fy

head

fy (triggers nasal mutation of a following consonant)

of a following consonant (triggers-mutation-nasal)

'm

used after some prepositions, does not trigger mutation

Byddant yn fy nghyflogi dros dro.

me (as the direct object of a verbal noun)


i

From Proto-Brythonic *mi, from Proto-Celtic *mī.


o

Aphetic form of efô, reinforced form of ef


mi

Mae hen wlad fy nhadau yn annwyl i mi.

The old land of my fathers is dear to me.

Rhaid i mi fynd i weld Taid.


hi

From Proto-Celtic *sī (compare Old Irish sí).


hun

fy hun

ei hun

ein hun

fy ngeiriau fy hun

ei syniad ei hun

ein cartref ein hun

(with possessive determiner preceding both itself and the noun) own


ni

From Proto-Brythonic *ni, from Proto-Celtic *snīs.


dy

dy (triggers soft mutation of a following consonant)

From Proto-Celtic *towe (“your”); compare Cornish dha, Breton da, Irish do. See ti (“you”).

Beth sy'n dy gnoi di?

you (familiar singular; as the direct object of a verbal noun)


eu

eu (triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)

of a following vowel (triggers-h-prothesis)

Rhaid sganio’r ffeiliau cyn eu hagor a’u harchwilio.

You have to scan the files before opening them and exploring them.

them (as the direct object of a verbal noun)


ei

From Middle Welsh y, from Proto-Brythonic *eið, from Proto-Celtic *esyo m and *esyās f; compare Old Irish a (“his, her, its, their”) and Sanskrit अस्य (asyá, “his, its”) and अस्यास् (asyā́s, “her”).

Myfi’n bugeilio’r gwenith gwyn,

18th century, Wil Hopcyn, “Bugeilio’r gwenith gwyn”

Me watching the white wheat,
And another reaping it.

him, it (with reference to masculine nouns; as object of a verbal noun; triggers soft mutation of following consonant)

Ar ben y bryn mae sgwarnog fach, ar hyd y nos mae'n pori

On top of the hill there's a little hare, all night long she grazes
With her speckled back and her white white belly without taking any heed of any greyhound.

A’i chefen brith a’i bola bola gwyn yn hidio dim am filgi.

her, it (with reference to masculine nouns; as object of a verbal noun; triggers aspirate mutation of following consonant and h-prothesis of a following vowel)


ti

ti (mutation mutation-radical)
di (mutation mutation-soft)
thi (irregular mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Proto-Brythonic *ti, from Proto-Celtic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.


pa

From Proto-Celtic *kʷid, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid (compare *kʷis); compare Latin quid, Old Irish cid, Modern Irish cad, Cornish py, pe.


chi

From Middle Welsh chwi, from Proto-Celtic *swīs (compare Breton c’hwi, Cornish hwi, Old Irish síi), from Proto-Indo-European *wos.


fo

Reduction of efô, emphatic form of ef (“he (literary)”).


di

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


ein

head

ein (triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)

From Middle Welsh yn, an, from Old Welsh an. Compare Breton hon.

Os oes problem, cofiwch ein hysbysu i’n helpu i’w datrys yn gyflym.

If there is a problem, remember to inform us to help us to solve it quickly.

us (as the direct object of a verbal noun)


hwy

From Middle Welsh wy, from Proto-Celtic *eyes, plural of *es, from Proto-Indo-European *éy. Cognate with Breton i(nt) and Irish ia(d).
The initial h- is from the final -nt of verbs having the allophone -nnh- between vowels (e.g. gwelant wy “they see” > /gwelannhwy/ > gwelan(t) hwy); the colloquial form nhw formed by the same process.


'm

Dywed na’m hadwaenai.

He/She says that he/she would not recognise me.

Fe’m ganed i deulu di-Gymraeg.

I was born (lit. "One gave birth to me") into a non-Welsh-speaking family.

(literary) me (used after vowels as the direct object of a verb; triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)


-s

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *só (“that”).

Nis gwelais erioed.

Dyna ymadrodd nas clywir yn aml.

That is a phrase which is not often heard. (literally, "There is a phrase which one does not hear [it] often."

Nid yw iaith yn fyw onis defnyddir.

The language is not alive unless it is used. (literally, "…unless one uses it.")

1588, Y Beibl cyssegr-lan, 1 Corinthians 2:7,8:
Eithr yr ydym ni yn llefaru doethineb Duw mewn dirgelwch, sef y ddoethineb guddiedig, yr hon a ragordeiniodd Duw cyn yr oesoedd i’n gogoniant ni: yr hon nid adnabu neb o dywysogion y byd hwn: oherwydd pes adwaenasent, ni chroeshoeliasent Arglwydd y gogoniant.
But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory: which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.

(literary, otherwise obsolete) him, her, it, them


neb

From Proto-Celtic *nekʷos (“someone, something”), whence also Old Irish nech (“anyone; no-one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ne (negative particle) + Proto-Indo-European *kʷos (“which, that”). Cognate with Latvian nekas (“nothing”).


faint

Shortened from pa faint (“what amount”).


beth

Originally pa beth (“which thing”) with the soft mutation of peth (“thing”) after pa (“which”), from Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis.


dim

From Middle Welsh dim, cognate with the rare Old Irish dim (“something, anything”) (which may be a Brythonic loanword), with further etymology uncertain. Matasović derives the word from Proto-Celtic *dis-smi-, dissimilated from Proto-Indo-European *dus-smi- (literally “bad one”). Alternatively, Morris-Jones hypothesizes the original meaning was “share, portion” and derives the word from Proto-Celtic *dīsman, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂y- (“to share”).
Development of the particle sense (“not”) is an instance of Jespersen's Cycle.


gin

(colloquial) (North Wales) first-person singular of gan

(colloquial) (North Wales) second-person singular of gan


'n

head

'n (triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)

Mae e yma i'n harfarnu.

Fe'n magwyd yng ngefn gwlad.

We were brought up (lit. One brought us up) in the countryside.

us (as the direct object of a verbal noun or verb)


ati

(literary, colloquial) third-person singular feminine of at


hon

Mae hon yn well o lawer na honno.

Mae hon yn benbleth fawr.


a

Y dyn a welais i

(relative) that, which, who (used in 'direct' relative clauses, i.e. where the pronoun refers to the subject or the direct object of an inflected verb (as opposed to a periphrastic construction with bod, to be)).


gen

(colloquial) first-person singular of gan

(colloquial) second-person singular of gan


ato

(literary, colloquial) third-person singular masculine of at

(colloquial) (South Wales) first-person singular of at


ata

(colloquial) first-person singular of at


chwi

From Proto-Brythonic *hwi, from Proto-Celtic *swīs, from Proto-Indo-European *wos. Compare Breton c'hwi.


nhw

From Middle Welsh -nt (“3rd person plural verb ending”) + hwy (“they”), related to Breton i (“they”), Cornish i (“they”).


arna

(colloquial) first-person singular of am


'i

Roedd yr athro a’i ddisgyblion yn dod ymlaen yn dda.

The teacher and his students got on well.

Mae'r cyfle yn un da ond efallai nad ydych wedi’i ystyried o’r blaen.

The opportunity is a good one but perhaps you have never considered it before.

him, it (with reference to a masculine noun; used after vowels as the direct object of a verbal noun; triggers soft mutation of following consonant)

Roedd yr athrawes a’i disgyblion yn dod ymlaen yn dda.

The teacher and her students got on well.

Mae'r swydd yn un dda ond efallai nad ydych wedi’i hystyried o’r blaen.

The job is a good one but perhaps you have never considered it before.

her, it (with reference to a masculine noun; used after vowels as the direct object of a verbal noun; triggers aspirate mutation of following consonant and h-prothesis of a following vowel)

Ni wn a’i gwelais yno ai peidio.

I do not know whether I saw him/her/it there or not.

Fe’i hariennir yn rhannol gan yr elusen.

He/She/It is partially funded (lit. "One funds him/her/it partially") by the charity.

him, her, it (with reference to a masculine or feminine noun; used after vowels as the direct object of a verb; triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)


eich

I’ch derbyn ar y cwrs, bydd rhaid i gyfwelydd eich asesu gyntaf.

To accept you on the programme, an interviwer will have to first assess you.

you (either plural or polite singular; as the direct object of a verbal noun)


hyn

From Middle Welsh hynn, from Old Welsh hinn, from Proto-Celtic *sindos (“this”).

Mae hyn yn ddiflas.

Ni allaf gredu bod hyn wedi digwydd.

I cannot believe that this has happened.

Rwyf innau'n cytuno ond nid yw pawb mor bleidiol, er hyn.

I, personally, agree but not everyone is as favourable, however.

Dylai fo fod yma erbyn hyn.

Bydd rhai i bethau ddechrau newid o hyn ymlaen.

Things will have to start changing from now on.

(in certain multiword phrases – see Derived terms below.) now


pwy

From Old Welsh pui, from Proto-Brythonic *puɨ, from Proto-Celtic *kʷei, (compare Breton piv, Cornish piw, Old Irish cía), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷis.

Pwy yw e?


iddi

third-person singular feminine of i: “to her”, “for her”, “that she”


arnat

(literary, colloquial) second-person singular of ar


arnot

(colloquial) (South Wales) second-person singular of ar


iddo

third-person singular masculine of i: “to him”, “for him”, “that he”


iddynt

third-person plural of i: “to them”, “for them”, “that they”


iddot

For quotations using this term, see Citations:iddot.

(nonstandard, colloquial) second-person singular of i


iddoch

For quotations using this term, see Citations:iddoch.

(nonstandard, colloquial) second-person plural of i


'na

Apheretic variant of hwnna and honna (“that”).

(informal) Alternative form of hwnna (“that (masculine)”)

(informal) Alternative form of honna (“that (feminine)”)


'u

Cyhuddodd fi o’u dwyn ac yna’u gwerthu.

He/She accused me of stealing them and then selling them.

Fe’u ceir yma o bryd i'w gilydd.

They are found (lit. "One finds them") here occasionally.

them (used after vowels as the direct object of a verbal noun or verb)


hwynt

From hwy + the 3rd person plural ending -nt. For the same development compare Old Irish íat (Irish iad).


hwn

From Middle Welsh hwnn, from Proto-Brythonic *hunn, from Proto-Celtic *sondos.

Mae'n well gennyf hwn na hwnnw.

Arbenigwraig fyd-enwog yn hwn yw hi.


rhai

rhai (mutation mutation-radical)
rai (mutation mutation-soft)

Possibly related to Irish ré (“row, group of people”).

Dw i’n hoffi’r rhai du.

Mae rhai yn dweud hynny.

Mae rhai ar ôl, dw i’n credu.


hwnnw

From Old Welsh hunnoid, from the root of hwn.

Byddai hwnnw'n dir gwerth ei brynu.

Hwnnw yw'r drwg yn y caws.

Nid wyf am rhoi ateb i hwnnw.

I do not want to give an answer to that.


'ch

Ga’ i’ch helpu chi?

Hon yw’r un a’ch gwelodd.

you (either plural or polite singular; used after vowels as the direct object of a verbal noun or verb)


honno

Bydd honno'n gystadleuaeth werth ei gwylio.

That will be a competition worth watching.

Honno sy'n gwneud môr a mynydd o'r sefyllfa.

It's that woman who's blowing the situation out of proportion.

Ni chefais erioed ateb i honno.


hynny

o ran hynny

for that matter, as far as that is concerned, on that account

Mae hynny'n newyddion da.

Anaml iawn y gellir dweud hynny.

Diolch am hynny.

Doedd hi ddim yn fodlon cydnabod 'ny.

Rwyf innau'n cytuno ond nid yw pawb mor bleidiol, er hynny.

Roedd y sefyllfa wedi newid yn syweddol erbyn hynny.

The situation had significantly altered by then.

Wnawn ni aros dipyn ac yna gweld sut mae pethau wedi 'ny.

We'll wait a bit and then see how things are then.

(in certain multiword phrases – see Derived terms below.) then


'th

1588, Y Beibl cyssegr-lan, Genesis 28:15

Behold, I am with you and will keep you wherever you go, and will bring you back to this land; for I will not leave you until I have done what I have spoken to you.

Ac wele fi gyda thi; ac mi a’th gadwaf pa le bynnag yr elych, ac a’th ddygaf drachefn i’r wlad hon: oherwydd ni’th adawaf, hyd oni wnelwyf yr hyn a leferais wrthyt.

(literary) you (familiar singular; used after vowels as the direct object of a verb; triggers soft mutation of a following consonant)


chdi

Earlier thdi, reduced aspirate mutated form of the reduplicative pronoun tydi (“you yourself”).


faint o'r gloch

faint (“how much, how many”) + o'r gloch (“o'clock”, literally “of the bell”)


pawb

pawb (mutation mutation-radical)
bawb (mutation mutation-soft)
mhawb (mutation mutation-nasal)
phawb (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh pawb; see pob for more.


atat

(literary, colloquial) second-person singular of at


atot

(colloquial) (South Wales) second-person singular of at


hwnna

From hwn (“this”) + yna (“there”). Compare honna and hynna.

Pwy yw hwnna?

Ti'n deall 'na?


rheina

From y + rhai + yna, literally “the ones there; those ones”.

com

Pwy ydy'r rheina?

Mae'r rheina'n well na'r rhain, a dweud y gwir.

Roeddwn i wedi hen syrffedu ar y rheina.


popeth

popeth (mutation mutation-radical)
bopeth (mutation mutation-soft)
mhopeth (mutation mutation-nasal)
phopeth (mutation mutation-aspirate)


hyn oll

/ˌhɨ̞n ˈoːɬ/


hyn a'r llall

From hyn (“this”) + a'r (“and the”) + llall (“other one”).


hunan

Lexicalised h-prothesised form of unan, a form of un (“one”). Cognate with Cornish honan.

fy hunan

ei hunan

ein hunain

fy ngeiriau fy hunan

ei syniad ei hunan

ein cartref ein hunain

(with possessive determiner preceding both itself and the noun) own


arno

(literary, colloquial) third-person singular masculine of ar

(colloquial) (South Wales) first-person singular of ar


ohonynt

third-person plural of o: “of them”, “from them”


ganddo

(literary, colloquial) third-person singular masculine of gan


amdano

(literary, colloquial) third-person singular masculine of am

(colloquial) (South Wales) first-person singular of am


llall

Perhaps reduplication of Proto-Celtic *alyos (“other”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos (compare arall).


gynno

(colloquial) (North Wales) third-person singular masculine of gan


gynnoch

(colloquial) (North Wales) second-person plural of gan


ganddi

(literary, colloquial) third-person singular feminine of gan


gynnyn

(colloquial) (North Wales) third-person plural of gan


gynni

(colloquial) (North Wales) third-person singular feminine of gan


gynnon

(colloquial) (North Wales) first-person plural of gan


rhain

From y + rhai + hyn, literally “these ones”.

Mae'r rhain gen i'n barod.

Ydy'r rhain cystal â'r rheina.

Chi'n nabod rhein?


tithau

A ddoi di'n ŵr bach twt i mi, os do i'n wraig i tithau?

And will you become a dapper little husband to me, if I become a wife to you too?


chwithau

(formal or literary) you also, and you too (plural or polite)


wrthoch

second-person plural of wrth: “by you", "while you”


wrthat

second-person singular of wrth: “by you", "while you”


wrtho

third-person singular masculine of wrth: “by him", "while he”


wrthaf

first-person singular of wrth: “by me", "while I”


wrthi

third-person singular feminine of wrth: “by her", "while she”

wrthi’n glanhau

wrthi’n chwilio am waith

Rydym wrthi’n recriwtio nawr.

continuous aspect
continuous aspect#English

at it, in the middle of, in progress, right now (expresses the continuous aspect)


wrthon

first-person plural of wrth: “by us", "while we”


wrthyn

third-person plural of wrth: “by them", "while they”


arnoch

(literary, colloquial) second-person plural of am


ddim byd

dim byd (mutation mutation-radical)
ddim byd (mutation mutation-soft)
nim byd (mutation mutation-nasal)


dim byd

Literally “nothing of (the) world”.
In older Welsh dim (“thing”) was used negatively to indicate “nothing”, but due to semantic bleaching came to simply mean “not”, so the more emphatic dim byd became the standard way of expressing “nothing”.

Does dim byd yma.

Beth sy gyda ti? Dim byd.

nothing (takes soft mutation after a conjugated verb)


myfi

1620, William Morgan, Y Bibl Cyssegr-lan, Ioan 6:35

And Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of life: he that cometh to me shall never hunger; and he that believeth on me shall never thirst.

A’r Iesu a ddywedodd wrthynt, Myfi yw bara’r bywyd. Yr hwn sydd yn dyfod ataf fi, ni newyna; a’r hwn sydd yn credu ynof fi, ni sycheda un amser.

Petai'r parti 'di cymryd lle, fe fyddwn wedi gofyn i Andy Jones, sy'n gweithio yn siop recordiau Spillers ac sy'n dipyn o DJ yn ei amser sbâr i gymryd yr awenau efo'r miwsig gan fod ganddo chwaeth go eang ac mae'n hoff o reggae fel myfi.

If the party had taken place, I would have asked Andy Jones, who works in Spillers record shop and who is a bit of a DJ in his spare time to take the reins with the music since he has quite wide-ranging tastes and he likes reggae like me.

I, me (Emphatic form of fi (“I, me”), used especially in contrastive contexts.)


amdana

(colloquial) first-person singular of am


amdani

(literary, colloquial) third-person singular feminine of am


amdanat

(literary, colloquial) second-person singular of am


chithau

(colloquial) you also, and you too (plural or polite)


finnau

Alternative form of innau (“I also, and I too”)


dim ond

Dim ond un nes i gymryd!


beth bynnag

Fe fwyta i beth bynnag sy gyda ti.


o'n herwydd

(literary) first-person plural of oherwydd


o'th herwydd

(literary) second-person singular of oherwydd


a'i heithrio

(literary) third-person singular feminine of ac eithrio


o'u herwydd

(literary) third-person plural of oherwydd


amdanot

(colloquial) (South Wales) second-person singular of am


o'm herwydd

(literary) first-person singular of oherwydd


a'i eithrio

(literary) third-person singular masculine of ac eithrio


gennyt

(literary) second-person singular of gan


a'n heithrio

(literary) first-person plural of ac eithrio


a'th eithrio

(literary) second-person singular of ac eithrio


o'ch herwydd

(literary) second-person plural of oherwydd


ganddoch

(colloquial) second-person plural of gan


a'ch eithrio

(literary) second-person plural of ac eithrio


gennych

(literary, colloquial) second-person plural of gan


a'u heithrio

(literary) third-person plural of ac eithrio


o'i herwydd

(literary) third-person singular masculine of oherwydd

(literary) third-person singular feminine of oherwydd


a'm heithrio

(literary) first-person singular of ac eithrio


atoch

(literary, colloquial) second-person plural of at


eich gilydd

/ei̯χ ˈɡɪlɪð/

/ei̯χ ˈɡɪlɨ̞ð/

/əχ ˈɡɪlɨ̞ð/

/ei̯χ ˈɡiːlɪð/

/ei̯χ ˈɡɪlɪð/

/əχ ˈɡiːlɪð/


ein gilydd

/ei̯n ˈɡɪlɪð/

/ei̯n ˈɡɪlɨ̞ð/

/əŋ ˈɡɪlɨ̞ð/

/ei̯n ˈɡɪlɪð/

/əŋ ˈɡiːlɪð/


ei gilydd

ein gilydd (first-person plural)
eich gilydd (plural second-person)
- m (singular third-person)
- f (singular third-person)
ei gilydd (plural third-person)

/ei̯ ˈɡɪlɪð/

/ei̯ ˈɡɪlɨ̞ð/

/ei̯ ˈɡiːlɪð/

/ei̯ ˈɡɪlɪð/

Maen nhw'n deall ei gilydd yn dda.

Dyn ni wedi dod i 'nabod ein gilydd erbyn hyn.

Weloch chi'ch gilydd bore 'ma?


iddych

For quotations using this term, see Citations:iddych.


ta beth

Fe f'yta i beth bynnag sy 'da ti.


hynna

From hyn (“this”) + yna (“there”). Compare hwnna and honna.

Faint 'di hynna'n gyfan gwbl?

Dw i'm yn dallt hynna.


honna

From hon (“this”) + yna (“there”). Compare hwnna and hynna.

Pwy ydy honna?

Ti biau 'na?

Is that yours? (literally, “Is it you that owns that?”)


rheini

From y + rhai + hynny, literally “those ones”.

com

Pwy yw'r rheini?

Bydd rhai o'r rheini'n addas ond dim o'r rhain.

Some of those will be suitable but none of these.