impart

繼承自中古英語 imparten、借自中古法語 impartir、empartir，源自晚期拉丁語 impartiō、impertiō，源自 im- + 拉丁語 partiō (“分割”)。

imparts (third-person singular present)
imparting (present participle)
imparted (past participle)

disclose

（通過話語、寫作等）通知，透露

tell

（通過話語、寫作等）通知，透露

Expressing well the spirit within thee [Adam] free, / My [God's] image, not imparted to the brute.

1667，John Milton，“Book VIII”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC，行 440:

Did not Mazzini impart his spirit to divided Italy, and make her one?

1907，Charles Henry Vine，The Old Faith and the New Theology:

Cary Grant imparts his ineffable charm, Kennedy (with metal hand) provides comic brutality, while Hepburn is elegantly fraught.

2002，John Pym，Time Out Film Guide，頁 202:

（通過話語、寫作等）通知，透露

Well may he then to you his cares impart.

1662，John Dryden，letter to Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon:

The departure was not unduly prolonged. […] Within the door Mrs. Spoker hastily imparted to Mrs. Love a few final sentiments on the subject of Divine Intention in the disposition of buckets; farewells and last commiserations; a deep, guttural instigation to the horse; and the wheels of the waggonette crunched heavily away into obscurity.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:


incentive

借自中世紀拉丁語 incentīvus (“起調或定調”)，來自incinō (“起調”)，來自in- (“在”) + canō (“唱”)。該詞的形成似乎受到incendō (“放火”)的影響。

I have no incentive to do housework right now.

It is tempting to speculate about the incentives or compulsions that might explain why anyone would take to the skies in [the] basket [of a balloon]: perhaps out of a desire to escape the gravity of this world or to get a preview of the next; […].

2013年June7日，David Simpson，“Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 36:


incentive

more incentive (comparative)
most incentive (superlative)

Part incentive reed / Provide, pernicious with one touch of fire.

1667，John Milton，“Book 6”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books，London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], →OCLC; 再版為 Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […]，London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:


indomitable

源自晚期拉丁語 indomitābilis，源自 in- (“不”) + domitō，domō (“馴服”) 的頻率形。By surface analysis, in- + domitable。

more indomitable (comparative)
most indomitable (superlative)

不屈不撓的，無法被阻撓或擊敗的

Personal courage and an indomitable self-confidence were the chief, indeed the only, qualities which sprang to light in General Feversham.

1902，A. E. W. Mason，章號 1, in The Four Feathers:

But he was a youth of indomitable spirit, strong and agile as a wild cat.

1910，William Henry Hudson，章號 7, in A Shepherd's Life:

Nobody came on to the movie camera—wrapped it in a bear hug and wrestled it to submission—like Betty Hutton. They called this 40s singer-actress "the Blitzkrieg blond" . . . . [S]he was indomitable, unstoppable.

2007年March31日，Richard Corliss，“When Betty Got Frank”, in Time，存檔自the original on 2010-12-03:

And even though the rest of the auto industry, seeing Tesla’s growth, jumped on the electric vehicle bandwagon, Tesla has maintained an indomitable lead.

2022年April28日，Farhad Manjoo，“Is Elon Musk Really That Bad?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


innovation

借自中古法語 innovation，來自古法語 innovacion，來自晚期拉丁語 innovatio, innovationem，來自拉丁語 innovo, innovatus。
詞法分析為innovate + -ion。

/ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/

The US supreme court has ruled unanimously that natural human genes cannot be patented, a decision that scientists and civil rights campaigners said removed a major barrier to patient care and medical innovation.

2013年June21日，Karen McVeigh，“US rules human genes can't be patented”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 2，頁 10:

Innovation is more than a new method. It is a new view of the universe, as one of risk rather than of chance or of certainty. It is a new view of man's role in the universe; he creates order by taking risks. And this means that innovation, rather than being an assertion of human power, is an acceptance of human responsibility.

1954，Peter Drucker，The Landmarks of Tomorrow:


lobe

16世紀前葉從中古法語 lobe借入，源自新拉丁語 lobus，源自古希臘語 λοβός (lobós，“耳垂；肝葉；豆莢”)。

葉（尤指肝葉，腦葉，肺葉等）[自16世纪]

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013年August3日，“The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist，卷 408, 期 8847:


longevity

借自拉丁語 longaevitās，來自longaevus (“古舊的，老年的”) + -itās。

longævity (alternative)
longevities (plural)

[lɑŋˈd͡ʒɛv.ə.ɾi]

Grandpa had incredible longevity: he lived to be 105 years old!

爺爺很長壽：他活到105歲！

This 142-year-old tiny ex-LNWR SB [signal box, at Batley] is an amazing survivor, probably owing its longevity to its location alongside a level crossing. Indeed it started life as a gate box with the delightful name of Lady Ann's Crossing.

2020年July1日，David Allen，“Signalling from Leeds along the S&C”, in Rail，頁 74:

A ‘postdating’ is an example of the use of a lexical item at a later date than currently recorded and these are important in establishing the longevity of use of a term and whether or not it has become obsolete.

2018，James Lambert，“Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles”, in World Englishes，卷 37，頁 255:


malnutrition

It is predictable that some of these infections occur in individuals immunocompromised by malnutrition or underlying disease (notably cancer or AIDS) or by immunosuppressive therapy.

可以预见的是，其中一些感染发生在因营养不良或潜在疾病（特别是癌症或艾滋病）或免疫抑制疗法而出现免疫功能低下的个体中。

2013，Robert H. Rubin, Lowell S. Young，Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host, →ISBN，頁 275:


massive

more massive (comparative)
most massive (superlative)

Young Jupiter was smacked head-on by massive newborn planet […] "The only scenario that resulted in a core-density profile similar to what Juno measures today is a head-on impact with a planetary embryo about 10 times more massive than Earth," Liu said.

小木星被一顆大質量新生行星正面撞擊 […] 劉教授說：「唯一能解釋朱諾號目前測量到的核心密度分佈的情況是，木星曾與一顆質量約為地球 10 倍大的行星胚胎發生了正面碰撞。」

2019年August15日，“Young Jupiter was smacked head-on by massive newborn planet”, in Rice University News，存檔自the original on 2020-10-01:


medication

來自中古法語 médication，來自拉丁語 medicatio，來自medicari (“治療，治愈”)，來自medicus (“醫生”)，來自mederi (“治療”)。

Have you been taking your medication(s)?

Are you going to be be like this all day? It’s like I’ve not took^([sic，意為taken]) my medication.

2019年March19日，The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off，季数 2, 集数 3, Michael Pennington (actor), 經由 Channel 4:


nasal

繼承自中古英語，派生自中世紀拉丁語 nāsālis，源自nāsus (“鼻子”) + -ālis (形容詞後綴)。nasalis 的同源對似詞。

more nasal (comparative)
most nasal (superlative)

Reindeer are well suited to the taiga’s frigid winters. They can maintain a thermogradient between body core and the environment of up to 100 degrees, in part because of insulation provided by their fur, and in part because of counter-current vascular heat exchange systems in their legs and nasal passages.

馴鹿非常適合針葉林寒冷的冬天。 它們可以在身體核心和環境之間保持高達100度的溫度梯度，部分原因是它們的皮毛提供的隔絕性，部分原因是它們的腿和鼻通道中的逆流血管熱交換系統。

2013 March，Nancy Langston，“Mining the Boreal North”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，頁 98:

nasal utterance

"Are you sure you're OK?" she said with a nasal Australian accent.

「你確定你沒事？」她用帶著鼻音的澳大利亞口音說。

2016，A.K. Brown，Jumpstart (Champagne Universe Series: Book 1)，頁 2:


nasal

頭盔突出保護鼻子的部分；護鼻器

The nasal continued in use until about 1140, when it was generally discarded, but isolated examples may be found in every succeeding century down to the seventeenth.

1909，Charles Henry Ashdown，European Arms & Armor，頁 78:

Rorge had donned a black halfhelm with a broad iron nasal that made it hard to see that he did not have a nose.

1999，George R.R. Martin，A Clash of Kings，Bantam Books, 出版於 2011，頁 463:


notion

借自拉丁語 nōtiō (“認知，領悟，觀察，調查，想法，觀念”)，源自nōscō (“知道”)。对比法語 notion。见know。

The inflammatory message has twisted notions of respect and citizenship.

A perverse will easily collects together a system of notions to justify itself in its obliquity.

December 2, 1832, John Henry Newman, Wilfulness, the Sin of Saul

“Anthea hasn't a notion in her head but to vamp a lot of silly mugwumps. She's set her heart on that tennis bloke[…]whom the papers are making such a fuss about.”

1935，George Goodchild，章號 1, in Death on the Centre Court:

Who wrought with them, and all things else that might / To half a soul and to a notion crazed / Say, 'Thus did Banquo.'

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]，頁 140:


peel

源自古法語 piller (“搶掠”)。

peels (third-person singular present)
peeling (present participle)
peeled (past participle)

But govern ill the nations under yoke, / Peeling their provinces.

1671，John Milton，“The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes，倫敦: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC，頁 4:

O conſider my caſe, moſt blisfull Queen, […] Diſpell thoſe Clouds which hover 'twixt my King and his higheſt Counſell, […] that my great Law-making Court be forced to turn no more to polemicall Committees, […] but that they may come again to the old Parliamentary Rode, To the path of their Predeceſſours, to conſult of means how to ſweep away thoſe Cobwebs that hang in the Courts of Juſtice, and to make the Laws run in their right Channell; to retrench exceſſive fees, and finde remedies for the future, that the poor Client be not ſo peeled by his Lawyer, and made to ſuffer by ſuch monſtrous delays, that one may go from one Tropick to the other, and croſſe the Equinoctiall twenty times, before his ſute be done; […]

1645，James Howell，“England’s Tears, for the Present Wars, which for the Nature of the Quarrel, the Quality of the Strength, the Diversity of Battels, Skirmishes, Encounters, and Sieges, (Happened in so Short a Compasse of Time) Cannot be Parallel’d in Any Precedent Age”, in ΔΕΝΔΡΟΛΟΓΊΑ [DENDROLOGIA]: Dodona’s Grove, or The Vocall Forrest. The Third Edition More Exact and Perfect than the Former; with the Addition of Two Other Tracts: viz. Englands Tears for the Present Wars. And The Pre-eminence of Parlements，第3rd版, Cambridge: Printed by R. D. for Humphrey Moseley, and are to be sold at his shop at the Prince's Arms in S. Pauls Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 189:


perceive

perceives (third-person singular present)
perceiving (present participle)
perceived (past participle)

Go from the presence of a foolish man, when thou perceivest not in him the lips of knowledge.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 14:7:


portal

Last, but very much not least, are the portals of the Ffestiniog Railway's Moelwyn Tunnel. The tunnel's story itself is well told - it was part of the preservationists' deviation required to get around a reservoir that had flooded the earlier route. But the reason for its inclusion here is that it is probably the most recently constructed, properly architected tunnel portal in Britain.

2020年August26日，Tim Dunn，“Great railway bores of our time!”, in Rail，頁s 48–49:


prejudice

來自中古英語 prejudice，來自古法語 prejudice，來自拉丁語 praeiūdicium (“前例，前判；傷害，損害”)，來自prae- (“之前”) + iūdicium (“審判”)。

præjudice (alternative)
p͛judice (alternative)
prejudices (plural)

/ˈpɹɛd͡ʒədɪs/

Though often misled by prejudice and passion, he was emphatically an honest man.

1849–1861，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 7, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second，卷 (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

[…] the first did in the forepart sit, / That nought mote hinder his quicke preiudize: / He had a sharpe foresight, and working wit […]

1590，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，“Book II, Canto IX”, in 仙后（The Faerie Qveene . […]），London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

We both of us happen’d to know, as well as the Stationer, that Riddlesden the Attorney, was a very Knave. He had half ruin’d Miss Read’s Father by drawing him in to be bound for him. By his Letter it appear’d, there was a secret Scheme on foot to the Prejudice of Hamilton, (Suppos’d to be then coming over with us,) and that Keith was concern’d in it with Riddlesden. [...]

1793，Benjamin Franklin，The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, §20:

for no injury is thereby done to any one, no prejudice to another man's goods

1702, W. Popple (translator), John Locke, A Letter concerning Toleration […]


quartz

借自德語 Quarz，源自中古高地德語 quarz、twarc，源自某種西斯拉夫語支的語言（比較波蘭語 twardy (“硬的”)、捷克語 tvrdý (“硬的”)），源自原始斯拉夫語 *tvьrdъ。

The telescope and collimator have each an object-glass consisting of a single lens of quartz 1½ inch diameter and a focal length of 18½ inches for the sodium yellow light, but not more than 16 inches for the highest rays measured.

望遠鏡和準直器各有一個物鏡，由直徑1.5英寸的石英單透鏡組成，鈉黃光的焦距為18.5英寸，但測量的最高光線的焦距不超過16英寸。

1883，George Downing Liveing, James Dewar，“On the Ultra-Violet Spectra of the Elements”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society，卷 174, Barrison and Sons, part I，頁 188:

Subsequently, the old Malay brought him the present specimen in a state of torpidity, telling him he had found it in a cavity of the quartz reef.

1892年April13日，Armiger Barczinsky，“The Golden Snail”, in The Gentleman's Magazine，卷 272，頁 331:

My meat eats me. Who waits at the gate? / Mother of quartz, your words writhe into my ear. / Renew the light, lewd whisper.

1948，Theodore Roethke，“The Shape of the Fire”, in The Lost Son and Other Poems:


radioactive

於1898年由皮埃尔·居里和玛丽·居里借自法語 radio-actif所創的新詞，等同於radio- + active。

radio-active (alternative)
more radioactive (comparative)
most radioactive (superlative)

radioactive waste

Uranium is a radioactive material.

As a matter of fact many of our best drinking waters have all sorts of unspecified qualities. Burton water, for example, is radioactive by Beetham's standards up to the ninth degree.

1917，H. G. Wells，“The First Vision”, in The Soul of a Bishop:

對人或思想有危險且令人厭惡的

Even sleazy tactics and his radioactive mouth may not be able to contain this debacle.

And while Biden’s other nominees have done little to provoke Republican backlash thus far, [Neera] Tanden is “radioactive,” as Sen. John Cornyn (R-Texas) put it.

2020年November30日，Burgess Everett, Caitlin Emma, Theodoric Meyer，引 John Cornyn, “Joe Biden's 'radioactive' nominee”, in POLITICO:

If, by some miracle, Democrats hang on to one or both houses of Congress this November, it will be because of Cawthorn, Paul Gosar, Marjorie Taylor Greene, Lauren Boebert and other would-be G.O.P. candidates trying to be just like them — the Radioactive Republicans.

2022年April4日，Gail Collins, Bret Stephens，“Which ‘Radioactive Republicans’ Are We Betting On?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


radioactive

radio-active (alternative)
radioactives (plural)

Any ship nearby will receive a lethal dose of gamma rays, neutrons, and other radioactives.

2016，Travis S. Taylor, Les Johnson，On to the Asteroid:


sclerosis

From 古希臘語 σκλήρωσις (sklḗrōsis，“an induration”), from *σκληροῦν (sklēroûn，“硬化”), from σκληρός (sklērós，“hard”)

Suppressing dissent dooms the society to sclerosis, decline and collapse.

2019年December6日，Charles Hugh Smith，Suppressing Dissent Guarantees Disorder and Collapse:


senile

1660年代借自法語 sénile，來自中古法語 senile，來自古法語 senile，來自拉丁語 senīlis (“屬於或與老年有關的”)，來自senex (“老人”)，源自原始印歐語 *sénos (“老的”)。

more senile (comparative)
most senile (superlative)

Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems— […]. Such a slow-release device containing angiogenic factors could be placed on the pia mater covering the cerebral cortex and tested in persons with senile dementia in long term studies.

2013 May-June，Charles T. Ambrose，“Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 3，頁 200:

Her mother was senile, but they called it dementia now.

2019，Colson Whitehead，The Nickel Boys，Fleet，頁 183:


senile

Seniles differ markedly in their early adult intelligence level, and in their social, vocational, and educational histories.

1979，Oscar J. Kaplan，Psychopathology of Aging，頁 54:


sociologist

/səʊsɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/

The great sociologist Zygmunt Bauman argued that philo-Semitism and anti-Semitism both fall under “allosemitism”: literally Othering the Jew. He defined it not as resentment of what is different, which is xenophobia, but rather of what defies order and clear categories. In 1997, he wrote, “The Jew is ambivalence incarnate. And ambivalence is ambivalence mostly because it cannot be contemplated without ambivalent feeling: it is simultaneously attractive and repelling.”

2020年January28日，Mairov Zonszein，“Christian Zionist philo-Semitism is driving Trump’s Israel policy”, in The Washington Post:


soybean

Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.

2013年March13日，David S. Senchina，“Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，存檔自the original on 2013-05-16，頁 134:


specimen

來自拉丁語 specimen (“標記，標誌，範例”)，來自speciō (“觀察，注視”)。

樣本 樣鈔，供印刷廠測試或查驗印刷品質的紙幣

early specimens of the art of Picasso

To assure a defendant's acquittal, a lawyer usually needed only to convince the jury that the victim was a pretty sorry specimen of a human being.

2006，Bill Neal，Getting Away with Murder on the Texas Frontier:

樣本 樣票，給郵政局長和郵政管理部門的郵票，以便檢查是否為偽造郵票

early specimens of the art of Picasso


sphincter

借自晚期拉丁語 sphinctēr (“肛門肌肉”)，源自古希臘語 σφῐγκτήρ (sphĭnktḗr，“環，帶；收縮的肌肉”)，最終源自前希臘時期的底層語言。可能與 sphinx 有關。

the sphincter of the bladder

the iris sphincter in the eye

She decided that she would force him to climax first by the sheer strength of her young animal control, the strength of her sphincters […]

1982，Lawrence Durrell，Constance (The Avignon Quintet)，Faber & Faber，頁 836:


tuberculosis

結核，肺結核（自1839年）

With smallpox gone, tuberculosis is today the deadliest infectious disease on the planet.

随着天花的消失，肺结核成为当今地球上最致命的传染病。

2019，Bill Bryson，The Body: A Guide for Occupants，Black Swan (2020)，頁 380:


ultrasonic

more ultrasonic (comparative)
most ultrasonic (superlative)

聲波或振動，其頻率超過人類耳朵可以聽到的最高閾值20k赫茲（千赫）；超聲的

The wheel shop also has equipment for ultrasonic testing of axles for flaws; and systematic checking of locomotive axles and crank pins is carried out as they pass through the shops.

车轮车间还配备了对车轴进行缺陷超声波检测的设备；机车车轴和曲柄销在通过车间时还要进行系统检查。

1961 March，C. P. Boocock，“The organisation of Eastleigh Locomotive Works”, in Trains Illustrated，頁s 159–160:


unicellular

Among unicellulars, the rate of increase is beyond belief.

1931，Ezra Bowen，An hypothesis of population growth:

In unicellulars the uncoupling of the various nutritional and energy sources is much more widely spread.

1986, Johan A J Metz, O Diekmann, The dynamics of physiologically structured populations

More or less distinct specialisation of reproductive elements in some unicellulars.

一些單細胞生物的生殖器官或多或少有明顯的特化。


versus

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-versus.wav

v

用於法庭案件的標題，表示原告控訴被告

v.

用於法庭案件的標題，表示原告控訴被告

In polling by the Pew Research Center in November 2008, fully half the respondents thought the two parties would cooperate more in the coming year, versus only 36 percent who thought the climate would grow more adversarial.

在皮尤研究中心於2008年11月進行的民意調查中，有一半的受訪者認為兩黨在接下來的一年會更多合作，而只有36%的人認為氛圍會變得更對立。

2012年November7日，Matt Bai，“Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times [紐約時報]:

If, for example, we select random people entering a workout gym, versus if we pick random people entering a hospital, we will get very different samples.

例如，如果我們選擇進入健身房的隨機人群，與選擇進入醫院的隨機人群相比，我們將得到非常不同的樣本。

2005，Robert E. Weiss，Modeling Longitudinal Data，Springer, →ISBN，頁 104:


wholesome

來自早期的holesome，來自中古英語 holsom、holsum、helsum、halsum，來自古英語 *hālsum、*hǣlsum，來自原始西日耳曼語 *hailasam，來自原始日耳曼語 *hailasamaz，等同whole + -some。與薩特弗里斯蘭語 heelsoam、荷蘭語 heilzaam、德國低地德語 heelsaam、德語 heilsam、冰島語 heilsamur、新挪威語 helsesam、瑞典語 hälsosam (“健康的”)等同源。

more wholesome (comparative)
wholesomer (comparative)
most wholesome (superlative)
wholesomest (superlative)

Though hard, my friends, yet wholesome are the truths, taught in affliction's school, whence the pure soul rises refined, and soars above the world.

1750，“Theodora”, Thomas Morell 作詞, George Frideric Handel 作曲:

A wholeſome tongue is a tree of life: but peruerſneſſe therein is a breach in the ſpirit.

溫良的舌，是生命樹；乖謬的嘴，使人心碎。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 15:4，列 1:

The more solicitous of the two was Nurse Cramer, a shapely, pretty, sexless girl with a wholesome unattractive face.

1961年November10日，Joseph Heller，“The Soldier in White”, in Catch-22 […]，New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC，頁 171:

There's something tragic, but almost pure
 Think I could love you, but I'm not sure
 There's something wholesome, there's something sweet
 Tucked in your eyes that I'd love to meet

2017年April13日，Mitchy Collins, Samantha Derosa, Christian Medice，“Broken”, in Finding It Hard to Smile，演出者 Lovelytheband:

Around the same time, “wholesome” memes of cute doggos and puppers rejuvenated social media feeds that seemed daily filled with fresh horrors.

2019，Gretchen McCulloch，Because Internet: Understanding the New Rules of Language，Riverhead Books, →ISBN:

The comment section on a recent post making fun of a “cute” and “wholesome” Doomer Girl meme is mixed.

2020年February3日，Kaitlyn Tiffany，“The Misogynistic Joke That Became a Goth-Meme Fairy Tale”, in The Atlantic:


haj

"The defendant has also piloted planes taking haj pilgrims from Indonesia to Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabia to Indonesia.

被告還曾駕駛飛機將朝聖者從印尼送往沙烏地阿拉伯，以及從沙烏地阿拉伯送往印度尼西亞

2009年January15日，“Five Australians jailed for entering Papua province”, in Herald Sun，源於 AAP:


avid

來自法語 avide，來自拉丁語 avidus (“渴望的，想要的；貪婪的”)，來自aveō (“想，渴望，請求”)。

more avid (comparative)
avider (comparative)
most (superlative)
avidest (superlative)

（對某事物表現岀） 感興趣的；熱衷的，忠實的；熱切的

I'm an avid reader.

an avid fan of 1960s sci-fi movies

1960年代科幻片的狂熱影迷。

A blanket disdain for indigenous foods doesn't explain the delay, because Spain was avid to adopt a different New World root.

1999，Larry Zuckerman，The Potato: How the Humble Spud Rescued the Western World:

We waited for something to happen, for anything to happen, we were avid for some event to unfold itself out of the burning nothing to save us.

1996，Janette Turner Hospital，Oyster，Virago Press，頁 3:


sorra

'Sorra a friend I have - sorra a friend, Masther Richard; and I did not spake to the priest this year or more, and I darn't go near him,' said the poor Palmerstown lass that was once so merry.

1863，Sheridan Le Fanu，The House by the Churchyard:

Sorra a bite she ates but she drinks the mixture with it.
她一口也沒有吃，但她把混合物和它一起喝了。

1879, Chambers's Journal (volume 56, issue 2, page 589)


influenza

借自意大利語 influenza (“影響”)，源自拉丁語 influentia。influence 的同源對似詞。

In early 1919 the Board also issued a film, Dr Wise on Influenza, in which a character called 'Brown' spreads the disease by enacting poor behaviours.
This did address transport - by boarding a crowded omnibus, "Brown may be scattering germs throughout the carriage and giving influenza to a number of people".

1919年初，委员会还发行了一部电影《怀斯医生谈流感》，片中一个名叫“布朗”的角色通过做出不良行为传播疾病。
这部电影确实涉及交通问题——登上一辆拥挤的公共汽车后，“布朗可能会在整个车厢内传播细菌，并将流感传染给许多人”。

2020年April8日，Dr David Turner，“How railway staff were conduits and victims of a pandemic [铁路工作人员如何成为疫情的传播者和受害者]”, in Rail，頁 32:


relaxer

Are you a doer or a relaxer? If you said “some of both,” then you're right on track.

您是行動派還是放鬆派？如果您回答「兩者皆有」，那麼您說得對。

2014，Rusty Gregory, Alan Chasen，Living Wheat-Free For Dummies，頁 172:


kor

來自希伯來語 כֹּר。

cor的另一種寫法：希伯來和腓尼基的體積單位

Solomon responded by committing 20,000 kors of pure oil and 20,000 kors of wheat in annual payments. A kor of oil is an ancient Hebrew unit of liquid of about 58 gallons. A kor of wheat is equal to 6.25 bushels.

2002，Don Victor Bovey，In Touch With Eternity，頁 161:


kappa

借自日語 河童 (kappa)。

It was not quite possible for a kappa to go pale, but this one managed, shrinking partly into its shell.

2013，Laura VanArendonk Baugh，Kitsune-Mochi: Kitsune Tales #2，頁 94:


mode

來自古法語 mode m，來自拉丁語 modus (“方法，方式；節奏，旋律”)。modus 的同源對似詞。

方式，辦法 一個系統的狀態，由該系統的一個本徵函數所代表 與信號或振動相關的狀態

What was the mode of entry?

An effectual and inexpensive mode of Protecting Wall-Trees from Spring-Frosts.

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

1855，Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society，卷 9，頁 205:

common-mode

differential-mode

normal mode of vibration

方式，辦法 一個系統的狀態，由該系統的一個本徵函數所代表 電磁場的波型

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

longitudinal mode

transverse mode

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

In insert mode, characters typed are directly inserted into the buffer.

在插入模式粗体文本下，键入的字符直接插入到缓冲区中。

方式，辦法 裝置上用於特定目的的一系列設定

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

airplane mode; night mode

The car was then placed into its Level 2 driving mode, much like you would for the current adaptive cruise control systems.

然后，汽车进入二级驾驶模式，类似于当前的自适应巡航控制系统。

2024年May4日，Mat Gallagher，“I tried Mercedes’ new autonomous driving in busy city streets – it's mind-blowing”, in T3:

方式，辦法 玩法變化，例如難度

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

Campaign mode (the career mode that includes the notorious Gran Turismo driving school) is off limits while offline. Also unavailable offline: buying new cars, viewing your garage, editing car liveries, and even the "taking photos of fancy cars in exotic scenery" mode.

战役模式（包含臭名昭著的“GT赛车”驾驶学校的生涯模式）在离线状态下无法使用。此外，离线状态下也无法使用以下模式：购买新车、查看车库、编辑车辆涂装，甚至包括“在异国风光中拍摄豪车”模式。

2017年October17日，Jonathan M. Gitlin，“Gran Turismo Sport is extremely limited in offline mode”, in Ars Technica:

I've stumbled over gaming's simplest hurdles, been humiliated by the lowliest of enemies and will often go for an easy mode if one's available, and yet I've run through Bloodborne twice without ever really breaking much of a sweat.

我曾在游戏中最简单的障碍跌倒过，被最卑微的敌人羞辱，并且如果可以选择简单模式，我基本上就会选，然而我已经两次通关《血源诅咒》，却从未真正出过什么大汗。

2018年March6日，Martin Robinson，“Dispelling the myths of Bloodborne”, in Eurogamer:

Selfie modes, meanwhile, let you add filters and change characters’ facial expressions，來自Link in The Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker to Arthur Morgan in Red Dead Redemption 2.

同时，自拍模式可让您添加滤镜并更改角色的面部表情，从《塞尔达传说：风之杖》中的林克到《荒野大镖客2》中的亚瑟·摩根。

2019年February25日，Jordan Erica Webber，“Point and shoot: what's next for photography in video games?”, in The Guardian:

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。

方式，辦法 形式，僅實質性質存在的東西

What was the mode of entry?

保护墙树免受春季霜冻的一种有效且廉价的方法。


tahan

借自馬來語 tahan。

"Many local artists cannot tahan me," he says, using the Malay word for "tolerate". "If you live next to Picasso, can you tahan or not?"

“許多當地的藝術家受不了我，”他說道，用馬來語詞彙來表達“忍受”。“你要是住在畢加索隔壁，你能忍得了不？”

2017，Wong Kim Hoh, It Changed My Life: What Tan Swie Hian wants - a free mind，The Sunday Times:

The 3.2km meandering naturalised river at Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park used to be a 2.7 km long straight concrete Kallang channel in the past, which would not otherwise have been able to tahan as much rainwater as it now does.
碧山-宏茂橋公園裡頭這條長3.2km、蜿蜒前行的天然河流，過去曾是長2.7km而筆直的加冷水道，根本不能像現在一樣容納那麼多雨水。

2017, Zhangxin Zheng, Here’s why you shouldn’t be alarmed by pictures of “flooding” in Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Mothership.sg

If you’re buying a new car, especially a better one than your previous, it’s gonna be able to tahan your need for speed. Step on the pedal only la, why so kancheong?
如果你要買新車，尤其是比以前那輛更好的，那它要滿足你對速度的要求。踩踏板就是啦，那麼緊張幹嘛呢？

2017, 8 Things Malaysians Immediately Do When They Get a New Car... Which One Have You Done?, CILISOS (Current Issues Tambah Pedas)


accelerometer

用於檢測和測量振動的儀器

Working with NR, ScotRail and Porterbrook, Perpetuum has fitted sensors with gyroscopes and accelerometers to trains that are already in passenger service.

Perpetuum 與 NR、ScotRail 和 Porterbrook 合作，為已經投入客運服務的火車安裝了帶有陀螺儀和加速計的傳感器。

2022年March23日，“Network News: Hitachi on-train track monitoring trial expands to Scottish routes”, in RAIL，期 953，頁 13:


atmospheric pressure

Like most human activities, ballooning has sponsored heroes and hucksters and a good deal in between. For every dedicated scientist patiently recording atmospheric pressure and wind speed while shivering at high altitudes, there is a carnival barker with a bevy of pretty girls willing to dangle from a basket or parachute down to earth.

2013年June7日，David Simpson，“Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 188, 期 26，頁 36:


beryl

繼承自中古英語 beryl，來自古法語 beril，來自拉丁語 bērillus、bēryllus，來自古希臘語 βήρυλλος (bḗrullos，“綠柱石”)，來自普拉克里特語 [具體何詞?]，來自梵語 वैडूर्य (vaiḍūrya)。

The sunset had been magnificent, and the Thames was floating in dark radiance; the waves wearing that transparent clearness, which gives more the idea of melted beryl, than aught else: every little circle in the water had that trembling light which characterises precious stones.

1837，L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon]，“The Fête”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […]，卷 III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁 57:

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are diamond, ruby and sapphire, emerald and other gem forms of the mineral beryl, chrysoberyl, tanzanite, tsavorite, topaz and jade.

2012年March13日，Lee A. Groat，“Gemstones”, in American Scientist，卷 100, 期 2，頁 128:

The crown was set with six beryls of excellent size and color.

The appearance of the wheels and their work was like unto the colour of a beryl …

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ezekiel 1:16:


caldera

借自西班牙語 caldera (“釜”)，來自晚期拉丁語 caldāria (“熱水澡”)，來自拉丁語 caldārium。chowder 的同源對似詞。

/kælˈdɛə.ɹə/

The lakes of both Rotorua and Taupo occupy calderas left from enormous prehistoric eruptions, and magma lies at shallow depths beneath a number of centres.

2000，Tony Waltham，“Geyser watching”, in Geology Today，卷 16, Iss. 3, p. 99::


cap

源自中古英語 cappe，源自 古英語 cæppe，源自晚期拉丁語 cappa。cape、chape和cope 的同源對似詞。

We should put a cap on the salaries, to keep them under control.

我们应给工资设限，使其得到控制。

The G7 countries have agreed to impose a price cap on Russian oil in an attempt to stem the flow of funds into the Kremlin’s war coffers. […] The level of the cap is still being discussed.

2022年September2日，Alex Lawson，“G7 countries agree plan to impose price cap on Russian oil”, in The Guardian:

Did he think they were going to put a cap in his ass right in the middle of Metreon?

入選國家隊；在國際賽場上亮相。

Rio Ferdinand won his 50th cap for England in a game against Sweden.

里奥·费迪南在对阵瑞典的比赛中第50次代表英格兰队出场。

Overall, though, England’s injury-diminished side coped well on the night when Ruben Loftus-Cheek, Jordan Pickford and Tammy Abraham all won their first caps.

2017年November10日，Daniel Taylor，“Youthful England earn draw with Germany but Lingard rues late miss”, in The Guardian (London):

He that will give a cap and make a leg, in thanks for a favour he never received, deserveth rather to be blamed for want of wit, than to be praised for store of manners.

1655，Thomas Fuller，The Church History of Britain, from the Birth of Jesus Christ until the Year MDCXLVIII，卷 1, London: Thomas Tegg and Son, 出版於 1837，頁 9:


carbon dioxide

carbon dioxid (alternative)
carbondioxid (alternative)

/ˌkɑːbən dʌɪˈɒksʌɪd/

同類詞：carbon monoxide

There were dozens of presentations in 2008, including: […

2008年有数十场演讲，其中包括： […] “二氧化碳对气候变化的夸大性作用”。

2008年December9日，Jeff Jacoby，“Skepticism on climate change [對氣候變化的懷疑]”, in The International Herald Tribune, →ISSN:

Oxygen levels on Earth skyrocketed 2.4 billion years ago, when cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis: the ability to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and waste oxygen using solar energy.

24亿年前，当蓝藻进化出光合作用时，地球上的氧气含量猛增：利用太阳能将水和二氧化碳转化为碳水化合物并消耗氧气的能力。

2013 September–October，Katie L. Burke，“In the News”, in American Scientist，存檔自the original on 2013-09-03:


classification

On those remote pages it is written that animals are divided into (a) those that belong to the Emperor, (b) embalmed ones, (c) those that are trained, (d) suckling pigs, (e) mermaids, (f) fabulous ones, (g) stray dogs, (h) those that are included in this classification, (i) those that tremble as if they were mad, (j) innumerable ones, (k) those drawn with a verfy fine camel's hair brush, (l) others, (m) those that have just broken a flower vase, (n) those that resemble flies from a distance.

1937-1952，Jorge Luis Borges，Other Inquisitions:

I’m using mathesis — a universal science of measurement and order …
And there is also taxinomia a principle of 'classification' and ordered tabulation.
Knowledge replaced universal resemblance with finite differences. History was arrested and turned into tables …
Western reason had entered the age of judgement.

1997: Chris Horrocks, Introducing Foucault, page 69 (Totem Books, Icon Books; ISBN 1840460865


ultime

the true and ultime operations of Heat

1631，Francis [Bacon]，“(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […]，第3rd版, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:

Nothing was wanting now to the perfecting of this League, but the ultime and compleating act, the solemn confirmation by Oath.

1654，Hamon L'Estrange，The Reign of King Charles:


integrity

借自中古法語 intégrité、源自拉丁語 integritās。entirety 的同源對似詞。

/ɪnˈtɛɡɹəti/

/ɪnˈtɛɡɹɪti/

Living a lie saps us of integrity and moral cohesion to the point that we can no longer distinguish between the artifice being propped up and the real world.

2023年June22日，Charles Hugh Smith，2023-2030: Artifice Vs. Doom-Loops:


coccyx

拉丁語 coccyx，源自古希臘語 κόκκυξ (kókkux，“布穀鳥”)，因從側面看起來像布穀鳥彎曲的嘴喙而得名。

He lands on the concrete path and bounces on his coccyx, which cracks the base of his spine.

2018，Richard Powers，The Overstory，Vintage (2019)，頁 129:


coherent

自 co- + haereō 演變為拉丁語 cohaērēns，再演變為中古法語 coherent，再演變而來。By surface analysis, cohere + -ent。

cohærent (alternative)
more coherent (comparative)
most coherent (superlative)

/kəʊˈhɪə.ɹənt/

/kəʉˈhɪə.ɹənt/

統一的、有調理的、連貫的、前後一致的

A sentence like this one cannot be understood unless somehow we can store the underlined words for several seconds, while we wait for the rest of the sentence to arrive, with the information needed to complete a coherent thought.

像這樣的語句是無法理解的，除非我們能以某種方式將畫底線的單字儲存幾秒鐘，同時等句子剩餘部分到來並提供所需資訊，才能完成連貫的思想。

1997年，伯納德·巴爾斯，“Psychology in a World of Sentient, Self-Knowing Beings: A Modest Utopian Fantasy”, in Mind and Brain Sciences in the 21st Century，麻省理工學院出版社, 出版於 1999年, →ISBN，頁 7:

Anglia, is part of a wider phenomenon of the seventh century - the development of recognisable, coherent kingdoms from the fragmented tribal society which emerged from the ruins of Roman Britain.

從羅馬不列顛廢墟中興起的零散部落社會，在七世紀發展成了獨特、統一的王國——盎格利亞，這是當時一種普遍的現象之一。

2005年，湯姆威廉森，Sandlands: The Suffolk Coast and Heaths，Windgather, 出版於 2005 年, →ISBN，頁 15:

She intimidated me so much that I could hardly get out a coherent sentence in her presence.

她嚇壞我了，以至於我在她面前說不上來一句完整的話。

2011，克萊爾·克萊因·達特諾，Behind the Walled Garden of Apartheid: Growing Up White in Segregated South Africa，Media Mint Publishing, 出版於 2011年, →ISBN，頁 124:

調理清晰的、有邏輯的、一致的

Perhaps Khrushchev did have a coherent plan in mind at the time he placed the nuclear missiles in Cuba.

或許赫魯雪夫在古巴發射核飛彈時腦中有過邏輯縝密的計畫。

2007年，肯尼斯·R·哈蒙德，Beyond Rationality: The Search for Wisdom in a Troubled Time，牛津大學出版社, 出版於 2007年, →ISBN，頁 108:

It will dissolve at death with the decay of the body, but it is a perfectly coherent belief that the faithful God will not allow it to be lost but will preserve it in the divine memory.

死亡後，它會隨著身體的腐爛而消散，但忠誠的上帝不會讓它消失，而是會將它保存在神聖的記憶中——這是一種完美連貫的信仰。

2009年，約翰·波金霍爾、尼古拉斯·畢爾，Questions of Truth: Fifty-One Responses to Questions about God, Science, and Belief，威斯敏斯特約翰·諾克斯出版社, 出版於 2009年, →ISBN，頁 23:

Presenting a balanced and coherent argument is an important aspect of a nonempirical dissertation and you need to spend some time considering the most useful route through your argument.

提出中肯且連貫的論點是非實證性論文的重要一環，思考最有效的論證思路要花上一點時間。

2009年，嘉莉·溫斯坦麗，Writing a Dissertation For Dummies，約翰威立, 出版於 2009年, →ISBN:

The underlying problem with transport policy is that there no coherent strategy. Ministers have tended to encourage greater use of motor vehicles through both transport and (particularly) planning policies, while simultaneously warning of the terrible consequences of unfettered growth of road use.

交通政策的潛在問題在於缺乏一個連貫的策略。部長傾向於同時通過交通政策和 (尤其是) 規劃政策來鼓勵更多地使用機動車輛，同時又警告道路使用無節制增長的可怕後果。

2020年December2日，克里斯汀·沃爾瑪，“Wales offers us a glimpse of an integrated transport policy”, in 《鐵路》，頁 56:


tomorrow

來自中古英語 tomorwe、tomorwen，來自古英語 tō morgne (“明天”，副詞)，來自tō (“在”) + morgne（morgen (“早晨”)的與格），來自原始日耳曼語 *murganaz (“早晨”)，或許來自原始印歐語 *mergʰ- (“閃爍”)，等同於to- + morrow。

to-morrow (alternative)
tomorrows (plural)

Tomorrow will be sunny.

Oh seek, my love, your newer way; / I'll not be left in sorrow. / So long as I have yesterday, / Go take your damned to-morrow!

1926，Dorothy Parker，“Godspeed”, in Enough Rope，頁 69:


condensed milk

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-condensed milk.wav

She holds the condensed milk tin over the first mug and watches the pale yellow milk stream down in a thin, viscous line.

她把炼乳罐放在第一个杯子上方，看着淡黄色的牛奶流成一条细而粘稠的线。

2008，Preeta Samarasan，Evening is the Whole Day，Fourth Estate，頁 86:


Brazil

源自葡萄牙語 Brazil（Brasil的舊拼法），來自brasil (“巴西木”)，原意為「如餘燼般紅」，源自brasa (“餘燼”)，最終可追溯至原始日耳曼語 *brasō (“燃屑、劈啪作響的煤塊”) + -il (“類，似”)（來自拉丁語 -īlis (形容詞後綴)）。

巴西（南美洲講葡萄牙語的國家）

In February, a young man from an isolated Indigenous tribe in Brazil made brief contact with the outside world before returning to the Amazon rainforest.

2025年2月，一名來自巴西孤立原住民部落的年輕男子短暫接觸外界後，返回了亞馬遜雨林。

2025年April4日，Lex Harvey and Esha Mitra，“US tourist arrested after allegedly attempting to contact ‘world’s most isolated’ tribe”, in CNN:


tofu

借自日語 豆腐(とうふ) (tōfu)，來自中古漢語 豆腐 (dəuᴴ bɨo^X)。dubu 的同源對似詞。

同類詞：tempeh

First, marinate the tofu. In a bowl, whisk the kecap manis, chilli sauce, and sesame oil together. Cut the tofu into strips about 1cm thick, mix gently (so it doesn't break) with the marinade and leave in the fridge for half an hour.

首先将豆腐腌制一下。在碗里加入甜酱油、辣椒酱和芝麻油，并搅拌在一起。将豆腐切成约1厘米厚的条，与腌料轻轻混合（以免破裂），然后放入冰箱半小时。

2012年May8日，Yotam Ottolenghi, Sami Tamimi，Ottolenghi: The Cookbook，Random House, →ISBN，頁 79:


grapefruit

被廣泛地認為是grape + fruit的行銷術語，暗指樹上葡萄狀的果實，19世紀早期Ciardi提出了另一種說法：柚子的植物學名稱之一是Citrus grandis，意思是「大柑橘 [水果]」，這是由於其果實的大小。一個新的柚子品種可能首先被稱為「greatfruit」（參見greatfruit），經過同化過程，這個詞被念成「grapefruit」。

grapefruits (plural)
grapefruit (plural)

Results have begun to come in and at Comfort Castle this month I spent a useful and happy half day carting round 8 children in my car to their homes where we all helped to fill in with good soil and manure, their excellently dug holes and planted the grapefruit.

Grapefruit is high in vitamin C. The pink and red varieties contain vitamin A (betacarotene) and lycopene, an antioxidant that may help prevent cancer. Grapefruit contains a chemical that can alter intestinal absorption of some medications and lead to higher than normal blood levels of some drugs and potential problems.

2002，“Fruits”, in Encyclopedia of Foods: A Guide to Healthy Nutrition，Academic Press, →ISBN, part II (Encyclopedia of Foods)，頁 176，列 3:

Once loaded by Canaveral, the grapefruit are transported to Japan, where the shipments are unloaded by employees of Japanese stevedoring companies. The grapefruit are then received by the Japanese importers.

2002，NLRB Advice Memorandum Reporter，Labor Relations Press，頁 100:


broccoli

1699年來自意大利語 broccoli，為broccolo (“甘藍芽，頭”)的複數，brocco (“幼芽，嫩芽”)的指小（也是brocade的源頭），來自拉丁語 broccus (“尖的，鋒利的，突出的；有獠牙的”)，可能是高盧語的源頭，與原始凱爾特語 *brokkos (“獾”)或原始凱爾特語 *brozdos (“頂端，尖端”)相關（對照蘇格蘭蓋爾語 brog (“鋒利的器具，鑽子”)、威爾士語 procio (“刺，戳”)、古英語 brord (“尖端，尖”)）。更多請見brochure、brad。

broccolo (alternative)
brocoli (alternative)
brockely (alternative)
broccolis (plural)
broccoli (plural)

I be smokin' broccoli, mama told me eat my veggies

抽支大麻爺最愛，老媽叫我吃蔬菜

2014，“Kodak Black”, in Heart Of The Projects，演出者 Skrilla:

All I want is cottage, roll a cigar full of broccoli

鄉村小屋要一間，捲起大麻吸口菸


Kenya

借自基庫尤語 [具體何詞?]，源自肯亞山（Mount Kenya）之名。

肯尼亞，肯亞（國家名，位於東非；法定名稱：Republic of Kenya）

The object of the builders was to push on to Uganda as quickly as possible; one result was that Kenya was "discovered" on the way.

建设者的目标是尽快推进到乌干达。结果之一是肯尼亚在途中被“发现”。

1950 April，Timothy H. Cobb，“The Kenya-Uganda Railway [肯尼亞-烏干達鐵路]”, in Railway Magazine，頁 262:


Tonga

Chitonga

班圖語的一種，屬於博塔特維（Botatwe）語支，在尚比亞／贊比亞以及辛巴威／津巴布韋使用

Enela cleared their way through the throng, speaking in Tonga, a heavy language that freighted the air with ceremony.

2019，Namwali Serpell，The Old Drift，Hogarth:


cumulonimbus

cumulonimbuses (plural)
cumulonimbi (plural)

The one to the east (which at the moment seemed to be leaping straight out of the heart of a sinister slaty-purple patch of cumulonimbus) drained the Lake of the Hanging Glaciers; that to the west a desolate rock and ice-walled valley which was rimmed by some of the highest summits in the Selkirks.

1921，Lewis R. Freeman，章號 III, in Down the Columbia:


Indian Ocean

In the west, the outer periphery of the Inner Zone is the great divide separating Pacific Ocean and South China Sea drainage on the one hand, from drainage oriented towards Hsin-chiang in the northwest and towards the Indian Ocean in the southwest, on the other.

1970，Joseph B. R. Whitney，China: Area, Administration, and Nation Building，Department of Geography, University of Chicago, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 38:


diatom

源自（已棄用的）屬名 Diatoma，源自古希臘語 διάτομος (diátomos，“切开，切成两半”)。

Diatoms are enclosed in two shells that fit together like a pillbox.

硅藻被包裹在两个像碉堡一样贴合在一起的壳中。

1967，George K. Reid，Pond Life，New York: Golden Press, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 31:

Diatoms are characterized by a cell wall called a fistula made of silica, which usually has two overlapping sections.

硅藻的特点是细胞壁由二氧化硅制成，称为藻壳，通常有两个重叠的部分。

2012，Caspar Henderson，The Book of Barely Imagined Beings，Granta Books, 出版於 2013，頁 287:


diatom

We show here, through a systematic study of the covalent chemical bond covering the entire periodic system, that the maximum bond multiplicity is six. The maximum value is reached by the tungsten diatom, W₂. No other pair of atoms in the periodic system (atomic numbers smaller than about 100) reaches a higher bond order.

2007，Björn O. Roos, Antonio C. Borin, Laura Gagliardi，“Reaching the Maximum Multiplicity of the Covalent Chemical Bond”, in Angewandte Chemie，卷 46, 期 9, →DOI，存檔自the original on 2024-04-27，頁s 1469–1472:


discontinuity

來自晚期拉丁語 discontinuitās，來自discontinuus，等同於dis- + continuity。

Shock waves are sudden discontinuities propagated in compressible media – usually air.

2012，George Dyson，Turing's Cathedral，Penguin, 出版於 2013，頁 57:


effective nuclear charge

On the other hand, many concepts on atomic structure (energy levels, ionization potentials, electronegativity of the elements, and so on) are discussed in terms of effective nuclear charges.

1999 September，O. Sala, K. Araki, L. K. Noda，“A Procedure to Obtain the Effective Nuclear Charge from the Atomic Spectrum of Sodium”, in Journal of Chemical Education，卷 76, 期 9，頁 1269:


elytron

古典借詞，源自古希臘語 ἔλυτρον (élutron，“鞘”)。

In a corner, the Darkling Beetle rustles in its Cage, its Elytra the same unforgiving white as the great sand-waste call’d ‘Kalahari’ lying north of here […]

[…] the elytra covering the hind wings of the firefly lift like a light leather, suppler than any other beetle’s.

2020，Aimee Nezhukumatathil，World of Wonders: In Praise of Fireflies, Whale Sharks, and Other Astonishments，Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, →ISBN，頁 9:


meanwhile

繼承自中古英語 menewhile，等同於mean (“中間”) + while。是副詞in the mean while的省略，名詞通常用在形容詞後面。

There was a party going on downstairs. Meanwhile, I was reading a book.

樓下在開派對。而同時，我正在看書。

Meanwhile Nanny Broome was recovering from her initial panic and seemed anxious to make up for any kudos she might have lost, by exerting her personality to the utmost. She took the policeman's helmet and placed it on a chair, and unfolded his tunic to shake it and fold it up again for him.

1963，Margery Allingham，章號 19, in The China Governess: A Mystery，London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

We’re going on holiday next month; meanwhile, keep working on the project.

我們下個月要去度假；同時還要繼續寫專案。

The day may dawn when fair play, love for one's fellow men, respect for justice and freedom, will enable tormented generations to march forth triumphant from the hideous epoch in which we have to dwell. Meanwhile, never flinch, never weary, never despair.

1955年March1日，Winston Churchill，“Defence”, in parliamentary debates (House of Commons)，列 1905:

“[…] I’m not ignoring you, I’m very sorry, I’ll talk to you soon. Meanwhile, get your tickets.”

2004，David Osterczy，Interknot: Adventures in Internet Dating, →ISBN，頁 134:

Some songs on the album are beautiful. Meanwhile, others are quite forgettable.

專輯裡有些歌寫得很棒，可其他的卻顯得很不抓耳。

When you are in the studio you don’t have anybody to feed off of, meanwhile when you are playing live you interact with people and you feel the energy in the room.

2013年March29日，Markos Papadatos，引 Marina Diamandis, “Marina And The Diamonds on 'How to be a Heartbreaker'”, in Greek Reporter:


beg

源自中古英語 beggen，古英語 *becgan、*bedcan、*bedican的同化形，bedecian (“乞求，懇求”)的中略形，可能源自原始日耳曼語 *bedagô (“請求者；乞丐”)，源自*bedą、*bedō (“祈禱；請求”)。與北弗里斯蘭語 bēdagi (“祈禱”)、哥特語 𐌱𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍅𐌰 (bidagwa，“乞丐”)、古英語 biddan (“要求”)有關。參見bid、bead；也見書面挪威語 be (“乞求，要求”)。

“Lord,” I prayed, “it's a long time since I came to You for anything besides a quick beg for help. And it seems every time I come to You I'm asking something bigger, more impossible. But I'm here again. […]

2008，Cathy Gohlke，William Henry is a Fine Name/I Have Seen Him in the Watchfires Set:


sabbath

Sabbath的首字母小寫形。

Far-right activists had organised their protest for the Jewish sabbath in an area with a 40% Jewish population.

2015年June30日，Harriet Sherwood，“London neo-Nazi rally moved after outcry from Jewish leaders and MPs”, in The Guardian:


swimming pool

swimming-pool (alternative)
swimming pools (plural)

Fortunately, a waterfall thrums down the nearby mountains and forms a natural swimming pool at the entrance.

幸运的是，瀑布从附近的山上流下来，在入口处形成一个天然游泳池。

2009，Sean Harvey，The Rough Guide to the Dominican Republic, →ISBN，頁 321:


fauna

源自新拉丁語 fauna，來自拉丁語 Fauna，和Faunus (“森林和牧人之神”)相關；與古希臘語 θαῦνον (thaûnon，“野生動物、野獸”)、θώς (thṓs，“胡狼，野狗；豹”)、弗里吉亞語 δάος (dáos，“狼”)同族。

faunae (plural)
faunas (plural)
faunæ (plural)

動物相 （自18世紀晚期）

the fauna of China

Japanese waters also support a rich and diverse shark fauna, including the smallest known shark Squaliolus laticaudus, and the bizarre goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni.

1983，Richard Ellis，The Book of Sharks，Knopf, →ISBN，頁 199:


fluoridation

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-fluoridation.wav

添加氟化物（尤其是水中，以預防蛀牙）

Israel's decision to ban fluoridation follows a vote to preclude the practice in Portland, Ore., and Wichita, Kan. It was also recently overturned in Hamilton, the fourth most populous city in New Zealand.

在以色列决定禁止添加氟化物之前，俄勒冈州波特兰市和堪萨斯州威奇托市已经投票禁止了这种做法。新西兰第四大人口城市汉密尔顿最近也推翻了该决定。

2013年August9日，Douglas Main，“Israel Outlaws Water Fluoridation”, in Live Science, retrieved 2013-09-30:


gravitational wave

cosmic gravitational-wave background (CGB, CGWB)

gravity wave 有時被用作 gravitational wave 的同義詞，反之亦然。然而，前者通常指兩種流體在重力作用下相遇時形成的波，例如海面上受風吹拂形成的波浪，而不推薦使用該詞描述天體物理現象。

引力波；由加速質量引起的時空波動

It is therefore apparent that the existence of gravitational waves can be deduced from general relativity just as the existence of electromagnetic waves can be deduced from Maxwell's theory.

1941，Leopold Infeld，Quest: The Evolution of a Scientist，New York, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co., →OCLC，頁 261:

It might be anticipated that a pulsating star, such as a Cepheid is believed to be, would emit gravitational waves abundantly; but when the question is examined analytically, this expectation is not confirmed.

1949，Edmund [Taylor] Whittaker，源自Euclid to Eddington: A Study of Conceptions of the External World，Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →OCLC，頁 119:

Fourth, there exists a strong competition on the side of purely astronomical means for indirect detection of gravitational waves.

2003，Astrophysics Update，Berlin: Springer-Verlag; Chichester, West Sussex: Praxis Publishing, →ISBN，頁 282:

A gravitational-wave detector exploits the physical effects of a gravitational wave on bodies to detect the waves. A gravitational wave detector may, for example, monitor the separation between two freely falling bodies; as a gravitational wave passes, the two bodies will experience a tidal acceleration relative to each other.

2011，Jolien D[onald] E[arl] Creighton with Warren G. Anderson, “Gravitational Waves”, in Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy: An Introduction to Theory, Experiment and Data Analysis，Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, →ISBN:

Physicists have announced the discovery of gravitational waves, ripples in spacetime first anticipated by Albert Einstein a century ago. “We have detected gravitational waves. We did it,” said David Reitze, executive director of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (Ligo), at a press conference in Washington.

2016年February11日，Tim Radford，“Gravitational waves: discovery hailed as breakthrough of the century: Scientists announce discovery of clear gravitational wave signal, ripples in spacetime first predicted by Albert Einstein”, in The Guardian，London:

These layers also permit visual observation of the well-known "gravitational waves," which were suggested by Helmholtz and have been investigated theoretically at some length. It is frequently suggested that these atmospheric waves may be connected with signal fading.

1951，Propagation of Short Radio Waves [IEE Electromagnetic Waves Series; 24]，London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd on behalf of The Institution of Electrical Engineers, →ISBN，頁 346:

It is difficult to see whether a sufficient amount of energy is communicated to the sea by the air masses directly in the form of compressional waves or it is transmitted or increased by the action of gravitational waves.

1953，J[ohan] G[erard Jozef] Scholte，“On Theories of the Origin of Microseisms”, in Symposium on Microseisms: Held at Arden House Harriman N.Y. 4–6 September 1952 [Publication (National Research Council); 306]，Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, →OCLC，頁 124:

In the used model sound waves and external gravitational waves have been filtered; combined inertial-internal gravitational waves, however, are still included in the equations.

1959，K. Hinkelmann，“Ein numerisches Experiment mit den primitiven Gleichungen”, in The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion: Scientific Contributions to the Rossby Memorial Volume，New York, N.Y.: The Rockefeller Institute Press in association with Oxford University Press, →OCLC, abstract，頁 486:


abandoned

more abandoned (comparative)
most abandoned (superlative)

放蕩的 （首次用於1350年至1470年）

Such immunity to offenders offered a safe asylum to the vilest and most abandoned scoundrels.

1876，Alexander Davidson，A Complete History of Illinois from 1673 to 1884，頁 232:

被遺棄的，被拋棄的 （15世紀晚期）

[…] your abandoned streams […]

不羈的 （17世紀晚期）

Everything was dirty and shabby. There was no sign of the abandoned luxury that Colonel MacAndrew had so confidently described.

1919，W. Somerset Maugham，章號 11, in The Moon and Sixpence:


heating surface

[...] combined heating surface is 6,151 sq. ft. (tubes, 530 sq. ft., flues, 3,275 sq. ft., firebox, with arches and thermic syphons, 415 sq. ft., and superheater 1,931 sq. ft.); [...].

1941 January，“Recent North American Locomotives”, in Railway Magazine，頁 27:


driveway

driveway doesn't go all the way to the road

進入或循環通過一個確定的區域的道路；用於私人進出、維護、安全的道路

The design originally called for a 1-lane-wide driveway leading from the street to the parking area.

1988年April13日，Joseph Truni，“Asphalt Answers”, in Popular Mechanics，頁 127:

They drove in the driveway into the parking lot that was totally full.

2020年October28日，Franco La Monica，Catch 44，Meadville, Pennsylvania: Christian Faith Publishing, →ISBN，頁 37:


hydrochloric acid

用作食品中添加的酸度调节剂

muriatic acid

用作食品中添加的酸度调节剂

spirit of salt

用作食品中添加的酸度调节剂

spirits of salts

用作食品中添加的酸度调节剂

swimming pool acid

用作食品中添加的酸度调节剂

If not sufficiently purified, a little hydrochloric or oxalic acid, or caustic potash may be put in the water, according as the stains are from grease or from ink.

如果不够纯净，可以根据污渍来自油脂还是墨水，在水中加入少量盐酸或草酸或苛性钾。

1880，William Blades，The Enemies of Books，頁 92:

In the case of nitric acid, however, the employment of the aræometer introduces far greater errors than when it is used for sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and in most other cases, as the concentrated nitric acids as a rule always contain nitrogen tetroxide in solution, the quantity being seldom less than 1 per cent., but more generally several per cent., which makes its strength when taken with the aræometer seem greater than it actually is.

1905，Georg Lunge, Alfred Isaac Cohn，Techno‐Chemical Analysis，John Wiley & Sons，頁s 57–58:


cash on the barrelhead

在美國邊境，人們用木桶來作為桌子和寫字檯進行交易。

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-au-cash on the barrelhead.ogg

"[W]e're selling, to the highest bidder, and for cash on the barrel head. . . . Cash in hand, no checks accepted."

1938年September1日，Charles B. Parmer，“Serial Story: Photo Finish—Twelve”, in Telegraph-Herald，Iowa, US, retrieved 2013-07-23，頁 11:

[I]n 1946 the U.S. exported $2,166 million worth of food. . . . Most of this ($1,354 million) was paid for, cash on the barrelhead. But $628 million was the U.S. contribution to UNRRA stocks, and $184 million went through Lend-Lease.

1947 March 31, Foreign Relations: Potent Weapon, Time:

In return for support of an Iraq invasion, Turkey wanted—and got—immediate aid, cash on the barrelhead, rather than mere assurances about future help.

2003年February25日，Paul Krugman，“Threats, Promises and Lies”, in New York Times, retrieved 2013-07-22:


impregnate

較早的形式作 impregn，源自中古法語 imprégner，源自古法語 enpreignier。

impregnates (third-person singular present)
impregnating (present participle)
impregnated (past participle)

I was impregnated at a clinic but don't know who the sperm donor is.

我在診所受孕，但不知道精子捐贈者是誰。

The queen at their head, the representative of the future, has not yet been impregnated. Their entire destiny depends on the ensuing nuptial flight.

1903 [1901]，Maurice Maeterlinck，譯者 Alfred Sutro, The Life of the Bee，New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company，頁 264:

使滲入，浸透，浸漬；用物質填滿孔隙或空間

It takes a little time for the personal fatty acids to impregnate new shoes or boots, but from the scent point of view leather is a sponge, and the personal scent is left.

1937，Hugh Bertie Campbell Pollard，The mystery of scent，頁 121:


magnetic field

David (1904) and Brunhes (1906) first observed magnetizations in lava flows that were roughly opposed to that of the present earth's magnetic field.

1983，Ronald T. Merrill, Michael W. McElhinny，The Earth's Magnetic Field: Its History, Origin, and Planetary Perspective，Academic Press，頁 135:

In contrast to the IQHE^([Integer Quantum Hall Effect]), the fractional quantum Hall effect occurs in much stronger magnetic fields, and in this case electrons cannot be considered as noninteracting ones.

1996, V. R. Khalilov, Electron Strong Magnetic Field, [1988, V. R. Khalilov, Elektroni v silnom magnetom poli, Energoatomizdat, Moscow], Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, page 123,

The magnetic field B bears the same relation to a hypothetical magnetic charge m as the electric field bears to the electric charge q, so the development of the previous chapter can be taken over completely. The stress tensor for a magnetic field Bᵢ is identical in form to that for the electric field. The energy density is obviously B²/8π and the magnetic field is a physical reality just like the electric field. Electric and magnetic fields superpose linearly[…]. This is perhaps a convenient place to remark that a magnetic field exerts no force whatever on an electric charge.

2007，Eugene N. Parker，Conversations on Electric and Magnetic Fields in the Cosmos，Princeton University Press，頁 25:

The turian homeworld, Palaven, has a metal-poor core, generating a weak magnetic field and allowing more solar radiation into the atmosphere.

2008，BioWare，Mass Effect，Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC，幕：Turians: Biology Codex entry:

The scientific instruments of the day recorded rapid fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field, as powerful electrical currents flowed through the upper atmosphere.

2023年November15日，Prof. Jim Wild，“This train was delayed because of bad weather in space”, in RAIL，期 996，頁 30:


Markov chain

The probability density of the Bayseian posterior was estimated by Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo, with multiple incrementally heated chains.

2004年July27日，F. Keith Barker et al.，“Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation”, in PNAS，頁 11040，列 2:


Markov process

得名自俄羅斯數學家 Andrey Markov (Андре́й Андре́евич Ма́рков) (1856—1922)。

馬爾可夫過程，馬爾夫過程

It has been remarked in 1 that a Markov process with time reversal is again a Markov process.

2007，N. G. Van Kampen，Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry，第3rd版，頁 81:

The second part is written for probabilists and it studies the case where fast motions are certain Markov processes such as random evolutions and, in particular, diffusions.

2009，Yuri Kifer，“Large Deviations and Adiabatic Transitions for Dynamical Systems and Markov Processes in Fully Coupled Averaging”, in Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society，號 944，頁 vii:

In the theory of Markov processes most attention is given to homogeneous (in time) processes.

2013, M. G. Shur, Markov Process, entry in Michiel Hazewinkel (editor), Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, Volume 6, page 102,


molybdenum

借自新拉丁語 molybdaenum，來自molybdaena (“任何像鉛的物質”)，來自古希臘語 μολύβδαινα (molúbdaina，“鉛墜，一塊鉛”)，來自μόλυβδος (mólubdos，“鉛；石墨”)，來自安那托利亞語族詞彙同源的呂底亞語 𐤪𐤠𐤭𐤦𐤥𐤣𐤠 (mariwda，“黑暗”)，來自原始印歐語 *morkʷ-iyo-，來自詞根*morkʷ- (“暗”)，與英語 murk同源。參見拉丁語 plumbum nigrum (“鉛”)。後綴為 + -um (“化學元素”)。
18世紀最後25年被證實。

molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum disulphide

The metals at preſent amount to 21 ; only 11 of which were known before the year 1730. Their names are gold, ſilver, platinum, mercury, copper, iron, tin, lead, zinc, antimony, biſmuth, arſenic, cobalt, nickel, manganeſe, tungſten, molybdenum, uranium, tellurium, titanium, chromum.

1803，“Of Metals”, in Supplement to the Third Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature，第2nd版, 卷 I，頁 225:

Technical terms like ferrite, perlite, graphite, and hardenite were bandied to and fro, and when Paget glibly brought out such a rare exotic as ferro-molybdenum, Benson forgot that he was a master ship-builder, […]

1928，Lawrence R. Bourne，章號 4, in Well Tackled!:

At pH levels below 5, wheat yields may be low, molybdenum may become unavailable to plants, and other trace elements may be concentrated to toxic levels.

1990，Arthur J. Conacher，“Salt of the Earth”, in Environment，卷 32, 號 6，頁 40:

a quadruple bond between molybdenums

Thus in M₄O₁₁, for example, ¾ of the molybdenums are octahedrally connected and ¼ are tetrahedrally coordinated and, furthermore, the formula is compatible with the existence of one Mo(IV) for every three Mo(VI), so at first glance the compound might appear to be a class I mixed valence system.

2007，Peter Day，Molecules into Materials: Case Studies in Materials Chemistry—Mixed Valency, Magnetism and Superconductivity，頁 233:


oxbow lake

Humans called this an oxbow lake—one that had originally been part of the river.

人类将其称为牛轭湖——它原本是河流的一部分。

1988，Octavia E. Butler，“Part II, Chapter 1”, in Adulthood Rites，頁 69:


archaeological

more archaeological (comparative)
most archaeological (superlative)

A living floor is, in archaeological terms, the floor of a cave upon which people lived and which retains evidence of their activities.

从考古学角度来说，生活层是指人们居住的洞穴的地面，上面保留着他们活动的证据。

2018，Tim Flannery，Europe: A Natural History，頁 202:


turmoil

未知。首个记录见于1520年，可能源自古法語 tremouille (“磨粉机的漏斗”)。

Oleg Blokhin's side lost the talismanic Andriy Shevchenko to the substitutes' bench because of a knee injury but still showed enough to put England through real turmoil in spells.

2012年June19日，Phil McNulty，“England 1-0 Ukraine”, in BBC Sport:

The Taoists developed their philosophy during an extended era of turmoil known as the Warring States period of Chinese history.

2024年January14日，Charles Hugh Smith，Self-Reliance, Taoism and the Warring States:


building

來自中古英語 bildyng、buildyng、buyldyng、byldyng、bulding、beldyng，等同於build + -ing。

One particularly damaging, but often ignored, effect of conflict on education is the proliferation of attacks on schools[…]as children, teachers or school buildings become the targets of attacks. Parents fear sending their children to school. Girls are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence.

冲突对教育产生的一个特别有害但往往被忽视的影响是，对学校的袭击激增 […] ，因为儿童、教师或学校建筑成为袭击的目标。家长们害怕送他们的孩子去学校。女孩特别容易遭受性暴力。

2013年July19日，Mark Tran，“Denied an education by war”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 6，頁 1:

My sister lives in that apartment building.

我姊妹住在那棟公寓樓裡。


quartzite

Following the course of the river from New Ulm to Fort Ridgely, there are several exposures of reddish-brown “granite” or quartzites, which has been quarried in a few places, but I do not feel entirely sure of its connection with the rocks in the prairie or at the Ferry below.

1869，James Hall，“Notes upon the Geology of Some Portions of Minnesota, from St. Paul to the Western Part of the State”, in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society，卷 XIII，頁 331:

The stone experimented upon being of the hardest and toughest kind the effect is not seen for several strokes ; but within two minutes, during which the writer watched the experiment, a steel chisel was completely blunted and rendered useless, and there was a hole made about two inches deep in the mass of quartzite placed to operate upon.

1870年November13日，Professor Ansted，“The Passage of the Mont Cenis”, in The Gentleman's Magazine，卷 229，頁 656:

Granites of the usual type, compact reddish or greyish quartz-felsite or rhyolite alternate one with another. A mica-trap is also found. Evidently this is an extension of the last group of rocks. A specimen of epidotic quartzite proves that there are, at any rate, some indications of the metamorphic series.

1883，T. G. Bonney，“On a Collection of Rock Specimens from the Island of Socotra”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society，卷 174，頁 273:


recovery time

Actually, the point-to-point times in general were not varied; the additions were all in the form of blocks of recovery time over certain selected stretches of line.

1959 October，Cecil J. Allen，“Locomotive Running Past and Present”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 475:


remote control

A single slice of this could leave you supine in front of the Queen's speech without even the wherewithal to reach for the remote control.

2011年December15日，Felicity Cloake，“How to cook the perfect nut roast”, in Guardian:


reproducer

Local musicians were not just passive reproducers of the tradition.

当地音乐家并非只是传统的被动复制者。

2000，David Greer, Ian Rumbold, Jonathan King，Musicology and Sister Disciplines，頁 304:


titanium

Even as FDA works to develop that plan, consumers continue to be exposed to unsafe food chemicals including not just dyes but also the artificial sweetener aspartame, the white pigment titanium dioxide, the preservative propylparaben, and the phthalate food packaging chemicals, according to CSPI.

2025年January15日，“FDA moves to eliminate carcinogenic Red 3 from foods”, in Center for Science in the Public Interest:


a cappella

借自意大利語 alla cappella (“以[西斯廷]教堂的方式”)，指非器樂合唱團。

a capella (alternative)
acapella (alternative)

/ˌɑ kəˈpɛl.ə/

與一種主要與美國大學表演團體相關的純聲樂形式有關的

Socially, a cappella groups tend to be tight-knit ensembles in which close interpersonal relationships are formed.

2012，Joshua S. Duchan，Powerful Voices，頁 2:


aba

源自阿拉伯語 عَبَاءَة (ʕabāʔa)。對照abaya。

阿拉伯式寬鬆無袖服裝，由上述材料或絲綢製成（首次使用於19世紀早期）

'A pale mauve abba such as you buy in the East.'

1934，Agatha Christie，章號 5, in Murder on the Orient Express，London: HarperCollins, 出版於 2017，頁 110:

Here Nessim would sit night after night in the winter, dressed in his old rust-coloured abba, staring gravely at Betelgeuse, or hovering over books of calculations for all the world like a medieval soothsayer.


abattis

abatis的另一種拼寫法

He withdrew Torfrida and his men into the heart of the forest,—no hint of the place is given by the chronicler,—cut down trees, formed an abattis of trunks and branches, and awaited the enemy.

1866，Charles Kingsley，章號 34, in Hereward the Wake，London: Nelson，頁 469:


abdicate

* 首次記錄於1541年。
* 派生自拉丁語 abdicātus (“放棄的”)，abdicō (“放棄，拒絕”) 的完成被動分詞，源自ab (“離開”) + dicō (“宣告、表明”)，類似於dīcō (“說”)。

abdicates (third-person singular present)
abdicating (present participle)
abdicated (past participle)

投降、放棄或交出（主權等）；不再擔任或履行高級職位、身分 （首次記錄於17世紀）

to abdicate the throne, the crown, the papacy

The cross-bearers abdicated their service.

1776，Edward Gibbon，The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:

He abdicates all right to be his own governor.

1790，Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France:

The understanding abdicates its functions.

1856，James Anthony Froude，History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth:

放棄王位或其他高級職位、身分 （18世紀早期－）

Though a king may abdicate for his own person, he cannot abdicate for the monarchy.


abduct

派生自拉丁語 abductus，abduco (“帶走”)的完成被動分詞，源自 ab (“遠離”) + duco (“帶領”)。
* (生理學)： abduction 的逆構詞。

abducts (third-person singular present)
abducting (present participle)
abducted (past participle)

誘拐；劫持；綁架 （17世紀早期）

That same night he had by force abducted the president and the secretary of the club, and had taken them, much against their will upon a voyage in the wonderful air-ship, the “Albatross,” which he had constructed.

1904，Jules Verne，章號 16, in The Master of the World:

to abduct children


Abel

繼承自中古英語 Abel，繼承自古英語 Ābel，源自拉丁語 Abel，源自古希臘語 Ἅβελ (Hábel)，源自聖經希伯來語 הֶבֶל (heḇel，“蒸汽；呼吸；愚蠢；荒謬”)，可能源自阿卡德語 𒌉𒍑 (ablu，“兒子”)。

And Cain talked with Abel his brother: and it came to pass, when they were in the field, that Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him.

該隱與他兄弟亞伯說話，二人正在田間，該隱起來打他兄弟亞伯，把他殺了。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 4:8:


vert

源自中古英語 vert，源自古法語 vert，源自拉丁語 viridis。 virid 的同源對似詞。

“I understand thee,” said the King, “and the Holy Clerk shall have a grant of vert and venison in my woods of Warncliffe.”


abigail

源自人名Abigail，17世紀初的劇作《The Scornful Lady》中一位女侍者的名字。

女僕，侍女，丫頭 （17世紀中期－19世紀）

It was therefore concluded that the Abigails should, by turns, relieve each other on one of his lordship’s horses, which was presently equipped with a side-saddle for that purpose.

In the servants’ hall two coachmen and three gentlemen’s gentlemen stood or sat round the fire; the abigails, I suppose, were upstairs with their mistresses; the new servants, that had been hired from Millcote, were bustling about everywhere.


abhorrent

借自拉丁語 abhorrēns, abhorrēntis，abhorreō (“痛恨”) 的現在主動分詞。等價於abhor + -ent。

more abhorrent (comparative)
most abhorrent (superlative)

背离的，相悖的，相反的 （16世纪末）

abhorrent thoughts

The persons most abhorrent from blood, and treason, and arbitrary confiscation, might remain silent spectators of this civil war between the vices.

1803，Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France:

与...相反的，与...不协调的（17世纪中叶）

This legal, and, as it should seem, injudicious profanation, so abhorrent to out stricter principles, was received with a very faint murmur, ...

1827，Edward Gibbon，The History of the Decline And Fall of the Roman Empire:

In establishing his ideal state he expressed some opinions utterly abhorrent to our customs and ways of living. He believed, for instance, that all wives should be held in common ... with the result that no one could tell his own children from those of a perfect stranger.

1990，James Hankins，Plato in the Italian Renaissance:

令人厌恶的，可恨的，可憎的 （19世纪初叶）

If Pride, abhorrent as it is, and if Ambition, ...

That, I protest, is a doctrine psychologically impossible and ethically abhorrent.

The arts of pleasure in despotic courts I spurn, abhorrent; in a spotless heart I look for pleasure.


safety valve

outlet

發洩情緒的途徑，舒緩情緒的方法

release

發洩情緒的途徑，舒緩情緒的方法

Spun glass mattresses are used for lagging the boiler, which has three Ross pop safety valves on the front ring.

1941 April，“British Locomotive Developments”, in The Railway Magazine，London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 173:

[A]nd to show that there was no shortage of steam, Royal Scot, directly we stopped, blew off vigorously from its safety-valves steam that well might have been used in the cylinders in the interest of timekeeping.

1959 April，Cecil J. Allen，“Locomotive Running Past and Present”, in Trains Illustrated，London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 185:

發洩情緒的途徑，舒緩情緒的方法

美國的一條法律，編入美国法典第§3553條，授權法官對很少或沒有犯罪前科的罪犯不適用強制性最低刑罰

Hernández additionally requested that he be given a two-level safety-valve reduction pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2, which mitigates the harsh effect of mandatory minimum sentences on certain first-time offenders who played only supporting roles in drug-trafficking schemes and who provided testimony about their involvement in the criminal activity.

2020年June30日，David Jeremiah Barron, Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit，“United States v. Hernández-Hernández”, in Federal Reporter […] (No. 19-1123)，卷 964, St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2023-07-02，頁 100:


zealous

來自古希臘語 ζῆλος (zêlos，“熱心、戒備”)，來自ζηλόω (zēlóō，“競爭，嫉妒”)。jealous 的同源對似詞。

zelous (alternative)
more zealous (comparative)
most zealous (superlative)

Doubtless many will exclaim against the Roman Catholic Church for this; but the simple truth is that Protestantism was no less zealous against the new scientific doctrine.

1896，Andrew Dickson White，A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom，第2004版，頁 122:

[…]and there were few more zealous dancers at the fashionable balls in the Raleigh Tavern at Williamsburg.

1940，Foster Rhea Dulles，America Learns to Play: A history of popular recreation, 1607-1940，頁 61:

Newt Gingrich […]left Congress in 1998, following GOP midterm-election losses that many blamed on his zealous pursuit of Bill Clinton's impeachment.

2011 April 4，“Newt Gingrich”, in Time, retrieved 2013-09-09:


Taiwan

可追溯至1600年代，源自較早的 Tayuan、Tayoan 和其他變體，源自西拉雅語 taywan，由 tayw (“人”) + an (“地”) 組成。在荷蘭語文獻中作 Tayouan（以及其他變體），閩南語泉漳話作大員／大员 (Tāi-oân)（以及其他變體）。此詞最初是指今臺南安平一帶的一個沙質半島，後來成為整個島嶼的名稱。

Chinese Taipei

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱：中華民國；首都：臺北）。（自20世紀）

Republic of China

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱：中華民國；首都：臺北）。（自20世紀）

ROC

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱：中華民國；首都：臺北）。（自20世紀）

Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱：中華民國；首都：臺北）。（自20世紀）

Formosa

臺灣島，臺灣海峽和菲律賓海之間的一個島嶼，也稱為福爾摩沙

Formosa

以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃

Taiwan 和 Taiwanese 都被廣泛用作定語，例如 Taiwan/Taiwanese culture (“臺灣文化”)、Taiwan/Taiwanese government (“臺灣政府”)、Taiwan/Taiwanese food (“臺灣美食”)等。

臺灣（國家名，位於東亞；法定名稱：中華民國；首都：臺北）。（自20世紀）

India was not alone in its predicament or in its policy. While a few developing countries like Taiwan, Mexico, and Thailand had made remarkable progress in agriculture and had experienced success in curbing their population increases, others were nearly as bad off as India, even without a drought.

印度並不是唯一陷入困境或採取政策的國家。雖然臺灣、墨西哥和泰國等一些發展中國家在農業方面取得了顯著進步，並在抑制人口增長方面取得了成功，但其他國家的情況幾乎和印度一樣糟糕，即使沒有發生乾旱。

1971，林登·约翰逊，“Feeding the Hungry: India's Food Crisis”, in The Vantage Point，Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 224:

Pei Ling Wu, 30, said: "I am worried about my family, but they do not want to leave Taiwan. They want to defend their country and fight to the end. If China continues to push us, independence is the only solution."

30歲的 Pei Ling Wu 說：「我很擔心我的家人，但他們不想離開臺灣。他們想保衛自己的國家，戰鬥到底。如果中國繼續逼迫我們，獨立是唯一的解決辦法。」

1996年March15日，Leyla Linton，“London students sing their defiance”, in 泰晤士報，期 65,528, →ISSN, →OCLC, Overseas News，頁 14，列 2:

"Meeting all the criteria of statehood under international law, Taiwan has long been an independent and sovereign country," they said. "It is a proactive major contributor to the international community — a beacon of democracy for countries around the world to emulate."
The "continued exclusion of Taiwan from the UN system is not only unwise, unjust and unfair, but also is a blatant violation of the principles of universality and self-determination as enshrined in the UN Charter, and must be rectified immediately," they said.
"The time is now for the United Nations and the rest of the world to jointly stand up against China and its lawless and out-of-control bullying of Taiwan," they said, adding: "Enough is Enough."

他們說：「臺灣符合國際法規定的所有建國標準，長期以來一直是一個獨立的主權國家。」「它是國際社會積極主動的主要貢獻者，是世界各國效仿的民主燈塔。」
他們說：「繼續將臺灣排除在聯合國體系之外，不僅是不明智、不公正和不公平的，而且公然違反了《聯合國憲章》所載的普遍性和自決原則，必須立即糾正」 。
他們表示，「現在是聯合國和世界其他國家共同站起來，反對中國及其對臺灣無法無天和失控的欺凌行為的時候了」，並補充道：「我們受夠了。」

2022年September11日 [2022年September9日]，Hsin-fang Lee, Jonathan Chin，“Letter calls for Taiwan’s UN inclusion”, in 台北時報，存檔自the original on 2022-09-11, Front Page:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。

臺灣島，臺灣海峽和菲律賓海之間的一個島嶼，也稱為福爾摩沙

The Government claims suzerainty over and receives tribute more or less regularly from Corea, and also from Anam, Siam, Burmah, and part of the Loochoo Islands, and it has recently erected the beautiful and extensive Island of Formosa, or Taiwan, hitherto attached to the province of Fo-Kien, into a separate province with its own governor-general who, like those of the other provinces, is appointed directly from Peking.

政府宣稱對韓國、安南、暹羅、緬甸和琉球群島的一部分擁有宗主權，並或多或少地定期接受貢品，最近還政府將美麗而廣袤的福爾摩沙島（即臺灣）劃為一個單獨的省份，並設立了自己的巡撫，巡撫與其他省份的巡撫一樣，直接由北京任命。

1888，James Harrison Wilson，章號 III, in China: Travels and Investigations in the "Middle Kingdom": A Study of Its Civilization and Possibilites, →OCLC，頁 26:

As a result of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, China lost to Japan the important islands of Taiwan (Formosa) and the Pescadores, lying about a hundred miles off the Chinese coast.}

1894-95年中日戰爭的結果是，中國將距中國海岸約100英里的重要島嶼臺灣（福爾摩沙）和澎湖列島讓給了日本。

1963，德怀特·艾森豪威尔，“Formosa Doctrine”, in Mandate for Change 1953-1956，Garden City, New York: 道布爾戴出版社, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 460:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。

以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃 清朝的行政區劃 臺灣府，隸屬於福建省

TAIWAN, or Chinese Formosa, is considered a Foo or district of the province of Fokien, and is governed by a Taoutai extraordinary, who, though responsible to the provincial viceroy, possesses the privilege of memorialising the Throne direct. “The district of Taiwan,” says the Chinese Government Chart, of which a copy was supplied to me by the Formosan authorities, “is bounded in the rear by mountains, and in front by the sea. The ancestral hills of Formosa derive their origin from the Woo-hoo-mun (Five Tiger Gate), the entrance to Foochow, whence they glided across the sea. In the ocean towards the east are two places called Tungkwan (Damp Limit) and Pih-mow (White Acre), which mark the spots where the dragons of the Formosan hills emerged. These sacred reptiles had pierced unseen the depths of ocean, and announcing their ascent to the surface by throwing up the bluff at Kelung-head, by a number of violent contortions heaved up the regular series of hills, valleys, and plains that extend north and south in varied undulations for the space of 1000 leagues (applied figuratively). The mountain-peaks are too multitudinous to enumerate, and the geography of the island too comprehensive to take into present consideration ; we will therefore confine ourselves to a few general remarks. In rear of the hills, eastward, flows the ocean ; facing them, to the westward, is the sea ; and between lies the prefecture of Taiwan.”

臺灣，或稱中國福爾摩沙，被認為是福建省的一個府或地區，由一位道臺管理，雖然他對福建省總督負責，但卻擁有直接向皇上遞交奏摺的特權。臺灣當局向我提供了一份中國政府圖表，其中寫道：「臺灣地區後靠山，前臨海。福爾摩沙的祖山源於福州的入口五虎門，從那裡滑行過海。東邊的大海裡有兩個地方，叫東關和白畝，是臺灣山龍出沒的地方。這些神聖的爬行動物神穿透了看不見的海洋深處，在基隆頭拋起峭壁，使它們湧上了海面，並藉由劇烈的變形，將一系列有規律的丘陵、山谷和平原抬起來，這些丘陵、山谷和平原以不同的起伏向南北延伸，長達1000 里格（比喻）。由於山峰眾多，無法一一列舉，該島的地理情況過於廣泛，目前無法考慮；因此，我們僅作一些概括性的評論。山峰的後方，向東是海洋；面對山峰，向西是大海；中間是臺灣府。」

1864，郇和，“Notes on the Island of Formosa.”, in The Journal of the Royal Geographic Society of London，卷 XXXIV, London: John Murray, 出版於 1865, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 6:

THE PESCADORES, consisting of over twenty inhabited islands, besides several inlets and rocks, lie off the south-western coast of Formosa at a minimum distance of about twenty-five miles, and the entire group is set down on the charts as extending from latitude 23° 12′ to 23° 47′ N., and from longitude 119° 19′ to 119° 41′ E. They form together the Dashing Lake District or Ting, 澎湖廳, of the Taiwan Prefecture, and are placed under the control of resident civil and military mandarins who report to their superior officers at Taiwanfoo.

澎湖列島由二十多個有人居住的島嶼組成，此外還有一些小海灣和岩石，位於福爾摩沙西南海岸外，最短距離約25英里，整個列島在海圖上的位置是從北緯23°12′到23°47′，東經119°19′到119°41′，它們共同組成了臺灣府澎湖廳，由常駐的文官和武官控制，他們向臺灣府的上級官員報告。

1887 February，甘為霖 (W. Campbell)，“A Few Notes from the Pescadores.”, in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal，卷 XVIII, 期 2, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, →OCLC，頁 62:

In effect each area paid an assigned land tax quota, which was allocated among households — depending upon the amount of land they owned and registered with the land tax office. Households paid this tax in silver, and by 1736 the state collected this kind of land tax in all provinces except Shansi, Taiwan prefecture (part of Fukien province), and Kweichow.

實際上，每個地區都要繳納指定的土地稅配額，根據家庭擁有並在土地稅務局登記的土地數量，將配額分配給家庭。家庭用白銀繳納這種稅，到 1736 年，國家在除山西、臺灣府（福建省的一部分）和貴州省以外的所有省份徵收這種土地稅。

1980，Ramon H. Myers，“The Public Sector: The State”, in The Chinese Economy Past and Present, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁s 78–79:

President Ma further noted that in 1683 during the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) the emperor formally included the Diaoyutais as territory of China in Taiwan Prefecture, Fujian Province. In 1812, the Diaoyutais were placed under the administration of the Kavalan Office of the Taiwan prefectural government, he added, pointing out that the Record of Missions to Taiwan and Adjacent Waters 《臺海使槎錄》 and the Illustrations of Taiwan 《全臺圖説》 prove that China effectively ruled over the Diaoyutai Islets during the Qing Dynasty.

馬總統進一步指出，於1683年，清朝（1644-1911）皇帝正式將福建省臺灣地區的釣魚台納入中國領土。 1812年，釣魚台劃歸臺灣府噶瑪蘭廳管轄，並以《臺海使槎錄》和《全臺圖説》證明中國在清朝時期對釣魚台群島進行了有效統治。

2016 [2014年April17日]，“President Ma Attends "Examining the Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands Dispute under New and Multiple Perspectives" International Conference”, in Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook of International Law and Affairs，卷 32 (2014), Brill Nijhoff, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 281:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。

以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃
清朝的行政區劃
臺灣省，清帝國的行省 （自19世紀晚期）

In 1885 Governor LIU determined to reconstruct Taipei and make it the temporary capital until, the railway having on its way to Taiwan reached the old town of Changhua, in about the middle of Formosa, he should build a city near that place and make it, under the name of Taiwan, the capital of the province of Taiwan.

1896，J. D. Clark，Formosa，Shanghai: Shanghai Mercury, →OCLC，頁 44:

Near Bang-ka is Twa-tu-tia, the great center of the tea-trade of Formosa, and the capital of the province of Taiwan (i. e. Formosa) from 1885 to 1896.

艋舺附近是大稻埕，它是福爾摩沙茶葉貿易的重要中心，也是1885年至1896年間臺灣省（即福爾摩沙）的省會。

1898，“Bang-ka, or Mang-ka”, in Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia: A New Edition，卷 I, New York: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC，頁 480，列 2:

The Chinese forces holding Formosa numbered about 50,000 men, and its defence was ably conducted by Liu Ming-chüan, then imperial High Commissioner ad hoc afterwards first governor of the newly created province of Taiwan.

控制福爾摩沙的中國軍隊約有五萬人，其防禦由時任欽差大臣、後來擔任新成立的臺灣省首任總督的劉銘全出色地指揮。

1918，馬士，“France and Tongking”, in The International Relations of the Chinese Empire，卷 II, 朗文出版社, →OCLC，頁 861:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。

以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃
日本殖民地 （自19世紀晚期）

Taiwan (Formosa) and Hōkotō (the Pescadores) were ceded to Japan upon the close of the Chinese War of 1895. Taiwan has a Governor-General with extreme powers, and is now an integral part of Japan.

1895年中日戰爭結束後，臺灣島（福爾摩沙）和澎湖列島被割讓給日本。臺灣有一位擁有極大權力的總督府，現在是日本不可分割的一部分。

1902，“Appendix”, in The Isle of Man, Gibraltar, Malta, St Helena, Barbados, Cyrpus, the Channel Islands, the British Army & Navy (The British Empire Series)，卷 V, →OCLC，頁 649:

Taiwan is governed by a Governor-General. Since 1895 three Governors have resigned. The present in office is General Count Samata Sakuma.

臺灣由總督管轄。 自1895年以來，已有三任總督辭職。 現任總督是佐久間左馬太將軍。

1913，Charlotte M. Salwey，“Formosa, the Beautiful (Taiwan)”, in The Island Dependencies of Japan，London: Eugène L. Morice, →OCLC，頁 39:

Amoy is one of the three Chinese ports closer to the Japanese colony of Taiwan (Formosa) than are any ports in the Japanese Empire proper.

與日本帝國本土的任何港口相比，廈門是距離日本殖民地臺灣（福爾摩沙）最近的三個中國港口之一。

1938年July29日，“Amoy is Island Key to South China's Strategic Province”, in The Winchester Star，卷 LVIII, 期 1, Winchester, Mass., →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 2，列 5:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。

以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃

臺灣省，中華民國名義上的一個省（不包括後來陸續脫離該省的六個直轄市） （自20世紀起）

Recent reports from Taiwan (Formosa), although fragmentary, begin to give a picture of economic conditions following the conclusion of the war. Now officially referred to as Taiwan Province, the island's former Japanese administration is being replaced by Chinese officials with little change, at least as yet, in the administrative pattern. Although there is no indication that ideographs will be changed, Chinese readings rather than Japanese will be followed for place names. Taihoku, for example, will be read in our alphabet as Taipei. This city presumably will continue to be the capital of Taiwan.

最近來自臺灣（福爾摩沙）的報告雖然零零碎碎，但已開始描述戰爭結束後的經濟狀況。（臺灣）現在被正式稱作臺灣省，該島以前的日本行政機構正由中國官員取代，但行政模式至少到目前為止變化不大。雖然沒有跡象表明表意文字將發生變化，但地名將採用漢語讀音而非日語讀音。例如，「Taihoku」在我們的字母表中將讀作「Taipei」。這個城市大概將繼續作為臺灣的首都。

1946年February16日，“China”, in Foreign Commerce Weekly，卷 XXII, 期 7, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, United States Department of Commerce, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 26，列 2:

The Chinese Government today, with its program of local self-government in Taiwan, provides a revealing contrast to the Communist totalitarian "democratic dictatorship" on the mainland. Herein lies the foundation for our eventual victory against Communism.

今天的中國政府在臺灣實施地方自治，與大陸共產極權主義的「民主獨裁」形成了鮮明對比。這正是我們最終戰勝共產主義的基礎。

1957，蔣介石，Soviet Russia in China: A Summing-up at Seventy，New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁s 239–240:

By all accounts, Lee lacks Chiang's charisma. The son of a rice farmer from northern Taiwan, he trained as an agronomist at Cornell University, then served as mayor of Taipei and governor of Taiwan Province, where he won widespread popularity.

從各方面來看，李登輝都缺乏蔣介石的魅力。他是臺灣北部一位稻農的兒子，在康奈爾大學接受農藝師培訓，隨後擔任臺北市市長和臺灣省省長，贏得了廣泛的支持。

1988年January25日，Fay Willey, Carroll Bogert, Dorinda Elliott, David Newell，“End of a Dynasty and an Era”, in 新聞週刊，卷 CXI, 期 4, →ISSN, →OCLC, International，頁 34，列 3:

In August 1993, I began preparing to run in the first race for mayor of Taipei elected directly by popular vote, to be held in December 1994. At the same time, the positions of mayor of Kaohsiung City and governor of Taiwan Province were also up for direct popular election.

1993年8月，我開始準備參加1994年12月舉行的首次臺北市市長直選。與此同時，高雄市市長和臺灣省省長的職位也將進行直接民選。

2000，陳水扁，“From Elected Representative to Administrative Chief”, in David J. Toman（譯者）, The Son of Taiwan: The Life of Chen Shui-Bian and His Dreams for Taiwan，Taiwan Publishing Co., Ltd., →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 84:

The participants then marched to several sites where other major incidents had occurred, and they ended at the Executive Yuan building, which was formerly the headquarters of the Taiwan Provincial Government.

隨後，參加者遊行到其他重大事件發生地，最後到達行政院大樓，這裡曾是臺灣省政府總部。

2022年February28日，Yi-ching Chiang, Teng Pei-ju，“Civil groups march in Taipei, demand truth about 228 Incident”, in 中央通訊社，存檔自the original on 2022-02-28:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。

以臺灣島為中心，包括附近島嶼的行政區劃
臺灣省，中華人民共和國聲稱擁有主權的省份 （自20世紀中期起）

The eastern part of Taiwan Province is washed by the Pacific Ocean while the mainland coast borders on the Pohai, the Yellow, the East China and the South China Seas, each with its different depth and water temperature.

臺灣省東部受太平洋沖刷，大陸沿岸與渤海、黃海、東海和南海接壤，不同海域深度和水溫各異。

1964，任育地 [Jen Yu-ti]，“Seas”, in 中国地理概述 [A Concise Geography of China]，Peking: 外文出版社, →OCLC, →OL，頁s 42–43:

China (excluding Taiwan Province) has 381 cities as of the end of 1987, including 3 provincial-level cities, 170 provincially administered cities and 208 township-level cities. In addition there are 1,985 counties (including autonomous counties, banners and autonomous banners) in China.

截至1987年底，中國（不含臺灣省）有381個市，其中省級市3個、地級市170個、縣級市208個。此外，中國還有1985個縣（含自治縣、旗、自治旗）。

1992，Shunwu (周舜武) Zhou，“Overview”, in 中国分省地理，Beijing: 外文出版社, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 499:

I had my final meeting with Deng Xiaoping. We signed agreements concerning consular offices, trade, science and technology, cultural exchange, and so forth. After discussing the political problems I had in normalization, Zbig asked him, "Did you have political opposition in China?" Everybody listened very carefully when Deng said, "Yes, I had serious opposition in one province in China—Taiwan."

我與鄧小平進行了最後一次會面。 我們簽署了領事、貿易、科技、文化交流等領域的協議。 在討論了我在正常化過程中遇到的政治問題後，茲比格問他：「你在中國有政治反對派嗎？」當鄧小平說：「是的，我在中國的一個省——臺灣，遭到了嚴重的反對」時，大家都聽得很仔細。

2011 [1979年January31日]，吉米·卡特，White House Diary, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 286:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。

臺灣小行星，即小行星2169，位於主小行星帶，1964年發現 （自20世紀中期起）

For the Massalia family, we only have information on (20) Massalia (pv = 0.21±0.01). Finally, for the Astrid family, we have (1128) Astrid with pv = 0.077±0.010 and (2169) Taiwan with pv = 0.099±0.020. In each of these cases, the values conform to the taxonomic type of the corresponding families.

對於馬薩利亞家族，我們只有 (20) 馬薩利亞的信息 (pv = 0.21±0.01)。最後，對於阿斯特里德家族，我們有（1128）阿斯特里德，pv = 0.077±0.010 和（2169）臺灣，pv = 0.099±0.020。在每種情況下，值都符合相應家族的分類類型。

2005，D. Vokrouhlický et al.，“Yarkovsky/YORP chronology of asteroid families”, in Icarus，卷 182, 期 1, 出版於 2006, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 126，列 2:

2169 Taiwan, a carbonaceous asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt between Jupiter and Mars, will be at its closest to Earth at around 11 p.m. Thursday, the Taipei Astronomical Museum said.

臺北市立天文博物館週四表示，2169臺灣是一顆來自木星和火星之間小行星帶中心區域的碳質小行星，將於晚上11點左右最接近地球。

2019年August29日，“Asteroid 'Taiwan' to come closest to Earth late Thursday: museum”, in 中央通訊社，存檔自the original on 2022-09-10, Science & Tech:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwan。


Taiwanese

more Taiwanese (comparative)
most Taiwanese (superlative)

As Reece Overhalt spoke to the President, the first reports came in of China’s invasion of the Taiwanese island of Peikan, just off the coast of Fujian.

當里斯·奧弗哈特與總統交談時，第一份關於中國入侵臺灣北竿島的報導傳來，該島位於福建沿海。

1997，Humphrey Hawksley，Simon Hoberton，章號 7, in Dragon Strike: The Millennium War (Fiction), Sidgwick & Jackson, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁 338:

At 6.30 am on 23 August 1958, Mao delivered his response to Khrushchev's peace initiative. The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) rained thousands of artillery shells onto the Taiwanese islands of Kinmen and Matsu. The bombardment continued unabated for 44 days, during which time Kinmen sustained hits from over 474,000 artillery shells.

1958年8月23日早上6時30分，毛澤東對赫魯雪夫的和平倡議作出了回應。中國人民解放軍向臺灣金門島和馬祖島發射了數千枚砲彈。有增無減的砲擊持續了44天，期間金門遭受超過474,000枚砲彈的襲擊。

1998，Robert Storey，“Islands of the Taiwan Straits”, in Taiwan (Lonely Planet)，第4th版, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 308:


Taiwanese

Congregations consist mainly of Mandarin-speaking refugees from the mainland but Taiwanese are not excluded. Student centers were established at Taipei, Panchiao, and Tainan for Bible study, fellowship, and personal counseling.

會眾主要由來自大陸講普通話的難民組成，但也不排除臺灣人。 台北、板橋和台南設立學生中心，提供聖經學習、團契和個人輔導。

1965，“Lutheranism in Asia”, in The Encyclopedia of the Lutheran Church，卷 I, Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 125，列 1:

Taiwan was the touchstone for both sides. We felt that we should not and could not abandon the Taiwanese; we were committed to Taiwan's right to exist as an independent nation.

臺灣是雙方的試金石。 我們覺得不應該也不可能拋棄臺灣人；我們致力於臺灣作為一個獨立國家存在的權利。

1978，Richard Nixon，RN: the Memoirs of Richard Nixon，Grosset & Dunlap, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 570:

We know the “ethnic” distribution between Taiwanese and mainland Chinese households in each district (ch’ü) of Taipei. In 1963, the percent of Taiwanese households varied from only 28.8% in Taan district to 86% in Chiencheng district. In 1991, Taan again had the lowest percent of Taiwanese households (63%) and Tatung the highest (86%).

我們知道臺北各區臺灣人和大陸人家庭的民族分佈情況。1963年，臺灣人家庭的百分比從大安區的28.8%到建城區的86%不等。1991年，大安區的臺灣人家庭比例最低（63%），大同區最高（86%）。

1996，Robert M. Marsh，“Solidarity with Extended Kin”, in The Great Transformation: Social Change in Taipei, Taiwan Since the 1960s，M.E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁s 149-150:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Taiwanese。


scientific name

From the point of view of biology, a bird has both a scientific name and a common name.

从生物学角度来说，鸟类既有学名，也有俗名。

2016，James Lambert，“Ornithonymy and Lexicographical Selection Criteria”, in International Journal of Lexicography，卷 30, 期 1，頁s 39–62:

There’s the Thor fly in tribute of the God of Thunder, played in Marvel by Chris Hemsworth. Its scientific name is “Daptolestes bronteflavus,” which is derived from Latin like most scientific names – and translates to “blond thunder.” […] There’s the Loki fly, in honor of the tortured God of Mischief, whose scientific name is “Daptolestes illusiolautus,” meaning elegant deception.

有一种名为“雷神蝇”（Thor Fly）的苍蝇，是为了向克里斯·海姆斯沃斯在漫威电影中饰演的雷神致敬。它的学名是“Daptolestes bronteflavus”，和大多数学名一样，源于拉丁语，意为“金色雷霆”。 […] 还有一种名为“洛基蝇”（Loki Fly）的苍蝇，是为了向饱受折磨的诡计之神致敬，它的学名是“Daptolestes illusiolautus”，意为“优雅的欺骗”。

2020年July29日，Jessie Yeung，“Australia names new species after Deadpool, Thor, and other Marvel favorites”, in CNN:


sea urchin

來自sea + urchin (“刺蝟”)，因其外型類似刺蝟。

/ˈsi ˌɝtʃɪ̈n/

Of the many species of sea urchins utilized in biological research today the most widely used in North America is probably the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

1986, Patrick S. Leahy, Chapter 1: Laboratory Culture of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Adults, Embryos, and Larvae, Thomas E. Schroeder (editor), Methods in Cell Biology, Volume 27: Echinoderm Gametes and Embryos, page 2,

The pericentriolar radial complex characteristic of the spermatozoa of other echinoderms is lacking in the spermatozoa of all sea urchins.

2001，V. L. Kasyanov，Reproductive Strategy of Marine Bivalves and Echinoderms，頁 90:

Approximately 20% of sea urchins are direct-developers, meaning that they bypass the pluteal larval stage and develop directly into an adult sea urchin.

2004，Belinda J. Sly，The Development and Evolution of the Echinoderm Nervous System，頁 9:


sedimentary rock

It's a geological wonderland, with great exposures of colorful and varied sedimentary rocks.

这里简直就是一个地质仙境，拥有大量色彩斑斓、种类繁多的沉积岩。

2012，Chinle Miller，In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks，第Kindle版:


dachshund

借自德語 Dachshund (“獾犬”)；Dachs (“獾”) + Hund (“狗”)。

We had decided to take a small dog for the children and we chose a tan, short-haired, six-week-old male dachshund. We named him Fritz.

2006，Ted Freeman，Doctor in Vanuatu，Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific, →ISBN，頁 35:


acquiescer

On the basis of these scores, patients were designated High Acquiescers and Low Acquiescers.

1969，Digest of Neurology and Psychiatry，頁 82:


antibody

It’s estimated only 0.1% of antibodies circulating in the bloodstream enter the brain – this also includes the therapeutic antibodies currently used in clinical trials. An approach my team is taking is to use ultrasound to temporarily open the blood-brain barrier, which increases the uptake of Alzheimer’s drugs or antibody fragments.

据估计，血液循环系统中仅有0.1%的抗体能进入脑部——这包括目前临床试验中使用的治疗性抗体。我们团队正在采用的方法是使用超声波暂时打开血脑屏障，从而提高阿尔茨海默病药物或抗体片段的中枢摄取率。

2018年January18日，Jürgen Götz，“Why it’s so hard to treat dementia”, in CNN:


access time

電腦資料在存取所需的時間

Random access files have a fast access time, but they cannot easily produce sequential lists.

1986，Roger R Flynn，An Introduction to Information Science:


accessibility

來自accessible + -ity，按照晚期拉丁語 accessibilitas所造，來自拉丁語 accessibilis。

無障礙；為有某些障礙的用戶增加軟件可用性的功能

He says the company's FLIRT design, in particular its retractable steps, provides greater accessibility, while the technology is highly innovative and reliable.

2021年May19日，David Clough，“Swiss precision meets UK growth”, in RAIL，期 931，頁 57:


staphylococcus

This Scottish bacteriologist accidentally discovered the antibiotic penicillin after bacteria-killing fungus formed on staphylococci cultures he had left unattended.

這位蘇格蘭細菌學家在無意中發現了抗生素青黴素，當時他未妥善處理的葡萄球菌培養物上長出了殺菌黴菌。

2012，The Onion Book of Known Knowledge，頁 127:


survival of the fittest

由哲学家赫伯特·斯宾塞在1864造出，受查爾斯·達爾文的《物種起源》所啟發，並被達爾文用於其之後的版本。

自然選擇；字面意思為最適者生存、適者生存

Slow though the process of selection may be, if feeble man can do much by artificial selection, I can see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of life, which may have been effected in the long course of time through nature's power of selection, that is by the survival of the fittest.

1872，Charles Darwin，“Chapter IV”, in The Origin of Species，第Sixth London Edition版:


time lag

Owing to the time lag which must occur between the dates of closing for press and publication, it sometimes happens that items of news are out of date, or inaccurate, by the time they reach readers.

1947 January and February，“Notes and News: Steamer Services on the Clyde”, in Railway Magazine，頁 50:

The communicating doors of adjoining vehicles are opened simultaneously by pressing a large push-button located a suitable height for a man loaded with mailbags to contact it with his shoulder; after a time-lag of seven seconds the doors close automatically.

1959 December，“New TPOs for the Western Region”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 581:


transuranium element

The main theme of TRL [Transuranium Research Laboratory] research with transuranium elements has been the exploration of a region of the periodic table that is relatively new and inaccessible to most scientists. […] Our research with the heavy elements has extended our knowledge considerably and tested our ideas concerning how the periodic table is constructed.

TRL（超铀研究实验室）对超铀元素的研究主题是探索元素周期表中相对较新且大多数科学家难以触及的区域。 […] 我们对重元素的研究大大扩展了我们的知识，并检验了我们关于元素周期表构成方式的想法。

1983 spring，Richard Hahn，“Life at the End of the Periodic Table”, in Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review，卷 16, 期 2, Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 25，列 1:


hummingbird

來自humming (名詞) + bird，來自翅膀快速拍動發出的嗡嗡聲。

humming bird (alternative)
humming-bird (alternative)
hummingbirds (plural)

/ˈhʌmɪŋˌbɝd/

/ˈhʌmɪŋˌbɜːd/

Soon I hear the low all-pervading hum of an approaching hummingbird circling above the rock, …

1857 Thoreau, Henry David, journal entry, May 29, 1857. From Thoreau on Birds: notes on New England birds from the Journals of Henry David Thoreau, Boston: Beacon Press, 1993, p238. (Originally published as the anthology Thoreau's bird-lore, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910, edited by Francis H. Allen.)

Beyond the veranda was a small cleared garden, bounded with cactus hedges and adorned with clumps of flowering shrubs, round which the great blue butterflies and the tiny humming-birds fluttered and darted in crescents of sparkling light.

1912，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle，The Lost World:


honey

來自中古英語 hony, honi，來自古英語 huniġ，來自原始西日耳曼語 *hunag，來自原始日耳曼語 *hunagą（對照西弗里斯蘭語 hunich、德語 Honig），來自早期*hunangą（對比瑞典語 honung），來自原始印歐語 *kn̥h₂onk-o-s，來自*kn̥h₂ónks。和中古威爾士語 canecon (“金”)、拉丁語 canicae 複 (“糠”)、吐火羅語B kronkśe (“蜂”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 qengjë (“蜂巢”)、古希臘語 κνῆκος (knêkos，“紅花”)、北庫爾德語 şan (“蜂巢”)、北盧里語 گونج (gonj，“蜂”)同源。

The physical properties of the different honeys, color, granulation, aroma, flavor, etc., are indicated in the table only in a very general way.

1908，United States. Bureau of Chemistry，Bulletin，期s 110-114:

If two of the California honeys, western hyssop and fleabane, having a positive polarization at 200 C. are disregarded, then the remaining...

Eucalyptus honeys could be characterized based on seven volatile compounds, whereas lavender honeys had only five...

2011，Stephen Taylor，Advances in Food and Nutrition Research，卷 62:


water level

There is one feature of interest: at Rendsburg after a not too-easily graded ascent from the plain by means of an embankment, the train crosses the Kiel Canal by a double-track steel bridge 138 ft. above water-level, with, on a clear day, magnificent views over the countryside, and then loops round right, descending to canal level and, parallel with the canal, crossing under the bridge over which it passed a few minutes previously.

1949 September and October，“The "Nord Express"”, in Railway Magazine，頁 337:

(定語) 沿著河岸和海岸線的路線

The water-level route, the whistle and the loud staccato exhaust of this great engine recalled most vividly memories of the New York Central Hudsons highballing along the Hudson River between Harmon and Albany!

1960 October，P. Ransome-Wallis，“Modern motive power of the German Federal Railway: Part Two”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 613: