See tough in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク/m",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "印欧祖語 赤リンク",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "印欧祖語 赤リンク/m",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "古英語 赤リンク",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "古英語 赤リンク/m",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 同音異義",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 国際音声記号あり",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 音声リンクがある語句",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_ゲルマン祖語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_中英語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_印欧祖語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_古英語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_形容詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_西ゲルマン祖語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "hang tough"
},
{
"word": "semitough"
},
{
"word": "supertough"
},
{
"word": "tough call"
},
{
"word": "tough case"
},
{
"word": "tough cookie"
},
{
"word": "tough crowd"
},
{
"word": "tough guy"
},
{
"word": "tough love"
},
{
"word": "tough luck"
},
{
"word": "tough-minded"
},
{
"word": "tough nut to crack"
},
{
"word": "tough row to hoe"
},
{
"word": "tough shit"
},
{
"word": "tough titty"
},
{
"word": "tough toodles"
},
{
"word": "tough tuchus"
},
{
"word": "toughen"
},
{
"word": "toughie"
},
{
"word": "toughish"
},
{
"word": "toughly"
},
{
"word": "toughness"
},
{
"word": "toughy"
},
{
"word": "ultratough"
},
{
"word": "when the going gets tough, the tough get going"
},
{
"word": "tough act to follow"
},
{
"word": "tough as nails"
},
{
"word": "tough as old boots"
},
{
"word": "tough as teak"
},
{
"word": "tough bananas"
},
{
"word": "tough break"
},
{
"word": "tough cookies"
},
{
"word": "tough going"
},
{
"word": "tough on crime"
},
{
"word": "tough pill to swallow"
},
{
"word": "tough road to hoe"
},
{
"word": "tough sledding"
},
{
"word": "tough tarts"
},
{
"word": "tough titties"
},
{
"word": "tough titty said the kitty"
},
{
"word": "tough tooshie"
},
{
"word": "tough tushie"
},
{
"word": "tough-cake"
},
{
"word": "tough-guy"
},
{
"word": "tough-guyness"
},
{
"word": "tough-love"
},
{
"word": "tough-pitch"
},
{
"word": "tough-skinned"
}
],
"etymology_texts": [
"中英語tough, towgh, tou, toȝ < 古英語tōh < 西ゲルマン祖語*tą̄h(ī) < ゲルマン祖語*tanhuz < 印欧祖語*denḱ-"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "tougher"
},
{
"form": "toughest"
}
],
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"pos_title": "形容詞",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"（物が）丈夫な、頑丈な。"
],
"id": "ja-tough-en-adj-0mUqW44C"
},
{
"glosses": [
"（食べ物が）固い、切りにくい、嚙み切れない。"
],
"id": "ja-tough-en-adj-RUfx1wos",
"ruby": [
[
"固",
"かた"
],
[
"切",
"き"
],
[
"嚙",
"か"
],
[
"切",
"き"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"強靭な、たくましい。"
],
"id": "ja-tough-en-adj-aDnAboD2"
},
{
"glosses": [
"頑固な、強情な、不屈の。"
],
"id": "ja-tough-en-adj-pBCMPR4S"
},
{
"glosses": [
"厳しい。"
],
"id": "ja-tough-en-adj-7nniKwAD",
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"乱暴な。"
],
"id": "ja-tough-en-adj-GLVBSrsV"
},
{
"glosses": [
"（問題などが）困難な、厄介な。"
],
"id": "ja-tough-en-adj-xhRA8H6T"
},
{
"glosses": [
"厳格な、非情な。"
],
"id": "ja-tough-en-adj-lTxAjZxQ"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "tʌf"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-us-tough.ogg",
"raw_tags": [
"音声(米)"
]
},
{
"homophones": [
"tuff"
]
}
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク/m",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "印欧祖語 赤リンク",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "印欧祖語 赤リンク/m",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "古英語 赤リンク",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "古英語 赤リンク/m",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 同音異義",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 国際音声記号あり",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 音声リンクがある語句",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_ゲルマン祖語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_中英語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_印欧祖語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_古英語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_西ゲルマン祖語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_間投詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"etymology_texts": [
"中英語tough, towgh, tou, toȝ < 古英語tōh < 西ゲルマン祖語*tą̄h(ī) < ゲルマン祖語*tanhuz < 印欧祖語*denḱ-"
],
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "intj",
"pos_title": "間投詞",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 俗語",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"残念。"
],
"id": "ja-tough-en-intj-R~aGcFqe",
"tags": [
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "tʌf"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-us-tough.ogg",
"raw_tags": [
"音声(米)"
]
},
{
"homophones": [
"tuff"
]
}
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク/m",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "印欧祖語 赤リンク",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "印欧祖語 赤リンク/m",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "古英語 赤リンク",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "古英語 赤リンク/m",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 同音異義",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 名詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 国際音声記号あり",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 音声リンクがある語句",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_ゲルマン祖語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_中英語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_印欧祖語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_古英語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_西ゲルマン祖語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"etymology_texts": [
"中英語tough, towgh, tou, toȝ < 古英語tōh < 西ゲルマン祖語*tą̄h(ī) < ゲルマン祖語*tanhuz < 印欧祖語*denḱ-"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"pos_title": "名詞",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"乱暴者、ごろつき。"
],
"id": "ja-tough-en-noun-pQMyhSj7"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "tʌf"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-us-tough.ogg",
"raw_tags": [
"音声(米)"
]
},
{
"homophones": [
"tuff"
]
}
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク/m",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "印欧祖語 赤リンク",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "印欧祖語 赤リンク/m",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "古英語 赤リンク",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "古英語 赤リンク/m",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 動詞",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 同音異義",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 国際音声記号あり",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語 音声リンクがある語句",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_ゲルマン祖語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_中英語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_印欧祖語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_古英語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "英語_西ゲルマン祖語由来",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "tough out"
}
],
"etymology_texts": [
"中英語tough, towgh, tou, toȝ < 古英語tōh < 西ゲルマン祖語*tą̄h(ī) < ゲルマン祖語*tanhuz < 印欧祖語*denḱ-"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughs",
"tags": [
"third-person",
"singular",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toughing",
"tags": [
"present",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "toughed",
"tags": [
"past",
"participle"
]
}
],
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"pos_title": "動詞",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"耐え抜く、堪える。"
],
"id": "ja-tough-en-verb-vXtGHIas",
"ruby": [
[
"耐",
"た"
],
[
"抜",
"ぬ"
],
[
"堪",
"こら"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"頑丈にする、強化する。"
],
"id": "ja-tough-en-verb-FETQyZ15"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "tʌf"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-us-tough.ogg",
"raw_tags": [
"音声(米)"
]
},
{
"homophones": [
"tuff"
]
}
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"categories": [
"ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク",
"ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク/m",
"印欧祖語 赤リンク",
"印欧祖語 赤リンク/m",
"古英語 赤リンク",
"古英語 赤リンク/m",
"英語",
"英語 同音異義",
"英語 国際音声記号あり",
"英語 音声リンクがある語句",
"英語_ゲルマン祖語由来",
"英語_中英語由来",
"英語_印欧祖語由来",
"英語_古英語由来",
"英語_形容詞",
"英語_西ゲルマン祖語由来"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "hang tough"
},
{
"word": "semitough"
},
{
"word": "supertough"
},
{
"word": "tough call"
},
{
"word": "tough case"
},
{
"word": "tough cookie"
},
{
"word": "tough crowd"
},
{
"word": "tough guy"
},
{
"word": "tough love"
},
{
"word": "tough luck"
},
{
"word": "tough-minded"
},
{
"word": "tough nut to crack"
},
{
"word": "tough row to hoe"
},
{
"word": "tough shit"
},
{
"word": "tough titty"
},
{
"word": "tough toodles"
},
{
"word": "tough tuchus"
},
{
"word": "toughen"
},
{
"word": "toughie"
},
{
"word": "toughish"
},
{
"word": "toughly"
},
{
"word": "toughness"
},
{
"word": "toughy"
},
{
"word": "ultratough"
},
{
"word": "when the going gets tough, the tough get going"
},
{
"word": "tough act to follow"
},
{
"word": "tough as nails"
},
{
"word": "tough as old boots"
},
{
"word": "tough as teak"
},
{
"word": "tough bananas"
},
{
"word": "tough break"
},
{
"word": "tough cookies"
},
{
"word": "tough going"
},
{
"word": "tough on crime"
},
{
"word": "tough pill to swallow"
},
{
"word": "tough road to hoe"
},
{
"word": "tough sledding"
},
{
"word": "tough tarts"
},
{
"word": "tough titties"
},
{
"word": "tough titty said the kitty"
},
{
"word": "tough tooshie"
},
{
"word": "tough tushie"
},
{
"word": "tough-cake"
},
{
"word": "tough-guy"
},
{
"word": "tough-guyness"
},
{
"word": "tough-love"
},
{
"word": "tough-pitch"
},
{
"word": "tough-skinned"
}
],
"etymology_texts": [
"中英語tough, towgh, tou, toȝ < 古英語tōh < 西ゲルマン祖語*tą̄h(ī) < ゲルマン祖語*tanhuz < 印欧祖語*denḱ-"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "tougher"
},
{
"form": "toughest"
}
],
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"pos_title": "形容詞",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"（物が）丈夫な、頑丈な。"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"（食べ物が）固い、切りにくい、嚙み切れない。"
],
"ruby": [
[
"固",
"かた"
],
[
"切",
"き"
],
[
"嚙",
"か"
],
[
"切",
"き"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"強靭な、たくましい。"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"頑固な、強情な、不屈の。"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"厳しい。"
],
"ruby": [
[
"厳",
"きび"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"乱暴な。"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"（問題などが）困難な、厄介な。"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"厳格な、非情な。"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "tʌf"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-us-tough.ogg",
"raw_tags": [
"音声(米)"
]
},
{
"homophones": [
"tuff"
]
}
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"categories": [
"ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク",
"ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク/m",
"印欧祖語 赤リンク",
"印欧祖語 赤リンク/m",
"古英語 赤リンク",
"古英語 赤リンク/m",
"英語",
"英語 同音異義",
"英語 国際音声記号あり",
"英語 音声リンクがある語句",
"英語_ゲルマン祖語由来",
"英語_中英語由来",
"英語_印欧祖語由来",
"英語_古英語由来",
"英語_西ゲルマン祖語由来",
"英語_間投詞"
],
"etymology_texts": [
"中英語tough, towgh, tou, toȝ < 古英語tōh < 西ゲルマン祖語*tą̄h(ī) < ゲルマン祖語*tanhuz < 印欧祖語*denḱ-"
],
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "intj",
"pos_title": "間投詞",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"英語 俗語"
],
"glosses": [
"残念。"
],
"tags": [
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "tʌf"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-us-tough.ogg",
"raw_tags": [
"音声(米)"
]
},
{
"homophones": [
"tuff"
]
}
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"categories": [
"ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク",
"ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク/m",
"印欧祖語 赤リンク",
"印欧祖語 赤リンク/m",
"古英語 赤リンク",
"古英語 赤リンク/m",
"英語",
"英語 同音異義",
"英語 名詞",
"英語 国際音声記号あり",
"英語 音声リンクがある語句",
"英語_ゲルマン祖語由来",
"英語_中英語由来",
"英語_印欧祖語由来",
"英語_古英語由来",
"英語_西ゲルマン祖語由来"
],
"etymology_texts": [
"中英語tough, towgh, tou, toȝ < 古英語tōh < 西ゲルマン祖語*tą̄h(ī) < ゲルマン祖語*tanhuz < 印欧祖語*denḱ-"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"pos_title": "名詞",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"乱暴者、ごろつき。"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "tʌf"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-us-tough.ogg",
"raw_tags": [
"音声(米)"
]
},
{
"homophones": [
"tuff"
]
}
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"categories": [
"ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク",
"ゲルマン祖語 赤リンク/m",
"印欧祖語 赤リンク",
"印欧祖語 赤リンク/m",
"古英語 赤リンク",
"古英語 赤リンク/m",
"英語",
"英語 動詞",
"英語 同音異義",
"英語 国際音声記号あり",
"英語 音声リンクがある語句",
"英語_ゲルマン祖語由来",
"英語_中英語由来",
"英語_印欧祖語由来",
"英語_古英語由来",
"英語_西ゲルマン祖語由来"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "tough out"
}
],
"etymology_texts": [
"中英語tough, towgh, tou, toȝ < 古英語tōh < 西ゲルマン祖語*tą̄h(ī) < ゲルマン祖語*tanhuz < 印欧祖語*denḱ-"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughs",
"tags": [
"third-person",
"singular",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toughing",
"tags": [
"present",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "toughed",
"tags": [
"past",
"participle"
]
}
],
"lang": "英語",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"pos_title": "動詞",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"耐え抜く、堪える。"
],
"ruby": [
[
"耐",
"た"
],
[
"抜",
"ぬ"
],
[
"堪",
"こら"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"頑丈にする、強化する。"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "tʌf"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/en-us-tough.ogg",
"raw_tags": [
"音声(米)"
]
},
{
"homophones": [
"tuff"
]
}
],
"word": "tough"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tough meaning in 英語 (6.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable 英語 dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-23 from the jawiktionary dump dated 2025-06-20 using wiktextract (074e7de and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.