arch

From Middle Welsh arch, from Proto-Brythonic *arx, from Latin arca.

Mae’r arddangosfa yn ymchwilio i’r modd y caiff y corff dynol ei gadw wedi marwolaeth. Penllanw deng mlynedd o waith yw’r casgliad o jariau claddu ac eirch carreg maint llawn.

The exhibition explores the way in which the human body is preserved after daeth. The collection of burial jars full-size stone coffins is the culmination of ten years' work.

A Duw a ddywedodd wrth Noah, diwedd pôb cnawd a ddaeth ger fy mron: o blegit llanwyd y ddaiar a thrawſedd oi herwydd hwynt: ac wele myfi ai difethaf hwynt gyd ar ddaiar. Gwna di it Arch o goed Gopher, yn gellau y gwnei'r Arch, a phŷga hi oddi fewn, ac oddi allan a phŷg.

1588, William Morgan, transl., Y Beibl : Y Beibl cyssegr-lan, 1st edition, London: Humphrey Toy, LLyfr cyntaf Moſes yr hwn a elwir Gᴇɴᴇsɪs 6:2–14:

And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth. Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch.


arch

A back-formation from erchi (“to seek, ask for”).


arch

arch (mutation mutation-radical)
harch (mutation prothesis-h)

An inflected form of erchi (“to seek, ask for”).

second-person singular imperative of erchi


tom

tomau (plural)
tom (mutation mutation-radical)
dom (mutation mutation-soft)
nhom (mutation mutation-nasal)
thom (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). Compare Middle Irish tomm (“clump, hill”).


canon

From English canon, from Latin canōn, from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn, “measuring rod, standard”).


canon

Borrowed from English cannon, from Italian cannone, from Latin canna (“reed”).


canon

canon (mutation mutation-radical)
ganon (mutation mutation-soft)
nghanon (mutation mutation-nasal)
chanon (mutation mutation-aspirate)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

first/third-person plural preterite colloquial of canu


mango

mangos (plural)
mango (mutation mutation-radical)
fango (mutation mutation-soft)


neg

deg (mutation mutation-radical)
ddeg (mutation mutation-soft)
neg (mutation mutation-nasal)

Nasal mutation of deg (“(cardinal) ten”).


credit

second-person singular imperfect/conditional of credu


credit

creditau (plural)
credit (mutation mutation-radical)
gredit (mutation mutation-soft)
nghredit (mutation mutation-nasal)
chredit (mutation mutation-aspirate)


chest

cest (mutation mutation-radical)
gest (mutation mutation-soft)
nghest (mutation mutation-nasal)
chest (mutation mutation-aspirate)


lid

llid (mutation mutation-radical)
lid (mutation mutation-soft)


bom

bomiau (plural)
bom (mutation mutation-radical)
fom (mutation mutation-soft)
mom (mutation mutation-nasal)

(slang) bomb, mint, killing (large amount of money)


odi

cy-verb

odi (first-person singular present odaf)

odaf (first-person present singular)
odaf (first-person future indicative present singular)
odi (future indicative present second-person singular)
od (future indicative present singular third-person)
oda (future indicative present singular third-person)
odwn (first-person future indicative plural present)
odwch (future indicative plural present second-person)
odant (future indicative plural present third-person)
odir (future impersonal indicative present)
odwn (conditional first-person singular)
odwn (first-person imperfect indicative singular subjunctive)
odit (conditional second-person singular)
odit (imperfect indicative second-person singular subjunctive)
odai (conditional singular third-person)
odai (imperfect indicative singular subjunctive third-person)
odem (conditional first-person plural)
odem (first-person imperfect indicative plural subjunctive)
odech (conditional plural second-person)
odech (imperfect indicative plural second-person subjunctive)
odent (conditional plural third-person)
odent (imperfect indicative plural subjunctive third-person)
odid (conditional impersonal)
odid (imperfect impersonal indicative subjunctive)
odais (first-person preterite singular)
odaist (preterite second-person singular)
ododd (preterite singular third-person)
odasom (first-person plural preterite)
odasoch (plural preterite second-person)
odasant (plural preterite third-person)
odwyd (impersonal preterite)
odaswn (first-person pluperfect singular)
odasit (pluperfect second-person singular)
odasai (pluperfect singular third-person)
odasem (first-person pluperfect plural)
odasech (pluperfect plural second-person)
odasent (pluperfect plural third-person)
odasid (impersonal pluperfect)
odesid (impersonal pluperfect)
odwyf (first-person present singular subjunctive)
odych (present second-person singular subjunctive)
odo (present singular subjunctive third-person)
odom (first-person plural present subjunctive)
odoch (plural present second-person subjunctive)
odont (plural present subjunctive third-person)
oder (impersonal present subjunctive)
od (imperative second-person singular)
oda (imperative second-person singular)
oded (imperative singular third-person)
odwn (first-person imperative plural)
odwch (imperative plural second-person)
odent (imperative plural third-person)
oder (imperative impersonal)
odi (noun-from-verb)
odedig (participle)
odadwy (participle)
oda i (first-person future singular)
odaf i (first-person future singular)
odi di (future second-person singular)
odith o (future singular third-person)
e (future singular third-person)
hi (future singular third-person)
odiff e (future singular third-person)
odwn ni (first-person future plural)
odwch chi (future plural second-person)
odan nhw (future plural third-person)
odwn i (conditional first-person singular)
odswn i (conditional first-person singular)
odet ti (conditional second-person singular)
odset ti (conditional second-person singular)
odai fo (conditional singular third-person)
fe (conditional singular third-person)
hi (conditional singular third-person)
odsai fo (conditional singular third-person)
oden ni (conditional first-person plural)
odsen ni (conditional first-person plural)
odech chi (conditional plural second-person)
odsech chi (conditional plural second-person)
oden nhw (conditional plural third-person)
odsen nhw (conditional plural third-person)
odais i (first-person preterite singular)
odes i (first-person preterite singular)
odaist ti (preterite second-person singular)
odest ti (preterite second-person singular)
ododd o (preterite singular third-person)
e (preterite singular third-person)
hi (preterite singular third-person)
odon ni (first-person plural preterite)
odoch chi (plural preterite second-person)
odon nhw (plural preterite third-person)
oda (imperative second-person singular)
odwch (imperative plural second-person)
odi (mutation mutation-radical)
hodi (mutation prothesis-h)

Possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pet-.


bacio

pacio (mutation mutation-radical)
bacio (mutation mutation-soft)
mhacio (mutation mutation-nasal)
phacio (mutation mutation-aspirate)


gig

cig (mutation mutation-radical)
gig (mutation mutation-soft)
nghig (mutation mutation-nasal)
chig (mutation mutation-aspirate)


afraid

cy-adj

afraid (feminine singular afraid, plural afraid, equative afreidied, comparative afreidiach, superlative afreidiaf)

afraid (feminine singular)
afraid (plural)
afreidied (equative)
afreidiach (comparative)
afreidiaf (superlative)

mogelwch yma golyn
a fo goeg, ag afu gwyn—
a choegddyn crin, ledryn crach,
o fradwr—nid afreidiach;

c. 1500, Ieuan Tew, poem in Cwrt Mawr manuscript no. 5, published and translated 1921 by T. Gwynn Jones, “Cultural Bases. A Study of the Tudor Period in Wales”, Y Cymmrodor. The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, vol. 31, page 182

beware of the sting of white-livered wretches, and every withered, niggardly wretch of a traitor—it were not less necessary;

Amlwg fydd trŵyn a’r wyneb;

c. 1600, Edmwnd Prys, quoted in A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative by J. Morris Jones, Oxford: 1913, p. 44

Plain is the nose on a face; it is unnecessary for us to mention anyone.


afraid

afreidiau (plural)
afraid (mutation mutation-radical)
hafraid (mutation prothesis-h)


Wicipedia

Croeso i Wicipedia, y gwyddoniadur rhydd y gall unrhyw un ei olygu

Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia anyone can edit


nos

From Middle Welsh nos, according to Matasovic, a loanword from Latin nox (“night”), but according to Falileyev, from Old Welsh nos, from Proto-Celtic *noxt-stu-, a suffixed form of *noxs (“night”) (the expected Welsh descendant of this would be **noeth).
Cognates include Breton noz, Cornish nos and Gaulish nox


-est

(colloquial) verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite


tor

tor (mutation mutation-radical)
dor (mutation mutation-soft)
nhor (mutation mutation-nasal)
thor (mutation mutation-aspirate)

(literary) third-person singular present/future of torri

(literary) second-person singular imperative of torri


gris

grisiau (plural)
gris (mutation mutation-radical)
ris (mutation mutation-soft)
ngris (mutation mutation-nasal)

Borrowed from Middle English grece, from Old French grez, plural of gré, from Latin gradus. Doublet of gradd.


hen

hen (feminine singular hen, plural henion, equative hyned, comparative hŷn or hynach or henach, superlative hynaf or henaf, not mutable)

hen (feminine singular)
henion (plural)
hyned (equative)
hŷn (comparative)
hynach (comparative)
henach (comparative)
hynaf (superlative)
henaf (superlative)

From Proto-Brythonic *hen, from Proto-Celtic *senos, from Proto-Indo-European *sénos.

hawdd cynnau tân ar hen aelwyd

it is easy to rekindle love with an old flame

Hen Ogledd

Old North (Brittonic southern Scotland and northern England)

old, aged; ancient, antique, pristine, former; inveterate, chronic; original; senior, elder

unreformed, old, traditional (of style or mode of expressing dates according to the Julian Calendar); reckoned according to the Old Style (of festival)


dueg

duegau (plural)
dueg (mutation mutation-radical)
ddueg (mutation mutation-soft)
nueg (mutation mutation-nasal)

From du (“black”) + -eg. Compare black bile, traditionally believed to be secreted by the spleen.


od

od (feminine singular od, plural od, equative oded, comparative odach, superlative odaf)

od (feminine singular)
od (plural)
oded (equative)
odach (comparative)
odaf (superlative)


od

od (mutation mutation-radical)
hod (mutation prothesis-h)

(literary) Alternative form of o (“if, whether”) used before vowels.


America

America (mutation mutation-radical)
Hamerica (mutation prothesis-h)

yr Amerig

Gogledd America, Canolbarth America, De America


nei

second-person singular future colloquial of gwneud


dial

From Middle Welsh dial, from Old Welsh digal, from Proto-Brythonic *diɣal, from Proto-Celtic *dī-galā. Cognate with Cornish dial, Breton dial and Old Irish dígal and its modern derivatives.


dial

cy-verb

dial (first-person singular present dialaf)

dialaf (first-person present singular)
dialaf (first-person future indicative present singular)
dieli (future indicative present second-person singular)
dial (future indicative present singular third-person)
diala (future indicative present singular third-person)
dialwn (first-person future indicative plural present)
dielwch (future indicative plural present second-person)
dialwch (future indicative plural present second-person)
dialant (future indicative plural present third-person)
dielir (future impersonal indicative present)
dialwn (conditional first-person singular)
dialwn (first-person imperfect indicative singular subjunctive)
dialit (conditional second-person singular)
dialit (imperfect indicative second-person singular subjunctive)
dialai (conditional singular third-person)
dialai (imperfect indicative singular subjunctive third-person)
dialem (conditional first-person plural)
dialem (first-person imperfect indicative plural subjunctive)
dialech (conditional plural second-person)
dialech (imperfect indicative plural second-person subjunctive)
dialent (conditional plural third-person)
dialent (imperfect indicative plural subjunctive third-person)
dielid (conditional impersonal)
dielid (imperfect impersonal indicative subjunctive)
dielais (first-person preterite singular)
dielaist (preterite second-person singular)
dialodd (preterite singular third-person)
dialasom (first-person plural preterite)
dialasoch (plural preterite second-person)
dialasant (plural preterite third-person)
dialwyd (impersonal preterite)
dialaswn (first-person pluperfect singular)
dialasit (pluperfect second-person singular)
dialasai (pluperfect singular third-person)
dialasem (first-person pluperfect plural)
dialasech (pluperfect plural second-person)
dialasent (pluperfect plural third-person)
dialasid (impersonal pluperfect)
dialesid (impersonal pluperfect)
dialwyf (first-person present singular subjunctive)
dielych (present second-person singular subjunctive)
dialo (present singular subjunctive third-person)
dialom (first-person plural present subjunctive)
dialoch (plural present second-person subjunctive)
dialont (plural present subjunctive third-person)
dialer (impersonal present subjunctive)
dial (imperative second-person singular)
diala (imperative second-person singular)
dialed (imperative singular third-person)
dialwn (first-person imperative plural)
dielwch (imperative plural second-person)
dialwch (imperative plural second-person)
dialent (imperative plural third-person)
dialer (imperative impersonal)
dial (noun-from-verb)
dialedig (participle)
dialadwy (participle)
diala i (first-person future singular)
dialaf i (first-person future singular)
diali di (future second-person singular)
dialith o (future singular third-person)
e (future singular third-person)
hi (future singular third-person)
dialiff e (future singular third-person)
dialwn ni (first-person future plural)
dialwch chi (future plural second-person)
dialan nhw (future plural third-person)
dialwn i (conditional first-person singular)
dialswn i (conditional first-person singular)
dialet ti (conditional second-person singular)
dialset ti (conditional second-person singular)
dialai fo (conditional singular third-person)
fe (conditional singular third-person)
hi (conditional singular third-person)
dialsai fo (conditional singular third-person)
dialen ni (conditional first-person plural)
dialsen ni (conditional first-person plural)
dialech chi (conditional plural second-person)
dialsech chi (conditional plural second-person)
dialen nhw (conditional plural third-person)
dialsen nhw (conditional plural third-person)
dialais i (first-person preterite singular)
diales i (first-person preterite singular)
dialaist ti (preterite second-person singular)
dialest ti (preterite second-person singular)
dialodd o (preterite singular third-person)
e (preterite singular third-person)
hi (preterite singular third-person)
dialon ni (first-person plural preterite)
dialoch chi (plural preterite second-person)
dialon nhw (plural preterite third-person)
diala (imperative second-person singular)
dialwch (imperative plural second-person)
dial (mutation mutation-radical)
ddial (mutation mutation-soft)
nial (mutation mutation-nasal)


bab

pab (mutation mutation-radical)
bab (mutation mutation-soft)
mhab (mutation mutation-nasal)
phab (mutation mutation-aspirate)


barn

barnau (plural)
barn (mutation mutation-radical)
farn (mutation mutation-soft)
marn (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Proto-Celtic *barnati from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH-.


top

topiau (plural)
top (mutation mutation-radical)
dop (mutation mutation-soft)
nhop (mutation mutation-nasal)
thop (mutation mutation-aspirate)


blog

blogiau (plural)
blog (mutation mutation-radical)
flog (mutation mutation-soft)
mlog (mutation mutation-nasal)


da

cy-adj

da (feminine singular da, plural da, equative cystal, comparative gwell, superlative gorau)

da (feminine singular)
da (plural)
cystal (equative)
gwell (comparative)
gorau (superlative)

From Middle Welsh da, from Proto-Brythonic *daɣ, from Proto-Celtic *dagos (“good”) (compare Irish dea-).


da

da (mutation mutation-radical)
dda (mutation mutation-soft)

first-person singular future colloquial of dod


dengar

dengar (feminine singular dengar, plural dengar, equative mor ddengar, comparative mwy dengar, superlative mwyaf dengar)

dengar (feminine singular)
dengar (plural)
mor ddengar (equative)
mwy dengar (comparative)
mwyaf dengar (superlative)
dengar (mutation mutation-radical)
ddengar (mutation mutation-soft)
nengar (mutation mutation-nasal)

Yng Nghyrmu mae'r gwŷr yn fwy dengar, yn enwedig plant Mars.

In Wales the men are more alluring, especially to Martian children.


cigfran

cigfrain (plural)
cigfran (mutation mutation-radical)
gigfran (mutation mutation-soft)
nghigfran (mutation mutation-nasal)
chigfran (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From cig (“meat, flesh”) + brân (“crow”).


tali

tali (mutation mutation-radical)
dali (mutation mutation-soft)
nhali (mutation mutation-nasal)
thali (mutation mutation-aspirate)

second-person singular future colloqu of talu


Celt

cy-noun

Celt m (plural Celtiaid, feminine Celtes)

Celtiaid (plural)
Celtes (feminine)
Celt (mutation mutation-radical)
Gelt (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghelt (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chelt (mutation mutation-aspirate)


clog

clogau (plural)
clog (mutation mutation-radical)
glog (mutation mutation-soft)
nghlog (mutation mutation-nasal)
chlog (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Proto-Brythonic *klog, from Proto-Celtic *klukā. Cognate with Irish cloch, Scottish Gaelic clach.


groen

croen (mutation mutation-radical)
groen (mutation mutation-soft)
nghroen (mutation mutation-nasal)
chroen (mutation mutation-aspirate)


torch

torchau (plural)
torch (mutation mutation-radical)
dorch (mutation mutation-soft)
nhorch (mutation mutation-nasal)
thorch (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh torch, from Proto-Brythonic *torx, from Latin torquis.


bord

bordydd (plural)
bord (mutation mutation-radical)
ford (mutation mutation-soft)
mord (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Middle Welsh bort, from Old English bord (“board”); doublet of bwrdd.


drain

drain f (collective, singulative draenen)

draenen (singulative)
drain (mutation mutation-radical)
ddrain (mutation mutation-soft)
nrain (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Proto-Brythonic *draɣen, from Proto-Celtic *dragenā (“sloetree, blackthorn, Prunus spinosa”) (compare Old Irish draigen, modern Irish draighean), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰergʰ- (“blackbush, sloe tree”).

inh

rhoi ddim drain

to not give two hoots, to not care a button


band

bandiau (plural)
band (mutation mutation-radical)
fand (mutation mutation-soft)
mand (mutation mutation-nasal)


pendant

cy-adj

pendant (feminine singular pendant, plural pendant, not comparable)

pendant (feminine singular)
pendant (plural)
pendant (mutation mutation-radical)
bendant (mutation mutation-soft)
mhendant (mutation mutation-nasal)
phendant (mutation mutation-aspirate)


cliff

cliffiau (plural)
cliff (mutation mutation-radical)
gliff (mutation mutation-soft)
nghliff (mutation mutation-nasal)
chliff (mutation mutation-aspirate)


ng

The eleventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called eng and written in the Latin script.


caro

caro (mutation mutation-radical)
garo (mutation mutation-soft)
ngharo (mutation mutation-nasal)
charo (mutation mutation-aspirate)

(literary) third-person singular present subjunctive of caru


bio-

bio- (mutation mutation-radical)
fio- (mutation mutation-soft)
mio- (mutation mutation-nasal)

bio- + amrywiaeth (“variety, diversity”) → bioamrywiaeth (“biodiversity”)

bio- + cemeg (“chemistry”) → biocemeg (“biochemistry”)

bio- + diraddio (“to degrade”) → bioddiraddio (“to biodegrade”)

bio- + -leg (“-logy”) → bioleg (“biology”)


oni

head

triggers mixed mutation except of forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">bod</i>

oni (triggers mixed mutation except of forms of bod)

oni lwydda

Oni bai fe yma, bydden ni wedi gwybod.

Unless he were here, we would have known.

oni ddaw fe


oni

Oni fuom yn proffwydo yn dy enw di?

Byddwch chi yma, oni fyddwch chi?

(colloquial) used to form a tag question


uni

second-person singular present/future of uno


bob

pob (mutation mutation-radical)
bob (mutation mutation-soft)
mhob (mutation mutation-nasal)
phob (mutation mutation-aspirate)


natur

cy-noun

natur f (plural naturiau or naturau, not mutable)

From Middle Welsh natur, from Middle English nature, from Old French nature, from Latin nātūra.


palimpsest

palimpsestau (plural)
palimpsest (mutation mutation-radical)
balimpsest (mutation mutation-soft)
mhalimpsest (mutation mutation-nasal)
phalimpsest (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From English palimpsest, Latin palimpsēstus, from Ancient Greek παλίμψηστος (palímpsēstos, “scraped again”).


dan

head

dan (triggers soft mutation on a following noun)

danof (first-person singular)
danom (first-person plural)
danot (second-person singular)
danoch (plural second-person)
dano m (singular third-person)
dani f (singular third-person)
danynt (plural third-person)
dano i (first-person singular)
fi (first-person singular)
dana i (first-person singular)
danon ni (first-person plural)
danot ti (second-person singular)
danat ti (second-person singular)
danoch chi (plural second-person)
dano fe (singular third-person)
fo m (singular third-person)
dani hi f (singular third-person)
danyn nhw (plural third-person)
tan (mutation mutation-radical)
dan (mutation mutation-soft)
nhan (mutation mutation-nasal)
than (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Soft mutation of tan (“under”). From Proto-Brythonic *tan, from Proto-Celtic *tanai, dative of *tanā, from Proto-Indo-European *tn̥néh₂.

dan adain

under the wing of, under the protection of

(literary) Soft mutation of tan (“under”).


dan

(North Wales) first-person plural present colloquial of bod


dir

tir (mutation mutation-radical)
dir (mutation mutation-soft)
nhir (mutation mutation-nasal)
thir (mutation mutation-aspirate)


an-

From Middle Welsh an-, from Proto-Brythonic *an-, from Proto-Celtic *an-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-. Cognate with Cornish an-.

an- + parch (“respect”) → amarch (“disrespect”)

an- + prisiadwy (“valuable”) → amhrisiadwy (“invaluable”)

an- + teg (“fair”) → annheg (“unfair”)

an- + cofio (“to remember”) → anghofio (“to forget”)

an- + diwedd (“end”) → anniwedd (“endless”)

an- + gwybod (“to know”) → anwybod (“ignorance”)

an- + mantais (“advantage”) → anfantais (“disadvantage”)

af-

used before ''gl'', ''ll'', ''rh'', and consonantal ''i''

not, un-, non-, an-, dis-, negative prefix


an-

an- (mutation mutation-radical)
han- (mutation prothesis-h)

From Proto-Celtic *ande-, *ando- (“inside”).


alcohol

alcoholau (plural)
alcohol (mutation mutation-radical)
halcohol (mutation prothesis-h)

From English alcohol, from Middle French alcohol or Spanish alcohol, from the Medieval Latin rendering alcohol of Arabic اَلْكُحْل (al-kuḥl, “kohl”).


dos

dos (mutation mutation-radical)
ddos (mutation mutation-soft)
nos (mutation mutation-nasal)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

(North Wales) second-person singular imperative of mynd


dis-

dis- (mutation mutation-radical)
ddis- (mutation mutation-soft)
nis- (mutation mutation-nasal)

dis- + taw (“quiet, silent”) → distaw (“silent, noiseless”)

dis- + pwyll (“consideration”) → disbwyll (“discretion, prudence”)

dis- + cloff (“lame”) → disgloff (“sure footed, agile”)


coma

comas (plural)
coma (mutation mutation-radical)
goma (mutation mutation-soft)
nghoma (mutation mutation-nasal)
choma (mutation mutation-aspirate)


en-

en- (mutation mutation-radical)
hen- (mutation prothesis-h)

en- + mawr (“big”) → enfawr (“huge”)

en- + pyd (“danger”) → enbyd (“dangerous, exceeding, pressing”)

affirmative prefix, emphasises prefixed word


-er

(literary) verb suffix for the impersonal present subjunctive

(literary) verb suffix for the impersonal imperative


-er

brig (“branches, sprigs, shoots”) + -er → briger (“stamens”)

tafl (“sling, catapult”) + -er → tafler (“sling, catapult”)

col (“awn”) + -er → colier (“awner, chobber”)


bum

pum (mutation mutation-radical)
bum (mutation mutation-soft)
mhum (mutation mutation-nasal)
phum (mutation mutation-aspirate)


prop

prop (mutation mutation-radical)
brop (mutation mutation-soft)
mhrop (mutation mutation-nasal)
phrop (mutation mutation-aspirate)


fideo

cy-noun

fideo m or f (plural fideos, not mutable)


di-

di- (mutation mutation-radical)
ddi- (mutation mutation-soft)
ni- (mutation mutation-nasal)

Proto-Celtic *dī- (“from, of”), from Proto-Indo-European *de. Cognate with Cornish di-.

di- + goddef → dioddef

di- + golwch → diolch

di- + enw (“name”) → dienw (“anonymous”)

di- + paid (“pause, respite”) → di-baid (“ceaseless, incessant”)

di- + swydd (“job, office”) + -o → diswyddo (“dismiss, discharge, sack, make redundant”)

without, -less, de-, a-, negative prefix


-ed

From Proto-Brythonic *-hed, from Proto-Celtic *-isetos.

gwan (“weak”) + -ed → gwanned (“as weak”)

rhad (“cheap”) + -ed → rhated (“as cheap”)

cynt (“faster, earlier, sooner”) + -ed → cynted (“as fast, as early, as soon”)

Forms an equative of an adjective of one or two syllables.


-ed

Reduced form of -fed. Cognate with Cornish -es.

pump (“five”) + -ed → pumed (“fifth”)

chwech (“six”) + -ed → chweched (“sixth”)

Used to form the ordinal forms of five and six.


-ed

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis or Proto-Indo-European *-tus.

cerdd- (“to walk”, stem) + -ed → cerdded (“to walk”, verbal noun)

clyw- (“to hear”, stem) + -ed → clywed (“to hear”, verbal noun)


-ed

colli (“to lose”) + -ed → colled (“loss”)

sych (“dry”) + -ed → syched (“thirst”)

cymuno (“to take communion, to communicate”) + -ed → cymuned (“community”)


-ed

pryf (“bug, insect”) + -ed → pryfed (“bugs, insects”)

merch (“girl”) + -ed → merched (“girls”)


-ed

(literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative


hoe

Perhaps borrowed from English ho (“a stop; a halt”).


di

ti (mutation mutation-radical)
di (mutation mutation-soft)
thi (irregular mutation mutation-aspirate)


di

The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.


arf

arfau (plural)
arf (mutation mutation-radical)
harf (mutation prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh arf, from Proto-Brythonic *arβ̃, borrowed through Vulgar Latin from Latin arma.


aer

From English air, from Old French air, from Latin āēr, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr).


aer

From Middle English heir, from Anglo-Norman eir, heir, from Latin hērēs.


aer

From Old Welsh hair, from Proto-Brythonic *aɨr, from Proto-Celtic *agrom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“drive”). Doublet of amaeth (“agriculture”). Cognate with Irish ár, Manx haar, Scottish Gaelic àr.


aer

aer (mutation mutation-radical)
haer (mutation prothesis-h)

(literary) impersonal imperative of mynd


barf

barfau (plural)
barf (mutation mutation-radical)
farf (mutation mutation-soft)
marf (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Proto-Brythonic *barβ, from Latin barba, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰeh₂. Compare Cornish barv, Breton barv.


pelican

pelicanod (plural)
pelican (mutation mutation-radical)
belican (mutation mutation-soft)
mhelican (mutation mutation-nasal)
phelican (mutation mutation-aspirate)

pelican (seabird of the family Pelecanidae)


frag

brag (mutation mutation-radical)
frag (mutation mutation-soft)
mrag (mutation mutation-nasal)


gato

gato (mutation mutation-radical)
ato (mutation mutation-soft)
ngato (mutation mutation-nasal)

(literary) third-person singular subjunctive of gadael


gato

cato (mutation mutation-radical)
gato (mutation mutation-soft)
nghato (mutation mutation-nasal)
chato (mutation mutation-aspirate)


closet

closet (mutation mutation-radical)
gloset (mutation mutation-soft)
nghloset (mutation mutation-nasal)
chloset (mutation mutation-aspirate)

second-person singular conditional colloquial of cloi


mesa

cy-verb

mesa (first-person singular present mesaf)

mesaf (first-person present singular)
mesaf (first-person future indicative present singular)
mesi (future indicative present second-person singular)
mesa (future indicative present singular third-person)
meswn (first-person future indicative plural present)
meswch (future indicative plural present second-person)
mesant (future indicative plural present third-person)
mesir (future impersonal indicative present)
meswn (conditional first-person singular)
meswn (first-person imperfect indicative singular subjunctive)
mesit (conditional second-person singular)
mesit (imperfect indicative second-person singular subjunctive)
mesai (conditional singular third-person)
mesai (imperfect indicative singular subjunctive third-person)
mesem (conditional first-person plural)
mesem (first-person imperfect indicative plural subjunctive)
mesech (conditional plural second-person)
mesech (imperfect indicative plural second-person subjunctive)
mesent (conditional plural third-person)
mesent (imperfect indicative plural subjunctive third-person)
mesid (conditional impersonal)
mesid (imperfect impersonal indicative subjunctive)
mesais (first-person preterite singular)
mesaist (preterite second-person singular)
mesodd (preterite singular third-person)
mesasom (first-person plural preterite)
mesasoch (plural preterite second-person)
mesasant (plural preterite third-person)
meswyd (impersonal preterite)
mesaswn (first-person pluperfect singular)
mesasit (pluperfect second-person singular)
mesasai (pluperfect singular third-person)
mesasem (first-person pluperfect plural)
mesasech (pluperfect plural second-person)
mesasent (pluperfect plural third-person)
mesasid (impersonal pluperfect)
mesesid (impersonal pluperfect)
meswyf (first-person present singular subjunctive)
mesych (present second-person singular subjunctive)
meso (present singular subjunctive third-person)
mesom (first-person plural present subjunctive)
mesoch (plural present second-person subjunctive)
mesont (plural present subjunctive third-person)
meser (impersonal present subjunctive)
mesa (imperative second-person singular)
mesed (imperative singular third-person)
meswn (first-person imperative plural)
meswch (imperative plural second-person)
mesent (imperative plural third-person)
meser (imperative impersonal)
mesa (noun-from-verb)
mesedig (participle)
mesadwy (participle)
mesa i (first-person future singular)
mesaf i (first-person future singular)
mesi di (future second-person singular)
mesith o (future singular third-person)
e (future singular third-person)
hi (future singular third-person)
mesiff e (future singular third-person)
meswn ni (first-person future plural)
meswch chi (future plural second-person)
mesan nhw (future plural third-person)
meswn i (conditional first-person singular)
meset ti (conditional second-person singular)
mesai fo (conditional singular third-person)
fe (conditional singular third-person)
hi (conditional singular third-person)
mesen ni (conditional first-person plural)
mesech chi (conditional plural second-person)
mesen nhw (conditional plural third-person)
mesais i (first-person preterite singular)
meses i (first-person preterite singular)
mesaist ti (preterite second-person singular)
mesest ti (preterite second-person singular)
mesodd o (preterite singular third-person)
e (preterite singular third-person)
hi (preterite singular third-person)
meson ni (first-person plural preterite)
mesoch chi (plural preterite second-person)
meson nhw (plural preterite third-person)
mesa (imperative second-person singular)
meswch (imperative plural second-person)
mesa (mutation mutation-radical)
fesa (mutation mutation-soft)

From mes (“acorns”) + -a. Cognate with Cornish mesa.


albatros

cy-noun

albatros m (plural albatrosiaid or albatrosod)

albatrosiaid (plural)
albatrosod (plural)
albatros (mutation mutation-radical)
halbatros (mutation prothesis-h)

Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd
w:Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd


corn

cyrn (plural)
corn (mutation mutation-radical)
gorn (mutation mutation-soft)
nghorn (mutation mutation-nasal)
chorn (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Inherited from Middle Welsh corn, from Proto-Brythonic *korn, from Latin cornū.


cantor

cantor f (plural cantorion or cantoriaid, feminine cantores)

cantorion (plural)
cantoriaid (plural)
cantores (feminine)
cantor (mutation mutation-radical)
gantor (mutation mutation-soft)
nghantor (mutation mutation-nasal)
chantor (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh kantor, from Latin cantor.


dei

dei (mutation mutation-radical)
ddei (mutation mutation-soft)
nei (mutation mutation-nasal)

second-person singular future colloquial of dod


dei

tei (mutation mutation-radical)
dei (mutation mutation-soft)
nhei (mutation mutation-nasal)
thei (mutation mutation-aspirate)


-io

Variant of -o, initially after a stem that contained /j/ (for Brythonic /ɣ/ or from palatalization after a diphthong), later extended to other verbstems.

Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech.

-o

Forms verbnouns from verb stems ending in i̯


chant

cant (mutation mutation-radical)
gant (mutation mutation-soft)
nghant (mutation mutation-nasal)
chant (mutation mutation-aspirate)


-or

telyn (“harp”) + -or → telynor (“(male) harpist”)

llên (“literature”) + -or → llenor (“literary man, man o letters”)

carchar (“prison”) + -or → carcharor (“prisoner”)


pasta

pasta (mutation mutation-radical)
basta (mutation mutation-soft)
mhasta (mutation mutation-nasal)
phasta (mutation mutation-aspirate)


hail

ail (mutation mutation-radical)
hail (mutation prothesis-h)


tei

teis (plural)
tei (mutation mutation-radical)
dei (mutation mutation-soft)
nhei (mutation mutation-nasal)
thei (mutation mutation-aspirate)


regen

rhegen (mutation mutation-radical)
regen (mutation mutation-soft)


cad

From Middle Welsh kad, kat, from Old Welsh cat, from Proto-Brythonic *kad (“battle”), from Proto-Celtic *katus (compare Old Irish cath), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₃tus (“fight”).


cad

cad (mutation mutation-radical)
gad (mutation mutation-soft)
nghad (mutation mutation-nasal)
chad (mutation mutation-aspirate)


origami

origami (mutation mutation-radical)
horigami (mutation prothesis-h)

/ˌɔrɪˈɡaːmi/

From English origami, from Japanese 折り紙.


pyjamas

pyjamas (mutation mutation-radical)
byjamas (mutation mutation-soft)
mhyjamas (mutation mutation-nasal)
phyjamas (mutation mutation-aspirate)


dad

tad (mutation mutation-radical)
dad (mutation mutation-soft)
nhad (mutation mutation-nasal)
thad (mutation mutation-aspirate)


abad

abadau (plural)
abad (mutation mutation-radical)
habad (mutation prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh abat, from Proto-Brythonic *abad, from Ecclesiastical Latin abbās, from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶς (abbâs), from Aramaic אַבָּא (’abbā, “father”).


sa

Sa i’n gwybod.

(South Wales) first-person singular present negative colloquial of bod


fab

mab (mutation mutation-radical)
fab (mutation mutation-soft)


try

try (mutation mutation-radical)
dry (mutation mutation-soft)
nhry (mutation mutation-nasal)
thry (mutation mutation-aspirate)

third-person singular present indicative/future of troi


clou

cy-adj

clou (feminine singular clou, plural clou, equative cloued, comparative clouach, superlative clouaf)

clou (feminine singular)
clou (plural)
cloued (equative)
clouach (comparative)
clouaf (superlative)
clou (mutation mutation-radical)
glou (mutation mutation-soft)
nghlou (mutation mutation-nasal)
chlou (mutation mutation-aspirate)


cul

cul (feminine singular cul, plural culion, equative culed, comparative culach, superlative culaf)

cul (feminine singular)
culion (plural)
culed (equative)
culach (comparative)
culaf (superlative)
cul (mutation mutation-radical)
gul (mutation mutation-soft)
nghul (mutation mutation-nasal)
chul (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Inherited from Proto-Brythonic *kʉl, Proto-Celtic *koilos (“thin”) (compare Old Irish cáel).


è

The letter E, marked for its short pronunciation in monosyllabic words.


protest

cy-noun

protest f (plural protestiadau or protestadau)

protestiadau (plural)
protestadau (plural)
protest (mutation mutation-radical)
brotest (mutation mutation-soft)
mhrotest (mutation mutation-nasal)
phrotest (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Mae dwsinau o ddynion sydd wedi cael eu cartrefi mewn gwersyll ym Mhenalun, Sir Benfro wedi cynnal protest dros eu hamodau byw. Cynhaliodd y dynion brotest yn hawlio bod eu hawliau dynol yn cael eu hanwybyddu.

Dozens of men who have been housed in a camp in Penally, Pembrokeshire have held a protest over their living conditions. The men held a protest claiming that their human rights were being ignored.

protest, demonstration (collective gesture of disapproval)


putain

puteiniaid (plural)
putain (mutation mutation-radical)
butain (mutation mutation-soft)
mhutain (mutation mutation-nasal)
phutain (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Old French putain, originally the oblique case of pute (“dirty woman”) formed with the suffix -ain, from Vulgar Latin putta, from Latin puta (“girl”). Cognate with French putain, Italian puttana.


plu

plu f (collective, singulative pluen or plufen)

pluen (singulative)
plufen (singulative)
plu (mutation mutation-radical)
blu (mutation mutation-soft)
mhlu (mutation mutation-nasal)
phlu (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh pluf, from Proto-Brythonic *plʉβ̃, a borrowing from Latin plūma (“feather”). Cognate with Cornish pluv, Breton pluñv.

plu'r gweinydd

common cottongrass, Erophorum angustifolium


ein

head

ein (triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)

of a following vowel (triggers-h-prothesis)

From Middle Welsh yn, an, from Old Welsh an. Compare Breton hon.

Buodd ein ci a’n cath yn gyfeillion pennaf.


ein

Os oes problem, cofiwch ein hysbysu i’n helpu i’w datrys yn gyflym.

If there is a problem, remember to inform us to help us to solve it quickly.

us (as the direct object of a verbal noun)


cachet

cachet (mutation mutation-radical)
gachet (mutation mutation-soft)
nghachet (mutation mutation-nasal)
chachet (mutation mutation-aspirate)

second-person singular conditional colloquial of cachu


fer

ber (mutation mutation-radical)
fer (mutation mutation-soft)
mer (mutation mutation-nasal)


plaid

pleidiau (plural)
plaid (mutation mutation-radical)
blaid (mutation mutation-soft)
mhlaid (mutation mutation-nasal)
phlaid (mutation mutation-aspirate)

The original meaning was “row”, “rank”, later “partition”, possibly related to Irish pluid and Scottish Gaelic plaide (“blanket”); as Proto-Celtic had no /p/, the term is likely a borrowing, such as English and Scots plaid. However, the semantic development is unclear.

Plaid Cymru


awn

awn (mutation mutation-radical)
hawn (mutation prothesis-h)

first-person plural present indicative/future

inflection of mynd:
first-person singular conditional

(literary) first-person plural imperative

inflection of mynd:
first-person plural imperative


À

The letter A, marked for its short pronunciation in monosyllabic words.


din

din (mutation mutation-radical)
ddin (mutation mutation-soft)
nin (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Middle Welsh din, from Old Welsh din, from Proto-Brythonic *din, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”).


din

tin (mutation mutation-radical)
din (mutation mutation-soft)
nhin (mutation mutation-nasal)
thin (mutation mutation-aspirate)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


pert

cy-adj

pert (feminine singular pert, plural perton, equative perted, comparative pertach, superlative pertaf)

pert (feminine singular)
perton (plural)
perted (equative)
pertach (comparative)
pertaf (superlative)
pert (mutation mutation-radical)
bert (mutation mutation-soft)
mhert (mutation mutation-nasal)
phert (mutation mutation-aspirate)


pant

pantiau (plural)
pant (mutation mutation-radical)
bant (mutation mutation-soft)
mhant (mutation mutation-nasal)
phant (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Proto-Celtic *kʷantyos "flat hill", compare Pictish ᚘᚐᚅᚈ (pant, “hollow”).

hollow, depression, small valley, dingle, dell


parch

cy-noun

parch m (usually uncountable, plural parchau or peirch)

parchau (plural)
peirch (plural)
parch (mutation mutation-radical)
barch (mutation mutation-soft)
mharch (mutation mutation-nasal)
pharch (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Back-formation from parchu (“to respect”).


capel

cy-noun

capel m (plural capeli or capelau or capelydd or capeloedd)

capeli (plural)
capelau (plural)
capelydd (plural)
capeloedd (plural)
capel (mutation mutation-radical)
gapel (mutation mutation-soft)
nghapel (mutation mutation-nasal)
chapel (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh capel, borrowed from Late Latin cappella (“little cloak; chapel”), diminutive of Latin cappa (“cloak, cape”).


sebra

cy-noun

sebra m (plural sebras or sebraod, not mutable)


Cymraeg

cy-adj

Cymraeg (feminine singular Cymraeg, plural Cymraeg, not comparable)

Cymraeg (feminine singular)
Cymraeg (plural)
Cymraeg (mutation mutation-radical)
Gymraeg (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghymraeg (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chymraeg (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Mae'n gweithio i'r wasg Gymraeg.

He/She works for the Welsh (language) press.

Welsh, Welsh-language (with reference to the language only, not the nationality)

Mae'n dod o deulu Cymraeg.

He/She comes from a Welsh-speaking family.


asymptot

mathematical analysis
mathematical analysis


les

lace (light fabric patterned with holes)


les

Borrowed from Middle English lease, from Anglo-Norman les, from Old French lais, lez (“a lease”).


les

lles (mutation mutation-radical)
les (mutation mutation-soft)

nonlemma

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


mag

mag (mutation mutation-radical)
fag (mutation mutation-soft)

Back-formation from magu (“to rear; to breed”).


mag

bag (mutation mutation-radical)
fag (mutation mutation-soft)
mag (mutation mutation-nasal)


lo

llo (mutation mutation-radical)
lo (mutation mutation-soft)


lo

glo (mutation mutation-radical)
lo (mutation mutation-soft)
nglo (mutation mutation-nasal)


math

mathau (plural)
math (mutation mutation-radical)
fath (mutation mutation-soft)

A variation on bath (“kind, sort”). For similar instances of alternation between b and m, see benyw and menyw, beiddio and meiddio, bainc and mainc.


Andreas

Andreas (mutation mutation-radical)
Handreas (mutation prothesis-h)

a male given name from Ancient Greek Ἀνδρέᾱς (Andréās), equivalent to English Andrew


una

una (mutation mutation-radical)
huna (mutation prothesis-h)

inflection of uno:
first-person singular future colloquial

inflection of uno:
third-person singular future literary

inflection of uno:
second-person singular imperative


clown

clown (mutation mutation-radical)
glown (mutation mutation-soft)
nghlown (mutation mutation-nasal)
chlown (mutation mutation-aspirate)

inflection of cloi:
first-person plural present/future

inflection of cloi:
first-person plural imperative


trist

cy-adj

trist (feminine singular trist, plural tristion, equative tristed, comparative tristach, superlative tristaf)

trist (feminine singular)
tristion (plural)
tristed (equative)
tristach (comparative)
tristaf (superlative)
trist (mutation mutation-radical)
drist (mutation mutation-soft)
nhrist (mutation mutation-nasal)
thrist (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh trist, from Old Welsh trist, from Proto-Brythonic *trist, from Latin trīstis.


tra

From Proto-Brythonic *trans, from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-. Cognate with English through, Latin trans.

Mae hynny'n fater tra gwahanol.


tra

Tra môr yn fur i'r bur hoff bau

While the sea is a wall to the pure loved land

Mae Cymru yn aros tra bod Llafur yn trafod


reis

Borrowed from Old French ris (possibly via Middle English rys, compare modern English rice).


bu

bu (mutation mutation-radical)
fu (mutation mutation-soft)
mu (mutation mutation-nasal)


fur

mur (mutation mutation-radical)
fur (mutation mutation-soft)


mad

mad (feminine singular mad, plural mad, equative mated, comparative matach, superlative mataf)

mad (feminine singular)
mad (plural)
mated (equative)
matach (comparative)
mataf (superlative)

From Proto-Brythonic *mad, from Proto-Celtic *matis.


mad

madioedd (plural)
mad (mutation mutation-radical)
fad (mutation mutation-soft)


gwên

gwenau (plural)
gwên (mutation mutation-radical)
wên (mutation mutation-soft)
ngwên (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Proto-Brythonic *gwen, from Proto-Celtic *gʷenom.


tŵr

tyrau (plural)
tŵr (mutation mutation-radical)
dŵr (mutation mutation-soft)
nhŵr (mutation mutation-nasal)
thŵr (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Borrowed from English tower or French tour (“tower”); doublet of twr (“pile, heap”).


crëwr

crewyr (plural)
crëwr (mutation mutation-radical)
grëwr (mutation mutation-soft)
nghrëwr (mutation mutation-nasal)
chrëwr (mutation mutation-aspirate)


cyẅres

cywresau (plural)
cyẅres (mutation mutation-radical)
gyẅres (mutation mutation-soft)
nghyẅres (mutation mutation-nasal)
chyẅres (mutation mutation-aspirate)


gẃraidd

gẃraidd (feminine singular gẃraidd, plural gẃraidd, equative gwreidded, comparative gwreiddach, superlative gwreiddaf)

gẃraidd (feminine singular)
gẃraidd (plural)
gwreidded (equative)
gwreiddach (comparative)
gwreiddaf (superlative)
gẃraidd (mutation mutation-radical)
ẃraidd (mutation mutation-soft)
ngẃraidd (mutation mutation-nasal)


pîn

pîn (mutation mutation-radical)
bîn (mutation mutation-soft)
mhîn (mutation mutation-nasal)
phîn (mutation mutation-aspirate)


caridýms

caridýms (mutation mutation-radical)
garidýms (mutation mutation-soft)
ngharidýms (mutation mutation-nasal)
charidýms (mutation mutation-aspirate)


pyg

pyg (mutation mutation-radical)
byg (mutation mutation-soft)
mhyg (mutation mutation-nasal)
phyg (mutation mutation-aspirate)


mẁg

mygau (plural)
mygiau (plural)
mẁg (mutation mutation-radical)
fẁg (mutation mutation-soft)


pỳg

pỳg (feminine singular pỳg, plural pỳg, equative mor bỳg, comparative mwy pỳg, superlative mwyaf pỳg)

pỳg (feminine singular)
pỳg (plural)
mor bỳg (equative)
mwy pỳg (comparative)
mwyaf pỳg (superlative)
pỳg (mutation mutation-radical)
bỳg (mutation mutation-soft)
mhỳg (mutation mutation-nasal)
phỳg (mutation mutation-aspirate)


mwg

mygau (plural)
mwg (mutation mutation-radical)
fwg (mutation mutation-soft)

From Middle Welsh mwc, from Proto-Celtic *muk- (compare Cornish mog, Breton mog (“fire”), moug (“suffocation, asphyxiation”), Old Irish múch), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewg-. Cognate with English smoke and Old Armenian մուխ (mux).


des

des (mutation mutation-radical)
ddes (mutation mutation-soft)
nes (mutation mutation-nasal)

first-person singular preterite colloquial of dod


gwraidd

cy-noun

gwraidd m (collective, singulative gwreiddyn)

gwreiddyn (singulative)
gwraidd (mutation mutation-radical)
wraidd (mutation mutation-soft)
ngwraidd (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Middle Welsh gwreidd, from Proto-Celtic *wradyos (compare Cornish gwreydh, Breton gwrizienn), from pre-Celtic *wr̥h₂dyo-, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds.


côr

From Middle Welsh cor, from Proto-Brythonic *kor, from Latin chorus, from Ancient Greek χορός (khorós).


côr

corau (plural)
côr (mutation mutation-radical)
gôr (mutation mutation-soft)
nghôr (mutation mutation-nasal)
chôr (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Semantic loan from English quire, falsely interpreted in the sense ‘choir’.


pìn

Borrowed from Middle English pin, from late Old English pinn.

hand (of clock), needle or pointer (of compass)


pìn

pinnau (plural)
pìn (mutation mutation-radical)
bìn (mutation mutation-soft)
mhìn (mutation mutation-nasal)
phìn (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Latin penna, pinna (“feather, pen”).


deset

deset (mutation mutation-radical)
ddeset (mutation mutation-soft)
neset (mutation mutation-nasal)

second-person singular conditional colloquial of dod


bro

bröydd (plural)
brofydd (plural)
bro (mutation mutation-radical)
fro (mutation mutation-soft)
mro (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Middle Welsh bro, from Proto-Brythonic *broɣ, from Proto-Celtic *mrogis. Cognate with Old Irish mruig. Cognate with Briton bro.

region, country, land, neighbourhood, native haunt


para

cy-verb

para (first-person singular present paraf)

paraf (first-person present singular)
para i (first-person future singular)
paraf i (first-person future singular)
pari di (future second-person singular)
parith o (future singular third-person)
e (future singular third-person)
hi (future singular third-person)
pariff e (future singular third-person)
parwn ni (first-person future plural)
parwch chi (future plural second-person)
paran nhw (future plural third-person)
parwn i (conditional first-person singular)
parswn i (conditional first-person singular)
paret ti (conditional second-person singular)
parset ti (conditional second-person singular)
parai fo (conditional singular third-person)
fe (conditional singular third-person)
hi (conditional singular third-person)
parsai fo (conditional singular third-person)
paren ni (conditional first-person plural)
parsen ni (conditional first-person plural)
parech chi (conditional plural second-person)
parsech chi (conditional plural second-person)
paren nhw (conditional plural third-person)
parsen nhw (conditional plural third-person)
parais i (first-person preterite singular)
pares i (first-person preterite singular)
paraist ti (preterite second-person singular)
parest ti (preterite second-person singular)
parodd o (preterite singular third-person)
e (preterite singular third-person)
hi (preterite singular third-person)
paron ni (first-person plural preterite)
paroch chi (plural preterite second-person)
paron nhw (plural preterite third-person)
para (imperative second-person singular)
parwch (imperative plural second-person)

Alternative form of parhau (“to endure, to last”)


para

para (mutation mutation-radical)
bara (mutation mutation-soft)
mhara (mutation mutation-nasal)
phara (mutation mutation-aspirate)


protocol

protocolau (plural)
protocol (mutation mutation-radical)
brotocol (mutation mutation-soft)
mhrotocol (mutation mutation-nasal)
phrotocol (mutation mutation-aspirate)


twr

tyrrau (plural)
twr (mutation mutation-radical)
dwr (mutation mutation-soft)
nhwr (mutation mutation-nasal)
thwr (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh twrr, from Proto-Brythonic *turr (Cornish tor, Scottish Gaelic tòrr), from Latin turris (“tower”) (compare Old English torr (“a high rock, tower”)). Doublet of tŵr.
More at English tor and w:Tor (rock formation) § Etymology. Also compare Latin Taurini.


Ë

The letter E, marked for its syllabic pronunciation distinct from adjacent vowels.


e-

e- (mutation mutation-radical)
he- (mutation prothesis-h)

From English e-, an abbreviation of electronic.

e- + llyfr (“book”) → e-lyfr (“e-book”)

e- + masnach (“trade, commerce”) → e-fasnach (“e-commerce”)

e- + post (“post, mail”) → e-bost (“email”)

e- + dysgu (“to learn”) → e-ddysgu (“e-learning”)


camp

campau (plural)
camp (mutation mutation-radical)
gamp (mutation mutation-soft)
nghamp (mutation mutation-nasal)
champ (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh camp, from Proto-Brythonic *kamp, from Latin campus, from the senses of "field of action, scope, opportunity, or produce of a field". Doublet of Caint (“Kent”) and siampên (“champagne”).


dot

dotiau (plural)
dot (mutation mutation-radical)
ddot (mutation mutation-soft)
not (mutation mutation-nasal)


modern

cy-adj

modern (feminine singular modern, plural modern, equative mor fodern, comparative mwy modern, superlative mwyaf modern)

modern (feminine singular)
modern (plural)
mor fodern (equative)
mwy modern (comparative)
mwyaf modern (superlative)
modern (mutation mutation-radical)
fodern (mutation mutation-soft)


le

lle (mutation mutation-radical)
le (mutation mutation-soft)

Le ma'r tŷ bach?


chas

cas (mutation mutation-radical)
gas (mutation mutation-soft)
nghas (mutation mutation-nasal)
chas (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Ladin

Lladin (mutation mutation-radical)
Ladin (mutation mutation-soft)


gist

cist (mutation mutation-radical)
gist (mutation mutation-soft)
nghist (mutation mutation-nasal)
chist (mutation mutation-aspirate)


nest

second-person singular preterite colloquial of gwneud


-id

cadarn (“strong, robust, sturdy”) + -id → cadernid (“strength, robustness, sturdiness”)

rhydd (“free”) + -id → rhyddid (“freedom”)


-id

(literary) verb suffix for the impersonal imperfect/conditional


caron

caron (mutation mutation-radical)
garon (mutation mutation-soft)
ngharon (mutation mutation-nasal)
charon (mutation mutation-aspirate)

first/third-person plural preterite colloquial of caru


alar

galar (mutation mutation-radical)
alar (mutation mutation-soft)
ngalar (mutation mutation-nasal)


bin

biniau (plural)
bins (plural)
bin (mutation mutation-radical)
fin (mutation mutation-soft)
min (mutation mutation-nasal)


bin

pin (mutation mutation-radical)
bin (mutation mutation-soft)
mhin (mutation mutation-nasal)
phin (mutation mutation-aspirate)


-ni

glas (“blue, green”) + -ni → glesni (“blueness, chlorosis”)

llwyd (“grey”) + -ni → llwydni (“greyness, mould”)

moel (“bald”) + -ni → moelni (“baldness”)

rhwd (“rust”) + -ni → rhydni (“rustiness, rubigo”)


stamp

cy-noun

stamp m or f (plural stampiau or stamps, not mutable)

stamp (for postage, validation on a document, evidence of payment, etc.)


reg

rheg (mutation mutation-radical)
reg (mutation mutation-soft)


tun

tuniau (plural)
tunnau (plural)
tun (mutation mutation-radical)
dun (mutation mutation-soft)
nhun (mutation mutation-nasal)
thun (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From English tin, from Middle English tin, from Old English tin, from Proto-West Germanic *tin, from Proto-Germanic *tiną.


hwy

From Middle Welsh wy, from Proto-Celtic *eyes, plural of *es, from Proto-Indo-European *éy. Cognate with Breton i(nt) and Irish ia(d).
The initial h- is from the final -nt of verbs having the allophone -nnh- between vowels (e.g. gwelant wy “they see” > /gwelannhwy/ > gwelan(t) hwy); the colloquial form nhw formed by the same process.


hwy

Proto-Celtic *sēyos, comparative of *sīros (for the same alteration compare *māros, comp. *māyos > Welsh mawr, comp. mwy).


hwy

wy (mutation mutation-radical)
hwy (mutation prothesis-h)


-u

From Middle Welsh -u, from Proto-Brythonic *-oβ̃.


cil

From Middle Welsh cylion, from Proto-Brythonic *kil, from Proto-Celtic *kūlos, from Proto-Indo-European *kuH-lo-, from *(s)kewH- (“to cover”).
Cognate with Cornish kil, Breton kil, Old Irish cúl, and Latin cūlus.

corner (of eye, mouth, chimney)
recess, nook

(in transferred sense) part of the harp which supports the treble-strings

corner (of eye, mouth, chimney)
back of an edged tool

corner (of eye, mouth, chimney)
wane (of the moon)


cil

cil (mutation mutation-radical)
gil (mutation mutation-soft)
nghil (mutation mutation-nasal)
chil (mutation mutation-aspirate)


gad

cad (mutation mutation-radical)
gad (mutation mutation-soft)
nghad (mutation mutation-nasal)
chad (mutation mutation-aspirate)


gad

gad (mutation mutation-radical)
ad (mutation mutation-soft)
ngad (mutation mutation-nasal)

(literary) second-person singular imperative of gadael


tag

tagau (plural)
tagion (plural)
tag (mutation mutation-radical)
dag (mutation mutation-soft)
nhag (mutation mutation-nasal)
thag (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Back-formation from tagu (“to strangle, to choke”).


-ar

From Proto-Brythonic *-ar, from Proto-Celtic *-aros, from Proto-Indo-European *-Hrós. (See byddar (“deaf”).)

cynt (“before, earlier”) + -ar → cynnar (“early”)

diwedd (“end”) + -ar → diweddar (“late”)


lys

llys (mutation mutation-radical)
lys (mutation mutation-soft)


faith

maith (mutation mutation-radical)
faith (mutation mutation-soft)


ä

The letter A, marked for its syllabic pronunciation distinct from adjacent vowels.


balm

balmau (plural)
balm (mutation mutation-radical)
falm (mutation mutation-soft)
malm (mutation mutation-nasal)


-an

bwyell (“axe”) + -an → bwyellan (“small axe, hatchet”)

gwraig (“woman, wife”) + -an → gwreigan (“little woman, little wife”)

barf (“beard”) + -an → barfan (“little beard, goatee, whiskers”)

mud (“mute”) + -an → mudan (“mute person”)

llai (“grey”) + -an → lleian (“nun”)

crwm (“crooked, curved”) + -an → cryman (“sickle, pruning hook”)

person or object with characteristics of the root word

Gwen + -an → Gwennan

Dai + -an → Deian

Elisabeth + -an → Bethan


-an

(colloquial) verb suffix for the third-person future plural


wig

wig m or f (plural wigiau or wigs, not mutable)


pump

pump (mutation mutation-radical)
bump (mutation mutation-soft)
mhump (mutation mutation-nasal)
phump (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh pymp, from Old Welsh pimp, from Proto-Brythonic *pɨmp, from Proto-Celtic *kʷenkʷe, from Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe.


-a

Forms verbnouns from verb stems. Usually denotes an action that is often repeated, e.g. frequenting a certain place or gathering a certain item.


-a

(literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular present indicative/future


-a

(literary) verb suffix for the second-person singular present imperative

(colloquial) verb suffix for the second-person singular present imperative


-a

(colloquial) used to form the superlative of an adjective of one or two syllables.


-a

(colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person singular future


record

record f (plural recordiau, not mutable)


-in

From Proto-Brythonic *-in, from Proto-Celtic *-īnos, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.

hesb (“barren, sterile”) + -in → hesbin (“young ewe”)

crib (“comb”) + -in → cribin (“rake”)

pridd (“soil, earth”) + -in → priddin (“earthen”)

aur (“gold”) + -in → eurin (“golden”)

lledr (“leather”) + -in → lledrin (“leathern”)

(obsolete) forms adjectives from nouns, usually nouns of material

garw (“rough”) + -in → gerwin (“severe, harsh”)


magnet

magnet m or f (plural magnetau or magnets)

magnetau (plural)
magnets (plural)
magnet (mutation mutation-radical)
fagnet (mutation mutation-soft)


tala

inflection of talu:
second-person singular imperative

third-person singular present/future literary

inflection of talu:
first-person singular future colloquial


tala

tala (mutation mutation-radical)
dala (mutation mutation-soft)
nhala (mutation mutation-nasal)
thala (mutation mutation-aspirate)


-on

meddyg (“doctor”) + -on → meddygon (“doctors”)

lleidr (“thief”) + -on → lladron (“lladron”)

athro (“(male) teacher”) + -on → athrawon (“athrawon”)


-on

(colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person plural preterite

(colloquial) verb suffix for the third-person plural preterite


-on

aur (“gold”) + -on → euron (“laburnum”)

gŵr (“man”) + -on → gwron (“hero”)

hin (“weather”) + -on → hinon (“fair weather”)


doen

doen (mutation mutation-radical)
ddoen (mutation mutation-soft)
noen (mutation mutation-nasal)

first/third-person plural conditional colloquial of dod


'm

Rwy'n myned yn ôl adref i’m hannwyl famwlad.

I am going back home to my dear homeland.

(literary) my (triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)


'm

Dywed na’m hadwaenai.

He/She says that he/she would not recognise me.

Fe’m ganed i deulu di-Gymraeg.

I was born (lit. "One gave birth to me") into a non-Welsh-speaking family.

(literary) me (used after vowels as the direct object of a verb; triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)


'm

Dwyt ti’m yn cofio Macsen.

(colloquial) Contraction of ddim (“not”).


hir

cy-adj

hir (feminine singular hir, plural hirion, equative cyhyd, comparative hwy or hirach, superlative hwyaf or hiraf, not mutable)

hir (feminine singular)
hirion (plural)
cyhyd (equative)
hwy (comparative)
hirach (comparative)
hwyaf (superlative)
hiraf (superlative)

From Middle Welsh and Old Welsh hir, from Proto-Brythonic *hir, from Proto-Celtic *sīros.

Mae gynni hi wallt hir.

Roedd y daith yn hir iawn.


darn

darnau (plural)
darn (mutation mutation-radical)
ddarn (mutation mutation-soft)
narn (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Middle Welsh darn, from Proto-Brythonic *darn, from Proto-Celtic *darnos, *darnā, from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to split, separate”). Cognate with Cornish darn, Breton darn, French darne (“piece of fish”) and, more distantly, Polish darń (“sod”).

der

Wyt ti eisiau darn arall o gacen?

Rwy wedi prynu darn o dir coedig.

Mae eisiau darn newydd i'r car.

Oes gen ti ddarn punt?

Darllenwch y darn cyn ateb y cwestiynau.

Read the passage before answering the questions.


contract

contractau (plural)
contract (mutation mutation-radical)
gontract (mutation mutation-soft)
nghontract (mutation mutation-nasal)
chontract (mutation mutation-aspirate)


model

modelau (plural)
model (mutation mutation-radical)
fodel (mutation mutation-soft)

From English model, from Middle French modelle, from Old Italian modello.


corgi

corgwn (plural)
corgïaid (plural)
corgi (mutation mutation-radical)
gorgi (mutation mutation-soft)
nghorgi (mutation mutation-nasal)
chorgi (mutation mutation-aspirate)

→ English: corgi

From cor (“dwarf”) + ci (“dog”) (gi is the soft mutation of ci (“dog”)).


Newcastle

Newcastle (a city in New South Wales, Australia)

Newcastle (a city in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)

A shortened form of Newcastle upon Tyne, a city in England.


chaws

caws (mutation mutation-radical)
gaws (mutation mutation-soft)
nghaws (mutation mutation-nasal)
chaws (mutation mutation-aspirate)


-s

bàth (“bath”) + -s → baths (“baths”)

tomato (“tomato”) + -s → tomatos (“tomatoes”)

gwdihŵ (“owl”) + -s → gwdihŵs (“owls”)


-s

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *só (“that”).

Nis gwelais erioed.

Dyna ymadrodd nas clywir yn aml.

That is a phrase which is not often heard. (literally, "There is a phrase which one does not hear [it] often."

Nid yw iaith yn fyw onis defnyddir.

The language is not alive unless it is used. (literally, "…unless one uses it.")

1588, Y Beibl cyssegr-lan, 1 Corinthians 2:7,8:
Eithr yr ydym ni yn llefaru doethineb Duw mewn dirgelwch, sef y ddoethineb guddiedig, yr hon a ragordeiniodd Duw cyn yr oesoedd i’n gogoniant ni: yr hon nid adnabu neb o dywysogion y byd hwn: oherwydd pes adwaenasent, ni chroeshoeliasent Arglwydd y gogoniant.
But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory: which none of the princes of this world knew: for had they known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.

(literary, otherwise obsolete) him, her, it, them


bawd

bodiau (plural)
bawd (mutation mutation-radical)
fawd (mutation mutation-soft)
mawd (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Middle Welsh mawd, from Proto-Celtic *mā-to-, from Proto-Indo-European *mē-.
Compare Breton meud and Cornish meus.

(in slate quarrying) a flaw or crack in the slate

a bar projecting from rock face to which ropes are attached

(of a railway or tramway) points, turnouts


alan

alannon (plural)
alan (mutation mutation-radical)
halan (mutation prothesis-h)

Asarum europaeum
Asarum europaeum#Translingual

Tussilago farfara
Tussilago farfara#Translingual


brag

bragau (plural)
brag (mutation mutation-radical)
frag (mutation mutation-soft)
mrag (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Middle Welsh brac, from Proto-Brythonic *brag, from Proto-Celtic *mrakis. Cognate with Irish braich.


codon

codon (mutation mutation-radical)
godon (mutation mutation-soft)
nghodon (mutation mutation-nasal)
chodon (mutation mutation-aspirate)


caret

caret (mutation mutation-radical)
garet (mutation mutation-soft)
ngharet (mutation mutation-nasal)
charet (mutation mutation-aspirate)

second-person singular conditional colloquial of caru


craw

crawiau (plural)
craw (mutation mutation-radical)
graw (mutation mutation-soft)
nghraw (mutation mutation-nasal)
chraw (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From crawen (“crust, rind”), from Proto-Celtic *greup, from Proto-Indo-European *krus- (“crust”), see also Latin crusta (“crust”), Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “frost, icy cold”), κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “crystal, ice”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀 (xruzdra, “hard”), Sanskrit क्रूड् (krūḍ, “thicken, make hard”).

cog

a rejected piece of slate, often used for building fences in quarrying regions of north Wales


hogan

cy-noun

hogan f (plural gennod or hogennod, not mutable)

Northwest Walian pronunciation of hogen (“little girl”), where e in a final unstressed syllable is commonly pronounced a.


doer

doer (mutation mutation-radical)
ddoer (mutation mutation-soft)
noer (mutation mutation-nasal)

(literary) present subjunctive/imperative impersonal literary of dod


bunt

punt (mutation mutation-radical)
bunt (mutation mutation-soft)
mhunt (mutation mutation-nasal)
phunt (mutation mutation-aspirate)


cud

cudiaid (plural)
cud (mutation mutation-radical)
gud (mutation mutation-soft)
nghud (mutation mutation-nasal)
chud (mutation mutation-aspirate)


ell

gell (mutation mutation-radical)
ell (mutation mutation-soft)
ngell (mutation mutation-nasal)


eddy

Obsolete form of addawa (“(s/he) promises”).


fro

bro (mutation mutation-radical)
fro (mutation mutation-soft)
mro (mutation mutation-nasal)


dor

tor (mutation mutation-radical)
dor (mutation mutation-soft)
nhor (mutation mutation-nasal)
thor (mutation mutation-aspirate)


gait

cait (mutation mutation-radical)
gait (mutation mutation-soft)
nghait (mutation mutation-nasal)
chait (mutation mutation-aspirate)


hap

hap f or m (plural hapau or hapiau, not mutable)


opera

operâu (plural)
opera (mutation mutation-radical)
hopera (mutation prothesis-h)


brad

brad m (usually uncountable, plural bradau or bradiau)

bradau (plural)
bradiau (plural)
brad (mutation mutation-radical)
frad (mutation mutation-soft)
mrad (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Middle Welsh brat, from Proto-Brythonic *brad, from Proto-Celtic *mratom.


puro

cy-verb

puro (first-person singular present puraf)

puraf (first-person present singular)
puraf (first-person future indicative present singular)
puri (future indicative present second-person singular)
pur (future indicative present singular third-person)
pura (future indicative present singular third-person)
purwn (first-person future indicative plural present)
purwch (future indicative plural present second-person)
purant (future indicative plural present third-person)
purir (future impersonal indicative present)
purwn (conditional first-person singular)
purwn (first-person imperfect indicative singular subjunctive)
purit (conditional second-person singular)
purit (imperfect indicative second-person singular subjunctive)
purai (conditional singular third-person)
purai (imperfect indicative singular subjunctive third-person)
purem (conditional first-person plural)
purem (first-person imperfect indicative plural subjunctive)
purech (conditional plural second-person)
purech (imperfect indicative plural second-person subjunctive)
purent (conditional plural third-person)
purent (imperfect indicative plural subjunctive third-person)
purid (conditional impersonal)
purid (imperfect impersonal indicative subjunctive)
purais (first-person preterite singular)
puraist (preterite second-person singular)
purodd (preterite singular third-person)
purasom (first-person plural preterite)
purasoch (plural preterite second-person)
purasant (plural preterite third-person)
purwyd (impersonal preterite)
puraswn (first-person pluperfect singular)
purasit (pluperfect second-person singular)
purasai (pluperfect singular third-person)
purasem (first-person pluperfect plural)
purasech (pluperfect plural second-person)
purasent (pluperfect plural third-person)
purasid (impersonal pluperfect)
puresid (impersonal pluperfect)
purwyf (first-person present singular subjunctive)
purych (present second-person singular subjunctive)
puro (present singular subjunctive third-person)
purom (first-person plural present subjunctive)
puroch (plural present second-person subjunctive)
puront (plural present subjunctive third-person)
purer (impersonal present subjunctive)
pur (imperative second-person singular)
pura (imperative second-person singular)
pured (imperative singular third-person)
purwn (first-person imperative plural)
purwch (imperative plural second-person)
purent (imperative plural third-person)
purer (imperative impersonal)
puro (noun-from-verb)
puredig (participle)
puradwy (participle)
pura i (first-person future singular)
puraf i (first-person future singular)
puri di (future second-person singular)
purith o (future singular third-person)
e (future singular third-person)
hi (future singular third-person)
puriff e (future singular third-person)
purwn ni (first-person future plural)
purwch chi (future plural second-person)
puran nhw (future plural third-person)
purwn i (conditional first-person singular)
purswn i (conditional first-person singular)
puret ti (conditional second-person singular)
purset ti (conditional second-person singular)
purai fo (conditional singular third-person)
fe (conditional singular third-person)
hi (conditional singular third-person)
pursai fo (conditional singular third-person)
puren ni (conditional first-person plural)
pursen ni (conditional first-person plural)
purech chi (conditional plural second-person)
pursech chi (conditional plural second-person)
puren nhw (conditional plural third-person)
pursen nhw (conditional plural third-person)
purais i (first-person preterite singular)
pures i (first-person preterite singular)
puraist ti (preterite second-person singular)
purest ti (preterite second-person singular)
purodd o (preterite singular third-person)
e (preterite singular third-person)
hi (preterite singular third-person)
puron ni (first-person plural preterite)
puroch chi (plural preterite second-person)
puron nhw (plural preterite third-person)
pura (imperative second-person singular)
purwch (imperative plural second-person)
puro (mutation mutation-radical)
buro (mutation mutation-soft)
mhuro (mutation mutation-nasal)
phuro (mutation mutation-aspirate)


cog

From Middle Welsh coc, from Proto-Brythonic *kog, ultimately imitative, similar to Old High German kā (“crow, jackdaw”), Middle Low German kâ (“crow, jackdaw”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

Cuculus canorus
Cuculus canorus#Translingual

especially common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus)


cog

cogau (plural)
cygod (plural)
cog (mutation mutation-radical)
gog (mutation mutation-soft)
nghog (mutation mutation-nasal)
chog (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh coc, from Proto-Brythonic *kog, from Latin coquus.


marc

barc (mutation mutation-radical)
farc (mutation mutation-soft)
marc (mutation mutation-nasal)


tad

tadau (plural)
tad (mutation mutation-radical)
dad (mutation mutation-soft)
nhad (mutation mutation-nasal)
thad (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Proto-Brythonic *tad, from Proto-Celtic *tatos.


idol

cy-noun

idol m (plural idolau or idoliaid or idolon)

idolau (plural)
idoliaid (plural)
idolon (plural)
idol (mutation mutation-radical)
hidol (mutation prothesis-h)


moll

moll (mutation mutation-radical)
foll (mutation mutation-soft)


cur

curiau (plural)
curau (plural)
cur (mutation mutation-radical)
gur (mutation mutation-soft)
nghur (mutation mutation-nasal)
chur (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh kur, from Proto-Brythonic *kʉr, from Latin cūra.


pila

pilaon (plural)
pila (mutation mutation-radical)
bila (mutation mutation-soft)
mhila (mutation mutation-nasal)
phila (mutation mutation-aspirate)


mod

bod (mutation mutation-radical)
fod (mutation mutation-soft)
mod (mutation mutation-nasal)


taler

taler (mutation mutation-radical)
daler (mutation mutation-soft)
nhaler (mutation mutation-nasal)
thaler (mutation mutation-aspirate)

(literary) subjunctive impersonal of talu

(literary) imperative impersonal of talu


pall

From Middle Welsh pall, from Proto-Brythonic *pall, from Latin palla (“cloak, mantle”).


pall

pall (mutation mutation-radical)
ball (mutation mutation-soft)
mhall (mutation mutation-nasal)
phall (mutation mutation-aspirate)


gall

gall (mutation mutation-radical)
all (mutation mutation-soft)
ngall (mutation mutation-nasal)

inflection of gallu:
third-person singular present/future

(literary, rare) second-person singular imperative

inflection of gallu:
second-person singular imperative


-en

From Middle Welsh -en, from Old Welsh -en, from Proto-Brythonic *-enn. Cognate with Cornish -en, Breton -enn.

llygod (“mice”) + -en → llygoden (“mouse”)

sêr (“stars”) + -en → seren (“star”)

coed (“trees, wood”) + -en → coeden (“tree”)

Used to form the singulative of certain words.

llysywen (“eel”)

matsien (“match”)

taten (“potato”)

pêl (“ball”) + -en → pelen (“little ball, pellet”)

lloer (“moon”) + -en → lloeren (“satellite”)

gwraig (“woman, wife”) + -en → gwreigen (“little woman, little wife”)

coch (“red”) + -en → cochen (“(female) redhead”)

clebr (“gossip, chatter”) + -en → clebren (“(female) gossip”)

gwlith (“dew”) + -en → gwlithen (“slug”)

cwyr (“wax”) + -en → cwyren (“cake or tablet of wax”)

calch (“lime, chalk”) + -en → calchen (“limestone”)

awyr (“sky”) + -en → awyren (“aeroplane”)

crwm (“curved”) + -en → cromen (“dome”)

suffix indicating an object, item, thing


-en

ych (“ox”) + -en → ychen (“oxen”)


-en

(colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person plural conditional

(colloquial) verb suffix for the third-person plural conditional


cam

From Proto-Celtic *kanksman, *kanxsman, from *kengeti.

cam ceiliog

the lengthening daylight between the winter solstice and Christmas


cam

cy-adj

cam (feminine singular cam, plural ceimion, equative camed, comparative camach, superlative camaf)

cam (feminine singular)
ceimion (plural)
camed (equative)
camach (comparative)
camaf (superlative)

From Proto-Brythonic *kam, from Proto-Celtic *kambos.

Gweithio yn gam


cam

camau (plural)
cam (mutation mutation-radical)
gam (mutation mutation-soft)
ngham (mutation mutation-nasal)
cham (mutation mutation-aspirate)


dun

tun (mutation mutation-radical)
dun (mutation mutation-soft)
nhun (mutation mutation-nasal)
thun (mutation mutation-aspirate)


gala

cala (mutation mutation-radical)
gala (mutation mutation-soft)
nghala (mutation mutation-nasal)
chala (mutation mutation-aspirate)


champ

camp (mutation mutation-radical)
gamp (mutation mutation-soft)
nghamp (mutation mutation-nasal)
champ (mutation mutation-aspirate)


-o

Dai + -o → Deio

Gwen + -o → Gwenno

Iorwerth + -o → Iolo


-o

(literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular present subjunctive


-o

From Middle Welsh -aw, from Proto-Brythonic *-ọβ̃.

-io

Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech


char

car (mutation mutation-radical)
gar (mutation mutation-soft)
nghar (mutation mutation-nasal)
char (mutation mutation-aspirate)


drown

trown (mutation mutation-radical)
drown (mutation mutation-soft)
nhrown (mutation mutation-nasal)
thrown (mutation mutation-aspirate)


bait

bait (mutation mutation-radical)
fait (mutation mutation-soft)
mait (mutation mutation-nasal)

(literary) second-person singular imperfect subjunctive of bod


neb

From Proto-Celtic *nekʷos (“someone, something”), whence also Old Irish nech (“anyone; no-one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ne (negative particle) + Proto-Indo-European *kʷos (“which, that”). Cognate with Latvian nekas (“nothing”).


fest

cy-noun

fest f (plural festiau or fests or festys, not mutable)

festiau (plural)
fests (plural)
festys (plural)


myth

byth (mutation mutation-radical)
fyth (mutation mutation-soft)
myth (mutation mutation-nasal)


faint

Shortened from pa faint (“what amount”).


lawn

llawn (mutation mutation-radical)
lawn (mutation mutation-soft)


nag

From Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, a combination of Proto-Indo-European *ne (negative particle) and *-kʷe (“and”); compare Latin neque.


pilen

pilennau (plural)
pilen (mutation mutation-radical)
bilen (mutation mutation-soft)
mhilen (mutation mutation-nasal)
philen (mutation mutation-aspirate)


babi

babis (plural)
babi (mutation mutation-radical)
fabi (mutation mutation-soft)
mabi (mutation mutation-nasal)


Arwel

Arwel (mutation mutation-radical)
Harwel (mutation prothesis-h)


perihelion

perihelion m (plural perihelionau or perihelia)

perihelionau (plural)
perihelia (plural)
perihelion (mutation mutation-radical)
berihelion (mutation mutation-soft)
mherihelion (mutation mutation-nasal)
pherihelion (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Borrowed from English perihelion, from English perihelium + -on (noun suffix), the former from Late Latin perihelium, from Ancient Greek περι- (peri-, “around, surrounding”) + ἥλῐος (hḗlios, “the sun”), the latter from -ον (-on, noun suffix).


teth

tethau (plural)
tethi (plural)
teth (mutation mutation-radical)
deth (mutation mutation-soft)
nheth (mutation mutation-nasal)
theth (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Cymru

Cymru (mutation mutation-radical)
Gymru (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghymru (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chymru (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh Kymry, from Proto-Brythonic *kömroɣ, from Proto-Celtic *kom- (associative prefix) + *mrogis (“region, country”). By surface analysis, cyn (“with, together”) + bro (“country”). Cognate with English Cumbria and Cambria.


pipi

pipi (mutation mutation-radical)
bipi (mutation mutation-soft)
mhipi (mutation mutation-nasal)
phipi (mutation mutation-aspirate)


beth

Originally pa beth (“which thing”) with the soft mutation of peth (“thing”) after pa (“which”), from Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis.


beth

peth (mutation mutation-radical)
beth (mutation mutation-soft)
mheth (mutation mutation-nasal)
pheth (mutation mutation-aspirate)


bac

pac (mutation mutation-radical)
bac (mutation mutation-soft)
mhac (mutation mutation-nasal)
phac (mutation mutation-aspirate)


thaw

taw (mutation mutation-radical)
daw (mutation mutation-soft)
nhaw (mutation mutation-nasal)
thaw (mutation mutation-aspirate)


horen

oren (mutation mutation-radical)
horen (mutation prothesis-h)


poed

poed (mutation mutation-radical)
boed (mutation mutation-soft)
mhoed (mutation mutation-nasal)
phoed (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Dydd o elwch diddolur,—a bwthyn
 Llawn o bethau natur,
 Iddych poed, a heddwch pur
 I geisio duwiol gysur.

1840 December, Eos Glan Twrch [pseud. John Edwards], “Englynion a anfonwyd gan yr awdwr at ei frawd, ar fynediad yr olaf dan yr iau briodasawl. [Englynion sent by the author to his brother, upon the admittance of the latter under the matrimonial yoke.]”, in Robert Everett, editor, Y Cenhadwr Americanaidd [The American Messenger], volume I, number 12, 58 Heol Genesee, Utica: R. W. Roberts, second englyn, page 367/2:

A day’s angstless jubilation,—I bid you,
 A hut with the things of creation
 Abounding, and perfect impeturbation
 To aim at godly consolation.

(literary) third-person singular imperative of bod


trigo

cy-verb

trigo (first-person singular present trigaf)

trigaf (first-person present singular)
trigaf (first-person future indicative present singular)
trigi (future indicative present second-person singular)
trig (future indicative present singular third-person)
triga (future indicative present singular third-person)
trigwn (first-person future indicative plural present)
trigwch (future indicative plural present second-person)
trigant (future indicative plural present third-person)
trigir (future impersonal indicative present)
trigwn (conditional first-person singular)
trigwn (first-person imperfect indicative singular subjunctive)
trigit (conditional second-person singular)
trigit (imperfect indicative second-person singular subjunctive)
trigai (conditional singular third-person)
trigai (imperfect indicative singular subjunctive third-person)
trigem (conditional first-person plural)
trigem (first-person imperfect indicative plural subjunctive)
trigech (conditional plural second-person)
trigech (imperfect indicative plural second-person subjunctive)
trigent (conditional plural third-person)
trigent (imperfect indicative plural subjunctive third-person)
trigid (conditional impersonal)
trigid (imperfect impersonal indicative subjunctive)
trigais (first-person preterite singular)
trigaist (preterite second-person singular)
trigodd (preterite singular third-person)
trigasom (first-person plural preterite)
trigasoch (plural preterite second-person)
trigasant (plural preterite third-person)
trigwyd (impersonal preterite)
trigaswn (first-person pluperfect singular)
trigasit (pluperfect second-person singular)
trigasai (pluperfect singular third-person)
trigasem (first-person pluperfect plural)
trigasech (pluperfect plural second-person)
trigasent (pluperfect plural third-person)
trigasid (impersonal pluperfect)
trigesid (impersonal pluperfect)
trigwyf (first-person present singular subjunctive)
trigych (present second-person singular subjunctive)
trigo (present singular subjunctive third-person)
trigom (first-person plural present subjunctive)
trigoch (plural present second-person subjunctive)
trigont (plural present subjunctive third-person)
triger (impersonal present subjunctive)
triga (imperative second-person singular)
triged (imperative singular third-person)
trigwn (first-person imperative plural)
trigwch (imperative plural second-person)
trigent (imperative plural third-person)
triger (imperative impersonal)
trigo (noun-from-verb)
trigedig (participle)
trigadwy (participle)
triga i (first-person future singular)
trigaf i (first-person future singular)
trigi di (future second-person singular)
trigith o (future singular third-person)
e (future singular third-person)
hi (future singular third-person)
trigiff e (future singular third-person)
trigwn ni (first-person future plural)
trigwch chi (future plural second-person)
trigan nhw (future plural third-person)
trigwn i (conditional first-person singular)
trigswn i (conditional first-person singular)
triget ti (conditional second-person singular)
trigset ti (conditional second-person singular)
trigai fo (conditional singular third-person)
fe (conditional singular third-person)
hi (conditional singular third-person)
trigsai fo (conditional singular third-person)
trigen ni (conditional first-person plural)
trigsen ni (conditional first-person plural)
trigech chi (conditional plural second-person)
trigsech chi (conditional plural second-person)
trigen nhw (conditional plural third-person)
trigsen nhw (conditional plural third-person)
trigais i (first-person preterite singular)
triges i (first-person preterite singular)
trigaist ti (preterite second-person singular)
trigest ti (preterite second-person singular)
trigodd o (preterite singular third-person)
e (preterite singular third-person)
hi (preterite singular third-person)
trigon ni (first-person plural preterite)
trigoch chi (plural preterite second-person)
trigon nhw (plural preterite third-person)
triga (imperative second-person singular)
trigwch (imperative plural second-person)


trigo

trigaf (first-person present singular)
trigaf (first-person future indicative present singular)
trigi (future indicative present second-person singular)
trig (future indicative present singular third-person)
triga (future indicative present singular third-person)
trigwn (first-person future indicative plural present)
trigwch (future indicative plural present second-person)
trigant (future indicative plural present third-person)
trigir (future impersonal indicative present)
trigwn (conditional first-person singular)
trigwn (first-person imperfect indicative singular subjunctive)
trigit (conditional second-person singular)
trigit (imperfect indicative second-person singular subjunctive)
trigai (conditional singular third-person)
trigai (imperfect indicative singular subjunctive third-person)
trigem (conditional first-person plural)
trigem (first-person imperfect indicative plural subjunctive)
trigech (conditional plural second-person)
trigech (imperfect indicative plural second-person subjunctive)
trigent (conditional plural third-person)
trigent (imperfect indicative plural subjunctive third-person)
trigid (conditional impersonal)
trigid (imperfect impersonal indicative subjunctive)
trigais (first-person preterite singular)
trigaist (preterite second-person singular)
trigodd (preterite singular third-person)
trigasom (first-person plural preterite)
trigasoch (plural preterite second-person)
trigasant (plural preterite third-person)
trigwyd (impersonal preterite)
trigaswn (first-person pluperfect singular)
trigasit (pluperfect second-person singular)
trigasai (pluperfect singular third-person)
trigasem (first-person pluperfect plural)
trigasech (pluperfect plural second-person)
trigasent (pluperfect plural third-person)
trigasid (impersonal pluperfect)
trigesid (impersonal pluperfect)
trigwyf (first-person present singular subjunctive)
trigych (present second-person singular subjunctive)
trigo (present singular subjunctive third-person)
trigom (first-person plural present subjunctive)
trigoch (plural present second-person subjunctive)
trigont (plural present subjunctive third-person)
triger (impersonal present subjunctive)
triga (imperative second-person singular)
triged (imperative singular third-person)
trigwn (first-person imperative plural)
trigwch (imperative plural second-person)
trigent (imperative plural third-person)
triger (imperative impersonal)
trigo (noun-from-verb)
trigedig (participle)
trigadwy (participle)
triga i (first-person future singular)
trigaf i (first-person future singular)
trigi di (future second-person singular)
trigith o (future singular third-person)
e (future singular third-person)
hi (future singular third-person)
trigiff e (future singular third-person)
trigwn ni (first-person future plural)
trigwch chi (future plural second-person)
trigan nhw (future plural third-person)
trigwn i (conditional first-person singular)
trigswn i (conditional first-person singular)
triget ti (conditional second-person singular)
trigset ti (conditional second-person singular)
trigai fo (conditional singular third-person)
fe (conditional singular third-person)
hi (conditional singular third-person)
trigsai fo (conditional singular third-person)
trigen ni (conditional first-person plural)
trigsen ni (conditional first-person plural)
trigech chi (conditional plural second-person)
trigsech chi (conditional plural second-person)
trigen nhw (conditional plural third-person)
trigsen nhw (conditional plural third-person)
trigais i (first-person preterite singular)
triges i (first-person preterite singular)
trigaist ti (preterite second-person singular)
trigest ti (preterite second-person singular)
trigodd o (preterite singular third-person)
e (preterite singular third-person)
hi (preterite singular third-person)
trigon ni (first-person plural preterite)
trigoch chi (plural preterite second-person)
trigon nhw (plural preterite third-person)
triga (imperative second-person singular)
trigwch (imperative plural second-person)
trigo (mutation mutation-radical)
drigo (mutation mutation-soft)
nhrigo (mutation mutation-nasal)
thrigo (mutation mutation-aspirate)

(South Wales, of animals) to die, to perish


mai

Mae’n dweud mai athro yw ef. (formal)

Mae o’n deud mai athro ’dy o. (North Wales, colloquial)

Byddai buddugoliaeth i Bontypridd yn sicrhau mai nhw fydd yn gorffen y tymor ar frig y tabl.

2012 April 27, “Uchafbwynt Uwchgynghrair Rygbi”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:

Victory for Pontypridd would ensure that they finish the season at the top of the table.

(formal and North Wales colloquial) that (introduces a noun clause, marking it for emphasis)


Crynwr

Crynwyr (plural)
Crynwr (mutation mutation-radical)
Grynwr (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghrynwr (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chrynwr (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From crynu (“to quake”) + -wr; calque of English Quaker.


tai

tai (mutation mutation-radical)
dai (mutation mutation-soft)
nhai (mutation mutation-nasal)
thai (mutation mutation-aspirate)

(pe) tai hi’n hapus

third-person singular counterfactual conditional colloquial of bod (used after pe (“if”), which can also be omitted)


tho

to (mutation mutation-radical)
do (mutation mutation-soft)
nho (mutation mutation-nasal)
tho (mutation mutation-aspirate)


caws

caws (mutation mutation-radical)
gaws (mutation mutation-soft)
nghaws (mutation mutation-nasal)
chaws (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh caws, from Old Welsh caus, from Proto-Brythonic *kọs, a borrowing from Latin cāseus. Cognate with Cornish keus, Breton keuz.


Iesu

1588, Y Beibl cyssegr-lan, Ioan 8:58:

Yr Iesu a ddywedodd wrthynt, Yn wir, yn wir, meddaf i chwi, Cyn bod Abraham, yr wyf fi.

Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Before Abraham was, I am.


Iesu

Iesu (mutation mutation-radical)
Hiesu (mutation prothesis-h)


actio

actio (first-person singular present actiaf)

actiaf (first-person present singular)
actiaf (first-person future indicative present singular)
ecti (future indicative present second-person singular)
actia (future indicative present singular third-person)
actiwn (first-person future indicative plural present)
ectiwch (future indicative plural present second-person)
actiwch (future indicative plural present second-person)
actiant (future indicative plural present third-person)
ectir (future impersonal indicative present)
actiwn (conditional first-person singular)
actiwn (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
ectit (conditional second-person singular)
ectit (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
actiai (conditional singular third-person)
actiai (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
actiem (conditional first-person plural)
actiem (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
actiech (conditional plural second-person)
actiech (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
actient (conditional plural third-person)
actient (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
ectid (conditional impersonal)
ectid (imperfect impersonal indicative)
ectiais (first-person preterite singular)
ectiaist (preterite second-person singular)
actiodd (preterite singular third-person)
actiasom (first-person plural preterite)
actiasoch (plural preterite second-person)
actiasant (plural preterite third-person)
actiwyd (impersonal preterite)
actiaswn (first-person pluperfect singular)
actiasit (pluperfect second-person singular)
actiasai (pluperfect singular third-person)
actiasem (first-person pluperfect plural)
actiasech (pluperfect plural second-person)
actiasent (pluperfect plural third-person)
actiasid (impersonal pluperfect)
actiesid (impersonal pluperfect)
actiwyf (first-person present singular subjunctive)
ectiech (present second-person singular subjunctive)
actio (present singular subjunctive third-person)
actiom (first-person plural present subjunctive)
actioch (plural present second-person subjunctive)
actiont (plural present subjunctive third-person)
actier (impersonal present subjunctive)
actia (imperative second-person singular)
actied (imperative singular third-person)
actiwn (first-person imperative plural)
ectiwch (imperative plural second-person)
actiwch (imperative plural second-person)
actient (imperative plural third-person)
actier (imperative impersonal)
actio (noun-from-verb)
actiedig (participle)
actiadwy (participle)
actia i (first-person future singular)
actiaf i (first-person future singular)
acti di (future second-person singular)
actith o (future singular third-person)
e (future singular third-person)
hi (future singular third-person)
actiff e (future singular third-person)
actiwn ni (first-person future plural)
actiwch chi (future plural second-person)
actian nhw (future plural third-person)
actiwn i (conditional first-person singular)
actswn i (conditional first-person singular)
actiet ti (conditional second-person singular)
actset ti (conditional second-person singular)
actiai fo (conditional singular third-person)
fe (conditional singular third-person)
hi (conditional singular third-person)
actsai fo (conditional singular third-person)
actien ni (conditional first-person plural)
actsen ni (conditional first-person plural)
actiech chi (conditional plural second-person)
actsech chi (conditional plural second-person)
actien nhw (conditional plural third-person)
actsen nhw (conditional plural third-person)
actiais i (first-person preterite singular)
acties i (first-person preterite singular)
actiaist ti (preterite second-person singular)
actiest ti (preterite second-person singular)
actiodd o (preterite singular third-person)
e (preterite singular third-person)
hi (preterite singular third-person)
action ni (first-person plural preterite)
actioch chi (plural preterite second-person)
action nhw (plural preterite third-person)
actia (imperative second-person singular)
actiwch (imperative plural second-person)
actio (mutation mutation-radical)
hactio (mutation prothesis-h)


partner

cy-noun

partner m (plural partneriaid or partners)

partneriaid (plural)
partners (plural)
partner (mutation mutation-radical)
bartner (mutation mutation-soft)
mhartner (mutation mutation-nasal)
phartner (mutation mutation-aspirate)


alla

galla (mutation mutation-radical)
alla (mutation mutation-soft)
ngalla (mutation mutation-nasal)


sashimi

Borrowed from English sashimi, from Japanese 刺身 (sashimi).


gallant

gallant (mutation mutation-radical)
allant (mutation mutation-soft)
ngallant (mutation mutation-nasal)

(literary) third-person plural present/future of gallu


fore

bore (mutation mutation-radical)
fore (mutation mutation-soft)
more (mutation mutation-nasal)


cana

cana (mutation mutation-radical)
gana (mutation mutation-soft)
nghana (mutation mutation-nasal)
chana (mutation mutation-aspirate)

inflection of canu:
first-person singular future colloquial

third-person singular present indicative/future literary

inflection of canu:
second-person singular imperative


mud

cy-adj

mud (feminine singular mud, plural mudion, not comparable)

mud (feminine singular)
mudion (plural)
mud (mutation mutation-radical)
fud (mutation mutation-soft)

From Middle Welsh mut, from Proto-Brythonic *mʉd, from Latin mūtus.

mute, dumb, silent (unable or unwilling to speak)


rabbi

cy-noun

rabbi m (plural rabiniaid or rabïaid, not mutable)


sut

Borrowed from Middle English sute (“clothes, suit; type”). Doublet of siwt.

bor+

Sut ydych chi?

Sut ewch chi yno?

Sut bydd y tywydd?


sut

Sut brofiad oedd ysgrifennu'r llyfr 'ma?

What kind of experience was it to write this book?

Sut un ydy dy chwaer?

(literally, “What kind of one is your sister?”)


fel

From Proto-Brythonic *haβ̃al, itself from Proto-Celtic *samalis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”). Cognate with Breton evel, Cornish avel, Irish samhail, Latin similis.

der

Gwyn fel yr eira / Du fel y frân / Pinc fel y rhosyn / Coch fel y tân / Llwyd fel y wiwer / Melyn fel yr haul / Glas fel yr awyr / Gwyrdd fel y dail. / Dyna rai o'r lliwiau, / y lliwiau yn Gymraeg.

White like the snow / Black like the crow / Pink like the rose / Red like the fire / Grey like the squirrel / Yellow like the sun / Blue like the sky / Green like the leaves. / Those are some of the colours, / the colours in Welsh.


fel

Fel ’yt ti’n gwbod ’ny?


pesto

pesto (mutation mutation-radical)
besto (mutation mutation-soft)
mhesto (mutation mutation-nasal)
phesto (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Borrowed from English pesto, from Italian pesto.


halogen

cy-noun

halogen m (plural halogenau, not mutable)

1937, R. O. Davies, Elfennau Cemeg (Elements of Chemistry), University of Wales Press

"Another element belonging to the halogen family is fluorine."

Elfen arall yn perthyn i deulu’r halogenau yw ffluorin.


roi

rhoi (mutation mutation-radical)
roi (mutation mutation-soft)


ester

Internationalism borrowed from English ester.


fi

The name of the Latin-script letter V/v.


nod

From Middle Welsh not, from Proto-Brythonic *nod, from Latin nota. Cognate with Cornish nos, Old Breton not, Old Irish not, Irish nod.


nod

nod m (plural nodau or nodion, not mutable)

Borrowed from English node, from Latin nōdus.


nod

dod (mutation mutation-radical)
ddod (mutation mutation-soft)
nod (mutation mutation-nasal)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


dim

From Middle Welsh dim, cognate with the rare Old Irish dim (“something, anything”) (which may be a Brythonic loanword), with further etymology uncertain. Matasović derives the word from Proto-Celtic *dis-smi-, dissimilated from Proto-Indo-European *dus-smi- (literally “bad one”). Alternatively, Morris-Jones hypothesizes the original meaning was “share, portion” and derives the word from Proto-Celtic *dīsman, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂y- (“to share”).
Development of the particle sense (“not”) is an instance of Jespersen's Cycle.


dim

dim (mutation mutation-radical)
ddim (mutation mutation-soft)
nim (mutation mutation-nasal)


pedwar

pedair (feminine)
pedwar (mutation mutation-radical)
bedwar (mutation mutation-soft)
mhedwar (mutation mutation-nasal)
phedwar (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh pedwar, from Old Welsh petuar, petguar, from Proto-Brythonic *pedwar, from Proto-Celtic *kʷetwores, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres.


wyth

wyth (mutation mutation-radical)
hwyth (mutation prothesis-h)

From Proto-Brythonic *üiθ, from Proto-Celtic *oxtū (compare Cornish eth), Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw.


Awst

Awst (mutation mutation-radical)
Hawst (mutation prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh Awst, from Proto-Brythonic *aɣust, from Vulgar Latin agustus, from Latin augustus.


Gorffennaf

Gorffennaf (mutation mutation-radical)
Orffennaf (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngorffennaf (mutation mutation-nasal)

Literally “end of summer”, from gorffen (“end”) + haf (“summer”). Cognate with Cornish Gorefen.


wythnos

wythnosau (plural)
wythnos (mutation mutation-radical)
hwythnos (mutation prothesis-h)


Hydref

Literally "stag call", from Middle Welsh hyddfref < Middle Welsh hydd (“stag”) + Middle Welsh bref (“call, cry”), referring to the time of year when stags rut.


dydd

dyddiau (plural)
dydd (mutation mutation-radical)
ddydd (mutation mutation-soft)
nydd (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Middle Welsh dyð, from Old Welsh did, from Proto-Brythonic *dið, from Proto-Celtic *dīyos (compare Cornish dydh, Breton deiz, Old Irish día), from Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws (compare Latin diēs).


Chwefror

From Middle Welsh chwefrawr, from Proto-Brythonic *hwevrọr, from Latin Februārius.


Ebrill

Ebrill (mutation mutation-radical)
Hebrill (mutation prothesis-h)

From Proto-Brythonic *ėbrɨll, from Vulgar Latin *aprillis or *aprilius, from Latin Aprīlis (compare Breton Ebrel, Cornish Ebryl).


Medi

Medi (mutation mutation-radical)
Fedi (mutation mutation-soft)

Literally “reaping”, referring to the harvest, from medi.


Ionawr

Ionawr (mutation mutation-radical)
Hionawr (mutation prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh Ionawr, from Proto-Brythonic *Yọnọr, from Vulgar Latin *iānārius, from Latin Iānuārius.


Rhagfyr

Rhagfyr (mutation mutation-radical)
Ragfyr (mutation mutation-soft)

Literally “foreshortening”, referring to the days shortening, from rhag- + byr.


Mehefin

Mehefin (mutation mutation-radical)
Fehefin (mutation mutation-soft)

From Proto-Celtic *medyo-samīno- (“middle of summer”) (compare Irish Meitheamh, Cornish Metheven, Breton Mezheven). For the individual components, see *medyos (“middle”) and *samos (“summer”).


dynes

dynesau (plural)
dynes (mutation mutation-radical)
ddynes (mutation mutation-soft)
nynes (mutation mutation-nasal)

From dyn (“man; person”) + -es (feminine suffix).


Tachwedd

Tachwedd (mutation mutation-radical)
Dachwedd (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhachwedd (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thachwedd (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Literally “slaughtering”, referring to when livestock is slaughtered for winter, from Middle Welsh tachwet; the principal semantic component ("wedd") is from Proto-Celtic *wedeti (“to lead”) (with semantic shift "lead" > "push" > "hit, beat"), and is also seen in argywedd (“harm, damage, injury”).