Wiktionary

Wiktionaries (plural)
wiktionary (alternative)

/ˈwɪkʃəˌnɛ(ə)ɹi/

/ˈwɪkʃəˌnɛɹi/

[Hamish Mackintosh:] So is Google officially a verb now? / [William Gibson:] When I wrote Pattern Recognition, it occurred to me that I could use it as a verb and it also occurred to me that someone might already have done so. I thought it didn't matter too much. If I'm first that's great, but if I'm not, then it's just good reportage in a way. Sites like Wiktionary track new usages and neologisms. The page on Google as a verb went back almost two years!

2003年May1日，Hamish Mackintosh，“Talk time: William Gibson”, in The Guardian，London，存檔自the original on 2016-06-30，頁 21:

[page 428] Wiktionary is a multilingual dictionary (also thesaurus and phrase-book) and has distinctive content policies. Words must be attested and idiomatic (that is, words should be in use, and phrases should be commonly used idioms), and submissions should be neutral and verifiable. […] [page 430] Wiktionary was proposed on the Wikipedia-L mailing list in April 2001 by Larry Sanger, just three months after Wikipedia was launched. […] An outside project called Omegawiki, started by a handful of Wiktionarians, is working on a grand combination of data from Wiktionary into a single dictionary for all languages.

2008，Phoebe Ayers，Charles Matthews，Ben Yates，“Wikimedia Commons and Other Sister Projects”, in How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It，San Francisco, Calif.: No Starch Press, →ISBN，頁s 428 and 430:

Wikipedia has a well-known policy (to experienced editors, at least) stating what kinds of information belong in the encyclopedia. The sister projects that the Wikimedia Foundation supports, such as Wiktionary, fulfill some of the roles that Wikipedia does not. […] Wiktionary is a free, multilingual dictionary with definitions, etymologies, pronunciations, sample quotations, synonyms, antonyms and translations. It's the "lexical companion" to Wikipedia.

2008，John Broughton，“What Wikipedia is Not”, in Wikipedia Reader’s Guide (The Missing Manual)，Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly Media, →ISBN，頁 22:

Collaborative online resources such as Wiktionary may offer a first view of recent coinages which have not yet been included in traditional dictionaries.

2010，Elizabeth Knowles，“[Appendix:] Where to Look: A Selection of Online Resources”, in How to Read a Word，Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN，頁 159:

The source of a Wiktionary relation is usually associated with a certain word sense. The syntax [2] fish within the article bass, e.g., indicates that the second sense of bass (the fish within the order of Perciformes) is the source of a (hypernymy) relation to the target term fish. Unfortunately, the target of a relation is not sense disambiguated in general, as it is only given by a link to a certain article. For the term fish in the relation above, it is not clear whether the maritime animal, a part of a ship's mast or a card game is meant. Automatic word sense disambiguation is required to determine the correct sense of the target. To our knowledge, this issue has not been addressed in any of the works based on Wiktionary.

2010，Christian M. Meyer，Iryna Gurevych，“Worth Its Weight in Gold or Yet Another Resource – A Comparative Study of Wiktionary, OpenThesaurus and GermaNet”, in Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: 11th International Conference, CICLing 2010, Iasi, Romania, March 21–27, 2010, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; 6008; LNCS Sublibrary; SL 1 (Theoretical Computer Science and General Issues))，Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, N.Y.: Springer, →ISBN，頁 41:

In a letter, Otto Maier called this drawing a "Galimathias"; according to a "wiktionary entry," this is a Greek word that passed from French students to German citizens and signifies something like "nonsense".

2015，Werner Krauß，“Heritage and Climate Change: A Fatal Affair”, in The Future of Heritage as Climates Change: Loss, Adaptation and Creativity (Key Issues in Cultural Heritage)，Abingdon, Oxon., New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN，頁 54:

此詞典項目的特定版本，以某種語言編寫，例如英語維基詞典。

The site was brought online in English on December 12, 2002; on March 29, 2004, the first non-English Wiktionaries were initiated in French and Polish. Wiktionaries in over 200 languages now exist, and more than 100 have more than 100 definitions.

2008，Phoebe Ayers，Charles Matthews，Ben Yates，“Wikimedia Commons and Other Sister Projects”, in How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It，San Francisco, Calif.: No Starch Press, →ISBN，頁 430:


beaucoup

借自法語 beaucoup。在越南戰爭期間因美國大兵而普及。

You know that cost beaucoup bucks!

Donlon says, "Well, we're rich and we got beaucoup beer and beaucoup chow. Now all we need is the Bob Hope show."

唐倫說：「嗯，我們很富有，我們有很多啤酒和很多食物。現在我們需要的只是鮑勃霍普秀。」

1979，Gustav Hasford，The Short-Timers，New York: Bantam Books, 出版於 1980, →ISBN，頁 93:


beaucoup

借自法語 beaucoup。在越南戰爭期間因美國大兵而普及。

Alongside the road with holes in my soul and my shoes / And beaucoups of blues

1970，“Beaucoups of Blues”, in Buzz Rabin 作詞, Beaucoups of Blues，演出者 Ringo Starr:


babouche

借自法語 babouche，來自阿拉伯語 بَابُوش (bābūš)，來自波斯語 پاپوش (pâpuš，“拖鞋”)。

土耳其或摩洛哥式拖鞋；平底拖鞋

BABOUCHE, S. F. (soulier des Turcs, & autres peuples orientaux,) a Shoe worn by the Turks, and other Oriental Nations.

1729，Abel Boyer，The Royal Dictionary, French and English, and English and French Extracted from the Writings of the Best Authors in Both Languages，London: J. and J. Knapton:


helium

借自新拉丁語 helium，源自古希臘語 ἥλιος (hḗlios，“太陽”)（因其存在最初是在太陽大氣層中被理論化的） + -ium。

It was an enormous balloon filled with helium, that elemental gas forged from hydrogen in the nuclear furnace of the stars.

1997，Ian McEwan，Enduring Love，Vintage (1998)，頁 3:


trendy

trendier (comparative)
trendiest (superlative)

I hate those trendy pre-wrinkled shirts.

Some people who go to trendy cafés lament getting stuck at the long central table that has to be shared, instead hoping they get a ‘private’ table. But that is foolish. On a recent trip to see family, I got stuck at the big table in a café, too; I ended up making a new friend there and learning about the surrounding town.

2024年July22日，Antone Martinho-Truswell，Take a seat: the long table is an antidote to loneliness:


equate

源自中古英語 equaten，源自拉丁語 aequātus，aequō的過去分詞。

æquate (alternative)
equates (third-person singular present)
equating (present participle)
equated (past participle)

Mr. Hoyle, who does not believe many multiple-unit diesel services on secondary routes will resist for ever the road transport challenge, would forgo passenger traffic altogether on a little-used route in order to improve the quality of the freight working and reduce its costs by equating the average speed of all trains on the line concerned.

1960 February，“Talking of Trains”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 67:


equate

彙編語言中的語句，定義具有特定值的符號。

The first section of the program includes the system equates.

2005，Arnold S. Berger，Hardware and Computer Organization，頁 220:

The following equates define the stats byte […]

2009，Saifullah Khalid, Neetu Agrawal，Microprocessor System，頁 256:

You can learn much about user routines, labels, displacements, equates (EQU) and so on, by modifying this program and observing the results on the screen.

2012，J. S. Anderson，Microprocessor Technology，頁 221:


euthanasia

首次使用於1606年，來自古希臘語 εὐθανασία (euthanasía)，來自εὐ- (eu-，“好的”) + θάνατος (thánatos，“死亡”)。

/juːθəˈneɪʒə/

It would in time, it is to be hoped, effect a quiet euthanasia of the heresies of bigotry and fanaticism which have so long triumphed over human reason, and so generally and deeply afflicted mankind; but this work is to be begun by winnowing the grain from the chaff of the historians of his life.

1819 October 31, Thomas Jefferson, Letter To William Short, Monticello,

This purely painless process, this descent by oblivious trance into oblivion, this natural physical death, is the true euthanasia; and it is the duty of those we call physicians to secure for man such good health as shall bear him in activity and happiness onward in his course to this goal. For euthanasia, though it be open to every one born of every race, is not to be had by any save through obedience to those laws which it is the mission of the physician to learn, to teach, and to enforce. Euthanasia is the sequel of health, the happy death engrafted on the perfect life.

1876, Natural Euthanasia, Popular Science Monthly, Volume 8,

For myself I could hold it in my account with God to find such an euthanasia for you, even at this moment if it were best.

1897，Bram Stoker，Dracula，New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:


jargon

源自中古英語 jargoun、jargon，源自古法語 jargon，gargon、gargun (“談話，對話”)的變體。

They [the Normans] abandoned their native speech, and adopted the French tongue, in which Latin was the predominant element. They speedily raised their new language to a dignity and importance which it had never before possessed. They found it a barbarous jargon; they fixed it in writing; and they employed it in legislation, in poetry, and in romance.

1849，Thomas Babington Macaulay，章號 I, in The History of England from the Accession of James II，卷 I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC，頁 11:

In fact all the competing theories have developed their own specialized jargons and have a tendency to be difficult to penetrate.

2014，Ian Hodder，Archaeological Theory Today:


jargon

jargons (third-person singular present)
jargoning (present participle)
jargoned (past participle)

Prussian Trenck, the poor subterranean Baron, jargons and jangles in an unmelodious manner.

1837，Thomas Carlyle，“Fatherland in Danger”, in The French Revolution: A History […]，卷 III (The Guillotine), London: James Fraser, […], →OCLC, book III (The Girondins)，頁 184:


red

源自中古英語 red，源自古英語 rēad，源自原始西日耳曼語 *raud，源自原始日耳曼語 *raudaz（對比西弗里斯蘭語 read、低地德語 root、rod、荷蘭語 rood、德語 rot、丹麥語、書面挪威語 rød、新挪威語 raud），源自原始印歐語 *h₁rowdʰós，來自詞根*h₁rewdʰ-（對比威爾士語 rhudd、拉丁語 ruber、rufus、吐火羅語A rtär、吐火羅語B ratre、古希臘語 ἐρυθρός (eruthrós)、阿爾巴尼亞語 pruth (“紅髮人”)、古教會斯拉夫語 рудъ (rudŭ)、捷克語 rudý、立陶宛語 raúdas、阿維斯陀語 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬙𐬀 (raoidita)、梵語 रुधिर (rudhirá，“紅色的，血腥的”)）。

redder (comparative)
more red (comparative)
reddest (superlative)
most red (superlative)

Amerind

美洲原住民的，印第安人的

red whortleberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)

The girl wore a red skirt.

女孩穿著一條紅色的短裙。

Your colour, I warrant you, is as red as any rose.

我保證，你的顏色，就和薔薇一樣紅。

c. 1596–1599，William Shakespeare，“The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio)，London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

The flowers glowed red and golden: snapdragons and sunflowers, and nasturtians trailing all over the turf walls and peeping in at the round windows.

1954年July29日，J.R.R. Tolkien，“I: A Long-Expected Party”, in The Fellowship of the Ring (The Lord of the Rings; 1), →ISBN:


red

A bottle of red, a bottle of white / It all depends upon your appetite / I'll meet you any time you want / in our Italian restaurant.

1977 September，Billy Joel （作曲作詞）, “Scenes from an Italian Restaurant”, in The Stranger:

He produced a wine key from his jacket pocket and effortlessly removed the cork from the bottle of red.

2005，Jeffrey P. Landry，Temptation Mango:

59 sneak in some red Smuggle a bottle of wine, two glasses, and a corkscrew into a long matinee. Red wine is rich in life-extending antioxidants, and the caper will add zest even to a bad movie.

2008 January–February，“70 Ways to Improve Every Day of the Week”, in Men's Health，卷 23, 期 1, →ISSN，頁 135:

What in the world ever became of sweet Jane? / She lost her sparkle, you know she isn't the same / Livin' on reds, vitamin C, and cocaine

1970，“Truckin'”, in American Beauty，演出者 Grateful Dead:

The big market, these days, is in Downers. Reds and smack—Seconal and heroin—and a hellbroth of bad domestic grass sprayed with everything from arsenic to horse tranquillizers.

1971，Hunter S. Thompson，Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas，Harper Perennial, 出版於 2005，頁 202:

Stopping on the red, you're going on the green / Cause tonight will be like nothing you've ever seen / And you're barreling down the boulevard / You're looking for the heart of Saturday night

1974，Tom Waits （作曲作詞）, “(Looking for) The Heart of Saturday Night”, in The Heart of Saturday Night:

The species Sciaenops ocellatus certainly isn’t lacking for nicknames.[…] Clear water also favors sightcasting. Against the dark background of marsh mud, a red will appear like a pumpkin — big, orange and round.

2013 November，Catch Cormier，“Sightcasting for redfish”, in Louisiana Sportsman:


mosquito

借自西班牙語 mosquito (“蚋”)，mosca (“蒼蠅”)的指小，來自拉丁語 musca (“蒼蠅”)，來自原始印歐語 *mūs- (“蒼蠅，刺蠅，蚋”)。與西佛蘭德語 meuzie (“蚊子”)、方言瑞典語 mausa (“蚊子”), 立陶宛語 musė (“蒼蠅”)、西西里語 muschitta (“蠓”)等同源。參見midge。

mosquito hawk (Tipulomorpha or Epiprocta)

We lit a driftwood fire to help keep the mosquitoes away. It was partially successful.

1941年March12日，Charles A. Lindbergh，The Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh，New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 出版於 1970，頁 461:


algorithm

繼承自中古英語 algorisme, augrym，派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 algorisme, augrim，派生自中世紀拉丁語 algorismus，派生自阿拉伯語 الخُوَارِزْمِيّ (al-ḵuwārizmiyy)，源自波斯數學家 Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī，該詞的意思是「來自花剌子模的人」。因為受到了無關的 古希臘語 ἀριθμός (arithmós)（同英語 arithmo-）影響，發音產生了變化（-s- > -th-）。

algorism (alternative)
augrim (alternative)
algorithms (plural)

/ˈælɡəɹɪðəm/

/ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/

/ˈælɡəˌɹɪðəm/

/ˈælɡəˌɹɪðm̩/

Informally, an algorithm is any well-defined computational procedure that takes some value, or set of values, as input and produces some value, or set of values, as output. An algorithm is thus a sequence of computational steps that transform the input into the output.

1990, Cormen, Leiserson, and Rivest, Introduction to Algorithms: page 1. Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press, 1999 (23rd printing)

The use of algorithms in policing is one example of their increasing influence on our lives. And, as their ubiquity spreads, so too does the debate around whether we should allow ourselves to become so reliant on them – and who, if anyone, is policing their use.

2013年July26日，Leo Hickman，“How algorithms rule the world”, in The Guardian Weekly，卷 189, 期 7，頁 26:

It’s a computer – an algorithm – and if you’ve been in Iran lately, they take you out of the system.

2018年June25日，Sam Jones，“Ex-Nato chief refused visa waiver to US because of Iran trips”, in The Guardian:


Canada

借自法語 Canada，源自勞倫特語 kanata (“村莊、聚落”)。比較奧農達加語 ganataa (村莊)。

加拿大（國家名，位於北美洲）。

Father narrated the story of how Canada developed over a short period to surpass other countries, including Britain，from which it had emerged.

父親講述了加拿大如何在短時間內發展超越包括英國在內的其他國家的故事。

2015，Chigozie Obioma，The Fishermen，ONE，頁 219:


Canada

與某個大國接壤的國家，與該大國有許多相似之處，但因大國更加突出而黯然失色

Belgium is France's Canada.

比利時之於法國，就如加拿大之於美國。

2015，Michael DeMocker，The land of waffles, frites, chocolate, meat and, oh yes, culture，Louisiana: The Times-Picayune，頁 1:


yesterday

源自中古英語 yesterday、yisterday、ȝesterdai、ȝisterdai，源自古英語 ġiestrandæġ、ġister dæġ、ġestor dæġ、ġeostran dæġ，等同於yester- + day。对比低地蘇格蘭語 yisterday、yesterday (“昨天”)、哥特語 𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (gistradagis，“明天”，副詞)。也对比關係更遠的荷蘭語 gisteren、德語 gestern。

複數 yesterdays 不常用，使用情境一般是詩歌語，用“過去”義，如“all our yesterdays have come back to haunt us”。

帶 /ˈjɪ-/ 音的讀法現在屬於方言，但過去標準語也使用。如作家、發音研究者托馬斯·謝里丹就曾在著作中表示不推薦該種讀法。

Today is the child of yesterday and the parent of tomorrow.

今天是昨天的孩子、明天的家長。

Yesterday was rainy, but by this morning it had begun to snow.

昨天下雨，但今早開始轉雪。

Yesterday, upon the stair / I met a man who wasn’t there / He wasn’t there again today / I wish, I wish he’d go away …

yesterday's technology

The worker of today is different from that of yesterday.

如今的工人和過去的相比，已經大不相同。

All our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v]:

Risk is everywhere. From tabloid headlines insisting that coffee causes cancer (yesterday, of course, it cured it) to stern government warnings about alcohol and driving, the world is teeming with goblins. For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you.

2013年June22日，“Snakes and ladders”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8841，頁 76:


give up

gives up (third-person singular present)
giving up (present participle)
gave up (past)
given up (past participle)

He gave up his seat to an old man.

"Dear Miss Woodhouse, I would not give up the pleasure and honour of being intimate with you for any thing in the world."

“親愛的伍德豪斯小姐，跟你在一起又快樂又榮幸，我說什麽也不能離開你。”


Taipei

來自官話 臺北／台北 (Tʻai²-pei³)的威妥瑪拼音。

Tʻai-pei (alternative)
Taibei (alternative)
Taipeh (alternative)

臺北（臺灣首都和直轄市）

Hammer De Roburt

1975年June1日，“Nauru republic plans consulate”, in Free China Weekly，卷 XVI, 期 21, Taipei，頁 2:

Years later, when I was governor, I found myself in the same hotel with Nureyev in Taipei, Taiwan.

2005，Bill Clinton，My Life，卷 I, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 219:

We lived in the county of Taoyuan, in northern Taiwan, around twenty-five miles south of the capital of Taipei.

2014，Lu Hsiu-lien, Ashley Esarey，My Fight for a New Taiwan，University of Washington Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL，頁s 19-20:


Italian

借自中世紀拉丁語 Italiānus，來自拉丁語 Italia (“意大利”)。

more Italian (comparative)
most Italian (superlative)

It has been shown that there was a great disposition on the part of some German printers, especially Albert Durer, to adopt the rounded Italian type; others preferring the crisp angularity of the Gothic black-letter, even for general purposes; while for books of devotion it appears to have been deemed the more orthodox; the Italian style of type being deemed an innovation.

1868，Henry Noel Humphreys，A History of the Art of Printing，頁 175:


Italian

As Di Matteo celebrated and captain John Terry raised the trophy for the fourth time, the Italian increased his claims to become the permanent successor to Andre Villas-Boas by landing a trophy.

2012年May5日，Phil McNulty，“Chelsea 2-1 Liverpool”, in BBC Sport:

Simple Cannoli, Lemon Ice, or a delicious Tira Mi Su. With so many wonderful recipes, you can eat Italian anytime.

1995，Betty Crocker's New Italian Cooking，頁 5:


Spanish

來自中古英語 Spainish, Spanish，等同於Spain + -ish。

Whether Martial's heart was in the Spanish highlands or whether he was happy enough in Rome will be discussed later[…]

2005，J. P. Sullivan，Martial, the unexpected classic，頁 1:

與西班牙人民和文化有關的

Though she was Indian like the rest of us, she had a fine Spanish nose.

1996，Oscar Zeta Acosta，“From Whence I Came”, in Oscar "Zeta" Acosta: the uncollected works，頁 42:

Spanish cuisine is not as spicy hot as Mexican, but it is flavorful and bright.

2007，Lynette Rohrer Shirk，章號 1, in The Everything Tapas and Small Plates Cookbook:

Fundamentally, the Spanish vowel sounds are only five, even though as a matter of fact there may be different other sounds for such vowels as [a], [e] and [o].

1918，Julián Moreno-Lacalle，Elements of Spanish Pronunciation，頁 12:


Spanish

"If he speaks Spanish, my daughter can converse with him ; she has but shortly arrived from Spain."

1873，Frederick Marryat，Mr. Midshipman Easy，頁 163:

Therefore in Novial, as well as in Esp-Ido, we simplify the spelling in all words containing double letters in the national languages, from which the words are taken: pasa (E pass, F passer), efekte, komun (F commun, E common), etc. In this we follow the beautiful example of Spanish, which writes pasar, efecto, común, etc., and even extend it to cases in which Spanish makes a distinction in sound and spelling, as with ll and rr: bel S bello, F belle, koresponda, S corresponder, etc.

1928，Otto Jespersen，An International Language，頁 48:

In contrast with the creole languages discussed above, the article systems of Rumanian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese are more complex, since neutralization fails to occur to a large extent.

1995，The Development of Morphological Systematicity，頁 146:

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Spanish。


Spanish

The Spanish are not the only ones selling their goods along the wharves and the inner streets.

1976，Robert Rézette，The Spanish Enclaves in Morocco，頁 62:

Sixty-four percent more Spanish are functionally illiterate compared to Anglos in Lubbock (only 15 percent more of nonwhites than Anglos).

1970，Henry Sioux Johnson, William J. Hernández-Martinez，Educating the Mexican American，頁 87:


Dutch

原始印歐語詞
 *tewtéh₂
來自中古英語 Duch (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)，來自中古低地德語 dütsch, düdesch (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)和中古荷蘭語 dūtsch、duutsc (“德語、低地德語、荷蘭語”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *þiudisk，來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz (“部落的，民族的”)，衍生自*þeudō (“人”)，來自原始印歐語 *tewtéh₂。Deutsch和tuath 的同源對似詞。
對照中古英語 thedisch (“本地的，地方性的”)，該詞來自古英語 þēodisċ (“部落的，民族的”)、古撒克遜語 thiudisk（德國低地德語 düütsch (“德語”)）, 古高地德語 diutisc（現代德語 deutsch (“德語”)），現代荷蘭語 Duits (“德語”)和Diets (“荷蘭語”)（直到19世紀才完全區分開來）。參見Derrick、Teuton、Teutonic。
貶義義項（如Dutch courage, Dutch wife, Dutch uncle等）據說源自英荷戰爭和隨後的競爭。

Du. (abbreviation alternative)
Dutches (third-person singular present)
Dutching (present participle)
Dutched (past participle)

用鹼液處理可可豆和可可粉，使顏色加深，減輕苦味

Dutch processed is made from cocoa beans that have been treated with an alkalized solution. You'll get a deeper color and a great chocolaty flavor, but more importantly, the process of Dutching the chocolate renders the powder neutral.

2015，Deb Wise，Incredibly Decadent Desserts: 100 Divine Treats Under 300 Calories:


hold

源自中古英語 holden ← 古英語 healdan ← 原始日耳曼語 *haldaną (“照料（牲口），放牧”)，可能源自原始印歐語 *kel- (“驅趕”)（對比拉丁語 celer (“快”), 吐火羅語B kälts (“刺激，驅趕”), 古希臘語 κέλλω (kéllō，“驅趕”), 梵語 कलयति (kalayati，“他促使”)）。與西弗里斯蘭語 hâlde, 低地德語 holden, holen, 荷蘭語 houden, 德語 halten, 丹麥語、書面挪威語 holde, 新挪威語 halda同源。

holds (third-person singular present)
holding (present participle)
held (past)
held (past participle)
holden (past participle)

hold with the hare and run with the hounds

Hold the pencil like this.

The slightest effort made the patient cough. He would stand leaning on a stick and holding a hand to his side, and when the paroxysm had passed it left him shaking.

1918，W. B. Maxwell，章號 23, in The Mirror and the Lamp:

保持某種狀態。 使自身處於某一狀態下

to hold firm;  to hold opinions

Mother[…]considered that the exclusiveness of Peter's circle was due not to its distinction, but to the fact that it was an inner Babylon of prodigality and whoredom, from which every Kensingtonian held aloof, except on the conventional tip-and-run excursions in pursuit of shopping, tea and theatres.

1922，Ben Travers，章號 2, in A Cuckoo in the Nest:


hold

Old Applegate, in the stern, just set and looked at me, and Lord James, amidship, waved both arms and kept hollering for help. I took a couple of everlasting big strokes and managed to grab hold of the skiff's rail, close to the stern.

1913，Joseph C. Lincoln，章號 7, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:


with

源自中古英語 with，源自古英語 wiþ，源自原始西日耳曼語 *wiþi，原始日耳曼語 *wiþrą (“反，反對”)的縮略形式。副詞的釋義可能是從其他日耳曼語意譯的，例如 挪威語 med、瑞典語 med 和德語 mit。

wyth (alternative)
whith (alternative)
wᵗʰ (alternative)
wᵗ (alternative)
w/ (dated alternative)
w (alternative)
wi' (alternative)
wit (alternative)
wit' (alternative)
wid (alternative)
wif (alternative)
wiv (alternative)

cut with a knife

I water my plants with this watering can. This is the watering can I water my plants with.

我用這個水壺為我的植物澆水。這是我用來為我的植物澆水的水壺。

Find what you want instantly with our search engine.

使用我們的搜尋引擎快速尋找你想要的 (資訊)。

They dismissed the meeting with a wave of their hand.

他們用手揮了一下，(以表示) 會議取消。

They had cut of his head upon the cudy of his boat had not the man reskued him with a sword...

如果不是那人用劍救了他，他們就在他的船上砍下他的頭…

And keep each other company in spite, / As rivals in your common mistress, fame, / And with faint praises one another damn;

即使如此，你們仍彼此作伴，/ 作為共享情人的競爭對手——名聲，/ 詛咒對方以微弱的讚美；

There are a number of problems with your plan.

What on Earth is wrong with my keyboard?

我的鍵盤到底出什麼毛病了？

He was pleased with the outcome.

I’m upset with my father.

Mostly, the microbiome is beneficial. It helps with digestion and enables people to extract a lot more calories from their food than would otherwise be possible. Research over the past few years, however, has implicated it in diseases from atherosclerosis to asthma to autism.

2013年June29日，“A punch in the gut”, in The Economist，卷 407, 期 8842，頁s 72–3:

It was small and bumpy, with a tinge of orange.

這東西很小、凹凸不平，帶點兒橙色。

As we age, the major arteries of our bodies frequently become thickened with plaque, a fatty material with an oatmeal-like consistency that builds up along the inner lining of blood vessels.

隨著我們年齡增長，身體的主要動脈常常會因為斑塊而變得增厚，這是一種具有類似燕麥粥質地的脂肪物質，會在血管內壁上逐漸堆積。

2013年 7-8月，史蒂芬·P·洛尼, David M. Pelz，“Stents to Prevent Stroke”, in 美國科學家:

That was a lot to explain; are you still with me?

需要解釋的太多了；你跟得上我嗎？

Are you still with me? Good. I was worried, because you may not think you need a lightweight rifle.

1983年May13日，David E. Petzal，“The Lightweight Division”, in Field & Stream:


with

源自中古英語 withe，wiþþe，源自古英語 wiþþe。參見 withe。

And Samson said unto her, If they bind me with seven green withs that were never dried, then shall I be weak, and be as another man.

參孫回答說，人若用七條未乾的青繩子捆綁我，我就軟弱像別人一樣。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Judges 16:7:


an

繼承自中古英語 an，來自古英語 ān (不定冠詞，字面意思是“一”)。參見 one。

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音

主附錄： 英語冠詞#不定冠詞

在標準英語中，冠詞an用在元音前，而a用於輔音前。另外an 也可以出現在h音開頭的非重音音節前，如an historic。這時h音可能變成無聲，或發音微弱。只有6%的英國人喜歡這種用法，在書面中也只是稍微常見一些。

在歷史上，an也可以出現在one跟許多首字母為 u、eu (現在讀作/juː/, /jʊ/, /jə/)的詞之前，像是eunuch、unique、utility。這是因為這些首字母被讀作元音。在書寫中，直到19世紀這些詞在獲得首輔音之後，很久一段時間 an 仍然是這些詞前的常用詞。這種情況偶爾還會出現。

相反，在非標準（通常是方言）語音及其書面表達中，元音前很少出現 a。例如：“ain't this a innerestin sitchation” (Moira Young，Blood Red Road)。

a 的所有冠詞義項均可用在 an 上。

a 的變形 (全義項)
在元音前使用

Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke. He was dressed out in broad gaiters and bright tweeds, like an English tourist, and his face might have belonged to Dagon, idol of the Philistines.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 2, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

I was catapulted without preparation into the most difficult job any mortal man can hold. My duties would not wait a week, or a day, or even an hour.

1971，Lyndon Johnson，“The Beginning”, in The Vantage Point，Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 12:

a 的變形 (全義項)
在one和首音為 u、eu 的詞前使用，發音為 /ju/。

God brought him forth out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn: he shall eat up the nations his enemies, and shall break their bones, and pierce them through with his arrows.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Numbers 24:8:

My hopes, from my earliest years, have been hopes of celebrity as a writer- not of wealth, or of influence, or of accomplishing any of the thousand aims which furnish the great bulk of mankind with motives. You will laugh at me. There is something so emphatically shadowy and unreal in the object of this ambition, that even the full attainment of its provokes a smile. For who does not know
'How vain that second life in others' breath,
The estate which wits inherit after death!'
And what can be more fraught with the ludicrous than an union of this shadowy ambition with mediocre parts and attainments! But I digress.

(Can we date this quote?)，John Mackay Wilson，Wilson's Tales of the Borders; Historical, Traditionary, and Imaginative, →OCLC，頁 84:

President Nicolas Sarkozy of France is open to an European monetary fund but would want it to raise money cheaply on capital markets and lend it to needy euro-zone countries before they faced possible default.

2010年March22日，Paul Taylor，“Greece Debates Revive Old European Fears and Resentments”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2010-04-03, Inside Europe:

In an unanimous vote on Monday, the city’s school board approved removing the name of Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest from Forrest Hill Academy and calling the alternative school the Hank Aaron New Beginnings Academy.

2021年April13日，Neil Vigdor，“Hank Aaron’s Name Will Replace a Confederate General’s on an Atlanta School”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC，存檔自the original on 2021-04-14, U.S.:

Having been given seven full days, Jack Smith took exactly one day to file a forty-page response in opposition, to the Supreme Court, making the argument that there was no reason for the Supreme Court to hear Donald Trump's appeal of an unanimous opinion by the second most important court in the country, the Washington, D.C. Federal Court of Appeals, which supported the trial judge's ruling that there is no such thing as immunity from criminal prosecution for former presidents.

2024年February14日，Lawrence O'Donnell，片头起0:29, in Lawrence: Jack Smith asks SCOTUS to move fast on Trump. Nixon case is proof they can.，MSNBC，存檔自the original on 2024-02-15:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:an。

a 的變形 (全義項)
在重音或非重音音節的 /h/前使用。

1 I waited patiently for the Lord, and he inclined vnto me, and heard my crie.
2 He brought me vp also out of an horrible pit, out of the mirie clay, and set my feete vpon a rock, and established my goings.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 40:1–2:

The Province of Nanking, by the Tartars called Kiangnan, is the ſecond in honour, in magnitude and fertility in all China : It is divided into 14 great Territories, having Cities and Towns an hundred and ten; Nanking, or Kiangning being the Metropolis; a City, that if ſhe did not exceed moſt Cities on the Earth in bigneſs and beauty, yet ſhe was inferior to few, for her Pagodes, her Temples, her Porcelane Towers, her Palaces and Triumphal Arches. Fungiang, Sucheu, Sunkiang, Leucheu, Hoaigan, Ganking, Ningue, Hoeicheu, are alſo eminent places, and of great Note and Trade.

1693，Robert Morden，“Of China”, in Geography Rectified; or a Description of the World，第3rd版, →OCLC，頁 441:

Following the doctrine of Lenin and Stalin, relying on the support of the great Soviet state and all the revolutionary forces of all countries, the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people gained an historic victory a few years ago.

1953，Mao Tse-tung，“Mao Tse-tung's Tribute to Stalin”, in Current Soviet Policies，New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 254:

We have agreed on joint ventures in space. We have agreed on ways of working together to protect the environment, to advance health, to cooperate in science and technology. We have agreed on means of preventing incidents at sea. We have established a commission to expand trade between our two nations. Most important, we have taken an historic first step in the limitation of nuclear strategic arms.

1972年May28日，片头起3:30, in President Nixon addresses the Soviet People live from the Kremlin，spoken by Richard Nixon，存檔自the original on 2015-12-22:

Well yesterday was an historic day. Uh, there was last minute testimony scheduled in the January 6th committee from a former aide to Trump chief of staff Mark Meadows.

2022年June29日，David Pakman，片头起0:00, in Trump Assaulted Secret Service Agent, Smeared Ketchup on Wall，存檔自the original on 2022-06-30:


route

來自中古英語 route，源自古法語 route、rote (“道，路，徑”)（對比現代法語 route），來自拉丁語 (via) rupta (“用強力打開的（道路）”)，源自rumpere viam（“開闢道路”）。中國古代行政區劃的義項是意譯自漢語 路 (lù)。

The route was used so much that it formed a rut.

這條路走的車很多，都起車轍了。

You need to find a route that you can take between these two obstacles.

你要在這兩個障礙物中找出一條路線。

I corralled the judge, and we started off across the fields, in no very mild state of fear of that gentleman's wife, whose vigilance was seldom relaxed. And thus we came by a circuitous route to Mohair, the judge occupied by his own guilty thoughts, and I by others not less disturbing.

1897年 12月（標示為1898年），Winston Churchill，章號 8, in The Celebrity: An Episode，紐約: The Macmillan Company；倫敦：Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

It is likely that the long evolutionary trajectory of Mycoplasma went from a reductive autotroph to oxidative heterotroph to a cell-wall–defective degenerate parasite. This evolutionary trajectory assumes the simplicity to complexity route of biogenesis, a point of view that is not universally accepted.

2013年March13日，Harold J. Morowitz，“The Smallest Cell”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，頁 83:

The Chinese, ever since the first century of our era, have called the countries which we to-day name Kashgar and Sungaria, "routes." They referred them to their relative position on the two sides of the Tian-Shan, and called our Sungaria, Pe-lu, " northern route," and our Kashgar, Nan-lu, " southern route." The Turks gave other names to these countries; they called the northern route besh-balik, "the five cities," Pentapolis; the southern route was alti-shehr, " the six cities," Hexapolis.

1908，Henry Smith Williams，The Historians' History of the World:

Under the director were eight education promotion officials (quanxue yuan), each installed in a “route”(lu,corresponding to the policing ward).

2005，Huaiyin Li，Village Governance In North China: Huailu County, 1875-1936, →ISBN:

In the year Zhiyuan 8, 5th month, on xinwei day (around June, 1271), owing to the fact that the chieftains of the eight polities in Dali had submitted recently and were adhered to [China], the thirty-seven tribal regions under Dali were divided into three routes.

2008，Foon Ming Liew, Volker Grabowsky, & ʻArunrat Wichīankhīeo，Lan Na in Chinese historiography, →ISBN:

Chinese administrative "cities" were often the location of more than one yamen, each with its own territorial jurisdiction. For instance, Yangszhou was not only the seat of the Pacificiation Commission (xuanweisi) of Huaidonglu, but also the capital of the Yanzhou Route (lu) subordinated to the Pacification Commision. Morevover, it was the administrative seat of Jiangdu District, which was subordinated to the Yangzhou Route.

2012，Hans Ulrich Vogel，Marco Polo Was in China, →ISBN:


route

routes (third-person singular present)
routing (present participle)
routeing (present participle)
routed (past participle)

Google Glass has come under fire from privacy advocates because it can record video without subjects being aware of it, and that any video will be routed through Google's servers.

2014年June24日，“Google Glass go on sale in the UK for £1,000”, in The Guardian:


luna

源自拉丁語 lūna (“月亮；月份；新月”)。

月牙形的容器，主要用玻璃製成，用於將盛放聖餐臺上的主食（麵包）直立 （自19世紀）

The Bread of Angels is first taken from the tabernacle, where it rests in the luna, and placed upon the altar, covered with a corporal. After genuflecting, the priest puts the luna containing the Blessed Sacrament on its throne—the monstrance—and elevates it […]

1907 May, “Dominicanus”, “The Rosary and the Blessed Sacrament”, in the Dominican Friars, The Rosary Magazine, Volume 30, Number 5, page 494:

This receptacle is called a “luna” or “lunula” (a moon, or a little moon), and has glass on either side, so that the Host may be seen when enclosed therein. […] ¶ […] ¶ The ciborium, the pyx and luna of the ostensorium are blessed with a simpler formula than that used for the chalice, and […] ¶ […] ¶ The chalice, the paten, the luna and the pyx are sacred things, true sacramentals, and are worthy of deepest reverence; for […]

1917，John F. Sullivan，The Externals of the Catholic Church，BiblioLife, LLC, 出版於 2009, →ISBN，頁s 115–116:

The luna, which is a piece of glass in the shape of a moon, contains the Blessed Sacrament, previously consecrated. The luna is then placed in the middle of the sunburst of the monstrance.

2007，John Trigilio，Kenneth Brighenti，The Catholicism Answer Book: The 300 Most Frequently Asked Questions，Sourcebooks, Inc., →ISBN，頁 156:


luna

來自夏威夷語 luna (“領導；導師”)。

這個名詞在英語雖然有變格(單數luna，複數lunas)，但作為一個外來語時經常斜體化。

There are several reasons why the Hawaiian-born Japanese boys and girls do not take kindly to plantation labor, but one of the chief reasons is the objection to the kind of lunas who oversee the work of the laborers.

1922, U. G. Murphy, “The Japanese Problem in Hawaii: How the Task of Christianizing and Americanizing the Oriental is Progressing”, in The Friend, Volume 91, Number 6 (June 1922) page 130:

[…] haoles could not visualize Chinese or Japanese in positions of authority. And from sad experience, the great plantation owners had discovered that the Americans they could get to serve as lunas were positively no good. Capable Americans expected office jobs and incapable ones were unable to control the Oriental […]

1959，James Michener，Hawaii，Fawcett Crest, 出版於 1986, →ISBN，頁 737:

After the day was over I went to the luna to count my day but he would not. Then I went to him the second time and he said he would not put it down.

2000，Sally Engle Merry，Colonizing Hawai'i: the cultural power of law，頁 321:

Capital punishment was outlawed by the government but some plantation managers and luna still delivered lashings and other forms of abuse.

2012，Julia Flynn Siler，Lost Kingdom，Grove Press，頁 35:


algum

源自希伯來語 אַלְגּוּמִּים (algumím)。

聖經中提及的一種樹或木頭，可能是刺柏或檀香木

And the seruants also of Huram, and the seruants of Solomon, which brought gold from Ophir, brought Algume trees and, precious stones.

希蘭的僕人，和所羅門的僕人，從俄斐運了金子來，也運了檀香木和寶石來。

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Chronicles 9:10:


quatro

cuatro的另一種寫法

By the late 1940s Jules had invented a quatro pan after observing a family playing parang, a Venezuelan-derived Christmas music traditional to Trinidad which is generally performed by vocalists accompanied by guitars, quatros, mandolins, a one-string box bass, chac-chacs, and scrapers.

1995，Stephen Stuempfle，The Steelband Movement: The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago:


granda

My granda would make everything from scratch and it was a wonderful feast of a picky tea. His potatoes deep-fried in batter were amazing.


longa

源自澳洲克里奧爾語 langa，源自英語 along，對比比斯拉馬語和托克皮辛語 long。

屬於。（從十九世紀開始）

This fella song all about the Aboriginal people, coloured people, black people longa Australia.

1991, Jimmy Chi, Bran Nue Dae, in Heiss & Minter, Macquarie PEN Anthology of Aboriginal Literature, Allen & Unwin 2008, p. 137:

He wait longa river.

2000，Queensland Department of Justice，Aboriginal English in the courts: a handbook:


dun

源自中古英語 dun、dunne，源自古英語 dunn (“暗褐色，樹皮色，黑褐色”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *dusnaz (“褐色，黃色”)，源自原始印歐語 *dʰewh₂- (“冒煙，捲起塵埃”)。與古撒克遜語 dun (“褐色，暗”)、古高地德語 tusin (“灰色，暗褐色，淡黃色，暗”)、古諾爾斯語 dunna (“鴨，雌鴨”)同源。
也可能派生自布立吞亞支（對比中古威爾士語 dwnn (“暗（紅色）”)），源自原始凱爾特語 *dusnos（對比古愛爾蘭語 donn），源自原始印歐語 *dʰews-（對比古撒克遜語 dosan (“栗棕色”)）。參見dusk。

Come, thick Night,
 And pall thee in the dunneſt ſmoake of Hell,
 That my keene Knife ſee not the Wound it makes,
 Nor Heauen peepe through the Blanket of the darke,
 To cry, hold, hold.

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene v]，頁 134，列 2，行s 48–49:


dun

未知；可能是din的變體。多個來源認為源自 Joe Dun，一名因逮捕追債者而出名的執達吏之名，不過這個說法有爭議。

Look ye, gentlemen, I have lived with credit in the world, and it grieves my heart never to stir out of my doors but to be pulled by the sleeve by some rascally dun or other.

1889 [1712]，John Arbuthnot，The History of John Bull，London: Cassell & Co., →OCLC，頁 71:

Melancholy duns came looking for him at all hours.

1933, George Orwell, Down and Out in Paris and London, Ch. 18:

‘Frank's worried about duns,’ she said as the butler went away.

1970, John Glassco, Memoirs of Montparnasse, New York 2007, p. 102:

Miss Hoppin received a dun for volume 9 1840–1 which Mr. James McConnell, (who now pays the above) is sure was paid.

1842，A.B.G.，“Errata”, in Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate，卷 13, →OCLC，頁 251:


dun

duns (third-person singular present)
dunning (present participle)
dunned (past participle)

And hath she sent so soon to dun?

1768，Jonathan Swift，The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift，London: C. Bathurst, →OCLC, Miscellanies in Verse，頁 309:

Of all he had received from Lady Bellaston, not above five guineas remained and that very morning he had been dunned by a tradesman for twice that sum.

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, Folio Society 1973, p. 577:


dun

不確定；可能來自其顏色。

Also, duns are dull and generally sober colored, whilst spinners are more brightly colored and shining and their wings are clear and transparent.

1966，John Harris，An Angler's Entomology，New York: Barnes, →OCLC，頁 16:

一種類似蜉蝣亞成蟲的擬餌

We have besides for this Month a little Dun call'd a whirling Dun (though it is not the whirling Dun indeed, which is one of the best Flies we have) and for this the dubbing must be of the bottom fur of a Squirrels tail and the wing of the grey feather of a Drake.

1676，Charles Cotton，The Compleat Angler. Being Instructions how to Angle for a Trout or Grayling in a Clear Stream，London: Richard Marriott, and Henry Brome, →OCLC, March，頁 59:


dun

源自愛爾蘭語 dún 或 蘇格蘭蓋爾語 dùn，源自原始凱爾特語 *dūnom (“要塞，堡壘”)。與威爾士語 dinas (“城市”)同源。town 的同源對似詞。

古代或中世紀的堡壘、要塞；尤指在蘇格蘭或愛爾蘭的山丘要塞。

Pampedun, or Pandon, was probably a place of residence from the earliest times; its sheltered situation for boats, and proximity to the ancient way over the river, protected perhaps by a dun or camp, on the height above [...] possibly gave origin to the ancient name of the place, Pampedun, from the British pant, a hollow, and dun, a fort or camp, Pant-y-dun.

1858，Henry MacLauchlan，Memoir written during a survey of the Roman Wall, through the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland, in the years 1852-1854，London: Printed for private circulation, →OCLC，頁 9:

奧克尼、設得蘭或蘇格蘭的一種圓形石屋

Smaller than the broch was the dun, another type of stone-built 'roundhouse'.

2013，T.J. Clarkson，The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings，Edinburgh: Birlinn, →ISBN:


dun

可能源自處理過後魚的顏色。

醃製好鱈魚等魚類後將其堆放在不被光線直射到的地方, 並用碱茅等覆蓋來保存

Dun-fish are of a superior quality for the table, and are cured in such a manner as to give them a dun or brownish color. Fish for dunning are caught early in spring, and sometimes February, at the Isle of Shoals.

1832，James Thacher，History of Plymouth; from its first settlement in 1620, to the year 1832，Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, →OCLC，頁 317:


dun

模仿帶有懸疑色彩的音樂。

How would you deal with that power? (Dun, dun, DUN! Insert dramatic music here.)

2009，Carrie Tucker，I Love Geeks: The Official Handbook，Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media, →ISBN:


macer

Indeed, Moran was a profession cheat, a sharper of more than ordinary dimensions — a macer, in criminal parlance. He had made card sharping a life's work — second only to shooting […]

1981，John E. Gardner，The Return of Moriarty，頁 7:


nebula

借自拉丁語 nebula (“小雲，薄霧”)。與古希臘語 νεφέλη (nephélē，“雲”)、德語 Nebel (“薄霧，星雲”)、古諾爾斯語 nifl、波蘭語 niebo (“天空”)、俄語 не́бо (nébo，“天空”)同族。

nebulae (plural)
nebulas (plural)
nebulæ (plural)

Approximately 5 billion years ago, our solar nebula was formed as gravitational forces pulled interstellar gas and dust into a swirling mass around out newly formed sun.

2012，Chinle Miller，In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks，第Kindle版:


sinister

繼承自中古英語 sinistre (“不幸的”)，來自古法語 senestre、sinistre (“左的”)，來自拉丁語 sinister (“左手”)。

more sinister (comparative)
most sinister (superlative)

dexter

從配戴者看盾牌的左側的，從觀看者看盾牌的右側的

不吉利的，凶兆的，不祥的；非法的

And in the meanwhile, Society shivered a little feverishly, filled now with the scions of those who had come over with the Jewish and American Conquests. Escutcheons were becoming valueless, how sinister soever the blots and clots upon them.

1922，Michael Arlen，“1/5/1”, in “Piracy”: A Romantic Chronicle of These Days:

Before the train had stopped he had decorated his sinister shirt-cuff with the inscription, ‘J. P. Huddle, The Warren, Tilfield, near Slowborough.’

1911，Saki, ‘The Unrest-Cure’，The Chronicles of Clovis:

Nimble and sinister tricks and shifts.

1625，Francis [Bacon]，“Of Judicature”, in The Essayes […]，第3rd版, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

He scorns to undermine another's interest by any sinister or inferior arts.

1667，Robert South，The Practice of Religion Enforced by Reason:


Russian

中世紀拉丁語 (11世紀) Russiānus，Russia的形容詞，為古東斯拉夫語 Русь (Rusĭ)的拉丁化。16世紀開始出現在英語中 (作為名詞和形容詞)。

So that is the official line: you’re shit, we’re shit, everything’s shit, never try for a better world because it doesn’t exist. That is not only bleak, I think it’s also the working title of every Russian novel ever written.

2017年February19日，“Putin”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver，季数 4, 集数 2, John Oliver (actor), 經由 HBO:


Russian

Ru. (abbreviation alternative)
Russians (plural)

The “little green men”—faces covered, wearing unmarked olive uniforms, speaking Russian and using Russian weapons—have played a significant role in both the occupation of Crimea and the civil war in eastern Ukraine.¹⁹⁶

2015，Shane R. Reeves, David Wallace，“The Combatant Status of the “Little Green Men” and Other Participants in the Ukraine Conflict”, in International Law Studies, US Naval War College，卷 91, 期 361, Stockton Center for the Study of International Law，頁 393:

一種有堅硬外殼的雜耍球，裡頭裝滿鹽、沙子或其他物質

Ok, I do think I am starting to get used to it, but you have to admit, if youve:Template:SIC been juggling bags and then start juggling Russians, they feel sooo lopsided to juggle at first!

2011，jamescoutry24，“Beanbags > Russian”, in rec.juggling (Usenet):


Hakka

借自客家語 客家 (Hak-kâ)。

The first county centre gone through, that of Tsengcheng, was full of new construction. After it, the language on the road right on into the Meihsien prefecture was Hakka.

1977 May，:en:w:Rewi Alley，“Meihsien—the Great Hakka Centre”, in Eastern Horizon，卷 XVI, 期 5, 香港: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 16:

As a mainland China national, the counter for our trial was fluent in English, Putonghua, and the Sichuan dialect, and was familiar with a number of other major Chinese languages such as Cantonese and Hakka.

2019，Li Huang, James Lambert，“Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI，頁 10:


Persian

來自中古英語 percynne，來自中古法語 persien，來自意大利語 persiano，來自中世紀拉丁語 Persiānus，來自拉丁語 Persia，來自古希臘語 Περσίς (Persís)，來自古波斯語 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsa/，“波斯”) (對照現代伊朗波斯語 فارس (fârs)或早期的古典波斯語 پارس (pārs))。

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

一種薄紗織物，以前用在襯裡

There is of those Persians several lengths.

1696，J. F. Merchant?，The merchant's ware-house laid open:


Persian

more Persian (comparative)
most Persian (superlative)

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

波西藹斯的 （羅馬作家）

...as it seems from an Ovidian or Persian standpoint and also, perhaps, from the comic standpoints of Plautus or Caecilius...

1998，Stephen Hinds，Allusion and Intertext: Dynamics of Appropriation in Roman Poetry:


Uyghur

來自維吾爾語 ئۇيغۇر (uyghur)。

Uygur (alternative)
Uigur (alternative)
Ouigour (alternative)

The purpose of this Act is to direct United States resources to address human rights violations and abuses, including gross violations of human rights, by the Government of the People’s Republic of China through the mass surveillance and internment of over 1,000,000 Uyghurs, ethnic Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and members of other Muslim minority groups in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

2020，“S. 3744: Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2020”, in GovTrack:


Czech

借自波蘭語 Czech，源自捷克語 Čech，源自原始斯拉夫語 *čelověkъ (“人，人類”) 的變體及縮約形。

A big beast of the men's field was put through the mangle then dumped out of Wimbledon as Rafael Nadal fell at around 10.06pm to Lukas Rosol, a Czech debutant who will never forget this Thursday evening in south-west London.

男子赛场上的一头猛兽战败，并被扔出温网，晚上10点06分左右，拉斐尔·纳达尔输给了卢卡斯·拉索尔，这位捷克新人将永远不会忘记周四晚上在伦敦西南部举行的这场比赛。

2012年June28日，Jamie Jackson，“Wimbledon 2012: Lukas Rosol shocked by miracle win over Rafael Nadal [2012年温网：卢卡斯·拉索尔对奇迹般战胜拉斐尔·纳达尔感到震惊]”, in the Guardian:


Czech

By 1963, almost 130,000 Czechs had migrated to this country. They tended to gravitate to the farming communities.

到1963年，已有将近13万名捷克人移居到本国。他们倾向于生活在农业社区。

1964，John F. Kennedy，“Immigration Policy [移民政策]”, in A Nation of Immigrants [移民之国]，第Revised and Enlarged版, Harper & Row, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 61:


Czech

She's from Czech, Croatia, or somewhere over there. The ill thing is that we always come together when we're drunk, but half way through our drunken talks, she always gets mad at something and leaves.

2008，George Stowers，Straight Up, No Sippin': Memoirs of Life and Work Onboard Mega Cruise Ships, →ISBN，頁 325:

A whole array of companies and consultants are found travelling to Croatia or Czech or China, to extol the latest virtues of electioneering, perhaps via the UK Westminster Foundation for Democracy, […]

2009，Jennifer Lees-Marshment，Political Marketing: Principles and Applications，Routledge, →ISBN，頁 237:


Greek

繼承自古英語 Grēcas (“希臘人”)，Crēcas的變體，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Krēkō，來自拉丁語 Graecus，源頭不明，可能衍生自地名Γραῖα (Graîa)或來自部落名Graii的其他古巴爾幹語族形式，參見英語維基百科條目Griko、Names of the Greeks。希臘語中有個同源詞Γραικός (Graikós)，是從神話時代的祖先Γραίοι (Graíoi，“格瑞西安族”)而來。日爾曼語族同源詞包括荷蘭語 Griek、德語 Grieche。英語和日爾曼語族同源詞中的⟨g⟩，是受到法語 grec和古典拉丁語 Graecus的影響下恢復的。
該形容詞可追溯到14世紀的中古英語，取代了古英語 Grēċisċ (“希臘式的”)和早期中古英語 Gregeis。指兄弟會跟姐妹會，來自早期希臘字母的截斷。

Gr. (alternative)
Greeke (alternative)
Greeker (comparative)
Greekest (superlative)

目前，將大學兄弟會跟姐妹會稱作Greek life等名稱，而Greek-letter仍用於類似名稱的榮譽社團。

與兄弟會、姐妹會和/或 榮譽社團有關的

“Every single person is going to have a different experience watching this film,” she said when I asked about possibly labeling the Greek system as “toxic”.

2023年May24日，Adrian Horton，“‘Competitive femininity’: inside the wild and secretive world of sororities”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:


Greek

Gr. (alternative)
Greeke (alternative)
Greeks (plural)

She is absolutely a total GFE, no limits, except no Greek. (Well...I say “no Greek” - - if she is really hot for you, and if she is really turned on in a long session, she might beg for a finger in her anus while you suck her clit, but she is just too tiny and tight for any “real meat” in the backdoor.)

2001, "ASP: 'Julie' of Oral-Land-Oh", alt.sex.prostitution, Usenet:

“What's within reason?” “Hand-job, blow-job, full sex — straight, full service. Greek, maybe, if you're not too big. Golden shower, if you like, but not reverse. No hardsports. And absolutely nothing without.”

2012，Maxim Jakubowski，The Best British Crime Omnibus:


Greek

Gr. (alternative)
Greeke (alternative)
Greeks (third-person singular present)
Greeking (present participle)
Greeked (past participle)

A discovery of Greeking at Brighton, has made considerable noise this month in the sporting world.


Arabic

來自拉丁語 arabicus，來自Arabia + -icus，來自古希臘語 Ἀραβία (Arabía)，源自阿拉伯語 عَرَب (ʕarab)。

Arabical (alternative)
Arabick (alternative)

One day my UN students asked me, "Which is the Arabic country where the best Arabic is spoken?" I quickly replied, "Bosnia." They exclaimed, "But Bosnia is not an Arab country!"

2008，Abdallah Nacereddine，To Be Oneself: The Tragicomedy of an Unfinished Life History, →ISBN，頁 342:

White chalk on the fascia board above the Arabic-food stall reads "Lebanon" and "Lebs rule".

2012，Deborah Youdell，“Intelligibility, agency and the raced–nationed–religioned subjects of education”, in Intersectionality and "Race" in Education, →ISBN，頁 202:


Arabic

We’d gone to Arabic school as children and taken lessons in the summer holidays, and I still read the news in Arabic, but it wasn’t like I practised reciting the written language any more, with its complex rhythms and grammatical structures.

2023，Isabella Hammad，Enter Ghost，Jonathan Cape，頁 74:


Arabic

Arabical (alternative)
Arabick (alternative)
Arabics (plural)

Classic Arabic didn't "turn into" the various Arabic vernaculars. There is disagreement over whether the range of spoken Arabics all have a single ancestor (seems unlikely), but Classical Arabic is a somewhat artificial creation based on at least two dialects.

2004年April22日，Peter T. Daniels，“Taiwanese and their language”, in soc.culture.china (Usenet):

That's the majority of working N'Yawkers. Blacks and Hispanics outnumber the arabics.

2000年July20日，Topprolmc，“OT - I participated in an obscene act today!”, in rec.motorcycles.harley (Usenet):


copper

繼承自中古英語 coper。

Coppers are generally good for a year, if the battery is carefully attended […]

1885，General Rules and Regulations Applicable to All Employes of the Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway Company:

Some coppers come already tinned. I didn't buy mine, so they surely were not tinned.

1890，The Manufacturer and Builder，卷 22，頁 83:

Coppers are not consumed, and their life depends largely on the manner in which they are used.

銅不會被消耗，其壽命主要取決於使用方式。

1907，“Instructions for the Care of Callaud Batteries”, in Journal of the Telegraph，卷 XL:

I had in my pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pistoles in gold. As he proceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the coppers.

1799，Benjamin Franklin，The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin，出版於 1868，頁 255:


copper

繼承自中古英語 coper。

more copper (comparative)
most copper (superlative)

She seemed so alive, with her shining eyes and her copper hair and her jokes and funny stories, but there was always a mystery at the center of her life, the sound of wild sobbing my mother said she heard coming through the floor.

1999，Maria M. Gillan，Things My Mother Told Me，頁 38:


copper

源自cop (“捕捉，抓住”) + -er (後綴)。

One evening as I was lying down in Leicester Square / I was picked up by the coppers and kicked in the balls

1985，Shane MacGowan （作曲作詞）, “The Old Main Drag”, in Rum Sodomy & the Lash，演出者 The Pogues:


Africa

繼承自中古英語 Affrike，來自古法語 Affrique, Affrike，來自拉丁語 Āfrica，來自Āfrī，Āfer的單數 (迦太基國的人民)又源自於：
* 布匿語或腓尼基語中的𐤏𐤐𐤓 (ʿpr /ʿafar/，“灰塵”)，在其他閃語族語言也有同義詞。
* 柏柏爾語族中的ifri (“洞穴”)，ifran的複數，指突尼斯的洞穴居民 (參見泰塔溫)。
民間詞源包括：
* 古希臘語 ἀ- (a-) + φρίκη f (phríkē)，意思為不冷
* 拉丁語 aprica (“陽光”)。

The Sahara stood as an important marker between the Maghreb and Africa, not only in modern times but in times immemorial.

撒哈拉是馬格里布和黑非洲之間的一個重要標誌地，不僅在現代，在遠古時期亦是如此。

2021年June10日，Abdelmajid Hannoum，The Invention of the Maghreb: Between Africa and the Middle East，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 205:


Asia

繼承自中古英語 Asia、Asie，來自古法語 Asie和拉丁語 Asia，來自古希臘語 Ᾰ̓σῐ́ᾱ (Ăsĭ́ā)，來自邁錫尼希臘語 𐀀𐀯𐀹𐀊 (a-si-wi-ja /aswijaː/)，也可能來自赫梯語 𒀸𒋗𒉿 (aš-šu-wa /Aššuwa/，“西北安納托力亞”)，起源未知。可能愛琴語系為基底或阿卡德語。可能是Assuwa 的同源對似詞。

轉變自地名的女性人名，用於現代

And Scott Haskell started going out with this sophomore girl called Asia, who was this rich girl from Weston Heights.

1994，Blake Nelson，Girl: A Novel，Simon&Schuster, →ISBN，頁 81:


gracias

借自西班牙語 gracias (“謝謝”)。

/ˈɡɹɑ.θi.əs/

Muchos gracias, my friend. —The girls are in the kitchen, Bimbo told Vera.

"Gracias, my friend. I owe you a great debt.

“No, gracias, my friend. This will do fine.”

2010，Tina Rosenberg，Glenapp Castle: A Scottish Intrigue，頁 154:


consonant

繼承自中古英語 consonant 或 consonaunt，源自古法語 consonant，源自拉丁語 cōnsonāns，源自前綴 con- (“和”) + 現在分詞 sonāns (“正聽起來”)，源自 sonāre (“聽起來”)。此拉丁語詞又是古希臘語 σύμφωνον (súmphōnon) 的仿譯。

more consonant (comparative)
most consonant (superlative)

Each one pretends that his opinion […] is consonant to the words there used.

1710，William Beveridge，The true nature of the Christian church, the office of its ministers, and the means of grace administred by them explain'd. In twelve sermons:

Cheerfulness, even gaiety, is consonant with every species of virtue and practice of religion, and I think it inconsistent only with impiety and vice.

1900，Sabine Baring-Gould，“The Rev. Mr. Carter, Parson-Publican”, in Yorkshire Oddities, Incidents and Strange Events:

This essential right of the courts to be free of intimidation and coercion was held to be consonant with a recognition that freedom of the press must be allowed in the broadest scope compatible with the supremacy of order.

1946, 美國 Supreme Court, Pennekamp v. Florida 328 U.S. 331,334

No Russian whose dissonant consonant name / Almost shatters to fragments the trumpet of fame.

1813，Thomas Moore，Intercepted Letters, or the Two-Penny Post-Bag:


Tientsin

The difficulty, then, was to obtain for our country, whilst remaining at peace, the same commercial advantages which England and France might acquire by war. This task our Minister performed with tact, ability, and success, by the conclusion of the treaty of Tientsin of the 18th June, 1858, and the two supplemental conventions of Shanghae of the 8th November following.* These have placed our commercial relations with China on the same satisfactory footing with those of England and France, and have resulted in the actual payment of the full amount of all the just claims of our citizens, leaving a surplus to the credit of the Treasury. This object has been accomplished, whilst our friendly relations with the Chinese Government were never for a moment interrupted, but on the contrary have been greatly strengthened.

1866，James Buchanan，Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion，New York: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL，頁 264:

This locomotive replaced the mules and was the beginning of the railway system of the country, for it amply demonstrated to those in authority at the time the economy of rail transport. This great advance made, it was a short step to eliminate the canal altogether with the result that by 1888 the mule tramway had been converted into a railway of 40 miles giving the mines direct access to the sea at the port of Tangku, on the Peiho, about 40 miles below Tientsin, which was also reached by the railway in 1888 (October).

1922，H. Stringer，The Chinese Railway System，Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, Limited，頁 2:

Mrs. Hoover had accompanied me to Peking and upon my return to the city next day I found her very ill at the hotel. There was no doctor available, so I had her carried to the station and took the first train to Tientsin where there was an able physician. That trouble proved to be a sinus stoppage and was quickly relieved.

1951，Herbert Hoover，The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, Years of Adventure 1874-1920，New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, →OL，頁 48:


Cyprus

經由拉丁語 Cyprus，來自古希臘語 Κύπρος (Kúpros)。

cypres (alternative)
cypress (alternative)

薄、透明且通常為黑色的織物，一種縐紗。

Seated in an arm-chair, covered with cloth of gold, was the Queen; her robe was of black velvet, edged with the richest sable; and the diadem at the back of her head confined the folds of a long black Cyprus veil.

1834，Letitia Elizabeth Landon，Francesca Carrara，卷 1，頁 131:


fragment

fragments (third-person singular present)
fragmenting (present participle)
fragmented (past participle)

Once the centralized power of Rome fragmented, economic, social and political power simplified and relocalized.

2023年July31日，Charles Hugh Smith，Lessons from the Unraveling of the Roman Empire: Simplification, Localization:


fraterniser

So, Andover featured in the Glorious Revolution, which involved the deposition of Catholic fraterniser James II and his replacement by stout Protestants William and Mary.

因此，安多弗在光榮革命中發揮了重要作用，在這場革命中，親近天主教的詹姆斯二世被廢黜，取而代之的是堅定的新教徒威廉和瑪麗。

2023年June28日，Stephen Roberts，“Bradshaw's Britain: Alton to Exeter”, in RAIL，期 986，頁 58:


fret

源自中古英語 frēten (“吃，侵蝕，摧毀，煩擾”)，源自古英語 fretan (“吃掉，吞噬；破裂，爆裂”)，源自原始西日耳曼語 *fraetan，源自原始日耳曼語 *fraetaną (“消耗，吞食，吃掉”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *fra- (“完全，完整”)（源自原始印歐語 *pro- (“朝著，向前”)）+ *etaną (“吃”)（源自原始印歐語 *h₁ed- (“吃”)）。
與荷蘭語 vreten、fretten (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、低地德語 freten (“吃掉”)、德語 fressen (“吞食，狼吞虎嚥”)、哥特語 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fraitan，“吞食”)、瑞典語 fräta (“吃掉，侵蝕，腐蝕”)同源；亦與丹麥語 fråse (“狼吞虎嚥”)有關。
“摩擦”之義可能是因與盎格魯-諾曼語 *freiter（現代法語 fretter (方言)）的音近而混同，其源自通俗拉丁語 *frictāre，是拉丁語 fricāre的反覆體，源自fricō (“摩擦”)，最终源自原始印歐語 *bʰreyH- (“切割”)；對比古法語 froter（現代法語 frotter）。來源推測的主要阻礙是缺少古法語詞彙的證明。

frets (third-person singular present)
fretting (present participle)
fretted (past)
fret (past)
frate (past)
fretted (past participle)
fretten (past participle)

Their hearts alreadie fretted and cankered at the very roote, for the last disgrace received.

1609，Ammianus Marcellinus，Philemon Holland, transl.，章號 XIV, in The Roman Historie, containing Such Acts and Occurrents as Passed under Constantius, Iulianus, Iovianus, Valentinianus, and Valens, Emperours，book IX, London: Printed by Adam Islip, →OCLC，頁 322:

And could we let a Light into their Bosoms, we should see them generally fretted and cankered with this secret and corroding Venom.

1727–1728，Mather Byles [et al.]，Proteus Echo (1727–28): A Series of Essays and Poems … that Appeared in the New-England Weekly Journal … (History of Psychology Series; 420)，Delmar, N.Y.: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 出版於 1986, →ISBN，頁 75:

A Perſon of Honour, of a full Body abounding with ſharp Humours, was ſeized with an Herpes on his right Leg. [...] [I]t inflamed and ſwelled very much, many Wheals aroſe, and fretted one into another, with great Excoriation.

1676，Richard Wiseman，“[A Treatise of Tumors.] Of an Herpes”, in Severall Chirurgical Treatises，London: Printed by E. Flesher and J[ohn] Macock, for R[ichard] Royston bookseller to His Most Sacred Majesty, and B[enjamin] Took at the Ship in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 80:

We sometimes perform an operation on the under lip [...] in consequence of / Cancer Labii [cancer of the lips], / Which disease generally arises from the use of a pipe, and the manner in which it happens is this:—the adhesive nature of the clay of which the pipe is made, causes it to adhere to the lip; at length the cuticle becomes torn off, and the continued irritation frets the sore into true cancerous disease.

1823–1824，A[stley Paston] Cooper，“Lecture LII”, in The Lancet. [...] In Two Volumes，第3rd版, 卷 II, London: Knight and Lacey, Paternoster-Row; and G. L. Hutchinson, the Lancet office, Strand, 出版於 1826, →OCLC，頁s 100–101:

Yorke hereupon conſults with his ſpeciall friends; [...] how Yorke might get the Crowne of England, and for that cauſe how to ruine or fret out the Duke of Sommerſet; who ſtanding, they were to looke for ſtrong oppoſition.

1611，John Speed，“Henrie the Sixth, King of England, and France, Lord of Ireland: The Three and Fiftieth Monarch of England, His Raigne, Actes, and Issve”, in The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. …，Imprinted at London: [By William Hall and John Beale] … and are to be solde by Iohn Sudbury & Georg Humble, in Popes-head alley at ye signe of ye white Horse, →OCLC; 再版 London: Printed by Iohn Beale, for George Hvmble, and are to be sold in Popes-head Pallace, at the signe of the White Horse, 1614, →OCLC, book 9, paragraph 55，頁 665，列 1:

We are all hurrying down the one common stream to the great ocean of eternity: but are we performing our social duties, as citizens of the world, in sculking away into holes and corners, to fret out time and life, because God has judged fit to withdraw the favourite toy he lent us—not making us destitute—but graciously leaving in our keeping, ten thousand toys beside.

1835，Louisa Sidney Stanhope，“Conclusion”, in Sydney Beresford. A Tale of the Day. … In Three Volumes，卷 III, London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, Paternoster-Row, →OCLC，頁 274:

The Mines are cold where the outward Air comes in; but where not, warm. The greateſt trouble they have is by duſt, which ſpoileth their Lungs and Stomachs, and frets their Skins.

1677，Edward Browne，“A Journey from Vienna in Austria to Hamburg”, in An Account of Several Travels through a Great Part of Germany: In Four Journeys. …，London: Printed for Benj[amin] Tooke, and are to be sold at the sign of the Ship in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 136:

You may see the surges wear and fret away the basement of the cliff against which they dash themselves, and the mass of broken rock falls into the depth and disappears, and then it is carried away by the tide as it retires.

1881，Frederick W[illiam] Robertson，“The Peace of God”, in “The Human Race” and Other Sermons Preached at Cheltenham, Oxford, and Brighton，New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square, →OCLC，頁 233:

In all the present cases it is the aortic valves that are the source of the mischief. Vegetations, massive, tough, and often calcareous have formed upon these valves, and as they were drive to and fro by the blood-stream have fretted the parts with which they came into contact, and aneurysm at these spots has been the frequent result.

1886年January5日，Samuel West，“Some Aneurysms of the Heart, Many of the Cases Exhibiting the Effects of Erosion”, in Transactions of the Pathological Society of London，卷s XXXVII (Comprising the Report of the Proceedings for the Session 1885–86), London: Smith, Elder & Co., 15, Waterloo Place, →OCLC，頁 159:

Fret not thy ſelfe becauſe of euill doers, neither bee thou enuious againſt the workers of iniquitie.

1611，The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version)，London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 37:1:

A wristband frets on the edges.

This, as Maury remarks, "suggested the idea that there was no running water nor abrading forces at play upon the bed of the deep sea, and consequently, if ever an electric cord were lodged upon the telegraphic plateau, there it would lie in cold abstraction; without anything to fret, chafe or wear, save alone the tooth of time."

1893，A[lexander] Fraser-Macdonald，“The North Atlantic Viewed as a Region Traversed by Our Ocean Railways”, in Our Ocean Railways: Or, The Rise, Progress, and Development of Ocean Steam Navigation，London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC，頁 239:

Had Carry preferred mere wealth, weighed by such a master, to the congenial spirit of her former lover? It fretted the young man even to think of such a possibility. And the visitors had fretted him each in some special point.

1882 June，[Margaret Oliphant]，“The Ladies Lindores.—Part III.”, in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine，卷 CXXXI (American edition, volume XCIV), 期 DCCC, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publishing Co., 41 Barclay Street, →OCLC, chapter VII，頁 708，列 2:

Of all the queer collections of humans outside of a crazy asylum, it seemed to me this sanitarium was the cup winner. But, after all, I shouldn't have expected nothing different. When you're well enough off so's you don't have to fret about anything but your heft or your diseases you begin to get queer, I suppose.

1913，Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln，章號 5, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients，New York, N.Y., London: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL，頁s 115–116:

Recruits have also fretted that the shares included in their offer letters could quickly become devalued if Mr. Musk succeeded in taking Twitter private.

2022年April25日，Kate Conger，“Twitter Employees Search for Answers as Musk Deal Takes Shape”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Rancour frets in the malignant breast.

Beyond Tabor, the ſmall river Luſchnitze frets over craggy rocks, covered with thick woods, through which you continue your journey for three German miles, [...]

1789，John Gillies，章號 II, in A View of the Reign of Frederick II. of Prussia; with a Parallel between the Prince and Philip II. of Macedon，Printed for A[ndrew] Strahan, and T[homas] Cadell, in the Strand, →OCLC，頁 142:

And mid-way through the channel met / Conflicting tides that foam and fret, / And high their mingled billows jet, / As spears, that, in the battle set, / Spring upward as they break.

1815，Walter Scott，“The Lord of the Isles”, in The Poetical Works of Walter Scott: Complete in One Volume，Frankfurt: Printed by and for H. L. Brœnner, 出版於 1826, →OCLC, canto I，頁 130:

The sea frets itself around it [South Stack, Wales, UK] and gurgles in the cavern; ledges and reefs abut on it.

1891 June，William H[enry] Rideing，“Safety on the Atlantic”, in Scribner’s Magazine，卷 IX, 期 6, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner's Sons; London: F[rederick] Warne & Co., →OCLC，頁 700，列 2:

It is important to allow beer to flatten, after it has ceased working. This is accomplished by leaving the casks open, when the small floating particles of yeast part with their fixed air, lose their buoyancy, and sink to the bottom. [...] The beer having thus deposited its remaining yeast will not be liable to fret.

1856，“The Art of Brewing”, in The Brewer: A Familiar Treatise on the Art of Brewing, with Directions for the Selection of Malt and Hops, &c., &c.: Instructions for Making Cider and British Wines: Also, a Description of the New and Improved Brewing Saccharometer and Slide Rule, with Full Instructions for Their Use，London: William R[obert] Loftus, 6, Beaufoy Terrace, Edgeware Road, →OCLC，頁 50:


fret

Now though Cider uſed in my Method ſhould not ferment at all, till it come into the Bottle, and then but a little; yet the Cauſe of Fermentation being in a great Degree taken away, the reſt can do no conſiderable Harm to thoſe who drink it, [...] It is in your Power to give the Cider juſt as much fret as you pleaſe, and no more; and that by ſeveral ways: For either you may bottle it ſooner or later, as you pleaſe: Or you may bottle it from two Taps in your Veſſel, and that from the higher Tap will have leſs Fret, and the lower more: [...]

1724，Paul Neile，“Sir Paul Neile’s Discourse of Cider”, in John Evelyn, Silva: Or, A Discourse of Forest-trees, and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty’s Dominions: … In Two Books. …，第5th版, London: Printed for J. Walthoe [et al.], →OCLC，頁 91:

The place was a little below Gravesend, quite out of the fret and bustle of the narrower river, and there was not even a steamboat pier to disturb the quiet of this cluster of harmless houses, though they watched upon their beach the passage of great navies down the greatest thoroughfare of England.

1857，[Margaret Oliphant]，“The First Day”, in The Days of My Life. An Autobiography. … In Three Volumes，卷 III, London: Hurst and Blackett, publishers, successors to Henry Colburn, 13, Great Marlborough Street, →OCLC，頁 4:

When the pitching heat is high, and the yeast is of a good quality and in sufficient abundance, the fermentation proceeds so rapidly and with such energy that it becomes ungovernable; some means must therefore be employed to check the heat. For this purpose coils of pipe, through which water circulates, are fitted up in the tun. Unless this is done the whole of the glutinous constituents of the gyle is not removed in the yeast, and the liquor does not cleanse satisfactorily, in consequence of an after fermentation which sets in, which is technically known as the "fret."

1877，“BEER”, in Encyclopædia of Chemistry Theoretical, Practical, and Analytical as Applied to the Arts and Manufactures，卷s I (Acetic Acid – Gas), Philadelphia, Pa.: J. B. Lippincott & Co., →OCLC，頁 315，列 2:

He keeps his mind in a continual fret.

他的思想一直處於焦躁狀態。

It was our good fortune last autumn to escape from the feverish excitement and moral tension of this vast metropolis, from the hurry and fret of business, the glut of pleasure, the satiety of delight, the weariness of politics, and the exhausting duties of our critical function, into that favoured corner of our fortunate island, the West of England; [...]

1836 December，“Art. IX. Transactions of the Institute of British Architects. Vol. I. Part I. London, 1836.”, in The Quarterly Review，卷 LVIII, 期 CXVI, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, →OCLC，頁 524:

And the preacher who delivered the discourse went home and fretted; his wife, children and servants being witnesses. Sanctification takes the spirit of fret out of the heart.

1897，B[everly] Carradine，The Sanctified Life，Cincinnati, Oh.: Office of the Revivalist, →OCLC，頁 192:

After their introduction to Orlando, Celia wonders why Rosalind should be so morose ([William Shakespeare's As You Like It,] I.iii.10–19): [...] In her effort to cheer Rosalind, Celia compares these frets to burs, meaning the rough and prickly flowerheads: "They are but burs, cousin, thrown upon thee in holiday foolery."

1980，Renaissance Papers，Durham, N.C.: Southeastern Renaissance Conference, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁 50:

Vesiculæ, or vesicles, are small, circumscribed elevations of the scarf-skin, containing serum, at first (both in their coats and contents) transparent, afterwards white and opaque, and terminating in the formation of scurf or thin scales. Under this head are ranged varicella (chicken-pox), sudamina, eczema (red fret), herpes (fret), scabies (itch).

1860，Robert J[acob] Jordan，章號 I, in Skin Diseases and Their Remedies，London: John Churchill, New Burlington Street, →OCLC, book I (Diseases of the Skin)，頁 57:

To cure Gripes in Horses. This disorder goes by different names in different districts of the country; as fret, from the uneasiness attending it; bots, from its being thought to arise from these animals or worms, etc. [...] In speaking of the medicine for gripes, or the flatulent colic sometimes termed fret, Mr. White mentions, domestic remedies may be employed when proper medicines cannot be procured in time.

1867年April25日，[Colin Mackenzie]，“Farriery”, in Mackenzie’s Ten Thousand Receipts, in All the Useful and Domestic Arts; Constituting a Complete and Practical Library, …，第new, carefully revised and re-written版, Philadelphia, Pa.: T. Ellwood Zell & Company, Nos. 17 & 19 South Sixth Street，頁s 112–113:

Then we obſerve the Frets in the Banks of Rivers that are newly made by any great Land-Flood, which uſually are then very clean, to ſee, if happily we can diſcover any metalline Stones in the Sides and Bottoms thereof, together with the Caſt of the Country (i.e. any earth of a different colour from the reſt of the Bank), which is a great help to direct us, which ſide or hill to ſearch into.

1716，“[The Tin Mines in Devonshire and Cornwal] [marginal note]”, in The Philosophical Transactions, and Collections, to the End of the Year 1700, Abridg’d and Dispos’d under General Heads，卷 II (Containing All the Physiological Papers), London: Printed for Robert Knaplock, at the Bishop's-Head; Richard Wilkin, at the King's-Head; and Henry Clements, at the Half-Moon in St. Paul's Church-yard, →OCLC，頁 566:


fret

來自中古英語 frēten (“裝飾”)，來自古法語 freté、freter、fretter (“裝飾”)，來自古法語 fret（來自fraindre (“打破”)，來自拉丁語 frangō (“破壞，粉碎”)，來自原始意大利語 *frangō，源頭來自原始印歐語 *bʰreg- (“破壞”)）+ 古法語 -er (動詞形後綴)（來自拉丁語 -āre，源頭來自原始印歐語 *h₃enh₂- (“重壓”)）。

Went to visit our good neighbor, Mr. Bohun, whose whole house is a cabinet of all elegancies, especially Indian; [...] [A]bove all, his lady's cabinet is adorned on the fret, ceiling, and chimney-piece with Mr. Gibbons's best carving.

1682年July30日，John Evelyn，The Diary of John Evelyn: Edited from the Original MSS. [...] In Two Volumes (Universal Classics Library)，卷 II, New York, N.Y., London: M. Walter Dunne, publisher, 出版於 1901, →OCLC，頁 170:

Remove spills from grill frets with a cloth and brush the frets with a stiff brush when dry and cold.

1943，Homes and Gardens，卷 25, London: [s.n.], 出版於 1944, →OCLC，頁 40:

Square unit of nondescript frets which interlace in the centre to form a cruciform shape.

2007，Nancy Edwards，A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales，卷 2 (South-west Wales), Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales Press, →ISBN，頁 136:

與菱形圖案交錯的X形十字

DIAPERED, or Diapre, in heraldry, the dividing of a field in planes, like fret-work, and filling the ſame with variety of figures. This chiefly obtains on bordures, which are diapered or fretted over, and the frets charged with things proper for bordures.

1764，Temple Henry Croker，Thomas Williams，Samuel Clark [et al.]，“DIAPERED”, in The Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences，卷 I, London: Printed for the authors, and sold by J. Wilson & J. Fell, Pater-noster Row; [et al.], →OCLC:


fret

frets (third-person singular present)
fretting (present participle)
fretted (past participle)

The sun shone brilliantly through the trembling leaves, birds of many colors flitted from spray to spray, butterflies and bright insects crossed the fretted work of light and shade.

1882年July29日，J. Henry Shorthouse，“The Marquis Jeanne Hyacinth De St. Palaye [from Macmillan’s Magazine]”, in Littel’s Living Age，卷 XXXIX (Fifth Series; volume CLIV overall), 期 1988, Boston, Mass.: Littel & Co., →OCLC, section V，頁 228，列 1:


fret

來自中古英語 freten (“捆”)，來自古法語 freter，來自frete (“金屬包頭”)（現代法語 frette）。用來表示音樂意思的源頭未知；可能來自 frete 或來自 fret（摩擦）。

The long-necked Egyptian Nefer was certainly depicted in the 4th dynasty; and wall-painting of the time of Moses, preserved in the British Museum, shows that it then had frets.

1880，A. J. H[ipkins]，“LUTE”, in A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450–1880) [...] In Three Volumes，卷 II, London: Macmillan and Co., →OCLC，頁 175，列 2:

The frets of the lute marked whole tones, while those of the guitar were a semi-tone apart.

1916，“History of the Orchestra”, in The Orchestra and Orchestral Music (The Art of Music: A Comprehensive Library of Information for Music Lovers and Musicians; 8)，New York, N.Y.: The National Society of Music, →OCLC, section III，頁 69:


fret

音樂方面的意思： 將琴弦壓在品的後面


fret

來自拉丁語 fretum (“航道，海峽”)。

The river Velino, after having found its way from among the rocks where it falls, runs into the Nera. The channel of this laſt river is white with rocks, and the ſurface of it, for a long ſpace, covered with froth and bubbles; for it runs all along upon the fret, and is ſtill breaking againſt the ſtones that oppoſe its paſſage: [...]

1721，Joseph Addison，“Pesaro, Fano, Senigallia, Ancona, Loretto, &c. to Rome”, in The Works of the Right Honourable Joseph Addison, Esq，卷s II (Remarks on Several Parts of Italy, &c. in the Years 1701, 1702, 1703), London: Printed for Jacob Tonson, at Shakespear's-Head, over-against Katherine-street in the Strand, →OCLC，頁 56:


fret

最早見於1800年代中期，起源未知。可能與fret (“在……上面形成圖案”)、fret (“吞噬”，指大霧籠罩陸地) 或 fret (“使水面激起漣漪”，指將霧吹向內陸的風) 等相關；語義上對照haar (“冷風；縹緲的風；霧，迷霧”)。而方言中拼寫也作 freet，發音讀作 /fɹit/，這個現象在詞源1中也有發現。

The wind brings a fret off the ocean; not cold, but achingly damp.

2008，Trezza Azzopardi，Winterton Blue: A Novel，頁 14:


futile

源自中古法語 futile ← 拉丁語 fūtilis。

more futile (comparative)
most futile (superlative)

No matter how early I came down, I would find him on the veranda, smoking cigarettes, or[…]. And at last I began to realize in my harassed soul that all elusion was futile, and to take such holidays as I could get, when he was off with a girl, in a spirit of thankfulness.

1898，Winston Churchill，章號 4, in The Celebrity:

Goals from Steven Pienaar, Andros Townsend, Jermain Defoe and Harry Kane sealed the win, but Rubin Kazan's 1-1 draw against PAOK Salonika rendered Spurs' efforts futile.

2011年December15日，Marc Higginson，“Shamrock Rovers 0-4 Tottenham”, in BBC Sport:


facies

借自拉丁語 faciēs (“形式，構造，形象；面孔，面容，容貌”)。face 的同源對似詞。

The Chilean Amphijubula Schust. (Schuster, 1970a) which has the facies of a small Frullania and agrees with Frullania in leaf insertion and branching, has a nontiered seta with 16 epidermal cell rows surrounding 4 inner rows.

1992年，魯道夫馬蒂亞斯舒斯特，The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian，卷 V, 伊州芝加哥: 菲爾德自然史博物館, →ISBN，頁 6:


ginseng

源自泉漳話 人參／人参 (jîn-som)。

When the Afghan princes find it necessary to employ Chob-Chini, (the Jin-seng, or China root so celebrated as a purifier, tonic, and aphrodisiac) they choose the spring season.

1855，Sir Richard Burton，Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah，Dover, 出版於 1964，頁s 56–7:

Athletes' use of herbal supplements has skyrocketed in the past two decades. At the top of the list of popular herbs are echinacea and ginseng, whereas garlic, St. John's wort, soybean, ephedra and others are also surging in popularity or have been historically prevalent.

2013年March13日，David S. Senchina，“Athletics and Herbal Supplements”, in American Scientist，卷 101, 期 2，存檔自the original on 2013-05-16，頁 134:


bonjour

來自法語 bonjour (“你好；早安”)。

Say bonjour to the botched R.S.V.P. The practice of replying to invitations, let alone actually showing up to parties as promised, has become as antiquated as the chimney sweep, and much messier.

2009年March13日，Alexandra Jacobs，“Blame the Messager”, in New York Times:


harp

繼承自中古英語 harpe，繼承自古英語 hearpe (“豎琴”)，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *harpā，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *harpǭ (“豎琴”)。同源詞包括低地蘇格蘭語 hairp (“豎琴”)、西弗里斯蘭語 harpe、harp (“豎琴”)、低地德語 Harp (“豎琴”)、荷蘭語 harp (“豎琴”)、德語 Harfe (“豎琴”)、丹麥語 harpe (“豎琴”)、瑞典語 harpa (“豎琴”)。

豎琴 音樂學上屬於相同類型的樂器

The Harpe. […] A harper with his wreſt maye tune the harpe wrong / Mys tunying of an Inſtrument ſhal hurt a true ſonge

1568，William Cornishe [i.e., William Cornysh]，“In the Fleete Made by Me William Cornishe otherwise Called Nyshwhete Chapelman with the Most Famose and Noble Kyng Henry the VII. His Reygne the XIX. Yere the Moneth of July. A Treatise betwene Trouth, and Information.”, in John Skelton, Pithy Pleasaunt and Profitable Workes of Maister Skelton, Poete Laureate，Imprinted at London: In Fletestreate, neare vnto Saint Dunstones Churche by Thomas Marshe, →OCLC; 再版為 Pithy Pleasaunt and Profitable Workes of Maister Skelton, Poete Laureate to King Henry the VIIIth，London: Printed for C. Davis in Pater-noster Row, 1736, →OCLC，頁 290:

豎琴形燈架；照明裝置的組件，用於安裝燈罩，通常由輕質框架製成並圍繞著燈泡，頂部有一個用於安裝的附件。

Contains charts and instructions for wiring. Shows sockets, wire, harps, glass chimneys and globes, shade holders, bases, finials, and hundreds of items necessary in the building of lamps.

Both types of harp have a swiveling shade holder at the top. The threaded stud on the swivel accepts the finial.

1991, Kalton C. Lahue, Cheryl Smith, Interior Lighting (page 104)


harp

harps (third-person singular present)
harping (present participle)
harped (past participle)

以技巧和藝術來發展或表達；像豎琴一樣發出聲音

Thou harped my fear aright.

你正確地表達了我的恐懼。

c. 1606 (date written)，William Shakespeare，“The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio)，London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, 出版於 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv]:


Barbados

源自葡萄牙語 barbados (“有鬍子的人”)，源自 barba (“鬍子”)，由於島上有茂密的懸垂苔蘚或藤蔓。

Barbadoes (alternative)
Barbadoses (third-person singular present)
Barbadosing (present participle)
Barbadosed (past participle)

The Barbadian planters […] resorted to shipping in hundreds of Scottish and Irish soldiers who’d been taken prisoner during Oliver Cromwell’s conquest. When that supply ran out, they took to kidnapping children, so many that a new term was coined: “barbadosed” meant the same thing in the late seventeenth century as “shanghaied” would in the twentieth.

巴貝多種植園主 […] 透過船運運送了數百名在奧利佛·克倫威爾征服期間被俘的蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭士兵。當這些供給耗盡後，他們便開始綁架兒童，數量之多以至於一個新詞被創造出來：「barbadosed」在十七世紀後期的含義與「shanghaied」在二十世紀的含義相同。

2011，Colin Woodard，章號 7, in American nations，New York: Penguin, →ISBN:


floccinaucinihilipilification

拉丁語 floccus (“一縷”) + naucum (“瑣事”) + nihilum (“沒有東西”) + pilus (“毛髮”) + -fication。
這顯然是伊顿公学的學生們創造的一種戲謔用語，由多個拉丁語詞幹所組成。該詞的靈感來自威廉·莉莉（William Lily，約 1468-1522 年）在17-19世紀出版的各種版本的拉丁語語法教科書（包括《伊頓拉丁語語法（Eton Latin Grammar）》）中的一句話，其中列出了一些名詞常用的屬格與一些動詞，像是pendo和facio的搭配，表示評價某物一文不值或如前所述：
「Flócci of a lock of wool, náuci of a nut-shell, níhili of nóthing, píli of a hair, ássis of a pénny, hújus of this, terúncii of a fárthing, addúntur are ádded, peculiáritèr pecúliarly or véry próperly vérbis to verbs æstimándi of esteéming.」

/ˌflɒksɪˌnɔːsɪˌnaɪhɪlɪˌpɪlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

經常被認為是英語中最長的非專業單字，比著名的長單字antidisestablishmentarianism多一個字母。保守黨議員雅各·里斯-莫格在2012年的一次辯論會中使用了該詞，之後該詞成為議會紀錄的最長單字，直到2017年麥可·布萊恩（Michael Bryan）在青年專責委員會上使用了pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis，才打破這一紀錄。

把某事物都看作是毫無價值的一種行動或習慣

I loved him for nothing so much as his flocci-nauci-nihili-pili-fication of money.

我最欣賞他的，就是他對金錢完全不以為然的態度。

There is a systematic flocci-nauci-nihili-pilification of all other aspects of existence that angers me.

他們有系統地貶低生活中的所有其他層面，這讓我感到憤怒。

1970，Patrick O'Brian，Master and Commander:

Floccinaucinihilipilification in accounting - does it matter?

在會計領域中把一切都視為無價值 - 這樣做有意義嗎？

2000，Raymond J. Chambers，Logic, Law, and Ethics:

They must be taken with an air of contempt, a floccinaucinihilipilification of all that can gratify the outward man.

對於那些能滿足外在需求的事物，必須以蔑視的態度視之，將其全盤否定。

2006，Sol Steinmetz，The life of language:

Some people with low self-esteem are prone to floccinaucinihilipilification, the habit of deeming everything worthless.

一些缺乏自信容易養成一種習慣，把所有事物都看作毫無價值。

The quasi statistician would doubtlessly not know how to check this supposition, thus rendering the interpretation of the mean profit as floccinaucinihilipilification.

這位準統計學家顯然不知道如何驗證這個假設，因此對平均利潤的解讀變得毫無意義。

2011，Bruce Ratner，Statistical and Machine-Learning Data Mining:

Let me indulge in the floccinaucinihilipilification of EU judges and quote from the book of Amos about them.

讓我盡情地貶低這些歐盟法官吧，我要引用《阿摩司書》中關於他們的話。

2012年February21日，Jacob Rees-Mogg，parliamentary debates，列 787:


Apple

如果指多媒體機構，則代表由披頭四樂團創立的（蘋果總公司）和唱片公司（蘋果唱片）。

Listen, Apple’s not perfect. You need proof? We made the Newton. We made that one Mac that looks like a toaster. We actually thought the Apple Watch was cool.
Wait, this isn’t cool?
Oh, fuck no.
Shit!
We put a YouTube album on your phones. You know, the one you’ve been struggling to delete. That thing keeps coming back, huh? And we can’t even make out battery last more than, like, a day!

2016年March13日，“Encryption”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver，季数 3, 集数 5, 經由 HBO:


Ashes

The superlatives have been 'wrung dry to describe' that tumultous heart-warming welcome in Sydney and beyond, the kind of picture we needed to stir us from such melancholy contemplations as our cricketers' fall from Ashes glory in the West Indies.

1954年March1日，The Morning Bulletin，Rockhampton，頁 2，列 4:

My Ashes experiences have led to lifelong friendships with numerous Australians as well as England team-mates.


Danmark

最终源自丹麥語 Danmark。

丹麥（國家名，位於北歐）

For Youth for Christ in Danmark I'm looking for an inernet service provider in Danmark. Please post a reply or mail me I you have some information on this.

致丹麥基督教青年歸主協會：我正在丹麥尋找網際網路服務提供商。如果您有這方面的一些資訊，請給我回覆或發郵件給我。

1995年January12日，Peter Brouwer，“Internet service providers in Danmark?”, in soc.religion.christian.youth-work (Usenet), retrieved 2022-09-30:

Is there a list from running-competitions in Danmark.
I´ll spend my holidays in Danmark, and try to to some competitions in running-sports.

有丹麥賽跑比賽的名單嗎？
我將在丹麥度假，並嘗試參加一些跑步運動的比賽。

1998年January1日，G.Henke，“Running in Danmark”, in dk.sport (Usenet), retrieved 2022-09-30:

:Template:seeMoreCites


English

源自中古英語 Englisch、English、Inglis，來自古英語 Englisċ (“盎格魯人的；英格蘭的”)，來自Engle (“盎格魯人，日耳曼部落”) + -isċ；等同於Angle + -ish。對比荷蘭語 Engels、丹麥語 engelsk、古法語 Englesche（法語 anglais的來源）, 德語 englisch、西班牙語 inglés，最初來源為原始印歐語 *h₂enǵʰ- (“窄的”)（對比梵語 अंहु (aṃhu，“窄的”)、अंहस् (aṃhas，“緊張；罪惡”)、拉丁語 angustus (“窄的”)、古教會斯拉夫語 ѫзъкъ (ǫzŭkŭ，“窄的”)）。

Englishes (third-person singular present)
Englishing (present participle)
Englished (past participle)

[…] severe prohibuit viris suis tum misceri feminas in consuetis suis menstruis, etc. I spare to English this which I have said.

1624，Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton]，The Anatomy of Melancholy: […]，第2nd版, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Printed by John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC:
, page 214 (2001 reprint):

Mamma is an adaptation of a French farce by Mr. Sydney Grundy, made in the time when his chief claim to recognition as a playwright lay in his ingenious aptitude for Englishing the un-Englishable.

1901，The Speaker, the Liberal Review - Volume 3，頁 654:

Here, the poems are Englished by twelve different translators

2011, Colin Cheney, 'Where Should I Start with Tomas Tranströmer?':


French

繼承自中古英語 Frenche、Frensch、Frensc、Frenshe、Frenk、Franche，來自古英語 Frenċisċ (“法語”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Frankisk (“法蘭克”)，等同於Frank + -ish (對照Frankish)。與西佛蘭德語 Fransch (“法語”)、荷蘭語 Frans (“法語”)、中古低地德語 vranksch、frenkisch、vrenkesch、vrenksch (“法語”)、中古高地德語 frenkisch、frensch （“法蘭克的，法蘭西的”；> 德語 fränkisch (“法蘭克尼亞”)）、丹麥語 fransk (“法語”)、瑞典語 fransk、fransysk (“法語”)、冰島語 franska (“法語”)同源。
用作粗俗語言的義項，其通常指早期19世紀上層階級實際使用的法語表達 (但通常輕微無禮)，後來被下層階級用作罵人的話，因為他們認為聽者不會熟悉這些用語。
用來指苦艾酒的義項，是French vermouth的簡稱。

She speaks French.

Ne mowe we alle Latin wite...
Ne French...

c. 1390, Robert Grosseteste, translating Chateau d'Amour as The Castle of Love, ll. 25 ff.:

I... wolde also be bolde in such french as is peculiare to the lawys of this realme, to leue it wyth them in wrytynge to.

1533, Thomas More, The Debellacyon of Salem & Bizance, fol. 96:

I could speak but little French.

1720，Daniel Defoe，Memoirs of a Cavalier，頁 13:

Thus, complementary to the French of France, the Quebecois (and in a lesser degree the Frenches of Africa, Swiss French, etc.) would constitute languages in their own right.

1991，Michael Clyne，Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations，Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN，頁 169:

Almost three quarters of the population 65 and older reported speaking French.

1997，Albert Valdman，French and Creole in Louisiana，頁 29:

Although he would spend the rest of his life in France, Picasso never mastered the language, and during those early years he was especially self-conscious about how bad his French was.

2004，Jack Flam，Matisse and Picasso: The Story of Their Rivalry and Friendship，頁 18:

The Frenches of England remain as working languages in the different registers of various occupational communities and for particular social rituals. Beyond the fifteenth century, French is a much less substantial presence in England, though[…]

2013，Jocelyn Wogan-Browne，Language and Culture in Medieval Britain: The French of England, C.1100-c.1500，Boydell & Brewer Ltd, →ISBN，頁 361:

Pardon my French.

The enraged headsman spares no 'bad French' in explaining his motives.

1845，Edward Jerningham Wakefield，Adventure in New Zealand，卷 I，頁 327:

Cameron: Pardon my French, but you're an asshole!

1986, John Hughes, Ferris Bueller's Day Off':

The book... is a welcome change from theory-infected academic discourse, pardon my French.

2005年May29日，New York Times Book Review，頁 12:


French

複數形式Frenches的使用在早期現代英語出現過，在當代英語很少出現。和其他集體區域居民稱謂詞一樣，French在指代法國人時，會在前面加上定冠詞或定語。

主要用於集合名詞和以複數形式

The Hundred Years' War was fought between the English and the French.

百年戰爭是英國人和法國人之間的戰爭。

Under the Fourth Republic, more and more French unionized.

在第四共和國時期，越來越多的法國人加入了工會。

[…]to breake the necke of the wicked purposes & plots of the French[…]

1579，Francesco Guicciardini as，譯者 Geoffrey Fenton, The Historie of Guicciardin，頁 378:

Such is the nature and complexion of the frenches, that they are worth nothing, but at the first push.

1653，François Rabelais，譯者 Thomas Urquhart, Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais，卷 I，頁 214:

On the way, scouts reported that some French were heading toward them across the ice.

2002，Jeremy Thornton，The French and Indian War，頁 14:


French

more French (comparative)
most French (superlative)

French defence, French defense, French Defence

French lilac (Syringa vulgaris & Galega officinalis)

the French border with Italy

That must have hurt, especially because you knew the French children weren’t even trying. “Uh, go on, play weez your seellee nambeurs. Zey tell you nosseeng of ze true naytcheur of ze soula. I’ll weepa for you.”

2015年May3日，“Standardized Testing”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver，季数 2, 集数 12, John Oliver (actor), 經由 HBO:


French

Frenches (third-person singular present)
Frenching (present participle)
Frenched (past participle)
french (alternative)

french的大小寫替代形式

Even before I thought about what I was doing we Frenched and kissed with tongues.

1995，Jack Womack，Random Acts of Senseless Violence，頁 87:


German

來自拉丁語 Germānus、Germānī (“來自Germānia的民族”)，不同於Gauls (在凱撒和塔西佗的著作中)，最初源頭不明 (可能是凱爾特語族/高盧語)。
與german (“關係密切的”)或germane無關 (來自拉丁語形容詞germānus，經由古法語)。
至少在1520年開始出現。取代了英語中較早的術語Almain和Dutch (來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz)。除了德語、日耳曼語、荷蘭語的同源詞外，其他語言中表示德國人的兩類詞源一個是Saxon的同源詞和原始斯拉夫語 *němьcь的派生詞；更多資訊參閱這些條目。

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

[…] tie them tightly in a thickly floured cloth, and boil them for three hours and a half. We can recommend this as a remarkably light small rich pudding : it may be served with German, wine, or punch sauce.

1858，Eliza Acton，Modern Cookery in All Its Branches: Reduced to a System of Easy Practice, for the Use of Private Families : in a Series of Receipts, which Have Been Strictly Tested, and are Given with the Most Minute Exactness : to which are Added Directions for Carving, Garnishing, and Setting Out the Table, with a Table of Weights and Measures，頁 279:

The wine list harbours some great bottles, mature clarets and Burgundies as well as a clutch of fine Germans (gold-dust these days in restaurants) […]

1996，Jim Ainsworth，Passport's Guide to Britain's Best Restaurants:

In my German, they calling me a baller (skrr)
Got me feeling like Özil

2021年May21日，“Plugged In Freestyle”, Big Tobz in Big Tobz & Blittz 作詞, Fumez The Engineer 作曲，0:13–0:16:

There are some 32 different terms for prison officers, from the humorously affectionate kanga(rhyming slang:kangaroo = screw) and the variants Scooby-Doo and Dr. Who via the mildly confrontational German (as if still the enemy over 50 years after World War II!) to the outright abuse of shit-parcel.

1996，Angela Devlin，Prison Patter，Waterside Press, →ISBN:


German

more German (comparative)
most German (superlative)
Germanest (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

In Prussia, always the most progressive of the German states during the Weimar years and a stronghold of the two parties, Jews could be found in virtually all administrative departments […].

2001，Donald L. Niewyk，The Jews in Weimar Germany, →ISBN，頁 31:

與德國本地人或居民有關的；德國人後裔有關的

Her German husband has blond hair.

她的德裔丈夫長著一頭金髮。

If Demandt's essay served as a strident example of the German desire for normalcy, a more subtle example was provided by a brief allohistorical depiction of a Nazi victory in World War II written by German historian Michael Salewski in 1999.

2005年May23日，Gavriel D. Rosenfeld，The World Hitler Never Made: Alternate History and the Memory of Nazism，Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁 182:

Goths, a German tribe, 9; allied with other tribes against Rome, 39; …

1889, Theodore S. Fay, The three Germanys: glimpses into their history, vol. II, p. 1270 (inside the index):

分體詞：Low German、High German

Because the instructions were German, Yves couldn't read them.

因為這些指示是用德語寫成的，所以伊夫看不懂。

In this manner there existed, about the time of the Reformation, three grand divisions of the German language, viz. the Upper German (Ober Deutsch), the Low German (Nieder Deutsch, or Platt Deutsch), and lastly the High German (Hoch Deutsch).

1816，George Henry Noehden，A Grammar of the German Language，第3rd版，頁 3:

To trace its progress, it will be necessary to enter into detail, and to examine the German language in its two great divisions, the Low and High German.

1838，Joseph Bosworth，A Dictionary of the Anglo-saxon Language，頁 xiii:

This volume is intended to provide a survey of the linguistic characteristics of modern German dialects …. These are defined geographically as those within the borders of the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Austria, the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, the German-speaking part of Switzerland, and Alsace in France ([..]).

1990, Charles V.J. Russ, Introduction, in: Charles V.J. Russ (ed.), The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, p. xviii (note: the work covers Frisian, Low and High German dialects):


Jag

"One of the ticket collectors at our local station," observed Mr. Fiennes, "has a Jag."

1960 February，“The future of B.R. passenger traffic”, in Trains Illustrated，頁 76:


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum)

Japanese lantern (Alkekengi officinarum, syn. Physalis alkekengi)

A Japanese saw is one that cuts on the pull stroke rather than on the push stroke.

日本鋸是一種在拉衝程而非推衝程中實現切割的鋸子。

In the United States, Japanese animation has had a tremendous surge in popularity over the last few years.

過去幾年，日本動畫在美國人氣猛增。

Japanese retail stores have strove to, and have succeeded in, fulfilling these severe demands, and in doing so, have constantly had to innovate both technologically and institutionally in order to keep up with the competition.

日本零售商店努力并成功地满足了这些严格的要求，为此，必须不断在技术和制度上进行创新，以跟上竞争的步伐。

2013年February6日，Hideo Otake，“Revising the Interpretation of the Japanese Economy”, in State and Administration in Japan and Germany: A Comparative Perspective on Continuity and Change，頁 319:


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

:Template:U:en:-ese然而在東亞它卻經常被翻譯成漢語 日本人 (rìběnrén)或日語 日本人 (Nihonjin)。

A Japanese will typically have black hair, brown eyes, and pale skin.

日本人一般長著黑髮、褐眼睛，皮膚白皙。

Motoyuki Shibata isn’t a typical Japanese.
柴田元幸不是一名典型的日本人。

2007 October 16, Madeleine Brand, “Japan Struggles to Meet Its CO2 Emissions Limits”, Day to Day, National Public Radio,

How courteous is the Japanese;
He always says, "Excuse it, please."

日本人真有禮貌；
他總是開口說道“不好意思”。


Li

禮／礼 (Lǐ)的轉寫。

禮縣（縣名，位於中國甘肅隴南）

Zhang Jiacheng has lived his entire life in Longhuai village, a small settlement comprised of earthen and aged red-brick homes in Li county, in southern Gansu province's Longnan city.

張加成一輩子都住在他的家鄉，甘肅省南部隴南市禮縣龍槐村。這個小小村莊到處可見黃土和紅磚砌成的老房子。

2020年September28日，Matthew Robert Bossons，“Reporter's log: Livestreaming, e-commerce play crucial role in Gansu's poverty alleviation drive [记者日志：直播、电商在甘肃脱贫中发挥重要作用]”, in China Daily:


Li

灕／漓 (Lí)的轉寫。

Lee (alternative)
Rhee (alternative)
Ri (alternative)
I (alternative)
Yi (alternative)
Rey (alternative)
Rhie (alternative)

灕江（河名，位於中國廣西）

After breakfast the next day, Ho Li-chih came to invite Yang Shu-tien and me to the Li River for a boat trip to another county, Yang-shuo.

1977，Yee Chiang，“Kuei-lin and Yang-shuo [桂林與陽朔]”, in China Revisited，New York: W. W. Norton & Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 153:

Cormorant fishing on the Li River near Kweilin. With increasingly serious water pollution, fishing with cormorants is becoming a rare sight in China.

桂林附近漓江上的鸬鹚捕鱼。随着水污染的日益严重，鸬鹚捕鱼在中国已成为一种罕见的景象。

1985，Steven W. Mosher，Journey To The Forbidden China [中國密境之旅]，Collier Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁 54f:

Before going home, we flew to Guilin for a meeting with environmentalists concerned about the destruction of forests and the loss of unique wildlife, and a leisurely boat trip down the Li River, which flows through a stunning landscape marked by large limestone formations that looked as if they had burst up through the landscape of the gentle countryside.

2005，Bill Clinton，My Life，卷 II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC，頁s 436-437:

Days 3-5: Guilin and Yangshuo.
Marvel at the extraordinary scenery lining the banks of the serene Li River.

第3-5天：桂林與陽朔。
驚歎於灕江兩岸的壯美風景。

2011，Andrew Forbes，China，APA Publications, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL，頁 16:

In Guilin, the second-largest city in Guangxi, Xi took a boat to inspect the ecological condition of the Li River, a popular tourist destination. The river stretches more than 400km (250 miles) through karst hills and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors each year.

在廣西第二大城市桂林，習近平乘船考察當地著名景點，灕江兩岸的生態狀況。灕江全長400多千米，兩岸都是喀斯特地貌，每年吸引成千上萬遊客到此遊覽。

2021年April27日，Echo Xie，“Xi Jinping laments stone quarrying as he mines green theme in Guangxi [中國 / 政治]”, in South China Morning Post，存檔自the original on 2021-04-27, China / Politics [中國 / 政治]:

有關使用本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Li。


Mountain

蒸汽機車，擁有4-8-2輪式。

Western Pacific wisely devoted its design energies to the articulateds which produced most of its gross, left the 4-6-0's that came with the road plus a few secondhand Florida East Coast Mountains for its sparse passenger service.

1959，Steam's Finest Hour，Kalmbach Publishing Co.，頁 106: