Ph.D.

借自新拉丁語 Ph.D.，Philosophiae Doctor (“哲學博士”) 的縮寫。

Ph. D. (alternative)
Ph.D (alternative)
PhD (alternative)
Ph.D's (plural)
Ph.D.'s (plural)
Ph.D.s (plural)

/ˈpiːˌeɪ̯t͡ʃˈdiː/

不能泛指所有的博士學位，還有許多其他的稱呼。

Ph.D’s will go to Kirk G. Rasmussen and Val Hicks.

柯克·拉斯穆森和瓦尔·希克斯将获授予哲学博士学位。

1971年May27日，“24 Local Students Among ‘U’ Graduates”, in The Daily Herald，98th year, 期 214, Provo, Utah，頁 6:

The shortage of holders of Ph.D’s in business school subjects has grown so severe in recent years that a panel was set up in 1980 by the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business to study the problem.[…]However, it has already led to modification of accrediting standards such as the suggested use of nonbusiness Ph.D’s with doctorates in psychology, mathematics and economics.[…]Still another question raised in the report centered on how to encourage more educational institutions to turn out more Ph.D.’s in business.[…]He suggests a national contest for undergraduates to encourage them to work for Ph.D.’s in accounting.

1982年August20日，“Business schools take action to alleviate teacher shortages”, in Southern Illinoisan，卷 90, 期 195, Carbondale, Ill.，頁 A-4:

獲得哲學博士學位程度的人

There are 12 Ph.D’s in the Concordia faculty of 62, according to Dr. P. A. Zimmerman, President, with others nearing the completion of doctorate requirements.

1961年February26日，“Doctorates Are Received by Six”, in Sunday Journal and Star，94th year, 期 9, Lincoln, Neb.，頁 3B:

The uncertainty of the job market has a new meaning for Ph.D’s these days: Prospects Highly Depressing.

如今，就业市场的不确定性对博士生来说有了新的含义：前景非常令人沮丧。

1971年January14日，“Ph.D’s Finding Job Prospects Depressing”, in The Pensacola News，Pensacola, Fla.:

He also directs a post-doctoral program in behavioral medicine in which Ph.D’s receive training for very special kinds of treatment.

1988年September1日，Cecilia Bush，“Flying high, firmly grounded”, in The Catholic Advance，卷 CXXII, 期 34, Wichita, Kan.，頁 1，列s 1–2:

Growing up the daughter of two Ph.D.s in geology, young Lucy Chronic was more likely to hear discussions of plate tectonics than the prospects of the local ball team's chance of winning the pennant.

2004，Lucy Chronic, Halka Chronic，Pages of Stone，第2nd版, The Mountaineers Books, →ISBN, end material: About the Authors，頁 174:


stammering

We could not understand his inarticulate stammerings.

我们听不懂他含糊不清的结巴话。

At that point, humanity crosses another threshold, miniaturizes its universe into symbolic form, and takes a toddling step toward iconography, writing, and the first stammerings of calendrical notation and mathematics.

此时，人类跨越了另一个门槛，将宇宙缩小为符号形式，并向图像学、文字以及历法和数学的初步发展迈出了蹒跚的一步。

1981，William Irwin Thompson，The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture，London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co.，頁 95:


sunflower

向日葵屬（Helianthus）的植物
向日葵（Helianthus annuus），常用栽培品種，原產美洲

The flowers glowed red and golden: snapdragons and sunflowers, and nasturtians trailing all over the turf walls and peeping in at the round windows.

1954年July29日，J.R.R. Tolkien，“I: A Long-Expected Party”, in The Fellowship of the Ring (The Lord of the Rings; 1), →ISBN:


eye-catching

more eye-catching (comparative)
most eye-catching (superlative)

The substitute then scored again when the ball broke to him following another jagged run by Walcott, who saved his most eye-catching contribution for stoppage time, when he turned up on the left wing and scampered into the area before showing splendid composure to ignore a foul and dink the ball over Krul.

2012年December29日，Paul Doyle，“Arsenal's Theo Walcott hits hat-trick in thrilling victory over Newcastle”, in The Guardian:


But when it's all said and done, I'll be forty / Before I know it with a 40 on the porch tellin' stories

2000，“Drug Ballad”, in The Marshall Mathers LP，演出者 Eminem:


state-owned

The French Government is Eurostar's majority shareholder, with the country's state-owned railway SNCF holding a 55% stake, while Belgian state operator SNCB has a 5% stake.

法国政府是欧洲之星的最大股东，法国国有铁路公司SNCF持有55%的股份，而比利时国家运营商SNCB持有5%的股份。

2021年February10日，Richard Clinnick，“Eurostar boost as French promise aid”, in RAIL，期 924，頁 10:


Oh

借自朝鮮語 오(吳) (O)。

“Your son’s name. What is it?”
“Oh. Benjamin Oh.”
“Benjamin O … what?”
“No, Oh, Officer. That’s it. The last name is Oh.”

“您兒子叫什麼名字？”
“吳。本傑明·吳。”
“本傑明·……什麼？”
“不不不，吳，先生。就是吳。他的姓是吳。”

2021，Ruth Ozeki，The Book of Form and Emptiness [形与空之书]，Canongate Books (2022)，頁 294:


dopamine

“The short-term, dopamine-driven feedback loops that we have created are destroying how society works: no civil discourse, no cooperation, misinformation, mistruth. And it’s not an American problem. This is not about Russian ads. This is a global problem.”

2017年December12日，Amy B Wang，“Former Facebook VP says social media is destroying society with ‘dopamine-driven feedback loops’”, in Washington Post:


syndicate

來自法語 syndicat (“辛迪加辦公室；辛迪加委員會；工會”)，來自syndic (“辛迪加；代表；日內瓦首席行政官”) + -at (“表示行動或行動結果的後綴”)，來自中世紀拉丁語 *syndicatus，來自syndicus (“公司或城鎮的代表；辛迪加”) (來自古希臘語 σύνδικος (súndikos，“被告辯護人”)，來自σύν (sún，“旁邊；和”) + δίκη (díkē，“審判；正義”)) + -ātus (“從名詞組成形容詞的後綴，表示擁有某種東西或某種品質”)。
對照意大利語 sindacato (“辛迪加；工會；審計，控制，監督”)、奧克語 sendegat、葡萄牙語 sindicato (“工會”)、西班牙語 sindicado、sindicato (“辛迪加辦公室；辛迪加；工會”)。

音頻 (名詞) (澳洲)

a gambling syndicate

The worst deed ever alleged against the early sandalwood traders was that a number of natives were suffocated in a cave at Vaté, in the New Hebrides, by the smoke from a fire built at its mouth. But this was done by order of Maafu, who, on behalf of an Australian syndicate of highly-respectable merchants and church-members, was "bossing" an expedition in search of sandalwood through the New Hebrides.

1886，Julian Thomas，“Maafu, Prince of Tonga”, in Cannibals & Convicts: Notes of Personal Experiences in the Western Pacific，London, New York, N.Y.: Cassel & Company, Limited, →OCLC，頁 24:

Held at the estate of Mafia boss Joseph Barbara in Apalachin, NY, the meeting called by [Vito] Genovese in November 1957 brought over 100 mobsters from around the country to cement his power over the national crime syndicate.

1999，John Madinger，“Case Development”, in Confidential Informant: Law Enforcement’s Most Valuable Tool，Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, →ISBN，頁 178:

a gambling syndicate

In the mid-1880s, Charles W[addell] Chesnutt broke into print inauspiciously as one member of the stable of writers who supplied humorous sketches and mildly sentimental or didactic squibs for S[amuel] S[idney] McClure's newspaper syndicate.

1980，Wiliam L. Andrews，“The Apprentice Years: Experiments and Decisions”, in The Literary Career of Charles W. Chesnutt，Baton Rouge, La., London: Louisiana State University Press, →ISBN，頁 17:

辛迪加辦公室或管轄區；辛迪加的機構或理事會

The ſoveraintie lies in the Council of 200, and this Council chuſes out of its number 25, who are the leſſer Council; […] they are choſen by a ſort of ballet, ſo that it is not known for whom they give their votes, which is an effectual method to ſuppreſs factions and reſentments; ſince in a competition no man can know who voted for him or againſt him: yet the election is not ſo carried, but that the whole Town is in an intrigue concerning it: for ſince the being of the little Council leads one to the Sindicat, which is the chieffe honor of the State: this dignitie is courted here, with as active and ſolicitous an ambition as appears elſewhere for greater matters.

1686，G[ilbert] Burnet，Some Letters Containing, an Account of What Seemed Most Remarkable in Switzerland, Italy, &c. Written by G. Burnett, D.D. to T[he] H[onourable] R[obert] B[oyle]，Rotterdam: Printed by Abraham Acher, bookseller by the Exchange, →OCLC，頁s 10–11:

The executive government of the University [of Madras] shall be vested in a syndicate, consisting of the Vice-Chancellor and six of the fellows, who shall be elected for one year by the several faculties, at the annual meetng of the senate, […]

1859，[India Office、Government of the United Kingdom]，“Copy of Correspondence with the Indian Government, Showing the Progress of the Measures Adopted for Carrying Out the Education Despatch of the 19th Day of July 1854. [Bye-laws for the Government of the University of Madras.]”, in Accounts and Papers: Twenty-one Volumes. … Session 2, 31 May – 13 August 1859，卷 10 (East India (Education)), part II (Madras); volume XXIV, part II, [London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office], →OCLC，頁 367:


syndicate

syndicates (third-person singular present)
syndicating (present participle)
syndicated (past participle)

音頻 (名詞) (澳洲)

[H]e [John Guthrie McCallum] went to Los Angeles and set up a law practice. There, with three partners and a capitalization of $100,000, they syndicated under the name Palm Valley Land and Water Company in 1887.

2006，Greg Niemann，“A Settlement is Born (Late 1800s)”, in Palm Springs Legends: Creation of a Desert Oasis (Adventures in the Natural History and Cultural Heritage of the Californias)，San Diego, Calif.: Sunbelt Publications, 出版於 2008, →ISBN，頁 38:

When a potential transaction has been identified by a bank, the first activity is obtaining from the potential borrower a "mandate," which is the customer's exclusive authorization to a bank to act as the syndication manager for that particular transaction and to approach other financial institutions on its behalf to raise a given amount of funds. […] A mandate letter is very similar to a standard bank commitment letter, with the exception that bank managers do not guarantee to provide the credit facility, but rather only to syndicate it on a "best efforts" basis, perhaps with a certain firm commitment assumed by them representing a portion of the required syndicated financing.

1999，Esteban C. Buljevich, Yoon S. Park，“Syndicated Eurocredit Loans”, in Project Financing and the International Financial Markets，Boston, Mass., Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISBN，頁 20:

透過報系在報刊上同時發表

[I]nternational television format exchanges are providing a customizable alternative to syndicating existing TV series in foreign markets. Sixteen countries around the world have adapted So You Think You Can Dance, a reality dance competition that originated in the United States. Format changes range from using local judges and contestants to incorporating local dance styles into the competition.

2015，Avi Santo，“Building the Franchise One Market at a Time: The Lone Ranger’s Extra-Textual Career in the Late 1930s”, in Selling the Silver Bullet: The Lone Ranger and Transmedia Brand Licensing，Austin, Tx.: University of Texas Press, →DOI, →ISBN，頁 56:

With the success of The Oprah Winfrey Show and the national attention that Oprah [Winfrey] received from The Color Purple, [Jeffrey] Jacobs advised her that it was time to syndicate her show. Jacobs worked out a deal with the syndication company King World to distribute the show nationally. Two brothers, Roger and Michael King, ran King World. They syndicated the game shows Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! and were looking for a new show to add to their list.

2011，Anne Lies，“Chicago!”, in Oprah Winfrey: Media Mogul，Edina, Minn.: ABDO Publishing Company, →ISBN，頁s 49–50:


workaholic

All workaholics should move to Hong Kong, where working hours average over 50 per week.

所有工作狂都应该搬到香港去，那里每周平均工作时间超过50小时。

We're not looking to become workaholics who don't know how to rest or vacation, or who never hang it up long enough to go to a movie.

我们不想成为不知道如何休息或度假，或者从来不花时间去看电影的工作狂。

2016，JoAnneh Nagler，How to be an artist without losing your mind, your shirt, or your creative compass, →ISBN，頁 80:


autosome

源自 auto- + -some，源自古希臘語 σῶμα (sôma，“身體”)。

Autosoma (or autosome), the usual or non-aberrant chromosomes, called by me previously ordinary chromosomes.

1906年January5日，Thos. H. Montgomery，“The terminology of aberrant chromosomes and their behavivor in certain Hemiptera”, in Science，卷 23, 期 575，頁 36:

It is apparently formed by the arms of the loops becoming twisted around each other, and, as in the Acrididae, each of these arms no doubt represents a univalent autosome.

1908，Herbert Spencer Davis，Spermatogenesis in Acrididae and Locustidae:


aestheticism

æstheticism (alternative)
estheticism (alternative)
aestheticisms (plural)

He went over his canvases with disgust and anger, unable to see virtue in any one of them. Even his sacred Oyster Girl went back on him. The creature of a vitiated æstheticism, he could only suppose that conceit had played an abominable trick on his eyesight.

1938，Norman Lindsay，Age of Consent，Sydney: Ure Smith, 出版於 1962，頁 133:


press-gang

pressgang (alternative)
press gang (alternative)
press-gangs (plural)

press

被僱用來強迫他人服兵役（打動他們）的一群人，特別是海軍。

被僱用來強迫他人服兵役（打動他們）的一群人，特別是海軍。

"If this is a press gang," Lyle remarked, "you should know that my diet is extremely poor, I'm too tall for trenches and I blow away in a light breeze."

