Nur

借自維吾爾語 نۇر (nur)。

奴爾（鄉名，位於中國新疆和田策勒）。

When was approaching the last mountain pass to Nur Township, due to the climb and bumps of the road, our media car at finally went on strike, lying on the road 500 meters away from the mountain pass and stopped working.

當我們就快要到奴爾鄉的最後一個山口時，由於一路爬坡和顛簸，我們的媒體車終於罷工了，在距離山口僅僅500米的地方，直接躺在地上不走了。

2019年December28日，“Kunlun Tianlu, the most attractive destination for self-driving travel in 2020 The Ninth Line to Tibet [昆侖天路——2020年最受歡迎的自駕遊目的地 第九線 西藏]”, in DayDayNews，存檔自the original on 2021-05-10:


Olive

拉丁語聖人名 Oliva 的中世紀形式；19世紀隨著以花名植物名作為名字的風潮而復興。姓氏則常與地形有關，常代表了歐洲大陸姓氏（如西班牙語 Oliva）的英語化。

And hear me swear a solemn oath, / That only by thy side / Will I to Olive plight my troth, / And gain her for my bride.

1842，Alfred Tennyson，The Talking Oak [會說話的橡樹]:

"Elspie, I have a thought! The baby shall be christened Olive!"
"It's a strange, heathen name, Mrs. Rothesay."
"Not at all. Listen how I chanced to think of it. This very morning, just before you came to waken me, I had such a queer, delicious dream. [ - - - ] Then I looked up, after awhile, and saw standing at the foot of the bed a little angel—a child-angel—with a green olive-branch in its hand. [ - - - ] "

1850，Dinah Craik，Olive，Chapman and Hall，頁 26:

There was Olive, a soft drowsy girl who didn't like me because I called her Olive Oyl. Even after I was made to apologize she didn't like me.

2006，Alice Munro，The View from Castle Rock，Chatto & Windus, →ISBN，頁s 227–228:


Portuguese

來自葡萄牙語 português。

Portugese (alternative)
more Portuguese (comparative)
most Portuguese (superlative)

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

The British army had already moved over the border and the commander had established his HQ high in the central Portuguese mountains at Viseu.

1973，Roger Parkinson，The Peninsular War，頁 104:

與葡萄牙人民和文化有關的

In San Diego County there is but one Portuguese fisherman, as is also the case in Los Angeles, the county immediately adjoining.

1887，George Brown Goode，The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States, section IV，頁 33:

The latter feature indicates that a Portuguese consonant cannot constitute the nucleus of a syllable.

1981，Milton Mariano Azevedo，A Contrastive Phonology of Portuguese and English，頁 31:


Portuguese

來自葡萄牙語 português。

Portugese (alternative)
Portuguese (plural)
Portugueses (plural)

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

葡萄牙人，居住在葡萄牙的人

With a view to securing its more efficient working, a Portuguese was placed in charge of the entire department as Vidane.

1920，Paulus Edward Pieris，Ceylon and the Portuguese, 1505-1658，頁 184:

Beresford required all materials for coatees, waistcoats and pantaloons to be sent out unmade, as the Portuguese were perfectly capable of making the suits up properly after delivery.

2000，René Chartrand, Bill Younghusband，The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars，卷 1，頁 23:


Portuguese

來自葡萄牙語 português。

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

Portuguese, however, is slightly different from Catalan, Spanish, and Romanian in that there is no strict adjacency requirement between wh-words and the verbal cluster in indirect questions.

2000，João Costa，Portuguese Syntax: new comparative studies，頁 65:


Thai

借自泰語 ไทย (tai)。Tai和Dai 的同源對似詞。

Thaï (alternative)
Thai (plural)
Thais (plural)

The Bangkok government indicated real concern over the developments in Communist China’s Yunnan province. Thai officials were afraid that Sibsongpanna would be a center where pro-Communist Thai in Southeast Asia would go and where subversive agitation could be directed against outside legitimate governments.

1958，Russell H. Fifield，The Diplomacy of Southeast Asia: 1945-1958，New York: Harper & Brothers, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 263:


Vi

FLO: What do you think of Vi?
RU: I see little change.


abduction

來自拉丁語 abductiō (“搶劫；綁架”)，來自abdūcō (“帶走”)，來自ab (“離開”) + dūcō (“領導”)。等同於abduct + -ion。
* (解剖學)： 借自法語，來自拉丁語 abductus。
* 對照法語 abduction。

大前提，顯而易見（自17世紀晚期）

The significance of such a step is that it is not morphologically triggered: it is a step of abduction, and what is required here is a meta-level process of reasoning.

2005，Ronnie Cann, Ruth Kempson, Lutz Marten，The Dynamics of Language, an Introduction，頁 256:

But fear of abduction never stopped a good ufologist.

2010，Monte Dwyer，Red in the Centre: Through a Crooked Lens，Monyer Pty Ltd，頁 122:


syndrome

古典借詞，源自新拉丁語 syndrome，源自古希臘語 συνδρομή (sundromḗ，“症状同时发生；人群聚集”)，源自 σύνδρομος (súndromos，“一起奔跑”)，源自 συν- (sun-，“一起，一同，帶著”) + δρόμος (drómos，“奔跑；路線”)。

porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome

Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome

Down syndrome; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; restless-leg syndrome; battered-wife syndrome

唐氏綜合徵；获得性免疫缺陷綜合徵；不寧腿症候群；受虐婦女綜合徵

A “zone of rarity” emerges when symptoms cluster neatly into syndromes and interforms are uncommon, although not altogether absent. Fuzzy boundaries and interforms are a special problem for PTSD […]

2004，Gerald Rosen，Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and Controversies，頁 127:

Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola. A recent study explored the ecological variables that may contribute to bats’ propensity to harbor such zoonotic diseases by comparing them with another order of common reservoir hosts: rodents.

蝙蝠携带多种可感染人类的知名病毒，包括严重急性呼吸道综合征和埃博拉病毒。最近的一项研究通过将蝙蝠与另一类常见宿主——啮齿动物进行比较，探索了可能导致蝙蝠携带此类人畜共患疾病的生态变量。

2013 May-June，Katie L. Burke，“In the News”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁 193:

任何一组被视为识别特定类型、状况等的特征（一般是負面的）

not-in-my-backyard syndrome; tip-of-the-tongue syndrome

邻避綜合徵；話在嘴邊綜合徵

My roommate, Tony, and I were sitting in our living room on a Saturday afternoon trying to decide what to do that night. You know the syndrome: Saturday night when everyone is supposed to do something exciting and have a great time. If you don't, you're likely to wake up on Sunday morning feeling weird and lonely.

周六下午，我和室友托尼坐在客厅里，想着晚上该做什么。你知道人是有这种综合征的：周六晚上每个人都应该做一些令人兴奋的事情，玩得开心。如果你不这样做，你很可能会在周日早上醒来时感到奇怪和孤独。

1980年August9日，John D'Emilio，“There's No Place Like Home”, in Gay Community News，頁 8:

Fledgling superstar Jimmy Carson couldn't bear another day in Edmonton living in the void created by the departure of Wayne Gretzky, whose brokenhearted fans never accepted his replacement. It was very difficult for me to play in Edmonton in the whole Gretzky syndrome," Carson said Thurs day after a six-player trade ...

初出茅庐的超级明星吉米·卡森无法忍受在埃德蒙顿再过一天，因为韦恩·格雷茨基的离开而留下了空白，伤心欲绝的球迷从未接受他的替代者。在格雷茨基综合征的笼罩下，我很难在埃德蒙顿打球，”卡森在六人交易后的周四表示……

1989年November3日，“Jimmy Carson Comes Home; He's a Redwing”, in The Argus-Press (Owesso, Michigan)^([news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19891103&id...sjid...pg...]):

Speaking of medicine, rationalizers seem to enjoy latching on health excuses. Syndromes are a fertile field. Let's say you're accused of being unable to accept responsibility or otherwise behaving like an adult. That's not your fault, you counter—you suffer from Peter Pan Syndrome. Can't get around to cleaning up your room or office cubicle? Of course not—you suffer from tertiary Bag Lady Syndrome.

说到医学，人辩解的时候似乎喜欢用健康问题作为借口。综合征是一块肥沃的沃土。假设有人指责你无法承担责任，或者行为举止不像成年人。你反驳说这不是你的错——你患有彼得潘综合征。没时间打扫房间或办公室隔间？当然不是——你患有第三级流浪女综合征。

2012，Steven D. Price，Excuses for All Occasions: Alibis Apologies and Cop-Outs That Can Get You Out of (or Into) Trouble:


anxiety

來自拉丁語 anxietās，來自anxius (“焦慮，掛念，痛苦，動亂”)，來自angō (“悲痛，麻煩”)，與古希臘語 ἄγχω (ánkhō，“窒息”)同族。等同於anxious + -ety。參見anger；angst。

anxietie (alternative)
anxieties (plural)

The inquest on keeper Davidson was duly held, and at the commencement seemed likely to cause Tony Palliser less anxiety than he had expected.

1907，Harold Bindloss，章號 4, in The Dust of Conflict:

But the other, because he's been immersed in arguments, gives the appearance of harbouring considerable anxiety and suspicion that he's ignorant of those matters he presents himself to others as an expert on.

2005, Plato, Sophist. Translation by Lesley Brown. 268a.


brachial plexus

With the knuckles of my right hand I struck him in his brachial plexus.

2022，Percival Everett，Dr. No，Influx Press (2023)，頁 142:


surgery

來自中古英語 surgerie，來自古法語 surgerie，來自拉丁語 chirurgia，來自古希臘語 χειρουργία (kheirourgía)，來自χείρ (kheír，“手”) + ἔργον (érgon，“工作”)。chirurgy 的同源對似詞。

The physician's proper place was in the library, not in the surgery.

医生应该在图书馆里，而不是在手术室里。

2006，Philip Ball，The Devil's Doctor，Arrow, 出版於 2007，頁 51:


substance

繼承自中古英語 substance，來自古法語 substance，來自拉丁語 substantia (“實質，本質”)，來自substāns，substō (“存在”，字面意思是“站在下面”)的現在主動分詞，來自sub + stō (“站立”)。取代本土的古英語 andweorc。

物質 具有恆定化學成分和特性的物質形式

Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace: the first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness: one gives substance and form to the statue, the other polishes it.

学习给心灵带来力量，交谈则给人以优雅：学习容易使人僵硬，交谈则使人柔韧：学习给雕像提供物质和形式，交谈则使雕像更加光彩夺目。

1699，William Temple，Heads designed for an essay on conversations:

His wasted hands were stretched out, and worked with a quick and convulsive motion, as if catching some small substances which kept eluding their grasp;...

1834，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，章號 XXX, in Francesca Carrara. […]，卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁 308:

Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

塑料是富含能量的物质，这就是许多塑料如此容易燃烧的原因。任何能够释放和利用这种能量的生物都将在人类世中生存得很好。能够做到这一点的陆地细菌和真菌已经为该领域的专家所熟知。

2013年July20日，“Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8845:

同類詞：compound、element、mixture、composite

This edition is the same in substance with the Latin.
此版本内容与拉丁文版本相同。

1684-1690, Thomas Burnet, Sacred Theory of the Earth

It is insolent in words, in manner; but in substance it is not only insulting, but alarming.

从言语上、从态度上看，它都很粗野无礼；而从实质上看，它不仅具有侮辱性，而且令人震惊。

1796，Edmund Burke，Letters on a Regicide Peace:

a man of substance

And there wasted his substance with riotous living.

在那裡任意放蕩、浪費資財。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 15:13:

Thy substance, valued at the highest rate, / Cannot amount unto a hundred marks.

你的财产，即使按最高价格计算，价值也不到一百马克。

c. 1594，William Shakespeare，“The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:


substance

substances (third-person singular present)
substancing (present participle)
substanced (past participle)

賦予實質內容；使其變得真實或充實

If life were nothing but what gets phrased and substanced, the world might as well be rolled up and laid away again in darkness.

1873，Adeline Dutton Train Whitney，The Other Girls，頁 335:

The calm ruminating / Reverie, substancing / Intellect into emotion, / Is shelter enough for love / Unhumiliated by faith.

1982，Dhupaty V. K. Raghavacharyulu，The Song of the Red Rose and Other Poems，頁 78:


carbamazepine

carbamoyl (“氨甲醯基”) + benzazepine (“苯二氮䓬類”) 組成的混成詞。

卡馬西平（一種苯二氮䓬類合成化合物，用作抗驚厥藥和鎮痛藥）

Since α-carbamazepine is a monotrope of γ-carbamazepine, and γ-carbamazepine is an enantiotrope of β-carbamazepine, the physical stability hierarchy depends on the transition temperature of β- and γ-carbamazepine.

由於α型卡馬西平是γ型卡馬西平的單變體，而γ型卡馬西平又是β型卡馬西平的對映變體，其物理穩定性層級取決於β型和γ型卡馬西平的轉變溫度。

2004，Peter York, Uday B. Kompella, Boris Y. Shekunov，Supercritical Fluid Technology for Drug Product Development [超臨界流體技術在藥物開發中的應用]，頁 288:


euphoric

more euphoric (comparative)
most euphoric (superlative)

Heroin is the most euphoric drug in use today.

海洛因目前在投入使用的藥品中最能振作精神。

1973年，美國，Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse，Treatment and rehabilitation，頁 31:

Lin gathered herself, took a moment to rehearse the words in her mind, contacted the L.A. number, and delivered her euphoric news to her agent in person

琳集中了精神，花時間在腦海中反覆重複了語言，聯絡了洛杉磯的號碼，將振奮人心的消息親口講給了她的經紀人聽。


gangrene

來自法語 gangrène，來自拉丁語 gangraena，來自古希臘語 γάγγραινα (gángraina，“壞疽”)。

gangrenes (third-person singular present)
gangrening (present participle)
gangrened (past participle)

/ˈɡaŋˌɡɹiːn/

Vulneration or section sometimes procures a Gangrene, when the vital Principle is so debilitated, or enormous by the would, that instead of a good suppuration and vigorous transmutation, a depraved matter is generated, which corrupts and gangrenes the part: and thus a small cut of a finger or Toe hath gangrened, and killed the person: but in greater Wounds, the danger is greater, as more frequently to happen.

1682，Pains afflicting humane bodies, their various Difference, Causes, Parts affected, Signals of Danger or Safety，頁 204:

An intensely biting frost will gangrene the membrane ; a foggy state of the atmosphere, with low, black, stagnant exhalations, accompanied with sudden, frequent intermissions, interchanges, and oscillations of dryness and moisture, expansion and condensation, will corrupt and putrify both the membrane and the mucous discharge.

1762 December，John Chandler，“A Treatise of the Disease called a Cold”, in The critical review, or annals of literature，卷 12，頁 423:

For where it chances to be successful, it is like the copper shot of the Mexicans, which gangrenes the wound.

1851 December，“The Wit and Wickedness of Sarcasm”, in The Ladies' Repository，卷 20，頁 224:

If a man had a sore leg, and he should go to an honest, judicious chirurgeon, and he should only bid him keep it warm, and anoint it with such an oil, (an oil well known) that would do the cure; haply he would not much regard him, because he knows the medicine, beforehand an ordinary medicine; but if he should go to a surgeon that should tell him, your leg will gangrene within three days, and it must be cut off, and you will die, unless you do something that I could tell you, what listening there would be to this man?

1786，John Selden，Table Talk: Being the Discourses of John Selden:

The leg will gangrene if the superficial femoral vessels be torn.

1911，British Medical Journal - Volume 1911, Issues 1-3，頁 239:

If not, the toe will gangrene and fall off.

2005，Nikki Moustaki，Parrots For Dummies，頁 282:

That is true,” replied Almira, “nothing can be performed without labor, and where there is labor there will be discontent, and where there is no labor there will be heart-burning and jealousy about insignificant trifles, such as gangrenes the real pleasures of contemplation within these walls; walls, which would otherwise hold out an asylum, much to be prized by those who have been unfortunate, who have lost all their friends, or who are weary of the world."

The Stuart Restoration period was a necessary sequence of the Puritan period, and there is a similar cause for the sensualism that gangrenes the heart of our morbidly prudish Society of to-day.

1889 July，John Miller，“The Abuse of Marriage”, in The Centennial Magazine: An Australian Monthly，卷 2, 號 12，頁 902:

The same delusion will gangrene England within the lifetime of most men of military age unless she will realize that gold is dross ; that her poets, her artists, and her scholars are her very soul.

1930，P.R. Stephensen，The Legend of Aleister Crowley: A Study of the Facts:


impotence

O impotence of mind, in body ſtrong!

1671，John Milton，“Samson Agonistes, […].”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 12，行 52:


semiconductor

In this sense we are to understand the following table in which bodies are classed as conductors, semiconductors, and nonconductors; those bodies being conveniently designated as conductors which, when applied to an electroscope charged with either kind of electricity discharge it almost instantaneously; semiconductors being those which discharge it in a short but measurable time, a few seconds, for instance; while nonconductors effect no discharge even, in the course of a minute.

1876，Adolphe Ganot，Natural Philosophy for General Readers and Young Persons，頁 422:

The following table of conductors may therefore be used in inverse order as a table of resistances, the good conductors being bodies of slight resistance, the semiconductors being bodies of great resistance, and the insulators being bodies of so great resistance that they almost effectually oppose the passage of any current.

因此，下表的導體可以按相反的順序用作電阻表，良導體是電阻小的物體，半導體是大電阻的物體，絕緣體是電阻非常大而幾乎可以有效地阻止任何電流通過的物體。

1901，George W. Jacoby，A System of Physiologic Therapeutics: Electrotherapy:


data

借自拉丁語 datum (“所給予的”) 的主格複數形式、dō (“我給予”) 的主格過去分詞 data。date 的同源對似詞。

data 一詞常作不可數名詞，與動詞的單數形式使用，而較少用作可數名詞 datum 的複數形式。作為複數名詞與動詞的複數形式使用的情況僅多見於正式場合：在計算機科學和資料科學中例外，但醫學文獻中，此習性依然經常保留。

在大地測量學和幾何公差領域中，data 一詞專門用於不可數含義，而可數名詞 datum (指參考點或地面) 的複數形式為 datums，而非 data。

計算機領域中，data 的定義出自國際標準詞彙，這個定義旨在區分 data 與 information。然而，計算機專業常忽視其分別。

This data shows clearly that X is correlated with Y, although it tells us nothing about causation.

這些資料清楚地顯示出 X 與 Y 相關，但它們並未告訴我們關於因果關係的任何信息。

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…]

有了新的材料，分類學結論會受到這樣的認識影響：所檢查的材料反映了它所佔據的地點；而一個植物標本袋僅提供了做出可靠結論所需資料的一小部分。實際上，植物標本材料並不能讓人安全地推論：你看到的就是你得到的 […]

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 vii:

Risk is everywhere.[…]For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you. “The Norm Chronicles”[…]aims to help data-phobes find their way through this blizzard of risks.

風險無處不在。 […] 對於每一項風險，都有一個驚人精確的數值來衡量其從陰影中跳出來傷害你的可能性。《Norm Chronicles》 […] 旨在幫助資料恐懼症患者在這場風險的暴風雪中找到出路。

2013年June22日，“Snakes and ladders”, in 經濟學人，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 76:


ATM

ass to mouth (“從肛門拔出後直接入口”)之首字母縮略詞。

Too often California is relegated to serving as the nation’s political ATM.


hypertext

We do not read hypertext the same way we read a novel, and browsing the Web is a different experience from reading a book or newspaper.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2009, Christian Vandendorpe, Phyllis Aronoff, and Howard Scott (Phyllis Aronoff, Howard Scott, transl.), 源自Papyrus to Hypertext: Toward the Universal Digital Library, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252076257, p 1:

Further, hypertext systems, because of their ease of construction, are very rich in text, graphics and visual illustrations.

1999，Ray McAleese，Hypertext: Theory into Practice，Intellect Books, →ISBN，頁 2:

Did Nelson realize at the time that he had met Xanadu's second parent? Probably not. The inventor scattered his ideas as widely as possible, with little care about where they landed. But as the decades passed, it would be Gregory who oversaw the attempt to transform Xanadu into a real product. He never received much public notice, but through all the project's painful deaths and rebirths, Gregory's commitment to Nelson's dream of a universal hypertext library never waned. If Ted Nelson is Xanadu's profligate father, Roger Gregory is Xanadu's devoted mother, and in retrospect, his role appears to have been intertwined with a terrible element of sacrifice.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1995, Gary Wolf, "The Curse of Xanadu", WIRED


bottleneck

"Permissive" working allows more than one train to be in a block section at one time but trains must be run at low speed in order to stop on sight behind the train in front. Such working is often authorised to allow freight trains to "bunch" together to await a path through a bottleneck instead of being strung out over several block sections, as would be necessary if absolute working were in force.

1962 October，“Talking of Trains: The collisions at Connington”, in Modern Railways，頁 232:

At one time, Reading was regarded as a notorious bottleneck in the rail network, almost incapable of managing the number of services that needed to pass through the station each day. [...]
 A road widening scheme at Cow Lane has also allowed two-way traffic to run beneath the railway for the first time, helping to remove a notorious road traffic bottleneck in the town.

2020年December2日，Andy Coward，“New-look Reading is willing and able”, in Rail，頁s 58, 59:


blame

繼承自中古英語 blamen，源自古法語 blasmer，來自晚期拉丁語 blasphēmāre (“責罵，辱罵”)，來自古希臘語 βλασφημέω (blasphēméō)。blaspheme 的同源對似詞。從本土詞wite (“責備、指責、譴責、懷疑”)（來自中古英語 wīten、中古英語 wītan）變為常見用語。

blames (third-person singular present)
blaming (present participle)
blamed (past participle)

though my loue be not so lewdly bent, / As those ye blame, yet may it nought appease / My raging smart [...].

尽管我的爱不像你说的卑贱，/ 然而我剧烈的痛苦一点未减，/ 也没法熄灭我心中的火焰 …

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto II”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

That was the year that Sir Richard was writing his volume on Domestic Life in Tartary. The critics all blamed it for a lack of concentration.

1919，Saki, ‘The Oversight’，The Toys of Peace:

I covered the serious programmes too, and indeed, right from the start, I spent more time praising than blaming.

2006，Clive James，North Face of Soho，Picador, 出版於 2007，頁 106:

For knighthoods loue, do not so foule a deed, / Ne blame your honour with so shamefull vaunt / Of vile reuenge.

别这样无耻复仇，丢自己的脸。

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto VIII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


broadcast

Japanese simultaneous interpreter and translator Eriko Sekiya in an NHK Radio studio, from which she broadcasts (verb sense 3) a programme on introductory business English
日本同聲傳譯家、翻譯家関谷英里子正在NHK演播室，她在此作客介紹商務英語初級課程的節目
Paddy being broadcast (verb sense 4) or sown by hand in Chaudwar, Odisha, India
印度奧里薩邦喬烏德瓦爾的手工播撒稻種
broad + cast。

more broadcast (comparative)
most broadcast (superlative)

And ſuch a double Sowing is of the greateſt Importance; for on the thick Growth of a Crop very much depends on the Bigneſs of it at Harveſt, becauſe, by ſuch a thick Growth, the Weeds are overcome and kept down from hurting the Oats; and, likewiſe, the Heats and Droughts kept the better out from parching up the Roots of the Oats, which, in too thin a Crop, often prove fatal to it; for, when Oats are ſown in the random or broadcaſt Way, there is no more Mold allowed their Roots than what the Harrows and Roll give them; which, at beſt, is but a ſuperficial and moſt thin Covering, and, therefore, the more liable to ſuffer by Droughts, which is different from the Way of ſowing Oats in Drills.

1744，William Ellis，“Of White Oats”, in The Modern Husbandman: Or, The Practice of Farming: As it is Now Carried On by the Most Accurate Farmers in Several Counties of England. For the Month of April. …，Dublin: Printed by and for George Faulkner, →OCLC，頁s 48–49:

They alleged that, as soon as the Opium Commission was appointed, the various anti-opium organisations began to be extremely active and a determined campaign was carried on against the use of the drug by the circulation of a mass of anti-opium literature and the broadcast distribution of handbills and pamphlets.

1923，Song Ong Siang，“The Tenth Decade (1909–19)：第一段”, in One Hundred Years’ History of the Chinese in Singapore: […]，London: John Murray, […], →OCLC，頁 444:

There must be action on and participation in broadcast methods of public education, face to face, in groups, or by use of the mails. This, however, is of secondary importance to the man-to-man job of education in care with fire in the woods.

1931 June，M. A. Mattoon，“Application of Methods to Minimize Human Risks and Physical Dangers”, in Fire Handbook: Region Seven: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 8:

For radio-transmission it has been found that certain passages of a rhythmical nature come out more clearly if wooden-headed sticks are used. The Timpani sometimes tend to sound blurred and even to have a blurring effect on the rest of the orchestral ensemble in broadcast music, when ordinary soft sticks are used in a strongly marked rhythm.

1946，Ch[arles]-M[arie] Widor，Edward Suddard, transl.，“Percussion Instruments”, in The Technique of the Modern Orchestra: A Manual of Practical Instrumentation，第rev. and new版, London: Joseph Wiliams Limited, 29, Enford Street, Marylebone, W.1, →OCLC; reprinted Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, 2005, →ISBN，頁 208:

通過電磁波傳輸訊息或信號的；廣播的

The new limitations would still prohibit foreigners from wholly or directly owning broadcast licensees, allowing only indirect ownership through a stake in a controlling parent of a broadcast licensee.

2013年November14日，Alina Selyukh，“U.S. FCC eases foreign investment limit for broadcast stations”, in Reuters，存檔自the original on 2017-08-16:


broadcast

[O]n reporting to Captain Thrasher he informed me that his orders were to take a detachment of forty men across the French Broad River and turn them loose to wander broadcast over the country as a protection to foraging parties of quartermasters and commissaries, […]

1864年January15日，J[oseph] B[enjamin] Polley，“Some ‘Escape’ Stories”, in A Soldier’s Letters to Charming Nellie，New York, N.Y., Washington, D.C.: The Neale Publishing Company, 出版於 1908, →OCLC，頁 195:

The commercial traveller, a personage unknown to antiquity, is one of the striking figures created by the manners and customs of our present epoch. […] Our century will bind the realm of isolated power, abounding as it does in creative genius, to the realm of universal but levelling might; equalizing all products, spreading them broadcast among the masses, and being itself controlled by the principle of unity,—the final expression of all societies.

1885，Honoré de Balzac，[Katherine Prescott Wormeley, transl.]，“The Illustrious Gaudissart [Scenes from Provincial Life.]”, in The Duchesse de Langeais: With An Episode under the Terror, The Illustrious Gaudissart, A Passion in the Desert, and The Hidden Masterpiece (The Comedy of Human Life)，Boston, Mass.: Roberts Brothers, 3 Somerset Street, →OCLC, chapter I，頁 217:

A special letter of warning against the ravages of the potato-tuber moth in the shape of a press notice has been sent broadcast to newspapers, as well as to others, throughout the country.

1913，F[rank] H[urlbut] Chittenden，“Protection of the Fall Crop and Seed Potatoes”, in The Potato-tuber Moth (U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin; no. 557)，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC，頁 6:

When [rape is] grown broadcast the superphosphate may be incorporated with the surface soil by the harrow when preparing the ground for the seed or in covering the same.

1893，Thomas Shaw，“Fertilizers for Rape”, in The Rape Plant: Its History, Culture, and Uses (U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin; no. 11)，Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office; published by authority of the Secretary of Agriculture, →OCLC，頁 15:


broadcast

No one knows how long it will be until a broadcast from a studio in New York will be viewed in India as well as in Indiana, will be seen in the Congo as it is seen in Chicago. But as surely as we are meeting here today, that day will come; and once again our world will shrink.

1961 May 9, Newton Minow, "Television and the Public Interest":

After nearly 40 years of continuous broadcast in Hong Kong, a 24-hour transmission of the BBC World Service will go silent in the former British colony, replaced with programming from China's state radio channel. The move by Radio Television Hong Kong, owned by the local government, was meant to "enhance the cultural exchange between the mainland and Hong Kong", a spokesman said.

經歷40年不間斷的廣播，BBC國際頻道在香港的24小時傳輸將被中國國有電台頻道所取代，結束其在這片英國前殖民地的使命。受政府所管理的香港電台發言人稱，此次對BBC國際頻道的移除是為了“加強內地與香港之間的文化交流”。

2017年August13日，Benjamin Haas，“Radio silence: 24-hour broadcast of BBC World Service dropped in Hong Kong: After four decades in the former British colony, BBC World Service is to be mostly replaced with China’s state radio channel”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2017-08-16:

The DJ was feeling nervous before his first national broadcast.

這位DJ在第一次作客全國廣播節目前，顯得很緊張。

We interrupt this broadcast at the request of the police department to bring you the following special bulletin: The dead body of Miss Paula Canfield, missing student at Westlake University and daughter of the multi-millionaire Harold Canfield, has been found in the Arroyo Seco near the Colorado Street Bridge.

按照警方的要求，我們暫停本次廣播節目，並為您播報特別消息：近日失蹤的西湖大學學生、千萬富翁哈羅德·坎菲爾德先生的千金寶拉·坎菲爾德小姐的遺體，已於阿羅約塞科，靠近科羅拉多街橋的位置被發現。

1943，Wilfrid H. Pettitt，Nine Girls: A Play in Prologue and Two Acts，Chicago, Ill.: The Dramatic Publishing Company, →OCLC; 再版 Woodstock, Ill.: The Dramatic Publishing Company, 1971, →ISBN, Act I, scene i，頁s 15–16:

Radio Free Europe was established by a group of private citizens in December 1949, for the purpose of conducting a propaganda campaign against six Communist-dominated satellites in central and eastern Europe. […] Its program consisted of daily half-hour broadcasts, first to Czechoslovakia and then to Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Albania.

自由歐洲電台於1949年12月由私人團體建立，用於對中東歐的六個蘇聯衛星國進行政治宣傳。 […] 電台節目包括每天半小時的（對外宣傳）廣播節目，首先是對捷克斯洛伐克，後來擴展到匈牙利、波蘭、保加利亞、羅馬尼亞和阿爾巴尼亞。

1958，Robert T. Holt，“Introduction”, in Radio Free Europe，Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, →OCLC，頁 3:

Since my laſt, I went to ſee a piece of Daniel Fitch's, of Pluckley, Kent. He has two acres of broadcaſt, the oldeſt I have ever ſeen, ſown twenty years ago with barley, like clover.

1785，W. Belcher，“Observations on Lucerne”, in Annals of Agriculture, and Other Useful Arts，卷 III, 期 18, London: Printed for the editor, and sold by H. Goldney, No. 15, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC，頁 433:

It was stated by Mr. Miller, that the common method was, formerly, to sow the barley-seed with a broadcast at two sowings; the first being harrowed in once, but the second not until the seed is buried; […]

1807，“BARLEY”, in The Complete Farmer; or, General Dictionary of Agriculture and Husbandry: Comprehending the Most Improved Methods of Cultivation; the Different Modes of Raising Timber, Fruit, and Other Trees; and the Modern Management of Live-stock: With Descriptions of the Most Approved Implements, Machinery, and Farm-buildings，第5th wholly re-written and enlarged版, London: Printed by Rider and Weed, Little Britain, for R. Baldwin [et al.], →OCLC，列 2:


broadcast

broadcasts (third-person singular present)
broadcasting (present participle)
broadcast (past participle)
broadcasted (past participle)

過去式和過去分詞可用 broadcast 或 broadcasted，但 broadcast 更常用。截止2019年，Google Books 給出326,000個有關 "was broadcast"的結果，而"was broadcasted"的結果為12,900個。

When the boys reached the business section of Bayport they found that Jackley's confession had already become known. The local radio station had broadcast it in the afternoon news program and people everywhere were discussing it.

1927年June1日，Franklin W. Dixon [pseudonym: Leslie McFarlane]，“A Surprise”, in The Tower Treasure (The Hardy Boys; no. 1)，New York, N.Y.: Grosset & Dunlap, →OCLC:

Practicing vocational service to the limit of one's vision makes a difference whether an employer regards his employees as "robots or human beings"; it makes a difference in the kind of advertisements he publishes or broadcasts; it makes a difference how he reacts under pressure from a competitor; it makes a difference in the quality of his service.

1967 January，“Four Avenues of Service”, in Adventure in Service (Pamphlet [Rotary International]; 52)，Evanston, Ill., Zurich: Rotary International, →OCLC，頁 69:

The TV is broadcasting a FUZZY PICTURE that shows the weatherman from WVII, the Bango ABC affiliate.

1999 February，Stephen King，“Act 3”, in Storm of the Century，第trade paperback版, New York, N.Y.: Pocket Books, →ISBN，頁 175:

The state of Rhode Island was the scene, on October 30, 1974, of yet another scare involving an adaptation of The War of the Worlds. Broadcast on radio station WPRO, Providence, the drama frightened listeners across the state. The play began with reporters covering a "meteor crash" near Jamestown, the purported Martian landing site. […] City fire stations and other radio and TV outlets reported being inundated with inquiries from anxious callers, as was WPRO, which received more than a hundred calls.

2005，Robert E. Bartholomew，“Introduction”, in H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells, The War of the Worlds，New York, N.Y.: Cosimo Books, →ISBN，頁 8:

The Royal Shakespeare Company will today become the first theatre in the UK to broadcast Shakespeare direct into schools. A production of Richard II, starring David Tennant in the title role, is going to be streamed free of charge into classrooms up and down the country.

2013年November15日，“Shakespeare broadcast direct into schools for first time”, in ITV News，存檔自the original on 2017-06-13:

將訊息傳播到廣大地區；（尤指）一次性將同一封電郵發給許多人

The break with imperialism and the liberation of Russia from the predatory war, the publication of the secret treaties and the solemn abrogation of the policy of seizing foreign soil, the proclamation of national freedom and the recognition of the independence of Finland, the declaration of Russia as a "Federation of Soviet National Republics" and the militant battle-cry of a resolute struggle against imperialism broadcast all over the world by the Soviet government in millions of pamphlets, newspapers, and leaflets in the mother tongues of the peoples of the East and West—all this could not fail to have its effect on the enslaved East and the bleeding West.

[1934]，Joseph Stalin，“The October Revolution and the National Question”, in The October Revolution: A Collection of Articles & Speeches (Marxist Library)，London: Martin Lawrence, →OCLC, section III (The International Importance of the October Revolution)，頁s 15–16:

However, truth and lies can usually be confirmed or denied by speaking with eyewitnesses of events in order to verify what took place. The amount of time separating the event in question from when it was broadcasted also makes a difference.

2014，Greg[ory J.] Monette，The Wrong Jesus: Fact, Belief, Legend, Truth … Making Sense of What You’ve Heard，Colorado Springs, Colo.: NavPress in alliance with Tyndale House Publishers, →ISBN，頁 178:

Urban legend has it that someone is monitoring all those e-mails broadcast from your work address. Hard to imagine a more boring job but the truth is, and I shouldn't have to tell people this, the record of those e-mails is in a server somewhere and it can be monitored.

2016，Richard A. Moran，“That Permanent Record”, in The Thing about Work: Showing Up and Other Important Matters: A Worker’s Manual，Brookline, Mass.: Bibliomotion, →ISBN:

She [Françoise Dolto] is most well known in France for her broadcasts on France-Inter, Lorsque l'enfant parait; she broadcasted for twelve minutes every day of the week for two years, answering parents' questions.

2009，Sian Morgan，“Françoise Dolto: A Biography”, in Theory and Practice in Child Psychoanalysis: An Introduction to the Work of Françoise Dolto，London: Karnac Books, →ISBN，頁 22:

I ſhall content myſelf, […] to ſay that the ſeed ſhoud be ſown in the garden, or very good ground, in rows, or broadcaſt, and as ſoon as the plants are of the ſize of a gooſe-quill, to be tranſplanted in rows of eighteen inches diſtance, and eighteen inches apart, one plant from the other: […]

1789，Thomas Boothby Parkyns，“Some Account of the Racine de Disette, or Root of Scarcity, of Its Utility, and the Mode of Treating It; from a Letter of Thomas Boothby Parkyns, Esq., Addressed to the Secretary of the above-mentioned Society [the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce].—From the Same Work [vol. 5 of the Transactions of the Society].”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature，London: Printed for J[ames] Dodsley, in Pall-Mall, →OCLC，頁 80，列 1:

I wanted to grow my own cut flowers for the big day so three months earlier I broadcasted an annual seed mix across a few recently cleared borders.

2013年November9日，Sarah Price，“Breathing new life into an old garden [print edition: New life, old garden]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Gardening)，London，存檔自the original on 2016-05-15，頁 G1:


chairman

這個詞在歷史上指男性，但現在也用於女性。

When I got ready to leave, why, Chairman Mao came down to the plane. Chairman Mao gave me some Chinese rugs and told me that I was the only prisoner of war that had ever come through there from North China.

2003，William L. Taylor，Wake Island : the Alamo of the Pacific，History Channel, →OCLC:

Unsurprisingly, the Group was highly critical of the BTC's organisation and finances, and this prompted Marples to bring forward the Transport Act 1962, which created BR as a standalone entity with its own Board, headed by a full-time chairman. Beeching accepted this latter position, and initially became the BTC chairman in June 1961.

2023年March8日，David Clough，“The long road that led to Beeching”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 43:

負責用便攜式椅子、轎子或類似運輸工具抬人的人

Mr Western entered; but not before a small wrangling bout had passed between him and his chairmen; for the fellows, who had taken up their burden at the Hercules Pillars, had conceived no hopes of having any future good customer in the squire […]

1749，Henry Fielding，Tom Jones，Folio Society, 出版於 1973，頁 618:

Mr. Winkle, catching sight of a lady's face at the window of the sedan, turned hastily round, plied the knocker with all his might and main, and called frantically upon the chairman to take the chair away again.

1836，Charles Dickens，The Pickwick Papers:


climate

源自中古英語 climat < 古法語 climat < 拉丁語 clima < 古希臘語 κλίμα (klíma，“latitude”，字面意思是“傾斜”)。

As fruits of hotter countries, transearthed in colder climates, have vigour enough in themselves to be fructuous according to their nature: but, that they are hindered by the chilling nips of the air, and the soil, wherein they are planted.

就像来自较热地区的水果，在较冷的气候下移植，本身也具有足够的活力，可以按照其自然节律结出果实：但是，它们受到空气和移栽地土壤的寒冷所阻碍。

1904，Owen Felltham, William Henry Oliphant Smeaton，Resolves:

And the effects from climate change are already extreme.

气候变化的影响已经非常极端。

2018，VOA Learning English > China's Melting Glacier Brings Visitors, Adds to Climate Concerns:

Industries that require a lot of fossil fuels are unlikely to be popular in the current political climate.

在当前的政治环境下，需要大量化石燃料的行业不太可能受到欢迎。

In polling by the Pew Research Center in November 2008, fully half the respondents thought the two parties would cooperate more in the coming year, versus only 36 percent who thought the climate would grow more adversarial.

皮尤研究中心2008 11月的民意调查显示，有一半的受访者认为两党在未来一年将加强合作，而只有 36% 的受访者认为对抗的气氛将变得更浓。

2012年November7日，Matt Bai，“Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times:

This isn't the time for militant unionism. If I were at ScotRail, in the current climate I'd trade a pay freeze [sic: pay rise?] for job security.

现在不是搞激进工会主义的时候。如果我在苏格兰铁路公司，在目前的形势下，我会用冻薪（原文如此，意思是加薪？）来换取工作保障。

2020年December2日，Philip Haigh，“A winter of discontent caused by threat of union action”, in Rail，頁 63:


conservative

借自中古法語 conservatif，來自拉丁語 cōnservō (“儲存”)。等同conserve + -ative。

同類詞：moderate、liberal、progressive、libertarian、centrist、fascist、communist、socialist

During the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, this commitment brought him into frequent critical confrontation with entrenched forms of conservative thinking (in academic areas from history and social science to the more abstract domains of ethical and political philosophy),[…]

1999，Nicholas Walker，“The Reorientation of Critical Theory: Habermas”, in The Edinburgh Encyclopedia of Continental Philosophy，Routledge, →ISBN，頁 489:


conservative

more conservative (comparative)
most conservative (superlative)

We have always been conscientiously attached to what is called the Tory, and which might with more propriety be called the Conservative, party.

Operative treatment should be reserved for those patients in whom conservative treatment has failed and who are motivated with regard to sports.

2000，G. Puddu et al.，“Achilles Tendon Injuries”, in The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine, →ISBN，頁 200:


design

We have designs on winning the league next season.

我們的目標是贏得下個賽季的聯賽。

To be hateful of the truth by design.

I give it you without any other design than to shew you that I reckon nothing dear to me, when I want to do you a pleasure.

我把它給你，沒有任何其他目的，只是想讓你知道，當我想讓你高興時，我什麼都不看重。

1763，Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz，History of Louisisana，PG，頁 40:

At length, one night, when the company by ſome accident broke up much ſooner than ordinary, ſo that the candles were not half burnt out, ſhe was not able to reſiſt the temptation, but reſolved to have them ſome way or other. Accordingly, as ſoon as the hurry was over, and the ſervants, as ſhe thought, all gone to ſleep, ſhe ſtole out of her bed, and went down ſtairs, naked to her ſhift as ſhe was, with a deſign to ſteal them […]

1762，Charles Johnstone，The Reverie; or, A Flight to the Paradise of Fools，卷 2, Dublin: Printed by Dillon Chamberlaine, →OCLC，頁 202:

Lisicki will rise from her current ranking of 62 to at least 35 in the world on the back of her efforts at the All England Club, but she will have serious designs on a first Grand Slam title after overcoming the 2007 runner-up.

2011年June28日，Piers Newbery，“Wimbledon 2011: Sabine Lisicki beats Marion Bartoli”, in BBC Sport:


design

designs (third-person singular present)
designing (present participle)
designed (past participle)

She designed his retirement from the Royal Irish Artillery, and had negociated an immediate berth for him on the Staff of the Commander of the Forces, and a prospective one in the household of Lord Townshend […]

1863，Sheridan Le Fanu，The House by the Churchyard:

The huge square box, parquet-floored and high-ceilinged, had been arranged to display a suite of bedroom furniture designed and made in the halcyon days of the last quarter of the nineteenth century, when modish taste was just due to go clean out of fashion for the best part of the next hundred years.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 1, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

He was designed to the study of the law.

1700，John Dryden，Translations from Ovid's Epistles, Preface:


device

來自中古英語 devys，來自古法語 devis，來自拉丁語 dīvīsus，dīvidō (“分發”)的過去分詞。

Every cycle shall be equipped with: … (b) an audible warning device consisting of a bell …

1949. Geneva Convention on Road Traffic Chapter VI. Provisions Applicable to Cycles in International Traffic

An artificial kidney these days still means a refrigerator-sized dialysis machine. Such devices mimic the way real kidneys cleanse blood and eject impurities and surplus water as urine.

如今，人工肾脏仍然意味着一台大小和冰箱差不多的透析机。这种设备模仿真正肾脏净化血液的方式，并以尿液的形式排出杂质和多余的水。

2013年June1日，“A better waterworks”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8838，頁 5 (Technology Quarterly):

His device is against Babylon, to destroy it.

祂定意攻擊巴比倫，將他毀滅。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Jeremiah 51:11:

He disappointeth the devices of the crafty, so that their hands cannot perform their enterprise.

破壞狡猾人的計謀，使他們所謀的，不得成就。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 5:12:

Their recent device of demanding benevolences.

1827 Hallam, Henry, The English Constitution, Harper

Drawings and pictures are more than mere ornaments in scientific discourse. Blackboard sketches, geological maps, diagrams of molecular structure, astronomical photographs, MRI images, the many varieties of statistical charts and graphs: These pictorial devices are indispensable tools for presenting evidence, for explaining a theory, for telling a story.

在科学论述中，图画、图片可不仅仅是装饰品。它们包括了黑板上的草图、地质图、分子结构图、天文照片、核磁共振图像、各种统计图表和图形。这些图像手段是展示证据、解释理论、讲述故事所不可或缺的工具。

2012年March13日，Brian Hayes，“Pixels or Perish”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 2，頁 106:

It will be out of faſhion to weare ſwords, / Maſques, and devices welcome, I ſalute you […]

c. 1634，James Shirley (falsely attributed to John Fletcher)，The Coronation:


earthquake

繼承自中古英語 erthequake，可以拆解為 earth + quake。取代了中古英語 eorð byfung (“地震”)，後者源自古英語 eorþbeofung (字面意思是“土地搖動”)。

地震（由火山活動或地質斷層周圍的運動引起的地面震動）（自14世紀起）

Her alablaster brest she soft did kis, / Which all that while shee felt to pant and quake, / As it an Earth-quake were: at last she thus bespake.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto II”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Last year's earthquake crushed his house, his livelihood and very nearly his leg, he said, pointing to a plastered limb that refuses to heal.

特指發生在地球上的地面震動 （20世紀起）

Since the response of some man-made structures to the ground motion near the epicenter is highly dependent on frequency, a significant difference in potential damage to the structures is expected between earthquakes and moonquakes.

1988，Jürgen Oberst, Yosio Nakamura，“A seismic risk for the lunar base”, in The Second Conference on Lunar Bases and Space Activities of the 21st Century，卷 1, NASA，頁s 231–233:

The wave patterns, too, are strikingly different: The secondary (S) waves and surface waves on lunar seismograms are not generally as clearly defined and distinct as are those of earthquakes.

2006，Bruce A. Bolt，Earthquakes, Fifth Edition:

唐突劇變；具嚴重破壞性的事件

As we have seen, economic earthquakes often result in political shockwaves. […] He highlights a correlation between those states with the highest robot density and those states that unexpectedly swung behind Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election, namely Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.

2019年July11日，John Thornhill，“Does tech threaten to rerun the worst of the Industrial Revolution?”, in Financial Times:

Leo Varadkar has announced he is standing down as Ireland’s prime minister and also giving up his role as leader of the Fine Gael party in the ruling coalition, in a surprise move described by pundits as a “political earthquake” for the country.

2024年March20日，Jon Henley，“Leo Varadkar steps down as Irish prime minister in shock move”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


earthquake

earthquakes (third-person singular present)
earthquaking (present participle)
earthquaked (past participle)

Watch the Philippines very closely for the next little while. There is rumbling and earthquaking deep within Pinatubo and increased earthquaking within Mayon.

1993，Gyeorgos C. Hatonn，The Best of Times: The Worst of Times，頁 129:


estimate

借自拉丁語 aestimatus，是aestimō的過去分詞，舊形式為aestumo (“重視，尊敬，評價”)；來自古拉丁語 *ais-temos (“切銅的人”)，意指在羅馬共和國鑄造牆壁的人。參見esteem 的同源對似詞，以及aim。

“They know our boats will stand up to their work,” said Willison, “and that counts for a good deal. A low estimate from us doesn't mean scamped work, but just that we want to keep the yard busy over a slack time.”

1928，Lawrence R. Bourne，章號 3, in Well Tackled!:

估計數：對某些肯定數量的上限

The desired norm estimate is now obtained from the identity... [referring to an earlier statement saying that a certain norm is less than or equal to a certain expression]

1992，Louis de Branges，“The convergence of Euler functions”, in Journal of Functional Analysis, →DOI，頁 185:


estimate

estimates (third-person singular present)
estimating (present participle)
estimated (past participle)

I estimate that I need 400 board feet of lumber to complete a job, and then order 350 because I do not want a surplus, or perhaps order 450 because I do not want to make any subsequent orders.

1965，Ian Hacking，Logic of Statistical Inference:

Higher real prices for durables are estimated to have reduced their consumption per capita by 1.09% in 1930, […]

2003，Alexander J. Field, Gregory Clark, William A. Sundstrom，Research in Economic History:

It is always very difficult to estimate the age in which you are living.

1870，John Campbell Shairp，Culture and Religion in Some of Their Relations:


laboratory

來自中世紀拉丁語 labōrātōrium。

/ˈlæbɹəˌtɔɹi/

/ləˈbɔɹəˌtɔɹi/

/ləˈbɔɹətɹi/

/ləˈbɒɹət(ə)ɹiː/

/ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/

Again she read the passage that had riveted her attention; and, rising from her seat, carried the still open volume, and laid it on a slab by the furnace in the laboratory: it was a celebrated treatise on poisons, written in the fifteenth century.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“The Laboratory”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 325:

[Isaac Newton] was obsessed with alchemy. He spent hours copying alchemical recipes and trying to replicate them in his laboratory. He believed that the Bible contained numerological codes.

2014年June21日，“Magician’s brain”, in The Economist，卷 411, 期 8892:


mob

源自中古英語 mob，mobile的縮略,，源自英語 mobile (“mōbile (vulgus)”)。遊戲中的意思源自mobile，由Richard Bartle用於早期MUD。

mobs (third-person singular present)
mobbing (present participle)
mobbed (past participle)

圍觀（某人），有時充滿敵意。

Politicians have been turning up to Glastonbury for years, but this year the leader of the opposition was among the most hotly anticipated attractions: when he arrived on site, his Land Rover was mobbed by fans.

2017年June26日，Alexis Petridis，“Glastonbury 2017 verdict: Radiohead, Foo Fighters, Lorde, Stormzy and more”, in the Guardian:


propaganda

來自新拉丁語 prōpāganda，是Congregātiō dē Prōpāgandā Fidē的簡稱，意為「傳佈信仰聖部」，為拉丁語 prōpāgō (“傳播”)的離格陰性動名詞。propagation 的同源對似詞。現在政治含意來自第一次世界大戰，最初非貶義詞。

/ˌpɹɒpəˈɡændə/

[ˌpɹɒp.əˈɡæn.də]

[ˌpɹɑp.əˈɡɛə̯n.də]

They established a government propaganda commission, called the w:en:Creel Commission, which succeeded, within six months, in turning a pacifist population into a hysterical, war-mongering population which wanted to destroy everything German, tear the Germans limb from limb, go to war and save the world.

2002，Noam Chomsky，“Selections”, in Media Control:


suspect

來自古法語 suspect，來自拉丁語 suspectus，suspiciō (“不信任，懷疑”)的完整體被動分詞，來自sub (“底下”) + speciō (“看，看著”)。

suspects (third-person singular present)
suspecting (present participle)
suspected (past participle)

揣測；想象或假設某事物為真或存在

to suspect the presence of disease

From her hand I could suspect no ill.

1667，John Milton，“Book 9”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

Mr. Campion appeared suitably impressed and she warmed to him. He was very easy to talk to with those long clown lines in his pale face, a natural goon, born rather too early she suspected.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 5, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

WikiLeaks did not cause these uprisings but it certainly informed them. The dispatches revealed details of corruption and kleptocracy that many Tunisians suspected, but could not prove, and would cite as they took to the streets.

2013年June7日，Gary Younge，“Hypocrisy lies at heart of Manning prosecution”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 18:

to suspect the truth of a story

An inhabitant of Gubio, in the duchy of Urbino, in Italy, suspecting the fidelity of his wife, he, in a fit of jealousy, in order to find out whether his suspicion was true, did what the ecclesiastick history informs us Origen did from devotion.

1785，James Ridgway，A Dictionary of Literary Conversation:


suspect

more suspect (comparative)
most suspect (superlative)

What I can do or offer is suspect.

1671，John Milton，“The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 2:

In his first book since the 2008 essay collection Natural Acts: A Sidelong View of Science and Nature, David Quammen looks at the natural world from yet another angle: the search for the next human pandemic, what epidemiologists call “the next big one.” His quest leads him around the world to study a variety of suspect zoonoses—animal-hosted pathogens that infect humans.

2013年January13日，Katie L. Burke，“Ecological Dependency”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 1，存檔自the original on 2017-02-09，頁 64:

Facing a backlash over the use of the term “cosmopolitan,” [Josh] Hawley later defended himself against accusations of antisemitism on Twitter as “an ardent advocate of the state of Israel and the Jewish people.” But this conflation of the state of Israel and the Jewish people is the entire point. To today’s far right, Israel is a firm ally against Islam, while “cosmopolitans,” many of whom just happen to be Jewish, are suspect.

2019年July24日，David Austin Walsh，“Flirting With Fascism”, in Jewish Currents:

What appears suspect about the Beeching Report is how quickly it was railroaded through, with the answers manufactured before the questions were asked.

2023年March8日，Howard Johnston，“Was Marples the real railway wrecker?”, in RAIL，期 978，頁 52:


resource

Nevertheless, it is clear that the global energy demand for air-conditioning will grow substantially as nations become more affluent,[…]. This trend will put additional strain not only on global energy resources but also on the environmental prospects of a warming planet.

2013 September-October，Michael Sivak，“Will AC Put a Chill on the Global Energy Supply?]”, in American Scientist，存檔自the original on 2014-02-06:

By French-Style Revolution I don't mean a violent overthrow of the ruling elite as much as a tumultuous reset of how resources and power are distributed. Systems become vulnerable to such resets when they become highly asymmetrical in how they distribute resources and power, and rigid in their defense of the extreme inequality of the distribution.

2023年December10日，Charles Hugh Smith，Could America Have a French-Style Revolution?:


los

繼承自中古英語 lusk，來自古英語 lox，來自原始西日耳曼語 *luhs，來自原始日耳曼語 *luhsaz。與低地蘇格蘭語 los、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Luks、低地德語 Luks、荷蘭語 los、德語 Luchs、盧森堡語 Luuss等同源。

The los had been brought from a northern part of the United States.

猞猁是從美國北部某地帶來的。

A beaſt like unto a wolfe having many ſpottes, and being exceeding quicke of ſight: a wolfe like an hart, a Los or Lynx.

1592，Thomas Thomasius，Thomae Thomasii Dictionarium tertio ... emendatum ... et longe auctius ... redditum.:


wiktionary

It has also spawned a wiktionary, wikiquotes, wikinews, wikibooks and the wikimedia information commons

2007，Martin Parker, Valerie Fournier, Patrick Reedy，The Dictionary of Alternatives: Utopianism and Organization，頁 313:


wiktionary

However, with the increase in free resources like wiktionaries, or the increase in the number of translated materials available on the Internet

2011，Zygmunt Vetulani，Human Language Technology. Challenges for Computer Science:

PanLex draws on various lexical resources, including dictionaries, wiktionaries, glossaries, lexicons, word lists, terminologies, thesauri, wordnets, ontologies, vocabulary databases, namedentity resources, and standards

2011，Nikolas Coupland，The Handbook of Language and Globalization:

維基媒體基金會所營運的自由的線上詞典中的一個；某一特定語言的維基詞典

In fact the English Wiktionary edition contains entries for more than 400 languages, so that out of this source, more language specific wiktionaries could be created than there are actually officially listed.

2013，Anaïd Donabédian, Victoria Khurshudian, Max Silberztein，Formalising Natural Languages with NooJ，頁 18:


gen

Nose around any modest-sized station and the odds are you'll find that the chargeman's office doubles as a bashers' club, a place where shivering spotters can get warm and catch up on the gen.

2015，Nicholas Whittaker，Platform Souls: The Trainspotter as 20th-Century Hero:

I had some recent gen that they had been seen quite recently at Kunoth Well, a little dot on the map on the edge of the Tanami Desert.

2005，Sean Dooley，The Big Twitch，Sydney: Allen and Unwin，頁 172:


gen

gens (third-person singular present)
genning (present participle)
genned (past participle)

使用自動程式生成，尤指計算機程式

Defining the devices so that they will be genned during the sysgen and installation is the other half.

1991，Bruce H. Hunter, Karen Bradford Hunter，UNIX Systems: Advanced Administration and Management Handbook:

The older, genned files are difficult to keep up-to-date and are unsupported for some newer NICs.

1993，Debra R. Niedermiller-Chaffins, Drew Heywood，Inside Novell NetWare, →ISBN，頁 100:

As the capacities of the large servers are exceeded, a new server is genned into the RAC cluster.

2010，Donald K. Burleson，Oracle Tuning: The Definitive Reference, →ISBN，頁 1109:

The Turing factories on Isis's small moon had fallen short of productivity goals, though another two factory units had been genned.


gen

Samples could be taken from the original, and plans could be made, but genning could not be initiated until death had occurred.

2008，Bart Dahmer，Primal Screams, →ISBN，頁 36:

Her nurturer ears, genned to be hyper-sensitive, had to be hurting from the noise.

2011，Karen Sandler，Tankborn, →ISBN，頁 28:


gen

詞源未知。可能來源包括：
* argent 的截斷形式
* generalise 的截斷形式，來自英語 shilling的反讀。

The betting also began to shift. "Sixpence Ned wins!" cried three or four; "Sixpence he loses!" answered another; "Done!" and up went the halfpence. "Half-a-crown Joe loses!"—"Here you are," answered Joe, but he lost again. "I'll try you a 'gen'" (shilling) said a coster; "And a 'rouf yenap'" (fourpence), added the other. "Say a 'exes'" (sixpence).—"Done!" and the betting continued, till the ground was spotted with silver and halfpence.

1851，Henry Mayhew，“Gambling of Costermongers”, in London Labour and the London Poor，卷 1，頁 17:

"Give me two gen, then, and take the whole bloody tol. I've walked me teef orf afore rouf this mornin', and wot 'ave I got? Two bloody yenneps! I ask yer."


gen

"Mladenovic playing in what the young gen is calling a crop top, but what my gen is calling a bra," Bouchard tweeted. "Sign of the times that Wimbledon has no issue with that. Still can remember the year some had troubles because of 'too short' skirts lol."

2022年June28日，“Wimbledon tennis: Fans react to Kristina Mladenovic's eye-catching outfit”, in The New Zealand Herald:

It’s anyone’s guess whether such attitudes will persist into adulthood, but if Gen Z (and the gens to come) do prove more alco-skeptic than their forbears then the above twelve steps are deftly primed to cash in.

2022年July4日，Ben Schott，“Is There Anything That Gen Z Won’t Drink?”, in The Washington Post:

按時間順序排列的某件事的具體版本

For my fellow first-gens, get ready to hide a smirk, because your life story is likely hidden somewhere in this chapter. For the uninitiated—that is, the person who's never had a thing to do with the Arab way of doing things (namely dating)—I advise you to buckle up.

2004，Sally Bishai，“Courtship, Marriage and the Ubiquitous ‘Dating Thing’”, in Mid-East Meets West: On Being and Becoming a Modern Arab American，Lincoln, Neb.: iUniverse, →ISBN，頁 57:

[…] I witness firsthand the difficult "downstream" outcomes (Grusky 2014) of social class stratification in a university setting where approximately 3,400 undergraduates (13% of the undergraduate population) are first in their families to attend and/or graduate from college (first-gens). Most of these students are low income and nearly 1,200 first-gens have grown up in poverty.

2016，Dwight Lang，“Witnessing Social Class in the Academy”, in Working in Class: Recognizing How Social Class Shapes Our Academic Work，Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, part 2 (Teaching)，頁 102:

The Family Values and Framing Strategy steps address soft issues as what is the purpose of the new investment strategy, is there a desire to engage and train the next generation (Next Gens), and is there building buy-in and engagement across the family members important to strengthen family unity.

2017，Temple Fennell，“SCIE: Sustainable Cycle of Investing Engagement”, in Kirby Rosplock, The Complete Direct Investing Handbook: A Guide for Family Offices, Qualified Purchasers, and Accredited Investors (Bloomberg Financial Series)，Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN，頁 242:


Robert

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 Robert，源自古高地德語 Hrodperht（Ruodberht）在古古法蘭克語的同源詞，源自原始西日耳曼語 *Hrōþiberht，源自原始日耳曼語 *Hrōþiberhtaz (字面意思是“閃耀的榮譽”)。Rupert 的同源對似詞。

諾曼征服英格蘭以來，最常用的英語人名之一。

源自日耳曼語族的男性人名。

My brother Robert? Old Sir Robert's son? / Colbrand the giant, that same mighty man?

:Template:RQ:Shakespeare King John: Act I, Scene I:

I hadn't even considered names for a girl. Robby it would be. Robert Douglas. Where the Douglas came from is another story, but the Robert came from me because I liked the sound. Robert was formal, dignified, important. Robert. And that was nearly as nice as the chance I'd have to call my little brother Rob and Robby.

1984，John Edgar Wideman，Brothers and Keepers: A Memoir，Mariner Books, 出版於 2005, →ISBN，頁 93:


cadmium

1817年，來自古希臘語 Καδμεία (Kadmeía，“爐甘石”)，一種含鎘的礦物混合物，以國王Κάδμος (Kádmos，“卡德摩斯”)的名字命名。

鎘（一種化學元素（符號 Cd），原子序數為48：一種柔軟的銀白）

CSPI says the Trump Administration could take steps to protect consumers from each of these chemicals and support FDA’s broader post-market assessment efforts. It could ensure that FDA sets health-protective limits on heavy metals, like lead, arsenic, and cadmium, in foods consumed by children.

CSPI表示，特朗普政府可以採取措施保護消費者免受這些化學物質的侵害，並支持FDA更廣泛的市場後評估工作。它可以確保FDA為兒童食用的食品中的重金屬（如鉛、砷和鎘）設定保護健康的限值。

2025年January15日，“FDA moves to eliminate carcinogenic Red 3 from foods”, in Center for Science in the Public Interest:


advocate

借自古法語 advocat，来自拉丁語 advocātus（advocāre (“呼籲”)）的過去分詞，借译自古希臘語 παράκλητος (paráklētos)（英語 paraclete的词源）。advoke、avouch和avow 的同源對似詞。

advocates (third-person singular present)
advocating (present participle)
advocated (past participle)

（及物动词）主张，拥护，鼓吹。

我喜歡樹，但我不主张住在樹里。

I like trees, but I do not advocate living in them.

“localist” politicians who advocate self-determination to be voted into power

主張用選票實現自治的“本土派”


ambiguous

源自拉丁語 ambiguus (“左右搖擺的，性質可疑的”)，該詞衍生自ambigere (“四處走動、徘徊、懷疑”)，由ambi- (“周圍、大約、兩側”)與agere (“驅動、移動”)組成。

more ambiguous (comparative)
most ambiguous (superlative)

And forasmuch as in this same question I am ambiguous, and Simplicius is resolute....

鑑於在此問題上我仍游移不定，而辛普利休斯立場堅決...

1662，Thomas Salusbury，Mathematical collections and translations, in two tomes - Salusbury:


ammonia

來自拉丁語 sal ammoniacus (“阿蒙的鹽，氯化銨”)，因為它在埃及的（朱庇特）阿蒙神廟附近被發現而得名。Ammon衍生自古希臘語 Ἄμμων (Ámmōn)，來自埃及語 jmn (i-mn:n-A4)。

Never use ammonia to clean metal writing pens.

千萬不要用氨水來清洗金屬筆。

Slowly we rode down to the camp - a very sorrowful party. We took "Nep" straight to the surgery, where the doctor instantly applied injections of ammonia, then the new remedy for snake bite.

1887，Harriet W. Daly，Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia，頁 95:


awkward

來自awk (“怪異的，笨拙的”) + -ward。

awkwarder (comparative)
more awkward (comparative)
awkwardest (superlative)
most awkward (superlative)

clumsy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

lubberly

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

ungraceful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

unhandy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

dexterous

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

gainly

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

graceful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

handy

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

skillful

不靈巧的，笨拙的，彆扭的

任性的 （指人）；不方便的，難以應付的，棘手的

He's a right awkward chap.

These cabinets are going to be very awkward when we move.

我們搬家時這些陳列櫃會很難處理。

Clearing up rock and fallen vegetation at such an awkward site required a team of specialist geoengineers.

2020年August26日，Andrew Mourant，“Reinforced against future flooding”, in Rail，頁 61:


awkward

來自awk (“怪異的，笨拙的”) + -ward。

笨拙的人；尷尬的情況；任性的人等 （可以使用上述形容詞形容的人或物）

Another important branch of deportment was to seat the awkwards stiffly on the extreme edge of a chair, fold the hands on the very precarious lap, droop the eyes in a pensive way.

1912，Eliza Ripley，Social Life in Old New Orleans, Being Recollections of My Girlhood，New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:

'What periods are you talking about?' / 'The monthly awkwards. Didn't the girls at Molyneux have them when you were managing director?' / The Rabbit leaned forward, sniffing the air in the immediate vicinity. 'Either you've been drinking or you've got some girl into trouble. Or am I being unfair to you and it's both?'

1998，Leo Marks，Between Silk and Cyanide: The Story of SOE's Code War，London: HarperCollins, →ISBN:

That is a way to make awkwards. And it's not fun to hang out with awkwards more than once.

2014，Grace Helbig，Grace's Guide: The Art of Pretending to Be a Grown-up，New York, N.Y.: Touchstone Books, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN，頁 76:


calorie

借自法語 calorie，由拉丁語 calor演變而來。最初在19世紀被定義為大卡路里，幾十年後才被定義成小卡路里。

Biotics possess extraordinary abilities, but they must live with minor inconveniences. The most obvious issue is getting adequate nutrition. Creating biotic mass effects takes such a toll on metabolism that active biotics develop ravenous appetites. The standard Alliance combat ration for a soldier is 3000 calories per day; biotics are given 4500, as well as a canteen of potent energy drink for quick refreshment after hard combat.

2008，BioWare，Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC，幕：Biotics: Life as a Biotic Codex entry:

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013年June29日，“A punch in the gut”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁s 72–3:


cheque

I was not carrying cash, so I wrote a cheque for the amount.

我没有带现金，所以我写了一张支票。

They do not, however, all deal with the same banker, and when A gives a cheque to B, B usually pays it not into the same but into some other bank.

然而，他们并不都与同一家银行打交道，当 A 给 B 一张支票时，B 通常不是将支票存入同一家银行，而是存入另一家银行。

1848，John Stuart Mill，Principles of Political Economy [政治經濟學原理]，出版於 1920，頁 62:

Sometimes abbreviations are used (which would be explained on the statement) and only the last three figures of the cheque number may be given. ‘Sundries’ are cash or cheques paid into the account.
有时会使用缩写（会在声明中解释），并且只能提供支票号码的最后三位数字。“杂项”是指存入账户的现金或支票。

1999, Sam Seunarine, Office Procedures for the Caribbean, 2nd edition, reprinted 2001, page 126,

You can avoid dealing with paper cheques — written or printed — by paying your bills online.

您可以通过在线支付账单来避免处理纸质支票——无论是手写的还是印刷的。

2007，Eric Tyson，Tony Martin，Personal Finance for Canadians for Dummies:

The daily cheque clearings began around 1770 when bank clerks met at the Five Bells (a tavern in Lombard Street in the City of London) to exchange all their cheques in one place and settle the balances in cash.
每日支票结算始于1770年左右，当时银行职员在 Five Bells（伦敦金融城倫巴底街的一家小酒馆）会面，在一个地方兑换所有支票并以现金结算余额。

2009, R. Rajesh, T. Sivagnanasithi, Banking Theory Law & Practice, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, page 206,


chloride

源自chlor(ine) + -ide，由英國的化學家漢弗里·戴維在1812年造出。

/ˈklɔːˌɹaɪd/

potassium magnesium chloride hexahydrate

Another type, also common in the Taipei area has more chlorides than sulfates, and while it is also hot, its flavor is more salty than sour. The springs at Chinshan on the north coast are typical of this type.

另一种温泉在台北地区也很常见，氯化物含量比硫酸盐多，虽然也很热，但味道偏咸而不是酸。北海岸金山的温泉就是这种温泉的典型代表。

1982年February21日，“Wulai: Hot springs resort with treasury of culture”, in Free China Weekly，卷 XXII, 期 7, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 2，列 2:

Klopfer and Gamble (1966) gave 16 female goats (C. hircus) 5 min of contact with their young at parturition. Nine of the mothers had been temporarily rendered anosmic (could not smell) at parturition by spraying a 10% cocaine hydrogen chloride solution into their nostrils 20–90 min prior to parturition. […] Eight of the nine females who were anosmic at parturition but could smell at reintroduction accepted their own offspring, as well as alien young during reinstatement.

2008，Edward O. Price，“Maternal and Neonatal Behavior”, in Principles and Applications of Domestic Animal Behavior: An Introductory Text，Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Cambridge, Mass.: CABI, →ISBN，頁 149:

The Renew is also free of polyvinyl chloride, asbestos, chlorofluorocarbons and halons.

Renew 也不含聚氯乙烯、石棉、氯氟烃和海龙。

2009年February12日，Azadeh Ensha，“A Cellphone That Is Made With the Environment in Mind”, in The New York Times:


collide

來自拉丁語 collidere (“撞击或碰撞在一起”)，來自com- (“一起”) + laedere (“打，猛力反抗，傷害”)；參見lesion。

collides (third-person singular present)
colliding (present participle)
collided (past participle)

When a body collides with another, then momentum is conserved.

当一个物体与另一个物体碰撞时，动量是守恒的。

Across this space the attraction urges them. They collide, they recoil, they oscillate.

1865, John Tyndall, The Constitution of the Universe (1869), page 14

And this friendly was not without its injury worries, with defender Gary Cahill substituted early on after a nasty, needless push by Dries Mertens that caused him to collide with goalkeeper Joe Hart, an incident that left the Chelsea defender requiring a precautionary X-ray at Wembley.

2012年June2日，Phil McNulty，“England 1-0 Belgium”, in BBC Sport:


conventional

more conventional (comparative)
most conventional (superlative)

A “moving platform” scheme[…]is more technologically ambitious than maglev trains even though it relies on conventional rails. Local trains would use side-by-side rails to roll alongside intercity trains and allow passengers to switch trains by stepping through docking bays.

2013年June1日，“Ideas coming down the track”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8838，頁 13 (Technology Quarterly):

They wear conventional clothes, eat conventional food, and keep conventional hours.

他们穿普通的衣服，吃普通的食物，按普通的时间工作。

Mother[…]considered that the exclusiveness of Peter's circle was due not to its distinction, but to the fact that it was an inner Babylon of prodigality and whoredom, from which every Kensingtonian held aloof, except on the conventional tip-and-run excursions in pursuit of shopping, tea and theatres.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 2, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:

The history of our study of our solar system shows us clearly that accepted and conventional ideas are often wrong, and that fundamental insights can arise from the most unexpected sources.

1980，Carl Sagan，Cosmos: A Personal Voyage:


conversation

繼承自中古英語 conversacioun，來自古法語 conversacion及其同源詞，拉丁語 conversātiōnem，conversātiō (“會話”)的賓格單數，來自conversor (“駐足，陪伴”)。
型態分析為converse + -ation。

[ˌkʰɒɱ.vəˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

[ˌkʰɑɱ.vɚˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

banter

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

chat

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

chinwag

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

dialogue

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

discussion

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

interlocution

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

powwow

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

table talk

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

understanding

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

familiarity

對特定主題、想法、研究領域等的參與（16–18世紀）

會話，談話，對話（自16世紀）

I had an interesting conversation with Nicolas yesterday about how much he's getting paid.

昨天我与尼古拉斯就他的薪水进行了一次有趣的谈话。

Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace: the first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness: one gives substance and form to the statue, the other polishes it.

1699，William Temple，Heads designed for an essay on conversations:

When this conversation was repeated in detail within the hearing of the young woman in question, and undoubtedly for his benefit, Mr. Trevor threw shame to the winds and scandalized the Misses Brewster then and there by proclaiming his father to have been a country storekeeper.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 5, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

A little less conversation, a little more action please / All this aggravation ain't satisfactioning me

1968，Mac Davis, Billy Strange （作曲作詞）, “A Little Less Conversation”, 演出者 Elvis Presley:

行為，舉止；生活方式（自14世紀）

Let your conversation be without covetousness; and be content with such things as ye have: for he hath said, I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee.

你們存心不可貪愛錢財；要以自己所有的為足；因為主曾說：『我總不撇下你，也不丟棄你。』

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Hebrews 13:5:

There are many that take no heed what happeneth to others by bad conversation, and therefore overthrow themselves in the same manner through their own fault, not foreseeing dangers manifest.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:

性交（16世紀–19世紀）

criminal conversation

Ariadne[…]quitted her Lover Theseus, for the tumultuous Conversation of Bacchus.

1723，Charles Walker，Memoirs of the Life of Sally Salisbury:

Our travellers had happened to take up their residence at a house of exceeding good repute, whither Irish ladies of strict virtue, and many northern lasses of the same predicament, were accustomed to resort in their way to Bath. The landlady therefore would by no means have admitted any conversation of a disreputable kind to pass under her roof. Indeed, so foul and contagious are all such proceedings, that they contaminate the very innocent scenes where they are committed, and give the name of a bad house, or of a house of ill repute, to all those where they are suffered to be carried on.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1749，Henry Fielding，The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling [棄兒湯姆·瓊斯的歷史]，卷 (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:
 Folio Society 1973, p. 333:


conversation

conversations (third-person singular present)
conversationing (present participle)
conversationed (past participle)

[ˌkʰɒɱ.vəˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

[ˌkʰɑɱ.vɚˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

Gone now are the "high-minded" style, the "adapted from literature" feel, the voice-over narration, and the abstract conversationing about ideas, values...

1983，James Frederick Mason, Hélène Joséphine Harvitt，The French review:

...he has breakfasted me, dined me, conversationed me, absolutely caressed me. He has been really most kind and paternal...

1989，Robert L Gale，A Henry James encyclopedia:

After all this conversationing, Scottie, my usual dance partner, was getting antsy and wanted to dance.

2002，Georgie Nickell，I Only Smoke on Thursdays:


convince

源自拉丁語 convincō (“說服，駁斥”)，來自con- + vincō (“攻佔，征服”)。convict 的同源對似詞。替代本土古英語 oferreċċan。

convinces (third-person singular present)
convincing (present participle)
convinced (past participle)

[…]his two Chamberlaines / Will I with Wine, and Waſſell, ſo conuince, / That Memorie, the Warder of the Braine, / Shall be a Fume,[…]

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene vii]，頁 135:

And therfore, God neuer wrought Miracle, to conuince Atheiſme, becauſe his Ordinary Works conuince it.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Atheisme. XVI.”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC，頁 90:

Which of you conuinceth mee of ſinne?

你們中間誰能指證我有罪呢？

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, John 8:46，列 1:


decay

civic and moral decay

systemic decay

I fancied at first the stuff was paraffin wax, and smashed the jar accordingly. But the odor of camphor was unmistakable. It struck me as singularly odd, that among the universal decay, this volatile substance had chanced to survive, perhaps through many thousand years.

1895，H. G. Wells，章號 X, in The Time Machine:


deserve

繼承自中古英語 deserven，來自古法語 deservir，來自拉丁語 dēserviō，來自dē- + serviō。

deserves (third-person singular present)
deserving (present participle)
deserved (past participle)

After playing so well, the team really deserved their win.

打得如此出色，这支球队确实配得上胜利。

After what he did, he deserved to go to prison.

他做了那样的事，就该坐牢。

This argument deserves a closer examination.

这一论点值得进一步研究。

God exacteth of thee less than thine iniquity deserveth.

神追討你，比你罪孽該得的還少。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 11:6:

John Gay deserved to be a favourite.

1853，William Makepeace Thackeray，The English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century:

the grantees named in the questioned deed executed by their father richly deserved receiving the family home.

Perhaps they do, but they don't deserve that the rest of us contribute money or appropriate public funds for the purchase of pictures and the construction of buildings.

2008，Michael Walzer，Spheres Of Justice: A Defense Of Pluralism And Equality，頁 24:

That gentle Lady, whom I loue and serue, / After long suit and weary seruicis, / Did aske me, how I could her loue deserue, / And how she might be sure, that I would neuer swerue.

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book III, Canto VII”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Pray you, lead on. At every house I'll call; / I may command at most. Get weapons, ho! / And raise some special officers of night. / On, good Roderigo: I'll deserve your pains.

约1603–1604年，威廉·莎士比亚，“The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice [奥赛罗]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (第一对开本)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, (请用大写罗马数字指定剧本幕号，并用小写罗马数字指定剧本场号):


desirable

more desirable (comparative)
most desirable (superlative)

/dɪˈzaɪəɹəbəl/

合意的，令人滿意的，可取的

This applicant has almost all desirable properties.

這個申請者幾乎有所有（我們）需要的素質。

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…]

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 vii:


desperate

借自拉丁語 dēspērātus，dēspērō (“沒有希望”)的過去分詞。

more desperate (comparative)
most desperate (superlative)

I was so desperate at one point, I even went to see a loan shark.

我一度非常绝望，甚至去借高利贷。

But signalman Bridges was never to answer driver Gimbert's desperate question. A deafening, massive blast blew the wagon to shreds, the 44 high-explosive bombs exploding like simultaneous hits from the aircraft they should have been dropped from. The station was instantly reduced to bits of debris, and the line to a huge crater.

2022年January12日，Benedict le Vay，“The heroes of Soham...”, in RAIL，期 948，頁 43:

“I knew very well that when the Peruvian Indian does anything wrong it is because he is forced to it by oppression and made desperate by abuse,” replied Lucia.

1904，Clorinda Matto de Turner，Birds Without a Nest: A Story of Indian Life and Priestly Oppression in Peru，頁 218:

Humankind's global integration makes biological combat a weapon of choice for desperate killers, who are either suicidal or intend to infect others […]

2016，Hans-Martin Sass，Cultures in Bioethics，LIT Verlag Münster, →ISBN，頁 239:

He dove into the rushing waters in a desperate effort to save her life.

他拼命跳入湍急的水流中以挽救她的生命。

The letters which were of most importance were in half a dozen languages and in the desperate handwriting of the period. Eminent men in that age thought it - like Hamlet - a baseness to write fair. Often at the end of a page I have[…]

She pictured having a boyfriend over and losing him when he saw her desperate taste in shampoo; however, the chances of that happening were slim.

(Can we date this quote?)，Stopping Inertia，Dorrance Publishing, →ISBN，頁 131:

Whoever's writing the stuff on this has desperate handwriting, like they must be a doctor...

2022 September 2, Irish People Try American-Style Pancakes, circa 8:12:

激烈的，激動的，瘋狂的，狂暴的

For Liverpool, it capped six days of desperate disappointment after missing out on the Premier League to Manchester City by a single point then losing to this experienced, street-smart Real team.

2022年May28日，Phil McCulty，“Liverpool 0-1 Real Madrid”, in BBC Sport:


emigrate

源自拉丁語 emigratus, emigro (“搬走、移走、離開某個地方”) 的完成時被動分詞，源自 ex- (“出於，從”) + migro (“移動、移除、離開”)。

emigrates (third-person singular present)
emigrating (present participle)
emigrated (past participle)

They [the Huns] were emigrating from Tartary into Europe in the time of the Goths.

1872，John Henry Newman，Historical Sketches:


escalate

escalates (third-person singular present)
escalating (present participle)
escalated (past participle)

Violence escalated during the election.

The shooting escalated the existing hostility.

槍擊事件使現有的敵意升級。

"Operating the WCML at this intensity makes it challenging to maintain acceptable performance levels, resulting in a frustratingly unreliable service for passengers. Minor disruption can escalate into significant delays because a train running only a few minutes late can miss its slot across a junction, resulting in a snowballing effect across the network."

2020年May6日，Philip Haigh，“Just one more stop on the long journey to HS2 fulfillment [sic]”, in Rail，頁 65:


esophagus

Bad, the Warhol-produced film directed by Jed Johnson, playing at the Saxon in the esophagus of the Combat Zone, […]

1977年April30日，Steve Blevins，“A Sack-full of Films”, in Gay Community News，頁 11:

They call me the Hiphopopotamus / Flows that glow like phosphorous / Popping off the top of this esophagus / Rocking this metropolis

他们叫我河马 / 像磷光一样发光的流体 / 从食道顶部喷涌而出/ 震撼这座大都市

2008，“Hiphopopotamus vs. Rhymenoceros”, 演出者 Flight of the Conchords:


estate

繼承自中古英語 estat，來自盎格魯-諾曼語 estat和古法語 estat（法語：état），來自拉丁語 status。state和status 的同源對似詞。

狀態；條件 （自13世紀）

But when I came to mans eſtate,
With hey ho, [the winde and the raine],
Gainſt Knaues and Theeues men ſhut their gate.

c. 1601–1602 （写稿日期），威廉·莎士比亚，“Twelfe Night, or What You Will [第十二夜]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio（第一对开本）)，伦敦: […] Isaac Iaggard和Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]，頁 275:

Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Romans 12:16:

To remove therfore if it be possible, this great and sad oppression which through the strictnes of a literall interpreting hath invaded and disturb’d the dearest and most peaceable estate of houshold society, to the over-burdening, if not the over-whelming of many Christians better worth then to be so deserted of the Churches considerate care, this position shall be laid down; first proving, then answering what may be objected either from Scripture or light of reason.

1643，John Milton，Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce:

貴族，貴婦 （14世紀–17世紀）

Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Mark 6:21:

階層，地位 (王國境內的諸階層) （自14世紀）

I am afraid that some of the nobles who are campaigning for it simply want to use the Estates to cut down the King's power and increase their own.

1992，Hilary Mantel，A Place of Greater Safety，Harper Perennial, 出版於 2007，頁 115:

The three estates of feudal lords, clergy and royal officers met in separate chambers, and exercised an advisory role.

2011，Norman Davies，Vanished Kingdoms，Penguin, 出版於 2012，頁 202:

(尤指廣闊) 領地，領土；莊園 （自18世紀）

It has been a long time since new follies were springing up across the great estates of Britain. But the owners of Doddington Hall, in Lincolnshire, have brought the folly into the 21st century, by building a 30ft pyramid in the grounds of the Elizabethan manor.

2014年September7日，“Doddington's garden pyramid is a folly good show: The owners of a Lincolnshire stately home have brought the folly into the 21st century, by building a 30ft pyramid [print edition: Great pyramid of Lincolnshire, 6 September 2014, p. G2]”, in The Daily Telegraph，London:

Professor Loretta Lees from King's College London's geography department says, "The word 'estate' has become synonymous with the term 'ghetto'. It's become a dirty word. Back in the '20s and '30s it didn't carry the same stigma."

2012年October19日，Josephine McDermott，“London's new housing loses the 'dirty word'”, in BBC News:

I call matter of estate not only the parts of sovereignty, but whatsoever[…]concerneth manifestly any great portion of people.

一個配置的集體資訊科技資源

This time, however, it only includes the static parameters that you expect to be consistent across your estate.

2015，Peter Carter，Pro SQL Server Administration，頁 82:


ether

源自中古英語 ēther，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 ether和中古法語 ether, ethere, aether ← 古法語 aether (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；（猜想）用來填充上部空間的物質”)（現代寫法法語 éther）, 或直接源自拉丁語 aethēr (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；天空；白日之光；圍繞神的空靈物質”)（也見晚期拉丁語 aethēr (“類似乙醚的物質”)） ← 古希臘語 αἰθήρ (aithḗr，“大氣上層的純淨空氣；天空；（猜想）填充空間、可傳熱傳光的物質”)← αἴθω (aíthō，“燒；點燃；發光”) ← 原始印歐語 *h₂eydʰ- (“燒；火”)。
本詞也與意大利語 ether, ethera (古舊), etere, 中古荷蘭語 ether（現代寫法荷蘭語 aether (古舊), ether）, 中古高地德語 ēther（現代寫法德語 aether, ether (古舊), Äther）, 西班牙語 éter同源。

æther (alternative)
aether (alternative)
aethyr (alternative)
ethyr (alternative)
ethers (plural)

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 人類所呼吸的物質；空氣

On Wings the Birds through Æther glide, / And Fiſhes cut with Fins the Tide.

1746年February28日，Criticus [pseudonym]，“Dialogue on Women”, in The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register，卷 II, 期 XXV, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], →OCLC，頁 389:

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 天空；真空；虛無

Take a snapshot of the conflicts around the world: Sunnis vs. Shiites, Israelis vs. Palestinians, Serbs vs. Kosovars, Indians vs. Pakistanis. They seem to be driven by religious hatred. It’s enough to make you wonder if the animosity would melt away if all religions were suddenly, somehow, to vanish into the ether. But James Carse doesn’t see them as religious conflicts at all. To him, they are battles over rival belief systems, which may or may not have religious overtones.

2008年July21日，Steve Paulson，“Religion is Poetry”, in Salon，存檔自the original on 2017-08-30:

In barely the blink of an eye, the perfectly healthy Judy entered a permanent vegetative state. […] What haunted me was the idea that one moment you’re gazing at your 2-year-old in her playroom and the next, you, the mother, have been whisked off into the ether forever.

2009 December，Sandra Tsing Loh，“On Being a Bad Mother: True Confessions”, in The Atlantic, →ISSN，存檔自the original on 2018-07-25:

There’s a very real chance that, rather than crumbling into the dust and floating off into the ether, Thanos’s victims [in the film Avengers: Infinity War] were actually sucked up into the Soul Stone.

2018年May7日，Meg Downey，“Marvel’s Comic Soul Stone could Explain the Jump from Infinity War’s Ending to Avengers 4: A Brief History of Crazy Multidimensional Power”, in Polygon，存檔自the original on 2018-06-24:

I ſuppose this æther pervades all groſs bodies, but yet ſo as to ſtand rarer in their pores than in free ſpaces, and ſo much the rarer, as their pores are leſs. And this I ſuppose (with others) to be the cauſe, why light incident on thoſe bodies is refracted towards the perpendicular; […] I ſuppose the rarer æther within bodies, and then denſer without them, not to be terminated in a mathematical ſuperficies, but to grow gradually into one another; […]

1679年February28日，Thomas Birch，引 Isaac Newton, “The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle. [Letter from Isaac Newton to Robert Boyle.]”, in Robert Boyle, The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. In Five Volumes. To which is Prefixed the Life of the Author，卷 I, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], 出版於 1744, →OCLC，頁 70:

Having ſhewn how the Æther cauſes a great part of the Phænomena of Nature, it may be aſked, whence this general material Cauſe has its great Activity and Power? […] This Cauſe muſt be either Matter or Spirit, there being nothing in the Univerſe, which we know if, beſides theſe two. But this Cauſe cannot be Matter: for Matter is in own Nature inert, and has not any Activity in itſelf; and conſequently cannot communicate any Power to the Æther. And therefore the Cauſe, which gives the Æther its Activity and Power, muſt be Spirit. Spirit, which intercedes the Particles of Æther, and gives them a repulſive Power, and ordains and executes the Laws, by which Æther and Bodies act mutually on one another, muſt be preſent in all Parts of Space, where there is Æther.

1747，Bryan Robinson，A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton，London: Printed for Charles Hitch […], →OCLC; quoted in “Literary Memoirs. A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton, by Bryan Robinson, M.D. London, Printed for Charles Hitch, at the Red Lion in Pater-noster-Row, 1747. Containing 140 Pages in Octavo, Exclusive of a Short Preface.”, in The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register，卷 III, 期 XXVIII, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], 11 April 1747, →OCLC，頁s 59–60:

The whole matter of the univerſe may be divided into atoms and æther. […] The latter, æther, is a ſubtile elaſtic fluid, whoſe particles have a continual tendency to ſeparate or fly off every way, unleſs impreſſed by ſome body: This æther ſurrounds each atom like an atmoſphere, and preſſes equally towards the center of each.

1770年November1日，“Investigator” [pseudonym]，“Of the Causes of Attraction and Repulsion”, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle，卷 XL, London: Printed […], for D[avid] Henry; and sold by F[rancis] Newbery […], →OCLC，頁 497，列 1:

"The ether. The earth browses upon a circular path in the fields of space, and as it moves the ether is continually pouring through it and providing its vitality."

1929，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，When the World Screamed:

廣播電視信號傳播的媒介；（想象中）互聯網、數字交流方式存在之處；網絡空間

He held some friendly chat with Pabodie over the ether, and repeated his praise of the really marvelous drills that had helped him make his discovery.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

H. P. Lovecraft, At the Mountains of Madness

Now we are liberal with our innermost secrets, spraying them into the public ether with a generosity our forebears could not have imagined. Where we once sent love letters in a sealed envelope, or stuck photographs of our children in a family album, now such private material is despatched to servers and clouds operated by people we don't know and will never meet.

2013年June14日，Jonathan Freedland，“Obama’s Once Hip Brand is Now Tainted [online version: Obama is Like Apple, Google and Facebook: A Once Hip Brand Tainted by Prism]”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 1, London，存檔自the original on 2018-09-26，頁 18:

物體、人、地方周圍產生的一種氣質

The luminous æther of his life was not obſcured by any ſhade dark enough to be denominated a defect.

1793，“[Characters.] An Account of the Late Earl of Mansfield.”, in The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature，卷 XXXV, London: Printed, by assignment from the executors of the late Mr. James Dodsley, for W. Otridge and Son; [et al.], →OCLC，頁 274，列 2:

But the moſt valuable Qualities of the ÆTHER are it's medicinal ones; it having been found by repeated Experience to be an excellent Remedy in moſt nervous Diſeaſes; particularly in Fits of all ſorts, whether Epileptic, Convulſive, Hyſteric, Hypochondriac, or Paralytic: […]

1759，M[atthew] Turner，An Account of the Extraordinary Medicinal Fluid, Called Æther，[Liverpool]: Printed by John Sadler, →OCLC，頁 5:

The only thing that really worried me was the ether. There is nothing in the world more helpless and irresponsible and depraved than a man in the depths of an ether binge.

1971，Hunter S. Thompson，Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas，New York: Popular Library, →ISBN，頁 4:

M. Malaguti finds that dry chlorine, while acting in the dark upon oxacid æthers, always attacks, and in a uniform manner, the sulphuric æther which is the base of them. […] The action of potash on the compound chloridized æthers is also constant and uniform: the results are always chloride of potassium, acetate of potash, and an organic salt with a base of potash, the acid of which is that which existed in the compound chloridized æther.

1838 March，“Action of Chlorine on Æthers”, in The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science，卷 XII (3rd Series), 期 74, London: Printed by R[ichard] and J[ohn] E[dward] Taylor, […], →OCLC，頁 297:

When chlorine gas is passed in excess through salicylic ether (salicylae of ethyl) heated over a water-bath, a solid substance is formed which is soluble in hot alcohol, and crystallizes, on cooling, in beautiful colourless tables. This compound is bichloruretted salicylic ether, formed from salicylic ether (C₁₈H₁₀O₆) by the substitution of 2 eq. chlorine for 2 eq. hydrogen: its composition is therefore C₁₈H₈Cl₂O₆.

1851，A[uguste André Thomas] Cahours，“[Notices of Papers Contained in the Foreign Journals.] On Anisol and Phenetol”, in The Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London，卷 III, London: Hippolyte Bailliere, […]; Paris: J. B. Baillière, […]; Madrid: Bailly Baillière, […], →OCLC，頁 78:

[…] I allude to the æthers formed by the union of fatty acids with different alcohols. […] With regard to the fatty æthers themselves, I prepared them generally by M. Berthelot's method, by heating the alcohol and the acid for a day at 392°F. in a tube hermetically sealed; the product was mixed with a little æther, and it was digested some time with slaked lime in the water-bath, to separate the free acid from the neutral compound.

1858年October15日，M. Hanhart，“On Some New Æthers of Stearic and Margaric Acids”, in The Chemical Gazette, or, Journal of Practical Chemistry, in All Its Applications to Pharmacy, Arts and Manufactures，卷 XVI, 期 CCCLXXXIV, London: Published by Taylor and Francis, […]，頁 384:


ether

源自2001年美國歌手纳斯的歌曲“Ether”。

ethers (third-person singular present)
ethering (present participle)
ethered (past participle)

The battle rapper ethered his opponent and caused him to slink away in shame.

那個說唱歌手惡毒地羞辱了他的對手一番，整得他溜走了。

HS Coach Gets Ethered By Girlfriend On FB, Resigns Amid Investigation [article title] […] On Monday, a woman living in Bowling Green, Ky., used her Facebook page to unleash one of the coldest, boyfriend-crushingest Dear John letters you'll ever read.

2014年February26日，Tom Ley，“HS Coach Gets Ethered by Girlfriend on FB, Resigns Amid Investigation”, in Deadspin，存檔自the original on 2018-10-22:

Cory Barker: Game of Thrones is the easiest answer for me, but MaryAnn [Sleasman] did a fine job of ethering that overrated hunk of junk, so I'm free to take a few shots at Sherlock.

2015年August15日，“Pass the Remote: What is a Popular Show Everyone Loves but You Hate?”, in TV.com，存檔自the original on 2018-12-20:

Best of all, [Steven] Soderbergh, a shade queen of our time!!!, slyly ethers James Cameron: […]

2015年September15日，Kirsten Yoonsoo Kim，“Steven Soderbergh Ethers James Cameron to Promote His Brandy”, in Complex，存檔自the original on 2015-09-19:

On Wednesday, I found myself nodding along vigorously to the latest Kanye West Twitter screed, as this particular iteration included a call for more inclusion at the Grammys and one extremely polite ethering of Macklemore.

2016年February25日，Rohan Nadkarni，“How does Kanye West Tweet So Fast?: Some Working Theories—because these Rants are Coming at a Record Speed”, in GQ，存檔自the original on 2016-02-28:


ether

Ether的大小寫替代形式

Gas is not ether–it's a separate virtual currency with its own exchange rate against ether.

2018，Andreas M. Antonopoulos，Gavin Wood，Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and DApps，O'Reilly Media, →ISBN:


extremely

extreamely (alternative)
extreamly (alternative)
more extremely (comparative)
most extremely (superlative)


fortnight

繼承自中古英語 fourtenight、fourten night，繼承自古英語 fēowertīene niht (“十四夜、十四天”)，等價於 fourteen + night。對照 sennight。

[ˈfɔ˞ʔ.nɐɪ̯t̚]

[ˈfɔəʔ.nɐjʔ]

On being kicked the girl fell desperately in love with Henri, and for a fortnight they lived together and spent a thousand francs of Henri's money.

1933年January9日，George Orwell [筆名；本名 Eric Arthur Blair]，章號 1, in Down and Out in Paris and London，London: Victor Gollancz […], →OCLC:

The “lame duck” Johnson Administration, in its final fortnight in office, grappled last week with a diplomatic hot potato in the form of the latest Soviet proposal for a “just and lasting” Middle East peace settlement.

1969年January12日，Benjamin Welles，“A Hot Potato for Nixon”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


garlic

早期寫法garlick、garlicke，來自中古英語 garlek、garlik，來自古英語 gārlēac (“大蒜”，字面意思是“矛-韭蔥”)，來自gār (“矛”，指蒜瓣) + lēac (“韭蔥”)。與低地蘇格蘭語 garlic (“大蒜”)同源。

garlick (alternative)
garlicke (alternative)
garlics (plural)

Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.

2013年March13日，David S. Senchina，“Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，頁 134:


grudge

grutch的變體 (15世紀中期，比begrudge年輕)，來自中古英語 grucchen (“喃喃自語，抱怨，怨恨，嫉妒”)，來自古法語 grouchier、groucier (“喃喃自語，抱怨”)，起源自日耳曼語族，可能是仿譯。
與中古高地德語 grogezen (“嚎叫，哀號”)、德語 grocken (“發牢騷”)同族。對照古諾爾斯語 krytja (“喃喃自語”)、古高地德語 grunzen (“咕噥”)。

grudges (third-person singular present)
grudging (present participle)
grudged (past participle)

勉強地給/准許；不情願做（自16世紀）

Wee shall finde our whole life so necessarily ioyned with sorrow, that we ought rather delight (and take pleasure) in Gods louing chastisements, and admonitions, then any way murmure and grudge at our crosses, or tribulations :

1608, Henrie Gosson, The Woefull and Lamentable wast and spoile done by a suddaine Fire in S. Edmonds-bury in Suffolke, on Munday the tenth of Aprill. 1608., reprinted by F. Pawsey, Old Butter Market, Ipswich, 1845, page 6:

If we of the central land were to grudge you what is beneficial, and not to compassionate your wants, then wherewithal could you foreigners manage to exist?

1841，Edmund Burke，The Annual Register，Rivingtons，頁 430:

Of course, his interest in the war and in the regiment was unbounded; he did not take to drill with especial readiness, but he was insatiable of it, and grudged every moment of relaxation.

1869，Thomas Wentworth Higginson，Army Life in a Black Regiment，Fields, Osgood, & Co.，頁 62:

Our two inimitable drolls did a roaring trade with their broadsheets among lovers of the comedy element and nobody who has a corner in his heart for real Irish fun without vulgarity will grudge them their hardearned pennies.

1922 February，James Joyce，“[[Episode 12: The Cyclops]]”, in Ulysses，Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:


hierarchy

源自中古英語 ierarchie、jerarchie，源自古法語 ierarchie、jerarchie，源自晚期拉丁語 ierarchia，源自拉丁語 hierarchia，源自古希臘語 ἱεραρχία (hierarkhía，“（大祭司的）统治”)，源自ἱεράρχης (hierárkhēs，“大祭司”)，源自ἱερός (hierós，“神圣的”) + ἄρχω (árkhō，“统治”)。受到古典拉丁语的影响，约1500年时“h”被重新添加。

（有官位层级的）统治集团

The [Washington] Post's proprietor through those turbulent [Watergate] days, Katharine Graham, held a double place in Washington’s hierarchy: at once regal Georgetown hostess and scrappy newshound, ready to hold the establishment to account.

2013年August10日，Lexington，“Keeping the mighty honest”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8848:

等級制度，層級制度，層次結構，階層

Social defeat arises in strict social hierarchies in which the few dominate the many. Overcrowding exacerbates the many ills of social defeat within these social hierarchies based on dominance.

2023年June7日，Charles Hugh Smith，Look Around and What Do You See? Social Defeat:

... the surviving portions provide enough detail to outline its principal features: the hierarchy of beings to whom his liturgy was to be addressed (we previously considered Plethon's hierarchy of gods in our examination of his Summary[…]

2017年June1日，Peter Mark Adams，The Game of Saturn: Decoding the Sola-Busca Tarocchi，Scarlet Imprint, →ISBN，頁 158:


immunology

Obviously, licentiates to practice medicine should receive instruction of a definite and practical nature in this important branch of modern medicine, or immunology should receive a place in the classification of specialties, a fact which the importance of the subject may command.

1915，Benjamin Abraham Thomas，Applied Immunology: