with

Al þus with iewys I am dyth, I seme a wyrm to manus syth.
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1300s?, Political, Religious and Love Poems, “An A B C Poem on the Passion of Christ”, ed. Frederick James Furnivall, 1866

Þirle my soule with þi spere anoon,
（請為本引文添加中文翻譯）

1430?, “The Love of Jesus” in Hymns to the Virgin and Christ, ed. Frederick James Furnivall, 1867, p.26

Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth

When Zephyr also with his sweet breath
Hath inspired in every wood and heath

1387–1400，Geoffrey Chaucer，“The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales，[Westminster: William Caxton, 出版於 1478], →OCLC; republished in The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […]，[London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


an

oon (“一”)的非重音形式，來自偶爾使用古英語 ān (“一”)作為冠詞。

在之後的非北部中古英語中，a通常出现在 /h/以外的辅音之前，而 an 通常出现在元音和 /h/之前。但是，在早期中古英语中，an 通常出现在任何辅音之前。

在早期中古英语中，不定冠词经常被省略；偶尔的省略一直持续到后期中古英语。

中古英语早期有时会出现不定冠词的变音形式，请参见下面的變格表。

不定冠詞，在元音開頭的名詞前使用： 一件事的任何例子或實例。

And but ye do / c[er]teyn we shal yow teche / that it is fair / to han a wyf in pees / Oon of vs two / moſte bowen doutelees

And unless you do, we'll certainly teach you / that it's fair to have a wife in peace; / one of the two of us must without doubt submit.

1387–1400，[Geoffrey] Chaucer，“The Prologe of the Tale of the Wẏf of Bathe”, in The Tales of Caunt́burẏ (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D)，Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, 出版於 c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 63, verso，行s 438-440:

不定冠詞，在元音開頭的名詞前使用： 某個確定或特定的事物。

不定冠詞，在元音開頭的名詞前使用： 任何，每一个；一个事物的几个或所有实例。


substance

God demyth vs vpon oure kyndely substance, whych is evyr kepte one in hym, hole and safe without ende;

God judges us according to our true essence, which he keeps inside himself, whole and safe, always.

c. 15th century，Julian of Norwich，The Long Text; 再版為 章號 XLV, in A Book of Showings: The Long Text，edited from MS BN Fonds anglais 40, […], Toronto, Ont.: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1978:


taken

源自晚期古英語 tacan，源自古諾爾斯語 taka，源自原始日耳曼語 *tēkaną (“觸摸，抓住”)。

And made forward erly for to ryse / To take our wey, ther as I yow devyse.

並約定我們早點起床/上路，正如我將要告訴你的。

c. 1400，Geoffrey Chaucer，The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue，行s 33–34:


of

來自古英語 of，af、æf (“從，離”)的非重讀形式，源自原始西日耳曼語 *ab，源自原始日耳曼語 *ab (“遠，離”)。

ofe (alternative)
offe (alternative)
hof (alternative)
ove (alternative)
ob (alternative)
om (alternative)
oþ (alternative)

Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote

四月甘霖降下
驅散三月根系忍受的乾旱

c. 1400，Geoffrey Chaucer，The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue，行s 1-3:


hore

繼承自古英語 hōre，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *hōrā，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *hōrǭ。和中古荷蘭語 hoere、中古低地德語 hôre、中古高地德語 huore 及古瑞典語 hōra 同源。

And oon of þe ſeuene aungels cam· þat hadde ſeuene viols .· ⁊ ſpak wiþ me / ⁊ ſeide / come þou· I ſchal ſchewe to þee þe dampnacioun of þe greet hoꝛe· þat ſittiþ on manye watris.· wiþ which kyngis of erþe diden foꝛnicacioun

拿著七碗的七位天使中有一位前來對我說：「你過來！我要讓你看那坐在眾水之上的大淫婦將要遭受的刑罰。

c. 1395，John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.]（譯者）, Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)，出版於 c. 1410, Apocalips 17:1，頁 123r，列 1; 再版為 Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament，Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


ac

源自古英語 ac ← 原始日耳曼語 *ak。

Ich liuie, nout ich, auh crist liueð in me

louerd, for þi muchele grace / graunt vs in heouene one place; / Let vs neuer be forloren / for no sinne, crist ycoren / ah bring vs out of helle pyne […]

Lord, for your great grace / give us a place in heaven; / Don't let us ever be lost / to any sin, chosen Christ / but bring us out of Hell's torment. […]

Ac þe ilke / þet zuereþ hidousliche be god / oþer by his halȝen / and him to-breȝþ / and zayþ him sclondres / þet ne byeþ naȝt to zigge: þe ilke zeneȝeþ dyadliche […]

But one who / hideously swears by God / or by his emissaries / and who tears him apart / while saying to him lies / that shouldn't be said: they sin grievously. […]

c. 1340，Dan Michel，“Þe oþer Godes Heste”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt:

"Lordes", quaþ Richard, "Buþ noȝt agast, Ac holdeþ forþ ȝour way / an hast & boldeliche doþ ȝour dede […]"

"Lords", said Richard, "Don't be frightened, but hold your way forwards / and quickly and boldy do your deed […] "


stelen

源自古英語 stelan ← 原始日耳曼語 *stelaną。

steleth
stelende (present participle)
stal
stolen (past participle)

He that stal, now stele he not; but more trauele he in worchinge with hise hondis that that is good, that he haue whereof he schal yyue to nedi.

One who steals must not steal now, but must instead toil in labour with their hands for that which is good, so they have stuff to give to the needy.

a. 1382，John Wycliffe，“Ephesians 4:28”, in Wycliffe's Bible:


þe

源自古英語 þe，se的晚期變體。

定冠詞，相當於現代英語的the

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

Don't bring the two pieces of the bone that is broken or dislocated together until 8 days have passed if it's winter or 5 days if it's summer; otherwise it will make pus and be sicker from swelling. After the time has passed bring together the pieces or the dislocation according to the teaching that shall be said in the chapter entitled Algebra.

1420，The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056，“Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie."，London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, 根據Lanfranc of Milan原著改編的翻譯作品, 出版於 1894, →ISBN，頁 63:


yol

源自古英語 ġeōl ← 原始日耳曼語 *jeulō，*jehwlą的複數。

forþi þis ȝol ouerȝede and þe ȝere after / and vche ſeſoun ſerlepes ſued after oþer / after cryſtenmaſſe com þe crabbed lentoun /

And this Christmastide went, and the year with (it); / each season followed alone after the last. / After Christmas came spiteful Lent, […]

a. 1375，Gawain Poet，Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt, stanza 22，頁 97r，行s 500–502:


dette

源自古法語 dete ← 拉丁語 dēbita，dēbitum的複數。

And thus ye ſchulen preye, Oure fadir that art in heuenes, halewid be thi name; / thi kyngdoom come to; be thi wille don `in erthe as in heuene; / ȝyue to vs this dai oure `breed ouer othir ſubſtaunce; / and forȝyue to vs oure dettis, as we forȝyuen to oure dettouris; and lede vs not in to temptacioun, / but delyuere vs fro yuel / Amen […]

And you should pray like this: "Our father that's in heaven, your name will be hailed; / your kingdom will come; your will will be done on Earth just like in heaven; / give us our bread or other sustenance today; / and forgive us of our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us; and don't let us fall into temptation, but instead save us from evil. / Amen." […]

a. 1382，John Wycliffe，“Matheu 6:9-14”, in Wycliffe's Bible:


envie

借自古法語 envie，源自拉丁語 invidia。

ȝit þey haveþ so grete envie to þe Latyns þat þey haveþ wiþ drawe hem out of [þe] subieccioun and obedience of þe chirche of Rome

1378，John of Trevisa, transl.，Polychronicon，根據Ranulf Higden原著改編的翻譯作品, 出版於 1876，頁 287:


brid

源自古英語 bridd，源頭有爭議。

Another parable Jheſus puttide forth to hem, and ſeide, The kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a corn of ſeneuey, which a man took, and ſewe in his feeld. / Which is the leeste of alle ſeedis, but whanne it hath woxen, it is the moste of alle wortis, and is maad a tre; ſo that briddis of the eir comen, and dwellen in the bowis therof.

Jesus put another parable in front of them; he said: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field. / It is the smallest of all the seeds, but when it grows, it is the largest of all the plants; it is a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."

a. 1382，John Wycliffe，“Matheu 13:31-32”, in Wycliffe's Bible:


swine

源自古英語 swīn ← 原始日耳曼語 *swīną。

Nile ȝe ȝyue hooli thing to houndis, nethir caſte ȝe ȝoure margaritis bifore ſwyne, leſt perauenture thei defoulen hem with her feet, and the houndis be turned, and al to-tere ȝou.

You shouldn't give holy things to dogs or throw your pearls towards swine, in case they stomp on them with their feet or the dogs turn around and rip you apart.

a. 1382，John Wycliffe，“Matheu 7:6”, in Wycliffe's Bible:


maken

源自古英語 macian ← 原始西日耳曼語 *makōn。

In þe bigynnyng God made of nouȝt heuene and erþe. / Forſoþe þe erþe was idel and voide, and derkneſſis weren on the face of depþe; and the Spiryt of þe Lord was borun on the watris.

In the beginning, God made the sky and the Earth out of nothing. / The Earth was inactive and empty, and darkness was on top of the seas' surfaces, and the Spirit of the Lord moved on the water.

a. 1382，John Wycliffe，“Genesis 1:1-2”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And ſmale foweles maken melodye / That ſlepen al the nyght with open ye / So priketh hem Nature in hir corages / Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages[…]

And small birds make song / that sleep all night with their eyes open / (as Nature pokes them in their hearts). / Then people want to go on pilgrimages […]

a. 1400，Geoffrey Chaucer，“General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales，行s 9-12:


eiþer

either的另一種寫法

a1420，The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056，“Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie."，London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, 根據Lanfranc of Milan原著改編的翻譯作品, 出版於 1894, →ISBN，頁 63:


þͤ

þe (“現代英語的 the”)的另一種寫法

And here on þͤ othir ſyde folowyth the moſte pytevous tale of the morte Arthure ſaunz Gwerdon · Ꝑ le ſhyvalere ẜ Thomᷓs Malleorre knyȝt

And here on the other side followeth the most piteous tale of the mort d’Arthur sans guerdon, par le chevalier Sir Thomas Malory, knight.

1470–1483 (date produced)，Thomas Malory，“[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678)，[England: s.n.], folio 449, recto，行s 18–21:


comaundement

借自古法語 comandement；等價於 comaunden + -ment。

foꝛ þis is þe charite of god .· þat we kepe hiſe comaundementis / ⁊ his maundementis ben not heuy.

這就是上帝的愛：我們遵守他的誡命。他的誡命並不繁重。

c. 1395，John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.]（譯者）, Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)，出版於 c. 1410, Joon ·i· 5:3，頁 115v，列 1; 再版為 Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament，Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


whanne

繼承自古英語 hwanne, hwænne, hwenne, hwonne，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *hwannē (“何時”)，派生自原始印歐語 *kʷís (“誰，什麼，哪個”)。

Bot often for defalte of bondes Al sodeinliche, er it be wist, A Tonne, whanne his lye arist, Tobrekth and renneth al aboute, Which elles scholde noght gon oute[…]

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

1387–1400，[Geoffrey] Chaucer，“Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́burẏ (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D)，Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, 出版於 c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende.

1407，The Testimony of William Thorpe，頁s 40–41:


oon

源自古英語 ān，源自原始西日耳曼語 *ain，源自原始日耳曼語 *ainaz，源自原始印歐語 *óynos。

Almihti godd· feader· ſune· hali gaſt· aſ ȝe beoð ϸreo an godd: alſƿa ȝe beoð an mihte· an ƿiſdom· ⁊ an luue[…]

全能神：父、子和聖靈，既三又一，又是一能，一智，一愛 […]

c. 1225，“Introduction”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402)，Herefordshire, 出版於 c. 1235, folios 6, verso – 7, recto; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018年January13日:

And but ye do / c[er]teyn we shal yow teche / that it is fair / to han a wyf in pees / Oon of vs two / moſte bowen doutelees

除非你這樣做，否則我們一定會教你/在和平中擁有一個妻子是公平的；/我們兩人中的一個必須毫無疑問地服從。

1387–1400，[Geoffrey] Chaucer，“The Prologe of the Tale of the Wẏf of Bathe”, in The Tales of Caunt́burẏ (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D)，Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, 出版於 c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 63, verso，行s 438-440:


hoker

繼承自古英語 hōcor，繼承自原始日耳曼語 *hōhaz (“嘲笑、侮辱”)，源自原始印歐語 *keg-、*kenk- (“钉子，钩子，手柄；锋利”)。

She was as digne as water in a dich, / As ful of hoker and of bisemare.

1387–1400，Geoffrey Chaucer，“The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales，[Westminster: William Caxton, 出版於 1478], →OCLC; republished in The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […]，[London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


mede

源自古英語 mēd 的間接格，繼承自原始西日耳曼語 *miʀdu。

⁊ folkis ben wrooþ · ⁊ þi wraþþe cam · ⁊ tyme of deed men to be demed · ⁊ to ȝelde meede to þi ſeruauntis ⁊ pꝛophetis ⁊ halowis ⁊ dꝛedynge þi name · to ſmale ⁊ to grete / ⁊ to diſtrie hem þat coꝛrumpiden þe erþe

外邦發怒，你的忿怒也臨到了；審判死人的時候也到了；你的僕人眾先知，和眾聖徒，凡敬畏你名的人連大帶小得賞賜的時候也到了；你敗壞那些敗壞世界之人的時候也就到了。

c. 1395，John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.]（譯者）, Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)，出版於 c. 1410, Apocalips 11:18，頁 121r，列 2; 再版為 Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament，Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


oures

我們的（作限定詞用，修飾後方的名詞）

For-giue us, fader, dettes ours.


aboute

繼承自古英語 onbūtan。

Therfor, my sone, do thou that that Y seie, and delyuere thi silf; for thou hast fallun in to the hond of thi neiybore. Renne thou aboute, haste thou, reise thi freend;
yyue thou not sleep to thin iyen, nether thin iyeliddis nappe.

我兒，你既落在朋友手中，就當這樣行，纔可救自己；你要自卑，去懇求你的朋友；
不要容你的眼睛睡覺，不要容你的眼皮打盹。

1384，John Wycliffe，Bible (Wycliffe): Proverbs, vi, 3-4:


seid

Sire ſeid the damoyſell ye nede not to pulle half ſo hard / for he that ſhall pulle it out ſhal do it with lytel myghte / ye ſay wel ſaid Arthur /

a. 1472，Thomas Malory，“Capitulum i”, in [Le Morte Darthur]，book II, [London: […] by William Caxton], 出版於 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 38, verso; 再版為 Le Morte Darthur […]，London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC，頁 76，行s 36–38:


governour

借自古法語 gouvreneur、governeor，源自拉丁語 gubernātor；等同於 governen + -our。

foꝛwhi ftryuynge is not to us aȝenes fleiſch ⁊ blood .· but aȝenes þe pꝛincis ⁊ poteſtatis aȝenes gouernours of þe woꝛld of þeſe derkneſſis / aȝens ſpiritual þingis of wickidneſſe, in heuenli thingis

因我們並不是與屬血氣的爭戰，乃是與那些執政的、掌權的、管轄這幽暗世界的，以及天空屬靈氣的惡魔爭戰。

c. 1395，John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.]（譯者）, Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)，出版於 c. 1410, Epheſianes 6:12，頁 77r，列 2; 再版為 Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament，Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

領導人；管理者 （機構的）主管

領導人；管理者 將軍，將領


octroy

借自中古法語 octroyer，源自古法語 otroiier，源自拉丁語 auctōrizō。auctorise 的同源對似詞。

Bachus octroyed ⁊ graunted hym this yfte, […]

1480，William Caxton（譯者）, Six Bookes of Metamorphoseos in Whyche Ben Conteyned the Fables of Ovyde. Translated out of Frensshe into Englysshe by William Caxton. Printed from a Manuscript in the Library of Mr. Secretary Pepys, in the College of St. Mary Magdalen, in the University of Cambridge.，London: From the Shakspeare Press, by William Bulmer, […], 出版於 1819:


yle

源自古法語 isle，源自拉丁語 īnsula。

The bareyne ile stondynge in the see.

1390，Geoffrey Chaucer，“Man of Law's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales:


Atenes

Athens的另一種寫法

Þire athils of Atenes þir augard [?read: angard] clerkis.

c1450(?a1400)，Wars Alex.(Ashm 44), section 2343:


meritote

儿童游戏，在绳索或类似物上荡秋千，直到头晕目眩

What eylith you, some gay gerl, God it wote / Hath brought in you thus on the meritote.

1387–1400，Geoffrey Chaucer，“The Myllers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales，[Westminster: William Caxton, 出版於 1478], →OCLC; republished in The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […]，[London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC，行 662:


scrit

Of every scrit and bond.


dissimulen

借自中古法語 dissimuler，源自拉丁語 dissimulō；等同于 dis- + symulen。

A iangler is to god abhomynable / Rede Salomon, ſo wyſe and honourable / Rede Dauid in his pſalmes, rede Senecke / My ſonne ſpeke not, ne wyth thy heed becke / Diſſimule as thou were deefe, if ẏ thou here / The ianglour ſpeketh of perlous matere

传扬闲话的人在神眼中是可憎恶的。读读所罗门，他是多么智慧和尊贵。读读大卫的诗篇。孩子，如果有人开始说一些危险的话，不要说话，只要低下头假装聋子就行了。

1387–1400，Geoffrey Chaucer，“The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales，[Westminster: William Caxton, 出版於 1478], →OCLC; republished in The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […]，[London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio c, verso: