Spanish

來自中古英語 Spainish, Spanish，等同於Spain + -ish。

與西班牙裔跟他們文化有關的


Spanish

Sixty-four percent more Spanish are functionally illiterate compared to Anglos in Lubbock (only 15 percent more of nonwhites than Anglos).

1970, Henry Sioux Johnson, William J. Hernández-Martinez, Educating the Mexican American，頁號 87:


Czech

借自波蘭語 Czech，源自捷克語 Čech，源自原始斯拉夫語 *čelověkъ (“人，人類”) 的變體及縮約形。

She's from Czech, Croatia, or somewhere over there. The ill thing is that we always come together when we're drunk, but half way through our drunken talks, she always gets mad at something and leaves.

2008, George Stowers, Straight Up, No Sippin': Memoirs of Life and Work Onboard Mega Cruise Ships, →ISBN，頁號 325:

A whole array of companies and consultants are found travelling to Croatia or Czech or China, to extol the latest virtues of electioneering, perhaps via the UK Westminster Foundation for Democracy, […]

2009, Jennifer Lees-Marshment, Political Marketing: Principles and Applications, Routledge, →ISBN，頁號 237:


Africa

繼承自中古英語 Affrike，來自古法語 Affrique, Affrike，來自拉丁語 Āfrica，來自Āfrī，Āfer的單數 (迦太基國的人民)又源自於：
* 布匿語或腓尼基語中的𐤏𐤐𐤓 (ʿpr /ʿafar/, “灰塵”)，在其他閃語族語言也有同義詞。
* 柏柏爾語族中的ifri (“洞穴”)，ifran的複數，指突尼斯的洞穴居民 (參見泰塔溫)。
民間詞源包括：
* 古希臘語 ἀ- (a-) + φρίκη f (phríkē)，意思為不冷
* 拉丁語 aprica (“陽光”)。

The Sahara stood as an important marker between the Maghreb and Africa, not only in modern times but in times immemorial.

撒哈拉是馬格里布和黑非洲之間的一個重要標誌地，不僅在現代，在遠古時期亦是如此。

2021年June10日, Abdelmajid Hannoum, The Invention of the Maghreb: Between Africa and the Middle East, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN，頁號 205:


suspect

來自古法語 suspect，來自拉丁語 suspectus，suspiciō (“不信任，懷疑”)的完整體被動分詞，來自sub (“底下”) + speciō (“看，看著”)。

more suspect (comparative)
most suspect (superlative)

Now I’m suspect of other advice that I read in your pages.

2004, Will Nickell, letter to the editor of Field & Stream, Volume CIX Number 8 (December 2004–January 2005), page 18


conversation

繼承自中古英語 conversacioun，來自古法語 conversacion及其同源詞，拉丁語 conversātiōnem，conversātiō (“會話”)的賓格單數，來自conversor (“駐足，陪伴”)。
型態分析為converse + -ation。

[ˌkʰɒɱ.vəˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

[ˌkʰɑɱ.vɚˈseɪ.ʃn̩]

Gone now are the "high-minded" style, the "adapted from literature" feel, the voice-over narration, and the abstract conversationing about ideas, values...

1983, James Frederick Mason, Hélène Joséphine Harvitt, The French review:

...he has breakfasted me, dined me, conversationed me, absolutely caressed me. He has been really most kind and paternal...

1989, Robert L Gale, A Henry James encyclopedia:

After all this conversationing, Scottie, my usual dance partner, was getting antsy and wanted to dance.

2002, Georgie Nickell, I Only Smoke on Thursdays:


an

繼承自中古英語 an，來自古英語 ān (不定冠詞, 字面意思是“一”)。參見 one。

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音

在標準英語中，冠詞an用在元音前，而a用於輔音前。另外an 也可以出現在h音開頭的非重音音節前，如an historic。這時h音可能變成無聲，或發音微弱。只有6%的英國人喜歡這種用法，在書面中也只是稍微常見一些。

在歷史上，an也可以出現在one跟許多首字母為 u、eu (現在讀作/juː/, /jʊ/, /jə/)的詞之前，像是eunuch、unique、utility。這是因為這些首字母被讀作元音。在書寫中，直到19世紀這些詞在獲得首輔音之後，很久一段時間 an 仍然是這些詞前的常用詞。這種情況偶爾還會出現。

相反，在非標準（通常是方言）語音及其書面表達中，元音前很少出現 a。例如：“ain't this a innerestin sitchation” (Moira Young，Blood Red Road)。

a 的所有冠詞義項均可用在 an 上。

a 的變形 (全義項)
在重音或非重音音節的 /h/前使用。

1 I waited patiently for the Lord, and he inclined vnto me, and heard my crie.
2 He brought me vp also out of an horrible pit, out of the mirie clay, and set my feete vpon a rock, and established my goings.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms 40:1–2:

The Province of Nanking, by the Tartars called Kiangnan, is the ſecond in honour, in magnitude and fertility in all China : It is divided into 14 great Territories, having Cities and Towns an hundred and ten; Nanking, or Kiangning being the Metropolis; a City, that if ſhe did not exceed moſt Cities on the Earth in bigneſs and beauty, yet ſhe was inferior to few, for her Pagodes, her Temples, her Porcelane Towers, her Palaces and Triumphal Arches. Fungiang, Sucheu, Sunkiang, Leucheu, Hoaigan, Ganking, Ningue, Hoeicheu, are alſo eminent places, and of great Note and Trade.

1693, Robert Morden, “Of China”, 出自 Geography Rectified; or a Description of the World, 3rd版, →OCLC，頁號 441:

Following the doctrine of Lenin and Stalin, relying on the support of the great Soviet state and all the revolutionary forces of all countries, the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people gained an historic victory a few years ago.

1953, Mao Tse-tung, “Mao Tse-tung's Tribute to Stalin”, 出自 Current Soviet Policies, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC，頁號 254:

We have agreed on joint ventures in space. We have agreed on ways of working together to protect the environment, to advance health, to cooperate in science and technology. We have agreed on means of preventing incidents at sea. We have established a commission to expand trade between our two nations. Most important, we have taken an historic first step in the limitation of nuclear strategic arms.

1972年May28日, 片头起3:30, 出自 President Nixon addresses the Soviet People live from the Kremlin, 角色 Richard Nixon，於2015-12-22歸檔自原頁面:

Well yesterday was an historic day. Uh, there was last minute testimony scheduled in the January 6th committee from a former aide to Trump chief of staff Mark Meadows.

2022年June29日, David Pakman, 片头起0:00, 出自 Trump Assaulted Secret Service Agent, Smeared Ketchup on Wall，於2022-06-30歸檔自原頁面:

a 的變形 (全義項)
用於所有輔音前。


an

音頻 (美國)，æ-緊繃

音頻 (美國)，在短語“an egg”非重音


co

他（第三人稱單數中性代詞）


inacceptable

more inacceptable (comparative)
most inacceptable (superlative)


national anthem

聯邦、聯盟的組成國/加盟國的官方歌曲。

The national anthem of Wales

The national anthem of the Russian SFSR

俄羅斯蘇維埃聯邦社會主義共和國國歌


hes

his (“他的”)的另一種寫法

That's hes house over there.


hes

his (“他的（事物）”)的另一種寫法

The idea was hes not mine.

這個主意是他想出來的，不是我的。


hes

源自he's，省略撇號。


hes

源自he's，省略撇號。

has的部分按方言的拼寫。

Jennie! Jennie! come an’ tell me thet the long-lost claim hes come back to Old Jack!

1882, James Jackson, Tom Terror, the Outlaw:


strikethrough

strikesthrough
strikethroughs
strikingthrough
strikethroughing
struckthrough


poz

What on earth happened to the gallant tradition of “pozzing”: making positive remarks? What’s wrong with single guys going up to women in clubs to shout above the loud music, “Your delicate beauty has captured my heart” before presenting them with a single rose? But no.

2015年January21日, Peter Bradshaw, “A brief history of pozzing and negging”, 出自 The Guardian:


advertize

音頻 (美國加利福尼亞)


Indian

源自盎格魯-諾曼語 indien, 中古法語 indien，等同於Ind + -ian。用於美洲原住民是早期探險家將其與印度人混淆。

印度的語言（尤其指印地語）

[They said] 'Mutton can speak Indian', 'Mutton can see Kanchinjunga out of his bedroom window'[.]

1968 Anne Rider, A hilltop in hazard, page 51:


guhrl

girl的視覺方言拼法。


minnit

minute的另一種寫法：很短的時間

I see they was goin, so I said:-- "My week-minded and misgided femails, hold your hosses a minnit, until an old statesman, who has served his country for 4 yeer as Gustise of the Peece, says a few remarks to you."

1870, Various, Punchinello, Vol. II., No. 34, November 19, 1870:

"I jest stood like a dumb critter the minnit I got in," said Marty.

1876, Helen Hunt Jackson, Mercy Philbrick's Choice:

I'll go in 'ere for 'arf a minnit and sit down.

1909, W.W. Jacobs, Sailor's Knots (Entire Collection):

Wait a minnit!

1918, Edna Ferber, Cheerful--By Request:

Wait a minnit, I didn't show you my pitcher what was in de paper, did I?

1936-1938, Work Projects Administration, Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States:


gurl

Damn white gurl Thought you was A1 Yet your existence a none

2012, Krystina V, A Diva's love Affair, →ISBN，頁號 22:

An' Lee went closer to where the gurl was waitin'. His party follered an' I follered too.... Jest whin the moosic sthopped an' the gurl looked up—thin she seen Lee.

All gurl's good fur—jist To dust an' sweep, an' scold, An' sew on buttons what yo mus't Sewin' on last week. Wush't Iwuz a boy!

2013, Karen L. Kilcup & Angela Sorby, Over the River and Through the Wood, →ISBN:


speshul

special的視覺方言拼法。

more speshul (comparative)
most speshul (superlative)

My brother works on the Telegraph; he's a compositor and he'd give me the first pull of any speshul stuff and I could bring it to you.

1991, Frank Harris, John F Gallagher, My Life and Loves

Theyve put me on the speshul detail. The speshul detail, Mable, is a bunch of fellos what knows more than any one else in the camp.

2005, Lieutenant Edward Streeter, That's Me All Over Mable


wut

同What，兩者標準意思都是感嘆詞，但特別作為令人髮指或出乎意料的陳述回應。


gooder

源自 good + -er (“比較級形容詞後綴”)。

另見具有平行結構的 oner，one 的名詞化形式，義思是「傑出的人或事務」。

You're a gooder, for taking care of your mom.

你照顧你媽媽，是個好人。


knows

know的現在時形式，可用於所有人稱及數，而不僅限於第三人稱單數。


thermometre

有關本詞的更多用例，請參閱Citations:thermometre。


aeriated

more aeriated (comparative)
most aeriated (superlative)

Calm down! There's no point getting aeriated about it.

冷靜！對這件事激動是沒有意義的。


restringe

借自拉丁語 rēstringō (“綁緊；約束”)。


husman

“Wife, su'mit. As your husman I'm ordering you to su'mit.”

“老婆，屈服。作为你的丈夫，我命令你屈服。”

2007, Bill Spevacek, Millen County Standoff:

"You know my husman works on a giant forklift for this company for years. […]"

“你知道我老公在这家公司修理大型叉车好几年了 […] ”

2010, Jeannie Cheatham, Meet Me with Your Black Drawers On: My Life in Music，頁號 179:

Whosoever that hoochefied, home wrecking heifer is she ain't gon steal my husman from under my nose.

无论这个该死的、破坏家庭的小母牛是谁，她都不会从我的眼皮底下偷走我老公。

2014, The Skegeehawk!, Zee: An Original Naughty Narrative，頁號 357:


songer

可能繼承自中古英語 songere (方言)，繼承自古英語 sangere，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *sangwārijaz (“歌手，歌唱者”)，與德語 Sänger、荷蘭語 zanger等同源，等價於 song + -er。或是上述詞素的現代構詞。

If a man who plays at ping pong is a "ponger," Then a singer of a "singsong" is a "songer"; If the "songer" is a singer. Then the "ponger" is a "pinger," And the man who says it's wrong must be a "wronger."

Will he sing it, I wonder?"
"Chantoozie, I ain't much of a songer any more. I just done that because I was told it was a colorful trait."

1976, Katie Lee, Ten Thousand Goddam Cattle:

No sound of songers chirping or jumbies, foraging for nuts.

2012, Susan St. Francis, A Tale of the Bug Fairies:


disclude

Please disclude me from further discussions on this topic.

请将我从参与有关该主题的进一步讨论中排除。