owanomanei

From owanoma (“to teach”) + -nei (agent nominalizer).


koiñadö

From Proto-Cariban *koinarô; compare Kari'na koinaro, Trió kokonjarë, Waiwai kokoñoro.


-aato

Seemingly from -a (nonpast suffix) + -to (plural verb suffix); however, compare -ato (“recent past imperfective non-third-person plural suffix”), apparently formed from the same morphemes but without the unexpected vowel lengthening. According to Cáceres, it is unclear if this suffix in fact presents a long vowel, or if it rather has a geminated consonant after the vowel, and more study is needed to determine if perhaps it is not formed with -to but a different plural suffix specific to the nonpast tense.


-kaato

Allomorph of -aato (nonpast plural suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.


-yaato

Allomorph of -aato (nonpast plural suffix) used for stems that end in i.


-chai

allomorph of -tai (uncertain future suffix) used for stems that end in i


ö'tökö

From öjö (irregular alteration of ejö) + -tö (non-third-person plural suffix) + -kö (imperative suffix); the extra -'de from the singular form disappears.
For the initial vowel in the irregular root form *öjö, compare Trió ëepï, Panare ëpï.

irregular alteration of <i class="Latn mention" lang="mch">ejö</i>


ojonkomo

From öjöne (singular imperative of ütö) + -komo (noun plural clitic), with unexpected syllable reduction in öjöne.

singular imperative of <i class="Latn mention" lang="mch">ütö</i>


-jötü

Forms the pluractional or iterative aspect, expressing that an action is repeated, whether repeated in time, or carried out by several people not acting at the same time, or consisting of repeated movements, or carried out on a series of objects in order.

For a few verbs, appears with no clear meaning, lexicalized as part of the verb root.


wiyu

a malevolent water spirit of fecundity that can take the form of an anaconda, a person, etc., and causes floods and kidnaps people as a creation of the water goddess Wiyu


aajöntö

From öt- (intransitivizer) + ajöntö (“to begin”).


ö'ka

(intransitive, agentive) To finish, to end.


eetö

edö (inanimate pronoun proximal)
^Y e'dö (inanimate pronoun proximal)
mö'dö (proximal singular)
eetö (anaphoric proximal)
eetö (proximal)
eese (proximal)
eesemjo (proximal)
sadö (proximal)
mödö (inanimate medial pronoun proximal)
mööyö (medial proximal singular)
^Y möödhö (medial proximal singular)
kanno (medial plural proximal)
möötö (anaphoric medial proximal)
möönü (distal inanimate medial pronoun)
mökkü (distal medial singular)
makkamo (distal medial plural)
inña (distal medial)
möntö (anaphoric distal medial)
mönse (distal medial)
aneeseja (distal medial)
mönsemjo (distal medial)
maadö (distal medial)
iyö (distal inanimate pronoun)
^Y iiyö (distal inanimate pronoun)
ñöödö (distal singular)
ñanno (distal plural)
yöötö (anaphoric distal)
unwaa (distal)
Y. Caura River dialect.
Y. Caura River dialect. (inanimate pronoun)
Y. Caura River dialect. (singular)
D. Cunucunuma River dialect.
D. Cunucunuma River dialect. (inanimate pronoun)
D. Cunucunuma River dialect. (singular)
V. Alto Ventuari River dialect.
V. Alto Ventuari River dialect. (inanimate pronoun)
V. Alto Ventuari River dialect. (singular)

For the first element, compare the proximal inanimate demonstrative pronoun edö. The second element -tö is common to a series of deictic adverbs all related to the inanimate demonstrative pronouns.


inña

there (at a different location from the speaker)


möötö

For the first element, compare the medial inanimate demonstrative pronoun mödö. The second element -tö is common to a series of deictic adverbs all related to the inanimate demonstrative pronouns.


möntö

For the first element, compare the distal inanimate demonstrative pronoun möönü. The second element -tö is common to a series of deictic adverbs all related to the inanimate demonstrative pronouns.

there (obviative in relation to möötö: at that other place, at that further-away place)


yöötö

For the first element, compare the invisible inanimate demonstrative pronoun iyö. The second element -tö is common to a series of deictic adverbs all related to the inanimate demonstrative pronouns.

there (at the place already mentioned that I can’t see)


sadö

The second element -dö seems to be the same as that in maadö (“around there”).


maadö

The second element -dö seems to be the same as that in sadö (“around here”).


eese

For the first element, compare the proximal inanimate demonstrative pronoun edö. The second element -se is also found in mönse.

here (in this division or unit of land, or on this side of a geographical feature)


unwaa

there (in another division or unit of land, more distant than mönse)


eesemjo

here (on this shore, on this side of a watercourse)


mönsemjo

there (on that shore, on that side of a watercourse)


-mjo

converts a deictic adverb referring to a piece of land into one referring to a shore or bank of a watercourse


aneeseja

there (on the far side of a salient geographical feature such as a mountain)


ayawa

a tree, Protium heptaphyllum, from which a sticky transparent liquid is extracted and used to make torches and bodypaint

a torch, a light, typically made from this liquid wrapped in Oenocarpus bataua leaves


öyajö

head

öyajö (possessed öyajö or eyajö, possessed plural öyamo or eyamo)

Hall analyzes the final -jö as a fossilized derivational suffix.

Synonym of adai (“primeval progenitor and culture hero of an animal species”)


öddaajö

From addö (“to clear (a garden)”) + -ajö (perfective past nominalizer).

af

(Caura River dialect) conuco, large slash-and-burn garden planted in two concentric circles


a'de'jötü

Alternative form of a'deujötü (“to converse, to have a conversation”)


a'kedeta

(intransitive, patientive) to slim down, to become lean, skinny, weak, frail


atotö

From a'to (“rope, twine”) + -tö (benefactive verbalizer).

to string, to thread, to put (beads, etc.) on a string


jüdojo

[hʷɨɾ̠oːhʷo]

Related to jüdödö/jüdodo (“yard, patio, street”).


juuwakadö

(Caura River dialect) in the direction of the current


ü'jonadö

[ɨʔhʷonaːɾ̠ə]


jü'wakadö

[hʷɨʔwakaːɾ̠ə]

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of juuwakadö (“in the direction of the current”)


jüdüi

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of jiidi (“while standing or walking, while upright”)


öichökö

From öichö (“where”) + an unidentifiable morpheme kö.

(Caura River dialect, interrogative) where? (asking about midpoint of movement)


öishanno

(interrogative) where? whence? (asking about source of movement)


öichö

(interrogative) where? (asking about location or destination of movement; chiefly in copular constructions, and more readily used as a single query than össha)


öisha

¿Össa küntaakö tüwü?

2008, speaker ‘Anl’ from Boca de Piña (CtoWoshi.005), recorded in Cáceres, Natalia (2011), Grammaire Fonctionelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, page 355

(interrogative) where? (asking about location or destination of movement; also used in predicates without a copula and with finite verbs without an auxiliary copula, unlike öichö)


kwaka

From Proto-Cariban *kuwaka. Synchronically as if suffixed with -ka (“to, at”). Compare Apalaí kuaka, Hixkaryana kwaka, Macushi kata, and Waiwai kwaka.

at, in, on, to; indicates a specific location or goal at an aquatic object


kwawö

From Proto-Cariban *kuwawô. Synchronically as if suffixed with -wö (“at”). Compare Apalaí kuao, Hixkaryana kwawo, Macushi ka, and Waiwai kwaw.

at, in, on; indicates a generic location at an aquatic object


chawö

allomorph of tawö used after words that end in i

allomorph of kwawö used after words that end in i


önawö

Formed from an element *öna + the postpositionalizing suffix -wö (“at”); for the first element compare wena (“vagina”).


sidiwö

on the rear of, right behind, behind and attached to


önwawö

Formed from an element *önwa + the postpositionalizing suffix -wö (“at”); for the first element compare amö (“hand”).


wenwaaka

Formed from an element *wenwa + the postpositionalizing suffix -ka (“to, at”); for the first element compare wenü (“stomach”).


wemüka

Formed from an element *wemü + the postpositionalizing suffix -ka (“to, at”); for the first element compare wenü (“stomach”).


o'köi

Suffixed with -köi (“at”), from the same root as o'kökö.


o'kökö

Suffixed with -kökö (“by way of”), from the same root as o'köi.

under, below (with movement below and past)


nkaköi

From Proto-Cariban *mɨka (“back”) + -köi (“at”).


nkakökö

From Proto-Cariban *mɨka (“back”) + -kökö (“by way of”).


o'joiyakökö

From o'joiye (“above”) + -kökö (“by way of”).


nkayedö

From Proto-Cariban *mɨka (“back”) + -ye + -dö.


nkayekökö

From Proto-Cariban *mɨka (“back”) + -ye + -kökö (“by way of”).


ko'momü

(Caura River dialect, intransitive, patientive) to draw towards evening, to grow late, to advesperate


komomü

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ko'momü (“to draw towards evening, to grow late, to advesperate”)


ko'momüdü

From ko'momü (“to draw toward evening”) + -dü (action nominalizer).


komomüdü

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ko'momüdü (“evening, night”)


anwaaka

Formed from an element *anwa + the postpositionalizing suffix -ka (“to, at”).


annaka

From anna (“central space”) + aka (“at, in, on, to”).

(Caura River dialect and Brazil) in the central room of a village roundhouse, where unmarried men sleep and ritual activities take place


anna'ka

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of annaka (“in the central room of a village roundhouse, where unmarried men sleep and ritual activities take place”)


aaköiche'a

From aakö (“two”) + -i + de'a (“too, again, at the same time or place”).


atajima

Probably from öt- (intransitivizer) + *ajima (“to sit (someone) down”), although it is unclear whether the latter verb can be attested.

(Caura River dialect, intransitive, agentive) to sit down


atajüma

Alternative form of atajima (“to sit down”)


danwadü

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of yanwadü (“valley”)


yawade

From Cariban languages compare Kari'na aware, Trió aware, Wayana awale, Akawaio aware, Pemon aware, and from non-Cariban languages compare Lokono jaware, Sranan Tongo awari, Yanomamö aware.

(Caura River dialect) the common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis


yatu

(Caura River dialect, intransitive, patientive) to burn


de'a

right, exactly, at the very time or place

very self, own self (intensifier for preceding pronouns)


che'a

allomorph of de'a (“still, again, at the same time or place”) used after words that end in i


ne'a

allomorph of de'a (“still, again, at the same time or place”) used after words that end in nö or dü


denña

Alternative form of de'a (“still, again, at the same time or place”)


a'nau

the pearly antshrike, Megastictus margaritatus


sasamadi

Opisthocomus hoazin
Opisthocomus hoazin#Translingual


künoto

the cornbird or crested oropendola, Psarocolius decumanus


kayuwai

→ Sanumá: kaiyuwe

Phalacrocorax brasilianus
Phalacrocorax brasilianus#Translingual

the neotropic cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus


kadau

Daptrius ater
Daptrius ater#Translingual

Ibycter americanus
Ibycter americanus#Translingual

the black caracara, Daptrius ater, or red-throated caracara, Ibycter americanus


mashemö

the brown-eared woolly opossum, Caluromys lanatus


yukuni

(Caura River dialect) the yapok or water opossum, Chironectes minimus


wayaniki

the pale-throated sloth, Bradypus tridactylus


wadedata

Alternative form of wade'data (“Hoffmann's two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni”)


jade'mu

Myrmecophaga tridactyla
Myrmecophaga tridactyla#Translingual

(Caura River dialect) the giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla


ötö'kö

nine-banded armadillo
nine-banded armadillo

Dasypus novemcinctus
Dasypus novemcinctus#Translingual

(Caura River dialect) the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus


dijushi

Electrophorus electricus
Electrophorus electricus#Translingual

(Caura River dialect) the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus


dimoshi

Harpia harpyja
Harpia harpyja#Translingual

(Caura River dialect) the harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja


öttö

From Proto-Cariban *ôwtô (“house”); compare Kari'na auto, Wayana ëutë, Waiwai ïwtï, Akawaio öutö, Macushi ewîtî, Pemon autö.

communal village roundhouse or churuata, organized into a central ritual space (anna) surrounded by rooms for individual families (ö'sa)


ka'tükü

head

ka'tükü (obligatorily possessed; possessed ka'tüküdü or ka'tüküi)


dheyude

(Cunucunuma River dialect) being wrinkled


ökato

ökato (possessed ökato or ekato, past possessed ökatomjüdü or ekatomjüdü)

possessed ökatomjüdü (past)
ekatomjüdü (past)

From Proto-Cariban *ôkatu (“shadow, spirit”). Cognate with Waiwai ekatï (“soul, shadow, picture, vital force”) and the first elements of Pemon ekaton, Kari'na akatompo (“spirit, ghost”). Perhaps compare also Trió eka (“name”).
An ultimate relation with aakö (“two”) has been suggested.

cog

spirit, eternal invisible double of a person, object, or aspect of society, which can appear in the form of an animal and whose wanderings at night are the source of dreams


udumoi

head

udumoi (obligatorily possessed; possessed udumoi)


ejutö

From öju (“handle”) + -tö (benefactive verbalizer).


eju'ta

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ejutö (“to set a handle in an axe, broom, etc.; to set an arrow to a bow”)


jüwai

From Proto-Cariban *pɨjati; compare Apalaí pyaxi, Kari'na pyjai, Akurio piyahi, Carijona hiyači, Trió pïjai, Wayana pïjai, Akawaio piyaisan, Pemon piyai, Yao (South America) peeiai, as well as (from non-Cariban languages) Wayampi paye.


-nno

attaches to locational adverbs and postpositions to indicate that they express the source of a movement; -from, from


ekamma'jo

From ekamma (“to notify, to inform”) + -jo (causative suffix).

(Caura River dialect, transitive) to ask, to inquire


ekanöjü

(Caura River dialect, transitive) to believe


enejo

From ene (“to see”) + -jo (causative suffix).


amode

From Proto-Cariban *amore. Cognate to Trió amore (“soul”), Akawaio amore (“soul”).

double or spirit (ökato) that can be controlled and directed, possessed by shamans and primeval animal ‘masters’ (adai/öyajö)


aamödenö

[aːməɾ̠eːnə]

From amode (“transformation”) + -nö (verbalizer).


aamödeta

From amode (“transformation”) + -ta (verbalizer), with an additional prefix that renders the verb agentive (öt-?).


amoichö

From amoi (“taboo thing”) + -tö (benefactive verbalizer).


ajo'jo

From Proto-Cariban *apoto with a suffix; compare Kari'na poto, apoto, Yabarana tapotoi.


ooje

Ultimately suffixed with -je (adverbializer).


ewüttütö

From ewüttü (possessed form of öwattö (“home, cave, den, container”)) + -tö (benefactive verbalizer).

possessed form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="mch">öwattö</i> (“home, cave, den, container”)

(transitive) to put into someone’s home or some animal’s den


öishöno

(Cunucunuma River dialect, interrogative) Alternative form of ossono (“which?”)


ossono

(Caura River dialect, interrogative) which?


ömi

From Proto-Cariban *ômoi; compare Pará Arára amoe.


Ijüwütünña

in Santa María de Erebato, a village in Venezuela


Anadekenña

From anadeke (“pineapple”) + -nña (“at the place of”), a partial calque from Spanish of the Spanish name.


janü

head

janü (obligatorily possessed; possessed janüdü)


komuusa'kö

From komu (“oldest child, son-in-law”). Suffixed with -'kö (diminutive suffix).

(Caura River dialect) son-in-law (of a woman)


kömu

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of komu (“oldest child (of a man), where ‘child’ has the scope of nne (sons, daughters, children of a brother or sister of the same sex, etc.); son-in-law (of a man)”)


konkwö

From komu (“oldest child, son-in-law”) + -'kö (diminutive suffix).

af

(Caura River dialect, diminutive) son-in-law of a man


janö

(Caura River dialect) hunting trap covered with leaves


ja'se

head

ja'se (obligatorily possessed; possessed ja'se)

(in relation to a man) sister’s daughter, sororal niece

(in relation to a woman) brother’s daughter, fraternal niece

female parallel cousin’s daughter
father’s brother’s daughter’s daughter

female parallel cousin’s daughter
mother’s sister’s daughter’s daughter

male cross-cousin’s daughter
father’s sister’s son’s daughter

male cross-cousin’s daughter
mother’s brother’s son’s daughter


jetü

From Proto-Cariban *petɨ (“thigh”). Hall analyzes the final -tü as ultimately a fossilized derivational suffix.


jademu

(Caura River dialect) Alternative form of jade'mu (“giant anteater”)


jojudu

jojudu (obligatorily possessed; possessed jojudui)


jooje

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ooje (“being many, much, a lot; to a great extent, very”)


jonü'kö

From jonü (“nephew”) + -'kö (diminutive suffix).


judume

From Proto-Cariban *t-puru-me (“black”).


ijatode'a

From y- (third-person prefix) + jato (“on the other side of”) + de'a (“too, again, at the same time or place”), literally “on the other side of it again”.


seicha

Compare shi (“to tear, to slash”), siicha (“to tear, to break”), soicha (“to scratch”). In other related languages, compare Kari'na seka (“to tear apart”). Possibly suffixed with -ka (privative verbalizer).

(possibly) to cause (something) to shed or lose something, such as pieces of itself


seicha

Compare sichamü (“to secure with a rope”). Relation to the preceding etymology unclear.

(Caura River dialect, transitive) to tie


i'shaa

(Caura River dialect, transitive) to peel


Kajushawa

Alternative form of Kaajushawa (“evil brother of Wanadi, Devil”)


katü

From Proto-Cariban *katɨ (“grease, fat”).


koneka

(transitive) to solve, to settle, to straighten out


kiyede

Compare Kari'na kijere, Pemon küsere, Waiwai seere, Macushi kîse.

Manihot esculenta
Manihot esculenta#Translingual

(Caura River dialect) manioc, cassava, yuca, Manihot esculenta


künnotto

the common lancehead or fer-de-lance, Bothrops atrox


künno'to

Alternative form of künnotto (“the common lancehead or fer-de-lance, Bothrops atrox”)


kudaimadu

Crypturellus variegatus
Crypturellus variegatus#Translingual

(Caura River dialect and Brazil) the variegated tinamou, Crypturellus variegatus


kusshi

(Caura River dialect) a kind of lightly fermented drink made from cassava


mottoo

(Caura River dialect) a kind of long earthworm or caecilian used as a sacred food during major life events and at the end of any fast, and also for fishing


müdeshi

Ultimately from Proto-Cariban *mure (“child”).

(Caura River dialect) youth, bachelor, unmarried but eligible young person


müdesi

(Caura River dialect) Alternative form of müdeshi (“youth”)


müde'kö

From müdeshi (“youth”) + -'kö (diminutive suffix).

(Caura River dialect) child, from the time when it learns to walk until puberty


nossaje

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of nosaje (“being dirty”)


no'shamo

Alternative form of no'samo (“old woman”)


nwakköi

Alternative form of nwa'köi (“at the bottom of”)


sa'dada

Cognate to Hixkaryana sakarara, ultimately from a derivation of Proto-Cariban *tjakaw (“sand”).


sa'taje

Ultimately suffixed with -je (adverbializer).


seemeka

(Caura River dialect, transitive) to sweep


se'kö

(Caura River dialect) being small, little


she'kö

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of se'kö (“being small, little”)


seedeta

Ultimately suffixed with -ta (verbalizer).


tamjö'ne

Derived from amjö'ma (“to speed (something) up”).


tawaje

From tawa (“lung”) + -je (adverbializer).


tawe'de

Apparently from t- -e (adverbializer) + awe'dö (“to reduce, to cut down”), although the final vowel in such a construction would be expected to be *ö rather than *e.


ta'jujuñe

Apparently from t- -e (adverbializer) + ajujinña (“to extend, to stretch”), though the expected form (at least in the Caura River dialect) would be *tajujinña. It may be that the Cunucunuma River form differs, or that one term or the other was not accurately recorded.

(Cunucunuma River dialect) being wide, broad


ta'ne

being hot or warm (high in termperature)


tawane

Apparently from t- -e (adverbializer) + awaana (“to dawn”), although the final vowel in such a construction would be expected to be *a rather than *e.

(Caura River dialect) being bright, shining, luminous


ta'wane

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of tawane (“being bright, shining, luminous”)


ta'keene

(Caura River dialect) being white-skinned


tö'ke'ne

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ta'keene (“being white-skinned”)


üdüjo

From üdü (“to do”) + -jo (causative suffix).


tawata

(Caura River dialect, intransitive, patientive) to float


owanökö

From owano (“acquaintance”) + -kö (formative used in spatial postpositions such as o'kökö and dü'tökö).


aamo

From öt- (intransitivizer) + the descendant of Proto-Cariban *amo (“to weep for”). Cognate to Kari'na otamo.

(intransitive, agentive) to cry, to weep


a'seuwü

Formed with the verbalizer -wü, though the unsuffixed form is unattested.


wedenmü

(intransitive, agentive, of objects) to smoke, to fume


wedu

Alternative form of weyu (“rays of the sun, summer, year”)


ejukka

to be(come) wrecked, to founder, to sink


ekamjiyaka

From e- (intransitivizer) + kamjiyaka (“to change”).


wüwa

(Caura River dialect) hourglass-shaped carrying basket woven by women


ööwasinchö

From öt- (intransitivizer) + ewansinchö (“to feed”).

(Caura River dialect, intransitive, agentive) to eat


yaichuuma

From aichudi (“traditional private chant performed to purify something of ritual pollution”) + -ma (verbalizer).


wade'data

Choloepus hoffmanni
Choloepus hoffmanni#Translingual

Hoffmann's two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni


adedei

Pyrrhura picta
Pyrrhura picta#Translingual


tununu

the genip tree, Genipa americana or Genipa spruceana

a transparent sticky oil or resin extracted from the genip tree, used as a black bodypaint when mixed with soot from the cassava grills (jütadi)


jü'jö

Blattella germanica
Blattella germanica#Translingual

the German cockroach, Blattella germanica


dichödichö

[dit͡ʃəːɾ̠it͡ʃə]

the white-collared swift, Streptoprocne zonaris


ye'kwana

Traditionally interpreted to mean ‘canoe people’ or ‘water log people’, from iye (“wood, tree”) + kwawö (“at (an aquatic object)”) + -ana (“people”) or similar components; however, in the modern language aquatic postpositions of the kw- series can only be used with bodies of water, and folk etymology may be at issue. Gongora (2017) additionally denies that a suffix -ana exists in Ye'kwana, though it is found in related languages and de Civrieux explicitly claims to the contrary that such a suffix does exist. Alternatively, the term may be derived from the proper name Ye'kwana occurring in Ye’kwana mythology. Monterrey (2012) additionally notes that some older Ye’kwana claim the term de'kwana to mean people ‘of the Amazon River dolphin’, the ordinary name for which is, however, muna.

(Caura River dialect) a Ye'kwana, a Maquiritari, a speaker of Ye'kwana or member of a Ye'kwana-speaking tribe


de'kwana

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ye'kwana (“a Ye'kwana, a Maquiritari, a speaker of Ye'kwana or member of a Ye'kwana-speaking tribe”)

ye'kwana

specifically, such a person who speaks a dialect with a separate phoneme /d/ or /ð/ where other dialects have /j/


yadaki

Ultimately from Arawakan; compare Proto-Nawiki *jalakʰi, as reconstructed in Jolkesky (2016).

caxiri, an alcoholic drink made from fermented bitter cassava


jöönö

Tinamus major
Tinamus major#Translingual

white-throated tinamou
white-throated tinamou

Tinamus guttatus
Tinamus guttatus#Translingual

the white-throated tinamou, Tinamus guttatus


yauja

the butterfly peacock bass, Cichla ocellaris


yaakö

From Proto-Cariban *irakô (“bullet ant”). Compare Wayana ilak, Kari'na irako.


kadiyu

the Brazilian squirrel, Sciurus aestuans


ka'shai

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ka'sai (“piranha”)


kadakadadi

Sarcoramphus papa
Sarcoramphus papa#Translingual

Cathartes aura
Cathartes aura#Translingual


kademedu

Compare Apalaí konomeru, Kari'na konomeru, Akawaio korïme, Pemon korme, Yao (South America) tonimerou.


kawanadu

Guianan cock-of-the-rock
Guianan cock-of-the-rock

the Guianan cock-of-the-rock, Rupicola rupicola


kanaimö

Either inherited from Proto-Cariban or a South American Wanderwort; compare Kari'na kanaimo, Pemon kanaimö, and, ultimately from the same source, English kanaima.

person turned into a monstrous or animal form and seized with a murderous rage

the practices, mode of killing, magic, etc. used by such a person


mawadi

Compare Kari'na imaware (“bush spirit”), Akawaio mawari (“evil spirit”), Pemon imawari (“nature spirit”).

ritual pollution or taboo matter (amoi) found in fish and basketry materials, said to sometimes be visible as worms or parasites

a malevolent water spirit of fecundity that typically takes the form of an anaconda and causes floods and kidnaps people as a creation of the water goddess Wiyu


ñayudi

Pteronura brasiliensis
Pteronura brasiliensis#Translingual

(Caura River dialect) the giant otter, Pteronura brasiliensis


sichö

From Proto-Cariban *tikô. Compare Kari'na siko, Trió sikë, Wayana sikë, Apalaí siko, Waiwai sïko, Akawaio sikö, Pemon sikö, Macushi sikî, Sranan Tongo sika. Likely English chigoe, chigger, jigger are ultimately from the same source.

Tunga penetrans
Tunga penetrans#Translingual

the chigoe flea or jigger, Tunga penetrans


odoma

Cuniculus paca
Cuniculus paca#Translingual


du'kadi

white-lipped peccary
white-lipped peccary

Tayassu pecari
Tayassu pecari#Translingual


sakasakadi

the ringed kingfisher, Megaceryle torquata


sadodo

the neotropical otter, Lontra longicaudis


sedede'shemö

[seɾ̠eːɾ̠eʔʃemə]

the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus


sidisidi

the spotted tanager, Ixothraupis punctata


shidishidi

[ʃiɾ̠iːʃiɾ̠i]

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of sidisidi (“cricket; a kind of cockroach; the spotted tanager”)


soosoowi

the moriche oriole, Icterus cayanensis chrysocephalus


wasadi

Alternative form of wa'shadi (“South American tapir”)


tawadu

the nacunda nighthawk, Chordeiles nacunda

the ladder-tailed nightjar, Hydropsalis climacocerca


tadademö

A kind of venomous snake. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

the South American bushmaster, Lachesis muta

Lachesis muta
Lachesis muta#Translingual

Hemprichi's coral snake, Micrurus hemprichii


tonodo

From Proto-Cariban *torono, with metathesis. Cognate with Trió tonoro.


to'sede

Aramides cajanea
Aramides cajanea#Translingual

the grey-cowled wood rail, Aramides cajanea


wayamu

the yellow-footed tortoise, Chelonoidis denticulatus

the red-footed tortoise, Chelonoidis carbonarius


wanadi

Perhaps named after the culture hero/demiurge Wanadi, as the bird is seen as one of his doubles (ökato), unless the culture hero is himself named after the bird.
Compare Tariana wanari (“anhinga; epithet of God”), Marawá Baré wanari (“anhinga”), Barasana wanari (“anhinga”), Guanano Wanari (“ancestral culture hero of the Guanano”). For the connection between a mythological creator and a woodpecker, also compare Baniwa kówhee, Yucuna kuwajé.

cog

the lineated woodpecker, Dryocopus lineatus

the crimson-crested woodpecker, Campephilus melanoleucos


wadaijai

the curve-billed scythebill, Campylorhamphus procurvoides


wedama

the white-winged swallow, Tachycineta albiventer

the black-collared swallow, Atticora melanoleuca


wi'wiyu

Dendrocygna autumnalis
Dendrocygna autumnalis#Translingual

the black-bellied whistling duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis


ejamü

(intransitive, patientive) to increase in population, to grow as a community, to multiply


ödemi edajö

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ödemi eyajö (“master storyteller, singer, and ritual specialist in the Ye'kwana tradition”)


aichudi

Coordinate term: ödemi

traditional private song or chant performed to purify something of ritual pollution/taboo (amoi)


öttö edemi'jüdü

[əttə eɾ̠eːmiʔçɨɾ̠ɨ]

From öttö (“village roundhouse”) + ödemi (“song, chant”) + -'jüdü (past possessed suffix), thus ‘what was sung of the roundhouse’.

af

the several-day-long chant sung during the festival to inaugurate a new village roundhouse and eliminate the ritual pollution (amoi) present in its components


audaajö edemi'jüdü

[awɾ̠ʷaːhə eɾ̠eːmiʔçɨɾ̠ɨ]

From audaajö (“conuco, slash-and-burn garden”) + ödemi (“song, chant”) + -'jüdü (past possessed suffix), literally “what was sung of the garden”.

the several-day-long chant sung during the festival to inaugurate newly-cleared village gardens and eliminate the ritual pollution (amoi) created by their clearing


ödemi eyajö

From ödemi (“song, chant”) + öyajö (“possessor, master”) + -∅ (possessed suffix), thus literally ‘possessor of song’.

(Caura River dialect) a master storyteller, singer, and ritual specialist in the Ye'kwana tradition, one who has been instructed in all traditional chants by a previous ödemi eyajö


aichudi eyajö

From aichudi (“private chant”) + öyajö (“possessor, master”) + -∅ (possessed suffix), thus literally ‘possessor of song’.

(Caura River dialect) Synonym of ödemi eyajö (“master storyteller, singer, and ritual specialist”)


aichudi edajö

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of aichudi eyajö (“master storyteller, singer, and ritual specialist”)


Akuwena

(Ye'kwana mythology) a lake of restorative water in the middle of the hidden sky (kaju) beyond the visible sky from which shamans are said to gain their understanding


mmaja

Alternative form of -mmaja (“and, also, too”)


kajuwadödö

[kahuːwaɾ̠əːɾ̠ə]


Koyojinña

Perhaps related to koijai (“night”), with a suffix -nña (“at the place of”).

(Ye'kwana mythology) in the underground and underwater world, inhabited by dangerous supernatural beings


kaaji

Banisteriopsis caapi
Banisteriopsis caapi#Translingual

ayahuasca, the vine Banisteriopsis caapi

ayahuasca, the hallucinogen prepared from this vine


Ye'kwana jüüdü

[ɟeʔkʷana hʷɨːɾ̠ɨ]

From ye'kwana (“Ye'kwana”) + jüü (“mountain”) + -dü (possessed suffix).

(Caura River dialect) Mount Dekuana in the Parima Mountains, treated in legend as the origin place of the Ye'kwana


De'kwana jüüdü

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of Ye'kwana jüüdü (“Mount Dekuana in the Parima Mountains, treated in legend as the origin place of the Ye'kwana”)


wönwanö

From w- (intransitive prefix) + önwa (“to dance”) + -nö (infinitive suffix).

audaajö edemi'jüdü
audaajö edemi'jüdü#Ye'kwana

festival, celebration, especially the audaajö edemi'jüdü


e'wa'tö

From e- (intransitivizer) + 'wa'tö (“to help”).

(intransitive, patientive) to help each other


wejannö

From w- (intransitive prefix) + ejamü (“to increase in population, to multiply”) + -nö (infinitive suffix).

(usually of a place or group of living things) fecundity, fertility, growth, multiplication of life

the ability to produce life, fecundity, generative power

(Ye'kwana mythology) fecundity concretized in the form of a primordial egg (often the egg of a great tinamou), the source of life


shiichu ewüttü

From shiichu (“baby”) + ewüttü (possessed form of öwattö (“home, vessel”)), thus ‘vessel of the baby’.

possessed form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="mch">öwattö</i> (“home, vessel”)


shiichu wamodetatojo

From shiichu (“baby”) + w- (intransitive prefix) + aamödeta (“to transform”) + -tojo (instrumental nominalizer), thus ‘transformer of the baby’.


Wiyu

(Ye'kwana mythology) the supernatural mistress of the water and mother to its creatures, a malevolent symbol of fecundity appearing variously as the anaconda and the rainbow: the Plumed Serpent


wetuje

Ultimately suffixed with -je (adverbializer).


kujeje

From kuje (“madness, epilepsy”) + -je (adverbializer).


odo'shankomo

Ultimately derived from Odo'sha, with a plural suffix -komo.

(plural only) the people of Odo'sha, demons, evil spirits (other than those of the water)


adekato

The second element is ökato (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”), with front-grade ablaut implying that it is preceded by either a first- or second-person prefix or a noun. The first element has been variously identified as either the allomorph ay- of the second-person prefix ö-, in which case the meaning would be ‘your spirit/double’; or else as related to the root found in adha'komo (“mortals, ephemeral creatures”) and adhe (“ephemeral”), in which case the meaning would be ‘ephemeral spirit/double’. In either case the predicted Caura River dialect form would have y instead of d.

dream (seen as the journey of the önu ekato (“eye spirit”) outside the body)

the önu ekato (“eye spirit”) itself while dreaming


önu ekato

head

önu ekato (obligatorily possessed; possessed önudu ekato or enudu ekato)

From önu (“eye”) + ekato (front-grade possessed form of ökato (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”)).

af

front-grade possessed form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="mch">ökato</i> (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”)

reflection seen when looking into an eye

one of the several doubles or spirits (ökato) possessed by each person, namely the one said to reside in the eye, to cause dreams by its nightly travels, to be benevolent, and, along with the do'ta, to animate a human being and return to the sky at death


önu akano ökato

head

önu akano ökato (obligatorily possessed; possessed önudu akano ökato or enudu akano ökato)

From önu (“eye”) + aka (“at, in, on, to”) + -ano (nominalizer) + ökato (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”).

af

Synonym of önu ekato (“eye spirit, reflection in the eye”).


Kaweshawa

(Ye'kwana mythology) The daughter of the master of fish who became Wanadi’s wife

One of a small number of temporary names given to a baby girl at birth until a true name can be determined


ötü

From Proto-Cariban *ôtetɨ. Hall analyzes the final -tü as ultimately a fossilized derivational suffix.


neene

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ñeene (“truly, really”)


ötü neene

head

ötü neene (possessed ötü neene or etü neene)

From ötü (“name”) + neene (“truly, really”).

the name given to a baby several weeks or months after birth, typically by elders versed in oral tradition, and used publicly until the age of 11 or 12, after which time the name is considered too intimate or personal to reveal


a'ye

(Caura River dialect) being brief, short, ephemeral


adha'komo

From adhe / a'ye (“while brief, short, ephemeral”) + -ato (nominalizer) + -komo (plural suffix).

af

(Cunucunuma River dialect, in the plural) mortals, ephemeral creatures


weyu

summer, the dry season (roughly February to April), the start of the annual cycle and season of clearing and planting gardens, hunting and fishing, and the start of new construction


weyu

Alternative form of wiyu (“malevolent water spirit”)


adha'komo weyudu

From adha'komo (“mortals, ephemeral creatures”) + weyu (“rays of the sun”) + -dü (possessed suffix), thus literally ‘sunrays of the ephemeral creatures’.

the visible Sun, as opposed to its never-setting invisible double or spirit (ökato)


öömannöjü

From öt- (intransitivizer) + emannöjü (“to go hunting with dogs”).

(intransitive, agentive) to go for a walk or stroll


adawa'ta

From Proto-Cariban [Term?]; compare Kari'na arawata, Trió arawata, Wayana alawata, Apalaí arauta, Akawaio arawta, Pemon arauta, Macushi arauta.

the Colombian red howler monkey, Alouatta seniculus


öwanü akano ökato

From öwanü (“heart”) + aka (“at, in, on, to”) + -ano (nominalizer) + ökato (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”).


Wana sejjedü

From Wana (variant of Wanadi) + sejje (“intelligence”) + -dü (possessed suffix), thus literally ‘intelligence of Wanadi’.

variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="mch">Wanadi</i>

(Ye'kwana mythology) one of the eight houses of the invisible sky beyond the sky (kaju), the one inhabited exclusively by Wanadi, from which he sends out and to which he collects eye spirits (önu ekato) and heart spirits (do'ta) at birth and death


shii ekato

From shii (“sun”) + ekato (front-grade possessed form of ökato (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”)).

one of the several doubles or spirits (ökato) possessed by each person, namely the one said to have its home in the sun, to be somewhat benevolent, to oppose the nuunö ekato, and to return to the sun at death


nuunö ekato

From nuunö (“moon”) + ekato (front-grade possessed form of ökato (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”)).

one of the several doubles or spirits (ökato) possessed by each person, namely the one said to have its home in the moon, to be profoundly malevolent, to oppose the shii ekato, and to return to the moon at death, where it suffers and burns forever, having absorbed all the evil thoughts and actions of the dead person


nuunö awono ökato

From nuunö (“moon”) + awö (“at, in, on”) + -ano (nominalizer) + ökato (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”).

Synonym of nuunö ekato (“moon spirit, shadow cast by the moon”).


shii awono ökato

From shii (“sun”) + awö (“at, in, on”) + -ano (nominalizer) + ökato (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”).

Synonym of shii ekato (“sun spirit, shadow cast by the sun”).


koijai ekato

From koijai (“night”) + ekato (front-grade possessed form of ökato (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”)).


tuna awono ökato

From tuna (“water”) + awö (“at, in, on”) + -ano (nominalizer) + ökato (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”).

one of the several doubles or spirits (ökato) possessed by each person, namely the one said to reside in the water, to be malevolent, to serve as an extension of the water goddess Wiyu, and to return to the water at death


na'kwaka ökato

From na'kwaka (“in the water”) + ökato (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”).

tuna awono ökato
tuna awono ökato#Ye'kwana

Synonym of tuna awono ökato (“water spirit, reflection in the water”).


ökatomjüdü

From ökato (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”) + -mjüdü (past possessed suffix).

ghost; one of the several doubles or spirits (ökato) possessed by each person, namely the one said to reside on the earth, to be somewhat malevolent, and to remain on the earth after death, wandering and visiting the places it saw when alive in the form of a bleating dwarf covered in jadi clay until another lifetime has passed


ökatomjö

From ökato (“shadow, reflection, spirit, double”) + -mjö (“former”).

Synonym of ökatomjüdü (“ghost, ex-spirit”).


tü'tajö'nö

From tü'tajötü (“to think”) + -nö (infinitive suffix).


owadöödö

[owaːɾ̠əːɾ̠ə]


Yujudunña

From y- (third-person possessed prefix) + ujudu (“headwaters”) + -nña (“at the place of”).

in the homeland of the Ye'kwana, the region stretching from the right bank of the upper Orinoco River to the lower reaches of the Ventuari and Caura Rivers


öötaja

From öt- (intransitivizer) + etaja (“to step on”).

(intransitive, agentive) to step, to tread, to set one’s foot


Wanatu

(Ye'kwana mythology) the first created Ye'kwana, made by Wanadi from the clay of Mount Dekuana (Ye'kwana jüüdü)


Ye'kwana

(Caura River dialect, Ye'kwana mythology) Synonym of Wanatu (“the first created Ye’kwana, made by Wanadi from the clay of Mount Dekuana”)


Ye'kwana

(Caura River dialect) Alternative form of ye'kwana (“Ye'kwana”)


De'kwana

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of Ye'kwana (“Wanatu, the first created Ye’kwana, made by Wanadi from the clay of Mount Dekuana”)


De'kwana

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of de'kwana (“Ye’kwana”)


anadeke

Ananas comosus
Ananas comosus#Translingual


weichü

From w- (intransitive prefix) + ei (“to be”) + -dü (action nominalizer).

Jdk. “Ye'kwana weichü natamei” ke wö'düadü.
Anl. ¡Yaatamedü!
Jdk. Tamedö natamei, wönwanö natamei, sü'na emi'chüdü natamei […]

2008, speakers ‘Jdk’ and ‘Anl’ from Boca de Piña (ConvChurB.018–021), recorded in Cáceres, Natalia (2011), Grammaire Fonctionelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, page 337

Anl. It’s coming to an end!
Jdk. Everything has ended, the dance has ended, taking dogs hunting has ended […]

Jdk. I say that the Ye’kwana’s way of life has ended.


shokodododo

[ʃokoːɾ̠oɾ̠oːɾ̠o]

Coordinate term: taij-taij


ökünü

head

ökünü (obligatorily possessed; possessed ökünü or ekünü)

Hall analyzes the final -nü as a fossilized derivational suffix.


susu yaichuumadü

From susu (“breast milk”) + yaichuuma (“to blow, to bless”) + -dü (action nominalizer).

af

chant performed before a baby’s first breastfeeding to eliminate the ritual pollution (amoi) present in the milk


wensu'dö

From wensuku (“belly”) + -dö (verbalizer).


wensu'ta

From wensuku (“belly”) + -ta (verbalizer).

to be(come) sated, to be(come) full with food


shiichu'kö

[ʃiːt͡ʃuʔkə]

From shiichu (“baby”) + -'kö (diminutive suffix).


ennujaicho

From ennu (“to be born”) + -jai (“able to”) + -ato (nominalizer).


Wanasedume

From a shortened variant of Wanadi + Sedume.

(Ye'kwana mythology) the first hypostasis (amode) of Wanadi that he sent to earth, who created the original people that became the animals, and from whose placenta Odo'sha was born before he retreated back to the sky


Wanasedu

Compare Wana sejjedü, Wanasedume, and the etymology notes at Sedume.

(Ye'kwana mythology) the original Wanadi who resides permanently in the sky and occasionally sends down his hypostases (amode) to earth

One of a small number of temporary names given to a baby boy at birth until a true name can be determined


Sedume

The related element found in Sedujiyanadi is said by Guss to mean ‘the Thinker’, and Gongora glosses another related term sedujedüködömma as ‘your intelligence’. Perhaps compare sejje (“intelligence”), possessed form sejjedü.


Shiiwidikiyü

From shii (“sun”) + widiki (“shaman’s crystal”) + -dü (possessed suffix).


Widikiyanadi

From widiki (“shaman’s crystal”) + Wanadi.


Yawekede

Said to mean ‘manioc’ by Gongora; compare kiyede.

One of a small number of temporary names given to a baby girl at birth until a true name can be determined


Yuwididi

Said to mean ‘girl’ by Gongora; compare wodi.


a'kede

Perhaps related to or derived from a'ke (“having none”).


ada'wai

the tapeti, Sylvilagus brasiliensis (or perhaps Sylvilagus parentum, as the species were recently split)


adenai

Caiman crocodilus
Caiman crocodilus#Translingual


nootü

Hall analyzes the final -tü as a fossilized derivational suffix.


aneija

Alternative form of aneja (“other, another”)


anenñaja

From aneija (“other”) or at least the same root.

elsewhere, on the other side, in another part


anontö

(transitive) to order or send (someone to do something), to have (someone do something)


asu'ka

(transitive) to smoke (apply smoke to, for example food)


öyataajö

Derived from a variant form of aya'ta (“armpit”).


ayadi

(Caura River dialect and Brazil) barbasco, any of several vines such as Lonchocarpus sericeus or Piscidia carthagenensis used as a poison for fishing


ö'waasa'kö

From ö'waasa (“how many, how much”) + -'kö (diminutive suffix).


ö'washa'kö

Alternative form of ö'waasa'kö (“how many, how much”)


ö'wattö

Likely derived from ewa'tö (“to hang (a hammock)”).


Medadanña

From Spanish Esmeralda + -nña (“at the place of”).


Akananña

in Culebra, a village in the state of Amazonas in Venezuela


chukwamedawö

the start of winter, roughly May, when the construction and repair of houses is finished


konojawö

Presumably from konojo (“rain”) + awö (“at, in, on”).

the rainy season, roughly June to August, when cashews are gathered and significant trips and meetings are carried out


dadiweyudu

Presumably includes ade (“brief”) + weyu (“summer”) + -dü (possessed suffix), among other elements.

the ‘short summer’, roughly September to October


yatamedawö

the end of the year, roughly November to January, when large festivals and gatherings are held


wayana

Cucurbita maxima
Cucurbita maxima#Translingual

Cucurbita moschata
Cucurbita moschata#Translingual

squash, Cucurbita maxima or Cucurbita moschata


jadudu

[hʷaɾ̠uːɾ̠u]

From Proto-Cariban *paru(ru); compare Apalaí paruru, Kari'na paruru, Akurio paaru, Carijona haru, Trió paaruru, Wayana palu, Akawaio paruru, Macushi paruru, Pemon paruru, as well as Sranan Tongo palulu.

Musa × paradisiaca
Musa × paradisiaca#Translingual


kadaota

Borrowed from Venezuelan Spanish caraota.

bor+

Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgaris#Translingual


majaya

Ultimately from the same origin as Spanish papaya, English papaya, Lokono papáia.

Carica papaya
Carica papaya#Translingual


jeyeichö

cush-cush, a kind of yam, Dioscorea trifida


wadaña

Dioscorea alata
Dioscorea alata#Translingual


jadadü

[hʷaɾ̠aːɾ̠ɨ]

a vine used in barbasco fishing, possibly Swartzia leptopetala


udukadi

Alternative form of du'kadi (“white-lipped peccary”) (Tayassu pecari)


yüwüdü

Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris
Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris#Translingual


akkuuja

the South American silver croaker, Plagioscion squamosissimus


wa'shadi

the South American tapir, Tapirus terrestris


muudu

pacu (fish)
the tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum

pacu (fish)
the pirapitinga, Piaractus brachypomus


jadometa

Borrowed from Venezuelan Spanish palometa.

the silver mylossoma, Mylossoma duriventris


wokkiya

Penelope jacquacu
Penelope jacquacu#Translingual


shajoko

toucan, in particular Cuvier's toucan, Ramphastos tucanus cuvieri


sömajö

Likely from sooma (“to save, keep, reserve”) + -ajö (past participial nominalizer).

af

territory temporarily closed off to hunting to allow animal populations to recover


muwaju

loincloth made of colorful beads strung on cotton threads, traditionally worn and woven by women


shidiyo'ka

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of sidiyokwa (“long transverse necklace made of beads and seeds”)


sidiyokwa

(Caura River dialect) long transverse necklace made of beads and seeds


madudaimö

a kind of mahogany, Cedrela sp., used to make yuca graters


kadimani

the sorva or cow tree, Couma macrocarpa, whose sap or resin is used to repair canoes and affix metal teeth to yuca graters

a kind of brindled catfish somewhat larger than the aadajadaduwa


a'mamada

a kind of strong vine used to reinforce basketry. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


amamada

Alternative form of a'mamada (“a kind of strong vine used to reinforce basketry”)


minñaatö

a vine, Heteropsis (Araceae) spp., used as the raw material for basketry and the main material for tying and lashing in general


küdayü

the cricket-vine, Fridericia chica, whose leaves are dried and boiled to make reddish dye for staining gourds and basket strips


kanö

a tall cane, Ischnosiphon sp., from which the least sturdy and most flexible basketry strips are made


ye'jaka

(transitive) to deflesh, to remove meat from bones


sunuji

Crescentia cujete
Crescentia cujete#Translingual

small gourd (typically either of the Cucurbitaceae family or the calabash Crescentia cujete)


ejumü

(intransitive, patientive) to get tangled up, to become entangled


emeka

(transitive) to have children one after the other


ejui

(intransitive) to fatten up, to get fatter


ennejenka

From e- (intransitivizer) + nnejenka (“to rear, to raise”).


eseicha

Likely from e- (intransitivizer) + seicha (to cause to shed(?); to cut; to sand down).


ennicha

(Caura River dialect, transitive) to soak, to steep, to wet


e'dötö

From e- (intransitivizer) + 'dötö (“to cross”).

(intransitive, patientive) to cross a river


Ankutudanña

From Spanish Angostura, the old name of the city, + -nña (“at the place of”).


Eudojanña

From Spanish Europa + -nña (“at the place of”).


ja'ka

(transitive) to take out, to bring out (into the sun)


kiyede weja'kadü

From kiyede (“yuca”) + w- (intransitive marker) + eja'ka (“to come out”) + -dü (action nominalizer), thus literally ‘the coming out of the yuca’.

public ceremonial chant (ödemi) sung by women during the audaajö edemi'jüdü festival while removing the yuca stored in the village roundhouse for future planting in their gardens


shiichu weja'kadü

From shiichu (“baby”) + w- (intransitive marker) + eja'ka (“to come out”) + -dü (action nominalizer), thus literally ‘the coming out of the baby’.

public ceremonial chant (ödemi) sung when bringing a newborn out of the village roundhouse for the first time, after its umbilical cord has fallen off, symbolically introducing it to the world


minñaatö yadadü

[minɲaːtə ɟaɾ̠aːɾ̠ɨ]

From minñaatö (“Heteropsis vine”) + yada (“finger, frame”) + -dü (possessed suffix), thus ‘Heteropsis vine’s finger, Heteropsis vine’s frame’.

a Heteropsis (Araceae) spp. vine of greater sturdiness, used to make up the frame of the outside strips of a basket


minñaatö tukatojo

From minñaatö (“Heteropsis vine”) + tuka + -tojo (instrumental nominalizer).

a Heteropsis (Araceae) spp. vine of lesser sturdiness, used to complete the outside of a basket and form its design


wadishidi

the white-bellied spider monkey, Ateles belzebuth

a zoomorphic basket design representing this monkey seen from the side on all fours, distinguished from yadakadu by the fact that its tail curls up rather than down


shecha'jüdü

[ʃet͡ʃaʔhʷɨɾ̠ɨ]

From sheicha + -'jüdü (completed action nominalizer).


Suyunña

in Suyunña, a village along the Erebato River in Venezuela


Medakunadinña

in Medakunadinña, a village along the Caura River in Venezuela


tujumoto

From tujumö (“being together”) + -ato (“nominalizer”).


kenü

From Proto-Cariban [Term?]. Compare Kari'na ken (“river mouth, end”), Waiwai ken, Akawaio ken, Pemon ken.


kümütüdi

[kɨmɨːtɨɾ̠i]

termite nest of a particular kind of white termite, in which the placenta of a newborn child is traditionally buried


inchomo

Probably derived from or of the same origin as insho (“many, much, a lot”).


inchomo'kö

From inchomo (“elder, old man”) + -'kö (diminutive suffix). Compare insho'kö.


nnü'tö

From nnü (“thing, belonging”) + -tö (benefactive verbalizer).

(transitive) to give a child his or her first beads


nono aküdü

From nono (“earth”) + akü (“a kind of worm or snake”) + -dü (possessed suffix), thus literally ‘worm of the earth’, ‘snake of the earth’.

a kind of caecilian or amphisbaenian roughly the size of a coral snake with a small, painted head, said to feed on the dead and be an omen of death, to cause bad dreams and loss of appetite in children, to plug up the mouths of baskets, and to be the master (adai) of all the earth spirits


Komashi

(Ye'kwana mythology) a culture hero, the first human to be taught by Wanadi to wear beads as a form of magical protection


wejumma

any ceremonial chant (aichudi) used to call or attract people to a place or person, for example to promote the growth of a village or to call the double/spirit (ökato) of a sick person back from death


wesankwa

any ceremonial chant (aichudi) used to dispel or drive away people from a place or person, for example to stunt the growth of a village


nonojo ajimadü

From nono (“ground”) + jo (“at”) + ajima + -dü.

a ceremonial chant performed as a baby learns to walk


yamüdu

toddler, child of about one to three years old


yaninajö

child of about four to six or seven years old


ööta

From öt- (intransitivizer) + eta (“to hear, to listen”).

(intransitive, agentive) to get together to talk


Kajiyudu

a legendary leader of the Spanish colonists who captured Wanadi but failed in his attempts to kill him


imuntajaicho

From i- (adverbializer) + munta (“to bleed; to menstruate”) + -jai (abilitative adverbializer) + -ato (nominalizer), thus literally ‘one (potentially) able to bleed’.


aji'choto

girl staying in seclusion after undergoing menarche


aji'choto weja'kadü

From aji'choto (“girl in seclusion after menarche”) + w- (intransitive marker) + eja'ka (“to come out”) + -dü (action nominalizer), thus literally ‘the coming out of the girl in seclusion’.

coming-of-age ritual for girls performed after menarche, intended to protect them from Odo'sha in a dangerous time and introduce them to adulthood


sudukuji

a kind of small catfish with small spines running the length of its body


wokü

From Proto-Cariban *woku (“drink”); compare Apalaí oku, Kari'na woku, Trió jokï, Wayana okï, Waiwai woku, Akawaio uku, Macushi woku, Pemon wok.


kudawa

a fiber rope made from this plant, used as a ritual whip

curare, a poison made from Strychnos toxifera


jode'kashi

barrier made of shin-high pales with ropes strung between them


oowotuja

From öt- (intransitivizer) + wotuja (“to advise”).


ütaajö

From ütö (“to go”) + -ajö (past participial nominalizer).


ööjüma

From öt- (intransitivizer) + öjü (“body”) + -ma (verbalizer).

(intransitive) to grow up, to grow into one’s adult body


wishu

Bixa orellana
Bixa orellana#Translingual

the annatto or achiote shrub, Bixa orellana, from which a red dye used for bodypaint is harvested

annatto, the dye or bodypaint obtained from this shrub


jüttaa

(intransitive, patientive, of a man) to wed a wife, to get married


anejankomo

Ultimately derived from aneja (“other”), with a plural suffix -komo.

(plural only) non-Ye'kwana people, outsiders


wo'jüdü

(in relation to a man) father’s sister, paternal aunt

(in relation to a man) mother’s brother’s wife


jinñamo

head

jinñamo (obligatorily possessed; possessed jinñamo)

Hall analyzes the final -mo as a fossilized derivational suffix.


öiye

öiye (obligatorily possessed; possessed öiyedü or eiyedü)


jadüi

jadüi (obligatorily possessed; possessed jadüichü)

Alternative form of jadui (“younger sister or female parallel cousin”)


waiñüjü

waiñüjü (obligatorily possessed; possessed waiñüjüdü)

term of address for a brother-in-law (of a man)


Kadakanña

From Spanish Caracas + -nña (“at the place of”).


Wodiwanña

From Spanish Bolívar + -nña (“at the place of”).


yaaya'kö

From yaaya (“older sibling, older same-generation relative”) + -'kö (diminutive suffix).


akono'kö

From akono (“younger brother, younger same-generation relative”) + -'kö (diminutive suffix).


ödüya'kö

[əɾ̠ɨːjaʔkə]


edaichö

From edai (“protection”) + -tö (benefactive suffix).

2008, speaker ‘MaJo’ from Boca de Piña (CtoWoshi.003–004), recorded in Cáceres, Natalia (2011), Grammaire Fonctionelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, page 355

“Mom,” he said, “take care of my wife. Take good care of her, lest you let her get hurt.”

“Edaichökö'de jinñamo” ke “maama. Aajichaane edaichökö'de, manetunuichojo'no.”

(transitive) to take care of, to look after, to tend


ökkudu

head

ökkudu (obligatorily possessed; possessed ökkudui or ekkudui)

serum, serous fluid, clear liquid that drains from a wound


ö'kwa

From Proto-Cariban *ôku (“to eat (flour, bread)”).


ökku

Alternative form of ö'kwa (“to chew, to eat starch”)


ökude

(Cunucunuma River dialect and Brazil) Alternative form of akude (“late; later”)


ökude

(Cunucunuma River dialect and Brazil) Alternative form of akude (“wait, it’s coming, hold on”)


akude

(Caura River dialect) wait, it’s coming, hold on


ekauwü

(transitive) to distribute (yuca, sand, powder, etc.) equally, to apportion equally, to dole out


eka'ta

Likely either prefixed with e- (intransitivizer) or suffixed with -ta (verbalizer).


eetamincha

Likely suffixed with -ta (verbalizer). Ultimately from öttami (“tiredness”).

(intransitive, patientive) to get tired, to tire


ekunaka

Suffixed with -ka (privative verbalizer). The stem is probably from Proto-Cariban *ôtjôkuna (“knee”); compare Kari'na ókuna, Waiwai ekna.

(transitive) to break or disarticulate (a person or animal’s) legs


iñso

Alternative form of insho (“much, many, a lot”)


i'yu

(transitive) to smoke (apply smoke to, for example food)


öömajo

From ööma (“to die”) + -jo (causative suffix).

af

(intransitive, agentive) to get oneself killed


öömichö

(intransitive, agentive) to look for or go out to fetch yuca


ööne

From öt- (“intransitivizer”) + ene (“to see”).


waadi ño'jüdü

[waːɾ̠i ɲoʔhʷɨɾ̠ɨ]

the southern tamandua or collared anteater, Tamandua tetradactyla


kajau

Dasypus kappleri
Dasypus kappleri#Translingual

the greater long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus kappleri


jaja'di

the southern naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous unicinctus


wüdüwüdü

[wɨɾ̠ɨːwɨɾ̠ɨ]

Bassaricyon alleni
Bassaricyon alleni#Translingual

the eastern lowland olingo, Bassaricyon alleni


mashikidi

Leopardus tigrinus
Leopardus tigrinus#Translingual


shi'mana

Leopardus pardalis
Leopardus pardalis#Translingual


ööseka

From öt- (intransitivizer) + eseka (“to move (something)”).


öjowa

Leopardus wiedii
Leopardus wiedii#Translingual


kawadimö

Puma concolor
Puma concolor#Translingual

(Caura River dialect) the cougar or puma, Puma concolor


mado jedü

From mado (“jaguar”) + jedü (“face”), literally “jaguar’s face”.

a basket design pattern resembling two square brackets linked by a center line (see image)


jakiya

From Proto-Cariban *pakira; compare Apalaí pakira, Kari'na pakira, Trió pakira, Wayana pakila, Akawaio pakira, Pemon pakira, Yao (South America) pockiero.


jüdü'kwa

[hʷɨɾ̠ɨʔkʷa]

Odocoileus virginianus
Odocoileus virginianus#Translingual

the white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus


kidishu

(Caura River dialect and Cunucunuma River dialect) the Brazilian porcupine, Coendou prehensilis


jache'tu

(Caura River dialect) the green acouchi, Myoprocta pratti


kajököimö

Boa constrictor
Boa constrictor#Translingual


kuyuwi

Pipile cumanensis
Pipile cumanensis#Translingual

the blue-throated piping guan, Pipile cumanensis


monse

Lichtenstein's green racer, Philodryas olfersii


shojj

gushing down, falling, as of water in a stream


öönema

From öt- (intransitivizer) + enema (“to abide by (a prohibition)”).

(intransitive, agentive) to observe the ritual prohibitions of so-called ‘fasting’: not to bathe in the river while bleeding, not to have sex, not to participate in community rituals and festivals, not to touch soap, not to eat certain meats, drink manioc beer, or smoke tobacco, but instead to eat and sleep alone and only eat the most ritually pure foods such as motto worms and the wokkiya bird


enkaima

(transitive) to rub smooth, to make smooth or flat


Madawaka

(Ye'kwana mythology) a vast tree, the origin of all food and vegetation, that was felled long ago, leaving behind Cerro Marahuaca as a stump


Uda'jö

(Ye'kwana mythology) the chief of the star people who led them into the sky, where he and his six hypostases (amode) became the Pleiades


Dodoimö

Borrowed from Pemon Roroimü, from rora (“green, blue, grue”) + -imü (augmentative suffix).


kujedö

From kuje (“madness, epilepsy”) + -dö (verbalizer).


kujeta

From kuje (“madness, epilepsy”) + -ta (verbalizer).


-'jiö

father of; suffix appended to the name of one’s son or daughter to form a respectful name for an adult, as an adult’s true name (ötü neene) is considered too intimate or personal to use


yeichüdöje

[ɟejt͡ʃɨɾ̠əːhe]

Ultimately from ei (“to be”). Suffixed with -je (adverbializer).


joduje

Ultimately suffixed with -je (adverbializer).


koonenadii

Likely related to koneka (“to fix, solve”).


öichödö

being somewhat better or improved in health (when recovering)


ödeja

Manihot esculenta
Manihot esculenta#Translingual

manioc, cassava, yuca, Manihot esculenta


ödüwö

Leptotila rufaxilla
Leptotila rufaxilla#Translingual

the grey-fronted dove, Leptotila rufaxilla


önöö

From Proto-Cariban *ônô (“to eat (meat)”).


öödaichö

[əːɾ̠ajt͡ʃə]

From öt- (intransitivizer) + edaichö (“to take care of”).

(intransitive, agentive) to take care of oneself, to look after oneself


önñamomo

Pseudastur albicollis
Pseudastur albicollis#Translingual


össhanno

Alternative form of öishanno (“where? whence?”)


ötükö

nine-banded armadillo
nine-banded armadillo

Dasypus novemcinctus
Dasypus novemcinctus#Translingual

(Cunucunuma River dialect and Brazil) Alternative form of ötö'kö (“the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus”)


ötöne

From öt- (intransitivizer) + ene (“to see”).

(intransitive, agentive) to seem, to appear


öötüma

From öt- (intransitivizer) + etüma (“to anger”).


öötunuichö

From öt- (intransitivizer) + etunuichö (“to injure”).


aadema

From öt- (intransitivizer) + adema (“to take for a walk”).


aadonka

From öt- (intransitivizer) + adonka (“to cure, to heal”).

(intransitive, agentive) to heal, to get better


aajiyajö

From aaji + -ajö (perfective past nominalizer).


aajöi

From öt- (intransitivizer) + ajöi (“to grab”).

to hold on, to cling, to have a firm grip or bite or other such attachment


atajöi

(intransitive, agentive) to hold on to one another


aaküdö

Perhaps prefixed with öt- (intransitivizer), although it is unclear if a transitive root *aküdö exists.

(intransitive, of insects and hummingbirds) to fly


aaküdüme

[aːkɨɾ̠ɨːme]

Perhaps prefixed with öt- (intransitivizer), although it is unclear if a transitive root *aküdüme exists.

(intransitive) to be continually on the move, to run back and forth


waamonö

From w- (intransitive prefix) + aamo (“to cry”) + -nö (infinitive suffix).


aamoicha

From amoi (“taboo thing”) + -ta (verbalizer), with an additional prefix that renders the verb agentive (öt-?).

(intransitive, agentive) to not do what is forbidden or prohibited


aamoichö

From öt- (intransitivizer) + amoichö (“to forbid”).

(intransitive, agentive) to be forbidden or prohibited


ajöujö

(Brazil) Alternative form of ajo'jo (“being large, big”)


aamö

From öt- (intransitivizer) + amö (“to construct”).

(intransitive, agentive, of insects) to assemble, to settle over something or someone in a mass


aanontö

From öt- (intransitivizer) + anontö (“to order”).

(intransitive, agentive) to command, to lead


yeenü

(Caura River dialect) third-person possessed form of nü


seenü

third-person reflexive possessed form of nü


anümü

(transitive) to scoop up (liquid) with something hollow


aanümü

Perhaps from öt- (verbalizer) + anümü (“to scoop up”); if so, then this word would be expected to be agentive rather than patientive, so it may be that either this etymology or the patientive assignment of the verb is wrong.


-aatöi

Marks a noun or situation that is seemingly so or falsely believed to be so but is not so in actuality.


aatü'nöjü

Ultimately derived from Proto-Cariban *atɨta (“to grow”).


awiyümü

(transitive) to turn, to spin (something)


aawiyümü

From öt- (intransitivizer) + awiyümü (“to turn (something)”).

(intransitive, agentive) to turn, to spin, to rotate


ema'jo

From ema (“to lose, to throw, to kill”) + -jo (causative suffix).


ooku

From öt- (intransitivizer) + eku (“to have sex with”).

(intransitive, agentive, vulgar) to have sex


aawüttüünaka

Perhaps prefixed with öt- (intransitivizer), although it is unclear if a transitive root *awüttüünaka exists.

(intransitive, agentive) to flip upside down


aawütünajötü

Suffixed with -jötü (pluractional suffix). Perhaps prefixed with öt- (intransitivizer), although it is unclear if a transitive root *awütünajötü exists.

(intransitive, agentive) to roll around, to roll over and over


adakijisa

small basket with a rigid, wide-mouthed rim that serves as a handle and an open, hexagonal weave, used to transport small goods such as captive birds


adamajana

Likely derived from adama (“hook tool”).


Kudatanña

From kudata (“reed, blowgun”) + -nña (“at the place of”).

in Kudatanña or Kudaatannha, a village along the Auari River in Brazil


Juduwadunña

in Juduwadunña or Fuduuwadunnha, a village along the Auari River in Brazil


Waichanña

Suffixed with -nña (“at the place of”). The stem waicha is probably borrowed from a Yanomami language.

in Waikás, a village along the Uraricoera River in Brazil


addö

(Caura River dialect, transitive) to clear (a conuco garden)


adeuje

Ultimately suffixed with -je (adverbializer).


ade'ju

terminal bud or leaf bud when still dormant and rolled up


aichüjo

From aichü (“to insert”) + -jo (causative suffix).

(transitive) to have something painful inserted, such as a needle when removing chiggers or a swab when cleaning the ears


asu'kaajö

From asu'ka (“to smoke (meat)”) + -ajö (perfective past nominalizer).


ataiyo

From öt- (intransitivizer) + aiyo (“to break”).


aijoo

(transitive) to smoke out (an animal’s burrow or warren)


ajadajadaduwa

Alternative form of aadajadaduwa (“a type of small brown catfish”)


aminche

(Brazil) Alternative form of amoinche (“far”)


aji'choto'jato

From aji'choto (“girl staying in seclusion after undergoing menarche”) + -'jato.


ajoichojo

From ajöi (“to grab, to record”) + -tojo (instrumental nominalizer).


ajoijö

From ajöi (to grasp) + -jo (causative suffix).


ammida

(Brazil) Alternative form of ammeda (“aimara”)


-'jö

From Proto-Cariban *-tɨpô, *-tupô; compare Kari'na -`po.

indicates that an object no longer survives in its originally intended usage; former, ex-


-'jo

marks the anteriority of a subordinate event relative to the main verb; after…


'kotonka

Suffixed with -ka (privative verbalizer), from the same stem as 'kotontö.

to pull loose, to separate, to release (a branch, an arm, etc.)


'kotontö

Suffixed with -tö (benefactive verbalizer), from the same stem as 'kotonka.


-'kene

forms a tag question, requesting confirmation: right?


ajujinña

(transitive) to extend, to spread, to stretch


ajuka

(transitive) to heat, particularly to heat (a curiara) so that it opens


akajü

(women of Boca de Piña) Alternative form of ükajü (“to weave”)


akoichanüjü

(transitive) to suffocate, to knock out, to render unconscious


wontö

From womü (“clothing”) + -tö (benefactive verbalizer).


ööwa'tö

From öt- (intransitivizer) + ewa'tö (“to hang (a hammock)”).

(intransitive, agentive) to hang one’s hammock


yedü aküdü

[ɟeɾ̠ɨ akɨːɾ̠ɨ]

From yedü (“tooth”) + akü (“a kind of worm or snake”) + -dü (possessed suffix), thus literally ‘worm of the tooth’.

(Caura River dialect) a kind of caterpillar or small worm said to inhabit fruit and cause ritual pollution within it


amiyawö

Probably derived from or related to amije/ömije (“being hungry”).


-nnamo

Suppletive plural form of -nei (agent nominalizer).


amonnojo

(transitive) to have (an animal) enter the house


amököjötü

From amökötö (“to cut off a hand”) + -jötü (pluractional suffix).

(transitive) to cut off (someone’s) hands


amökötö

From amö (“hand”) + akötö (“to cut off”).

(transitive) to cut off (someone’s) hand


amuttu

a kind of rush in the Marantaceae family used in making basketry


mödöje

From mödö (“this”) + -je (adverbializer).


-uwö

marks an agent or dative beneficiary of the action; to, by


anaijakökkö

From aneja (“other”) + -kökö (“by way of”).


anetajakökö

From ane'taja (“being altogether different”) + -kökö (“by way of”).


öneköömü

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ane'köömü (“what?”)


öd-

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ödh-


waicha

head

waicha (obligatorily possessed; possessed waichadü)


jadui

jadui (obligatorily possessed; possessed jaduichü)


jadaji

jadaji (obligatorily possessed; possessed jadajiyü)


ju'jadü

[hʷuʔhʷaɾ̠ɨ]

From ju'jö (“head”) + adü (“leaf”), thus literally ‘leaves of the head’.


kasakidi

spice or hot sauce made from chili peppers prepared with liquid expressed from the bitter yuca and toasted


matidi

a kind of basket used for processed manioc/manioc flour


aadeji

the Heart of Jesus plant, Caladium bicolor


na'dudu

From n- (transitive agent marker) + a'du (“to close, to cover”) + -dü (action nominalizer).


kö'tümüdü

[kəʔtɨmɨːɾ̠ɨ]

From kö'tümü (“to shout”) + -dü (action nominalizer).


naichüdü

[najt͡ʃɨɾ̠ɨ]

From n- (transitive agent marker) + aichü (“to plant”) + -dü (action nominalizer).


audö

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of addö (“to clear (a conuco garden)”)


naudö'jüdü

[nawɾ̠ʷəʔhʷɨɾ̠ɨ]

From n- (transitive agent marker) + audö (“to clear (a garden)”) + -'jüdü (completed action nominalizer).

(Cunucunuma River dialect) conuco or garden not ready to be cultivated


no'tödü

From n- (transitive agent marker) + o'tö (“to fish”) + -dü (action nominalizer).


tünküi

matapee, sebucan; a yuca press in the form of a long tube of basketry hung from a hook and compressed by stretching the lower end with a pole, used for expressing prussic acid out of yuca pulp


tünküi yedü

[tɨŋkɨj ɟeɾ̠ɨ]

From tünküi (“yuca press”) + yedü (“tooth”), thus literally ‘teeth of the yuca press’.

(Caura River dialect) elaborately constructed framework of poles with notches from which a yuca press (tünküi) is hung and stretched to press out prussic acid from yuca pulp


tünküi dedü

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of tünküi yedü (“elaborately constructed framework of poles with notches from which a yuca press (tünküi) is hung and stretched to press out prussic acid from yuca pulp”)


öjai

head

öjai (obligatorily possessed; possessed öjaichü or ejaichü)

wooden stake used to turn the soil when planting yuca (large size) or removing worms (small size)


jatiya

Borrowed from Venezuelan Spanish patilla.


juya

head

juya (obligatorily possessed; possessed juyai)


wo'mo ansai

From wo'mo (“necklace”) + ansai (possessed form of ansa (“necklace”)), thus literally ‘ansa-necklace of the wo’mo necklace’.

af

possessed form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="mch">ansa</i> (“necklace”)


-jö

(non-productive) forms certain nouns whose possessed forms take no further suffix, with no clear semantic contribution


weetü

From Proto-Cariban *wetɨ (“feces”). Hall analyzes the final -tü as ultimately a fossilized derivational suffix.


otü

From Proto-Cariban *ôtɨ. Hall analyzes the final -tü as ultimately a fossilized derivational suffix.


deenü

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of dheenü


wekatojo

From weka (“to defecate”) + -tojo (instrumental nominalizer).


de'wö

From Proto-Cariban *retɨ (“top”) + -wö (“at”).


de'köi

From Proto-Cariban *retɨ (“top”) + -köi (“at”).


de'kökö

From Proto-Cariban *retɨ (“top”) + -kökö (“by way of”).


jaköi

Suffixed with -köi (“at”), from the same root as -jawö.


da'me

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ya'me (“with”)


jökkö

(with clausal complement) when, in, because


sediuje

Borrowed from Spanish serio (“serious”), with adverbializing suffix -je.


öichödöje

[əjt͡ʃəɾ̠əːhe]

From öichödö (“more or less”) + -je (adverbializer).


jöduje

[hʷəɾ̠uːhʷe]

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of joduje (“being strong; being loud”)


yawanadüje

From y- + awaana (“to dawn”) + -dü (action nominalizer) + -je (adverbializer).


chöönün'e

[t͡ʃəːnɨŋŋe]

From chö- (third-person prefix) + nün'e (“similar to, as well as”).


töije

Ultimately suffixed with -je (adverbializer).


töjuye

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of tojuiye (“being fat, large”)


tütü'tajö'e

From t- -e (adverbializer) + w- (intransitive prefix) + tü'tajötü (“to think”).

being pensive, pensively, while thinking


tüweshicha

From t- -e (adverbializer) + w- (intransitive prefix) + e- (intransitivizer) + siicha (“to rip, tear, break”). Also compare eshichako (“to break”).


tüwowanomasa

From t- -e (adverbializer) + w- (intransitive prefix) + oowanoma (“to learn”) + -sa.


tüwödönemjünü

[tɨwəːɾ̠ənemm̥ɨnɨ]


weijö

From w- (intransitive prefix) + ei (“to be”) + -'jö (“former”).


-mjö

indicates that an object no longer survives in its originally intended usage; former, ex-


jö'dujo

From jö'du (“to sting”) + -jo (causative suffix).

(transitive) to have (someone) stung by insects, to cause to be stung


töju'kö

From töju (“rock”) + -'kö (diminutive suffix).


wötunnö'kö

From wötunnö (“story, myth”) + -'kö (diminutive suffix).


tünküi'chö

[tɨŋkɨjʔt͡ʃə]

From tünküi (“yuca press”) + -'kö (diminutive suffix).

small press in the form of a tube of basketry for squeezing oil or poison from plant products


amojadö

From amo (“hand”) + jadö (“with, under”).


nneju'tö

From nneju (“material, scaffolding”) + -tö (benefactive verbalizer).


nneju'ka

From nneju (“material, scaffolding”) + -ka (privative verbalizer).


jadanka

Borrowed from Spanish palanca (“lever, leverage, handle”).


ane'köömü

(Caura River dialect, interrogative) what?


-anködö

marks circumstantial subordination with simultaneous time when the subjects of the main and subordinate clauses are identical


anonñadöödö

[anonɲaɾ̠əːɾ̠ə]


anejja

Alternative form of aneja (“other, another”)


ashichadu

(Brazil) Alternative form of ashichadü (“sugarcane”)


ettömujo

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of atamu'jö (“chin, beard”)


awishicha

(Brazil) Alternative form of aasicha (“good, well”)


aya'ta'jotü

From aya'ta (“armpit”) + i'jotü (“feathers, hair”).


asichuudö

[asiːt͡ʃuːɾ̠ə]


asudejeje

(of animals) being mostly black with some hair of another color


atadö

From öt- (intransitivizer) + adö (“to carry”).

(intransitive, agentive) to continue, to carry on


atakoicha

From öt- (intransitivizer) + akoicha (“to finish, to end”).

(intransitive, agentive) to faint, to fall unconscious


atame

From öt- (intransitivizer) + ame (“to lick, to eat”).

(intransitive, agentive) to come to an end, to be over, to run out


atannöjü

From öt- (intransitivizer) + annöjü (“to pick up, fetch, raise”).

to rise (said of a boat rising from the water because of uneven weight, of tobacco leaves that have not been sufficiently compacted, etc.)


a'yanoma

From a'yano (“ill omen”) + -ma (verbalizer).


ata'yanoma

From öt- (intransitivizer) + a'yanoma (“to complain, to get angry”).


atü

(transitive) to wash, to clean with water


atüjötü

From atü (“to wash”) + -jötü (pluractional suffix).


awanñodo

a kind of parasite about the size of an earthworm


awanta'ñö

From Spanish aguantar + -'ñö (loanword verbalizer).

(transitive) to resist, withstand, bear, endure


awiyünka

Apparently from awiyümü (“to turn”) + -ka (privative suffix), although some complications may be involved, as the latter suffix generally attaches to nominal stems.


awiyüntö

Apparently from awiyümü (“to turn”) + -tö (benefactive suffix), although some complications may be involved, as the latter suffix generally attaches to nominal stems.

(transitive) to skirt, to circle (a place)


ayawaichudu

Derived from ayawa (“Protium heptaphyllum tree, torch, bodypaint”).

(Caura River dialect) bodypaint made from ayawa used to ritually purify a child when the stump of its umbilical cord dries up and falls off from the navel


ata'deeja

From öt- (intransitivizer) + a'deeja (“to call, to welcome”).

(intransitive, agentive) to be called to or greeted


a'de'tö

From a'deu (“word”) + -tö (benefactive verbalizer).


a'dojo

(transitive) to knock down, to fell (trees or other tall objects)


a'jööma

(intransitive) to invite other communities to participate in an event of the inviting community.


a'sajötü

From a'sa (“to grab (grain or liquid)”) + -jötü (pluractional suffix).

(transitive) to summon with one’s hand, to gesture over


a'suta

(intransitive, patientive) to faint from exertion


cheetüjüdü

[t͡ʃeːtɨhɨːɾ̠ɨ]

LIkely suffixed with -'jüdü (past possessed suffix).


köwa'kö

Likely derived from wa'kö (“the same as, equal to”).


chöwa'kö

From y- (third-person prefix) + köwa'kö (“like”), thus literally ‘like it’.


dadü

front part of the torso; chest and abdomen


-dawö

From -dü (action nominalizer) + awö (“at, in, on”).

marks circumstantial subordination with simultaneous time on a verb


etunuichojo

From etunuichö (“to injure”) + -jo (causative suffix).

(transitive) to let (someone) get hurt, to let (someone) come to harm


önwena

(intransitive, agentive) to walk far away


yü'söödüjai

[ɟɨʔsəːɾ̠ɨhaj]


yuunaka

(transitive) to cause to deviate from what was planned


dedü aküdü

[deɾ̠ɨ akɨːɾ̠ɨ]

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of yedü aküdü (“a kind of caterpillar or small worm said to inhabit fruit and cause ritual pollution within it”)


yööwa'kö

From iyö (inanimate invisible demonstrative pronoun) + wa'kö (“the same as, equal to”).


yuduwa

a kind of palm tree with a slender trunk from which blowguns are made, which is placed on walls at the edges of rooves, and which serves to make a support for growing yuca


yööje

From iyö (inanimate invisible demonstrative pronoun) + -je (adverbializer).


yo'tawö

in the middle of, halfway along (something long)


deewiya

a kind of tree which, in mythology, had Waasani’s mane attached to it to form a liana


de'wonontö

Perhaps from de'wö (“upon, on”) + -ano (nominalizer) + -tö (benefactive verbalizer), although this leaves the second n unexplained.

(transitive) to put on top of, to put on


dijönö

a kind of insect that smells bad when crushed


shinñattö

a kind of liana used as a fiber cord for tying bundles of cassava


shi'chanü

new mother, woman who has recently given birth


sakudaje

Ultimately suffixed with -je (adverbializer).


sadimincha

Derived from sadimiñu (“straight line”).

(transitive) to straighten, to straighten out


sadijanmü

(intransitive, patientive) to move away from one’s home community


saddö

From a noun that also forms the stem of satta (“to toast”), suffixed with -dö (verbalizer).

(transitive) to toast in a comal, a frying pan, or the sun


sankwa

(transitive) to abandon, to desert, to leave behind


sankwajo

Perhaps from sankwa (“to detest, to abandon”) + -jo (causative suffix).

(transitive) to change the type of weaving when weaving a yuca press (tünküi) or hammock


sedenamjü

Suffixed with -nöjü (causative suffix). Presumably the preceding -na must be a suffix forming an intransitive patientive verb from a noun, as the constructions of the related words seedeta and ssedeje show that the root is a nominal stem.


seeka

(transitive) Alternative form of eseka (“to move, to remove”)


settu

small sturdy vase-shaped basket made of minñaatö with a coiled handle, used to cage small animals and store peppers, cotton, and other goods


se'namo

a kind of deep infection of the genitals, skin, or face


sunamo

spice or hot sauce of the Orinoco River villages


sha'kwö

spice or hot sauce of the Cunucunuma River villages


siichamüttü

From sichamü (“to secure with a rope”) + -tü.


siichödü

[siːt͡ʃəɾ̠ɨ]


sinñaatö

Alternative form of shinñattö (“kind of liana”)


siwö

respiratory tube at the level of the neck seen when dissecting birds


siyawa

the violaceous jay, Cyanocorax violaceus


sokkojato

From sokoje (“being like mud”) + -ato (nominalizer).


sokoje

Suffixed with -je (adverbializer), from the same unattested root as sooko'nö.

being like mud, having the qualities of mud


sooko'nö

From the root of sokoje (“being like mud”) + -nö (verbalizer).


sukutaka

yucuta, drink made with cornstarch dough soaked in water


duttö

hourglass-shaped basket smaller than a wüwa


müneju

From Proto-Cariban *mɨnepu; compare Kari'na munepu (“ladder, bridge”), Trió mïnepu, nnepu, Akawaio miye', Pemon müne'pu, münek.


maakö

From Proto-Cariban *masakô; compare Trió maakë, Kari'na mako, Wayana mësak, Apalaí masako, Waiwai masakï, Akawaio masa', Macushi masa', Pemon masak, as well as Sranan Tongo maku.


tüdüemü

From t- -e (adverbializer) + üdü (“to do, to make”) + -mü (patient nominalizer).

objects or artifacts made by the Ye'kwana, as opposed to those acquired by trade or chance


müsoma

objects or belongings acquired by trade or chance, as opposed to those made by the Ye'kwana


duusenawa

a kind of beverage (mythologically assigned to the anteater in the tale of Kamasi)


-düje

just as, as, like; attaches to a finite verb form to indicate that what comes next occurs in a like manner to the modified verb


düjükü

a kind of fish found in Amazonas resembling a loricariid catfish, but with a large head and mouth


chünane

allomorph of dünane (“then, so”) used after words that end in i


nünane

allomorph of dünane (“then, so”) used after words that end in nö or dü


düüjöökö

expresses a hypothesis: it seems, perhaps, I think, I suppose


edemi'chö

[eɾ̠eːmiʔt͡ʃə]

From ödemi (“ceremonial chant”) + -tö (benefactive verbalizer).

(transitive) to sing (a ceremonial chant)


tawini

(Brazil) Alternative form of tooni (“one”)


öudawö

(Brazil) Alternative form of aduwaawö (“three”)


aakö amojato

From aakö (“two”) + amo (“hand”) + jato (“on the other side of”), literally “two on the other side of the hand”.


aakö amöjato

(Brazil) Alternative form of aakö amojato (“seven”)


tooni amojato

From tooni (“one”) + amo (“hand”) + jato (“on the other side of”), literally “one on the other side of the hand”.


aduwaawö amojato

From aduwaawö (“three”) + amo (“hand”) + jato (“on the other side of”), literally “three on the other side of the hand”.


aaköiche'a amojato

From aaköiche'a (“four”) + amo (“hand”) + jato (“on the other side of”), literally “four on the other side of the hand”.


amojadö de'wö tooni

From amojadö (“ten”) + de'wö (“upon”) + tooni (“one”).


amojadö de'wö aakö

From amojadö (“ten”) + de'wö (“upon”) + aakö (“two”).


amojadö de'wö aduwaawö

From amojadö (“ten”) + de'wö (“upon”) + aduwaawö (“three”).


amojadö de'wö aaköiche'a

From amojadö (“ten”) + de'wö (“upon”) + aaköiche'a (“four”).


amojadö de'wö ijatode'a

From amojadö (“ten”) + de'wö (“upon”) + ijatode'a (“five”).


tooni sotto

From tooni (“one”) + sotto (“person, twenty”).


ijatode'a sotto

From ijatode'a (“five”) + sotto (“person, twenty”).


tooni sotto de'wö amojadö

From tooni sotto (“twenty”) + de'wö (“upon”) + amojadö (“ten”).


kodokodomadi

From kodokodo + madi (“capped heron”). For the first element, compare English corocoro, Spanish corocoro, Portuguese coro-coró; ultimately onomatopoeic, from the animal’s cry.

Mesembrinibis cayennensis
Mesembrinibis cayennensis#Translingual

the corocoro or green ibis, Mesembrinibis cayennensis


wokiya

Alternative form of wokkiya (“Spix's guan, Penelope jacquacu”)


ka'dau

Daptrius ater
Daptrius ater#Translingual

Ibycter americanus
Ibycter americanus#Translingual

Alternative form of kadau (“the black caracara, Daptrius ater, or red-throated caracara, Ibycter americanus”)


ka'kawa

Amazona farinosa
Amazona farinosa#Translingual


onode'jö

Botaurus pinnatus
Botaurus pinnatus#Translingual


tada'kwa

Ortalis motmot
Ortalis motmot#Translingual


yaimaadi

Mitu tomentosum
Mitu tomentosum#Translingual


uuwau

the capuchinbird, Perissocephalus tricolor


yuduma

Cairina moschata
Cairina moschata#Translingual


jadijadi

[hʷaɾ̠iːçaɾ̠i]

the ivory-billed aracari, Pteroglossus azara

the many-banded aracari, Pteroglossus pluricinctus


edennamjü

From eedenna (“to stop”) + -nöjü (causative suffix).


ede'tö

(transitive) to make yield, to make pay, to get something out of


edöje

From edö (“this”) + -je (adverbializer).

so, thus, like this, in the manner demonstrated


edudawa

a kind of hollow bamboo, Guadua latifolia, used for making waja baskets


eedenna

(intransitive, patientive) to stop, to halt


eejata'tö

(intransitive, patientive) to go to sleep


eekonema

(of people) to quarrel, to fight (with one another)


eetajuduka

Most likely prefixed with e- (intransitivizer).

(intransitive, patientive) to stretch (extend one’s limbs)


jö'nö

white-throated tinamou
white-throated tinamou

(Brazil) Alternative form of jöönö (“the great tinamou or white-throated tinamou”)


taajui

a kind of house for being in when awake rather than for sleeping, found beside or in front of the village roundhouse (öttö)


-taame

marks a temporally simultaneous subordinated circumstantial clause when the subjects of the subordinate and main clauses are different: while, as

marks a contrasting subordinated circumstantial clause, regardless of whether the subjects of the subordinate and main clauses are different: though, although, even though, even if


taij-taij

Coordinate term: shokodododo


tajöwiye

Probably formed with the adverbializer t- -e. The root ajöwi may then in turn derive from ajö (“arm”).


Tada'kwanña

From tada'kwa (“the little chachalaca”) + -nña (“at the place of”).

in Tada'kwanña, a village on the middle Caura River in Venezuela


eetojinña

(intransitive, patientive) to whirl, to circle, to revolve


eetümü

to make animal noises
(of birds) to sing


eewadüka

Formed with e- (intransitivizer) + *wadüka (“to untie”), the latter formed with -ka (privative verbalizer) from the same root as wadü'tö (“to tie firmly”).

(intransitive, patientive) to get loose, to release oneself


eewadü'tö

[eːwaɾ̠ɨʔtə]

From e- (intransitivizer) + wadü'tö (“to tie firmly”).

(intransitive, patientive) to be tied on, lashed down, affixed


eja'dötö

From e- (intransitivizer) + ja'dötö (“to pass”).


waadeta

Suffixed with -ta (verbalizer), from the same root as waadejajo.

Coordinate term: ewoichone'ma

(intransitive, patientive, of animals) to get angry


waadejajo

Coordinate term: ewoichone'ma


watödö

From wattö (“feces”) + -dö (verbalizer).


o'womokü

From öt- (intransitivizer) + womokü (“to wait for”).

(intransitive, agentive) to be awaited or expected


ejenka

From e- (intransitivizer) + jenka (“to hunt large game by flushing it out with dogs”).

(intransitive, patientive) to be scared or startled


nnejenka

Ultimately from nne (“child”), perhaps nne (“child”) + -je (adverbializer) + -nü (nominalizer) + -ka (privative verbalizer).

(transitive) to rear, to raise (animals, children, etc.)


-eje

marks a subordinated circumstantial clause that describes a secondary activity: while incidentally, while also


jüdata'ñö

[hʷɨɾ̠aːtaʔɲə]

From jüdata (“money”) + -'ñö (loanword verbalizer).


jüdata

Borrowed from Spanish plata (“silver, money”).


ejüdata'ñö

[ehɨːɾ̠ataʔɲə]

From e- (“intransitivizer”) + jüdata'ñö (“to make rich”).


ejüka

to cut (the stem of a plant or vein of a leaf)


wedükü

From w- (intransitive marker) + edükü (“to have a fever”).


ekada'jötü

Suffixed with -jötü (pluractional suffix).


ekamma

(transitive) to tell, to notify, to inform


ekamö

(transitive) to share out, to distribute


michü

From Proto-Cariban *mitɨ (“root”); compare Apalaí mity, Kari'na mi, Trió mitï, Trió mi, Wayana mit, Akawaio mi', Pemon mük.


ekku

(transitive) to respond to (someone’s singing) by repeating it, to echo (lines of song)


ekkwöjötü

From ekku (“to respond to (singing) by repeating it, to echo”) + -jötü (pluractional suffix).

(transitive) to reply to, to respond to (someone)


ookunaka

From öt- (intransitivizer) + ekunaka (“to disarticulate (someone’s) leg”).

to injure or disarticulate the joint between one’s hip and femur


emakudö

Perhaps prefixed with e- (intransitivizer), though no transitive verb *makudö seems to be attested.

(intransitive, patientive) to rot, to spoil, to go to waste


ema'tö

(transitive) to move (something) away from the point of origin, to remove, to distance


emekantö

(transitive) to scatter, to share out, to distribute


emjü

Derived from önu (“eye”). Perhaps cognate to Kari'na enyky, enupy (“to hurt the eye of, to get something in the eye”) (the expected cognate form would likely be Kari'na *enypy).

(transitive) to put a substance in the eyes


oomomü

From öt- (intransitivizer) + emomü (“to put in”). Cáceres, however, records the resulting verb as patientive, whereas an agentive verb would be expected to result from such a construction.


jötü

From Proto-Cariban *potɨ (“beak, snout, point”).


jejeichö

From Proto-Cariban *pepeitô. Compare Kari'na pepeito, Trió pepei, Akawaio peseto, Yao (South America) pepeïte.


chooda

a kind of loricariid or auchenipterid catfish, the ‘chola’ fish, variously identified as Ageneiosus sp., Rineloricaria caracasensis, or Rineloricaria formosa


enkano'tö

(transitive) to worry over, to care about (someone)


emo'tö

Likely prefixed with e- (intransitivizer), though no transitive verb *mo'tö (“to lay (something) down, to lean (something)”) seems to be attested.


emöwi

The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:


emu'nojü

to try to deceive, to set up a deception or engage in suspicious behavior in order to trick (someone)


öömu'nojü

From öt- (intransitivizer) + emu'nojü (“to try to deceive or distract”). However, an agentive verb would be expected from this construction, whereas according to Cáceres this verb is patientive.

af

(intransitive, patientive) to get distracted


enkwano'jo

(transitive) to lose track of, to lose the trail of


ennajötü

From enajü (“to swallow”) + -jötü (pluractional suffix).


enneka

From e- (intransitivizer) + nne (“child”) + -ka (privative verbalizer).

(intransitive, patientive) to give birth, to have children


enneke'ma

Likely prefixed with e- (intransitivizer).

(intransitive, patientive) to sing repeatedly


ennojü

(transitive) to make fun of, mock, tease


ensöma'tö

From e- (intransitivizer) + müsoma (“belongings acquired by trade or chance”) + -tö (benefactive verbalizer).

(intransitive, patientive) to put on clothes, to get dressed


entajo

Perhaps from e- (intransitivizer) + nta (“mouth”) + ajo (“to chew”).

(intransitive, patientive) to open one’s mouth


enta'du

From e- (intransitivizer) + nta (“mouth”) + a'du (“to close”).

(intransitive, patientive) to close one’s mouth


enta'na

(intransitive, patientive) to eat people, to be a cannibal


entö

(intransitive, patientive) to fall into a trap or net


enüntö

(transitive) to put cassava dough in a matapee


enwejü

(intransitive) to do something during the night


enwüjüñadü

[eŋwɨhɨːɲaɾ̠ɨ]

(transitive) to strip, to divest (someone)


e'saku

From e- (intransitivizer) + 'sakü (“to apply bodypaint to”).

(intransitive, patientive) to put on bodypaint, to paint oneself


'sakü

(transitive) to apply bodypaint to (someone), to paint (someone)


Madijanña

From Spanish Maripa + -nña (“at the place of”).

in Maripa, a town in the state of Bolívar in Venezuela


Adijaonña

From Spanish Aripao + -nña (“at the place of”).

in Aripao, a village in the state of Bolívar in Venezuela


Wojistanña

From Portuguese Boa Vista + -nña (“at the place of”).

in Boa Vista, a city in the state of Roraima in Brazil


Amasonanña

From Spanish Amazonas + -nña (“at the place of”).


Judansianña

From Spanish Francia + -nña (“at the place of”).


Kushimenña

From Spanish Cusime + -nña (“at the place of”).

in Boca de Cusime, a village on the Erebato River in Venezuela


eseka

Perhaps formed with -ka (privative verbalizer).


esidi'chö

[esiːɾ̠iʔt͡ʃə]

From e- (intransitivizer) + sidi (“buttocks, rear”) + -tö (benefactive verbalizer).

(intransitive, patientive) to dance backward, to retreat dancing


esi'jo

(intransitive, patientive) to make things up, to lie


eso'ka

From e- (intransitivizer) + sooka (“to pierce, to puncture, to sew”).

(intransitive, patientive) To be stuck by a thorn.


etadawa'kajo

From e- (intransitivizer) + tadawaaju (“work”) + -ka (privative verbalizer) + -jo (causative suffix).


etamiyö

(transitive) to make (someone) feel bad for not respecting prohibitions


ettija

Alternative form of eetija (“to trade for”)


etü

(transitive) to make (something) make a sound; to sound, to play (an instrument)


öötü

From öt- (intransitivizer) + etü (“to sound, to play (an instrument, etc.)”).

(intransitive, agentive) to sound; to make a sound


-etü'da

subordinate clause
subordinate clause#English

marks the verb of a subordinate clause describing the reason why or the cause from which the main clause occurred; because, since


-etükomo'da

From -komo + the components that make up -etü'da.


euwü

to tell insults or offensive words to; to offend, to insult


öökatonka

From öt- (intransitivizer) + ökatomjö (“ghost, ex-spirit”) + -ka (privative verbalizer), thus literally ‘to have one’s ghost taken away’. Compare Kari'na otàkaryka (“to suffer, be tortured, get scared”), with a similar but slightly different construction.

cog

to hurry up and do something, to make haste


öönejünü

Apparently from ööne (“to be seen”) + -jünü (negative suffix), but the latter does not ordinarily attach to verbs; an additional adverbializer may be at play somewhere.

af

something that cannot be seen with the naked eye


ödü'ya

Derived from or otherwise related to ödümö (first-person possessed form of jadui (“younger sister or female parallel cousin”)).


önönei

From önöö (“to eat meat”) + -nei (agent nominalizer).


ömu

scrotum, ball sack (of a human or animal)


ötaku

From Proto-Cariban *ôtaku; compare Kari'na ataku, otaku.


ötüja

the suckermouth catfish or common pleco, Hypostomus plecostomus


öttüi

trading partner, person with whom one does business


Jadu

Ultimately from Proto-Cariban *paru (“water”).


shiñawe

any of two particular kinds of toad, one that lives in ponds and one that lives on land


daudawi

the great kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus


dajaka

a kind of large tree used as a medicine for diarrhea


kuwanaweyu

(in ritual chants) Synonym of shiñawe (“a kind of toad”)


woije

under the will of, at the direction of, steered by


dakönaichu

a kind of tree used as a medicine for stomach pain


ewanküdüñö

[ewaŋkɨɾ̠ɨːɲə]

(transitive) to worry, to concern, to trouble


ötöwanküdüñö

head

ötöwanküdüñö

[ətəːwaŋkɨɾ̠ɨːɲə]

From öt- (intransitivizer) + ewanküdüñö (“to worry, to concern, to trouble”).

af

(intransitive, agentive) to fret, to worry


ewansinchö

From öwansi (“food, meal”) + -nü + -tö (benefactive verbalizer).


ewiiña

(transitive) to rock (something or someone)


ewoichone'ma

(intransitive, patientive, of people) to get angry


oowoncha

From öt- (intransitivizer) + ewoincha (“to leave behind forgotten”).


ewonka

From e- (intransitivizer) + womü (“clothing”) + -ka (privative verbalizer).


oowontö

From öt- (intransitivizer) + ewontö (“to defend”).

to refuse to be handed over to another family


ewotunnöicha

Ultimately derived from wötunnö (“oral tradition, story”).


ewö

to be wounded by something that penetrates the skin, such as a bullet or arrow


eyajö'tö

From öyajö (“master, possessor”) + -tö (benefactive verbalizer).

(Caura River dialect, transitive) to take ownership of, to appropriate


e'douwü

(intransitive, patientive) to roar, to growl


e'juuma

From e- (intransitivizer) + 'juuma (“to unite, gather, amass”).

(intransitive, patientive) to get together, to assemble, to gather


e'jüü

(intransitive) to be plugged up or covered up


e'kotontö

From e- (intransitivizer) + 'kotontö (“to join; to tie, to draw”).

(intransitive, patientive) to be tied, drawn, equally matched


e'mo

From e- (intransitivizer) + 'mo (“to break (something)”).


'mü

Alternative form of 'mo (“to break (something)”)


e'nomja

(transitive) to leave (something), to leave behind


o'nomjö

Apparently from öt- (intransitivizer) + e'nomja (“to leave behind”), although the expected form would be *oto'nomja.

(Caura River dialect, intransitive, agentive) to remain, to stay, to be left


ö'shikija

Apparently from öt- (intransitivizer) + e'shikija (“to make play”), although the expected form would be *ötö'shikija.


ötö'tö

From öt- (intransitivizer) + e'tö (“to name”).