-chan

allomorph of -tan used for stems that end in i


-a

Marks imperfective aspect in both the recent and distant past tenses.


-ka

Cognate to Kari'na ka (“to take away, to deprive of”, verb), Trió -ka (privative verbalizer).

cog

forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis-, ex-


-ka

From Proto-Cariban *-ka (suffix forming allative postpositions).

inh

forms allative or locative postpositions: to, at


-ka

allomorph of -a (nonpast or past imperfective suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k


chai

allomorph of tai used after words that end in i

allomorph of kwai used after words that end in i


-kö

Marks the distant past imperfective tense when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person.


-ta

Forms intransitive verbs with patient-like arguments from nouns.


-ta

Cognates are found in many other Cariban languages, where they are usually restricted to use with or in place of an imperative marker cognate to -kö. The Ye'kwana suffix thus shows a broadened scope of use.

Directs that the command or request expressed by a verb must be executed somewhere else and not at the place where the order was given.


-ja

forms a tag question, requesting confirmation: right?


-ja

expresses complaint about the term it attaches to


-ö

Forms the singular of the recent past perfective tense of the verbs ejö (“to come”) and enejü (“to bring”).

Forms the singular of the distant past perfective tense of the verbs ejö (“to come”) and enejü (“to bring”) when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person.


-e

Forms adverbs with a participle-like meaning from verbs; must be accompanied by the prefix t- and an indicator specifying the role of the verb argument to which the participle refers (intransitive argument w-, transitive agent n-, or transitive patient ∅-).

Forms adverbs from verbs, expressing the purpose of the movement described by a main motion verb or copula to which the derived term becomes subordinate: in order to, for the purpose of, to, for


-i

Unknown; unlike the other possessive suffixes found in the language, -i has no known cognates in any other Cariban language.

marks a noun as possessed; used mostly with nouns referring to instruments, technologies, and manufactured products, and also with all loanwords


-i

forms the singular of the recent past perfective tense

forms the singular of the distant past perfective tense when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person


-i

Possibly of the same origin as the previous suffix.


-i

forms the interrogative of the third-person form na of the copula ei


-je

serves as an attributivizer to convert nouns into adverbs that can serve as attributes of other nouns or adverbial complements to a clause

serves as an attributivizer to allow verbs nominalized with -tojo to function adverbially as a predicate in a subordinate clause of purpose with the meaning ‘in order to X’, ‘for X-ing’

serves as an attributivizer to allow borrowed verbs to function adverbially as a predicate when subordinated to ö'dü (for intransitive use) or üdü (for transitive use)


-cha

allomorph of -ta used for stems that end in i


-ne

forms the singular of the distant past perfective tense when at least one of the arguments of the verb is not third-person

(in conjunction with other suffixes) marks the distant past tense in general when at least one of the arguments of the verb is not third-person


-ne

intensifier used especially in contexts of indignation or exasperation


-ya

Forms the singular of the recent past perfective tense of the verb ei (“to be”).

Forms the singular of the distant past perfective tense of the verb ei (“to be”) when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person.


-ya

Allomorph of -a (nonpast or past imperfective suffix) used for stems that end in i.


-ano

Forms nouns from many postpositions and some (chiefly spatial) adverbs, typically with the sense of ‘one that (is (at)) …’, ‘one that has the quality of …’.


-ato

Forms nouns from adverbs, adverbial verb forms, and postpositions, typically with the sense of ‘one that (is) …’, ‘one that has the quality of …’.


-ato

From -a (recent/distant past imperfective suffix) + -to (plural verb suffix).

af

Forms the plural of the recent past imperfective tense when the arguments of the verb are first- or second-person.


-ma

From Proto-Cariban *-ma; cognate to Apalaí -ma, Kari'na -ma, Trió -ma, Wayana -ma, Waiwai -ma, Akawaio -ma, Macushi -ma, Pemon -ma.

Forms transitive verbs from nouns and adverbs, with no single clear meaning common to these derivations.


-ke

forms adverbs from nouns with a resulting meaning of ‘having X’, ‘with X’; must be accompanied by the prefix t- and can also follow a possessive suffix -i


-ke

Only used in -kene (distant past imperfective suffix).


-ke

allomorph of -e (adverbializer) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k


-to

Forms the plural of the recent past tense. (When used alone, forms the plural of the recent past perfective tense when the arguments of the verb are first- or second-person.)

Forms the plural of the distant past tense when at least one of the arguments of the verb is third-person.


-to

Allomorph of -ato (adverb/postposition nominalizing suffix) used after all vowels but e and i.


-sa

diminutive suffix for postpositions and adverbs.


-de

intensifier that attaches to adverbs, used especially in contexts of surprise

used in certain contexts to soften speech or make it more polite


-jai

forms abilitative adverbs from transitive and intransitive verbs, with a meaning of ‘able to X’


-anto

From -anö (recent past imperfective suffix) + -to (plural verb suffix).

-kanto (alternative)
-yanto (alternative)

Forms the plural of the recent past imperfective tense when the arguments of the verb are third-person.


-oto

From -ö (recent/distant past perfective suffix) + -to (plural verb suffix).

Forms the plural of the recent past perfective tense of the verbs ejö (“to come”) and enejü (“to bring”) when the arguments of the verb are third-person.

Forms the plural of the distant past perfective tense of the verbs ejö (“to come”) and enejü (“to bring”) when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person.


-me

Serves as an attributivizer to allow verbs nominalized with -tojo to function as a predicate in a subordinate clause of purpose with the meaning ‘in order to X’, ‘for X-ing’.


-tai

Likely related to, if not derived from, the certain future suffix -ta.

Forms the uncertain future tense, expressing events with a likelihood but not certainty of happening.


-tomo

Forms plural possessed forms of animate nouns, including kinship terms and pets.


-mö

Forms the singular of the recent past perfective tense of the verb ütö (“to go”).

Forms the singular of the distant past perfective tense of the verb ütö (“to go”) when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person.


-tan

From the singular/third-person form -ta.

Directs that the command or request expressed by a verb must be executed somewhere else and not at the place where the order was given when the verb is in the non-third-person plural, i.e. when the suffix is followed by -tö.


-no

Allomorph of -ano (postposition/adverb nominalizing suffix) used after all vowels but e and i.


-no

(no longer productive) Forms certain nouns whose possessed forms take no further suffix, with no clear semantic contribution.


-nö

Forms infinitives and infinitive-like verbal nouns from intransitive verbs, which must bear the intransitive prefix w- but no person marking.


-nö

Marks the forms of the recent past imperfective tense not exclusive to first- or second-person arguments.


-nö

Forms transitive verbs from a few nouns and from adverbs suffixed with the attributivizer -je.


-dü

From Proto-Cariban *-rɨ. The development into an imperfective marker is relatively late, and a similar evolution can be observed in the Kari'na cognate -ry.

-chü (alternative)
-yü (alternative)
-du (alternative)

Marks a noun as possessed; used with most types of nouns, including instruments, kinship terms, body parts, and natural and cultural elements.

Forms a noun from a verb, representing either the (nonpast) action or the object of the verb; must be accompanied by a personal prefix and an indicator specifying the role of the verb argument indicated by the noun (intransitive argument w-, transitive agent n-, or transitive patient ∅-).

Forms the imperfective aspect in many contexts.


-dü

Perhaps ultimately of the same origin as etymology 1 above; a similar construction can be found in Pemon -yi, also homophonic with one of the allomorphs of the Pemon possessive marker.

Relativizing clitic; nominalizes a construction containing a finite verb, often to form a relative clause.


-nei

Forms agent nouns from transitive verbs, which can retain patient person marking.


-tojo

-chojo (alternative)
-to' (alternative)
-cho' (alternative)

forms instrumental nouns from transitive and intransitive verbs, referring to a thing, place, or person that helps with carrying out the action of the verb


-'se

Originally a postposition attaching to a nominalized form of the verb, as seen by its Cariban cognates. In Ye'kwana, however, this suffix apparently never co-occurs with a nominalizer—likely the anomalous glottal stop at the start of the suffix is in fact itself a reduced form of the nominalizer -dü in origin.

Forms the desiderative mood, expressing that the situation of the verb is wanted (typically by the agent of an auxiliary copula to which the desiderative verb is subordinated).

In the complement clause of a verb of cognition, can be used to express the future tense.


-'ñojo

Forms the rogative mood, expressing an indirect request to the interlocutor in order to obtain some kind of permission to perform the action described by the verb: if you don’t mind…, …if that’s all right.


-'no

Forms the admonitive mood, expressing a warning: watch out in case…, be careful lest….


-'kö

töju (“rock”) → töju'kö (“small rock”)

wodi (“woman”) → wodi'chö (“girl”)

Forms diminutives of nouns and pronouns.

Forms a handful of adverbs relating to small size or amount.


-du

allomorph of -dü (possessive suffix) used for stems whose last vowel is u


-chö

allomorph of -tö used for stems that end in i


chaka

allomorph of taka used after words that end in i

allomorph of kwaka used after words that end in i


-che

allomorph of -ke (adverbializer) used for stems that end in i


-icho

From -i (recent/distant past perfective suffix) + -to (plural verb suffix).

forms the plural of the recent past perfective tense when the arguments of the verb are third-person

forms the plural of the distant past perfective tense when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person


-kene

From -ke + -ne (distant past tense suffix).

marks the distant past imperfective tense when at least one of the arguments of the verb is not third-person


-ye

allomorph of -e (adverbializer) used for stems that end in i


-jo

forms causative verbs from transitive verbs, intransitive verbs with agent-like arguments, and a handful of intransitive verbs with patient-like arguments that begin with e-; intransitive verbs converted this way remain morphologically intransitive


-nto

From -mö (recent/distant past perfective suffix) + -to (plural verb suffix).

Forms the plural of the recent past perfective tense of the verb ütö (“to go”) when the arguments of the verb are third-person.

Forms the plural of the distant past perfective tense of the verb ütö (“to go”) when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person.


-cho

allomorph of -ato (adverb/postposition nominalizing suffix) used for stems that end in i

allomorph of -to (plural verb suffix) used for stems that end in i

allomorph of -icho (recent/distant past perfective plural suffix) used for stems that end in a vowel followed by i


-ño

Allomorph of -ano (postposition/adverb nominalizing suffix) used for stems that end in i.


-amo

Forms plural possessed forms of certain nouns.

Forms part of the suppletive plural forms of deverbal nouns formed with the nominalizers -nei and -mü.


-ñe

allomorph of -ne used for stems that end in i


-komo

forms plural or collective forms of nouns and plural forms of inanimate demonstrative pronouns


-chomo

allomorph of -komo (plural or collective suffix) used for nouns that end in i

allomorph of -tomo (possessive plural suffix) used for nouns that end in i


-'chö

allomorph of -'kö (diminutive suffix) used for nouns that end in i


-jünü

Negates the noun or pronoun it attaches to.

Negates the adverb it attaches to, resulting in a nominalized form.


-chü

allomorph of -dü (possessive or action noun suffix) used for most stems that end in i

allomorph of -dü (relativizing clitic) used for stems that end in i


-yü

allomorph of -dü (possessive suffix) used for some nouns that end in i


-tü

From Proto-Cariban *-tɨ. Compare Wayana -tï, Kari'na -ty, Waiwai -tï, and similar possessive suffixes in other Cariban languages.

Marks a noun as possessed; used only with a handful of nouns that end in -tö.

Forms certain nouns whose possessed forms take no further suffix, with no clear semantic contribution.


-ñü

Perhaps cognate to a possessive suffix -nü found in other Cariban languages.

Marks a noun as possessed; used only with a very small handful of nouns.


-tonkomo

-tomo (plural possessive suffix) + -komo (plural suffix)

forms possessed forms of animate nouns, including kinship terms and pets, with a plural possessor


-chonkomo

allomorph of -tonkomo used for nouns that end in i


-'jüdü

From Proto-Cariban *-tɨpɨ + *-rɨ. The second morpheme is equivalent to -dü (possessive marker/nominalizer), but seems to no longer be analyzed as such in modern Ye'kwana.

Marks a noun as possessed in the past; used with almost all nouns.

Forms a noun of past or completed action from a verb; must be accompanied by a personal prefix and an indicator specifying the role of the verb argument indicated by the noun (intransitive argument w-, transitive agent n-, or transitive patient ∅-).


-mjüdü

From Proto-Cariban *-nɨpɨ + *-rɨ. The second morpheme is equivalent to -dü (possessive marker), but seems to no longer be analyzed as such in modern Ye'kwana.

Marks a noun as possessed in the past; used with very few nouns.


-tö

forms the plural of the distant past tense when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are first- or second-person

forms the plural of performative moods (imperative, prohibitive, jussive, admonitive, and rogative) when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are first- or second-person


-tö

forms a benefactive transitive verb from a noun, with the meaning ‘to bring about X for (someone or something)’, ‘to provide (someone) X’


-tö

forms adverbs with an active-participle-like meaning from a handful of transitive verbs


-'da

From Proto-Cariban *pɨra; compare Apalaí pyra, -ra, Kari'na -`pa, Trió -hra, Wayana -la, Waiwai pïra, -hra, Akawaio pïra, Macushi pra, Pemon püra.

-'cha (alternative)
i- -'da (alternative)
i- -'cha (alternative)

Negates a verb, resulting in a non-finite adverbial form that cannot bear tense, aspect, or mood markers.

Negates a postposition or adverb, including nominal elements adverbialized with -je.


-nöjü

Forms transitive causative verbs from intransitive verbs with patient-like arguments.


-mjü

allomorph of -nöjü (causative suffix) used when syllable reduction is triggered on the first syllable.

allomorph of -nüjü (causative suffix) used when syllable reduction is triggered on the first syllable.


-nö'

allomorph of -nöjü (causative suffix) used when syllable reduction is triggered on the second syllable.


-nü'

allomorph of -nüjü (causative suffix) used when syllable reduction is triggered on the second syllable.


-nñe

Marks postpositions as having plural objects and adverbs as having plural referents.


-ñö

Allomorph of -nö used for stems that end in i.


-ajö

From Proto-Cariban *-sapô. Cognates in most other Cariban languages do not allow any person marking; this innovation seems largely restricted to Ye'kwana and languages of the Panare and Pemon groups.

-kajö (alternative)
-yajö (alternative)
-aajö (alternative)

Forms nouns with perfective-past-participle-like meaning (‘the fact that X was done’) from verbs, which can take patient-like person markers and which, if intransitive, must bear the intransitive prefix w-.


-kajö

Allomorph of -ajö (nominalizing suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.


-yajö

Allomorph of -ajö (nominalizing suffix) used for stems that end in i.


-aajö

allomorph of -ajö (nominalizing suffix) used for stems that end in a and stems of at least three syllables that end in o or ö


-ñei

Allomorph of -nei (agentive suffix) used for stems that end in i.


-nei'jüdü

[-nejʔçɨɾ̠ɨ]

Apparently from -nei (agentive suffix) + -'jüdü (past nominalizer); but note that while -nei can only attach to transitive verbs, -nei'jüdü attaches to intransitive verbs.

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

forms a noun indicating completed action (from which one has subsequently moved or come) from an intransitive verb


-ñei'jüdü

[-ɲejʔçɨɾ̠ɨ]

allomorph of -nei'jüdü used for stems that end in i


-chojo

allomorph of -tojo (instrumental nominalizer) used for stems that end in i


-to'

allomorph of -tojo (instrumental nominalizer) used when followed by -komo or -me


-cho'

allomorph of -tojo (instrumental nominalizer) used for stems that end in i when followed by -komo or -me


-mü

Forms nouns with nominalized-participle-like meanings from adverbs formed from verbs with t- -e, with the noun referring to the patient argument of transitive verbs or the sole argument of intransitive verbs: ‘the one X-ing’ (intransitive), ‘the one to X’, ‘the one being X-ed’ (transitive).


-aamo

Suppletive plural form of -mü (passive-participle-like nominalizer), used obligatorily with intransitive verbs and some transitive verbs and optionally with other transitives.


-kkwa

Allomorph of -ka (privative verbalizer) used when a preceding syllable with consonantal onset and vowel u is reduced and in other unclear circumstances.


-dö

forms transitive verbs from a small handful of nouns


-dö

attaches to locational adverbs and certain special postpositions to indicate that they express the destination of a movement; -to, to


-wü

Forms verbs, perhaps from nouns, although almost all verbs formed with this suffix no longer have a corresponding unsuffixed form.


-'ñö

Forms transitive or intransitive verbs from loanwords.


-emje

forms adverbs from verbs with a resulting meaning of ‘ready to X’, ‘capable of X’ for intransitive verbs and ‘ready to be X-ed’, ‘capable of being X-ed’ for transitive verbs; must be accompanied by the prefix t-


-emje

-mje (alternative)
i- -emje (alternative)
i- -mje (alternative)

forms adverbs from verbs with a resulting meaning of ‘recently X-ed’


-'cha

allomorph of -'da (negative suffix) used for stems that end in i


-jünka

From -jünü (noun negation suffix) + ka (interrogative particle).

Forms a tag question, asking for confirmation.


-'de

Used on nonpast finite verb forms to indicate that the action described by the verb will or must be performed later, after some delay.


-nü

allomorph of -dü (relativizing clitic) used after the past imperfective suffix -anö


-nü

Forms certain nouns whose possessed forms take no further suffix, with no clear semantic contribution.


-dö'ja

oneself, itself, himself, herself, etc. (as an intensifier)


-dö'jaato

From -dö'ja (“in turn, oneself”) + -ato (nominalizer).


-aiñe

Intensifier used especially in contexts of annoyance or irritation.


-anö

From -a (recent/distant past imperfective suffix) + -nö (recent past imperfective suffix).

Forms the singular of the recent past imperfective tense.


-neto

From -ne (distant past tense suffix) + -to (plural verb suffix).

forms the plural of the distant past perfective tense when the arguments of the verb include a mix of one third-person argument and one first- or second-person argument


-töne

From -tö (distant past non-third-person plural suffix) + -ne (distant past tense suffix).

forms the plural of the distant past perfective tense when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are first- or second-person


-akene

From -a (recent/distant past imperfective suffix) + -kene (distant past imperfective suffix).

-kakene (alternative)
-yakene (alternative)

Forms the singular of the distant past imperfective tense when at least one of the arguments of the verb is not third-person.


-akento

From -a (recent/distant past imperfective suffix) + -kene (distant past imperfective suffix) + -to (plural verb suffix) or -akene (distant past imperfective singular suffix) + -to (plural verb suffix). The reduction of the ne syllable is synchronically irregular and suggests this suffix is analyzed as a single unit by current speakers.

-kakento (alternative)
-yakento (alternative)

forms the plural of the distant past imperfective tense when the arguments of the verb include a mix of one third-person argument and one first- or second-person argument


-a'kene

From -a (recent/distant past imperfective suffix) + -tö (distant past non-third-person plural suffix) + -kene (distant past imperfective suffix).

-ka'kene (alternative)
-ya'kene (alternative)

forms the plural of the distant past imperfective tense when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are first- or second-person


-akö

From -a (recent/distant past imperfective suffix) + -kö (distant past imperfective third-person suffix).

Forms the singular of the distant past imperfective tense when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person.


-a'to

From -a (recent/distant past imperfective suffix) + -kö (distant past imperfective third-person suffix) + -to (plural verb suffix) or -akö (distant past imperfective third-person suffix) + -to (plural verb suffix).

-ka'to (alternative)
-ya'to (alternative)

Forms the plural of the distant past imperfective tense when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person.


-kakene

Allomorph of -akene (distant past imperfective singular suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.


-ka'kene

allomorph of -a'kene (distant past imperfective non-third-person plural suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k


-kakento

allomorph of -akento (distant past imperfective mixed-third-person plural suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k


-kakö

Allomorph of -akö (distant past imperfective all-third-person singular suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.


-kanto

Allomorph of -anto (recent past imperfective third-person plural suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.


-kanö

Allomorph of -anö (recent past imperfective singular suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.


-kato

Allomorph of -ato (recent past imperfective non-third-person plural suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.


-ka'to

Allomorph of -a'to (distant past imperfective all-third-person plural suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.


-yakene

Allomorph of -akene (distant past imperfective singular suffix) used for stems that end in i.


-ya'kene

allomorph of -a'kene (distant past imperfective non-third-person plural suffix) used for stems that end in i


-yakento

allomorph of -akento (distant past imperfective mixed-third-person plural suffix) used for stems that end in i


-yakö

Allomorph of -akö (distant past imperfective all-third-person singular suffix) used for stems that end in i.


-yanto

Allomorph of -anto (recent past imperfective third-person plural suffix) used for stems that end in i.


-yanö

Allomorph of -anö (recent past imperfective singular suffix) used for stems that end in i.


-yato

From -ya (recent/distant past perfective suffix) + -to (plural verb suffix).

Forms the plural of the recent past perfective tense of the verb ei (“to be”) when the arguments of the verb are third-person.

Forms the plural of the distant past perfective tense of the verb ei (“to be”) when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person.


-yato

Allomorph of -ato (recent past imperfective non-third-person plural suffix) used for stems that end in i.


-ya'to

Allomorph of -a'to (distant past imperfective all-third-person plural suffix) used for stems that end in i.


-chöne

allomorph of -töne used for stems that end in i


-ñeto

allomorph of -neto used for stems that end in i


-aato

Seemingly from -a (nonpast suffix) + -to (plural verb suffix); however, compare -ato (“recent past imperfective non-third-person plural suffix”), apparently formed from the same morphemes but without the unexpected vowel lengthening. According to Cáceres, it is unclear if this suffix in fact presents a long vowel, or if it rather has a geminated consonant after the vowel, and more study is needed to determine if perhaps it is not formed with -to but a different plural suffix specific to the nonpast tense.

-kaato (alternative)
-yaato (alternative)


-kaato

Allomorph of -aato (nonpast plural suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.


-yaato

Allomorph of -aato (nonpast plural suffix) used for stems that end in i.


-chai

allomorph of -tai (uncertain future suffix) used for stems that end in i


-jötü

Forms the pluractional or iterative aspect, expressing that an action is repeated, whether repeated in time, or carried out by several people not acting at the same time, or consisting of repeated movements, or carried out on a series of objects in order.

For a few verbs, appears with no clear meaning, lexicalized as part of the verb root.


-mjo

converts a deictic adverb referring to a piece of land into one referring to a shore or bank of a watercourse


chawö

allomorph of tawö used after words that end in i

allomorph of kwawö used after words that end in i


-nno

attaches to locational adverbs and postpositions to indicate that they express the source of a movement; -from, from


-'jiö

father of; suffix appended to the name of one’s son or daughter to form a respectful name for an adult, as an adult’s true name (ötü neene) is considered too intimate or personal to use


-aatöi

Marks a noun or situation that is seemingly so or falsely believed to be so but is not so in actuality.


-'jö

From Proto-Cariban *-tɨpô, *-tupô; compare Kari'na -`po.

indicates that an object no longer survives in its originally intended usage; former, ex-


-'jo

marks the anteriority of a subordinate event relative to the main verb; after…


-'kene

forms a tag question, requesting confirmation: right?


-nnamo

Suppletive plural form of -nei (agent nominalizer).


-jö

(no longer productive) forms certain nouns whose possessed forms take no further suffix, with no clear semantic contribution


-anködö

marks circumstantial subordination with simultaneous time when the subjects of the main and subordinate clauses are identical


-dawö

From -dü (action nominalizer) + awö (“at, in, on”).

marks circumstantial subordination with simultaneous time on a verb


-düje

just as, as, like; attaches to a finite verb form to indicate that what comes next occurs in a like manner to the modified verb


-taame

marks a temporally simultaneous subordinated circumstantial clause when the subjects of the subordinate and main clauses are different: while, as

marks a contrasting subordinated circumstantial clause, regardless of whether the subjects of the subordinate and main clauses are different: though, although, even though, even if


-eje

marks a subordinated circumstantial clause that describes a secondary activity: while incidentally, while also


-etü'da

subordinate clause
subordinate clause#English

marks the verb of a subordinate clause describing the reason why or the cause from which the main clause occurred; because, since


-etükomo'da

From -komo + the components that make up -etü'da.


-'tö

Alternative form of -tö (benefactive verbalizer) after an unreduced open syllable


-janño

proper, true, … itself; attaches to a noun to intensify it or emphasize that it itself, the true it, is the one under discussion


-jano

late, deceased, dead; attaches to a noun or proper noun referring to a dead person


-köi

From Proto-Cariban *-kôi (suffix forming allative postpositions).

inh

forms locative or allative postpositions: at, to


-kökö

From Proto-Cariban *-kôkô (suffix forming perlative postpositions).

forms perlative postpositions: by way of


-wö

From Proto-Cariban *-wô (suffix forming locative postpositions).


-ja'ma

attaches to the imperative form of a verb to make it a command to do something properly or completely