vela

From Proto-Bantu *-dùɪda, applicative form of *-dùa.

to come, to originate [with locative ‘from’]


sala

From Proto-Bantu *-tígada, derived from Proto-Bantu *-tíga.


ya

(intransitive) to go to, towards [with locative]


cela

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǀē (“ask for something”).


vuna

(transitive) to pick, to reap, to harvest


fana

From Proto-Bantu *-púana, associative derivation of Proto-Bantu *-púa.


ceba

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǀawe (“plan, scheme”).


chama

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǀkham (“urinate”).


veza

From Proto-Bantu *-dùɪdia, causative form of Proto-Bantu *-dùɪda, applicative form of *-dùa.


zama

From Proto-Bantu *-jìjama, positional form of Proto-Bantu *-jìja (“to come”).


lingana

(intransitive) to be equal [with na- ‘to’]


canda

Cognate with Khoekhoe ǀkhan (“to split off”).


phila

(intransitive) to be well, to be healthy


biza

From Proto-Bantu *-bɪ́dia, causative form of Proto-Bantu *-bɪ́da.


linga

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ́nga (“search for, watch for, desire”).


bulala

From Proto-Bantu *-bʊ́daga, repetitive form of Proto-Bantu *-bʊ́da.


cambalala

From Proto-Bantu *-dàmbadada (“sprawl”), a double extensive derivation of Proto-Bantu *-dàmba (“sprawl”).


hlala

From Proto-Bantu *-jìkada, extensive form of *-jìka.


enza

From Proto-Bantu *-gèndia, causative form of Proto-Bantu *-gènda.


pheka

From Proto-Bantu *-jìpɪka (“to cook, to boil”).


akha

From Proto-Bantu *-jáka, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-jíbaka.


bopha

Cognate with Venda -vhofha, Zulu -bopha, Swazi -bopha.


buza

(transitive) to interrogate, to question


sondela

(intransitive) to approach, to come closer


quba

Cognate with Khoekhoe ǃkhū (“beat to death”).


phakama

From Proto-Bantu *-pákama, positional form of Proto-Bantu *-páka.


hlakula

From Proto-Bantu *-càkʊda (“to weed”), derived from Proto-Bantu *ìcàká (“thicket”).


aphuka

(intransitive) to break, to become broken


dlala

From -dla (“to eat”) + -ala. Although verb -tya has replaced -dla in its primary meaning of "to eat", it is clear that -dla formerly meant "to eat", due to its use in metaphorical extensions such as "to corrode" or "to enjoy".


otha

From Proto-Bantu *-jóta (“to warm oneself”).


libala

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀bada, extensive derivation of Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ba (“forget”).


hlafuna

From Proto-Bantu *-cákuna, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.


khonza

From Proto-Bantu *-kʊ́ndia, causative form of Proto-Bantu *kʊ́nda. Cognate with Rwanda-Rundi -kunda (“to like, to love”).


mka

From Proto-Bantu *-jímʊka, separative form of Proto-Bantu *jíma.


ngcwaba

Probably from a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǀhowas (“grave”). However, it could come from a Tuu language. Compare Nǀuu ŋǀoβa (“bury”).


ngxola

Cognate with Khoekhoe ǁnora (“hinder, plague someone”)


nkcenkceshela

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǀâǀâs (“irrigation”).


qesha

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe !gae (“hire”).


vutha

(intransitive) to be ablaze, to flare up


vuya

From Proto-Bantu *-búga (“speak”). A possible explanation for the semantic shift is "speak" → "talk a lot" → "be energetic" → "be glad". See Zulu -thetha for a similar semantic shift.


yeka

From Proto-Bantu *-dèka (“let, let go, cease, allow”). The expected reflex would be -leka. However, some Nguni dialects have /j/ as a regular reflex of *d, so this may be explained as a borrowing from another dialect.


ngcola

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǂnaoǂnao (“make dirty”).


qhula

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǃhō (“mock”).


langaza

[laᵑɡ̊a̤ːz̥a̤]


phela

(intransitive) to end, to terminate, to finish, to come to an end


aluka

From Proto-Bantu *-gàdʊka (“to turn, go back, come back”), intransitive separative form of Proto-Bantu *-gàda (“to turn, come back, go back, alter”). Compare with Zulu -eluka. The sense of being circumcised likely comes from the fact that initiates are taken out to the bush and then are returned after the ritual.


alusa

Causative form of -aluka. From Proto-Bantu *-gàdʊkia, causative form of Proto-Bantu *-gàdʊka (“to turn, go back, come back”), intransitive separative form of Proto-Bantu *-gàda (“to turn, come back, go back, alter”).


andlala

From Proto-Bantu *-jànjada, the extensive derivation of Proto-Bantu *-jànja (“to spread”).


tshayela

From Proto-Bantu *-pɪ́agɪda, cognate with Zulu -shayela.


xhola

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǁhoro (“cut a hole”).


chunuba

Cognate with Khoekhoe ǂhuni (“threaten with finger”).


xaxa

Cognate with Khoekhoe ǁ'ā-ǁ'ā (“prepare, make ready”).


xobula

Cognate with Khoekhoe ǁ'ūb (“old tree bark”).


gqobhoka

[ɡ̊ǃo̤b̥o̤ːka]

Cognate with Khoekhoe ǃhowasen (“convert”).


nqoma

Cognate with Khoekhoe ǃhâu (“tie cow's legs”).


nxula

Cognate with Khoekhoe ǁnū (“accompany”).


nqwema

Cognate with Khoekhoe ǃnoe (“cut up an animal”).


nqetha

Cognate with Khoekhoe ǂnai (“cut even”).


gxaleka

[ɡ̊ǁǎ̤leːka]

Cognate with Khoekhoe ǁgare (“unable to speak from excitement”).


ngqusha

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe !hû (“pound, stamp”).


hlupheka

(intransitive) to worry, to struggle hard


tsho

From Proto-Bantu *-tɪ̀ò, derived from Proto-Bantu *-tɪ̀ (“say, quote”).


dyarha

From Afrikaans jaag. Cognate with Zulu -jaha (“hurry”).


khumsha

From a Khoe language. Related to Zulu -humusha (“to translate”). Compare Khoekhoe khom (“to say”). The suffix -sha is frequently applied to loaned verbs.


ongeza

From Proto-Bantu *-jòngɪdia. Cognate with Zulu -engeza.


guqulela

(transitive) to translate into, to change to


hlwempuza

(transitive) to make poor, to impoverish


vitha

(transitive) to break in to small pieces


nwabulula

(transitive) to stretch something elastic