“如果這是一支強徵隊，”萊爾說道，“你應該知道我的飲食極其糟糕，我的個子太高，不適合在戰壕里待著，而且我在微風中就會被吹走。”

2021年March14日，HarryBlank，“Defence”, in SCP Foundation，存檔自the original on 2024-12-25:


dildo

不清楚，可能是英語 diddle 的變體。對比經常表達性暗示的歌曲中作為表達無意義音節的用法和拼寫 dil doul，例如山繆·皮普斯圖書館中的一首歌曲 The Maids Complaint for want of a Dil Doul。不太可能與意大利語 diletto (“快樂”) 或拉丁語 dīlātō (“我敞開心扉，傳播”)有關，儘管這兩者是經常被引用的字源。

用於性交或其他性行為的裝置。 人造陰莖。

Adieu! faint-hearted instrument of lust;
 That falselie hath betrayde our equale trust.
 Hence-forth no more will I implore thine ayde,
 Or thee, or man of cowardize upbrayde.
 My little dilldo shall suply their kinde:
 A knaue, that moues as light as leaues by winde;
 That bendeth not, nor fouldeth anie deale,
 But stands as stiff as he were made of steele;
 And playes at peacock twixt my leggs right blythe,
 And doeth my tickling swage with manie a sighe.
 For, by saint Runnion! he'le refresh me well;
 And neuer make my tender bellie swell.

再見！懦弱的慾望工具；
那個謊言辜負了我們平等的信任。
從今以後我不再懇求你的幫助，
或者你，或者懦弱的人。
我的小假陽具將滿足他們的需求：
一隻小鳥，像風中飄動的樹葉一樣輕盈；
它既不彎曲，也不破壞任何交易，
但他卻像鋼鐵一樣堅強；
孔雀在我右腿間嬉戲，
並用許多嘆息來懲罰我的癢癢。
因為，以聖人 Runnion 的名義！他會讓我精神煥發；
也永遠不會讓我的嫩肚子腫脹起來。

1592/3，Thomas Nashe，The Choise of Valentines (Poetry), 出版於 1899, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2006-02-27:

"There, as my lord, with achromatic glass,
 "O'erlooks St. James's Park, and on the grass,
 "Beneath his mansion's half-closed window spies
 "Two crouching urchins' gross obscenities,
 "He turns his eager gaze, adjusts the screw,
 "And brings their unwashed nudities in view.
 "That spot, concealed by two o'er hanging hills,
 "Foul sweat and fœtid excrement distils,
 "Yet frowsy, there the pipe-clayed soldier sports,
 "And bishops hold episcopalian courts.
 "'Tis there the Bath empiric's finger guides,
 "The oiled bougie ; and as the dildo slides
 "Besmeared, to meet last night's descending meal,
 "Oft makes the strictures he pretends to heal.

1866，“Don Leon”, in Don Leon ; A Poem by the Late Lord Byron, Author of Childe Harold, Don Juan, &c., &c. and forming part of the private journal of His Lordship, supposed to have been entirely destoyed by Thos. Moore. To which is added Leon to Annabella; An epistle from Lord Byron to Lady Byron. (Poetry), →OCLC，頁s 44, 51–52:

Call ghost hunters? Those fuckers will show up with gas powered dildos and burn the woods down.

叫捉鬼獵人嗎？那些混蛋會帶著氣動設備出現燒毀樹林。

2019，Justin Blackburn，The Bisexual Christian Suburban Failure Enlightening Bipolar Blues，頁 43:

I take back cars from dildos who don't pay their bills. Cool huh?

我從那些不付帳的傻瓜手中收回汽車。很酷吧？

1984，Alex Cox，Repo Man，spoken by Otto Maddox (Emilio Estevez):

The commonest and most conspicuous of the cacti is the "dildoe" (Cereus Swartzii), a columnar form growing to as much as 20 feet in height, a plant the gross physiology of which is probably very similar to that of the sahuaro (Camegiea gigantea).

最常見、最顯眼的仙人掌是「假山仙人掌」（Cereus Swartzii），它是一種柱狀植物，可長到 20 英尺高，其整體生理結構可能與薩瓦羅仙人掌（Camegiea gigantea）非常相似。

1910，Forrest Shreve，“The coastal deserts of Jamaica”, in The Plant World: An Illustrated Monthly Journal of Popular Botany，卷 13，頁s 129–130:


dildo

dildoes (third-person singular present)
dildoing (present participle)
dildoed (past participle)

使用假陽具或其他類似假陽具的物體插入。

And Venus (one that so much known is)
 Is Dildo’d by Cauda Draconis.

1681，Homer Alamode, the Second Part in English Burlesque, or, Mock Poem upon the Ninth Book of the Iliads，頁 48:

A muscular female prison guard was dildoing a petite brunette with a night stick.

一名肌肉發達的女獄警正用警棍對一名嬌小的黑髮女孩進行性交。

2010，Reggie Chesterfield，Goody Goes Bad!，頁 40:


dildo

與其他無意義的音節如 dido 和 diddle(-diddle) 相關，它們同樣發展出性別意義。至少從 16 世紀開始就已發現，通常出現在與性別意義有關的脈絡中（上文）。可能受到中古英語 dildoun (“親愛的，寵物”)，早期現代英語 dildin (“親愛的”)的影響；對比古諾爾斯語 dilla (“平靜下來”)，dillindo (“催眠曲”)。

在民歌的每一節末尾重複出現的短語或主題。

Will you buy a fine dog, with a hole in his head?
With a dildo, dildo, dildo; […]

c. 1600，Thomas Morley，Will You Buy a Fine Dog?:

oh Vrsula, Vrsula pity me with a dildo, dildo, dillory?

c. 1600-1636，William Sampson，The Vow Breaker:


Kiswahili

The national language of the Republic is Kiswahili.

共和國的國家語言是斯瓦希里語。

2010，Parliament of Kenya，“Chapter 2, Article 7(1)”, in Constitution of Kenya, 2010，頁 14:


Maoism

Some of the farmers were arrested in Wuhan parks where they allegedly spoke against Maoism and the Communist dictatorship, the report said.

报道称，一些农民在武汉的公园里被捕，据称他们是因为发表反对毛泽东思想和共产党独裁统治的言论。

1973年March4日，“Starving farmers given jail terms [饥饿农民被判入狱]”, in Free China Weekly [自由中国周刊]，卷 XIV, 期 8, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 3:


shaky

shakier (comparative)
shakiest (superlative)

He’s a nice guy but when he talks to me, he acts shaky.

他是個很好的人，但跟我講話的時候就表現得很緊張。

For the college clinician, restless nights after letting a shaky student walk out of the office are an occupational hazard. Are the student's safety assurances credible? Will he or she make it safely through the weekend?

2006，Paul A. Grayson, Philip W. Meilman，College Mental Health Practice，頁 11:

Villa had plenty of opportunities to make the game safe after a shaky start and despite not reaching any great heights, they were resolute enough to take control of the game in the second half.

2011年April10日，Alistair Magowan，“Aston Villa 1 - 0 Newcastle”, in BBC Sport:


ecotourism

/ˌiːkəʊˈtʊəɹɪz(ə)m/

/ˌɛkoʊˈtʊɹɪzəm/

Driven by a search for the perfectly "grammable" shot, ecotourism is everywhere on the rise, though it rarely delivers on the promise of its name, which is to reconcile the impulse to consume nature with the desire to conserve it.

2020年August24日，Amia Srinivasan，“What Have We Done to the Whale?”, in The New Yorker:


toad

來自中古英語 tode、toode、tadde、tade，來自古英語 *tāde，古英語 tādie的短形式異體，tādiġe (“蟾蜍”)。對照古英語 tāxe (“蟾蜍”)。
與低地蘇格蘭語 tade、taid、taed、ted (“蟾蜍”)同源。對照丹麥語 tudse (“蟾蜍”)，可能起源自同一古老詞根；也對照瑞典語 tåssa、tossa (“蟾蜍”)、古英語 tāxe (“蟾蜍”)、古英語 tosca (“蟾蜍”)。

tode (alternative)
twoad (alternative)
toads (plural)

Shortly he heard the trolls coming. They had a fiddler with them, and some began dancing, while others fell to eating the Christmas fare on the table - some fried bacon, and some fried frogs and toads, and other nasty things which they had brought with them.

1886，Peter Christen Asbjørnsen，譯者 H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales，頁 149:

There's a killer on the road / His brain is squirmin' like a toad
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1971, Jim Morrison, Ray Manzarek, Robby Krieger & John Densmore, "Riders on the Storm", The Doors, L.A. Woman.


bathythermograph

bathy- + thermograph = bathy- + thermo- + -graph。

The bathythermograph, an instrument we use to measure the temperature of the sea water, went out of commission.

1959，William R. Anderson, with Clay Blair Jr.，Nautilus 90 North，World Publishing Company，頁 71:


Gulf of Mexico

仿譯自西班牙語 golfo de México，首次出現在1550年博德利圖書館收藏的世界地圖上。自17世紀中葉以來廣泛使用，早於墨西哥的獨立。或者來自gulf + of + Mexico。與法語 golfe du Mexique同源。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-Gulf of Mexico.wav

墨西哥灣（位於美國南部、墨西哥東部和北部以及古巴北部的海灣）

A few weeks after allowing the controversial Willow oil drilling project in Alaska to go forward, the Biden administration is auctioning off more than 73 million acres of waters in the Gulf of Mexico to offshore oil and gas drilling.

在允許阿拉斯加有爭議的Willow石油鑽探項目進行幾週後，拜登政府正在拍賣墨西哥灣超過7300萬英畝的水域，用於海上石油和天然氣鑽探。

2023年March29日，Ella Nilsen，“Biden administration moves ahead with massive Gulf of Mexico drilling auction, weeks after approving Willow Project [拜登政府在批准Willow項目幾週後，推進墨西哥灣大規模鑽探拍賣]”, in CNN:


Hudson Bay

來自英國航海探險家亨利·哈德遜。

哈得孫灣，哈德遜灣（海灣名，位於加拿大努納武特）

Don’t be so darn foolish. It’s the calm afore the storm, Winslow. She were a gentle westerly wind yer cursin’. Only feels roughly ‘cause you don’t know nothin’ bout nothin’ and there ain’t no trees on this here rock like your Hudson Bay bush. Nor’Easterly wind’ll come soon a-blowin’ like Gabriel’s horn. Best board up them signal house winders.

別這麼愚蠢。這是暴風雨前的平靜，溫斯洛。你詛咒的是溫和的西風。只是感覺粗糙，因為你對什麼都一無所知，而且這塊岩石上沒有像你哈德遜灣灌木叢那樣的樹木。東北風很快就會像加百列的號角一樣吹來。最好把信號房的窗戶釘上木板。

2019，Robert Eggers, Max Eggers，燈塔 (motion picture), spoken by Thomas Wake (Willem Dafoe):


orthophotography

During the past three decades, orthophotography has become an increasingly popular and useful tool for land managers. As quality and availability improve, this trend will continue. Orthophotography combines the planimetric precision of maps with the wealth of detail found on aerial photographs.

2012，David P. Paine, James D. Kiser，章號 8, in Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation，John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN:


Persian Gulf

/ˌpɜːʒən ˈɡʌlf/

/ˌpɝʒən ˈɡʌlf/

Today, all the states of the Middle East face a major threat in Saddam Hussein's Iraq. Saddam's ambitions are not confined to Kuwait. Rather, his goal is to dominate the Persian Gulf region and use its vast wealth to become the greatest Arab hero of modern times, the leader of a new Arab superpower.

1994 [1990年November29日]，Dan Quayle，Standing Firm: A Vice-Presidential Memoir，第1st版, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 253:


essential oil

The odours of many flowers so delightful to our sense of smell, as well as the disagreeable scents of others, are owing to the exhalation of their essential oils.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, p. 102:

The use of essential oils – aromatic substances derived from plants – has been around for centuries, and studies suggest certain oils offer minor benefits to sleep (lavender) or headaches (peppermint).

2020年August12日，Adrian Horton，“The dark side of wellness: behind a Netflix series on a murky industry”, in The Guardian:


specificity

派生自法語 spécificité。By surface analysis, specific + -ity。

Congress must set a clear standard: Police should prove with specificity what's on your phone before forcing it open, and only after the device's owner has consulted with a lawyer. Doing so would provide citizens a means to ensure police follow warrant requirements without sacrificing law enforcement's ability to pursue the crime they're investigating.

2024年October14日，Patrick Eddington，James Craven，Police Want the Password to Your Phone:


décollement

The décollements occur in near-continuously exposed Upper Devonian to Lower Cretaceous strata in the southern Chandler Lake quadrangle.

1987，Donald J. Orth，Metal Biogeochemistry in Surface-water Systems:


isobase

在地圖或海圖上畫一條線，連接地表起伏或下陷相等或持續的地方

Assuming their zero isobase and assuming also that they have correctly identified the beaches, the Jamieson hypothesis is decidedly not favored by their field observations.

1920，Bulletin of the Geological Society of America，卷 31:

The southern limit of Wright's zero isobase should intersect the north-west coast of England 125 km further north in the vicinity of the southern shore of Morecambe Bay.

1978，Sea-level Changes: North-West England During the Flandrian Stage，M. J. Tooley:

The isobase map shows the marked spatial variability in elevation of archaeological sites from the Groswater Bay west along Lake Melville to the Goose Bay area, as identified by Fitzhugh (1972).

1992，Lucille Lewis Johnson, Melanie Stright，Paleoshorelines and Prehistory: An Investigation of Method:


ooid

more ooid (comparative)
most ooid (superlative)

One thinks of everything from amphitheaters like the Colosseum to Buckminster Fuller in his more ooid modes

2001，George L. Hersey，The Monumental Impulse: Architecture's Biological Roots，頁 152:


Yellow Sea

仿譯自漢語 黃海／黄海。

The extent of the great gulph called Whang Hay, or the Yellow Sea, being at preſent unknown, it may be left to the Commander’s diſcretion, to proceed up it as far as he may think proper: he muſt be cautious, however, not to entangle himſelf in it too far, left he ſhould not have ſufficient time left for the proſecution of the remainder of his voyage.

1784，James Cook, James King，Cook's Voyage to the Pacific Ocean，卷 IV, London: John Stockdale，頁 248:

For centuries, travelers from Asia Minor, Europe and later America prized the carpets woven in Tientsin, a Yellow Sea port in North China.

1973年July1日，“Art of Tientsin rugs revived”, in Free China Weekly，卷 XIV, 期 25, Taipei，頁 2:

It was New Year's Eve, and the eighteen American officials who had hurriedly gathered in the State Department Operations Room on 31 December 1970, were still sharply divided after four hours of discussion.¹ The issue was what, if anything, the Seventh Fleet should do in the event of Chinese naval action against the U.S. seismic survey vessels then beginning to explore for oil in disputed waters of the East China Sea, the Taiwan Strait, and the Yellow Sea.

1977，Selig S. Harrison，China, Oil and Asia: Conflict Ahead?，New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN，頁 1:

The combined East China Sea and Yellow Sea (ECS/YS) covers roughly 1,250,000 km² and is one of the most developed continental shelf areas in the world (Yanagi and Takahashi, 1993). While the Yellow Sea (YS) covers a relatively large area, it is quite shallow reaching a maximum depth of about 140 m (Figure 1). The water depth over most of the area is less than 50 m.

1998，Akira Kuninaka，AIR-SEA INTERACTIONS AND WATER MASS STRUCTURE OF THE EAST CHINA SEA AND YELLOW SEA，Naval Postgraduate School，頁 1:


Younger Dryas

The International Union of Geological Sciences recognises the Pleistocene as ending 11,764 years ago, because that is when the last advance of the ice - known as the Younger Dryas - ended.

国际地质科学联合会认为更新世结束于11,764年前，因为那是最后一次冰川推进期（称为新仙女木期）结束的时间。

2018，Tim Flannery，Europe: A Natural History，頁 145:


amphiphilic

more amphiphilic (comparative)
most amphiphilic (superlative)

同時擁有親水和疏水基團的

Sequential living polymerizations of hydrophilic and hydrophobic vinyl ethers from these trifunctional initiators give amphiphilic triarmed block copolymers where the hydrophilic segments may be placed either inner or outer layer of the three arms.

1997，Hatada，Macromolecular Design of Polymeric Materials, →ISBN，頁 45:


airmass

air mass (alternative)
airmasses (plural)

Unfortunately, the extinction is very sensitive to the airmass[…]

2007，Th. Ratzka et al.，“High spatial resolution mid-infrared observations of the low-mass young star TW Hydrae”, in Astronomy and Astrophysics，卷 471, →DOI:


antifouling

These antifoulings release the biocides by a hydrolysis or ion exchange reaction of an acrylic polymer with seawater.

2002，Institute of Marine Engineers，Marine Engineers Review:


brackishwater

Recently, however, a system of fish and prawn farming has been developed in specially designed brackishwater ponds.

1991，V G Jhingran，Fish and fisheries of India，頁 534:

Some 63.1 percent of brackishwater production consists of penaeid shrimps.

2006，Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations，State of World Aquaculture，頁 10:

Hybrids between O. mossambicus and other less-tolerant strains also show relatively fast growth rates in brackishwater and full-strength seawater.

2006，Carl D Webster, Chhorn Lim，Tilapia: Biology, Culture, and Nutrition，頁 371:


coccolithophore

來自古希臘語 κόκκος (kókkos，“穀物，種子”) + λίθος (líthos，“石頭”) + φόρος (phóros，“攜帶”)；這一複合詞指的是浮游植物的生命週期如何導致微小的種子狀外骨骼沉積，形成方解石。

Chalk formations such as the white cliffs of Dover are largely composed of the bodies of countless billions of coccolithophores that bloomed, died and then sank to the seabed each season for millions of years.

2012，Caspar Henderson，The Book of Barely Imagined Beings，Granta Books, 出版於 2013，頁 290:

It was filled with a kind of golden-brown planktonic algae known as coccolithophores, whose skeletons would form the chalks that underlie parts of Britain, Belgium and France today.

2018，Tim Flannery，Europe: The First 100 Million Years，Penguin, 出版於 2019，頁 27:


dumping ground

wastebasket taxon

一個推測為多系群的超種分類群，其中親緣關係不明確的物種被置於其中。

任何不需要的東西被送往的地方

The Indian representative of a global trade union called IndustriALL warned that other clothes and accessories shipped overseas might also be radioactive because India has become a "dumping ground" for the West's hazardous waste.

2015，Alison Matthews David，Fashion Victims: The Damages of Dress Past and Present, →ISBN，頁 210:

Around 25 years ago, it was used as a dumping ground for Toton locomotives destined for scrapyards.

2021年June16日，“Network News: Boost for Stanton Gate revival”, in RAIL，期 933，頁 14:

一個推測為多系群的超種分類群，其中親緣關係不明確的物種被置於其中。

Several genera, e.g. Miltonia Lindl., Odontoglossum Kunth and Oncidium Sw., have historically been viewed as taxa of convenience and thus became dumping grounds for species of unclear relationships.

2008 December，Mark W. Chase et al.，“Taxonomic transfers in Oncidiinae to accord with Genera Orchidacearum, Vol. 5”, in Lindleyana:


equivalent weight

In the proportion d : p :: 1 : v, as applied to any liquid or solid species, p does not represent its real equivalent weight, but the weight of the normal species which, by its condensation, gives rise to the liquid or solid.

1888，Thomas Sterry Hunt，A New Basis for Chemistry，頁 149:

The equivalent weight of an element or compound is that weight equivalent in reactive power to one atomic weight of hydrogen.

1922，Leicester F. Hamilton，Calculations of Analytical Chemistry，頁 38:


homogeneous equilibrium

The equilibrium is called a homogeneous equilibrium if all of the reactants and products are in the same phase, that is, all gases, all liquids or all in solution.

1995，Ken Gadd，Advanced GNVQ Science，頁 261:


ionic product

A solution is saturated when ionic product is equal to the solubility product. A solution is unsaturated when ionic product is less then the solubility product. A solution is super saturated, when ionic product exceeds the solubility product.

1997，B.K. Sharma，Objective Question Bank in Chemistry:


natural resource

There’s so much Trump in Joe: the overbearing and vainglorious rhetoric, the hogging of all natural resources, the willingness to treat people like property, the disappointing offspring.

2017年December1日，Tom Breihan，“Mad Max: Fury Road might already be the best action movie ever made”, in The Onion AV Club:


photosynthesizing

A thick blanket of dust that was thrown up darkened the globe, affecting plants and other photosynthesising life.

扬起的一层厚厚的灰尘使地球变得黑暗，影响了植物和其他进行光合作用的生命。


particulate matter

particulates

懸浮微粒，懸浮粒子，顆粒物

PM

懸浮微粒，懸浮粒子，顆粒物

atmospheric particulate matter

懸浮微粒，懸浮粒子，顆粒物

suspended particulate matter

懸浮微粒，懸浮粒子，顆粒物

有時簡稱為PM，下標數字表示顆粒的大小（以微米為單位）。例如，PM_(2.5)代表最大直徑為2.5µm的顆粒。

懸浮微粒，懸浮粒子，顆粒物

Particulate matter air pollution contributes to lung cancer incidence in Europe.

2013年July13日，Ole Raaschou-Nielsen et al.，“Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)”, in The Lancet Oncology，卷 14, 期 9, →DOI:

Ambient particulate matter affects local/regional air quality, human health and climate change significantly. The carbonaceous fractions like organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC, sometimes known as black carbon) are of high […]

2014，Guofeng Shen，Emission Factors of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Residential Solid Fuel Combustions，Springer, →ISBN，頁 60:


riverwater

The rest of the marked front-like features are believed to appear due to complex processes of riverwater and seawater interaction.

2002，Vladimir A. Volkov, Ola M. Johannessen, Victor E. Borodachev，Polar Seas Oceanography: An integrated case study of the Kara Sea, →ISBN:

The relative abundance of clay minerals (except montmorillonite) in the Gzhel clay is close to that in the particulate matter in riverwaters around the world.

2007，Geochemistry International - Volume 45, Pages 841-1273，頁 949:

In the face of litigious challenges undermining its control of riverwater, the Fresno Group used its power to protect its economic interests by initiating and guiding the transformation of unenforceable water right claims into strong private property contract rights to the lower flows of riverwater.

2012 -，Ariel Dinar, David Zilberman，The Economics and Management of Water and Drainage in Agriculture, →ISBN，頁 767:


seasalt

Most data was collected using a thin coating of dried sodium chloride. This work was followed by tests on similar specimens tested in air and with a coating of natural Portland Harbour seasalt.

2013，R. Brunetaud, D. Coutsouradis, T. B. Gibbons，High Temperature Alloys for Gas Turbines 1982: Proceedings:


burial ground

They apparently have a theory that the indefinable psychic gift that they call magic, and which we might designate "psychicism", can be acquired by accosting the soul of a murdered man in a burial ground at midnight.

1936，Rollo Ahmed，The Black Art，London: Long，頁 178:


manners

When you come to this time of abatement, / To this passing from Summer to Fall, / It is manners to issue a statement / As to what you got out of it all.

1936，Dorothy Parker，“The Little Old Lady in Lavender Silk”, in The collected poetry of Dorothy Parker，頁 170:


kimbap

借自朝鮮語 김밥 (gimbap)，來自김 (gim，“朝鮮海苔”) + 밥 (bap，“飯”)。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-kimbap.wav

First-time visitors to this takeout spot in Koreatown should try the buffet; regulars come for noodles and kimbap, or Korean-style sushi filled with pickled vegetables

第一次光顾这家位于韩国城的外卖店的顾客应该尝试一下自助餐；常客来这里一般吃面条和紫菜包饭，也就是韩式泡菜寿司

2009年June3日，Julia Moskin，“Ethnic and Affordable”, in New York Times:

The babbling stream, people spreading out rush mats to sit on, snacking on kimbap.

溪水潺潺，人们铺开草席坐着，吃着紫菜包饭。

2015，Han Kang，譯者 Deborah Smith, The Vegetarian [素食主義者]，Granta, 出版於 2018，頁 12:


staking

繼承自中古英語 stakyng、staking，來自古英語 stacung (“用木樁刺”)，來自古英語 *stacian (“打樁”)，等同於stake + -ing。

Despite the quick, clean “dustings” shown on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, or the bloody stakings in so many vampire films, the stake was not a weapon used to actually destroy a vampire but a tool in a more elaborate exorcism.

2009，Jonathan Maberry, David F. Kramer，They Bite:


airline

勿與 air line (“航線”) 混淆。

But already there are some commercial airlines in the United States which use airplanes capable of more than 200 miles an hour.

但在美国，已经有一些商业航空公司使用时速超过200英里的飞机。

1932，Amelia Earhart，“Air Trails of the Future”, in The Fun of It，頁 205:


adaptive

more adaptive (comparative)
most adaptive (superlative)

The real affinities of all organic beings, in contradistinction to their adaptive resemblances, are due to inheritance or community of descent.

1859，Charles Darwin，The Origin of Species:

That variation of germinal origin is a fact in organic nature is admitted on all hands, and that some variations are adaptive is also unquestioned.

1896，C. Lloyd Morgan，On Modification and Variation:


cunnilingus

借自拉丁語 cunnilingus (字面意思是“舔陰者”)。詞義的轉變在20世紀初尚未完成，可能源於比喻用途，以人的名稱指代動作的名稱。

/ˌkʌnɪˈlɪŋɡəs/

/ˌkʌniˈlɪŋɡəs/

carpet munching

舔陰，指為女性進行口交，以舌或唇刺激女性生殖器的動作

cuntlicking

舔陰，指為女性進行口交，以舌或唇刺激女性生殖器的動作

lip service

舔陰，指為女性進行口交，以舌或唇刺激女性生殖器的動作

muff diving

舔陰，指為女性進行口交，以舌或唇刺激女性生殖器的動作

pussy eating

舔陰，指為女性進行口交，以舌或唇刺激女性生殖器的動作

dining at the Y

舔陰，指為女性進行口交，以舌或唇刺激女性生殖器的動作

The stinking breath, hoarse voice, and snoring respiration of the cunnilingus, fellator and fellatrix, the effeminate, piping tone of the cinædus and irrumator, which excited the special scorn of the early satirical writers, were doubtless the expression of a catarrhal pharyngolaryngitis acquired in the discharge of their filthy practices.

1887，John Noland Mackenzie，“Carcinoma of Larynx”, in A Reference handbook of the medical sciences, embracing the entire range of scientific and practical medicine and allied science，卷 4, New York: William Wood & Company，頁 402a:

The foul mouth, hoarse voice, and snoring respiration of the cunnilingus, fellator and irrumator have been thought to indicate syphilitic affections of the throat, but, as I have suggested elsewhere, they were doubtless the symptoms of a catarrhal process acquired in the discharge of their filthy occupations.

1887，John Noland Mackenzie，“Syphilis of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi”, in A Reference handbook of the medical sciences, embracing the entire range of scientific and practical medicine and allied science，卷 4, New York: William Wood & Company，頁 439b:


fideism

We were warned at Cambridge, your grace, of the dangers of what is termed fideism.

陛下，我們在劍橋被警告過所謂的信仰主義的危險。

1993，Anthony Burgess，A Dead Man in Deptford:


filmmaker

I spent a couple of months all by myself building a set and had my filmmaker friends, nonactors, play the parts.

我花了几个月的时间独自搭建布景，并让我的制片人朋友（非演员）扮演这些角色。

2007年March11日，Erik Piepenburg，“Reflections on Life as a Shaker-Upper”, in New York Times:

Such prissy mollycoddlings of audience expectations were shortly to come under heavyweight siege from a variety of filmmakers in the 1950s – not least the aforementioned Otto Preminger.

这种对观众期望的过分迎合很快就遭到了20世纪50年代各种制片人的强烈抨击，尤其是前面提到的奥托·普雷明格。

2015，B. Forshaw，Sex and Film: The Erotic in British, American and World Cinema:


workings

Private-equity nabobs bristle at being dubbed mere financiers. Piling debt onto companies’ balance-sheets is only a small part of what leveraged buy-outs are about, they insist. Improving the workings of the businesses they take over is just as core to their calling, if not more so. Much of their pleading is public-relations bluster.

2013年June22日，“Engineers of a different kind”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 70:

The main platforms are unusually far apart, because the two centre tracks were lifted after the East Coast Main Line was diverted in 1983 to avoid now defunct new coal workings.

2022年September21日，“Lifts at Selby by next summer”, in RAIL，期 966，頁 21:


Lula

Lulu 的19世紀變體，Louisa 和 Lucy 的暱稱。亦有罕見情形是縮略自 Tallulah。

But Lula Ann Bridewell is no longer available and she was never a woman. Lula Ann was a sixteen-year-old-me who dropped that dumb countrified name as soon as I left high school. I was Ann Bride for two years until I interviewed for a sales job at Sylvia, Inc., and, on a hunch, shortened my name to Bride, with nothing anybody needs to say before or after that memorable syllable.

2015，Toni Morrison，God Help the Child，Chatto & Windus, →ISBN，頁 11:


Zunyi

借自漢語拼音，官話 遵義／遵义 (Zūnyì)的羅馬化。

Tsun-i (alternative)
Tsunyi (alternative)

遵義（地級市名，位於中國貴州）

The next year, a certain bandit chieftain Yang Lung-hsi 陽隆喜 plundered the districts of T‘ung-tzü 桐梓 and Jên-huai 仁懷 and encircled the prefecture of Tsun-i 遵義.[...]
The emperor also approved a request by the people of Tsun-i, Kweichow, for permission to establish a memorial temple.

次年，匪首陽隆喜^([sic])搶掠桐梓、仁懷，並包圍遵義府。…
皇帝亦批准了貴州遵義民眾修建紀念廟宇的請求。

[1940，Yüeh-hwa Lin（林耀华），“The Miao-Man Peoples of Kweichow [貴州苗蠻族]”, in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies [哈佛亞洲研究雜誌]，卷 5, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard-Yenching Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁s 264–265:


cryptozoology

隱棲動物學、傳說動物學、神秘動物學

The Loch Ness Monster is one of the mysteries of cryptozoology.

尼斯湖水怪是神秘動物學的謎團之一。

This peculiar situation amplifies the reluctance of conservative scientists to objectively consider the search for hidden animals, the field of cryptozoology. […] Indeed, cryptozoology has gained increasing legitimacy in recent years.

2007，Jeff Meldrum，Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science，Tom Doherty Associates, →ISBN，頁 45:


tiramisu

借自意大利語 tiramisù (字面意思是“激勵我”)。

tiramisù (alternative)
tiramisus (plural)

/ˌtɪɹəmɪˈsuː/

Numerous variations of tiramisu exist. Some chefs use other cakes such as panettone. Although the original recipe – certified by the Italian Academy of Cuisine in 2010 – was alcohol-free, variants include alcohol such as rum or marsala.

2021年October31日，Lorenzo Tondo，“Italy’s father of tiramisu dies aged 93”, in The Guardian:


waterlily

Even the beloved paintings of the slowly evolving garden and lily ponds at his home in Giverny might have started out as rudimentary pencil and crayon studies, as a comparison of a blackish green, purple and blue painting of waterlilies, on loan from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, with a black crayon study from the sketchbooks suggests.

2007年August10日，Benjamin Genocchio，“Inside His Sketchbooks, Clues to Monet”, in New York Times:


Caucasus

通过拉丁語 Caucasus，< 古希臘語 Καύκασος (Kaúkasos)。

高加索山脈，東歐的山脈，位於黑海與裏海之間，橫跨俄羅斯、格鲁吉亚（喬治亞）、亞美尼亞和阿塞拜疆（亞塞拜然）的領土，包括大高加索山脈和小高加索山脈。

[…] from the long and rugged ravines of the Caucasus, […]

[…] 来自高加索山漫长而崎岖的峡谷， […]

1851，Lieutenant Maturin Murray，The Circassian Slave, or The Sultan's Favorite:

Driven with that weak blast which Winter leaves, / Closing his palace gates on Caucasus, / […]

冬天留下的微弱寒风吹拂着，/关闭了高加索山宫殿的大门， […]

Germany, Italy, Spain and Belgium writhed in the throes of Anarchy, while Russia, watching from the Caucasus, stooped and bound them one by one.

德国、意大利、西班牙和比利时在无政府状态中痛苦挣扎，而远在高加索山注视着的俄罗斯则俯下身来，将他们一个个束缚住。

1895，Robert W. Chambers，The King In Yellow:


welfare state

In order to grant the rich these pleasures, the social contract is reconfigured. The welfare state is dismantled. Essential public services are cut so that the rich may pay less tax. […]

为了让富人享受这些乐趣，社会契约被重新配置。福利国家被解体。基本公共服务被削减，以便富人可以少交税。 […]

2013年May17日，George Monbiot，“Money just makes the rich suffer”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 23，頁 19:


environmentally friendly

more environmentally friendly (comparative)
most environmentally friendly (superlative)

"HS2's London tunnels will help ensure many homes and habitats in the capital remain undisturbed. This is a key part of our commitment to deliver Britain's new high-speed railway in the most environmentally friendly way and minimising disruption to our neighbours," said HS2 Ltd Client Director Malcolm Codling.

2020年October21日，“Network News: London tunnel contracts awarded with work to start in 2022”, in Rail，頁s 12-13:


playing

[…] the Nielsen figures show that average viewership across all playings fell by only 40 percent and that total viewership of the entire season’s episodes fell by only 20 percent.

2009年January19日，Edward Wyatt，“‘Big Love’ Gets a Big Tie to Real World”, in New York Times:


hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia

來自hippopotomonstrosesquipedalian，sesquipedalian的延伸 + monstrum (“怪物”) 的連接形 + hippopotamus（英語河馬的錯誤拼寫） + -phobia。

/ˌhɪ.pəˌpɒ.tə(ʊ)ˈmɒn.stɹə(ʊ)ˌsɛs.kwɪ.pɪˌdɑːl.ɪ.ə(ʊ)ˈfəʊ.bɪ.ə/

本詞長達15音節，不太可能單純用作其所表示的意思。正式用語是 sesquipedalophobia。

Ben suffers from hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia so he seldom uses words of more than three syllables.

Ben 有長單詞恐懼症，所以他很少使用超過三個音節的單詞。

However, we assume that despite the best endeavours of science, some phobias will always remain. These include paraskavedekatriaphobia, or fear of Friday the 13th. And hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia, which is fear of long words.

2002年April19日，anonymous author，The Scotsman，頁 13:

Those who find this column troubling are suffering from hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia- the fear of long words. Or, more likely, rupophobia - a fear of rubbish.

2002年December14日，Chris Lloyd，The Northern Echo，頁 10:

Coincidentally there is a masochistic PCP with hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia (fear of long words) curled up in an alleyway across the street. He has been whispering “Antidisestablishmentarianism” to himself over and over for two days now, experiencing up to one orgasm every three hours as a result of The Pain […]

2005年September30日，D. Harlan Wilson，Pseudo-City，Raw Dog Screaming Press, →ISBN，頁 183:


SVG

In this chapter we will cover: […] • Creating SVGs with popular image editing packages and services • Inserting SVGs into a page with img and object tags […]

2015，Ben Frain，Responsive Web Design with HTML5 and CSS3，Packt Publishing Ltd, →ISBN，頁 170:


CCTV

There is CCTV in the coach, so anyone planning to pilfer a flapjack may well be seen!

2019年October23日，Pip Dunn，“The next king of Scotland”, in Rail，頁 52:


straw man

源自 straw + man。
1986年版 Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 多處顯示，本詞用作無形之物的比喻義可追溯到1585-95年。
1897年版 Universal Dictionary of the English Language 第4卷第4485頁將“man of straw”解釋為“The figure of a man formed of an old suit of clothes stuffed with straw; hence, the mere resemblance of a man; one of no substance or means; an imaginary person.”（用塞满稻草的旧衣服做成的人形；因此可表示：仅仅是与人相似；没有任何实质或手段；一个想象出来的人。）
對比西弗里斯蘭語 strieman、荷蘭語 strooman、stroman、德語 Strohmann、丹麥語 stråmand、瑞典語 stråman、挪威語 stråmann。

steelman

稻草人論證，稻草人謬誤 （一種歪曲對手言論的辯論手段）

稻草人論證，稻草人謬誤 （一種歪曲對手言論的辯論手段）

This Euler inequality recurs as either the cornerstone or the straw man in many theories contained in this book.

2018，Lars Ljungqvist and Thomas J. Sargent，Recursive macroeconomic theory，第4th版, MIT Press，頁 4:


straw man

straw mans (third-person singular present)
straw manning (present participle)
straw manned (past participle)

同類詞：steelman

Person A: "Cats have claws."
Person B: "Not all cats have claws: some are declawed."
Person A: "Don't straw man me; I never said all."

甲：“猫有爪子。”
乙：“不是所有的猫都有爪子：有些猫没有爪子。”
甲：“别拿我当稻草人，我从没说过“所有”。”

I have also argued that he is guilty of straw manning Copi and that his charge of shoddy reasoning against Kahane makes use of an equivocation on the concept of fallacy.

1996 [Vale Press], Ralph H. Johnson, The Rise of Informal Logic, Windsor Studies in Argumentation, 2014, E-edition, page 178,

¹¹ It should, however, also be noted that in certain cases later "neo-corporatist authors" straw manned the pluralist model, making it easier to criticise (Nedelmann and Meier, 1979: 94).

2016，Stijn Smismans，“5: Regulatory Procedure and Participation in the European Union”, in Comparative Law and Regulation，Edward Elgar Publishing，頁 133:

My point does not concern the principle of charity or whether Hickman has straw manned postmodernism.

2021，John T. Lysaker，Philosophy, Writing, and the Character of Thought，University of Chicago Press，頁 39:


angiosperm

源自古希臘語 ἀγγεῖον (angeîon，“容器”) + σπέρμα (spérma，“種子”)。

As with the Lejeuneaceae, this pattern of massive speciation appears to be correlated with the Cretaceous explosion of the angiosperms and the simultaneous creation of a host of new microenvironments, differing in humidity, light intensity, texture, etc.

與 Lejeuneaceae 一樣，這種大規模物種形成模式似乎與白堊紀被子植物的爆發以及同時創造出的大量新的微環境有關，這些微環境在濕度、光照強度、紋理等方面各不相同。

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁s 3-4:

The notion of magnoliaceans as the most primitive living angiosperms, justified or not, does not mean that all their characters, including multilacunar nodal anatomy and the lack of tannins, are primary.

木蘭科植物作為最原始的被子植物，無論合理與否，並不意味著它們的所有特徵，包括多隙節解剖結構和缺乏單寧，都是原始的。

1997，Valentin A. Krassilov，Angiosperm Origins: Morphological and Ecological Aspects，頁 134:

With all these features, it is pretty easy for one to identify an angiosperm. This is a very normal and common practice for neobotanists. However, the situation becomes complicated when you go back to the early history of angiosperms.

2009, Xin Wang, 3: New Fossils and New Hope for the Origin of Angiosperms, Pierre Pontarotti, Evolutionary Biology: Concept, Modeling, and Application, page 55,


watch over

watches over (third-person singular present)
watching over (present participle)
watched over (past participle)

She stayed up all night to watch over the sick infant.

她整夜沒睡，守護著患病的嬰兒。

I like to think / (it has to be!) / of a cybernetic ecology / where we are free of our labors / and joined back to nature, / returned to our mammal / brothers and sisters, / and all watched over / by machines of loving grace.

1967，Richard Brautigan，All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace:


outrager

[T]hese giants are ever heretics and blasphemers, robbers and oppressors, outragers of the female sex, and scoffers at regular authority.

1822，[Walter Scott]，章號 XII, in Peveril of the Peak. […]，卷 III, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC，頁 307:


tanstaafl

Hadn't realized “Free Luna” was going to have taxes. Hadn't had any before and got along. You paid for what you got. Tanstaafl. How else?

1966，Robert A. Heinlein，The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress:


Trevor

源自威爾士的男性人名，來自威爾士語 Trefor。流行於1950和1960年代的英國。

He never wasted a word even to tell his name until that was required of him by the rules. When he said 'Trevor' it was a statement of fact, not as it would have been with the others a statement of shame or defiance. - - - There was every reason why T., as he was afterwards referred to, should have been an object of mockery - there was his name ( and they substituted the initial because otherwise they had no excuse not to laugh at it ) - - -

1941，Graham Greene，“The Destructors”, in Collected Stories，Heinemann，頁 327:


[Huw] Jones was also involved in the second try, which started when [Finn] Russell received the ball near his own 22 and immediately detected that England’s defence was narrow, with Jonny May having strayed infield.

2018年February24日，Paul Rees，“Finn Russell masterminds historic Scotland victory over England”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2018-04-22:


social justice warrior

How will your upper class social justice warrior cope with men swearing and pushing each other? Will she faint at the first sight of blood from a split lip? Or will she hike up her skirts, grab a hot soup spoon, and brain the first aggressor she can find?

2014，Krista D. Ball，Hustlers, Harlots, and Heroes: A Regency and Steampunk Field Guide，Tyche Books Ltd., →ISBN:

But the partisan liberals in the Obama adminstration think that the rules don't apply to them. They are blind to the dragon's teeth of division and mistrust that their social justice politics sows in the body politic. They honor and celebrate the "activist," the "community organizer" and the social justice warrior, whose proud life purpose is to "raise consciousness" of injustice and marginalization.

2014，Joe Cooper，“It's Not 'Unwisdom', It's Hubris -- Hubris often indicates a loss of contact with reality.”, in soc.culture.usa (Usenet):

Finally, social justice warriors always portray themselves—and seem to experience themselves—as actively suffering victims who need protection.

2015，Peggy Noonan，“The Trigger-Happy Generation”, in The Wall Street Journal，卷 CCLXV, 期 120:

It's the time you realize your son's school has turned into Social Justice Warrior boot camp, where English is “Gender Studies” and History and Geography are “Global inequality and the failures of capitalism.”

2016，Nick Adams，Retaking America: Crushing Political Correctness:

仅按字面意思，并无比喻或俗语义；参见social justice、warrior;社會正義的活動家

Conny was a local painter who had achieved modest fame in the Canadian art scene with his experiments in New Age macho realism: the sensitive male writ large as compassionate lover, social justice warrior and loyal son to Mother Earth.

1995，Tim Dugdale，I Couldn't Care Less: A Novel，Black Moss Press, →ISBN，頁 33:

This book is dedicated to the memory of a great environmental and social justice warrior, mother, labor organizer, singer-songwriter, Earth Firstler activist, and much, much more Judi Bari (1949-1977)

1998，Daniel J. Faber，The Struggle for Ecological Democracy: Environmental Justice Movements in the United States，Guilford Press, →ISBN:

Daniel raised an eyebrow. “Do you happen to have an expert handy on toxic pesticides in the food supply?” Jacob blew out his breath. “No, but — hold on, yes, I might.” He drew out his phone. “Let me text my favorite social justice warrior.” Jessica might not know much about arsenic and pesticides, but she would certainly know who would.

2014，Laura VanArendonk Baugh，Con Job，Æclipse Press, →ISBN，頁 101:


hentai

偽日語，衍生自変態(へんたい) (hentai，“變態”)，変態性欲者(へんたいせいよくしゃ) (hentai seiyoku-sha，字面意思是“性慾異常者”)的簡稱。

同類詞：ecchi、pornhwa、pornhua

There was a hentai video that I saw / I told you about the night that we first made love

2019，“Hentai”, in Cry，演出者 Cigarettes After Sex:

X defines adult content as […]
This definition also applies to "AI-generated, photographic or animated content such as cartoons, hentai or anime".

2024年June5日，“Porn now officially allowed on X with safeguards for those under 18”, in Channel News Asia:


supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

首次用於1940年代，因在1964年迪士尼音樂電影《歡樂滿人間》中作為歌名使用而聞名。
衍生自拉丁語 super (“超越”) + calor (“熱情”) + fragilis (“美味”) + expiātiō (“滿足”) + doceō (“教導”) + -ous。

/ˌsuːpəˌkælɨˌfɹæd͡ʒɨˌlɪstɪkˌɛkspɪˌælɨˈdəʊʃəs/

/ˌsupɚˌkælɪ̈ˌfɹæd͡ʒɪ̈ˌlɪstɪkˌɛkspiˌælɪ̈ˈdoʊʃəs/

常被作為超長單字的例子。

It's supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.

1964年August27日，Mary Poppins，spoken by Mary Poppins (Julie Andrews):

By comparison with the present transcribers, I'm sure my performance would be supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.

2010年March15日，Rose Madeline Mula，The Beautiful People and Other Aggravations，Gretna: Pelican Publishing, →ISBN, →OL，頁 91:

This is a real biggie so pay attention—I still pinch myself occasionally to even believe I did this; it was supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.

2011，Mary B. Allberry，I Ain't Done Yet，Victoria: FriesenPress, →ISBN, →OL，頁 91:


manju

借自日語 饅頭 (manjū)，來自漢語 饅頭／馒头 (mántou)。mandu、manti和mantou 的同源對似詞。

Then, replying to Gyowo’s interrogation, he announced that as he had as many manju cakes as he wished for, and as he was no more use in this world, he would not mind dying.

1930，Yosoburo Takekoshi，The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan，卷 III, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company，頁 76:

My mother opened a large bag and took out four bottles of beer, some manjus and iced cakes.

1973，Ryuji Nagatsuka，譯者 Nina Rootes, “Part One”, in I Was a Kamikaze，第1st American版, New York, N.Y.: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 出版於 1974, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 57:

Smiling, she pours a cup each for herself and Shiro, goes back to the kitchen, and returns with a plate of manju. Each manju is shaped like a maple leaf. / “These are specialties of Hiroshima. You’ll like them because they don’t have bean paste inside. The outside part is like pancakes. Inside they have chocolate or jam. Try one.” She holds the plate toward me. / I take one of the manju and bite into semisweet chocolate. “This is great.” / Michiyo and Shiro are looking at each other and nodding. See, she likes the manju, they must be thinking to each other.

1995，Kyoko Mori，The Dream of Water: A Memoir，New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt and Company, →ISBN，頁 193:

Madara assumes the form of a chubby, mochi-like cat named Nyanko-sensei who loves to drink sake and eat manju and ebi furai—and pretty much anything else.

2020，Diana Ault，Cook Anime: Eat Like Your Favorite Character—From Bento to Yakisoba，New York, N.Y.: Tiller Press, Simon & Schuster, Inc., →ISBN，頁 18:

Angel hummed, their gaze shifting from him to the plate of manju sitting on the bench.

安吉尔哼了一声，他们的目光从他身上转移到了长凳上的那盘馒头上。

The cream was thick and complimented the pancake-y batter of the manju perfectly. […] “Manju originated from Chinese mantou, that deep fried bread thing you dip in condensed milk that you can get in Binondo. But this is Japanese. And the Japanese version is made with red bean instead of chocolate or custard.[…]”

奶油浓稠，与日式馒头那层薄饼般的面糊完美搭配。 […] “日式馒头源于中式馒头，那种油炸的、蘸着炼乳吃的馒头，在岷伦洛可以买到。但这是日式馒头。日式馒头用的是红豆，而不是巧克力或蛋奶沙司。 […] ”

2022，Carla de Guzman，Some Bali to Love，Midnight Books:

They say in Slam Dunk that you need to have self-control to grab rebounds, and the girls exhibited a lack of that: they bought up over half of the manju I made. I could never make enough manju. […] “Well, I know that children can’t be eating that many manju, and grabbing manju off the shelf isn’t exactly the same as grabbing rebounds, so why don’t y'all bring that same tenaciousness to your post-manju workouts?[…]”

2023，Shoji Goji，譯者 Eric Margolis, Loner Life in Another World，卷 6, Seven Seas Entertainment, →ISBN:

It also comes with dessert — seasonal potato manju and fruits anmitsu.

还附带甜点——时令土豆馒头和水果豆沙馅。

2023年April30日，Dining Out (Honolulu Star-Advertiser)，頁 16:


waifu

借自日語 ワイフ (waifu)，源自英語 wife；由4chan所传播开来。wife 的同源對似詞。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-waifu.wav

指漫画、动画、游戏等中的一些女性角色。有些玩家/观众很喜欢这类角色，并把她们看作像自己的妻子一样的人。

So long as I get to claim my virtual waifu and our 30 virtual children as tax deductions, I don't really care if I can't touch her.

只要我能够将我的虚拟老婆和我们的30个虚拟孩子作为减税对象就行，碰不到她我也没关系。

2008年October30日，Galen，“Re: Japanese launch campaign to marry comic book characters [回复：日本发起与漫画人物结婚的活动]”, in rec.arts.manga (Usenet):

Seriously, it was fun, but here's hoping that they lay off some of the bits that got old real quick, like Mio getting scared easily. I would not like to have someone that timid as "mai waifu" (as if I'd marry a bloody high school girl anyway). Makes me wonder what that says about the otaku who worship her.

2009年December31日，Dave Watson，“Re: K-ON! 2nd season announced”, in rec.arts.anime.misc (Usenet):

Bradley Meek's portrayal of Lucky☆Star's protagonist is particularly worthy of notice in assessing the anime's take on the art-play dyad: “Konata Izumi is a high school otaku hardcore enough to know trivia about seventies giant robot and tokusatsu shows,” the critic proposes, “but not hardcore enough to own a bodypillow of her waifu [a 2D significant other]. […]

在评价这部动画对艺术与戏剧二元组的看法时，布拉德利·米克对《幸运☆星》主角的刻画尤其值得一提：“泉此方是一名御宅族高中生，她对七十年代巨型机器人和特摄节目的各种细节了如指掌，”这位评论家指出，“但她还没有硬核到有一块她老婆[二次元的另一半]的抱枕。 […]

2012，Dani Cavallaro，Kyoto Animation: A Critical Study and Filmography [京都动画：批判研究与动画年表]，McFarland & Company, 出版於 2012, →ISBN，頁 126:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:waifu。


romaji

音譯自日語 ローマ字(じ) (rōmaji，字面意思是“羅馬字母”)。

/ˈɹəʊ.mə.d͡ʒiː/

The romaji of the word ローマ字 is “rōmaji”.

“ローマ字”一词的罗马字是“rōmaji”。

The katakana and the hiragana are syllabic forms of writing derived from Chinese characters, while the romaji are the letters used in writing most European languages.

片假名和平假名是衍生自汉字的音节书写形式，而罗马字则是用于书写许多欧洲语言的字母。

For example, in Japanese advertisements sexy and my house often appear in romaji, making the underlying concepts of eroticism and private ownership more exotic.

例如，日本广告中的 sexy（性感）和 my house（自己的房子）经常使用罗马字书写，以分别使其潜藏的“色情”和“私人所有”的概念更加异域化。

2006，Ralph Fasold, Jeffrey Connor-Linton，An Introduction to Language and Linguistics，頁 410:

Today people ordinarily use kana-kanji conversion systems for inputting Japanese text. Because many of them can touch-type the romajis for the kanas, the O-code with kana-kanji conversion is more accessible.

2011，T Okadome, J Nakajima, S Ito, K Kakusho，“An Accessible Coded Input Method for Japanese Extensive Writing”, in Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods:


exister

We existers are never either ready to hand or present at hand, because our ontological constitution, Existenz, is utterly different from theirs […]

1992，Graeme Nicholson，Illustrations of being: drawing upon Heidegger and upon metaphysics:

It is good that existers enjoy their pleasures. It is also good that pains are avoided.

2006，David Benatar，Better never to have been: the harm of coming into existence:


mooncake

A tray of mooncakes.
A mooncake sliced open to reveal its lotus seed paste filling.
來自moon + cake，仿譯自官話 月餅／月饼 (yuèbíng)，來自月 (yuè) + 餅／饼 (bíng)。。

mooncakes (plural)
moon cake (alternative)
moon-cake (alternative)

月餅 （自17世紀晚期）

The fifteenth Day of the eighth Moon, is ſolemniz'd by the Chineſes with great feaſting and rejoycing. […] To this purpoſe, the preceding Days they ſend to one another Preſents of little Loaves and Sugar-Cakes, which they call Yue Pim, or Moon-Cakes. They are round, but the biggeſt, which are about two hands breadth in diameter, and repreſent the Full Moon, have every one a Hare in the middle made of a Paſt of Walnuts, Almonds, Pine-Apple-Kernels and other Indgredients. Theſe they eat by the Light of the moon; the Richer ſort having their Muſick alſo playing about 'em, which is very good.

1688，Gabriel Magaillans [i.e., Gabriel de Magalhães]，“Of Several Other Palaces, and Some Temples Erected within the Same Enclosures”, in [anonymous]（譯者）, A New History of China, Containing a Description of the Most Considerable Particulars of that Vast Empire. […]，London: […] Thomas Newborough, […], →OCLC，頁 318:

Mei-kwei 玫丨 [i.e., 玫瑰] name of a pearl; also of a round cake, called the moon-cake, eaten at the harvest moon; […]

1819，R[obert] Morrison，“瑰”, in A Dictionary of the Chinese Language, […]，part II, volume I, Macao: […] East India Company’s Press, by P[eter] P[erring] Thoms, →OCLC, entry number 6772，頁 507，列 3:

The 15th day of the 8th moon is the 中秋 mid autumn feast. […] The cake shops are cleared of other stock, and nothing is to be bought in them for many days but the moon cakes. The moon cake—I am afraid I cannot convey an idea in words, of the delicacy of this exquisite morceau. I merely give its composition, and leave the rest to the imagination of the reader. A small pie in shape of a pork pie, with a crust not quite so tough as well tanned leather, filled with lumps of pork fat mixed with sugar, almonds, chopped walnuts, sesamum, and other varieties of seed.

1870 December，F. H. Ewer，“Some Account of Festivals in Canton”, in The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal，卷 3, 期 7, Foochow, Fukien, China: Rozario, Marcal & Co., 出版於 1871, →OCLC, paragraph VII，頁 187，列 2:

[M]aybe his mother has promised him a mango or a moon-cake if he would be good; […]

1890 February，Yan Phou Lee，“The Boys and Girls of China”, in St. Nicholas: An Illustrated Magazine for Young Folks，卷 XVII, part I, 期 4, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC，頁 362，列 2:

The emblematical pastry of the period, the moon cake, has for its ingredients a little bit of everything grown during all the seasons of the year. […] Indeed, it is the nearest thing to pie the Chinese cookery affords. Bits of pork, cabbage, pumpkin, figs, fruit and fowl baked together in a cast-iron crust, seasoned with pork fat, may not be appetizing to the Caucasian taste, but they tickle the palate of a Chinaman into epicurean laughter and make him believe he is enlarging his mind proportionately with his waist.

1893 April，Don Seitz，“A Celestial Farm on Long Island”, in Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly，卷 XXXV, 期 4, New York, N.Y.: Frank Leslie’s Publishing House, […], →OCLC，頁 495，列 2:

The servants had already packed and loaded a rickshaw with the day's basic provisions: […] sweaty earthen jars of preserved meats and vegetables; stacks of red boxes lined with four mooncakes each; and of course, sleeping mats for our afternoon map.

1989，Amy Tan，“Ying-Ying St. Clair: The Moon Lady”, in The Joy Luck Club，New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, →ISBN，頁 73:

The round moon cakes, measuring about three inches in diameter and one and a half inches in thickness, resembled Western fruit cakes in taste and consistency. These cakes were made with melon seeds, lotus seeds, almonds, minced meats, bean paste, orange peels, and lard. A golden yolk from a salted duck egg was placed at the center of each cake, and the golden brown crust was decorated with symbols of the festival. Traditionally, thirteen moon cakes were piled into a pyramid to symbolize the thirteen moons of a "complete year"—that is, twelve moons plus one intercalary moon.

1989，K. S. Tom，“Celebrations and Festivals”, in Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends and Lore of the Middle Kingdom，Honolulu, Hi.: Hawaii Chinese History Center, 出版於 2000, →ISBN，頁 40，列 2:

During the year we gathered together in the coolie room a few times to celebrate certain festive occasions, like the Ghost Month or the Mooncake Festival. If you had money to spare, you would buy some food, for example mooncakes to celebrate with your sisters.

1994，Claire Chiang，“Female Migrants in Singapore: Towards a Strategy of Pragmatism and Coping”, in Women and Chinese Patriarchy: Submission, Servitude and Escape，Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press; London: Zed Books, →ISBN, part III (Social Remedies and Avenues of Escape)，頁 245:

[S]he just said, 'The mooncake, if don't eat, must throw away. But like that waste money, very gek sim.' I didn't want to hurt her heart, so I ate the cake. My mother watched me eat the mooncake. 'Do you like it?'

1997，Hwee Hwee Tan，Foreign Bodies […]，第1st trade paperback版, New York, N.Y.: Washington Square Press, Pocket Books, 出版於 January 2000, →ISBN，頁 149:

Fruit mince moon cakes […] Over the years, the Chinese moon cake has evolved into a variety of treats with different fillings. To cater to the health-conscious, many bakeries also offer miniature moon cakes and sugar-free moon cakes. I have used a fruit mince filling to make these moon cakes a little more familiar to the European palate, but you do need a moon cake mould to make these.

2007，Dean Brettschneider，“Pastries”, in Global Baker: Inspirational Breads, Cakes, Pastries and Desserts with International Influences，第new版, Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Cuisine, 出版於 2020, →ISBN，頁 120:

Remember the overthrow of the Manchus, when messages hidden in moon cakes roused the people to bring arms to the meeting place.

2008，Chin Woon Ping，“Mooncakes and the Moon”, in Hakka Soul: Memories, Migrations, and Meals，Singapore: NUS Press, →ISBN，頁 29:

Tea and moon-cakes were served after dinner. The cakes came in square, octagonal and round shapes, each one about two inches thick and covered in a soft, brown skin. Emily cut them into quarter slices and handed them round.

2012，Tan Twan Eng，章號 10, in The Garden of Evening Mists，Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear: Myrmidon Books, →ISBN，頁 143:


Lisu

源自官話 傈僳 (lìsù)、𤠫𤢂的漢語拼音。

There are more than a hundred such groups, including the Karen of Thailand and Burma; the Kachin in Burma; the Akha, the Lahu, and the Lisu in Thailand; the Hmong, the Kmhmu, and the Yao in Laos; and the Nùng and the Lati in Vietnam.

2011，Terry Miller, Sean Williams，The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music，頁 303:


greatest thing since sliced bread

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-au-greatest thing since sliced bread.ogg

This column is about the greatest thing since sliced bread.

1962, Jeanne Boardman, letter to "Hints from Heloise", St. Joseph, Missouri, Gazette (Wednesday, December 19, 1962), page 5:

Because if he starts to write a check for the full amount and I say, "Take off $250", or "I'll throw in door-guard trim and five steel radials for nothing", Charley is going to think I am the greatest thing since sliced bread.

1978, Joe Girard, Stanley H. Brown, How to Sell Anything to Anybody, page 104:

It was the greatest thing since sliced bread when it first came out, and I remember selling a big project to a customer by demonstrating it.

2007，David S. Platt，Why Software Sucks: ...and What You Can Do About It，頁 208:


unrecognisable

more unrecognisable (comparative)
most unrecognisable (superlative)

To nostalgic eyes they became absolutely and almost mercifully unrecognisable. Nor did they escape a full measure of denigration.

1952 January，Henry Maxwell，“Farewell to the "T14s"”, in Railway Magazine，頁 57:

The station has been refurbished both at ground level and below ground, where the wide, fluorescently lit platforms are an almost unrecognisable metamorphosis of the dingy, reeking Low Level of old.

1960 December，“The Glasgow Suburban Electrification is opened”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 713:

Standing on the platforms at Derby today, the station is virtually unrecognisable from how it was during the mid-to-late 2000s, when it seemed as if it was in terminal decline.

2019年December4日，Andy Coward，“Derby's crowning achievement”, in Rail，頁 57:


niver

An’ niver got half his fill.


somer

To the examples alleged by Richardson, in his Dictionary, add the following: "I se it by ensaunple In somer tyme on trowes; Ther some bowes ben leved, And some bereth none, There is a meschief in the more Of swiche manere bowes."

1853，Various，Notes and Queries, Number 182, April 23, 1853:

In Scotland, that somer, was nothing but myrth; for all yead[515] with the preastis eavin at thare awin pleasur.

1895，John Knox，The Works of John Knox, Vol. 1 (of 6):


elephant in the room

可能源自美國，或源自伊萬·克雷洛夫1814年的寓言“好奇的男人”，內容是一個男人去了博物館，注意到了很多東西，除了一頭大象。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-au-elephant in the room.ogg

800-pound gorilla

“房子裡的大象”：一些社會上難以講述的事實（如涉及人權、政治、種族衝突），這些事情通常涉及各別陣營的利害衝突，所以為了不造成直接的對立，大家選擇沉默以對。

There is an elephant in the room that nearly every politician and green campaigner is ignoring. It’s called population growth.

2008年January6日，Nicholas Rufford，“Motormouth: The car of the future, at £1,300”, in Sunday Times (UK):


kuai

借自官話 塊／块 (kuài)。

Many Chinese people never cook at home because the range of options is endless, from 10-Kuai eats, to 1,000-Kuai feasts.

很多中国人不在家做饭，因为（外出就餐的）选择实在是太多了，从10块钱随便吃点，到1000块钱的大餐。


Lhotse

借自藏語 ལྷོ་རྩེ (lho rtse)。

洛子峰（位于喜马拉雅山脉，在中國与尼泊爾的边境上，是世界第四高峰。）

Mount Everest was only 3 or 4 miles away from us. From it to the South-east swept a huge amphitheatre of mighty peaks culminating in a new and unsurveyed peak, 28,100 feet in height, to which we gave the name of Lhotse, which in Tibetan means the South Peak.

埃佛勒斯峰离我们只有三四英里。从埃佛勒斯峰向东南方向延伸出一片巨大的圆形凹地，山峰高耸入云，最高峰是一座新的、未经勘测的山峰，高28,100英尺，我们给这座山峰取名为洛子峰，藏语意为南峰。

1922，C. K. Howard-Bury，Mount Everest: The Reconnaissance, 1921 [埃佛勒斯峰：勘测，1921年]，Longmans, Green and Co., →OCLC, →OL，頁 116:

Steck was in the area acclimatizing ahead of a bid to climb Everest through the less-climbed West Ridge route and traverse to Lhotse, the world's fourth highest peak - at 8,516 meters (27,940 feet) in May.

斯特克正在该地区进行海拔适应训练，准备于5月份通过人迹罕至的西岭路线攀登珠穆朗玛峰，并横跨洛子峰，洛子峰是世界第四高峰，海拔8,516米（27,940英尺）。

2017年April30日，Gopal Sharma，“Swiss climber falls to death, preparing for Mount Everest ascent [瑞士登山者在准备攀登珠穆朗玛峰时坠落身亡]”, in Reuters，存檔自the original on 2017-04-30, World News:

On the 8516-meter-high Lhotse, the fourth highest of all mountains, the two Americans skied down the so-called “Dream Line”: from the summit through the narrow, 45 to 50 degrees steep Lhotse Couloir down to Camp 2 in the Western Qwm at 6,400 meters. “We did it,” Jim writes about a photo of his ski tips that he posted on Instagram today: “Ski tips about to make the first turn ever off the summit of Lhotse. Almost 28,000’ the summit was sugar snow and extra steep. A few careful turns and a hop got me into the couloir to complete a dream I’ve been working towards for a lifetime.”

在海拔8516米的世界第四高峰——洛子峰上，这两位美国人沿着所谓的“梦想线”滑雪而下：从峰顶穿过狭窄而陡峭、坡度为45至50度的洛子峰山沟，下到海拔6400米的西冰斗2号营地。“我们做到了，”吉姆在Instagram上发布了一张他的滑雪板照片，并写道：“滑雪板即将从洛子峰顶首次转弯。峰顶几乎有28,000英尺高，积雪如糖，非常陡峭。经过几次小心翼翼的转弯和跳跃，我进入了山沟，实现了我一生都在为之奋斗的梦想。”

2018年October4日，Jim Morrison（被引）, “Nelson and Morrison succeed historic ski descent from Lhotse”, in Deutsche Welle，存檔自the original on 2020-12-02:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Lhotse。


call out

call-out (alternative)
calls out (third-person singular present)
calling out (present participle)
called out (past participle)

summon

召集，召喚，命令投入服務

He was very insulting. Finally Jack called him out and shut him up.

他非常侮辱人。最后杰克怼了他，让他闭嘴。

She called them out on their lies.

He added: "We've always had spin, especially from Government. But this is not spin. This is dishonesty and so it's our rail media's urgent responsibility to call it out because non-specialist journalists across the country will report this and gradually these untruths will be accepted.

2022年January26日，Paul Stephen，“Network News: Government's IRP claims condemned as "dishonest"”, in RAIL，期 949，頁 7:

I had to call out from work. […] I barely ate yesterday. The only thing that stayed in my stomach was soup and crackers.
我要請病假了。 […] 我昨天都沒怎麼吃，留在胃裡的只有湯和一點餅乾。

I had to call out from work a few Saturdays to Dj at kid's party because they would normally start somewhere around 4:00 p.m.

我要請幾個週六的假，因為我要去孩子的派對當 DJ，他們一般是下午4點就開始。

2015，Brasford Love，My Life: The Journey to Here:

On this particular day, I felt ill, mostly from exhaustion, and had to call out from work. This callout caused a stir and a display of animosity.
在这一天，我感到不适，主要是因为精疲力竭，不得不请病假。这个假引起了愤怒与不满。

2015, Pearley Rufus-Lusan, The Baby Boomer Nurse


delay no more

與粵語 屌你老母 (diu2 nei5 lou5 mou5-2，“肏你媽”)音近，而被借用來表達相同意思。

Delay no more sea tiger! Sea tiger eat shit la!

屌你老母海虎！海虎吃屎啦！

Delay No More to All who Against the Korea Team!!

誰反對韓國隊，我就屌他老母！

how dare you thing yourself god? Yes, you are the god of your own world. Delay no more.

你還敢覺得自己是神？對對對，你是你自己世界裡的神。屌你老母。

The G.O.D. emporium on Hollywood Road joined in the local action by dressing its window mannequins in t-shirts that read, "Delay no more: Supporting local culture" and "Delay no more: Save local markets."

荷里活道上的 G.O.D. 商場也加入了當地的行動，店方給櫥窗模特穿上印有“Delay no more：支持本地文化”和“Delay no more：拯救本地市場”的T恤衫。

2012，Hybrid Hong Kong，Abingdon: Routledge, →ISBN:


switchback

The Zig Zag Railway near Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia, c. 1900, now operated as a heritage railway. It was built as a switchback (noun sense 1.1) with three lines—called the Top Road, Middle Road, and Bottom Road—to climb the western flank of the Blue Mountains.
澳大利亚新南威尔士利斯戈附近的“之字形铁路”，约1900年建成，目前作为一条历史遗产铁路运营。它以之字形排列的轨道（名词义项 1.1）建造，有三条线路蓝山西侧行驶，分别称为顶路、中路和底路。
A switchback (noun sense 2.3) on the Terrace Trail, a forest trail in Newcastle, Washington, U.S.A.
美国华盛顿州纽卡斯尔的森林小道 Terrace Trail 上的发夹弯（名词义项 2.3）
Switchbacks (noun sense 2.3) on the Route du Col de Braus, a mountain pass in the Alps in the department of Alpes-Maritimes, France.
法国滨海阿尔卑斯省阿尔卑斯山脉布劳斯山口上的发夹弯（名词义项 2.3）
該名詞由switch (“使用轉轍器將列車從一條鐵路轉到另一條鐵路”，動詞) + back (“逆轉方向返回”，副詞)衍生而來。
動詞源自於名詞。

在陡峭斜坡上呈之字形排列的鐵路軌道（自19世紀中後期）

Marriage was the switchback, the giant racer, the lobster teas, the guarantee that one would never be alone.

1934，Graham Greene，章號 4, in It’s a Battlefield，第library版, London: William Heinemann, 出版於 1959, →OCLC，頁 171:

鐵路軌道上有陡峭的上坡和下坡，列車部分或完全靠重力移動，利用下坡時產生的動量沿軌道的上坡部分上行；尤指 雲霄飛車，過山車

The WR faction claims that the Westbury route is better adapted to high speed, to which advocates of the SR route are apt to retort that the effect of modern diesel traction on schedules over the Salisbury–Exeter switchback has yet to be measured (the speed potential between Waterloo and Salisbury is scarcely disputable) […]

1964 March，“News and comment: Which way to the west?”, in Modern Railways，Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing，頁 147:

The switchback road to Diabaig - pronounced 'Jer-vague' - passes through some of the most exhilarating scenery in Scotland. […] With a final swoop, the road plummets down into Diabaig, where cottages are dotted across the slopes of a rocky semi-circle.

1980，AA Book of British Villages，Drive Publications Ltd，頁 151:

同類詞：horseshoe curve

Already, we enter some airport bathrooms through a brief switchback of walls, so that we don’t ever grasp a door handle.

2019年April25日，Samanth Subramanian，“Hand dryers v paper towels: the surprisingly dirty fight for the right to dry your hands”, in The Guardian，London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2022-12-21:


switchback

switchbacks (third-person singular present)
switchbacking (present participle)
switchbacked (past participle)

I climbed 6,683-foot Velka Svistovka, not the highest mountain in the Tatras but arguably the one with the best view. I started from Zelene pleso chata (pleso means "lake" and chata means "hut" in Slovak), and right after turning the first corner I started switchbacking.

2015年June25日，John Henderson，“A secret range of stunning mountains? Hikers, meet Slovakia’s High Tatras”, in Los Angeles Times，Los Angeles, Calif.: Los Angeles Times Communications, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2021-08-06:


wheels

Martin: Just for legs, Tom Platz in his heyday has never been approached.
OB205: I totally agree with this, even to this day no one can beat those WHEELS!

1999年March22日，“OB205”，“Re: Freakiest Bodybuilder?”, in misc.fitness.weights (Usenet):

But Mary J. goes all-out during big leg day, and look at her wheels—toned but very feminine.

2004年December28日，Mark Jenkins, Jeff O’Connell，The Jump Off: 60 Days to a Hip-Hop Hard Body，HarperCollins，頁 76:

...try this big wheels program to pack on muscle to your quads and hams.

2006年April30日，Jim Stoppani，Encyclopedia of Muscle & Strength，Human Kinetics Publishers，頁 131:


char siu

來自粵語 叉燒／叉烧 (caa¹ siu¹)。

char siew (alternative)
char xiu (alternative)
cha shao (alternative)
cha su (alternative)
chasu (alternative)

/ˌt͡ʃɑː ˈʃuː/

We settled on cumin-spiced lamb buns, Moreton Bay bug crystal dumplings and the char siu Ōra King salmon fillet.

2021年February13日，The Road Ahead，Brisbane，頁 37，列 1:


precrastination

: 把 procrastination (“拖延症”) 的前缀改成 pre- (“在……之前”)。

/pɹiːˌkɹæstɪˈneɪʃə̆n/

Lanyun Gong and Cory Potts, the two students with whom I did this work, and I conducted a number of experiments to check our precrastination interpretation.

2017，David A. Rosenbaum，Knowing Hands: The Cognitive Psychology of Manual Control，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 234:

Erik WinkowskCredit (2019-03-25)， “Precrastination: When the Early Bird Gets the Shaft”，The New York Times，存档自原始网页于2019-07-04, 取回于2019-07-04

Oliver Burkeman (2014-06-05)， “This column will change your life: precrastination”，The Guardian，存档自原始网页于2019-07-04, 取回于2019-07-04


Toki Pona

借自道本語 toki pona (字面意思是“好的語言”)，由toki (“語言”) (來自托克皮辛語 tok，來自英語 talk) + pona (“好的”) (來自世界語 bona (“好的”)，源自拉丁語 bonus)構成。

/ˈtəʊki ˈpəʊnə/

In contrast to the hundreds or thousands of study hours required to attain fluency in other languages, a general consensus among Toki Pona speakers is that it takes about 30 hours to master.

与掌握其他语言所需的数百或数千小时的学习时间相比，道本语使用者的普遍共识是，掌握道本语只需大约30个小时。

2015年July15日，Roc Morin，“How to Say Everything in a Hundred-Word Language”, in The Atlantic:


Afar

[...] ethnic groups, the Afars. The majority of the Somali-speaking Issas, the other main group, do support President Hassan Gouled and his RPP, though the Prime Minister, Barkat Gourad is an Afar himself.

Shortly thereafter he broke with Aref and supported independence. Aref was an Afar, and Gouled came from the Issa ethnic group, which for years had been at odds with the Afars.

1995，Neil A. Hamilton，Founders of Modern Nations: A Biographical Dictionary:


Oreo

來源未知，於1912年註冊成商標。

（輕微:Template:貶） 認同白人社會文化價值觀的黑人

She's a pure Oreo. You know, like the cookie, black outside and white inside.

1971，Iceberg Slim，The Naked Soul of Iceberg Slim，Holloway House:


Pingtung

來自漢語 屏東 (Píngdōng)的威妥瑪拼音羅馬化：Pʻing²-tung¹。

P'ing-tung (alternative)
Ping Tung (alternative)
Pingdong (alternative)

Under Japanese colonial rule, Pingtung city and its environs had been famous for anti-Japanese activities. After retrocession, the KMT local cadres used local factions to establish their influence and control.

1998，Linda Chao, Ramon H. Myers，The First Chinese Democracy，Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 85:


per se

借自拉丁語 per sē (“本身”)，per (“通過”) + sē (“自身（他指）”)。

由於源自拉丁語，所以有時候會用斜體標識。

使法官無法根據其他因素來自行判斷，推翻判決。

Until recently Denmark hesitated to adopt a formal per se law, preferring to give more discretion to its judges, but the general practice was to take blood tests and to convict those accused under the classical law if the blood alcohol concentration was greater than 100 mg./100 ml.

1981，Hugh Laurence Ross，Deterrence of the Drinking Driver: An International Survey，Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation，頁 80:


Türkmenistan

By this time the Latin Alphabet had been adopted officially by four Turkish-speaking nations: the Azerbaijānīs, the Yakuts, and two small North-Caucasian communities called the Balqars and the Qarachays. Its official adoption in Türkmenistan followed as from February and March 1928.

1928，Survey of International Affairs，頁 226:

The Turkoman nomads of Central Asia, who today inhabit the Türkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Türkmenistan) and the northern parts of Iran and Afghanistan (map 5, see page 92), represent perhaps the archetypical weaving society.[…]There are virtually no rugs of significance produced today in Türkmenistan, and the Turkoman tribes who live in Iran and Afghanistan, while they still weave the red rugs, have like all nomadic peoples changed both their lifestyle and their weaving style under the pressures of modern society.

1979，Walter B. Denny，Oriental Rugs，頁s 91–92:

Since the earliest days of Türkmenistan’s independence, the Centre has offered English-language classes for a nominal fee.

2013，Victoria Clement，“Central Asia’s Hizmet Schools”, in The Muslim World and Politics in Transition: Creative Contributions of the Gülen Movement，Bloomsbury Academic, →ISBN, part three (The Contexts of the Muslim World)，頁 162:


blue whale

But there are a rabble of uncertain, fugitive half-fabulous whales, which as an American whaleman, I know by reputation, but not personally....the Iceberg whale; the Quog Whale; the Blue Whale. But I omit them as altogether obsolete and can hardly help suspecting them for mere sounds full of leviathanism, but signifying nothing.


foot job

A long list of girls' names was followed by initials ranging from “D.H.T.I.C.” which stood for “Dry Humped Till I Came,” to “H.J.” — “Handjob,” “A.O.” — “Ate Out,” “B.J.” — “Blowjob,” and “F.J.” — “Foot Job.”

1999，Richard Price，The Wanderers，Houghton Mifflin Books, →ISBN，頁 101:

His bare foot grazed my crotch...he rocked his foot some more...a foot job.

2004，M. Christian，Greg Wharton，Love Under Foot: An Erotic Celebration of Feet，Haworth Press, →ISBN，頁 44:

The man moved in close to her and spoke directly into her ear, “I'll give you 50 for a foot job up in the bleachers.”

2004，Valerie F. de Daulles，Foot Art Is Good Art，iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 24:

Rick continued small talk about motorcycles with Louise. Louise appeared thoroughly engrossed in Rick's discussion of the new Harley Davidson series, while Viv gave her husband a tender foot job under the table. Rick's lids dropped slowly once as he spoke, indicating his pleasure to Viv, but Louise either didn't notice or paid it no mind.

2005，S.F. Powell，Like Sweet Buttermilk，Trafford Publishing, →ISBN，頁 206:


medical student

If our criterion for extra remuneration is enduring greater personal sacrifice than others, then logic requires that we compare the medical student's discomfort to whatever levels of discomfort others are experiencing who work while the medical student is in school.

2003，Michael Albert，Parecon: Life After Capitalism，頁 32:


millionnaire

The large, smooth, florid millionnaire, dreaming only of senatorial honors, the shouts of the multitude, and the adoration of a party press, cowered like a dog under the lash of the "man of society."

1858，Various，The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 2, Number 9, July, 1858:

But the state of Dalibard, though prosperous, is not that of the heir to the dead millionnaire.

He swallowed it, of course, and for the next five minutes he went charging up and down that pond at a great rate, followed by a green glass monster with the name of a millionnaire brewer blown in its side.

1914，William Davenport Hulbert，Forest Neighbors:


theism

源自新拉丁語 thea (“茶”) + 英語 -ism。

"Theism" belongs to that genus of disease in which morphinism, caffeinism, and vanillaism belong.

1888，John C. Cutter，“Narcotics, stimulants, and depressants”, in Comprehensive anatomy, physiology, and hygiene : adapted for schools, academies, colleges, and families : with instruction on the effects of stimulants and narcotics, and brief directions for illustrative dissections of mammals, for elementary work with the microscope, for physiological demonstrations on the human body, and for the management of emergent cases，第3rd版, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, →OCLC，頁 350:


theist

源自古希臘語 θεός (theós，“神”) + -ist。

The term stands in contradistinction to theism which, in its widest sense, means belief in a personal god, goddess, gods and /or goddesses.

1999, Jeaneane D. Fowler, Humanism: Beliefs & Practices, page 66

The theist is a man firmly persuaded of the existence of a Supreme Being as good as He is powerful, who has formed all beings with extension, vegetating, sentient and reflecting; who perpetuates their species, who punishes crimes without cruelty, and rewards virtuous actions with kindness.

No one is to be called a Theist, who does not believe in a Personal God, whatever difficulty there may be in defining the word "Personal."

1870，John Henry Newman，An Essay in aid of a Grammar of Assent，頁 119:


aeroport

I couldn't have gotten within a hundred feet of your fighters, and I hold an aeroport security badge. There is no way the Saudi prince got to your aircraft ...


middle finger

Her whole way of being is a big middle finger to the other guy.

2007，Dominique Paul，The Possibility of Fireflies，頁 62:


miso

借自日語 味噌 (みそ, miso)。

Substances float around each other until you crush them all with a blender. Add a bit of white miso, lemon juice, truffle oil, chives: survey your wreckage, which will be the wrong colour (cream with a hint of grey) and the wrong consistency (gluey).

2018年July19日，Zoe Williams，“Can ditching meat and dairy open up new taste sensations? My week as a foodie vegan”, in 衛報:


heterosexism

One of the driving forces behind slash and femslash is the pervading heterosexism of commercial media – if television will not give us the due proportion of same-sex eroticism we are entitled to expect, then we will make it for ourselves.

2010，Stacey Abbott，The Cult TV Book，頁 245:


NEET

Not in Education, Employment, or Training (“不正受教育、僱傭、培訓中”)的縮寫。原為英國政府術語，最早見於20世紀90年代。後傳至日本及其他一些國家，意思也有發生改變。

Studies have shown that NEETs are usually between the ages of 18 to 40 years and may be the victims of family breakdown and mental illness, lack of discipline also contributes to the problem.

2006，Suvendrini Kakuchi，“Turning to 'NEETS' to Cover Labour Shortages”, in Inter Press Service:

The NEET population in 2003, according to a Ministry of Health and Labor estimate last September, was 520,000.


have to

has to (third-person singular present)
having to (present participle)
had to (past participle)

have to 後常跟動詞不定式。

I don't want to go to school, but I have to.

I was about to say that I had known the Celebrity from the time he wore kilts. But I see I will have to amend that, because he was not a celebrity then, nor, indeed, did he achieve fame until some time after I left New York for the West.

Energy has seldom been found where we need it when we want it. Ancient nomads, wishing to ward off the evening chill and enjoy a meal around a campfire, had to collect wood and then spend time and effort coaxing the heat of friction out from between sticks to kindle a flame.

2013 July-August，Henry Petroski，“Geothermal Energy”, in 美國科學家，卷 101, 期 4:

I just have to have that shirt; you have to wear a seat belt


smithy

源自中古英語 smythy ← 古諾爾斯語 smiðja ← 原始日耳曼語 *smiþjǭ（參見古英語 smiþþe → 英語 smithe）。

smithies (third-person singular present)
smithying (present participle)
smithied (past participle)

(不常用) （手工）打造，鍛造

So the old smith went out to his smithy and weighed out iron enough to make a stout staff a stone weight, and he smithied it well while his son looked on. […] So they weighed six stone of iron and smithied a great bent club like a shinny, and when that was made and cooled the smith's son said, "that will do."

1995，John Francis Campbell，The Celtic Dragon Myth，頁 59:


Tbilisi

借自俄語 Тбили́си (Tbilísi)，源自格魯吉亞語 თბილისი (tbilisi)。

T'bilisi said guerillas it did not control were involved in fighting on the Georgian side.

2002，Gregory Copley，Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook，頁 632:

In addition, Moscow argued that Georgia had violated international law by introducing its forces into South Ossetia, a move Moscow said Tbilisi had committed itself not to do under the earlier CIS-sponsored peacekeeping arrangements.

2009，Svante E. Cornell, S. Frederick Star，The Guns of August 2008: Russia's War in Georgia, →ISBN，頁 184:

The international observers demanded that Tbilisi make the original of the order available to them so that this aspect could be investigated. But Tbilisi said it was an official military secret and refused to hand over the document...

2011，Alexander Sosnowski，The Georgia Syndrome，頁 25:


Azeri Turkic

Generally he is accounted an Azeri Turkic rather than an Ottoman poet though frequently, like Kadi Biirhaneddin and Fuzuli, he is included in lists of Ottoman Turkish poets.

1973，Kathleen R. F. Burrill，The Quatrains of Nesimî, Fourteenth-century Turkic Hurufi，頁 46:


Borg

源自《星際迷航》中的博格人；可能是cyborg的縮略，源自cybernetic + organism。

Borgs (third-person singular present)
Borging (present participle)
Borged (past participle)

除用不定式外，其他用法罕見。也有首字母小寫形，較少見。

The Christians could afford to spend generations converting northern Europe and that's exactly what they did. We have that example from history. We know there are other faiths out there that want to wipe us out, and there are other faiths out there that want to Borg us. The fact that some are still here after decades means we aren't giving in this time, and you're one of the ones here over a decade."

They are trying to turn you into them. They are trying to borg us.


messenger RNA

同類詞：transfer RNA

In the past, RNA did not get this kind of respect. The central dogma of biology has been that DNA makes messenger RNA, messenger RNA makes proteins, and proteins do everything else that needs to be done in a living cell.

2006年June20日，Nicholas Wade，“DNA or RNA? Versatile Player Takes a Leading Role in Molecular Research”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


aby

源自中古英語 abyen, abien, abiggen ← 古英語 ābyċġan (“購買，支付；收買；回報；賠償；救贖”) ← 原始日耳曼語 *uzbugjaną，等同於a- + buy。與哥特語 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (usbugjan)同源。

abys (third-person singular present)
abying (present participle)
abought (past participle)

aby及abide曾互相有混淆。

贖罪，賠罪 （自12世紀）

Ȝe shul abiggen it bothe · bi god þat me made.

c. 1385，William Langland，章號 2, in Piers Plowman:

Lest to thy peril thou aby it dear.

Who dyes, the utmost dolor doth abye; / But who that lives is lefte to waile his losse […].

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，仙后, III.4:

Thou wouldst abye a heavy fate.

Nought that wanteth rest can long aby.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，仙后，卷 III:

:Template:舊(現僅限於蘇格蘭) 忍受，忍耐 （自16世紀）

I never could abye the reek of them.


acerb

拉丁語 acerbus ← 拉丁語 ācer (“尖的”)；對比法語 acerbe。參見acrid。

acerber (comparative)
more acerb (comparative)
acerbest (superlative)
most acerb (superlative)

If you put Spirit of Sulphur to the Peruvian Bark, it then becomes very acerb. If you mix Mercury with Spirit of Nitre or Oil of Vitriol whilst it boils, it then is very acerb.

1732，Edward Strother，Prælectiones Pharmaco-mathicæ & medico-practicæ:


administer

源自中古英語 admynistren ← 古法語 aminister ← 拉丁語 administrare (“管理，實行”) ← ad (“朝，向”) + ministrare (“照料，侍候”) ← minister (“侍從，侍者”)；參見minister。

administers (third-person singular present)
administering (present participle)
administered (past participle)

Swear […] to keep the oath that we administer.

1595 December 9 (first known performance)，William Shakespeare，“The life and death of King Richard the Second”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:


bellowing

The cries of applause and derision from the spectators, and the formidable bellowings of the exasperated monks who surrounded Pachymius, did not tend to steady his nerves, or render the task of critical discrimination the easier.

1890，Richard Garnett，The Twilight of the Gods, and Other Tales:

Incessant bellowings fill all the earth, Mingled with inextinguishable mirth.

1892，Ambrose Bierce，Black Beetles in Amber:

With great heavings and throes, with snortings and bellowings, with scratchings and tearings of its great claws and lashings of its terrible tail, it writhed and fought to be free, and the light of thousands of fireworks illuminated the gigantic struggle.


fæder

faeder的另一種拼寫法

Linear dimensions (mm) of female, intermediate (fæder) and male Ruffs, respectively, all measured by Joop Jukema. The material on females and males was all collected during the spring migrations of 2002 and 2003. All birds, except one fæder of 1 year old, were adult.

2004，Joop Jukema，Theunis Piersma，“Kleine mannelijke Kemphanen met vrouwelijk broedkleed: bestaat er een derde voortplantingsstrategie, de faar?”, in Limosa，卷 77, Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology，頁 3:

The fraction of fæders was estimated in five morphometric data sets that were collected over four decades in four different countries in three different seasons (comprising 9133 Ruffs). The regression of fæder–female fractions was tested against the null model assuming that the number of fæders is 1.0% of females.

2008，Yvonne I[ngje] Verkuil，Joop Jukema，Jennifer A. Gill，Natalia Karlionova，Johannes Melter, Jos C[orstiaan] E[lbert] W[outer] Hooijmeijer, Theunis Piersma，“Non-breeding fæder Ruffs Philomachus pugnax associate according to sex, not morphology”, in Bird Study，卷 55, 期 3, British Trust for Ornithology, →DOI，頁 421:

The survival costs to fæders linked to the use of sub-optimal habitats as a result of competition from their larger counterparts may be compensated by higher breeding success.

2010 June，Neil Calbrade，Chas Holt，Graham Austin，Heidi Mellan，Richard Hearn, David Stroud, Simon Wotton, Andy Musgrove，“Waders”, in Waterbirds in the UK 2008/09: The Wetland Bird Survey，Thetford, Norfolk: British Trust for Ornithology、Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and Joint Nature Conservation Committee in association with Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, →ISBN, →ISSN, section “Ruff: Philomachus pugnax”，頁 128:

As females are a third smaller than males, most birds could easily be assigned a sex, while the fæders, female-mimicking males, were discriminated using wing length (Jukema and Piersma 2006).

2014年October21日，Lucie Emilie Schmaltz，Cédric Juillet，Joost Marius Tinbergen，Yvonne Ingje Verkuil，Joslyn Corstiaan Elbert Wouter Hooijmeijer, Theunis Piersma，“Apparent annual survival of staging ruffs during a period of population decline: insights from sex and site-use related differences”, in Population Ecology，卷 57, Springer, 出版於 2015, →DOI, section “Field methods and data collection”，頁 615，列 1:

Fæder males travel with females and, like Satellites, they are nonterritorial and nonagonistic.

2016，Clemens Küpper，“Ruff Shorebird, The”, in Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science，Springer, →DOI, →ISBN:


allay

源自中古英語 alayen, aleyen, aleggen ← 古英語 āleċġan ← 原始日耳曼語 *uzlagjaną (“躺下”)，等同於a- + lay。與德語 erlegen, 哥特語 𐌿𐍃𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (uslagjan，“躺下”)同源。中古英語中形似allege、alloy，因而出現了意思的交叉。

allays (third-person singular present)
allaying (present participle)
allayed (past participle)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-allay.wav

to allay popular excitement

to allay the tumult of the passions

He had to pretend to be drunk in order to allay the suspicions which might have been aroused by his appearance at the gate.

1887，柯南·道爾，《血字的研究》:

The trade show’s organisers had attempted to allay concerns by announcing more stringent health and safety measures including a ban on handshakes, and taking attendees’ temperatures.

2020年February12日，Mark Sweney，“Mobile World Congress axed after firms quit over coronavirus fears”, in The Guardian:

Yet far be it from us to condemn all their works to be dross, because debased and allayed with superstitious intents […]

1639，托馬斯·富勒，The Historie of the Holy Warr:


alder

Almost immediately, city alders contacted the campaign to negotiate an ordinance.

2004，Stephanie Luce -，Fighting for a Living Wage，頁 121:

Chicago's mayor Edward Kennelly, the city alders, and many white Chicagoans opposed this siting plan.

2013，Dawn Day Biehler，Pests in the City: Flies, Bedbugs, Cockroaches, and Rats，頁 180:

After three years as Ward 1 alder, Sarah Eidelson ’12 will leave city government at the end of the year.

2017年September28日，Isabel Bysiewicz，“Eidelson reflects on time as alder”, in Yale Daily News:


caw

caws (third-person singular present)
cawing (present participle)
cawed (past participle)

Rising and cawing at the gun's report.

c. 1595–1596，William Shakespeare，“A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:


horses

I got four hundred horses tucked under the hood.

1979，Al Greenwood, Lou Gramm，“Rev on the Red Line”, in Head Games:

This is a diagnostic test of your engine. You're supposed to have an output of a hundred and 六十eight horses at 六十two hundred R.P.M.s. You're nowhere near that.


haole

借自夏威夷語 haole。

(夏威夷) 非夏威夷人，多指白人

I had never known any haoles except Elmer and Marks and they were ice cold affairs. Everyone was always glad when their twice-a-month visit was pau. The very island seemed to sigh with relief […]

1946, Armine Von Tempski, Bright Spurs (page 122)

And the white guy who ate Rice-A-Roni with butter was the haole who didn’t speak pidgin or eat real rice.

2009年January18日，Lois-ann Yamanaka，“This Man Is an Island”, in New York Times:

Commerce was flourishing in the kingdom and the rising merchant class was made up largely of haole rather than Hawaiians.

2012, Julia Flynn Siler, Lost Kingdom, Grove Press, p. 27:


lowing

(我們能否確認John Milton引文的時間，或提供標題、作者全名和其他詳情？)

[…] the herd of four or five hundred cattle trotting homewards with loud lowings and bellowings […]

撒母耳說：「我耳中聽見有羊叫、牛鳴，是從哪裡來的呢？」

And Samuel said, What meaneth then this bleating of the sheep in mine ears, and the lowing of the oxen which I hear?


quartino

可以容納四分之一升葡萄酒的飲料瓶

We settled for quartinos of serviceable Chianti ($8.75) and pinot grigio ($8).

2009年August2日，Alice Gabriel，“Keeping It Simple, With an Eye on Tradition”, in New York Times:


satiated

more satiated (comparative)
most satiated (superlative)

But Sophia's mother was not the woman to brook defiance. After a few moments' vain remonstrance her husband complied. His manner and appearance were suggestive of a satiated sea-lion.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 6, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:


sempstress

This time was most dreadful for Lilian. Thrown on her own resources and almost penniless, she maintained herself and paid the rent of a wretched room near the hospital by working as a charwoman, sempstress, anything.

1918，W. B. Maxwell，章號 17, in The Mirror and the Lamp:

They were composed of a heterogeneous collection of men and women of the lower layers of society, workmen, sempstresses, night watchmen, farm-hands, mechanics and railway-workers – a laic image in sharp contrast to the bourgeois image produced in the cathedral.

1982, Lawrence Durrell, Constance, Faber & Faber 2004 (Avignon Quintet), p. 950:


slandering

Here are the slanderings, too, going on at home; for, while the husbands are assembled, it would be hard if the wives were not to do the same; and the very least that is to be expected is, that the tea-pot should keep pace with the porter-pot […]

1862，William Cobbett，Advice to Young Men, and (incidentally) to Young Women: