See 德性 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "官話名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "官話詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "帶「德」的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "帶「性」的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有1個詞條的頁面",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有同音詞的官話詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有同音詞的粵語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有國際音標的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有詞條的頁面",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "泉漳話名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "泉漳話詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "粵語名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "粵語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"lang": "汉语",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"pos_title": "名词",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語書面用語",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"道德品性"
],
"id": "zh-德性-zh-noun-vfJm2Gbe",
"tags": [
"literary"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "déxìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄜˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dak¹ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "tiak-sèng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "tek-sèng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "déxìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄜˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "désìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade–Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "tê²-hsing⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "dé-syìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "dershinq"
},
{
"roman": "dɛsin",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Cyrillic"
],
"zh_pron": "дэсин"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɤ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"homophone": "德性",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese"
]
},
{
"homophone": "德行",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dak¹ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Yale",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dāk sing"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "dak⁷ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "deg¹ xing³"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"homophone": "得勝",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese",
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong"
]
},
{
"homophone": "得胜",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese",
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong"
]
},
{
"homophone": "德性",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "tiak-sèng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "tiak-sìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "diaksexng"
},
{
"ipa": "/ti̯ak̚⁵⁻²⁴ si̯ɪŋ⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taiwanese",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"general",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "tek-sèng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taiwanese",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"general",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "tik-sìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taiwanese",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"general",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "deksexng"
},
{
"ipa": "/ti̯ɪk̚³²⁻⁵ si̯ɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taiwanese",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"general",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ti̯ɪk̚³²⁻⁴ si̯ɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taiwanese",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"general",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ti̯ɪk̚³²⁻⁴ si̯ɪŋ¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taiwanese",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"general",
"IPA",
"Taibei"
]
}
],
"word": "德性"
}
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "官話名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "官話詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "帶「德」的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "帶「性」的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有1個詞條的頁面",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有同音詞的粵語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有國際音標的漢語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "有詞條的頁面",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "粵語名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "粵語詞元",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "德行",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"lang": "汉语",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"pos_title": "名词",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "分類詞為「副」的漢語名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "漢語口語詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"classifiers": [
{
"classifier": "副",
"tags": [
"Mandarin"
]
}
],
"glosses": [
"令人反感的行為"
],
"id": "zh-德性-zh-noun-dnLBTPZ4",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "déxing"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄜˊ ˙ㄒㄧㄥ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dak¹ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "déxing"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄜˊ ˙ㄒㄧㄥ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "dési̊ng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade–Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "tê²-hsing⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "dé-sying"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "der.shing"
},
{
"roman": "dɛsin",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Cyrillic"
],
"zh_pron": "дэсин"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɤ³⁵ ɕiŋ³/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dak¹ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Yale",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dāk sing"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "dak⁷ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "deg¹ xing³"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"homophone": "得勝",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese",
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong"
]
},
{
"homophone": "得胜",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese",
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong"
]
},
{
"homophone": "德性",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong"
]
}
],
"word": "德性"
}
{
"categories": [
"官話名詞",
"官話詞元",
"帶「德」的漢語詞",
"帶「性」的漢語詞",
"有1個詞條的頁面",
"有同音詞的官話詞",
"有同音詞的粵語詞",
"有國際音標的漢語詞",
"有詞條的頁面",
"泉漳話名詞",
"泉漳話詞元",
"漢語名詞",
"漢語詞元",
"粵語名詞",
"粵語詞元"
],
"lang": "汉语",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"pos_title": "名词",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"漢語書面用語"
],
"glosses": [
"道德品性"
],
"tags": [
"literary"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "déxìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄜˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dak¹ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "tiak-sèng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "tek-sèng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "déxìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄜˊ ㄒㄧㄥˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "désìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade–Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "tê²-hsing⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "dé-syìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "dershinq"
},
{
"roman": "dɛsin",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Cyrillic"
],
"zh_pron": "дэсин"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɤ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"homophone": "德性",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese"
]
},
{
"homophone": "德行",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dak¹ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Yale",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dāk sing"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "dak⁷ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "deg¹ xing³"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"homophone": "得勝",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese",
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong"
]
},
{
"homophone": "得胜",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese",
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong"
]
},
{
"homophone": "德性",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "tiak-sèng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "tiak-sìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "diaksexng"
},
{
"ipa": "/ti̯ak̚⁵⁻²⁴ si̯ɪŋ⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taiwanese",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"general",
"Phak-fa-su"
],
"zh_pron": "tek-sèng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taiwanese",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"general",
"Tâi-lô"
],
"zh_pron": "tik-sìng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taiwanese",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"general",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh_pron": "deksexng"
},
{
"ipa": "/ti̯ɪk̚³²⁻⁵ si̯ɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taiwanese",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"general",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ti̯ɪk̚³²⁻⁴ si̯ɪŋ²¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taiwanese",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"general",
"IPA",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ti̯ɪk̚³²⁻⁴ si̯ɪŋ¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Min-Nan",
"Hokkien",
"Taiwanese",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou",
"general",
"IPA",
"Taibei"
]
}
],
"word": "德性"
}
{
"categories": [
"官話名詞",
"官話詞元",
"帶「德」的漢語詞",
"帶「性」的漢語詞",
"有1個詞條的頁面",
"有同音詞的粵語詞",
"有國際音標的漢語詞",
"有詞條的頁面",
"漢語名詞",
"漢語詞元",
"粵語名詞",
"粵語詞元"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "德行",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"lang": "汉语",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"pos_title": "名词",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"分類詞為「副」的漢語名詞",
"漢語口語詞"
],
"classifiers": [
{
"classifier": "副",
"tags": [
"Mandarin"
]
}
],
"glosses": [
"令人反感的行為"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "déxing"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄜˊ ˙ㄒㄧㄥ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dak¹ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "déxing"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Bopomofo"
],
"zh_pron": "ㄉㄜˊ ˙ㄒㄧㄥ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "dési̊ng"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Wade–Giles"
],
"zh_pron": "tê²-hsing⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Yale"
],
"zh_pron": "dé-sying"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh"
],
"zh_pron": "der.shing"
},
{
"roman": "dɛsin",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Cyrillic"
],
"zh_pron": "дэсин"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɤ³⁵ ɕiŋ³/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Standard-Chinese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dak¹ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Yale",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh_pron": "dāk sing"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh_pron": "dak⁷ sing³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh_pron": "deg¹ xing³"
},
{
"ipa": "/tɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong",
"IPA"
]
},
{
"homophone": "得勝",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Traditional-Chinese",
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong"
]
},
{
"homophone": "得胜",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Simplified-Chinese",
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong"
]
},
{
"homophone": "德性",
"raw_tags": [
"同音詞"
],
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Standard-Cantonese",
"Guangzhou",
"Hong Kong"
]
}
],
"word": "德性"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 德性 meaning in 汉语 (6.3kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <sup> not properly closed",
"path": [
"德性"
],
"section": "汉语",
"subsection": "读音",
"title": "德性",
"trace": "started on line 19, detected on line 19"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </sup>",
"path": [
"德性"
],
"section": "汉语",
"subsection": "读音",
"title": "德性",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable 汉语 dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-23 from the zhwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-01 using wiktextract (bf7677a and b9346a0). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.