout、vermouth，來字德語 Wermut (“蒿”)。wormwood 的同源對似詞。

He gazed around until on the lid of a spinet he spotted a promising collection of bottles, gin, whiskey, vermouth and sherry, mixed with violin bows, a flute, a toppling pile of books, six volumes of Grove's Dictionary mingled with paperback thrillers, a guitar without any strings, a pair of binoculars, a meerschaum pipe and a jar half-full of wasps and apricot jam.

1956，Delano Ames，章號 14, in Crime out of Mind:

Vermouth originated in the 18th century, when wine growers in the foothills of the French and Italian Alps developed a method of enhancing the taste of sour or uncompromising wines with the infusion of a variety of sweeteners, spices, herbs, roots, seeds, flowers, and peel.

2014，Ray Foley，Bartending For Dummies，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 116:


vandalism

借自法語 vandalisme，等同於vandal + -ism。最早由亨利·格雷瓜尔用來譴責法國大革命期間對藝術品的掠奪與破壞，指的是455年洗劫羅馬的汪达尔人。

As we turned down the street I was appalled by the vandalism: spray paint and smashed windows that were everywhere.

Bradford once boasted two stations with overall roofs. The pair were swept away in the 1970s in an act of corporate and civic vandalism.

2022年November2日，Paul Bigland，“New trains, old trains, and splendid scenery”, in RAIL，期 969，頁 57:


verst

借自俄語 верста́ (verstá)，部分經由德語 Werst、法語 verste。

versta (alternative)
verste (alternative)
werst (alternative)
versts (plural)

|The hill Pulkowa, twelve miles (seventeen wersts) south of Admiralty Palace in St. Petersburg, […]

1849, "The Observatory at Pulkowa" The North American Review Volume 0069 Issue 144 (July 1849):

‘Is it much further, Michael?’ she asked the clerk, to dispel the thoughts that frightened her. ‘They say it's seven versts from this village.’

1918，Aylmer and Louise Maude，譯者 Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina，Oxford, 出版於 1998，頁 604:

You have to tramp three or four versts to get to the exhibition of war loot, past Fabergé eggs and the Impressionists.


vaseline

由美國的化學家Robert Augustus Chesebrough在1872造出，來自德語 Wasser (“水”) + 古希臘語 ἔλαιον (élaion，“油”) + -ine。

Hearts of putty, hearts of vaseline...

任何特殊種類的凡士林或任何類似的潤滑劑

A Russian vaseline has been lately added to the many kinds of vaseline found in […]

1882，Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry:


vaticinate

源自拉丁語 vāticinātus，vāticinor (“預言，預示”) 的完成時被動分詞。

vaticinates (third-person singular present)
vaticinating (present participle)
vaticinated (past participle)

With a slow step, and tears in her eyes, Mrs. Glentworth, vaticinating trouble of some kind, proceeded to cut the string and break the seal of her pacquet.

1842，[anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon]，章號 LI, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […]，卷 III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 27:


viewport

viewports (third-person singular present)
viewporting (present participle)
viewported (past participle)

調整（圖像或區域）以與視角適配

Some general ideas on clipping, viewporting, and windowing can be found in Rogers and Adams.

Viewporting is an operation that takes the portion of the picture that has been mapped into the square region delimited by -1,+1,-1,+1 and further maps it into a rectangular subregion of the screen (a viewport).

1980，MTS, the Michigan Terminal System，卷 17，頁 42:

The main thing I want you to take away from this chapter is knowing where to start and creating a very simple viewported web site using nothing more than an extra <meta> tag and simple HTML.

2012，Scott Preston，Learn HTML5 and JavaScript for iOS:


vigil

源自中古英語 vigile (“虔誠的注視”)，源自古法語 vigile，源自拉丁語 vigilia (“守望；覺醒”)，源自vigil (“醒著的，清醒的”)，源自原始印歐語 *weǵ- (“強壯；活潑，清醒”)。參見來自相同詞根的 wake。
與 vigor 有關，關係更遠的還有 vis、vital，它們均源自相似的原始印歐語詞根，意為“活潑的，有生機的；能量，生命”，經由拉丁語借入。

守夜，值夜（尤指守望或禱告）

I saw her head drooped upon her hand; her whole attitude expressing that profound depression, whose lonely vigil wastes the midnight in a gloomy watch, which yet hopes for nothing at its close.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XII, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 149:

Eventually the body trade grew so reckless that relatives took to holding graveside vigils, lest their loved ones disappear in the night.

2016，Colson Whitehead，The Underground Railroad，Fleet (2017)，頁 165:


unpredictable

more unpredictable (comparative)
most unpredictable (superlative)

Sharks are not unpredictable; for the most part, they do exactly what an apex predator is expected to do.

1983，Richard Ellis，The Book of Sharks，Knopf, →ISBN，頁 146:

predictable


unrealistic

more unrealistic (comparative)
most unrealistic (superlative)

How much of our thinking is based on unrealistic planted scripts of drama, romance and violence?

2008年August13日，Charles Hugh Smith，When Societies Watch Too Much Television:

It meant all through journeys required at least two changes of train, making commuting to London unrealistic. Passengers on all affected routes were urged not to travel.

2023年January25日，Paul Clifton，“Network News: Landslip wrecks London commuter services for 'weeks'”, in RAIL，期 975，頁 8:


unfairness

The reason why fairness in taxation matters is institutionalized unfairness rots society from the inside, and the social order and economy eventually collapse.

2024年January28日，Charles Hugh Smith，Our Tax System Is an Unfair Mess: Here's How to Fix It:


utopia

來自新拉丁語 Ūtopia，名字由托马斯·摩尔1516年的同名著作而來。為古希臘語 οὐ (ou，“不，無”) + τόπος (tópos，“地方，地區”) + -ία (-ía)的新創詞。對照英語 topos和-ia。

As everyone knows, almost all booked passenger and freight trains are diagrammed into rosters for engines and men, and in an operating Utopia everything would work out daily according to plan.

1962 August，G. Freeman Allen，“Traffic control on the Great Northern Line”, in Modern Railways，頁 131:

As towns continue to grow, replanting vegetation has become a form of urban utopia and green roofs are spreading fast. Last year 1m square metres of plant-covered roofing was built in France, as much as in the US, and 10 times more than in Germany, the pioneer in this field.

2013年May10日，Audrey Garric，“Urban canopies let nature bloom”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 22，頁 30:


unbearable

more unbearable (comparative)
most unbearable (superlative)

不能/無法忍受的；難以忍受的

The heat of the fire, the steam which arose from the dampening water, the hard slogging at the white-hot metal of the links, and the continual pulling of lengths of chain, were calculated to put a test on the strongest of men, and often on hot summer days they had to be sent home, for the work became unbearable.

1945 January and February，A Former Pupil，“Some Memories of Crewe Works—III”, in Railway Magazine，頁 14:


unbecoming

來自un- + becoming。對照中古英語 unbicomelich (“不適當”)。

more unbecoming (comparative)
most unbecoming (superlative)

/ˌʌnbɪˈkʌmɪŋ/

A very small expensive black toque was hideously unbecoming to the yellow, toad-like face beneath it.

1934，Agatha Christie，章號 3, in Murder on the Orient Express，London: HarperCollins, 出版於 2017，頁 25:

― Lily: “Don’t stare so much. It’s unbecoming. It makes you look like a country bumpkin.”

2017年July12日，Moe! Ninja Girls (文獻語言：英語), Japan: NTT Solmare, 經由 iOS, Android，幕：Season 7, Chapter 7, Part 2:

She wore a rather unbecoming hairstyle.

她理了个不太得体的发型。


unbecoming

/ˌʌnbɪˈkʌmɪŋ/

By tracing the turns from U.S. to Japan to China, we can see that becoming American, the classic ethnic American narrative, itself opens to further becomings and unbecomings and rebecomings that address mobility and ethnicization […]


feed

繼承自中古英語 feden，繼承自古英語 fēdan (“喂食”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *fōdijan，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *fōdijaną (“喂养”)，源自原始印歐語 *peh₂- (“守卫，放牧，喂食”)。同源詞包括西弗里斯蘭語 fiede (“滋养、喂养”)、荷蘭語 voeden (“喂养”)、丹麥語 føde (“生產；喂养”)、瑞典語 föda (“生產；喂养”)、冰島語 fæða (“喂养”)、拉丁語 pāscō (“喂养、滋养”)。參見 food、fodder。

feeds (third-person singular present)
feeding (present participle)
fed (past participle)

give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime

Spiders feed on gnats and flies.

While feeding, the basking shark swims at about two knots per hour, and this enables it to eat and breathe in the same motion.

1983，Richard Ellis，The Book of Sharks，Knopf, →ISBN，頁 89:

feeding him with the hope of liberty

Morrison then played a pivotal role in West Brom's equaliser, powering through the middle and feeding Tchoyi, whose low, teasing right-wing cross was poked in by Thomas at the far post

2010年December28日，Kevin Darlin，“West Brom 1-3 Blackburn”, in BBC:


feed

繼承自中古英語 fede、fed，源自詞源1。

One proposed going to Hungerford-market to do a feed on decayed shrimps or other offal laying about the market; another proposed going to Covent-garden to do a 'tightener' of rotten oranges, to which I was humorously invited; […]

184?, Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor

"There won't be any more blessed concerts for a million years or so; there won't be any Royal Academy of Arts, and no nice little feeds at restaurants."

1898，H.G. Wells，The War of the Worlds，London: William Heinemann，頁 257:

I've subscribed to the feeds of my favourite blogs, so I can find out when new posts are added without having to visit those sites.

我已经订阅了我最喜欢的博客的提要，这样我就可以知道何时添加了新帖子，而无需访问这些网站。

Refresh the top of your various “feeds” — the running column of content on some versions of Facebook, Twitter and Instagram — and you will see the latest news at the top. The further back you scroll, the older the material gets.

2016年March15日，Mike Isaac，“Instagram May Change Your Feed, Personalizing It With an Algorithm”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Despite spending years studying these toxic dynamics and the better part of a month watching them up close in strangers’ feeds, I was still, like so many, surprised to see it all reflected at the ballot box. We shouldn’t have been surprised; our divisions have been in front of our faces and inside our feeds this whole time.

2020年November24日，Charlie Warzel，“What Facebook Fed the Baby Boomers”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


uninvited

But you, you're not allowed / You're uninvited / An unfortunate slight

1997，Alanis Morissette （作曲作詞）, “Uninvited”, 演出者 Alanis Morissette:


fairness

Some questioned the fairness of the new laws.


filtering

過濾出來的東西；通過了過濾器的東西

the filterings from the subsoils

Waking up in Langogne in a dim dawn, I felt in a strange sort of way more at home than I'd been for a long time in my own sadly altered version of home, even a year on from her death – especially in the first filterings of daylight […]

2006，Christopher Rush，To Travel Hopefully，頁 146:


universal

來自中古英語 universal，來自古法語 universal（現代法語 universel），來自拉丁語 ūniversālis。

more universal (comparative)
most universal (superlative)

In Logic, the letter A is used as a symbol for the universal affirmative proposition in the general form "all x is y."


universal

特定事物的共同特徵或特性。

When we examine common words, we find that, broadly speaking, proper names stand for particulars, while other substantives, adjectives, prepositions, and verbs stand for universals.

1912，Bertrand Russel，The Problems of Philosophy, Chapter 9:

We might also distinguish those expressions which are used to refer to individuals or particulars from those which are used to refer to what philosophers have called universals: e.g., to distinguish such expressions as "Everest" and "this chair" from "the number three", "the color red" and "drunkenness".


frightening

more frightening (comparative)
most frightening (superlative)

/ˈfɹaɪtənɪŋ/

嚇人的，令人驚嚇的，令人恐懼的

Riding the rollercoaster was a frightening experience.

乘坐过山车是一次令人恐惧的经历。

The Owl is flying high, frightening to the eye.
The Rattler is nearby, Cool is on the fly.
Danger is his business.

1966，“Cool McCool (theme song)”, Bernie Green 作曲 (Cool McCool (television series)), 演出者 Bob McFadden:


unmilitary

more unmilitary (comparative)
most unmilitary (superlative)

The Indian military system is full of unmilitary anomalies, all productive of irresponsibility and undiscipline.

印度的軍事體系充滿了非軍事性的異常現象，所有這些都導致了不負責任和無紀律。

1860，Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons，Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons，頁 72:

National Guards and Soldiers of the line […] fall into disorderly street-processions, constitutional unmilitary exclamations and hurrahings.

1837，Thomas Carlyle，The French Revolution: A History […]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, (please specify the book or page number):

Tragedy developed affinities with civic ideals of restraint, manly control, and heroic discipline, but comedy, and in particular the comic body, developed affinities with anticivic excess, sexual abandon, and unmilitary, antiathletic slackness.

悲劇與克制、男子氣概和英雄紀律等公民理想有著密切的聯繫，而喜劇，尤其是喜劇的本體，則與反公民的過度、性的放縱以及非軍事性的、反運動的懈怠產生了密切的聯繫。

2000，Beth Cohen，Not the Classical Ideal:


fireclay

On the descent the line is often in cuttings; some are high, such as at Scarcroft, where a cut through firestone and fireclay was necessary, and near Bardsey, where the line threads a deep tree-lined gorge.

1961 February，D. Bertram，“The lines to Wetherby and their traffic”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 101:


firefly

Fireflies are the best-known insects that produce light. […] Many fireflies use their light to communicate, particularly at mating time when males and females have to get together.

2000, Exploring Life Science, 2: Bats—Cave Life, Marshall Cavendish, page 96,

The luciferins are different in different species and today both the luciferin and luciferase in the firefly are available in the crystalline form.

2004，B. V. David, T. N. Ananthakrishnan，“Chapter 20: Bioluminescence”, in General and Applied Entomology，第2nd版, Tata McGraw-Hill，頁 130:

Various other luciferase genes, especially the firefly luciferase gene, are also used for the study of gene regulation.[…]The classic use of bioluminescence, however, is the use of a luciferin-luciferase mixture from fireflies as an assay for ATP.

2007，Lars Olof Björn, Helen Ghiradella，“23: Bioluminescence”, in Photobiology: The Science of Life and Light，第2nd版, Springer，頁 607:


unobtainable

On the whole they are at present fairly cheap, and are not overburdened with long priced stamps, and still fewer unobtainables.

1896，The American Journal of Philately，卷 9，頁 294:

Refusals, or unobtainables, are difficult to predict, but seem to be affected by the nature of the respondent, the sponsorship of the study, and the nature of the questions. Some refusals are definite and final […]

1975，Gerald Zaltman, Philip Burger，Marketing research: fundamentals and dynamics，頁 293:


first name

Imagine a country where children do nothing but play until they start compulsory schooling at age seven. Then, without exception, they attend comprehensives until the age of 16.[…]Children address teachers by their first names. Even 15-year-olds do no more than 30 minutes' homework a night.

2013年July19日，Peter Wilby，“Finland spreads word on schools”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 6，頁 30:


forefinger

/ˈfɔːˌfɪŋ.ɡə/

/ˈfɔɹˌfɪŋ.ɡɚ/

He touched me on the arm with his forefinger twice or thrice giving a ghastly nod each time:- […]


forevermore

/fəˈɹɛv.ə.mɔː/

/fɔːɹˈɛv.ɚ.mɔːɹ/

在英國和多數英聯邦國家，一般使用for evermore。而在加拿大和美國，則一般使用forevermore。

Poor Pope; and I am told he is fast growing bankrupt too; and will, in a measurable term of years (a great way within the ‘three hundred’), not have a penny to make his pot boil! His old rheumatic back will then get to rest; and himself and his stage-properties sleep well in Chaos forevermore.

1843年，Thomas Carlyle，Past and Present，book 3，ch. I，Phenomena

A frozen sun forevermore the same.


flowerpot

Three chairs of the steamer type, all maimed, comprised the furniture of this roof-garden, with (by way of local colour) on one of the copings a row of four red clay flower-pots filled with sun-baked dust from which gnarled and rusty stalks thrust themselves up like withered elfin limbs.

1914，Louis Joseph Vance，“Anarchy”, in Nobody，New York, N.Y.: George H[enry] Doran Company, 出版於 1915, →OCLC，頁 33:


formalin

If you failed to bathe it in the formalin solution every time, its flesh might cross the precipitous border into decay.

2023，V. V. Ganeshananthan，Brotherless Night，Viking，頁 20:


fortune-teller

fortune teller (alternative)
fortuneteller (alternative)
fortune-tellers (plural)

The usual exchange between English children is as follows: A: Who do you love? (referring to one of the names on the fortune-teller) B: Simon. A: S-I-M-O-N (alternately opens and shuts the device as he or she says each letter).

2006，Andrew Wright, David Betteridge, Michael Buckby，Games for Language Learning，頁 137:


fustian

Fustian, of which I found only one entry before 1401, occurs frequently in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It appears to have been a ribbed cloth. […] On one occasion (1443) it is described as 'white ribbed fustian.'

1882，James E[dwin] Thorold Rogers，“On the Price of Textile Fabrics and Clothing”, in A History of Agriculture and Prices in England […]，卷s IV (1401–1582), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →OCLC，頁 568:

His fustian shirt, sanguineflowered, trembles its Spanish tassels at his secrets

(Can we date this quote?)，James Joyce，Ulysses:

Nothing that belongs to Homer seems to have been more commonly mistaken than the just pitch of his style, some of his translators having swelled into fustian in a proud confidence of the sublime, others sunk into flatness in a cold and timorous notion of simplicity.

(Can we date this quote?)，Alexander Pope，“Translator's Preface”, in Iliad:


flywheel

As on Nos. 20001-3, the motor and generator armature shafts of the new locomotive each carry a heavy flywheel to provide kinetic energy and help maintain the speed of the motor-generator set during interruptions of supply, as at breaks in the continuity of the conductor rail.

1959 March，“The 2,500 h.p. electric locomotives for the Kent Coast electrification”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 123:


garth

繼承自中古英語 garth，源自古諾爾斯語 garðr，源自原始日耳曼語 *gardaz，與古英語 ġeard 同源。yard 的同源對似詞。

信奉日耳曼多神教運動的一群人或一个家庭

The Candidate for membership of Hof, Garth or Hearth shall hold an Armill, or he may touch an unsheathed Sword throughout the ceremony.

2014年November18日，Stubba，The Book of Blots，頁 102:


greengrocery

greengrocer + -y，或greengrocer + grocery 組成的混成詞。

Where greengrocery is concerned there is a distinction between the sale in the shops or in special greengrocery shops...

1925，Theodor Cassau, J F Mills，The Consumers' Co-operative Movement in Germany:

When William was twenty-four and Emma was twenty-three, they were married and took over a greengrocery in Stratford.

2004，Patrick McGilligan，Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light:


grenade

借自法語 grenade，來自古法語 grenate，出自短語pomme grenate (“石榴”)，源自中世紀拉丁語 pomum (“蘋果”) + granatum (“有種子”)。尾音的 -d 是受到西班牙語 granada的影響，法語進而衍生出該詞。garnet 的同源對似詞。

grenades (third-person singular present)
grenading (present participle)
grenaded (past participle)

Some of the infantry got pinned down by it, and from cover kept up the battle by grenading rubble piles or any other likely spots ahead of them.

2001，Samuel Lyman Atwood Marshall，Island Victory: The Battle of Kwajalein Atoll，頁 43:

They advanced after grenading the next traverse, much like the British did.

2015，Gordon L. Rottman，The Hand Grenade，頁 46:


gatekeeper

The sources the citations are drawn from are significant, being printed books or newspapers subject to editorial processes and gatekeepers of language standards, as opposed to unedited texts such as blogs, chatroom logs or student writing.

2012，James Lambert，“Beyond Hobson-Jobson: A new lexicography for Indian English”, in World Englishes，頁 302:

At each station is a level crossing, in addition to others away from stations, and, as both the road and rail traffic are heavy, the gatekeepers (mostly signalmen) are quite busy and have acquired well-merited mention for reducing delays to road traffic to a minimum.

1946 January and February，G. A. Sekon，“The L.B.S.C.R. West Coast Section”, in Railway Magazine，頁 15:


gerontocracy

/ˌdʒɛɹənˈtɒkɹəsi/

It would come as no surprise to find that optimum science policy is apt to be developed neither by gerontocracy nor by juvenocracy but, like the community of scientists itself, by age-diversified meritocracy.

1972，Harriet Zuckerman, Robert K. Merton，“Age, Aging, and Age Structure in Science”, in Matilda White Riley, Marilyn Johnson, Anne Foner, Aging and Society，卷 3 (A Sociology of Age Stratification), New York, N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation, →ISBN，頁 337:

But in his 1996 novel, Holy Fire, [Bruce] Sterling imagines a rather different future: a world ruled by an all-powerful gerontocracy, which appropriates most of the world's wealth to pay for ever more costly life-extension techniques.

1997年March9日，Paul Krugman，“Does Getting Old Cost Society Too Much?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

He [Koizumi] was what would pass for a political maverick among Japan's faceless gray gerontocracy.

2018，Mikiso Hane，Modern Japan: A Historical Survey，第5th版, Routledge, →ISBN:


general-purpose

多種用途的，一般用途的；通用的，泛用的

It is a general-purpose type, with weight and clearances sufficiently restricted to enable it to have a considerably wider radius of action than the "V2" 2-6-2s and "K3" 2-6-0s, but at the same time, with the help of a working pressure of 225 lb. per sq. in., of considerable power.

1943 March and April，“L.N.E.R. New Mixed-Traffic 4-6-0 Locomotive”, in Railway Magazine，頁 104:

The omni-tool itself is a combination computer and general-purpose engineering device that fabricates tools and equipment as needed. It acts as a translator, computer, holographic recorder and player, full translation software, and can create lockpicks and any other equipment needed to use a character's skills. An omni-tool can be upgraded with a number of options.

2012 June，Stew Wilson，“Mass Effecting the Thousand Suns”, in RPG Review，期 16, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 50:


glowworm

繼承自中古英語 glouworm；等同於glow + worm。
對照德語 Glühwurm。

Some things afarre doe like the Glow-worme shine,

1604, William Alexander, The Alexandraean Tragedie, Act V, Scene 2, in The Monarchicke Tragedies, London: Ed. Blount, 1607,

Ye Glo-worms, whose officious Flame
To wandring Mowers shows the way,
That in the Night have lost their aim,
And after foolish Fires do stray;

1681，Andrew Marvell，“The Mower to the Glo-Worms”, in Miscellaneous Poems，London: Robert Boulter，頁 44:

Confiding Glow-worms, ’tis a night

1819, William Wordsworth, “The Waggoner” Canto 1, in The Miscellaneous Poems of William Wordsworth, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1820, p. 7,

Young girls lie bedded soft or glide in their dreams, with rings and trousseaux, bridesmaided by glowworms down the aisles of the organplaying wood.

1954，Dylan Thomas，Under Milk Wood，New York: New Directions，頁 1:


harebrained

harebrain (alternative)
hare-brained (alternative)
more harebrained (comparative)
most harebrained (superlative)

荒謬的，愚蠢的，不切實際的

“Now why do I get the feeling we're not talking about the harebrained plan you came up with?” “It wasn't harebrained.” “Did it have you going within twenty feet of a whorehouse at night, unchaperoned?” He knew darn well it did.

2008，Sarah McCarty，Promises Reveal，Penguin, →ISBN:

Her getting a parcel from a hare-brained wench at the coaches in St. John Street; her booty made at the fire, and again at Harwich, all give us excelle

1722，Daniel Defoe，Moll Flanders [摩爾·弗蘭德斯], The Author's Preface:


hairbrush

hair-brush (alternative)
hairbrushes (third-person singular present)
hairbrushing (present participle)
hairbrushed (past participle)

Bad feeding, adolescence—always a dangerous period for the male—and the brutality and bestiality in the dormitories made life a hell on earth. An apathy settled on me. I withered. I learned nothing; I did nothing. I was kicked, hounded, caned, flogged, hairbrushed, morning, noon, and night.

1938，C. R. W. Nevinson，Paint and Prejudice，New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company，頁s 11–12:

Do you know what it’s like, Brannan, to be flogged and hairbrushed, kicked and cursed every day of your school life? I’m treated worse than a dog and nobody gives a damn—least of all the masters.

2014，Dominic Luke，Nothing Undone Remained，London: Buried River Press，頁 147:


humbug

And looking back through my work, I see that it is invariably where I lacked a political purpose that I wrote lifeless books and was betrayed into purple passages, sentences without meaning, decorative adjectives and humbug generally.

(Can we date this quote?)，George Orwell，Why I Write:


humectant

拉丁語 ūmectāns，ūmectō (“弄濕”) 的現在分詞，源自 ūmectus (“濕潤的”)，源自 ūmeō (“濕潤”)。

[…] that you have induced a horrid phlegmatic condition with will soon require a liberal and generous humectant to keep the very membranes of your very entrails from desquamating, chipping off and blocking up all the pipes of your body.

1911，Hampton's Magazine，卷 27, 期 1，頁 462:

The humectant is preferably added at this stage, subsequent to centrifuging, because it increases the viscosity of the slurry. The centrifuged material with the combined humectant is then dried to remove all or most of the water.

1973，Ronald W. James，Desiccants and humectants，頁 285:

Sorbitol is an excellent humectant and is used to extend the shelf life of many baked goods and fillings.

2010，Peter Hull，Glucose Syrups: Technology and Applications，頁 114:


hasn't

有實際語意的動詞 has 的否定形

“Anthea hasn't a notion in her head but to vamp a lot of silly mugwumps. She's set her heart on that tennis bloke[…]whom the papers are making such a fuss about.”

1935，George Goodchild，章號 1, in Death on the Centre Court:


hunch

hunk的齒擦音變體，起源不確定。
或是派生自hump，經由早期中古英語*hunche、*humpchin，來自*hump + -chin, -chen (指小詞後綴)，等同於hump + -kin。“預感，猜測”義據說源自過去賭博時摸駝背能帶來好運的迷信。

a hunch of bread

"The greedy little bastards! They had a 'unch of bread each when I 'ad my dinner."

1926，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Land of Mist:


hunch

hunches (third-person singular present)
hunching (present participle)
hunched (past participle)

slouch

身體向前將肩膀隆起；弓身，駝背。

stoop

身體向前將肩膀隆起；弓身，駝背。

lean

身體向前將肩膀隆起；弓身，駝背。

elbow

用手肘推或擠；對著某人推或擠。

nudge

用手肘推或擠；對著某人推或擠。

People who are instinctive hunchers go through some such process at every decision-making point of their lives. It is likely that children often make decisions and discern truths by hunching.


hallelujah

來自希伯來語 הַלְלוּיָהּ (hal'luyáh，“讚美耶和華”)。

halleluia (alternative)
halleluiah (alternative)
halleluja (alternative)
alleluia (alternative)
hallelujahs (plural)

Who so stolid and selfish, that would not give his voice to swell the hallelujahs of a nation’s jubilee, when the chains of servitude had been torn from his limbs?

1855，Frederick Douglass，My Bondage and My Freedom，New York: Miller, Orton and Mulligan，頁 441:


hi

美國英語。首次出現在堪薩斯州印第安人的對話中（1862年）；最初是為了引起注意，可能是中古英語 hey、hy（大約1475年）的變體。也是引起注意的感嘆詞。參見hey。

I made a speaking trumpet of my hands and commenced to whoop “Ahoy!” and “Hello!” at the top of my lungs. […] The Colonel woke up, and, after asking what in brimstone was the matter, opened his mouth and roared “Hi!” and “Hello!” like the bull of Bashan.

1913，Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln，章號 VII, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients，New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC，頁 1:

'Come back now!' shouted Sam. 'Hi! Come back!' But Gollum had vanished.

‘馬上給我回來！’薩姆喊道。‘喂！回來！’但咕嚕的身影已經看不見了。


headless

繼承自中古英語 heedles、hevedles，來自古英語 hēafodlēas (“無頭”)，等同head + -less。與荷蘭語 hoofdloos (“無頭”)、丹麥語 hovedløs (“無頭”)、瑞典語 huvudlös (“無頭”)、冰島語 höfuðlaus (“無頭”)等同源。

unheaded

站點的前端與其後面的平台完全分離的

在沒有圖形使用者介面的情況下執行；在沒有任何附加輸出裝置（例如：顯示器）或輸入裝置（例如：鍵盤、滑鼠）的情況下執行

/redirect. Used for console redirection in headless servers.

2003，William Boswell，Inside Windows Server 2003，Addison-Wesley, →ISBN，頁 62:

Routers typically run headless, without a keyboard or monitor.

2007，Carla Schroder，Linux Networking Cookbook，O’Reilly Media, 出版於 2008, →ISBN，頁 47:

This is not unexpected for a Windows system running as a virtual machine or a headless server[…]

2010，Charles Bell et al.，MySQL High Availability: Tools for Building Robust Data Centers，O'Reilly Media, →ISBN，頁 278:


handicraft

靠工藝品維生的人；製造工藝品的人

his men were all baſe handie craftes, as coblers, and curriers, and tinkers, whereof ſome had barres of yron[…]

1596，Thomas Nashe，The Unfortunate Traueller: or, The Life of Jacke Wilton:

The M[e]chanicks, and handy-crafts were Induſtrious, Thrifty, and the main ſupporters of the Trade of France.

1691，Sam Norris，The English Spy; Or, the Intrigues, Pollicies, and Stratagems of the French King with His Secret Contrivances, for Undermining the Princes of Christendom, Discovered:

"Why, thou knowest, father," he said, smiling, "that we handicrafts best love the folks we live by;[…]

1828 (reprinted 1842)，Sir Walter Scott，The Fair Maid of Perth，Schlesinger:


handsome

繼承自中古英語 handsum、hondsom，等同於hand + -some。對照荷蘭語 handzaam、德國低地德語 handsaam。原意是指「容易處理和使用」，因此便出現了「合適的」和「靈巧的，聰明的」等含義（16世紀中期），並產生了表示欣賞的現代化含義（16世紀晚期）。

more handsome (comparative)
handsomer (comparative)
most handsome (superlative)
handsomest (superlative)

外表英俊、帥氣、有吸引力，好看

On the opposite side of the street, on the corner, is the city hall, a very handsome building of brick and stone.

1916，On H.R. 4683, site for post-office building at Chicago, Ill，頁 117:

The mother, Ekaterina Pavlovna, who at one time had been handsome, but now, asthmatic, depressed, vague, and over-feeble for her years, tried to entertain me with conversation about painting. Having heard from her daughter that I might come to Shelkovka, she had hurriedly recalled two or three of my landscapes which she had seen in exhibitions in Moscow, and now asked what I meant to express by them.

1917，Anton Chekhov，譯者 Constance Garnett, The Darling and Other Stories，Project Gutenberg, →ISBN，頁 71:

Often, human mortals describe their visits to the Tuatha's [places] in similar terms: they were great bright places, occupied by exceedingly handsome men and women, that sported wonderful crystal chairs, inexhaustible supplies of mead or ale ...

2006，Richard Leviton，The Gods in Their Cities，iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 44:

That is one handsome tree you've got there.


hither

源自古英語 hider，源自原始日耳曼語 *hidrê。和拉丁語 citer 同源。

比較代詞性副詞 hereto ，其遵循「介詞 + what」或「介詞 + which」的模式。

He went hither and thither.

Unto her handmaid she cried,
"Go fetch my gold harp hither to me,
Sir Thynnè, I'll draw to my side."

1828，Thomas Keightley，The Fairy Mythology，卷 I, London: William Harrison Ainsworth，頁 164:

But the road left the river again; there were certainly twistings and turnings, as the old woman had said, for at one moment it wound hither and the next thither, and at some places it was almost imperceptible.

1886，Peter Christen Asbjørnsen，譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，頁 280:

"How now, you scullions and cullions: bring hither a pair of cow's hooves to out face this contumelious caitiff."

1936，Norman Lindsay，The Flyaway Highway，Sydney: Angus and Robertson，頁 44:


helix

來自拉丁語 helix，來自古希臘語 ἕλιξ (hélix，“盤繞或螺旋的東西”)。

helixes (third-person singular present)
helixing (present participle)
helixed (past participle)

A large positive inclination gives a chip which will helix out of the space between the face mill and the workpiece.

1953，Division of Metrology Technical Paper - Issues 1-7，頁 25:

When the shaft is unsupported, the large torque tends to helix the inner core, and if the casing is not stiff enough, it will helix the casing also.

1967，Aviation Week & Space Technology - Volume 87，頁 295:

The decrease in d enhances the probability that remaining SDLs will helix, leading to an outward traveling wave of helixing and a jump in 5d.

1997，Physical Review: Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics:

Conceptually, this field will helix up from the genital tip, here modelled as the caudal singularity of the left and right domains of the H-CFs.

2010，Phillip Beach，Muscles and Meridians E-Book: The Manipulation of Shape, →ISBN，頁 95:


heterophobia

Taguieff writes synonimically:Template:SIC of racism and heterophobia (resentment of the different). […] Heterophobia seems to be a focused manifestation of a still wider phenomenon of anxiety aroused by the feeling that one has no control over the situation, […]

2013，Zygmunt Bauman，Modernity and the Holocaust, →ISBN，頁 116:


honorarium

/ˈɒ.nəˈɹɛɹ.i.əm/

/ˌɑ.nəˈɹɛɹ.i.əm/

Dizi offer honorariums to their master, Hong, in appreciation for the mental, spiritual, and physical growth that they experience after becoming members of Tai Ji Men. There is no tuition or other fees for joining Tai Ji Men or practicing Qigong at one of the many Tai Ji Men locations established in Taiwan.

2020，Kenneth A. Jacobsen，“Abrogating the Rule of Law: The Tai Ji Men Tax Case in Taiwan”, in The Journal of CENSUR，卷 4, 期 5, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 106:


irrecognizable

more irrecognizable (comparative)
most irrecognizable (superlative)

/ɪˈɹɛkəɡnaɪzəbəl/

/ɪɹɪˈkɒɡnɪzəbəl/

(古舊，罕用) 難以辨認的

The immortal gods are there (quite irrecognizable under these disguises), and also the lowest broken valets.

1850，Thomas Carlyle，“The Stump Orator”, in Latter Day Pamphlets:

[T]here remains no trace of their having ever existed—outside of course of the family names which are now preserved, though some of them in an almost irrecognizable form.

1902年March15日，“Judge Endlich on Early Life in Berks”, in Reading Eagle，USA, retrieved 2010-08-26，頁 11:

The loamy ground on which I lay, the scattered fragments of the cairn beside me, and the rocks and junipers, were irrecognizable as if they had belonged to some other planet than ours.

c. 1933，Clark Ashton Smith，“The Light from Beyond”, in The White Sybil and Other Stories，第2005版，頁 142:


ism

源自後綴-ism (“信仰”)，特別用於「社會運動」的含意上（19世紀）。對照phobia源自-phobia，sophy源自-sophy，itis源自-itis，以及ana源自-ana。

[…] his religion, his worship was like his daily bread to him; — which he did not take the trouble to talk much about; which he merely ate at stated intervals, and lived and did his work upon! This is Abbot Samson’s Catholicism of the Twelfth Century; — something like the Ism of all true men in all true centuries, I fancy! Alas, compared with any of the Isms current in these poor days, what a thing!

1843，Thomas Carlyle，章號 XV, in Past and Present，book 2:

An ism does not have to possess the fearful implements of state power to cut off a a deviant or heretical member.

1965，Bertram David Wolfe，Marxism, One Hundred Years in the Life of a Doctrine，頁 357:

In his exposition, he has failed to achieve the identification of situation, theory, and policy necessary to create an ism.

1969，Walter E. Minchinton，Mercantilism; System Or Expediency?，頁 xi:

Isms in my opinion are not good. A person should not believe in an ism – he should believe in himself.

1986，John Hughes，Ferris Bueller's Day Off，spoken by Ferris Bueller (Matthew Broderick):

It is important to distinguish between an ism and a mere generalization about group differences. Generalizations that have statistical validity are not isms. An ism assumes that the generalization applies to an individual.

1994，Kenneth Kaye，Workplace Wars and How to End Them，頁 70:


inexpugnable

古典借詞，源自拉丁語 inexpugnābilis。形態上可以分析為in- + expugn + -able。

more inexpugnable (comparative)
most inexpugnable (superlative)

不能攻佔的；不能駁倒的；堅不可摧的

My one hope of the world, my inexpugnable consolation in looking at the miseries of the world, is that this is altering.

1840，Thomas Carlyle，Heroes and Hero Worship:

It crept into one's mind, a distress as vague and inexpugnable as a sea fog on a spring morning, and presently one shivered and wanted to go indoors...

1911，H. G. Wells，The Country of the Blind, And Other Stories:

This seemed to be an inexpugnable refuge, where we could live untroubled and learn to know each other."


inferno

借自意大利語 inferno (“地獄”)，來自拉丁語 infernus (“下層地區”)、inferna (“下層地區”)；參見infernal。
“大火”的意思來自hellfire的傳統概念。

At each sudden explosion in the inferno below they sprang back from the brink [of the volcanic crater].

1899，D. C. Worcester，The Philippine Islands and Their People:

Blast after blast, fiery outbreak after fiery outbreak, like a flaming barrage from within,[…]most of Edison's grounds soon became an inferno. As though on an incendiary rampage, the fires systematically devoured the contents of Edison's headquarters and facilities.

2006，Edwin Black，章號 1, in Internal Combustion:

Unfortunately for Admiral Kurita, this is where the good news ends. The fire started by New Jerseys hit amidships has spread, and there is now a towering inferno' that occupies the middle third of the Japanese battleship.

2021年May5日，Drachinifel，片头起34:59, in Battle of Samar - What if TF34 was there?，存檔自the original on 2022-08-08:


ignominious

源自法語或古法語 ignominieux，源自拉丁語 ignōminiōsus (“可耻的”)，源自ignōminia (“名誉扫地”)，源自ig- (“不”) + nomen (“名誉”)（前缀为in-的同化形式）。 就词形分析为ignominy + -ious。

more ignominious (comparative)
most ignominious (superlative)

The time when the pseudovirtuous men and women die a painful and ignominious death has yet to come.

The golden eagle, which glittered in the front of the legion, was the object of their fondest devotion; nor was it esteemed less impious than it was ignominious, to abandon that sacred ensign in the hour of danger.

1776, Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol I, ch 1—pt ii:

And it came to pass that they took him; and his name was Nehor; and they carried him upon the top of the hill Manti, and there he was caused, or rather did acknowledge, between the heavens and the earth, that what he had taught to the people was contrary to the word of God; and there he suffered an ignominious death.

Greene died of a debauch; and Marlowe, the gracer of tragedians, perished in an ignominious brawl.

1902，Thomas Ebenezer Webb，The Mystery of William Shakespeare: A Summary of Evidence，頁 242:

For Roy Hodgson it was a desperate and ignominious way to end his four years as England manager. Whatever else happened in that time, his period in office will probably always be remembered for the full-on humiliation that accompanied this defeat and the knowledge it will rank among the more infamous results in the history of the national team.

2016年June27日，Daniel Taylor，“England humiliated as Iceland knock them out of Euro 2016”, in The Guardian，London:

And yet it also seems that Khashoggi avoided anything as ignominious as personal bankruptcy.

2017年June7日，Adam Lusher，“Adnan Khashoggi: the 'whoremonger' whose arms deals funded a playboy life of decadence and 'pleasure wives'”, in The Independent，London:


intercepter

thy intercepter, full of despite, bloody as the hunter, attends thee at the orchard end

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]:


impression

He tried to make a good impression on his parents.

他試圖給父母留下好印象。

Their empires, triumphs, conquests, and projects, have left little impression behind them, notwithstanding the attention they once attracted, and the violent convulsions which they caused in the state of the world.

1805，Henry Kett，“Conclusion”, in Elements of General Knowledge, Introductory to Useful Books in the Principal Branches of Literature and Science. […]，卷 I, Philadelphia, Pa.: […] [T]he Press of H. Maxwell, for F. Nichols, […], and J. A. Cummings, […]，頁s 387–388:

The stories did not seem to me to touch life. […] They left me with the impression of a well-delivered stereopticon lecture, with characters about as life-like as the shadows on the screen, and whisking on and off, at the mercy of the operator.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 1, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

Though most of the cases here cover European encounters with non-Europeans, it is not the intention of the book to give the impression that genocide is a function of European colonialism and imperialism alone.

2008年June1日，A. Dirk Moses，“Preface”, in Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History，Berghahn Books, →ISBN，頁 x:

關鍵績效指標，代表廣告的曝光次數

Publishers are paid for each ad impression their site generates.

2010，Dusty Reagan，Twitter Application Development For Dummies，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 329:

Let us, therefore, use a little freedom, and call them Impressions; employing that word in a sense somewhat different from the usual. By the term impression, then, I mean all our more lively perceptions, when we hear, or see, or feel, or love, or hate, or desire, or will. And impressions are distinguished from ideas, which are the less lively perceptions, of which we are conscious, when we reflect on any of those sensations or movements above mentioned.

1748，David Hume，“Of the Origin of Ideas”, in An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding:


impression

impressions (third-person singular present)
impressioning (present participle)
impressioned (past participle)

將鑰匙胚插入鎖中，印上鎖的形狀，以方便複製鑰匙

The trick in impressioning a key is to remove only a small amount of the blank, by filing or cutting, from the pin positions where impressions have been left.

2007，Graham Pulford，High-Security Mechanical Locks: An Encyclopedic Reference，頁 55:


interchangeable

/ɪntɚˈt͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒəbl̩/

[ɪɾ̃ɚˈt͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒəbl̩]

Eli Whitney's development of interchangeable parts was a breakthrough for modern manufacturing. Prior to that, each part had to be made custom.

伊莱·惠特尼发明的可互换零件是现代制造业的一大突破。在此之前，每个零件都必须定制。

Sometimes the same words mean opposite things. Sometimes the opposite is true. Shock absorbers are called shocks. Slow down and slow up are interchangeable.

1997，George Carlin，Brain Droppings，New York: Hyperion Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 104:

The English, until relatively recently, seem to have imagined “English” and “British” to be interchangeable, as if Britain was just a bigger England.

2014年September16日，Ian Jack，“Is this the end of Britishness”, in The Guardian:


immediately

I hope we can begin immediately.

我希望我們可以立刻開始。

His unruly hair was slicked down with water, and as Jessamy introduced him to Miss Brindle his face assumed a cherubic innocence which would immediately have aroused the suspicions of anyone who knew him.

1967，Barbara Sleigh，Jessamy，Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, 出版於 1993, →ISBN，頁 96:

Spain failed to move through the gears despite exerting control for lengthy spells and a measure of perspective must be applied immediately to the outcome.

尽管西班牙队长时间控制着比赛，但他们仍未能取得进展，因此必须立即对比赛结果进行客观评估。

2011年November12日，“International friendly: England 1-0 Spain”, in BBC Sport:

A tri-tone chime whistle, operated from the cab by a flexible cable passing down the right hand handrail, is mounted on the top of the smokebox immediately behind the chimney.

1951 June，“British Railways Standard Class "5" 4-6-0 Locomotives”, in Railway Magazine，頁 399:


interstellar

Space is littered with interstellar particles.

Approximately 5 billion years ago, our solar nebula was formed as gravitational forces pulled interstellar gas and dust into a swirling mass around out newly formed sun.

2012，Chinle Miller，In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks，第Kindle版:


intrinsically

more intrinsically (comparative)
most intrinsically (superlative)

What cannot be commoditized because it is intrinsically inaccessible to commodification?

2021年September25日，Charles Hugh Smith，Are We Really So "Rich"? A New Way of Defining Wealth:


inaudible

Dogs can hear this whistle, but for people it is inaudible.

狗可以听到这个哨音，但是人听不到。

At first his voice was almost inaudible; but soon the spirit mastered the body, and his hollow but distinct tones gained a supernatural strength.

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXXII, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 267:


jacaranda

借自葡萄牙語 jacarandá，源自古圖皮語 îacaranda。

They passed slowly under the jacaranda trees beginning to bloom lavender over their heads.

2020，Brit Bennett，The Vanishing Half，Dialogue Books，頁 147:


japonica

來自新拉丁語 japonica，種名。

原產日本的植物。
粳稻，水稻（Oryza sativa）的亞種

The isograms were typical of differences between two subspecies but also of those between different lines of japonicas or indicas.

1986，Rice Genetics: Proceedings of the International Rice Genetics Symposium, 27-31 May 1985，International Rice Research Institute:


jinn

源自阿拉伯語 جِنّ (jinn)（單數جِنِّيّ (jinniyy)）。

jinns (plural)
jinn (plural)
jann (plural)
janns (plural)
jawan (plural)
jinnan (plural)
jinnah (plural)

鎮尼，精靈，神灵（超自然存在）

Each grasped a musket in one hand and searched for his hijab with the other, for each carried several of these amulets, and that in demand this night was the one written against the jan, for certainly none but a jin could have done this thing.

1928，Edgar Rice Burroughs，章號 21, in Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle，頁 281:

Thus, it was popularly supposed that familiar spirits could be enclosed in rings, or confined in bottles and boxes, just as the Persians thought that djinns could be kept in jars or flasks.

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 74:


kaleidoscope

來自古希臘語 καλός (kalós，“美麗”) + εἶδος (eîdos，“形狀”)（對照-oid） + -scope。1817年由發明家大卫·布儒斯特所創。
用作比喻義則是1819年的拜伦勋爵從出版社那邊收到一個萬花筒而來。

caleidoscope (alternative)
kaleidoscopes (plural)

Lady Etheringhame being now a constitutionalist, dined rather early: and Emily, her head like a kaleidoscope, full of colours, with not a little disdain, put on the blue silk she had thought bleu céleste, at least in the country.

1831，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Romance and Reality，卷 1，頁s 34-35:

The rail journey from The Hook [Hook of Holland] to Basle is a scenic kaleidoscope, ranging from the flat terrain of the Netherlands to the high ranges of the Black Forest, from the straight Dutch waterways to the sinuous Rhine gorge, from the ocean-going shipping of canals to the busy inland traffic of the Rhine and from peaceful farmland to thriving centres of commerce.

1961 April，G. Freeman Allen，“The "Rheingold" goes via Cologne”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 231:

Another most notable change concerns rolling stock liveries. Back then, corporate Rail Blue was omnipresent, whereas now there is a kaleidoscope of colours and styles.

2020年June17日，David Clough，“Then and now: trains through Crewe”, in Rail，頁 60:


hypocrite

來自古法語 ypocrite (現代法語hypocrite)，來自拉丁語 hypocrita，來自古希臘語 ὑποκριτής (hupokritḗs，“演員，偽善者”)，來自ὑποκρίνομαι (hupokrínomai，“回答，行動，假裝”)。本義為古英語 līċettere。

flip-flopper

偽善者（自13世紀早期）

pretender

偽善者（自13世紀早期）

偽善者（自13世紀早期）

[S]he was one of your ſoft ſpoken, canting, whining hypocrites, who with a truly jeſuitical art, could wreſt evil out of the moſt inoffenſive thought, word, look or action; […]

1765，Catherine Jemmat，The Memoirs of Mrs. Catherine Jemmat, Daughter of the Late Admiral Yeo, of Plymouth. Written by Herself，第2nd版, 卷 I, London: Printed for the author, at Charing-Cross, →OCLC，頁 145:

Neither Mr. Meacham, who mostly ignores Jefferson’s slave ownership, nor Mr. Wiencek, who sees him as a sort of fallen angel who comes to slavery only after discovering how profitable it could be, seem willing to confront the ugly truth: the third president was a creepy, brutal hypocrite.

2012年November30日，Paul Finkelman，“The Real Thomas Jefferson: The Monster of Monticello”, in New York Times:


loofah

借自阿拉伯語 لُوفَة (lūfa)。

loofahs (third-person singular present)
loofahing (present participle)
loofahed (past participle)

And she took good care of my feet, massaging them and loofahing the calluses away.

2006，Scott Dikkers, Peter Hilleren，Destined for Destiny，頁 63:

I may have snuck in showering myself—plus shaving, loofahing, hair blow-drying, reapplying makeup, changing my outfit five times, and winding up in what I started out with.

2012，Jill Smolinski，Objects of My Affection:


lordling

He saw it clear enough, now that the lordling had pointed it out. “They couldn't have froze. Not if the Wall was weeping. It wasn't cold enough."

1996年August1日，George R.R. Martin，A Game of Thrones (A Song of Ice and Fire; 1)，HarperCollins, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 16:


lordly

繼承自中古英語 lordly、lordlich，來自古英語 hlāfordlīċ (“貴族；高貴；貴重”)，等同於lord + -ly。
副詞來自中古英語 lordly、lordely、lordliche。

lordlier (comparative)
more lordly (comparative)
lordliest (superlative)
most lordly (superlative)

Show us your lordly might: demonstrate that you can order people and get them to obey.

向我们展现您的威严：证明您可以命令人民并让他们服从。

But they are the peers of the Queensland Parliament, and, having no lordly robes, must approach the Old Country model as closely as possible.

1880，John Nichols，The Gentleman’s Magazine，卷 248，頁 60:

[I]n that some form of duty and sacrifice (here, participation in the 1848 Revolution and a recognition of his lordly duty) is not only beneficially character-forming but also leads ultimately to a condition which is 'sublime'.

2006，Steve Wharton，Screening Reality，頁 104:

Samson, in reply to this, says, “If you are not lordly, nor value your lordly title, as you tell me, and I trust in truth and sincerity, shall I call you a phoenix?

2011，Thomas Smith, C. Matthew McMahon, Therese B. McMahon，Select Memoirs of the English and Scottish Divines，頁 282:

[H]e's still got his lordly habits, and more so since coming out of the war as a general.' 'A colonel, Sammy,' said Rachel. 'Same thing, good as,' said Sammy. 'Boots, of course, does wear his lordly crown with style,' said Rachel. 'Don't I know it?

2011，Mary Jane Staples，Appointment at the Palace: An Adams Family Saga Novel，頁 275:

He asked water, and she gaue him milke, shee brought forth butter in a lordly dish.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Judges 5:25:

It had also its Hall, called the Priory - an older, a larger, a more lordly abode than any Briarfield or Whinbury owned;

1849，Currer Bell [筆名; Charlotte Brontë]，“The First Blue-stocking”, in Shirley. A Tale. […]，卷 III, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC，頁 77:

There was one great tomb more lordly than all the rest.

1897，Bram Stoker，“Mina Harker’s Journal”, in Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC，頁s 409–410:


lordly

lordlier (comparative)
lordliest (superlative)

貴族般地；有氣派地；高傲地

[…] / And Herod's painted pinnaces, ablaze / With lamps, and brazen shields and spangled slaves, / Came and went lordly at Tiberias; / […]

1891, Sir Edwin Arnold, The Light of the World: Or, The Great Consummation, Book I — “Mary Magdalene”, Funk & Wagnalls, page 56,

Look at man, then, walking lordly amidst the gigantic flora and fauna of long ago; and see if seven, eight, nine hundred years do not sit serenely on his mighty brow.

1925，Claude Kean，Stock Charges Against the Bible，出版於 2003，頁 61:


lose

源自古法語 los，loos，源自拉丁語 laudēs，laus (“贊揚，贊美”)的複數。

That much he feared least reprochfull blame / With foule dishonour him mote blot therefore; / Besides the losse of so much loos and fame […].

1596，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book VI, Canto XII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


loudly

loudlier (comparative)
more loudly (comparative)
loudliest (superlative)
most loudly (superlative)

He spoke loudly so that his brother could hear him from across the street.

他說得很大聲，這樣他兄弟在街對面也能聽得見。

And still when loudliest howls the storm, / And darkliest lowers his native sky, / The king's fierce soul is in that form, / The warrior's spirit threatens nigh!

1846，R[obert] S[tephen] Hawker，“The Wreck”, in Echoes from Old Cornwall，London: Joseph Masters, […], →OCLC, stanza X，頁 76:


lingam

古典借詞，源自梵語 लिङ्गम् (liṅgam，लिङ्ग (liṅga，“標誌，標記；陰莖”)的主格單數)。

當用於“陰莖”時，主要見於含有印度教、阿育吠陀、怛特羅、瑜珈的語境下，或譯自梵語的文章。

委婉；參見[[#使用說明]]

Once both partners have felt the connection it is up to the woman to give the signal that permission to enter has been granted. She may whisper her invitation to enter, use her hands to guide his lingam, or press against him, causing his lingam to open her.

2013，Anaiya Sophia，Sacred Sexual Union: The Alchemy of Love, Power, and Wisdom，Rochester: Inner Traditions, →ISBN, →OCLC, →ISBN:

He still enjoys a tumble with her now as much as when they were youngsters, his voice cracking and his lingam a sprout that seemed never to get soft.

2008，John Speed，Tiger Claws: A Novel of India，New York: St. Martin's Press, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 139, →ISBN:

When the sages saw the great god Siva so haggard and sad, they treated him with scorn and saluted him only with bent heads.
Sica:Template:SIC, tired and weary, asked only for "alms". Thus the god went about begging along the roads of Darauvanam.
As the women looked at him, they felt a pang in their heart. Their minds were perturbed and their hearts agitated by the sensations of love. They forsook the beds of the sages and followed Siva.
As the sages saw their wives following Siva, they pronounced a curse upon him;
"May his lingam fall to the ground."

1993，Hilton Hotema，Son of Perfection，Pomeroy, Washington: Health Research, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 50, →ISBN:

I gaze into the starry void, into Dominique’s eyes, into the blackness behind my own sealed eyelids as her lips envelop my lingam, and I feel a feedback channel opening between this creature of obsession and the dormant natural man.

2011，Norman Spinrad，The Void Captain's Tale，United Kingdom: Orion, →ISBN, →ISBN:


leucocratic

more leucocratic (comparative)
most leucocratic (superlative)

（岩石）淺色的，表明其成分90%以上是長英質礦物

Occasionally the opinion is advanced that the formation of the leucocratic, granitic-granodioritic portions of the heterogeneous in-situ migmatites is due to a metasomatic process, i.e., to the addition of “emanations” from depth.

2013，H.G.F. Winkler，Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks，頁 325:


leverage

/ˈlɛv(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/

mechanical advantage

繞樞軸旋轉的槓桿而復合的力；參見扭矩。

operating leverage

在設施的高產能利用率下運作時能夠獲得非常高的回報的能力。

繞樞軸旋轉的槓桿而復合的力；參見扭矩。

A crowbar uses leverage to pry nails out of wood.

In order to proportion the braking force to the weight carried by a wheel - a matter of special importance in the braking of wagons - variable leverage systems are now being introduced in which the end of one axle spring is linked to a control spring in the change-over valve, so automatically varying the leverage exerted by the brake-rod according to whether the wagon is full or empty.

1960 April，“The braking of trains”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 237:

任何複合的或用來獲得優勢的影響。

Try using competitors’ prices for leverage in the negotiation.

The former Forest man, who passed a late fitness test, appeared to use Guy Moussi for leverage before nodding in David Fox's free-kick at the far post - his 22nd goal of the season.

2011年April15日，Saj Chowdhury，“Norwich 2 - 1 Nott'm Forest”, in BBC Sport:

使用合約確定回報的借入資金來提高投資能力並獲得預期更高的回報，但通常風險較高。

Leverage is great until something goes wrong with your investments and you still have to pay your debts.

Online margin trading is usually based on leverage, where the brokerage effectively lets you borrow more money than you have deposited as collateral.

2011，Brian Dolan，Currency Trading For Dummies，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 55:

Both exchanges offer crypto derivatives, which are bets on future fluctuations in cryptocurrency prices. They also offer extreme leverage — up to 125 times on Binance. That means a $1,000 down payment can be turned into a $125,000 gamble.

2021年July23日，Eric Lipton, Ephrat Livni，“‘I Feel Conflicted’: Crypto’s Offshore Trading Moguls Talk Shop”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

In such cases where there is a multiple capital structure the factor known as leverage comes into play.

1933年June4日，“Trusts Heartened by Security Rally”, in New York Times:


leverage

leverages (third-person singular present)
leveraging (present participle)
leveraged (past participle)

/ˈlɛv(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/

使用；利用；為了充分利用（某物）而進行操縱。

They plan to leverage the publicity into a good distribution agreement.

They plan to leverage off the publicity to get a good distribution agreement.

EAP research has developed advanced methods for producing corpus-informed vocabulary resources, but these have yet to be fully leveraged to promote disciplinary literacy within the secondary school context.

2018，Clarence Green, James Lambert，“Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes，卷 35, →DOI，頁 105:


lexicographer

來自法語 lexicographe，來自古希臘語 λεξικός (lexikós，“詞語”) + γράφω (gráphō，“書寫”)；可分析為lexico- + -grapher。

/ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfə(ɹ)/

Pitt has furnish'd us a word or two / Which lexicographers declined to do.

1811，George Gordon Byron，Hints from Horace:

The best lexicographer may well be content if his productions are received by the world with cold esteem.

1860，Thomas Babington Macaulay，Biographies contributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica:


lexicography

源自 lexico- (表示「言語；詞語」的前綴) + -graphy (表示「關於特定主題的書面內容」的後綴)。

/ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfi/

/ˌlɛksɪˈkɑɡɹəfi/

辭書學；編纂和撰述詞典的學問

[T]here are ſeveral Species of Writing, in which a proper Degree of Hebetude is abſolutely neceſſary, as well as in other profeſſions; such as Lexicography, Index-making, and the like; [...]

1735年February22日，“Craftsman, Feb. 22 [Julian calendar]. Nº 451.”, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle，卷 V, London: […] Edward Cave, […], 出版於 February 1735, →OCLC，頁 85，列 1:

Let me warn you, therefore, against that fallacious lexicography which forms new words, that undergoing the examination of political slander or intemperate zeal, are considered as having a known acception.—What is the word?—A word that should be discarded, when it is sought to affix to it another meaning than that which it bears in the cases where it is used.

1795年December22日，[John Philpot] Curran (defence counsel)，“612. Trial of James Weldon for High Treason, […]”, in Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors […]，卷 XXVI, London: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown; [et al.], 出版於 1819, →OCLC，列 267:

[...] I have not only availed myſelf of all the Aſſiſtance which more ancient Sources of Spaniſh Lexicography could afford, but alſo had particular Recourſe to the Dictionary published at Madrid in 1797 and 1798, [...]

1802，Henry Neuman，“Preface”, in A New Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages; […] In Two Parts，1st part (The Spanish before the English), London: […] Vernor and Hood, […], →OCLC:

There exist different forms of this character, but I think we should not presume to make an etymology of a Chinese character without being authorized by the Shwǒ wǎn, the oldest and most genuine source of Chinese lexicography.

1831，Ying Hing Soo，“Book Second”, in Charles Fried. Neumann [i.e., Karl Friedrich Neumann]（譯者）, History of the Pirates who Infested the China Sea，源自1807 to 1810. […]，London: […] Oriental Translation Fund, […], →OCLC, footnote，頁 54:

Without doubt, the most important single development in learner lexicography from the mid-1970s onwards has been the steadily increasing involvement of the computer at all stages of the dictionary-making process，源自data gathering and analysis at one end, to compilation, production, and revision at the other.

1999，A[nthony] P[aul] Cowie，“The Role of the Computer in Learner Lexicography”, in English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History，Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, section 4.1 (Introduction)，頁 118:

A dictionary, as an art and craft of lexicography, has always been closely associated with the notion of pedagogy.

2013，Amy Chi，“Researching Pedagogical Lexicography”, in The Bloomsbury Companion to Lexicography (Bloomsbury Companions)，London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN，頁 165:

分析和描述某語言詞彙中的語義、組合和範式關係，並發展詞典組件和結構理論、以將詞典中各部分資料聯繫起來的學術學科

But changes of this nature belong to lexicography, as they do not affect the grammatical forms of words.

1828，Moses Stuart，“Changes of Consonants”, in A Grammar of the Hebrew Language，第3rd版, Andover, Mass.: Flagg & Gould, →OCLC, part II (Changes and Peculiarities of Consonants and Verbs), § 105，頁 51:

What the history of language in general teaches, that in course of time, there is less change in form than signification, in grammar than lexicography, is true of the Greek.

1840，Geo. Benedict Winer [i.e., Georg Benedikt Winer]，“§ 4. Grammatical Character of the N.T. Diction.”, in J. H Agnew, O. G. Ebbeke（譯者）, A Grammar of the Idioms of the Greek Language of the New Testament，Philadelphia, Pa.: Herman Hooker, […], →OCLC, part I，頁 37:

If Lexicography in general is that science whose task it is to set forth the nature of every single word of a language through all the periods of its existence, it is the task of Latin lexicography in particular to set forth the nature of every single word of the Latin language, as it makes itself known in all the periods of the existence of that language; or more succinctly expressed, it is the object of Latin lexicography to give the history of every single word of the Latin language.

1845 February，Wilhelm Freund，“Article IV. Principles of Latin Lexicography.”, in T[heodore] D[wight] Woolsey（譯者）, Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review，卷 II, 期 V, New York, N.Y., London: Wiley & Putnam; Andover, Mass.: Allen, Morrill and Wardwell, →OCLC, section I (Of the Idea and Elements of Latin Lexicography), § 1，頁 80:

[T]he philologist may well refuse to accept a body of triliteral roots, developed on a highly artificial and uniform plan, as the ultimate fact in Semitic lexicography.

1911年December13日，C. J. Ball，“A Study in Biblical Philology”, in Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology，卷 XXXIII, 期 CCXLIX, London: Society of Biblical Archaeology, →OCLC，頁 13:

Academic lexicography, or 'metalexicography', as pursued in university departments of English or Linguistics, is concerned not primarily with the compiling of dictionaries – though academics may be involved in this, as consultants, for example – but with researching and teaching about the whole business of making dictionaries: their history, their typology, their structures, their users, and so on [...].

2002，Howard Jackson，“Criticising Dictionaries”, in Lexicography: An Introduction，London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN，頁 173:

There can be no doubt, that in a general sense a boat is a vessel, for it is "a vehicle in which men or goods are carried on the water," which is one of the definitions of a vessel given in our lexicographies; [...]

1828 October，Joseph Story, Associate Judge of the Supreme Court, William P. Mason (reporter)，“United States vs. an Open Boat and Lading”, in Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit Court of the United States, for the First Circuit，卷 V, Boston, Mass.: Hilliard, Gray, Little, and Wilkins, 出版於 1831, →OCLC，頁 134:

"Air put in motion" is the brief description of the wind in lexicographies; but what a contrast in quality according to its direction; [...]

1855 March，“A Bag of Wind”, in Putnam’s Monthly. A Magazine of Literature, Science, and Art，卷 V, 期 XXVII, New York, N.Y.: Dix & Edwards, […]; London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., →OCLC，頁 251，列 1:

The earliest examples of dictionaries or lexicographies in nearly any culture serve more to regularize and standardize the lexicon than to list or inventory it, and as such would tend to take as their object textual rather than spoken language.

1998，Christopher Leigh Connery，“Textual Authority and Textual Practice”, in The Empire of the Text: Writing and Authority in Early Imperial China，Lanham, Md., Oxford, Oxfordshire: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, →ISBN，頁 37:


lief

繼承自中古英語 lef、leve、leef，繼承自古英語 lēof，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *leub，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *leubaz。
同源詞包括薩特弗里斯蘭語 ljo、ljoo、西弗里斯蘭語 leaf、荷蘭語 lief、德國低地德語 leev、德語 lieb、瑞典語、新挪威語 ljuv、哥特語 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (liufs)、俄語 любо́вь (ljubóvʹ)、波蘭語 luby。
副詞可對比德語 lieber、荷蘭語 liever (“寧願，更喜歡”)。

liefer (comparative)
liever (comparative)
liefest (superlative)

I'd as lief have one as t'other.

As far as physiognomy goes, the winners protest that they would as lief have foregone the double points, and the money.

1826，Thomas Byerly, John Timbs，The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction:

these great masters of the art, who would far liefer see us little ones practice it, than themselves engage [...].

1869，RD Blackmoore，Lorna Doone, section II:

Since sware the Parcæ unto me, their friend, / they shall adore my name, my favour prize; / and, as their feats of armèd prowess shend / all feats of rival Rome, I lief devise / some mode of aidance in what things I may, / far as our force o'er man extendeth sway.

1880，Richard Francis Burton，Os Lusíadas，卷 II，頁 339:

I'd as lief put on my hat and cane and help you if you think they'll be too heavy.

1902，Josephine Spenser，Corner in Chrysanthemums:


moment of inertia

The moment of inertia of a rigid body is a quantity that determines the torque needed for a given angular acceleration about a given rotational axis, analogous to how mass determines the force needed for a given acceleration.

The moments of inertia of a heterogeneous body whose boundary is a surface of uniform density may sometimes be found by the method of differentiation.

1882，Edward John Routh，The Elementary Part of a Treatise on the Dynamics of a System of Rigid Bodies，第4th版, MacMillan & Co.，頁 10:

Consequently, the moment of inertia of a body relative to any axis can be found when that for the parallel axis through its centre of gravity is known.

1884，Benjamin Williamson，An Elementary Treatise on the Integral Calculus，第4th版, Appleton and Company，頁 292:

Stresses due to vertical shearing forces also depend on moment of inertia and are discussed in Chapter 8.
Some mathematicians and stress analysts use the term second moment of area instead of moment of inertia. That term is, in fact, more descriptive of the definition of this property in the following discussion.

2007，Robert L. Mott，Applied Strength of Materials，第5th版, Taylor & Francis (CRC Press)，頁 323:


mite

來自中古英語 mite (“螨”)，來自古英語 mīte (“螨，小蟲”)，來自原始日耳曼語 *mītǭ (“咬人的蟲”)，來自*maitaną (“切，割”)，來自原始印歐語 *mey- (“小的”) 或 *mai- (“切，割”)。與古高地德語 mīza (“螨”)、中古荷蘭語 mīte (“蛾，螨”)、荷蘭語 mijt (“蛾，螨”)、丹麥語 mide (“螨”)同族。

英格蘭過去流通的一種小硬幣，面值約等於三分之一法尋

One mite wrung from the lab'rer's hands
Shall buy and sell the miser's lands;

1803，威廉·布萊克William Blake，Auguries of Innocence:

(有時作副詞) 很小的事物/質量，少量

"Well," I says, "I cal'late a body could get used to Tophet if he stayed there long enough." She flared up; the least mite of a slam at Doctor Wool was enough to set her going.

1913，Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln，章號 V, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients，New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL; 再版 New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton and Company, 1914, →OCLC，頁s 124–125:

"Silas, now," Esther Whitley had said, "would be a good one for you, Hannah. He's a mite on the old side, but he's steady, an' he's been wed before. He knows the ways of a woman better'n some."

1956，Janice Holt Giles，章號 8, in Hannah Fowler，Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, →OCLC; 再版 Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1992, →ISBN，頁 69:

Those trousers are a mite too big, but you'll soon grow into them.

1959，Frances Cavanah，Abe Lincoln Gets His Chance，Chicago, Ill.: Rand McNally, →OCLC; Abe Lincoln Gets His Chance (ReadHowYouWant Classics Library)，第EasyRead large版, U.S.A.: ReadHowYouWant, 2008, →ISBN，頁 30:

小壞蛋；愛搗蛋者，或惹人憐者

“Tom told me that, but twasn't your fault, the little mite just couldn't wait to be born that's all.” A small smile played on Leah's lips.

2014，Lorraine F Elli，The Little Town Mouse:


mostly

mostlie (alternative)
moastly (alternative)

主要、首先；大多；通常、廣泛、大抵、大都。

They're mostly good people, although they have made a few mistakes.

雖然他們都犯過錯，但是他們大多是好人。

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013年June29日，“A punch in the gut”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁s 72-3:


mixologist

bartender

調酒師 （自1856年）

調酒師 （自1856年）

By the way, the difference between a bartender and a mixologist can be confusing, but normally a bartender serves the patrons at a sit-down style bar, where a mixologist would usually work at a very busy service-style bar.

1999，Bob Emmons，The Book of Gins and Vodkas: A Complete Guide，頁 63:

But now we see a split in the mixed-drink community. On one hand, cool bars and star mixologists are lauded and awarded as never before. On the other, booze brands are rushing to develop pre-mixed beverages for a burgeoning Ready to Drink (RTD) market.

2022年July4日，Ben Schott，“Is There Anything That Gen Z Won’t Drink?”, in The Washington Post:


Nanking

源自官話 南京 (南京話)，并经由郵政式拼音加强，这一形式保留了 /k/在现代腭化为/tɕ/之前的语音特征。

Wherefore he firſt placed his Court at Nanking nee to the bank of that great River of Kiang, which the Chineſſes,in reſpect of the hugh Mountains of water which it diſcharges into the Ocean, call the Son of the Sea :

因此，他首先将朝廷设在南京，靠近长江河岸，中国人因江水流入海洋而称其为“洋子”：

1655，F. Alvarez Semedo，“Bellum Tartaricum”, in The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China，E. Tyler，頁 256:

In China the quantity of Ships is innumerable, as the Sand of the Sea : Thoſe which carry Corn only to Peking amounting to 9999 (*) large Ships, ſufficient to carry above thirty or forty thouſand weight : and their paſſage from Nanking to Peking, being ſeven or eight hundred (†) (Italian) Miles, mostly through Artificial Channels, takes up full ſix Months time.
. . .
(†)That our Author muſt here be underſtood to intend Italian Miles is beyond all question : For the extent of the whole Empire from the moſt remote part of it the Iſland of Hainan, to that part of it which borders on the Muſcovian Empire, doth not contain about 8 or 900 Leagues or Hours ; nor is the fartheſt part of Nanking, where the River falls into the Sea, above 250 French or common Dutch Miles ; which according to our Author's account make 7 or 800 (Italian) Miles, which word I have therefore ventured to inſert in a Parentheſis.

1706，Dionysius Kao，A Short Description of the Vaſt Empire of China，London，頁 163:

Chiang-su was the main centre of the great Tʻai Pʻing rebellion, Nanking being the rebel capital from 1853 to 1864.

江苏是太平天国起义的主要中心，南京在1853年至1864年间为起义政权的首都。

1898，Harlan P. Beach，Dawn on the Hills of Tʻang，New York, →OCLC，頁 154:

By 1857, Imperialist troops were drawing close lines around the rebels, who had begun to lose rather than to gain ground. An-chʻing and Nanking, the only two cities which remained to them, were blockaded, and the Manchu plan was simply to starve the enemy out.

1857年，清军已将叛军包围，而叛军却节节败退。他们仅存的两座城市——安庆和南京已被封锁，而清政府所需做的计划仅仅是断绝敌军的粮草。

1912，Herbert A. Giles，“Hsien Fêng”, in China and The Manchus，Cambridge History Press, →OCLC, →OL，頁 86:

Again, while divided counsels no longer exist at Canton, and both Kwangtung and Kwangsi are now under the control of Nanking, the agreement between Nanking and the Kwangsi war lords depends for its success on the spirit in which it is carried out.

1936，H. Hessell Tiltman，The Far East Comes Nearer，Jarrolds，頁 250:

As my husband's ship stopped for a day or two at Kiu-kiang, Anking, and Wu-hu, enroute to Nanking, I arrived three days before his ship anchored off the bund.

由于我丈夫的船在前往南京的途中在九江、安庆和芜湖停留了一两天，所以我在他的船抛锚之前三天就到达了。

1939，Virgina Holton，The Beeps，New York: John Day Company，頁 133:

As regards barbarities committed by the Japanese army since our war of resistance, the fall of Nanking in December 1937 is a case in point. Over 200,000 civilians were massacred within one week.

说到抗战以来日军的暴行，一九三七年十二月南京沦陷就是一个例证，在一周之内，就有二十多万平民惨遭屠杀。

1942 [1942年February21日]，Kai-shek Chiang，“One half of the world's people”, in All We Are and All We Have，New York: Chinese News Service, →OCLC，頁 11:

On February 18, 1853, Chiu-chiang fell to the rebels, who went on to take Anking. Less than a month later, on March 19, the Taiping forces captured the beautiful city of Nanking, which was renamed T'ien-ching (Heavenly Capital) to commemorate the occasion.

1853年2月18日，九江沦陷，叛军随后攻占安庆。不到一个月后，3月19日，太平军攻占了美丽的南京城，为了纪念这一胜利，改南京为天京。

1975，Frederic Wakeman, Jr.，The Fall of Imperial China，頁 152:

Wang also accused Hsu of instigating ranking officers in the Nanking Military District to disobey transfer orders....
On Feb. 22, Hsu attended a “Conference on the Development of Socialist Civilization” in Nanking.

1983年March20日，“Hainan protest over Teng's economic plans”, in Free China Weekly，卷 XXIV, 期 11, Taipei，頁 3:

The third option would be to mount a missile attack on key targets in Taiwan. Chinese missiles have sufficient range and they would cause considerable damage. They have already demonstrated that their M9 missiles, fired without explosive warheads from a base in the Nanking military district, have been launched successfully, landing inside the two designated target "boxes" northeast and southwest of Taiwan.

第三个选项是对台湾的关键目标发动导弹袭击。中国导弹射程足够，能够造成相当大的破坏。他们已经证明，从南京军区基地发射的M9导弹（不带爆炸弹头）成功发射，落在了台湾东北和西南两个指定的目标“箱”内。

1996年March15日，Michael Evans，“China offensive cannot be ruled out, experts say”, in The Times，期 65,528, →ISSN, →OCLC, Overseas News，頁 14，列 3:

Barely remembered in the West, the rape of Nanking -- then the capital of China -- by the Japanese imperial forces in 1937 stands as a gruesome testimonial to man’s inhumanity to man.[…]
Having already annexed Manchuria, Japan started its full-scale attack on the Chinese mainland in summer 1937 with extensive air raids on Shanghai and Nanking. Chinese citizens who had money and most foreigners had fled Nanking before the ground troops arrived that December.

西方几乎没人记得1937年大日本帝国军队对当时中国首都南京的暴行，它残酷地证明了人与人之间惨无人道的残酷行径。 […]
吞并中国东北后，日本于1937年夏天对中国大陆发动全面进攻，大规模空袭上海和南京。在12月地面部队抵达之前，南京城内的中国籍富人和大多数外国人都逃离了。

2007年January29日，James Greenberg，“Beautifully crafted docu chronicles gruesome massacre”, in Reuters，存檔自the original on 2023-03-11, Reviews News:

For the first time on Saturday, China held a national day of remembrance on the 77th anniversary of Japanese atrocities committed in the city of Nanjing in the run-up to World War II. President Xi Jinping led the commemorations in front of a crowd of some 10,000 people, among whom were survivors or relatives of victims of the "Rape of Nanking," a six-week reign of terror during which the Imperial Japanese Army carried out mass killings and rapes.

周六，中国首次举行全国性纪念活动，纪念二战前夕日军在南京犯下暴行77周年。国家主席习近平在约一万名民众面前主持了纪念活动，其中包括“南京大屠杀”幸存者或受害者家属。“南京大屠杀”是一场持续六周的恐怖统治，日本皇军在南京实施了大规模屠杀和强奸。

2014年December13日，“China's Xi: Nanjing massacre undeniable”, in Deutsche Welle，存檔自the original on 2016-04-25, Asia:

The ROC Constitution was adopted on December 25, 1946, by the National Assembly convened in Nanking. It was promulgated by the National Government on January 1, 1947, and put into effect on December 25 of the same year. According to Article 174 of the Constitution, amendments to the Constitution shall be proposed and decided by the National Assembly, or proposed by the Legislative Yuan, followed by a referendum by the National Assembly.

中华民国宪法于1946年12月25日由国民大会在南京召开通过，并于1947年1月1日由国民政府公布，同年12月25日施行。根据宪法第174条规定，宪法修正案，由国民大会提出决议，或由立法院提出决议，经国民大会复决。

2022/3，“Referendums Profile”, in Central Election Commission，存檔自the original on 2023-08-31, Referendums:

According to official KMT records in Nanking, Tibet never paid taxes to the ROC government.

根据南京的国民党官方记录，西藏从未向中华民国政府缴纳税款。

2023年February1日，Khedroob Thondup，“Taiwan must stand up for itself”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2023-02-01, Editorials，頁 8:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Nanking。


mock-up

大約1915–1920年，mock up (動詞) 的動詞派生詞，仿造法語 maquette的詞。

The second-class accommodation shown in mock-up at last year's Railway Design exhibition in London was open saloon, but there is still nagging concern that the public has expressed a clear preference for compartments.

1964 February，“British Railways' passenger plans”, in Modern Railways，頁 73:

A full-size mock-up carriage of a Liverpool City Region Class 777, built as a part of the design process, has been transferred to the National College for Advanced Transportation & Infrastructure (NCATI) in Doncaster, to be used as a teaching aid.

2022年January12日，“News in pictures: Liverpool carriage goes to college”, in RAIL，期 948，頁 20:

I knew that the software was a mock up and as such it would require the team at least half an hour to put together the components before I could proceed.

2018，Dr Low Lee Yong，I Dare to Dream - Making Possible the Impossible:

This 5mm square grid notebook is great to use for diagrams, mock-ups, designs, everyday use, notes, calculations, lists, doodling, musings or other creativity projects.

2019，Squared Grid Notebook: Square Grid Notebook/Journal，Elite Blank Books:


nilpotent

來自nil (“沒有任何”) + potent (“有冪”)，字面意義即「有零冪次」。兩個字根分別來自拉丁語 nil 和 potens。由美國數學家本傑明·皮爾斯（Benjamin Peirce）於1870年與idempotent一起創造，使用於結合代數等領域。

The so-called spinor algebra of C(2), the language of the quantum mechanics, is formulated in terms of the idempotents and nilpotents of the geometric algebra of space, including its beautiful representation on the Riemann sphere, and a new proof of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

2015，Garret Sobczyk，“Part I: Vector Analysis of Spinors”, in arXiv:


madder

來自中古英語 mader、madere、mædere，來自古英語 mædere、mæddre、mædre，來自原始日耳曼語 *madarǭ（對照瑞典語 madra、古諾爾斯語 / 冰島語 maðra），來自原始印歐語 *modʰro-，與原始斯拉夫語 *modrъ (“藍色”)同源，和對照愛爾蘭語 madar (“茜草”)、拉脫維亞語 madara (“茜草”)。

common madder (Rubia cordifolia, Rubia tinctorum)

madder：

Her big head has coloured to a dim and dreadful madder.


masseuse

He was a great masseuse.

2003，Helena B. Rich., L. C. S. W. Helena B. Rich，The Art of Masturdating: A Guidebook for Single Heterosexuals，iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 103:

He was a good masseuse, and could always make Jez relax.

他是一名出色的按摩师，总是能让杰兹放松下来。

2012，Penny Dixon，Betrayed，Troubador Publishing Ltd, →ISBN，頁 57:

Waited, got up, opened the door and saw the masseuse playing backgammon. Told him I was ready, didn't know what for. He waved me away, and I returned to the slab. By the time he came in, a mustached masseuse was sponging down a German woman on the opposite side of the marble; her husband sat on the perimeter watching (this was not a traditional hamam).

1998，Bad Subjects Production Team，Bad Subjects: Political Education for Everyday Life，NYU Press, →ISBN:

Just less than a week ago, he'd said he'd tell Peter's parents, his school, the press, that Peter was an erotic masseuse.
就在不到一周前，他说他会告诉彼得的父母、学校和媒体，彼得是一名色情按摩师。

year unknown, Jamie Lake, BOOK 4 - Bad Boy: Naughty at Night: Bad Boy | Gay Romance MM Boyfriend Series, Jamie Lake

In most massages, both the male masseuse and the female client are naked and the focus is on erogenous zones.

在大多数按摩中，男按摩师和女顾客都是裸体的，按摩的重点是性感区。

2011，Mark D West，Lovesick Japan: Sex Marriage, Romance, Law，頁 152:


microsecond

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-microsecond.wav

He'd be on her ass in a microsecond, revoke her letters testamentary, they'd call her names, proclaim her through all Orange County as a redistributionist and pinko, slip the old man from Warpe, Wistfull, Kubitschek and McMingus in as administrator de bonis non and so much baby for code, constellations, shadow-legatees.

1966 March，Thomas Pynchon，章號 6, in The Crying of Lot 49，New York, N.Y.: Bantam Books, 出版於 November 1976, →ISBN，頁 136:

The data word processor 606 handles the in-flow and out-flow of byte-oriented input/output data and interleaved signals at a rate of, for example, 500 kilobytes per second. Instruction processing rates of four to eight per microsecond are required for such a data flow.

1969，Harold R. Dell，HIGH-DENSITY PERMANENT DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM，US Patent 3638185:

O₂^(•−) and OH^• are highly unstable (half-life at the level of microseconds and nanoseconds, respectively) and cannot cross membrane, while H₂O₂, though not a free radical but a ROS, is relatively stable (half-life around 1 ms) (Møller et al. 2007) and can cross membranes through aquaporins.

2015，Rup Kumar Kar，“ROS Signaling: Relevance with Site of Production and Metabolism of ROS”, in Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Damage in Plants Under Stress，Springer, →ISBN，頁 117:


muffle

來自中古英語 muflen (“包裹”)，盎格魯-諾曼語 amoufler的語頭音消失，來自古法語 enmoufler (“纏繞，包裹”)，來自moufle (“連指手套”)，來自中世紀拉丁語 muffula (“暖手筒”)，日耳曼語族的原型 (— C.E.817年首次在Capitulary of Aachen所紀錄)，來自古法蘭克語 *muffël (“套，包裹，信封”)來自*mauwa (“套子，包裹”) (來自原始日耳曼語 *mawwō (“套子”)) + *vël (“外皮，皮革”) (來自原始日耳曼語 *fellą (“外皮，薄膜，羊毛”)。另一個詞源將中世紀拉丁語一詞追溯到古法蘭克語 *molfell (“柔軟皮革製成的衣服”)，來自*mol (“柔軟，軟化”) (與古高地德語 molawēn (“軟化”), 中古高地德語 molwic (“軟”), 英語 mulch同族) + *fell (“皮革，皮膚”)。

N.B.—Mr Broughton proposes, with proper assistance, to open an academy at his house in the Haymarket, for the instruction of those who are willing to be initiated in the mystery of boxing: […] muffles are provided, that will effectually secure them from the inconveniency of black eyes, broken jaws, and bloody noses.

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling:

Between the two pulleys c, c¹, and around the shaft a, is a muffle d, which receives at both ends the rounded heads of three, four, five, or more screws f, which act as levers. The levers are formed of a right and lefthanded screw, f, and f¹. The two screws are united together by means of a nut g, so that, by turning it, they are lengthened or shortened. The heads of the upper screws f¹, act upon the blocks e, e¹, contained in boxes supported by the plates h, h¹, through the centre of which passes the shaft a. These plates h, h¹, are fixed on the shaft a; they are of a smaller diameter than the inside of the pulleys c, c¹; their object is to keep the blocks e, e¹, from twisting.
By moving the muffle d, to the left, the levers or screws f, f, will force the blocks e, to bear against the inside of the pulley c, placed on that side. The motion of this pulley will cause the muffle d, and consequently the shaft a, to revolve. By pushing the muffle d, on the opposite side, the blocks e, will depress the pulley c, and the blocks e¹, will bear against the pulley c¹, the band of which being crossed, will cause the shaft a, to revolve in a reverse direction.
This shaft being furnished with a pinion, will transmit to a toothed wheel or rack, a motion in both directions at the desired instant, since it is only necessary to give the muffle d, a lateral movement from right to left, or from left to right, by means of a fork which acts on the part b.
By placing the muffle d, half way between the two pullies c, and c¹, the blocks e, and e¹, will release the said pullies, and the shaft a, will be motionless.
The patentee claims, ”the characteristic principle of the mechanical combination herein described, applicable to all cases where it may be useful, by varying the shapes or dimensions according to the power of the machines to which they may be applied.”

1858，Newton's London Journal of Arts and Sciences. New Series，卷 7，頁 26:


maidenhead

maydenhead (alternative)
maidenheads (plural)

Put in but little Silver or Gold, for if you do, you quite spoil the Compoſition ; but inſtead thereof, add of Tradeſmens Bills for Cloaths, to the Value of 100 l. [¶] Laſtly, Take away the Girl's Maidenhead, and then the Compoſition is fit for Uſe.

1713，Sir John Willes，The Speech that was Intended to Have Been Spoken by the Terræ-Filius: In the Theatre at O----d, July 13, 1713, Had Not His Mouth Been Stopp'd by the V. Ch------r:

Gallants, a bashful poet bids me say,
He's come to lose his maidenhead to-day.
Be not too fierce; for he's but green of age,
And ne'er, till now, debauch'd upon the stage.

1760，John Dryden，The Miscellaneous Works: Containing All His Original Poems, Tales, and Translations，頁 367:

My lord,[…]/ I brought you nothing else it may be said / But faith and nakedness and maidenhead.

1951，Geoffrey Chaucer，Nevill Coghill, transl.，The Canterbury Tales: Translated into Modern English (Penguin Classics)，Penguin Books, 出版於 1977，頁 363:

She prayed to Pallas, and by her help escaped from him in the form of a crow, rejoicing more to keep her maidenhead white under the blackness of the feathers than to lose it and be adorned with the fairest pearls.

1900，John Gower，The English Works of John Gower:

So the reference to the plucking of the ginger flower is again an indirect allusion to the taking of the girl's maidenhead .

1995，Ruth H. Finnegan，Margaret Orbell，Reader in Maori Head of Department of Maori Margaret Orbell，South Pacific Oral Traditions，Indiana University Press, →ISBN，頁 70:

The gender reversals that pervade this play continue mischievously in the man's maidenhead being the undisclosed secret.

2004，Yu Jin Ko，Mutability and Division on Shakespeare's Stage，頁 70:

“[…] He said that Katheryn told him he should have her maidenhead, though it be painful to her. I told him to be gone with his empty promises of marriage. But I doubt not that Mr. Mannox has known her intimately.”

2004，Margaret Doner，Merlin's Handbook for Seekers and Starseeds，iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 94:

[…] a young virgin makes an even trade of her maidenhead for a hat that she desires. She negotiates with the haberdasher, who originally stipulated for her maidenhead plus a crown […]

2006，C. Harol，Enlightened Virginity in Eighteenth-Century Literature，Springer, →ISBN，頁 87:

The penis imagery becomes apparent: the nails are 'blunt' and 'large', designed to push through the fair skin in body parts (feet, hands) that had earlier been described in erotically-charged language. As if losing his maidenhead, Christ's body 'bursts' when entered, bringing forth a gush of blood that mars his white (womanly) skin.

2009，The Milieu and Context of the Wooing Group，頁 141:

Almost immediately afterwards, Scanlan discovered that the marriage was legal; Ellie was his wife. He began to feel that he had paid an exceptionally high price for his maidenhead.


neutrino

由義大利的物理學家恩里科·费米在1933造出，源自 neutron + 意大利語 小稱後綴 -ino。

But researchers at the CERN lab near Geneva claim they have recorded neutrinos, a type of tiny particle, travelling faster than the barrier of 186,282 miles (299,792 kilometres) per second.

2011年September22日，Nick Collins，“Speed of light 'broken' by scientists”, in Daily Telegraph:


messenger

源自中古英語 messengere、messingere、messangere，源自古法語 messanger，古法語 messagier（對比現代法語 messager）的變體，等同於message + -er。messager 的同源對似詞。
代替本土的古英語 boda (“信使，使者”) 和 ǣrendraca (“信使，特使”)。
至於 -ager 被 -enger、-inger、-anger代替的現象，對比passenger、harbinger、scavenger、porringer。這樣做可能只添加了一個 n，或可能是與其他後綴，如中古英語 -ing的混淆。對比古法語 -ange、-enc、-inge、-inghe (對應英語的 -ing) 與 古法語 -age (對應英語的 -age) 的關係。

根據破產或清償相關法律，執行部分職責（如破產者財產）的人

The Messenger under the joint Commission of Bankruptcy might have seized the Whole, if they had remained in their Warehouse

James Burrow，Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Court of King's Bench:


monstrous

繼承自中古英語 monstrous，來自古法語 monstrueuse、monstrüos，來自拉丁語 mōnstrōsus。對照monstruous。

more monstrous (comparative)
most monstrous (superlative)

醜惡的，醜陋的；駭人聽聞的；極端荒謬的

So bad a death argues a monstrous life.

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii]:

a monstrous height

Possibly monster pumpkins may become still more monstrous by the shoots being ringed, and so may other vegetables and fruits where quality is of less importance than mere size.

1901年December20日，“The Ringing of Plants”, in The Agricultural Journal and Mining Record，卷 4, 期 21，頁 663:

He, therefore, that refuses to do good to them whom he is bound to love […] is unnatural and monstrous in his affections.

1650，Jeremy Taylor，The rule and exercises of holy living:

與神話中怪物有關的，似怪物的；充滿怪物的

Where thou, perhaps, under the whelming tide / Visitest the bottom of the monstrous world.

1637，John Milton，“Lycidas”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […]，London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], 出版於 1646, →OCLC:


malingerer

/məˈlɪŋɡəɹə/

It is telling, in this context of rising rates of mental illness, that New Labour committed itself, early in its third term in government, to removing people from Incapacity Benefit, implying that many, if not most, claimants are malingerers.

2009，Mark Fisher，章號 5, in Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?，Zero Books, →ISBN，頁 37:


medical

借自中古法語 medical，源自中世紀拉丁語 medicālis，源自拉丁語 medicus。代替古英語 lǣċe (“醫生”)，其與冰島語 læknir (“醫生”)同源。

more medical (comparative)
most medical (superlative)

medical doctor; medical student

Do you have any medical experience?

你有過醫學方面的經驗嗎？

The US supreme court has ruled unanimously that natural human genes cannot be patented, a decision that scientists and civil rights campaigners said removed a major barrier to patient care and medical innovation.

2013年June21日，Karen McVeigh，“US rules human genes can't be patented”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 2，頁 10: