Spanish

來自中古英語 Spainish, Spanish，等同於Spain + -ish。

"If he speaks Spanish, my daughter can converse with him ; she has but shortly arrived from Spain."

1873, Frederick Marryat, Mr. Midshipman Easy，頁號 163:

Therefore in Novial, as well as in Esp-Ido, we simplify the spelling in all words containing double letters in the national languages, from which the words are taken: pasa (E pass, F passer), efekte, komun (F commun, E common), etc. In this we follow the beautiful example of Spanish, which writes pasar, efecto, común, etc., and even extend it to cases in which Spanish makes a distinction in sound and spelling, as with ll and rr: bel S bello, F belle, koresponda, S corresponder, etc.

1928, Otto Jespersen, An International Language，頁號 48:

In contrast with the creole languages discussed above, the article systems of Rumanian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese are more complex, since neutralization fails to occur to a large extent.

1995, The Development of Morphological Systematicity，頁號 146:

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:Spanish。


algorithm

繼承自中古英語 algorisme, augrym，派生自盎格魯-諾曼語 algorisme, augrim，派生自中世紀拉丁語 algorismus，派生自阿拉伯語 الخُوَارِزْمِيّ (al-ḵuwārizmiyy)，源自波斯數學家 Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī，該詞的意思是「來自花剌子模的人」。因為受到了無關的 古希臘語 ἀριθμός (arithmós)（同英語 arithmo-）影響，發音產生了變化（-s- > -th-）。

/ˈælɡəɹɪðəm/

/ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/

/ˈælɡəˌɹɪðəm/

/ˈælɡəˌɹɪðm̩/

使用阿拉伯數字的計算；算法


helium

借自新拉丁語 helium，源自古希臘語 ἥλιος (hḗlios, “太陽”)（因其存在最初是在太陽大氣層中被理論化的） + -ium。

It was an enormous balloon filled with helium, that elemental gas forged from hydrogen in the nuclear furnace of the stars.

1997, Ian McEwan, Enduring Love, Vintage (1998)，頁號 3:


Italian

借自中世紀拉丁語 Italiānus，來自拉丁語 Italia (“意大利”)。

Simple Cannoli, Lemon Ice, or a delicious Tira Mi Su. With so many wonderful recipes, you can eat Italian anytime.

1995, Betty Crocker's New Italian Cooking，頁號 5:

一種亞麻布或棉布，有緞面，用於襯裡


jargon

源自中古英語 jargoun、jargon，源自古法語 jargon，gargon、gargun (“談話，對話”)的變體。


Tamil

借自泰米爾語 தமிழ் (tamiḻ)。

泰米爾語/淡米爾語/坦米爾語


Russian

中世紀拉丁語 (11世紀) Russiānus，Russia的形容詞，為古東斯拉夫語 Русь (Rusĭ)的拉丁化。16世紀開始出現在英語中 (作為名詞和形容詞)。

The “little green men”—faces covered, wearing unmarked olive uniforms, speaking Russian and using Russian weapons—have played a significant role in both the occupation of Crimea and the civil war in eastern Ukraine.¹⁹⁶

2015, Shane R. Reeves, David Wallace, “The Combatant Status of the “Little Green Men” and Other Participants in the Ukraine Conflict”, 出自 International Law Studies, US Naval War College, 卷 91, 期 361, Stockton Center for the Study of International Law，頁號 393:


Czech

借自波蘭語 Czech，源自捷克語 Čech，源自原始斯拉夫語 *čelověkъ (“人，人類”) 的變體及縮約形。


Persian

來自中古英語 percynne，來自中古法語 persien，來自意大利語 persiano，來自中世紀拉丁語 Persiānus，來自拉丁語 Persia，來自古希臘語 Περσίς (Persís)，來自古波斯語 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsa/, “波斯”) (對照現代伊朗波斯語 فارس (fârs)或早期的古典波斯語 پارس (pārs))。

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/


Greek

繼承自古英語 Grēcas (“希臘人”)，Crēcas的變體，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Krēkō，來自拉丁語 Graecus，源頭不明，可能衍生自地名Γραῖα (Graîa)或來自部落名Graii的其他古巴爾幹語族形式，參見英語維基百科條目Griko、Names of the Greeks。希臘語中有個同源詞Γραικός (Graikós)，是從神話時代的祖先Γραίοι (Graíoi, “格瑞西安族”)而來。日爾曼語族同源詞包括荷蘭語 Griek、德語 Grieche。英語和日爾曼語族同源詞中的⟨g⟩，是受到法語 grec和古典拉丁語 Graecus的影響下恢復的。
該形容詞可追溯到14世紀的中古英語，取代了古英語 Grēċisċ (“希臘式的”)和早期中古英語 Gregeis。指兄弟會跟姐妹會，來自早期希臘字母的截斷。

She is absolutely a total GFE, no limits, except no Greek. (Well...I say “no Greek” - - if she is really hot for you, and if she is really turned on in a long session, she might beg for a finger in her anus while you suck her clit, but she is just too tiny and tight for any “real meat” in the backdoor.)

2001, "ASP: 'Julie' of Oral-Land-Oh", alt.sex.prostitution, Usenet:

“What's within reason?” “Hand-job, blow-job, full sex — straight, full service. Greek, maybe, if you're not too big. Golden shower, if you like, but not reverse. No hardsports. And absolutely nothing without.”

2012, Maxim Jakubowski, The Best British Crime Omnibus:


aikido

借自日語 合(あい)気(き)道(どう) (aikidō)。hapkido的同源對似詞。


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

:Template:U:en:-ese然而在東亞它卻經常被翻譯成漢語 日本人 (rìběnrén)或日語 日本人 (Nihonjin)。

Let’s go out to eat. I’m in the mood for Japanese.

咱們出去吃吧。我想吃日餐。


Thai

借自泰語 ไทย (tai)。Tai和Dai的同源對似詞。


English

源自中古英語 Englisch、English、Inglis，來自古英語 Englisċ (“盎格魯人的；英格蘭的”)，來自Engle (“盎格魯人，日耳曼部落”) + -isċ；等同於Angle + -ish。對比荷蘭語 Engels、丹麥語 engelsk、古法語 Englesche（法語 anglais的來源）, 德語 englisch、西班牙語 inglés，最初來源為原始印歐語 *h₂enǵʰ- (“窄的”)（對比梵語 अंहु (aṃhu, “窄的”)、अंहस् (aṃhas, “緊張；罪惡”)、拉丁語 angustus (“窄的”)、教會斯拉夫語 ѫзъкъ (ǫzŭkŭ, “窄的”)）。

英語中的表達 英語中的特定用語、用詞

What's the English for ‘à peu près’?

英語中怎麼表達“à peu près”？

The technical details are correct, but much of the English is not very clear.

技術信息都是正確的，但是用詞上有些模糊。

You are trying to put too much English on the ball.


German

來自拉丁語 Germānus、Germānī (“來自Germānia的民族”)，不同於Gauls (在凱撒和塔西佗的著作中)，最初源頭不明 (可能是凱爾特語族/高盧語)。
與german (“關係密切的”)或germane無關 (來自拉丁語形容詞germānus，經由古法語)。
至少在1520年開始出現。取代了英語中較早的術語Almain和Dutch (來自原始日耳曼語 *þiudiskaz)。除了德語、日耳曼語、荷蘭語的同源詞外，其他語言中表示德國人的兩類詞源一個是Saxon的同源詞和原始斯拉夫語 *němьcь的派生詞；更多資訊參閱這些條目。

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

介於美式和撒克遜式的字體大小，約1+¹⁄₂點式


German

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

分體詞：Low German (Plattdeutsch)、High German

German has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

德語（的名詞）有三種性別：陽性、陰性和中性。


French

繼承自中古英語 Frenche、Frensch、Frensc、Frenshe、Frenk、Franche，來自古英語 Frenċisċ (“法語”)，來自原始西日耳曼語 *Frankisk (“法蘭克”)，等同於Frank + -ish (對照Frankish)。與西佛蘭德語 Fransch (“法語”)、荷蘭語 Frans (“法語”)、中古低地德語 vranksch、frenkisch、vrenkesch、vrenksch (“法語”)、中古高地德語 frenkisch、frensch （“法蘭克的，法蘭西的”；> 德語 fränkisch (“法蘭克尼亞”)）、丹麥語 fransk (“法語”)、瑞典語 fransk、fransysk (“法語”)、冰島語 franska (“法語”)同源。
用作粗俗語言的義項，其通常指早期19世紀上層階級實際使用的法語表達 (但通常輕微無禮)，後來被下層階級用作罵人的話，因為他們認為聽者不會熟悉這些用語。
用來指苦艾酒的義項，是French vermouth的簡稱。

She speaks French.

Ne mowe we alle Latin wite...
Ne French...

c. 1390, Robert Grosseteste, translating Chateau d'Amour as The Castle of Love, ll. 25 ff.:

I... wolde also be bolde in such french as is peculiare to the lawys of this realme, to leue it wyth them in wrytynge to.

1533, Thomas More, The Debellacyon of Salem & Bizance, fol. 96:

I could speak but little French.

1720, Daniel Defoe, Memoirs of a Cavalier，頁號 13:

Thus, complementary to the French of France, the Quebecois (and in a lesser degree the Frenches of Africa, Swiss French, etc.) would constitute languages in their own right.

1991, Michael Clyne, Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN，頁號 169:

Almost three quarters of the population 65 and older reported speaking French.

1997, Albert Valdman, French and Creole in Louisiana，頁號 29:

Although he would spend the rest of his life in France, Picasso never mastered the language, and during those early years he was especially self-conscious about how bad his French was.

2004, Jack Flam, Matisse and Picasso: The Story of Their Rivalry and Friendship，頁號 18:

The Frenches of England remain as working languages in the different registers of various occupational communities and for particular social rituals. Beyond the fifteenth century, French is a much less substantial presence in England, though[…]

2013, Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, Language and Culture in Medieval Britain: The French of England, C.1100-c.1500, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, →ISBN，頁號 361:

My French is a little rusty.

[Racine's] language is the language of the times, and that of the purest sort; so that his French is reckoned a standard.

1742 April 4, R. West, letter to Thomas Gray:

作為學科的法國語言、文學

I'm taking French next semester.

Pardon my French.

The enraged headsman spares no 'bad French' in explaining his motives.

1845, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, Adventure in New Zealand, 卷 I，頁號 327:

Cameron: Pardon my French, but you're an asshole!

1986, John Hughes, Ferris Bueller's Day Off':

The book... is a welcome change from theory-infected academic discourse, pardon my French.

2005年May29日, New York Times Book Review，頁號 12:


hypertext

We do not read hypertext the same way we read a novel, and browsing the Web is a different experience from reading a book or newspaper.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

2009, Christian Vandendorpe, Phyllis Aronoff, and Howard Scott (Phyllis Aronoff, Howard Scott, transl.), 源自Papyrus to Hypertext: Toward the Universal Digital Library, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252076257, p 1:

Further, hypertext systems, because of their ease of construction, are very rich in text, graphics and visual illustrations.

1999, Ray McAleese, Hypertext: Theory into Practice, Intellect Books, →ISBN，頁號 2:

Did Nelson realize at the time that he had met Xanadu's second parent? Probably not. The inventor scattered his ideas as widely as possible, with little care about where they landed. But as the decades passed, it would be Gregory who oversaw the attempt to transform Xanadu into a real product. He never received much public notice, but through all the project's painful deaths and rebirths, Gregory's commitment to Nelson's dream of a universal hypertext library never waned. If Ted Nelson is Xanadu's profligate father, Roger Gregory is Xanadu's devoted mother, and in retrospect, his role appears to have been intertwined with a terrible element of sacrifice.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1995, Gary Wolf, "The Curse of Xanadu", WIRED


Uzbek

來自俄語 узбек (uzbek)，來自烏茲別克語 oʻzbek。進一步的詞源不確定；可能來自突厥語族 öz (“真誠的，真正的”) + 粟特語 βγ (/beġ/, “大師”)；後者來自原始印度-雅利安語 *bʰagás，來自原始印度-伊朗語 *bʰagás。第一個音素常被認為可能與英語 Oghuz相等。


data

借自拉丁語 datum (“所給予的”) 的主格複數形式、dō (“我給予”) 的主格過去分詞 data。date的同源對似詞。

data 一詞常作不可數名詞，與動詞的單數形式使用，而較少用作可數名詞 datum 的複數形式。作為複數名詞與動詞的複數形式使用的情況僅多見於正式場合：在計算機科學和資料科學中例外，但醫學文獻中，此習性依然經常保留。

在大地測量學和幾何公差領域中，data 一詞專門用於不可數含義，而可數名詞 datum (指參考點或地面) 的複數形式為 datums，而非 data。

計算機領域中，data 的定義出自國際標準詞彙，這個定義旨在區分 data 與 information。然而，計算機專業常忽視其分別。

This data shows clearly that X is correlated with Y, although it tells us nothing about causation.

這些資料清楚地顯示出 X 與 Y 相關，但它們並未告訴我們關於因果關係的任何信息。

With fresh material, taxonomic conclusions are leavened by recognition that the material examined reflects the site it occupied; a herbarium packet gives one only a small fraction of the data desirable for sound conclusions. Herbarium material does not, indeed, allow one to extrapolate safely: what you see is what you get[…]

有了新的材料，分類學結論會受到這樣的認識影響：所檢查的材料反映了它所佔據的地點；而一個植物標本袋僅提供了做出可靠結論所需資料的一小部分。實際上，植物標本材料並不能讓人安全地推論：你看到的就是你得到的 […]

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, 卷 V, New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, →ISBN，頁號 vii:

Risk is everywhere.[…]For each one there is a frighteningly precise measurement of just how likely it is to jump from the shadows and get you. “The Norm Chronicles”[…]aims to help data-phobes find their way through this blizzard of risks.

風險無處不在。 […] 對於每一項風險，都有一個驚人精確的數值來衡量其從陰影中跳出來傷害你的可能性。《Norm Chronicles》 […] 旨在幫助資料恐懼症患者在這場風險的暴風雪中找到出路。

2013年June22日, “Snakes and ladders”, 出自 經濟學人, 卷 407, 期 8841，頁號 76:


red

源自中古英語 red，源自古英語 rēad，源自原始西日耳曼語 *raud，源自原始日耳曼語 *raudaz（對比西弗里斯蘭語 read、低地德語 root、rod、荷蘭語 rood、德語 rot、丹麥語、書面挪威語 rød、新挪威語 raud），源自原始印歐語 *h₁rowdʰós，來自詞根*h₁rewdʰ-（對比威爾士語 rhudd、拉丁語 ruber、rufus、吐火羅語A rtär、吐火羅語B ratre、古希臘語 ἐρυθρός (eruthrós)、阿爾巴尼亞語 pruth (“紅髮人”)、教會斯拉夫語 рудъ (rudŭ)、捷克語 rudý、立陶宛語 raúdas、阿維斯陀語 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬙𐬀 (raoidita)、梵語 रुधिर (rudhirá, “紅色的，血腥的”)）。

red：

His face turned red in embarrassment.

A bottle of red, a bottle of white / It all depends upon your appetite / I'll meet you any time you want / in our Italian restaurant.

1977 September, Billy Joel （作曲作詞）, “Scenes from an Italian Restaurant”, 出自 The Stranger:

He produced a wine key from his jacket pocket and effortlessly removed the cork from the bottle of red.

2005, Jeffrey P. Landry, Temptation Mango:

59 sneak in some red Smuggle a bottle of wine, two glasses, and a corkscrew into a long matinee. Red wine is rich in life-extending antioxidants, and the caper will add zest even to a bad movie.

2008 January–February, “70 Ways to Improve Every Day of the Week”, 出自 Men's Health, 卷 23, 期 1, →ISSN，頁號 135:

辣豆醬（一般用在短語“bowl of red”中）

Houston visited a home in an early pioneer settlement where he was offered a bowl of red. Houston eagerly took his first large spoonful. His eyes watering, he spat out his bite […]

1982, The Rotarian (volume 140, number 1, page 39)


pharmacy

來自中古英語 pharmacy，源自中古法語 pharmacie，來自古法語 farmacie，來自中世紀拉丁語 pharmacia，來自古希臘語 φαρμακεία (pharmakeía, “藥物使用”)，來自φάρμακον (phármakon, “痲痹，護符, 魅力”)，不確定但原型似乎是前希臘時期的底層語言。
自十四世紀晚期被證實。


garlic

早期寫法garlick、garlicke，來自中古英語 garlek、garlik，來自古英語 gārlēac (“大蒜”, 字面意思是“矛-韭蔥”)，來自gār (“矛”, 指蒜瓣) + lēac (“韭蔥”)。與低地蘇格蘭語 garlic (“大蒜”)同源。


quartz

借自德語 Quarz，源自中古高地德語 quarz、twarc，源自某種西斯拉夫語支的語言（比較波蘭語 twardy (“硬的”)、捷克語 tvrdý (“硬的”)），源自原始斯拉夫語 *tvьrdъ。


peel

源自中古英語 pelen，源自古英語 pilian、古法語 peler、pellier，源自拉丁語 pilō, pilāre (“剝皮，去除……的毛髮”)，源自pilus (“頭髮，毛髮”)。pill的同源對似詞。


cartography

/kɐː(ɹ)ˈtɔɡɹəfɪi̯/

/kɐɹˈtɒɡɹəfi/

/kɐː(ɹ)ˈtɔɡɹɘfɪi̯/

/kɑːˈtɒɡɹəfi/

/kɑɹˈtɑɡɹəfi/

本詞語需要翻譯為漢語。請協助添加，並移除{{rfdef}}模板。


ether

源自中古英語 ēther，借自盎格魯-諾曼語 ether和中古法語 ether, ethere, aether ← 古法語 aether (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；（猜想）用來填充上部空間的物質”)（現代寫法法語 éther）, 或直接源自拉丁語 aethēr (“大氣最高最純淨的部分；天空；白日之光；圍繞神的空靈物質”)（也見晚期拉丁語 aethēr (“類似乙醚的物質”)） ← 古希臘語 αἰθήρ (aithḗr, “大氣上層的純淨空氣；天空；（猜想）填充空間、可傳熱傳光的物質”)← αἴθω (aíthō, “燒；點燃；發光”) ← 原始印歐語 *h₂eydʰ- (“燒；火”)。
本詞也與意大利語 ether, ethera (古舊), etere, 中古荷蘭語 ether（現代寫法荷蘭語 aether (古舊), ether）, 中古高地德語 ēther（現代寫法德語 aether, ether (古舊), Äther）, 西班牙語 éter同源。

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 人類所呼吸的物質；空氣

On Wings the Birds through Æther glide, / And Fiſhes cut with Fins the Tide.

1746年February28日, Criticus [pseudonym], “Dialogue on Women”, 出自 [Mark Akenside] 編, The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register, 卷 II, 期 XXV, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], →OCLC，頁號 389:

過去認爲大氣上部、雲以上的空間充滿的物質，尤其指神祗呼吸的物質 天空；真空；虛無

Take a snapshot of the conflicts around the world: Sunnis vs. Shiites, Israelis vs. Palestinians, Serbs vs. Kosovars, Indians vs. Pakistanis. They seem to be driven by religious hatred. It’s enough to make you wonder if the animosity would melt away if all religions were suddenly, somehow, to vanish into the ether. But James Carse doesn’t see them as religious conflicts at all. To him, they are battles over rival belief systems, which may or may not have religious overtones.

2008年July21日, Steve Paulson, “Religion is Poetry”, 出自 Salon，於2017-08-30歸檔自原頁面:

In barely the blink of an eye, the perfectly healthy Judy entered a permanent vegetative state. […] What haunted me was the idea that one moment you’re gazing at your 2-year-old in her playroom and the next, you, the mother, have been whisked off into the ether forever.

2009 December, Sandra Tsing Loh, “On Being a Bad Mother: True Confessions”, 出自 The Atlantic, →ISSN，於2018-07-25歸檔自原頁面:

There’s a very real chance that, rather than crumbling into the dust and floating off into the ether, Thanos’s victims [in the film Avengers: Infinity War] were actually sucked up into the Soul Stone.

2018年May7日, Meg Downey, “Marvel’s Comic Soul Stone could Explain the Jump from Infinity War’s Ending to Avengers 4: A Brief History of Crazy Multidimensional Power”, 出自 Polygon，於2018-06-24歸檔自原頁面:

I ſuppose this æther pervades all groſs bodies, but yet ſo as to ſtand rarer in their pores than in free ſpaces, and ſo much the rarer, as their pores are leſs. And this I ſuppose (with others) to be the cauſe, why light incident on thoſe bodies is refracted towards the perpendicular; […] I ſuppose the rarer æther within bodies, and then denſer without them, not to be terminated in a mathematical ſuperficies, but to grow gradually into one another; […]

1679年February28日, Thomas Birch, 引 Isaac Newton, “The Life of the Honourable Robert Boyle. [Letter from Isaac Newton to Robert Boyle.]”, 出自 Robert Boyle, The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. In Five Volumes. To which is Prefixed the Life of the Author, 卷 I, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], 出版於 1744, →OCLC，頁號 70:

Having ſhewn how the Æther cauſes a great part of the Phænomena of Nature, it may be aſked, whence this general material Cauſe has its great Activity and Power? […] This Cauſe muſt be either Matter or Spirit, there being nothing in the Univerſe, which we know if, beſides theſe two. But this Cauſe cannot be Matter: for Matter is in own Nature inert, and has not any Activity in itſelf; and conſequently cannot communicate any Power to the Æther. And therefore the Cauſe, which gives the Æther its Activity and Power, muſt be Spirit. Spirit, which intercedes the Particles of Æther, and gives them a repulſive Power, and ordains and executes the Laws, by which Æther and Bodies act mutually on one another, muſt be preſent in all Parts of Space, where there is Æther.

1747, Bryan Robinson, A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton, London: Printed for Charles Hitch […], →OCLC; quoted in “Literary Memoirs. A Dissertation on the Æther of Sir Isaac Newton, by Bryan Robinson, M.D. London, Printed for Charles Hitch, at the Red Lion in Pater-noster-Row, 1747. Containing 140 Pages in Octavo, Exclusive of a Short Preface.”, 出自 The Museum: Or, The Literary and Historical Register, 卷 III, 期 XXVIII, London: Printed for R[obert] Dodsley […], 11 April 1747, →OCLC，頁號s 59–60:

The whole matter of the univerſe may be divided into atoms and æther. […] The latter, æther, is a ſubtile elaſtic fluid, whoſe particles have a continual tendency to ſeparate or fly off every way, unleſs impreſſed by ſome body: This æther ſurrounds each atom like an atmoſphere, and preſſes equally towards the center of each.

1770年November1日, “Investigator” [pseudonym], “Of the Causes of Attraction and Repulsion”, 出自 Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave] 編, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, 卷 XL, London: Printed […], for D[avid] Henry; and sold by F[rancis] Newbery […], →OCLC，頁號 497，列號 1:

"The ether. The earth browses upon a circular path in the fields of space, and as it moves the ether is continually pouring through it and providing its vitality."

1929, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, When the World Screamed:

廣播電視信號傳播的媒介；（想象中）互聯網、數字交流方式存在之處；網絡空間

He held some friendly chat with Pabodie over the ether, and repeated his praise of the really marvelous drills that had helped him make his discovery.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

H. P. Lovecraft, At the Mountains of Madness

Now we are liberal with our innermost secrets, spraying them into the public ether with a generosity our forebears could not have imagined. Where we once sent love letters in a sealed envelope, or stuck photographs of our children in a family album, now such private material is despatched to servers and clouds operated by people we don't know and will never meet.

2013年June14日, Jonathan Freedland, “Obama’s Once Hip Brand is Now Tainted [online version: Obama is Like Apple, Google and Facebook: A Once Hip Brand Tainted by Prism]”, 出自 The Guardian Weekly, 卷 189, 期 1, London，於2018-09-26歸檔自原頁面，頁號 18:

物體、人、地方周圍產生的一種氣質

The luminous æther of his life was not obſcured by any ſhade dark enough to be denominated a defect.

1793, “[Characters.] An Account of the Late Earl of Mansfield.”, 出自 The Annual Register, or A View of the History, Politics, and Literature, 卷 XXXV, London: Printed, by assignment from the executors of the late Mr. James Dodsley, for W. Otridge and Son; [et al.], →OCLC，頁號 274，列號 2:

But the moſt valuable Qualities of the ÆTHER are it's medicinal ones; it having been found by repeated Experience to be an excellent Remedy in moſt nervous Diſeaſes; particularly in Fits of all ſorts, whether Epileptic, Convulſive, Hyſteric, Hypochondriac, or Paralytic: […]

1759, M[atthew] Turner, An Account of the Extraordinary Medicinal Fluid, Called Æther, [Liverpool]: Printed by John Sadler, →OCLC，頁號 5:

The only thing that really worried me was the ether. There is nothing in the world more helpless and irresponsible and depraved than a man in the depths of an ether binge.

1971, Hunter S. Thompson, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, New York: Popular Library, →ISBN，頁號 4:


beryl

繼承自中古英語 beryl，來自古法語 beril，來自拉丁語 bērillus、bēryllus，來自古希臘語 βήρυλλος (bḗrullos, “綠柱石”)，來自普拉克里特諸語言 [具體何詞?]，來自梵語 वैडूर्य (vaiḍūrya)。

The sunset had been magnificent, and the Thames was floating in dark radiance; the waves wearing that transparent clearness, which gives more the idea of melted beryl, than aught else: every little circle in the water had that trembling light which characterises precious stones.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “The Fête”, 出自 Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], 卷 III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC，頁號 57:

Although there are dozens of different types of gems, among the best known and most important are diamond, ruby and sapphire, emerald and other gem forms of the mineral beryl, chrysoberyl, tanzanite, tsavorite, topaz and jade.

2012年March5日, Lee A. Groat, “Gemstones”, 出自 American Scientist, 卷 100, 期 2，頁號 128:

beryl：


stoichiometry

源自Jeremias Benjamin Richter在1792年所創的德語 Stöchiometrie 。等價於 古希臘語 στοιχεῖον (stoikheîon, “元素”) + -metry。


remote control

The bomb was detonated by remote control.


plankton

借自德語 Plankton、由德國的動物學家和海洋生物學家Victor Hensen造出其衍生自古希臘語 πλαγκτός (planktós, “漂流者”)，來自πλάζω (plázō, “轉身離開，徘徊”)。


building

來自中古英語 bildyng、buildyng、buyldyng、byldyng、bulding、beldyng，等同於build + -ing。

The building of the bridge will be completed in a couple of weeks.

這座橋幾星期內就能建好。


fauna

源自新拉丁語 fauna，來自拉丁語 Fauna，和Faunus (“森林和牧人之神”)相關；與古希臘語 θαῦνον (thaûnon, “野生動物、野獸”)、θώς (thṓs, “胡狼，野狗；豹”)、弗里吉亞語 δάος (dáos, “狼”)同族。

faunae (plural)
faunas (plural)
faunæ (plural)

動物相 （自18世紀晚期）

the fauna of China

Japanese waters also support a rich and diverse shark fauna, including the smallest known shark Squaliolus laticaudus, and the bizarre goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni.

1983, Richard Ellis, The Book of Sharks, Knopf, →ISBN，頁號 199:


cashmere

Cashmere (“喀什米爾”) 的普通名詞化。

goathair

喀什米爾山羊毛根部的細羊絨

喀什米爾山羊毛根部的細羊絨

開司米，喀什米爾山羊的羊毛織造的布料

a cashmere sweater


civet

來自法語 civette，來自意大利語 zibetto，來自中世紀拉丁語 zibethum，來自阿拉伯語 زَبَاد (zabād)。

LEONATO. Indeed he looks younger than he did, by the loss of a beard.

1599, William Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, Act 3 Scene 2

Your onely way to make a good pomander, is this. Take an ownce of the pureſt garden mould, clenſed and ſteeped ſeauen daies in change of motherleſſe roſe water, then take the beſt Labdanum, Benioine, both Storaxes, amber greece, and Ciuet, and muſke, incorporate them together, and work them into what form you pleaſe; this, if your breath bee not to valiant, will make you ſmell as ſweete as my Ladies dogge.

1607, [attributed to Thomas Tomkis], Lingva: Or The Combat of the Tongue, and the Five Senses for Superiority. A Pleasant Comœdie., London: Printed by G[eorge] Eld, for Simon Waterson, →OCLC, Act IV, scene iii:


honey

來自中古英語 hony, honi，來自古英語 huniġ，來自原始西日耳曼語 *hunag，來自原始日耳曼語 *hunagą（對照西弗里斯蘭語 hunich、德語 Honig），來自早期*hunangą（對比瑞典語 honung），來自原始印歐語 *kn̥h₂onk-o-s，來自*kn̥h₂ónks。和中古威爾士語 canecon (“金”)、拉丁語 canicae 複 (“糠”)、吐火羅語B kronkśe (“蜂”)、阿爾巴尼亞語 qengjë (“蜂巢”)、古希臘語 κνῆκος (knêkos, “紅花”)、北庫爾德語 şan (“蜂巢”)、北盧里語 گونج (gonj, “蜂”)同源。

The honey in the pot should last for years.

罐裡裝的蜂蜜應當能保存數年。


engineering

/ˌɛn.d͡ʒɪˈnɪə.ɹɪŋ/

One of the hidden glories of Victorian engineering is proper drains. Isolating a city’s effluent and shipping it away in underground sewers has probably saved more lives than any medical procedure except vaccination.

2014年June14日, “It's a gas”, 出自 The Economist, 卷 411, 期 8891:


unfairness

The reason why fairness in taxation matters is institutionalized unfairness rots society from the inside, and the social order and economy eventually collapse.

2024年January28日, Charles Hugh Smith, Our Tax System Is an Unfair Mess: Here's How to Fix It:


yew

源自中古英語 ew，源自古英語 īw、ēow，源自原始日耳曼語 *īwaz、*īhwaz（對比冰島語 ýr），*īwō的陽性變體（對比荷蘭語 ijf、德語 Eibe），源自原始印歐語 *h₁eyHweh₂。
也見赫梯語 [需要文字] (eja, “一種常綠樹”)、威爾士語 yw (“紫杉”)、愛爾蘭語 eo [與古英語 īw、ēow同源]；以及拉特加萊語 īva (“稠李”)、立陶宛語 ievà (“稠李”)、俄語 и́ва (íva, “柳樹”)。

To prevent a too great consumption of yew, bowyers were directed to make four bows of witch-hazel, ash or elm, to one of yew, and no person under seventeen years of age, unless possessed of moveables worth forty marks, of the son of parents having an estate of ten pounds per annum might shoot in an yew bow, under a penalty of 6s. 8d.

1786, Francis Grose, A Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons，頁號 37:


falsetto

借自意大利語 falsetto，源自falso (“虛假的”)。

/fɔɫˈsɛɾ.oʊ/


greengrocery

greengrocer + -y，或greengrocer + grocery組成的混成詞。

Where greengrocery is concerned there is a distinction between the sale in the shops or in special greengrocery shops...

1925, Theodor Cassau, J F Mills, The Consumers' Co-operative Movement in Germany:


feed

繼承自中古英語 fede、fed，源自詞源1。

同類詞：fodder

They sell feed, riding helmets, and everything else for horses.

他们出售饲料、马用头盔和其他马用物品。


hexadecimal

源自1952年，由 hexadeca- + decimal 組成；更多訊息請見英語維基百科條目。


katakana

/ˌkætəˈkænə/

/ˌkætəˈkɑːnə/

/ˌkɑtəˈkɑːnə/

片假名（日語音節文字系統）


nasalization

eclipsis

詞首的變音，表現為清輔音濁化、濁塞音變為鼻音化輔音、元音前加鼻音化輔音


maidenhood

來自中古英語 maydenhode、meidenhod、maȝdenhad，來自古英語 mæġdenhād (“處女時代”)，等同於maiden + -hood。


maidenhead

Put in but little Silver or Gold, for if you do, you quite spoil the Compoſition ; but inſtead thereof, add of Tradeſmens Bills for Cloaths, to the Value of 100 l. [¶] Laſtly, Take away the Girl's Maidenhead, and then the Compoſition is fit for Uſe.

1713, Sir John Willes, The Speech that was Intended to Have Been Spoken by the Terræ-Filius: In the Theatre at O----d, July 13, 1713, Had Not His Mouth Been Stopp'd by the V. Ch------r:

Gallants, a bashful poet bids me say,
He's come to lose his maidenhead to-day.
Be not too fierce; for he's but green of age,
And ne'er, till now, debauch'd upon the stage.

1760, John Dryden, The Miscellaneous Works: Containing All His Original Poems, Tales, and Translations，頁號 367:

My lord,[…]/ I brought you nothing else it may be said / But faith and nakedness and maidenhead.

1951, Geoffrey Chaucer, Nevill Coghill, transl., The Canterbury Tales: Translated into Modern English (Penguin Classics), Penguin Books, 出版於 1977，頁號 363:

She prayed to Pallas, and by her help escaped from him in the form of a crow, rejoicing more to keep her maidenhead white under the blackness of the feathers than to lose it and be adorned with the fairest pearls.

1900, John Gower, The English Works of John Gower:

So the reference to the plucking of the ginger flower is again an indirect allusion to the taking of the girl's maidenhead .

1995, Ruth H. Finnegan, Margaret Orbell, Reader in Maori Head of Department of Maori Margaret Orbell, South Pacific Oral Traditions, Indiana University Press, →ISBN，頁號 70:

The gender reversals that pervade this play continue mischievously in the man's maidenhead being the undisclosed secret.

2004, Yu Jin Ko, Mutability and Division on Shakespeare's Stage，頁號 70:

“[…] He said that Katheryn told him he should have her maidenhead, though it be painful to her. I told him to be gone with his empty promises of marriage. But I doubt not that Mr. Mannox has known her intimately.”

2004, Margaret Doner, Merlin's Handbook for Seekers and Starseeds, iUniverse, →ISBN，頁號 94:

[…] a young virgin makes an even trade of her maidenhead for a hat that she desires. She negotiates with the haberdasher, who originally stipulated for her maidenhead plus a crown […]

2006, C. Harol, Enlightened Virginity in Eighteenth-Century Literature, Springer, →ISBN，頁號 87:

The penis imagery becomes apparent: the nails are 'blunt' and 'large', designed to push through the fair skin in body parts (feet, hands) that had earlier been described in erotically-charged language. As if losing his maidenhead, Christ's body 'bursts' when entered, bringing forth a gush of blood that mars his white (womanly) skin.

2009, The Milieu and Context of the Wooing Group，頁號 141:

Almost immediately afterwards, Scanlan discovered that the marriage was legal; Ellie was his wife. He began to feel that he had paid an exceptionally high price for his maidenhead.

2015, Colin Wilson, A Casebook of Murder:


lexicography

源自 lexico- (表示「言語；詞語」的前綴) + -graphy (表示「關於特定主題的書面內容」的後綴)。

/ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡɹəfi/

/ˌlɛksɪˈkɑɡɹəfi/

辭書學；編纂和撰述詞典的學問

[T]here are ſeveral Species of Writing, in which a proper Degree of Hebetude is abſolutely neceſſary, as well as in other profeſſions; such as Lexicography, Index-making, and the like; [...]

1735年February22日, “Craftsman, Feb. 22 [Julian calendar]. Nº 451.”, 出自 Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave] 編, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, 卷 V, London: […] Edward Cave, […], 出版於 February 1735, →OCLC，頁號 85，列號 1:

Let me warn you, therefore, against that fallacious lexicography which forms new words, that undergoing the examination of political slander or intemperate zeal, are considered as having a known acception.—What is the word?—A word that should be discarded, when it is sought to affix to it another meaning than that which it bears in the cases where it is used.

1795年December22日, [John Philpot] Curran (defence counsel), “612. Trial of James Weldon for High Treason, […]”, 出自 Thomas Jones Howell 編, Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors […], 卷 XXVI, London: […] Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown; [et al.], 出版於 1819, →OCLC，列號 267:

[...] I have not only availed myſelf of all the Aſſiſtance which more ancient Sources of Spaniſh Lexicography could afford, but alſo had particular Recourſe to the Dictionary published at Madrid in 1797 and 1798, [...]

1802, Henry Neuman, “Preface”, 出自 A New Dictionary of the Spanish and English Languages; […] In Two Parts, 1st part (The Spanish before the English), London: […] Vernor and Hood, […], →OCLC:

There exist different forms of this character, but I think we should not presume to make an etymology of a Chinese character without being authorized by the Shwǒ wǎn, the oldest and most genuine source of Chinese lexicography.

1831, Ying Hing Soo, “Book Second”, 出自 Charles Fried. Neumann [i.e., Karl Friedrich Neumann]（譯者）, History of the Pirates who Infested the China Sea，源自1807 to 1810. […], London: […] Oriental Translation Fund, […], →OCLC, footnote，頁號 54:

Without doubt, the most important single development in learner lexicography from the mid-1970s onwards has been the steadily increasing involvement of the computer at all stages of the dictionary-making process，源自data gathering and analysis at one end, to compilation, production, and revision at the other.

1999, A[nthony] P[aul] Cowie, “The Role of the Computer in Learner Lexicography”, 出自 English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, section 4.1 (Introduction)，頁號 118:

A dictionary, as an art and craft of lexicography, has always been closely associated with the notion of pedagogy.

2013, Amy Chi, “Researching Pedagogical Lexicography”, 出自 Howard Jackson 編, The Bloomsbury Companion to Lexicography (Bloomsbury Companions), London, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Academic, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN，頁號 165:

分析和描述某語言詞彙中的語義、組合和範式關係，並發展詞典組件和結構理論、以將詞典中各部分資料聯繫起來的學術學科

But changes of this nature belong to lexicography, as they do not affect the grammatical forms of words.

1828, Moses Stuart, “Changes of Consonants”, 出自 A Grammar of the Hebrew Language, 3rd版, Andover, Mass.: Flagg & Gould, →OCLC, part II (Changes and Peculiarities of Consonants and Verbs), § 105，頁號 51:

What the history of language in general teaches, that in course of time, there is less change in form than signification, in grammar than lexicography, is true of the Greek.

1840, Geo. Benedict Winer [i.e., Georg Benedikt Winer], “§ 4. Grammatical Character of the N.T. Diction.”, 出自 J. H Agnew, O. G. Ebbeke（譯者）, A Grammar of the Idioms of the Greek Language of the New Testament, Philadelphia, Pa.: Herman Hooker, […], →OCLC, part I，頁號 37:

If Lexicography in general is that science whose task it is to set forth the nature of every single word of a language through all the periods of its existence, it is the task of Latin lexicography in particular to set forth the nature of every single word of the Latin language, as it makes itself known in all the periods of the existence of that language; or more succinctly expressed, it is the object of Latin lexicography to give the history of every single word of the Latin language.

1845 February, Wilhelm Freund, “Article IV. Principles of Latin Lexicography.”, 出自 T[heodore] D[wight] Woolsey（譯者）, Bibliotheca Sacra and Theological Review, 卷 II, 期 V, New York, N.Y., London: Wiley & Putnam; Andover, Mass.: Allen, Morrill and Wardwell, →OCLC, section I (Of the Idea and Elements of Latin Lexicography), § 1，頁號 80:

[T]he philologist may well refuse to accept a body of triliteral roots, developed on a highly artificial and uniform plan, as the ultimate fact in Semitic lexicography.

1911年December13日, C. J. Ball, “A Study in Biblical Philology”, 出自 Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, 卷 XXXIII, 期 CCXLIX, London: Society of Biblical Archaeology, →OCLC，頁號 13:

Academic lexicography, or 'metalexicography', as pursued in university departments of English or Linguistics, is concerned not primarily with the compiling of dictionaries – though academics may be involved in this, as consultants, for example – but with researching and teaching about the whole business of making dictionaries: their history, their typology, their structures, their users, and so on [...].

2002, Howard Jackson, “Criticising Dictionaries”, 出自 Lexicography: An Introduction, London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN，頁號 173:


baleen

來自中古英語 baleyne，來自古法語 baleine (“鯨、鯨鬚”)，來自拉丁語 balaena (“鯨”)，來自古希臘語 φάλαινα (phálaina, “鯨”)。

“You have probably never seen anything like this before, Mr. Toler. It is baleen, or if you prefer it, whalebone, taken from the mouth of the bowhead whale. It is used by the whale to filter its food.”

1954, Alexander Alderson, 章號 5, 出自 The Subtle Minotaur:


pussy

和女性性交 （20世紀－）

I’m gonna get me some pussy tonight.

我今晚要去找些小妞來肏。

The teachers are not there to help you. Most oft them are still freelancers and the last thing they want is more competition. They are there because they need a steady paycheck and they hope to score some pussy!

老師們不是來幫助你的。他們中的大多數人仍然是自由職業者，他們最不想看到的是更多的競爭。他們在那裡是因為他們需要一份穩定的薪水，而且能搞到一些馬子！

1991, Daniel Clowes, Art School Confidential:


cast steel

同類詞：cast iron、cast aluminum、cast bronze、cast brass

同類詞：blister steel

CAST STEEL / A search for metals of lighter, and more durable qualities than iron led to a new process in producing steel. In 1740 Benjamin Huntsman, a watchmaker, searching for a lighter, and less brittle metal than the old blister steel, hit upon melting steel in a crucible, or in a pot, lined with clay and graphite. The crucible could withstand the high temperatures necessary to melt metals in a container. To the product of the crucible was given the name "cast steel." [because it was poured (cast) from a melted state, unlike blister steel] / A DISTINCTION OF TERMS / Readers are cautioned at this point to understand that the terms "cast steel" and "steel castings" are not interchangeable, and, in fact, bear very little relationship to each other. It is true that steel castings must be made of "cast steel," but not all "cast steel" goes into the manufacture of steel castings. "Cast steel" merely describes the mass of metal which, after being melted, is poured into a mold of one sort or another, whether steel ingot molds or castings. Steel castings are objects which are given their final form in sand-filled molds. "Cast steel" may be poured into molds to form steel castings but it may also find its way, eventually, into structural steel, rolled steel or forgings; steel castings are the products of the steel foundry.

1949, History Committee of District No. 1 of the Steel Founders' Society of America, 編者AD Graeff AD, A History of Steel Casting, District No. 1 of the Steel Founders' Society of America, →LCCN，頁號s 5–6:

Several journals make a note of the fact that the William Butcher Steel Works supplied 3000 tons of cast steel for the building of the Eads Bridge across the Mississippi River at St. Louis, and the content of the statements may lead readers to assume that these were steel castings. In the opinion of Mr. John N. Mudd, historian of the Midvale Steel Company, the materials furnished the bridge builders in St. Louis were cast steel and not steel castings.

1949, History Committee of District No. 1 of the Steel Founders' Society of America, 編者AD Graeff, A History of Steel Casting, District No. 1 of the Steel Founders' Society of America, →LCCN，頁號s 8–9:


Prince of Darkness

仿譯自拉丁語 prīnceps tenebrārum，見於《失樂園》。


Eden

源自希伯來語 עֵדֶן (eden)，可能源自蘇美爾語 𒂔 (edin, “草原；花園”)。


triangulation

People determining the width of a river by triangulation (sense 1):Template:refn
A triangulation (sense 4) of the surface of a torus
源自中世紀拉丁語 triangulātiōnem (“三角化”)，來自triangulāre (“分成三角形”) + -tiōnem (後綴，形成某些行為或行為結果有關的名詞)。Triangulāre源自triangulāris (“三角形的”)，來自triangulus (“三角形的；三角形”)，來自trēs (“三”) + angulus (“角；角落”)。英語單詞可分析為triangulate + -ion，與法語 triangulation同源。

/tɹʌɪaŋɡjʊˈleɪʃn̩/

/ˌtɹaɪˌæŋɡjəˈleɪʃən/

三角測量； 使用這種技術的實例

The season of 1835–36 was employed in carrying on the triangulation; in which Colonel [George] Everest was much impeded by a long continuance of hazy and cloudy weather. It appears, however, that the principal triangulation was brought down to the line from Juktipura to Pagara; […]

1839年June14日, T. B. Jervis, “IV. Some Account of the Progress of the Trigonometrical Survey Now Carrying On in India. Extracted from the Correspondence of Colonel Everest, and Communicated by Major T. B. Jervis.”, 出自 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, […], 卷 IV, 期 24, London: Printed by Moyes and Barclay, […], →OCLC，頁號 208:

Russia began under Catherine II, and has since constantly either taken up at different points or extended the triangulations successively made, with always more perfection of men of science. Now, these triangulations form a fully connected series from north of the arctic circle to south of Dorpat.

1843年February9日, John B. Aycrigg, “Notes”, 出自 Report of John B. Aycrigg, (Made to the House of Representatives on the 9th February, 1843,) Submitted as an Individual Member of the Committee on the Coast Survey, […] (Report No. 170), Washington, D.C.: Printed at the National Intelligencer Office, 出版於 19 February 1843, →OCLC, note 19，頁號s 32–33:

The original base lines, which form the starting points of the survey, require to be measured by apparatus of the most delicate nature, since any error, committed in the early part of this work, will necessarily be multiplied throughout the series of triangulations which rest upon it. […] Nor is less precision necessary in the measurement of the angles of the primary and secondary triangulations, which serve as checks upon each other, since the position of any point in the former is determined by each of these series.

1849 January–March, “Stated Meeting, January 19”, 出自 Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, […], 卷 V, 期 42, Philadelphia, Pa.: Published for the [American Philosophical] Society, [b]y John C. Clark, […], 出版於 1854, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號s 57–58:

利用已知地點的三個已知距離找到未知地點的過程

A special advantage of radar is that it works during darkness and other periods of low visibility, which prevent visual triangulation and aircraft techniques for measuring nuclear clouds.

1958 November–December, “News Notes: Army Weather Radar Tracks Nuclear Clouds”, 出自 William H. Zierdt Jr. 編, Armor: The Magazine of Mobile Warfare, 卷 LXVII, 期 6, Washington, D.C.: United States Armor Association, →ISSN, →OCLC，頁號 58，列號 2:

在政治光譜上重新定位自己或自己的團隊，試圖抓住中心的做法

Triangulation was a presidential leadership strategy that presented the president as having borrowed elements of both the right and the left to develop some form of center policy amalgam.

2004, Stanley A[llen] Renshon, “The Politics of Transformation”, 出自 In His Father’s Shadow: The Transformations of George W. Bush, New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN; paperback版, New York, N.Y., Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, November 2005, →ISBN, section V (A Transforming President in Perspective)，頁號 197:

Increased security for women's health clinics was part of [Bill] Clinton's "third way," a politics of triangulation that moved the Democratic Party closer to the right and embraced neoliberal economic policies while offering comparatively moderate social positions.

2015, Tamar W. Carroll, “It Saved My Life: Creating Queer Politics”, 出自 Mobilizing New York: AIDS, Antipoverty, and Feminist Activism, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, →ISBN，頁號 181:

One recent attempt to combine both forms of data collection […] was based on a parallel methods approach, in which the results of two similar but separately located studies were triangulated. Triangulation entails overlapping the results at several points to enhance reliability. […] Other documented research has attempted to gain a broader view through the triangulation of two sets of data (quantitative and qualitative) on the same question, taken from the same respondents in a single study.

1999, Carol Grbich, “Qualitative Research: An Introduction”, 出自 Qualitative Research in Health: An Introduction, Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin, →ISBN, part 1 (Theory and Design)，頁號s 17–18:

Even though triangulation is used in quantitative paradigm for confirmation and generalization of a research, Barbour (1998) does not disregard the notion of triangulation in qualitative paradigm and she states the need to define triangulation from a qualitative research's perspective in each paradigm. For example, in using triangulation of several data sources in quantitative research, any exception may lead to a disconfirmation of the hypothesis where exceptions in qualitative research are dealt to modify the theories and are fruitful.

2003年December1日, Nahid Golafshani, “Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research”, 出自 The Qualitative Report, 卷 8, 號 4，頁號 603:

Multiple sources of data were used to create a triangulation of evidence: books, documentation, archival records and relevant publications by key actors, particularly in the development field, open ended interviews, participant-observation conducted during field work and a case study. […] Triangulation was initially conceptualized as a strategy to validating results achieved with individual research methods. The focus of this research strategy, however, has increasingly shifted towards enriching and complementing knowledge and towards expanding and furthering the potential of individual methods.

2014, Alexander Cárdenas, “Introduction”, 出自 Football: Origins, Paths and New Dimensions: Master’s Thesis, [Munich]: GRIN Verlag, →ISBN, section 1.2 (Research Methods)，頁號 4:


yu

來自漢語 玉 (yù)、卣 (yǒu)。

The Yu, although of the hardness of rock crystal, is worked into an endless variety of forms […]

1818, Clarke Abel, Narrative of a Journey in the Interior of China，頁號 133:

Another stone with which it would be interesting to compare it is the celebrated yu stone of the Chinese, which Dr. Abel, in his work on China, conjectured to be a species of nephrite […]

1826, The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies:


Fox

* (姓氏)： 源自 fox (“狐狸”)。

福斯/福克斯廣播公司，美國大型電視網。

I watched a great show on Fox last night.

昨晚我在福斯電視台觀看了一場精彩的節目。


alfalfa

來自西班牙語 alfalfa，來自早期alfalfez，來自阿拉伯語 الْفِصْفِصَة (al-fiṣfiṣa)、الْفَصْفَصَة (al-faṣfaṣa, “苜蓿，紫苜蓿”, 字面意思是“馬的食物”)。


manga

源自日語 漫画(まんが) (manga)，來自中古漢語 漫 (中古 manH, “自由，散漫”) + 畫 (中古 hweaH|hweak)。與官話 漫畫／漫画 (mànhuà)，朝鮮語 만화 (漫畵／漫畫, manhwa)同源。最早是葛飾北齋1814年作品之題。manhua的同源對似詞。


hiragana

/ˌhɪ.ɹəˈɡæ.nə/

/ˌhɪ.ɹəˈɡɑː.nə/

平假名（日語音節文字系統）


society

起於1530年代；借自中古法語 societé，源自古法語 societé，源自拉丁語 societās, societātem (“聯盟，社群”)，源自socius (“聯合的，同盟的；夥伴，同伴，同盟”)，源自原始印歐語 *sokʷ-yo- (“同伴”)，源自原始印歐語 *sekʷ- (“跟隨”)。

社會（區域、地方、國家人的總和）

Our global society develops in fits and starts.

我們全球社會的發展時斷時續。

Smith was first introduced into society at the Duchess of Grand Fenwick's annual rose garden party.

史密斯第一次被邀請參加上流社會每年在芬威克大公玫瑰花園的聚會。


Lao

借自老撾語 ລາວ (lāo)。


Edo

埃多語，一種沃爾特-尼日爾語支語言。


Punjabi

借自波斯語 پنجابی (panjâbi)，源自پنجاب (panjâb) + ی (-i, 形容詞後綴)。等同於Punjab + -i。


teak

源自葡萄牙語 teca，源自馬拉雅拉姆語 തേക്കു് (tēkkŭŭ)或泰米爾語 தேக்கு (tēkku)。

teak：


philosopher's stone

哲人石，賢者之石（煉金術認為能將賤金屬變成金銀的物質）


sprog

起於20世紀40年代，原為軍隊俚語，可能源自舊詞sprag (“活潑的年輕男子”)，源頭不明。


hijab

源自阿拉伯語 حِجَاب (ḥijāb, “頭巾，面紗”)。

指穆斯林女性青春期後，在有與自己無親屬關係的成年男性的場合下，要將身體露出部位遮蓋的行為。

The belief that Muslim females observe hijab because men force them to do so insults some Muslim females who have based their decision on their understanding of Islam.

2010, Jawairriya Abdallah-Shahid, Veiled Voices ISBN 1450053025, page 13:


punani

借自牙買加克里奧爾語 punani，派生自阿坎語 oponaani。可能受到英語 poon (“陰道”)（源自法語 putain）的影響，或者受夏威夷語 Puanani (“美麗的花”)影響。


Indonesian

/ˌɪndəˈniːʒən/


Indian

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 indien, 中古法語 indien，等同於Ind + -ian。用於美洲原住民是早期探險家將其與印度人混淆。


bitcoin

We do not accept bitcoin at this store.

我們這間商店不接受比特幣。

It is a process of solving complex math problems using those computers which run bitcoin software.

2014, Dale Blake, Bitcoin Guide For Beginners: Bitcoin Trading and Mining Made Easy, →ISBN:

Other ecommerce sites that accept bitcoin are: Bitcoinshop.us which offers products like watches and air conditioners and ships to people within the United States; Air Baltic, which is a Latvian airline also started accepting cryptocurrency mode of payment for basic class fares not including Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Russia, India, Japan, China, Iceland, Indonesia, Lebanon and Jordan.

2015, Scott Green, Bitcoin : The Ultimate A - Z of Profitable Bitcoin Trading & Mining Guide, →ISBN:

Individual bitcoin users are not the only driving force in terms of securing the bitcoin network.

2016, Prypto, Bitcoin For Dummies, →ISBN，頁號 137:

Find a friend who has bitcoin and buy some from him or her directly. Many bitcoin users start this way. This method is the least complicated. One way to meet people with bitcoin is to attend a local bitcoin meetup listed at Meetup.com.

2017, Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Mastering Bitcoin: Programming the Open Blockchain, →ISBN，頁號 11:


eye dialect

來自eye + dialect，類比eye rhyme。最早由George Philip Krapp於1925年在其著作 The English Language in America 中使用，指使用了非標準拼寫法的書面對話。

非標準的拼寫（雖然其代表的發音是標準發音），經常用來表示說話者的語言是非標準或方言用法。


smack

源自中古英語 smac、smak、smacke，源自古英語 smæc、smæċċ (“味道”)，源自原始日耳曼語 *smakkuz (“味道”)，源自原始印歐語 *smegʰ-、*smeg- (“品嘗”)。與方言smatch、低地蘇格蘭語 smak (“味道，香味，氣味”)、薩特弗里斯蘭語 Smoak (“味道”)、西弗里斯蘭語 smaak (“味道”)、荷蘭語 smaak (“味道”)、德語 Schmack、Geschmack (“味道”)、瑞典語、挪威語 smak (“味道”)、挪威語 smekke同源。類似古英語 smæċċan (“品嘗”)。參見smake、smatch。

Claude overdosed on smack in a Chicago flophouse three years later.

2019, Colson Whitehead, The Nickel Boys, Fleet，頁號 191:


descendancy

The principal concern of the priestly writers was to legitimate the role of Aaron by demonstrating his descendancy from the priestly lineage of Levi.

1993, Stephen J. Binz, The God of Freedom and Life: A Commentary on the Book of Exodus


swastika

源自梵語 स्वस्तिक (svastika)，源自सु (su, “好的”) + अस्ति (asti)（表示“存在”的動詞，源自स्वस्ति (svasti)）+ 指小後綴 क (ka)。原義為“與幸福有關係的小物件”、“吉祥好運的標誌”。英語中最早見於1871年，用來代替希臘化的gammadion。1932年以後，也常用來指納粹黨的類似圖案（德語 Hakenkreuz）。

“I can’t imagine anyone believes in Communist culprits instead of a contract job commissioned on behalf of the swastika.”

2011, Rudolph Herzog, 譯者 Jefferson Chase, Dead Funny: Humor in Hitler's Germany, Brooklyn: Melville House, →ISBN，頁號 36:


squirt

源自中古英語 squirten、squyrten，源頭不明；可能是擬聲詞。類似swirl。對比低地德語 swirtjen。


sign language

當地使用的手語，或被誤認為世界通用的手語。

I'm taking night classes to learn sign language.

There are some unique properties found in sign language compared to spoken language.

與口語相比，手語具有一些獨特的性質。

通過手勢進行的交流（方式），用於僧侶立誓沉默，或不同語言群體進行貿易時。

Even Maxwell the trader, who has been most among them, is compelled to resort to the curious sign language common to most of the prairie tribes.

1847, Francis Parkman, The Oregon Trail:


cold meat

All dead. Cold meat.

1964, Raymond Chandler, Killer in the Rain


bad luck

不幸；倒霉。不理想的事態發展（如意外事故）

McCarthy will point to their bad luck but the statistics now show that Wolves have lost four league matches and have claimed one point from a possible 15 - so it may prove to be another difficult season for the Midlands side.

2011年October1日, Saj Chowdhury, “Wolverhampton 1 - 2 Newcastle”, 出自 BBC Sport:


box office

最早可考於1786年，，可能是指boxes、box seats (“分隔開的座位”)的銷售。“總銷售額”之義最早出現於1904年。
民間有說法認為來自英格蘭文藝復興劇院，劇院工作人員用棍子叉著一個盒子，經過觀眾座位來收集入場券。但這個詞最早可考來源出現時，劇院已經關閉一百多年了（1642年關閉），因此這種說法很不可能成立。

His performance last night was pure box office.


psi

源自古希臘語 ψῖ (psî)，第二十三個古希臘字母（Ψ/ψ）的名稱。

‘Come, lad,’ he said. ‘We will take tea together and speak of the noumenon, the psi and other more heterogenous phenomena.’


Ouija

原爲Parker Brothers（今属孩之寶）商標，后泛指同类物品。來自法語 oui (“是的”) + 德語 ja (“是的”)。


colour television

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/EN-AU ck1 colour television.ogg

英式拼寫，澳大利亞，新西蘭

彩色電視，發送和接收電視訊號的彩色系統


sycee

來自粵語 細絲／细丝 (sai³ si¹)。

用紙做的仿製品，在清明節或中元節期间作为祭祖的供品烧掉。


femdom

female domination 或 female dominance 的截斷形式。


Gaskins

Gaskin 的複數形式。

來自姓氏的地名： 鬼鎮名，位於美國阿肯色卡洛爾。

來自姓氏的地名： 非建制地區名，位於美國佛羅里達卡爾霍恩。


Thracian

/ˈθɹeɪʃi.ən/


suffocation

繼承自中古英語 suffocation、suffocacioun，源自中古法語 suffocation，源自拉丁語 suffocatio。

The moon, directly opposite, flung into the room a long and tremulous line of light, which fell on Guido's face, as he reclined on the pillows which supported his head; he needed the support, for a feeling of suffocation was his constant complaint.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], 章號 XXIX, 出自 Francesca Carrara. […], 卷 II, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC，頁號 302:

A child left unattended may die of suffocation.

无人看管的儿童可能会因窒息而死亡。


Roman numerals

Roman numerals is the system used on some clocks.

羅馬數字是用在一些鐘錶上的（計數）體系。


thumper

一種飲酒時玩的遊戲，玩家需要記住自己的個人手勢，同時其他玩家會在旁邊拍桌子，以使其分心


Noh

日語 能 (nō)的不規則羅馬化。


political correctness

The notion of political correctness has ignited controversy across the land. And although the movement arises from the laudable desire to sweep away the debris of racism and sexism and hatred, it replaces old prejudice with new ones.

政治正确这一概念在全国引发了争议。尽管这场运动的初衷是希望扫除种族主义、性别歧视和仇恨，但它却用新的偏见取代了旧的偏见。

1991年May4日, George H. W. Bush, “President George H.W. Bush's commencement address at the University of Michigan [乔治·H·W·布什总统在密歇根大学毕业典礼上的演讲]”, 出自 The Michigan Daily:

I mean, people who talk about political correctness as being a kind of thought police have no idea of what a thought police is. But political correctness does have the same mentality. It means that intellectual argument is doomed. Objective truth simply becomes a thing to jeer at, because obviously there's no such thing as objectivity—unless of course you're politically okay, in which case you can be objective. Any child can see through that, but many adults can't.

我的意思是，那些说政治正确是思想警察的人根本不知道什么是思想警察。但政治正确确实有同样的心态。这意味着知识上的论证注定要失败。客观真理只是被嘲笑的东西，因为显然没有客观性这回事——除非你政治上没问题，这样你就可以客观了。任何孩子都能看穿这一点，但许多成年人却看不透。

2002 October, Christopher Hitchens, “The Power of Facing [面对的力量]”, 出自 The Atlantic:

Political correctness cripples discourse, creates ugly language and is generally stupid.

政治正确会削弱言论、产生丑陋的语言，而且总体来说是愚蠢的。

2004, George Carlin, When Will Jesus Bring the Pork Chops?, New York: Hyperion Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL，頁號 72: