ai

From Proto-Cariban [Term?]. Compare Apalaí ae, Hixkaryana yaye, Macushi yapai, and Waiwai yay.

through, by; indicates motion by way of a non-aquatic object of class 1


jo

(with following directional suffix -nno) indicates a point of origin


tai

From Proto-Cariban [Term?]. Compare Apalaí tae, Hixkaryana taye, Macushi tapai.

through, by; indicates motion by way of a non-aquatic object of class 2


aka

From Proto-Cariban *jaka. Synchronically as if suffixed with -ka (“to, at”). Compare Apalaí aka, Hixkaryana yaka, Macushi yapî', and Waiwai yaka.

(Caura River dialect and Brazil) at, in, on, to; indicates a specific location or goal at a non-aquatic object of class 1


taka

From Proto-Cariban *taka. Synchronically as if suffixed with -ka (“to, at”). Compare Apalaí taka, Hixkaryana taka, Macushi tapî'.

at, in, on, to; indicates a specific location or goal at a non-aquatic object of class 2


annai

From anna (“central space”) + ai (“through, by”).


kwai

From Proto-Cariban [Term?]. Compare Apalaí kuae, Hixkaryana kwaye, Macushi kapai, and Waiwai kway.

through, by; indicates motion by way of an aquatic object


nkawö

From Proto-Cariban *mɨka (“back”) + -wö (“at”).


-nña

forms place names (in the form of adverbs that can be nominalized with -ano)


a'ka

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of aka (“at, in, on, to; indicates a specific location or goal at a non-aquatic object of class 1”)


anwa'ka

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of anwaaka (“in or at the crotch of; in, among”)


awö

From Proto-Cariban *jawô. Synchronically as if suffixed with -wö (“at”). Compare Apalaí ao, Hixkaryana yawo, Macushi ya, and Waiwai yaw.

at, in, on; indicates a generic location at a non-aquatic object of class 1


tawö

From Proto-Cariban *tawô. Synchronically as if suffixed with -wö (“at”). Compare Apalaí tao, Hixkaryana tawo, Macushi ta.

at, in, on; indicates a generic location at a non-aquatic object of class 2


kwaka

From Proto-Cariban *kuwaka. Synchronically as if suffixed with -ka (“to, at”). Compare Apalaí kuaka, Hixkaryana kwaka, Macushi kata, and Waiwai kwaka.

at, in, on, to; indicates a specific location or goal at an aquatic object


kwawö

From Proto-Cariban *kuwawô. Synchronically as if suffixed with -wö (“at”). Compare Apalaí kuao, Hixkaryana kwawo, Macushi ka, and Waiwai kwaw.

at, in, on; indicates a generic location at an aquatic object


önawö

Formed from an element *öna + the postpositionalizing suffix -wö (“at”); for the first element compare wena (“vagina”).


sidiwö

on the rear of, right behind, behind and attached to


önwawö

Formed from an element *önwa + the postpositionalizing suffix -wö (“at”); for the first element compare amö (“hand”).


wenwaaka

Formed from an element *wenwa + the postpositionalizing suffix -ka (“to, at”); for the first element compare wenü (“stomach”).


wemüka

Formed from an element *wemü + the postpositionalizing suffix -ka (“to, at”); for the first element compare wenü (“stomach”).


o'köi

Suffixed with -köi (“at”), from the same root as o'kökö.


o'kökö

Suffixed with -kökö (“by way of”), from the same root as o'köi.

under, below (with movement below and past)


nkaköi

From Proto-Cariban *mɨka (“back”) + -köi (“at”).


nkakökö

From Proto-Cariban *mɨka (“back”) + -kökö (“by way of”).


o'joiyakökö

From o'joiye (“above”) + -kökö (“by way of”).


nkayedö

From Proto-Cariban *mɨka (“back”) + -ye + -dö.

nkaiyeedö (alternative Brazil)
nkaidheedö (alternative Brazil)


nkayekökö

From Proto-Cariban *mɨka (“back”) + -ye + -kökö (“by way of”).


anwaaka

Formed from an element *anwa + the postpositionalizing suffix -ka (“to, at”).

anwaka (alternative)
anwa'ka (alternative)


nwakköi

Alternative form of nwa'köi (“at the bottom of”)


owanökö

From owano (“acquaintance”) + -kö (formative used in spatial postpositions such as o'kökö and dü'tökö).


owadöödö

[owaːɾ̠əːɾ̠ə]


-uwö

marks an agent or dative beneficiary of the action; to, by


anaijakökkö

From aneja (“other”) + -kökö (“by way of”).


anetajakökö

From ane'taja (“being altogether different”) + -kökö (“by way of”).


de'wö

From Proto-Cariban *retɨ (“top”) + -wö (“at”).


de'köi

From Proto-Cariban *retɨ (“top”) + -köi (“at”).


de'kökö

From Proto-Cariban *retɨ (“top”) + -kökö (“by way of”).


jaköi

Suffixed with -köi (“at”), from the same root as -jawö.


ya'me

dha'me (alternative)
da'me (alternative)


da'me

(Cunucunuma River dialect) Alternative form of ya'me (“with”)


jökkö

(with clausal complement) when, in, because


köwa'kö

Likely derived from wa'kö (“the same as, equal to”).


yööwa'kö

From iyö (inanimate invisible demonstrative pronoun) + wa'kö (“the same as, equal to”).


yo'tawö

in the middle of, halfway along (something long)


woije

under the will of, at the direction of, steered by


jano'jüüdü

[hʷanoʔhʷɨːɾ̠ɨ]

done with difficulty or out of obligation


jataköi

From jata (“village”) + -köi (“at, to”).


-jawö

Suffixed with -wö (“at”), from the same root as jaköi.