draw

Related to Breton treu, Old Breton dydreu, didreu.

Mae'n byw ochr draw'r mynydd.

He/She lives on the other/far side of the mountain.

Dere draw ar ôl y gwaith.


do

From Proto-Celtic *tod, from Proto-Indo-European *tód (“that”).

Do, es i i'r parc ddoe.


go

From Middle Welsh gwo-, from Old Welsh guo-, from Proto-Brythonic *gwo-, from Proto-Celtic *uɸo- (“under”).


ni

From Proto-Celtic *nīs, from Proto-Indo-European *ne h₁ésti (“is not”).

der

Dywedodd Abimelech, “Ni wn i ddim pwy a wnaeth hyn; ni ddywedaist wrthyf, ac ni chlywais i sôn am y peth cyn heddiw.”

2004, Beibl Cymraeg Newydd Diwygiedig, Cymdeithas y Beibl, Genesis 21:26:

Abimelech said, “I do not know who has done this; you did not tell me, and I did not hear anything about it until today.”


tra

From Proto-Brythonic *trans, from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-. Cognate with English through, Latin trans.

Mae hynny'n fater tra gwahanol.


le

Le ma'r tŷ bach?


sut

Borrowed from Middle English sute (“clothes, suit; type”). Doublet of siwt.

bor+

Sut ydych chi?

Sut ewch chi yno?

Sut bydd y tywydd?


fel

From Proto-Brythonic *haβ̃al, itself from Proto-Celtic *samalis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”). Cognate with Breton evel, Cornish avel, Irish samhail, Latin similis.

der

Fel ’yt ti’n gwbod ’ny?


ffordd

Ffordd ’yt ti’n gwbod ’ny?


byth

From Middle Welsh byth, possibly borrowed from Old Irish bith, in which case doublet of byd.

Mae hwn yn wael ond mae hwnna'n waeth byth!

even (following the comparative degree of adjectives)

Wyt ti byth yn mynd i Iwerddon nawr?

Nac ydw, dw i byth yn mynd yno ragor.

No, I've never go there anymore. / No, I don't ever go there anymore.


iawn

From Middle Welsh yawn, from Proto-Brythonic *yọn, from Proto-Celtic *yānos (“true, noble”), of uncertain further origin.

da iawn


paham

Paham wyt ti yma?


toc

Toc daw'r stemar bach i'w towio.

Soon the little steamer will come to tow them.

Tan toc!


hefyd

Probably derived from the same root as hafal (“equal”).

(dialectal, with negation) either, neither


nid

From ni with the same meaning, perhaps with addition of yd (affirmative particle).

“Nid yma i gosbi mae athrawon,” meddai pennaeth Bro Myrddin

2022 October 12, “Fêpio ac ymddygiad gwael yn straen sylweddol ar athrawon”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:

“Teachers are not here to punish,” said the head of Bro Myrddin [School]

(formal) not (used before a word or phrase that has been moved before the main verb for emphasis)


rhy

From Proto-Brythonic *rro, from Proto-Celtic *ɸro (“before, in front”), from Proto-Indo-European *pró.


mor

Perhaps related to mawr (“great, large”), compare Irish mór- (“great-, grand-”).


falle

perhaps, maybe (colloquial form of efallai)


pur

From Middle Welsh pur, from Proto-Brythonic *pʉr, from Latin pūrus.


mas

From i'r maes (“to the field”), ae in monosyllabic words often being pronounced /aː/ in South Wales. For the same semantic development compare Irish amuigh (“out”) < Old Irish i mmaig (literally “in (a) field”).


fama

(colloquial) Informal form of y fan yma (“here”).


felly

Contraction of the phrase hafal hyn, lit. "equal this", via a series of sound changes hafal hyn > (h)efel hyn > (e)fell hyn > (e)felly(n), (y)felly(n) > felly. Cognate with Middle Breton euelhenn.


lan

The sense of "up, upwards" comes from an abbreviation of the phrase i'r lan "to the shore, ashore; upwards".

Sa i'n mynd lan gyda ti yn y fflipfflops yna.

I'm not going up with you in those flipflops.


heno

From Old Welsh henoid, from Proto-Brythonic *henoɨθ, from Proto-Celtic *se noxt-. Cognate with Breton henoazh, Cornish haneth, Old Irish innocht.


ble

Contraction of ba le from pa le (“which place”), mutated so as to show adverbial usage.


bron

From Middle Welsh bronn, from Proto-Brythonic *bronn, from Proto-Celtic *brusū (“belly”).


moch

From Middle Welsh moch, from Proto-Brythonic *mox (“early, soon”), from Proto-Celtic *moxs, from Proto-Indo-European *moḱs, whence also Sanskrit मक्षू (makṣū, “fast; early”), Avestan 𐬨𐬊𐬱𐬎 (mošu, “soon, quickly”), Latin mox (“soon”).


heddiw

From Proto-Celtic *so (“this”) + *dīyos (“day”); compare Breton hiziv/hiziw (from Middle Breton hizio), Cornish hedhyw; Latin hodiē.


mwyaf

Used to form the superlative of adjectives.


mwy

From Proto-Celtic *māyos, comparative form of *māros, from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁-. Cognate with Irish mó and Scottish Gaelic mò.

Used to form comparative constructions with adjectives.


fatha

From yr (“the”) + un (“one”) + fath (“kind”) + â (“as”).


sef

From Middle Welsh ysef, yssef, from ys (“is”) + ef (“it”).


digon

Deverbal from digoni (“to be able, to suffice”).


plis

Ga i omled i frecwast, plis?

May I have an omelette for breakfast, please?


eto

Reduced form of Middle Welsh eton, from Proto-Brythonic *edwon, from Proto-Celtic *eti-uɸo-nā.

(in a negative or interrogative sentence) yet


gwir

From Middle Welsh gwir, from Proto-Brythonic *gwir, from Proto-Celtic *wīros, from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁ros.


dyna

From weli + di + yna "do you see there". Compare dyma and dacw.

dyna fo

there he/it is/are; that's him/it; that's how he/it is

dyna hi

there she/it is/are; that's her/it; that's how she/it is


yna

Cognate with Cornish ena and Breton ena.

Mae rhywun yna.

Pwy sy 'na?

At a place some distance away from the speaker

Mae 'na si ar led.

(informal) Used expletively directly following bod (“to be”) to indicate existence without adverbial force. (Used in a similar manner to English there is etc.. Especially common in north Wales.)

Ewch i'r chwith, yna i'r dde ac yna i'r chwith eto.

Go left, then right and then left again.

Ac Yna Clywodd Sŵn y Môr

y ferch yna

y bore 'na

that morning (literally, “the morning there”)

(informal) (in conjunction with the definite article y)

y merched yna

those girls (literally, “the girls there”)

y boreau 'na

those girls (literally, “the mornings there”)


yma

From Proto-Celtic *uman, cognate with Cornish omma and Breton amañ.

Dewch yma.

Dw i 'ma.

y bachgen yma

y prynhawn 'ma

y bechgyn yma

y prynhawniau 'ma

these afternoons (literally, “the afternoons here”)


lle

From Proto-Brythonic *lleɣ, from Proto-Celtic *legyom.

Lle mae'r brifysgol?

O le wyt ti'n dŵad yn wreiddiol?


gwell

Inherited from Proto-Celtic *wellos, from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“choose, want”).

inh

Mae well 'da fi ddawnsio na chanu (South)

(literally, “It is better with me to dance than to sing”)

Mae well gen i de na choffi (North)

(literally, “Tea is better with me than coffee”)

Well i chi beidio

(literally, “[It is] better to you not to”)


gwala

From Proto-Brythonic *walɣ, from Proto-Celtic *wel-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to throng, crowd”).


newydd

From Middle Welsh newyð, from Old Welsh neguid, from Proto-Brythonic *nöwɨð, from Proto-Celtic *nowyos (compare Old Irish nuae, Breton nevez), from Proto-Indo-European *néwos.

Dan ni newydd ddychwelyd adref.


bant

Gyrrodd e bant heb ddweud gair

He drove away / off, without saying a word

Ydy'r cyfrifiadur bant?

(South Wales, colloquial) off (not in an operating state)


ymlaen

Symudwch ymlaen, wnewch chi?

Move forward / ahead / along / on, will you?

Ydy'r cyfrifiadur ymlaen?


'na

(informal) Alternative form of yna (“there”)

(following a singular noun) Alternative form of yna (“that”)

(following a singular noun) Alternative form of yna (“these”)


'na

(informal) Alternative form of dyna (“there is/are”)


fory

(colloquial) Alternative form of yfory (“tomorrow”)


llawn

From Proto-Brythonic *llọn, from Proto-Celtic *ɸlānos (compare Old Irish lán), from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós, from *pleh₁- (“to fill”).


gartref

Dydw i ddim yn aros gartref nawr.

Sa i'n mynd gartref nawr.


allan

Probably related to llan (“church, yard”).


'ma

Fi sy 'ma.

It's me (literally, “It is I who is here.”)

(informal) Alternative form of yma (“here”)


'ma

'Ma rywbeth i ti.

(informal) Alternative form of dyma (“here is/are”)


nawr

Contracted from yn awr (“at (this) hour”).


yn ôl

Dw i isio mynd yn ôl i Gymru eto.

back (to or in a previous condition or place)


gobeithio

/ɡɔˈbei̯θjɔ/

/ɡɔˈbei̯θjɔ/

Denominative verb from gobaith (“hope”) + -io.

Gobeithio byddi di’n well yn fuan.

hopefully (it is hoped that) (sentence adverb)


pryd

From Middle Welsh pryd, from Proto-Brythonic *prɨd. Cognate with Breton pred and Cornish prys.


adra

(North Wales) Colloquial form of adref (“home, homeward”)


wng

From Middle Welsh wg (“near, nigh”), alternative form of wnc, from Proto-Brythonic *unk, from Proto-Celtic *onkos (“near”) (whence Old Irish oc (“at”)).


wnc

From Middle Welsh wnc (“near, nigh”), from Proto-Brythonic *unk, from Proto-Celtic *onkus (“near”) (whence Old Irish oc (“at”)).


yfory

Related to Welsh bore, from Proto-Celtic *bāregos (“morning”). Compare Irish amáireach (“tomorrow”), a reduced form of i mbáireach.


dyma

From wele (“look”) + di (“you”) + yma (“here”). Compare dyna and dacw.


ddwywaith

/ˈðʊɨ̯wai̯θ/

/ˈðʊi̯wai̯θ/


unwaith

(used at the beginnings of fairytales) once upon a time


dwywaith

/ˈdʊɨ̯wai̯θ/


deirgwaith

teirgwaith
deirgwaith (soft)
nheirgwaith
theirgwaith


theirgwaith

Aspirate mutation of teirgwaith (“thrice”).


acw

Clipping of rhacw or racw, metanalysed as 'r + acw.


rhywsut

/ˈr̥ɪu̯sɨ̞t/

/ˈr̥ɨu̯sɨ̞t/


o'r gloch

/ˌoːr ˈɡloːχ/


e.e.

Abbreviation of er enghraifft (“for example”).: e.g.


ddoe

From Middle Welsh doe, does, from Proto-Celtic *gdesi, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰyés.

Roedd hi’n bwrw eira yng Nghaerdydd ddoe.


eleni

Cognate with Cornish hevleni. From a compound of Proto-Celtic *so (“this”) and *bleidanī (“year”). (Compare heddiw, from *so and *dīyos (“day”).)


fel arfer

From fel (“like, as”) + arfer (“custom, habit”).


isod

From Middle Welsh issot, a derivation from Proto-Celtic *ɸīssu (“under”), from Proto-Indo-European *pedsú, locative plural of *pṓds (“foot”). Related to is and isel.

Dengys y siart isod nifer y derbyniadau yn ôl oed.

The chart below shows the number of admissions according to age.


trennydd

Related to tra- (“across”) + dydd (“day”).

day after tomorrow
day after tomorrow#Adverb


trannoeth

From tra- + an inflection of Proto-Celtic *noxt- (“night”), whence Welsh nos. Compare also heno (“tonight”) < Middle Welsh henoeth.


rhagor

rhag (“before”) + ôr (“boundary, limit”)


neithiwr

Earlier neithiwyr, from Proto-Celtic *noxt-yēr-, a derivative of *noxs (“night”), from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts. Compare Breton neizheur and Cornish nyhewer.


adref

Dw i ddim yn mynd adref nawr.

Dw i'm yn aros adref rŵan.


erioed

From er (“during, since”) + ei (“his”) + oed (“time”).

Dyma'r pics gorau erioed!

ever (following the superlative degree of adjectives)

Wyt ti erioed wedi bod yn Iwerddon?

Wyt ti wedi bod yn Iwerddon erioed?

Naddo, dw i erioed wedi bod yno.

No, I've never been there. / No, I haven't ever been there.

Naddo, dw i ddim wedi bod yno erioed.

Dw i wedi byw yng Nghymru erioed.

always (with affirmative perfective verbs in adverbial position)


am byth

Cymru am byth!


efallai

Neu efallai, jyst efallai, ei fod yn gwybod pa mor bynnag ofnadwy oedd heddiw iddo fe, fe fydd yfory yn waith i Peter Hain.

2009 November 24, Vaughan Roderick, “Efallai”, in BBC Cymru Newyddion:

Or maybe, just maybe, he knows that however terrible today was for him, tomorrow will be Peter Hain's turn.


faint o'r gloch

faint (“how much, how many”) + o'r gloch (“o'clock”, literally “of the bell”)


rŵan

Contracted from yr awr hon (“at this hour”).


eisoes

Mae hi eisoes yn barod.


llwrw

Borrowed from Old Irish lorg (“path, track”).


traw

(literary) Alternative form of draw (“there, yonder, over”)


fodd bynnag

From soft mutation of modd (“way, manner”) + bynnag (“soever”).


yn achlysurol

/ən ˌaχləˈsɨ̞rɔl/


yn barod

Derbyniaf yn barod mai gwir yw hynny.

I readily acknowledge that that is true.

Maen nhw wedi trefnu popeth yn barod.


i ffwrdd

(formal) Gyrrodd i ffwrdd heb ddweud gair

(North Wales, colloquial) Mi wnaeth o yrru i ffwrdd heb ddeud gair

(formal or North Wales, colloquial) away, off

Ydy'r cyfrifiadur i ffwrdd?

(formal or North Wales, colloquial) off (not in an operating state)


fanna

(colloquial) Informal form of y fan yna (“there”).


tybed

Oedd hi'n iawn, tybed?

Tybed pam


cynt

From Proto-Brythonic *kɨnt (“earlier, sooner”), from Proto-Celtic *kentus.

inh

comparative degree of cynnar (“earlier”)


bellach

From pell (“far”) + -ach with soft mutation.


i fyny

From i fynydd, from mynydd (“hill, mountain”).


dichon

From a Proto-Celtic *dī-ad-kān-, from *dī- (“from, of”) + *ad- (“ad-”) + a root *kān- (“sound”) that also appears in gwogawn (“glory”), gogoniant (“splendour”), and digon (“enough”).

Dichon y dywaid rhai fod gennym yn barod ddigon, onid gormod, o gyfnodolion Cymraeg.

2010 February 18, Glyn Evans, “Yn gryno yn Gymraeg”, in BBC Cymru Cylchgrawn:

Maybe some said that we had enough, if not too many, Welsh periodicals.


echnos

the night before last
the night before last

the day before yesterday
the day before yesterday

the night before last, the evening of the day before yesterday


echdoe

day before yesterday
day before yesterday


o flaen llaw

/ɔvˌlaːɨ̯n ˈɬaːu̯/

From o flaen (“before”) + llaw (“hand”).


ymlaen llaw

/əmˌlaːɨ̯n ˈɬaːu̯/


dacw

From wele (“look”) + di (“you”) + acw (“yonder”). Compare dyma and dyna.


rownd y ril

rownd (“round”) + y (“the”) + ril (“reel”)


rownd abówt

(South Wales) round about, round the place


ambeutu

From am (“about, on”) + peutu (“every side”).


obeutu

From o (“of, from”) + peutu (“every side”); the second element is related to the historical pronoun beu- (“every”) (as in beunydd (“everyday”), Breton bemdez (“every day”); see pob (“each, every”)), but the entire word was probably influenced by English about.


naddo

Naddo, es i ddim i'r parc ddoe.


yn gymwys

/əŋ ˈɡəmʊɨ̯s/

/əŋ ˈɡəmʊi̯s/


eithaf

Old Welsh heitham, from Proto-Celtic *extamos. Cognate with Latin extimus.

O'n nhw'n eitha grymus yn y dechrau ond yn y diwedd ro'n ni'n rhy gryf iddyn nhw.

They were quite powerful at the start but in the end we were too strong for them.


chwaith

From chwaeth (“taste”), from its historical use to add emphasis to negative expressions (i.e. "not [even] a taste").

Does gynno fo ddim arian, chwaith.


llynedd

From Middle Welsh yrllyned. Seemingly formed as a derivative of blwyddyn / blynedd (“year”) with some prefix, though the details are unclear. Compare eleni (“this year”), and Breton warlene (“last year”).


ynglŷn

From yn (“in”) + glŷn (“attachment, adherence”) (see glynu).


yn dal

From the verb-noun dal in its sense of "continue, remain".


byth bythoedd

O oes i oes ac am byth bythoedd.


ers achau

Er i mi fod moyn gwbod y gwir ers achau, sa i mor siŵr nawr.

Although I've wanted to know the truth for ages, I'm not so sure now.


yn oes oesoedd

Calque of Latin in saecula saeculorum (literally “in ages of ages”), a phrase found in the Latin Vulgate.


mewn pryd

in time (at or before the time assigned)


wir i ti

Shortened from yn wir i ti (literally “truly to you”)


pa mor

Pa mor bell i ffwrdd ydy’r tŷ?


draw 'na

Bydda i draw 'na ar y penwythnos.


draw fanna

Mae hi'n byw draw fanna yn rhywle.


draw fan hyn

Dere draw fan hyn i gael pip.


yn fuan

From yn (adverb-forming particle) + buan (“quick, rapid”).


gynnau

From Middle Welsh gynheu, fixed mutation of a form of cynt (“earlier, sooner”).


sawl gwaith

Sawl gwaith yr wythnos wyt ti'n mynd?

(interrogative) how many times? how often?

Rwy'n mynd sawl gwaith yr wythnos.


ling-di-long

(of movement) leisurely, slowly, swayingly


hyd yn oed

Wnest ti ddim hyd yn oed edrych arna i.


beth bynnag

Dyna ddwedodd hi wrthon ni beth bynnag.


ysywaeth

/əˈsəu̯.aɨ̯θ/

From y + sy + gwaeth. Cognate with Breton siwazh.


ymhle

yn (“in”) + pa le (“which place, where”)


dros ben

Beth wnawn ni gyda'r holl fwyd dros ben?

What shall we do with all the leftover food?

left over, leftover, surplus, residual, excess

Mae'r arddangosfa'n ddiddorol dros ben.

The exhibition is extremely interesting.


ynghlwm

Gweler ynghlwm.


gyferbyn

cyferbyn
gyferbyn (soft)
nghyferbyn
chyferbyn

/ɡəˈvɛrbɨ̞n/

Soft mutated form of cyferbyn (“opposite”).

Mae'r maes parcio gyferbyn yn rhatach.


beunydd

peunydd
beunydd (soft)
mheunydd
pheunydd

Soft mutated form of peunydd due to its being used adverbially.


peunydd

*peu (“every”) + dydd (“day”) (cf. peutu (“every side”))


peutu

*peu (“every”) + tu (“side”) (cf. peunydd (“every day”))


o hyd

Dw i'n dysgu o hyd.

Dw i o hyd yn dysgu.


gyda llaw

/ˈɡɨ̞da ˈɬau̯/

/ˈɡɪda ˈɬau̯/

/ˈɡəda ˈɬau̯/

gyda (“with”) + llaw (“hand”) The pronunciation of gyda with /ɨ̞ ~ ɪ/ reflects its origin as two separate words, cyd (“joint, united”) + â (“with”).


gydag iawn

gyda (“with”) + iawn (“rightness, truth”). The pronunciation of gydag with /ɨ̞ ~ ɪ/ reflects its origin as two separate words, cyd (“joint, united”) + ag (“with”).


heb oedi

/ˌhɛb ˈɔɨ̯di̞/


undydd a blwyddyn

undydd a blwyddyn
hundydd a blwyddyn (prothesis-h)

/ˌɨ̞ndɨ̞ð a ˈblʊɨ̯ðɨ̞n/

/ˌɪndɪð a ˈblʊi̯ðɪn/


undydd unnos

undydd unnos
hundydd unnos (prothesis-h)

/ˌɨ̞ndɨ̞ð ˈɨ̞nɔs/

/ˌɪndɪð ˈɪnɔs/


ta beth

'Na wedodd hi wrthon ni ta beth.


'ny

Apheretic variant of hynny (“those; that”).

(informal) Alternative form of hynny (“that”)

(informal) Alternative form of hynny (“then”)


yn enw.

esp., abbreviation of yn enwedig (“especially”).


yn enwedig

/ən ɛnˈwɛdɪɡ/

/ən ɛnˈwɛdɪɡ/


fyny

Fysa well gen i fynd fyny yn yr eira na glaw! Yn amlwg mae hi'n oer ar y topia' ar y funud ond dwi'n trio peidio aros o gwmpas rhy hir pan dwi fyny 'na.

2022 December 22, “Dringo'r Wyddfa 22 gwaith er cof am Dad”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:

I'd rather go up in snow than rain! Obviously it's cold on the peaks at the minute but I try not to hang around too long when I'm up there.


ar gyfeiliorn

mynd ar gyfeiliorn


draw fama

Mae hi'n byw draw fama yn rhywle.


ymaith

From i (“to”) + ymddaith (“to go, to travel”).


pa mor bynnag

Mae bodolaeth plaid genedlaethol, pa mor bynnag fechan oedd honno, yn rhan o'r ateb

2015 September 4, Vaughan Roderick, “Byd y Bale”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:

The existence of a national party, however small it was, is part of the answer


fel arall

From fel (“like, as”) + arall (“another”).


trwy'r amser

literary form of drwy'r amser (“all the time”)


mwy fwy

Alternative form of mwyfwy (“more and more”)


llai-lai

Alternative form of lleilai (“less and less”)


mwy a mwy

Yn mwyhau neu’n cynyddu’n gyson, ar gynnydd, mwy a mwy o hyd

1950-present, R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru [The Dictionary of the University of Wales], mwyfwy, mwy fwy, page 2518:

Steadily enlarging or increasing, more and more, greater and greater, larger and larger


llai a llai

Yn lleihau’n gyson, llai a llai o hyd

1950-present, R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru [The Dictionary of the University of Wales], lleilai, llai-lai, page 2147:

steadily diminishing or dwindling, &c., ever lesssening or decreasing, becoming smaller and smaller, growing less and less or fewer and fewer, ever less and less


yn hwyr neu'n hwyrach

(set phrase) sooner or later, eventually