pen

From Middle Welsh and Old Welsh penn, from Proto-Brythonic *penn, from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom.

gobennu

to terminate, to accent on the penultimate syllable


blew

blewyn (singulative)
blew
flew (soft)
mlew

From Middle Welsh blew; cognate with Breton blev and Cornish blew. Of uncertain ultimate origin and lacking Celtic cognates outside of Brythonic. Perhaps related to Ancient Greek φλόος (phlóos, “rind, bark”). Or, related to Lithuanian plùskos (“hair”) and Proto-West Germanic *fleus (“fleece”), from Proto-Indo-European *plews- (“to pull out, pluck”).

achub y blewyn a cholli’r bwrn

to be penny-wise and pound-foolish, to falsely economise


had

head

had m pl or m sg (singulative hedyn, plural hadau)

From Middle Welsh hat, from Proto-Brythonic *had, from Proto-Celtic *satos, from Proto-Indo-European *sh₁-tó-, past participle of *seh₁- (“to sow”). Cognate with English seed.


torso

torsoau (plural)
torso
dorso (soft)
nhorso
thorso


dueg

From du (“black”) + -eg. Compare black bile, traditionally believed to be secreted by the spleen.


barf

From Proto-Brythonic *barβ, from Latin barba, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰeh₂. Compare Cornish barv, Breton barv.


gwên

From Proto-Brythonic *gwen, from Proto-Celtic *gʷenom.


bawd

From Middle Welsh mawd, from Proto-Celtic *mā-to-, from Proto-Indo-European *mē-.
Compare Breton meud and Cornish meus.

a bar projecting from rock face to which ropes are attached


pilen

pilenni (plural)
pilen
bilen (soft)
mhilen
philen


teth

tethau (plural)
tethi (plural)
teth
deth (soft)
nheth
theth


colomen

colomennod (plural)
colomen
golomen (soft)
ngholomen
cholomen

From Middle Welsh colomen, from Proto-Brythonic *kolom (from Latin columba) + -en.


anther

antherau (plural)
antheri (plural)
anther
hanther (prothesis-h)


elin

elinoedd (plural)
elinau (plural)
elin
helin (prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh elin, from Old Welsh elin, Proto-Brythonic *ölin, from from Proto-Celtic *olīnā (“elbow; angle”), from Proto-Indo-European *Heh₃l- (“to bend”).
Cognates
Cognate with Cornish elin, Breton ilin, Scottish Gaelic uileann, Irish uillinn; non-Celtic cognates include Old English eln(bōga), Latin ulna, Ancient Greek ὠλένη (ōlénē).


safn

cy-noun

safn m or f (plural safnau, diminutive sefnyn, not mutable)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *stómn̥ (“mouth, muzzle”). Compare Cornish sâwn, Cornish sawan (“chasm”), Breton staoñ (“palate”), and, outside of Brittonic, Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma, “mouth”).


cen

cennau (plural)
cen
gen (soft)
nghen
chen

From Proto-Celtic *kennos (“skin”) (compare Cornish kenn (“film, skin (on liquid); peel”), Breton kenn (“scurf, dandruff”), Old Irish cenn (“covering”)), from Proto-Indo-European *sken- (“to split off”) (compare German schinden (“to strip, peel; skin”)); further to Cornish skans (“fish scales”), Breton skant (“fish scales”), Irish scain (“to tear, burst”).


cala

caliau (plural)
cala
gala (soft)
nghala
chala

From Proto-Celtic *kalgā. Cognate with Cornish kal, kalgh; Breton kalc'h.


glin

From Proto-Brythonic *glin, from Proto-Celtic *glūnos (compare Old Irish glún), dissimilated from *gnūn-, *gnūnos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu.


bron

From Middle Welsh bronn, from Proto-Brythonic *bronn, from Proto-Celtic *brusū (“belly”).

Cariad mam sy dan fy mron

Mae bronnau ardderchog gyda hi. (South)

1979, Heini Gruffudd, Look Up The Welsh: A Welsh Phrase Book, Y Lolfa Press


cwt

Possibly borrowed from Middle English scut.


aren

arennau (plural)
aren
haren (prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh arenn, from Proto-Celtic *ārū. Cognate with Old Irish áru and perhaps more distantly with Hittite [Term?] (/ḫaḫri-/), Latin rēn, and Tocharian A āriñc (“heart”).


croen

cy-noun

croen m (usually uncountable, plural crwyn)

crwyn (plural)
croen
groen (soft)
nghroen
chroen

From Old Welsh groen, from Proto-Brythonic *krʉn, from Proto-Celtic *kroknom, syncope of *krokkenom (compare Cornish kroghen, Breton kroc'hen, Old Irish croiccenn), of unknown origin. Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“cut off”), although this gave corwg and ysgaru.


ais

eisen (singulative)
ais
hais (prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh eis, from early Proto-Brythonic *assī, a plural derived secondarily from Proto-Celtic *ast, from pre-Celtic *h₂est, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”) (compare Irish easna, Latin os, Albanian asht). Doublet of asen; related to asgwrn.


raser

From English raser a variation of razor.


rhefr

From Proto-Celtic *remros (“great, fat, thick”) (compare Breton reor (“backside, rump”), Irish ramhar (“thick, plump”)).


llygad

llygaid (plural)
llygadau (plural)
llygad
lygad (soft)

Inherited from Middle Welsh llygat, from Old Welsh licat, from Proto-Brythonic *llugad, from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“to see”). Cognate with Cornish lagas (“eye”), Breton lagad (“eye”), Sanskrit लोचन (locana, “eye”)


asgwrn

esgyrn (plural)
asgwrn
hasgwrn (prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh ascurn, ascwrn, from Proto-Celtic *astV-kornu (compare Cornish/Breton askorn), compound of *ast (“rib”) (more at ais) and *kornu (“horn”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nom (compare Latin cornū, English horn), from *ḱerh₂- (“head, horn”).


mwng

From Middle Welsh mwng, from Proto-Brythonic *mung, from Proto-Celtic *mongā. Cognate with Irish moing.


llaw

dwylo (plural)
deulo (plural)
llaw
law (soft)

From Old Welsh lau, from Proto-Brythonic *llọβ̃, from Proto-Celtic *ɸlāmā (whence Irish lámh (“hand”)), from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂. Cognate with English palm, Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē, “palm; hand”), Latin palma (“palm; hand”).
Plural is literally dwy law (“two hands”), but is also used to refer to three or more hands.


brest

cy-noun

brest m or f (plural brestiau or brestau or brestydd or brestys)

brestiau (plural)
brestau (plural)
brestydd (plural)
brestys (plural)
brest
frest (soft)
mrest

From Middle Welsh brest, from Middle English brest. Compare Cornish brest.


calon

calonnau (plural)
calon
galon (soft)
nghalon
chalon

From Middle Welsh callon, from Proto-Brythonic *kalwon, from Proto-Celtic *kalwond- (“heart”). Cognate with Breton kalon.

(anatomy) heart
core (of apple, cabbage, etc.)

(anatomy) heart
center, inner or hidden part


llaeth

From Proto-Brythonic *llaɨθ, borrowed from Latin lactis.


caill

ceilliau (plural)
caill
gaill (soft)
nghaill
chaill

From Middle Welsh keill, from Proto-Brythonic *köll (compare Breton and Cornish kell), from Latin coleus, from Ancient Greek κολεός (koleós).


asen

From Middle Welsh assen, from Proto-Brythonic *asen (compare Old Cornish asen, Middle Breton asen), from Latin asina.


bys

From Middle Welsh bys, from Proto-Celtic *bistis (finger).


afu

From Middle Welsh auu, from Proto-Brythonic *aβʉ, from Proto-Celtic *awV-. Cognate with Breton avu, Cornish avi, Middle Irish áe.


gwallt

gwalltiau (plural)
gwallt
wallt (soft)
ngwallt

From Proto-Brythonic *gwollt, from Proto-Celtic *woltos.
Cognates
See also Cornish gols, Old Breton guolt, Irish folt, from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (compare English wold, Lithuanian váltis (“oat awn”), Serbo-Croatian vlȃt (“ear (of wheat)”), Ancient Greek λάσιος (lásios, “hairy”)).


braich

breichiau (plural)
braich
fraich (soft)
mraich

From Middle Welsh breich, from Proto-Brythonic *brėx, from Latin bracchium. Compare Cornish bregh, Breton brec'h.
This is one of a number of nouns that were masculine in Middle Welsh but became feminine in Modern Welsh; others include chwedl, damwain, dinas, and grudd.


ewin

ewinedd (plural)
ewin
hewin (prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh ewin, from Old Welsh eguin, from Proto-Brythonic *ėɣwin, from Proto-Celtic *angʷīnā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nogʰ- (“nail”).
Compare Cornish ewin, Breton ivin, Irish ionga; also Latin unguis, English nail, Ancient Greek ὄνυξ (ónux), Russian ноготь (nogotʹ).


dwrn

From Middle Welsh dwrn, from Proto-Celtic *durnos (compare Breton dorn (“hand”), Old Irish dorn (“fist”)), probably loaned from a non-Indo-European substrate language.


cochen

cochen f (plural cochennau, masculine cochyn)

cochennau (plural)
cochyn (masculine)
cochen
gochen (soft)
nghochen
chochen


cochyn

cochyn m (plural cochynnau, feminine cochen)

cochynnau (plural)
cochen (feminine)
cochyn
gochyn (soft)
nghochyn
chochyn


corff

cyrff (plural)
corff
gorff (soft)
nghorff
chorff

From Middle Welsh corff, from Proto-Brythonic *korf, from Latin corpus. Ultimately from the same Proto-Indo-European root, *krep-, as cryf (“strong”). Compare Breton korf.


dant

dant m (plural dannedd or daint or danheddau)

dannedd (plural)
daint (plural)
danheddau (plural)
dant
ddant (soft)
nant

From Middle Welsh dant, from Proto-Brythonic *dant, from Proto-Celtic *dant, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts.


oesoffagws

oesoffagi (plural)
oesoffagws
hoesoffagws (prothesis-h)


llefrith

From *llef, a root meaning "weak" and cognate with Irish leamh (“tender, weak”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃lemH- (“weak, broken, soft”) + blith (“milk”).


trwyn

trwynau (plural)
trwyn
drwyn (soft)
nhrwyn
thrwyn

From Proto-Celtic *trognī- (“nose”), with further origin uncertain; perhaps related to ffroen (“nostril”). Cognate with Cornish troen, Breton stroen, and also with French trogne via Gaulish trugna (“nose, snout”).


wyneb

wynebau (plural)
wyneb
hwyneb (prothesis-h)

South Wales

From Old Welsh enep, from Proto-Brythonic *eneb, from Proto-Celtic *enīkʷom (“face”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁enih₃kʷos (“face”), from *h₁én and *h₃ókʷs (“eye”).
Cognate with Breton eneb (“face”), Cornish enep (“face”), and Old Irish enech (“face”).

A phwy ond efe sydd wedi cael digon o wyneb a haerllugrwydd i daflu llaid arno?

And who but he has had enough cheek and impudence to sling mud at him?


ymennydd

ymenyddiau (plural)
ymennydd
hymennydd (prothesis-h)

From Proto-Celtic *en-kʷennio-, corresponding to yn (“in”) + pen (“head”). Cognate with Breton empenn, Irish inchinn.


gwaed

cy-noun

gwaed m (usually uncountable, plural gwaedau or gwaedoedd)

gwaedau (plural)
gwaedoedd (plural)
gwaed
waed (soft)
ngwaed

From Middle Welsh gwaet, from Old Welsh guayt, from Proto-Brythonic *gwoɨd, from Proto-Celtic *waitos, probably ultimately from the root of gwythi (“veins”), see that entry for cognates. Cognate with Breton gwad and Cornish goes.


taflod

taflodydd (plural)
taflodau (plural)
taflod
daflod (soft)
nhaflod
thaflod


penglog

penglogau (plural)
penglog
benglog (soft)
mhenglog
phenglog

From pen (“head”) + clog (“rockface, cliff”). Compare Breton klopenn, Old Irish cloicenn.


coes

coes f or m (plural coesau, diminutive coesen or coesyn)

coesau (plural)
coesen (diminutive)
coesyn (diminutive)
coes
goes (soft)
nghoes
choes

From Middle Welsh coes, probably from Proto-Brythonic *koɨs, from Proto-Celtic *koxsā, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *koḱs-. Cognate with Old Irish cos (“leg”) and Latin coxa (“hip”).


gwefus

gwefusau (plural)
gwefus
wefus (soft)
ngwefus

From Proto-Brythonic *webussu (compare Cornish gweus, Breton gweuz), compound of *we- (compare gwefl (“animal lip”)) and Proto-Celtic *bussus (“lip”) (compare Scottish Gaelic bus, Old Irish busóc (“kiss”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bus- (“to kiss”) (compare Latin bāsium (“kiss”), Lithuanian bučiúoti, Albanian buzë (“mouth”), Persian بوسیدن (bôsidan, “to kiss”)).


cedor

From Proto-Brythonic *kedor, from Proto-Celtic *ketorā.


gwialen

gwialen f (plural gwialenni or gwialennod)

gwialenni (plural)
gwialennod (plural)
gwialen
wialen (soft)
ngwialen


gïau

gïau m (collective, singulative giewyn or gewyn)

giewyn (singulative)
gewyn (singulative)
gïau
ïau (soft)
ngïau

From Middle Welsh gieu, from Proto-Brythonic *giow, plural of *gi.


palfais

palfeisiau (plural)
palfais
balfais (soft)
mhalfais
phalfais


ysgwydd

ysgwyddau (plural)
ysgwydd
hysgwydd (prothesis-h)

From Proto-Brythonic *skuɨð, from Proto-Celtic *skeidā.


gwddwg

gyddygau (plural)
gwddwg
wddwg (soft)
ngwddwg


gwddw

gyddfau (plural)
gwddw
wddw (soft)
ngwddw


clust

clustiau (plural)
clust
glust (soft)
nghlust
chlust

From Proto-Brythonic *klʉst, from Proto-Celtic *kloustā, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-.


gwddf

gyddfau (plural)
gwddf
wddf (soft)
ngwddf

From Proto-Celtic *wodwos (“spoils”), whence also Old Irish fodb (“spoils”), from the practice of counting captives as "so many necks". *wudwos may be related to Proto-Celtic *wodwo- (“cutting”) (whence Old Irish fodb in the sense of "division"), with semantic shift "cutting" > "weapon" > "weapon-spoils" > "spoils" (though these shifts are not straightforward). If so, then the root ultimately goes back to Proto-Indo-European *wedʰH- (“strike”), whence gwasgu (“to press”), Lithuanian vedegà (“a kind of axe”), Sanskrit वध् (vadh, “to strike, slay”), Tocharian A wac (“struggle”).
The variant gwddwg is cognate with Old Breton guodoc (Middle Breton gouzouc, Breton gouzoug, goûg), but it is difficult to explain the alternation between -wg, -w, and -f. The oldest form of the word cited in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru is the Middle Welsh plural form gedueu (13th century; = modern gyddfau), while the soft mutation forms wðwc, wddf, and wddw are all attested in the 14th century, indicating that the alternation is very old.

(South Wales)


mwnwgl

From Middle Welsh mwnwgyl, from Proto-Brythonic *munugl, alteration of Proto-Celtic *moniklos, cognate with Old Irish muinél, derived from Proto-Celtic *monis (from which Old Irish muin (“neck, nape”) and Welsh mŵn (“neck”)), from Proto-Indo-European *mon-i- (“neck”). Related to Sanskrit मन्या (mányā-, “neck”), Latin monīle (“necklace”), and English mane. Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to stand out”).


dannoedd

From Proto-Celtic *dantay-, from *dant (“tooth”) (modern dant).


pen-lin

pen-liniau (plural)
pen-lin
ben-lin (soft)
mhen-lin
phen-lin


eirin

cy-noun

eirin f (collective, singulative eirinen)

eirinen (singulative)
eirin
heirin (prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh eirin, from Proto-Brythonic *ėɣrin, from Proto-Celtic *agrinyā, plural of *agrinyom (compare Cornish yryn, Breton irin, Irish airne (“sloe”)), from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógeh₂ (“berry”) (compare Tocharian B oko (“fruit”), Old Church Slavonic агода (agoda, “berry”)).

cog

stones, glands (of the scrotum), testicles


chwys

From Middle Welsh chuis, from Proto-Brythonic *hwɨs, from Proto-Celtic *swissos, from Proto-Indo-European *sweyd-.


cefn

cy-noun

cefn m (plural cefnau or cefnoedd or cefnydd)

cefnau (plural)
cefnoedd (plural)
cefnydd (plural)
cefn
gefn (soft)
nghefn
chefn

From Middle Welsh keuen. Related to Breton kein (“back”), Cornish keyn (“back”), Gaulish Cebenna (“ridge, height”) (whence French Cévennes).

ar gefn

in addition to, as a consequence of, with regard to; at the expense of; on top, upon, up to

cefn lloer

full moon; crescent of the moon, half moon

cefnog

backed, having a back; strong, stout brave

yng nghefn

behind one's back, underhand; following, pursuing

(anatomy) back, rear
(figuratively) back, support


llwnc

From llyncu (“to swallow”), from Proto-Celtic *slunketi.

(North Wales)


llwnc

(literary) third-person singular present indicative/future of llyncu


boch

boch f (plural bochau, diminutive bochig or bochyn)

bochau (plural)
bochig (diminutive)
bochyn (diminutive)
boch
foch (soft)
moch

From Proto-Brythonic *box, from Latin bucca (“cheek”). Cognate with Cornish bogh (“cheek”), Breton boc'h (“cheek”), Scottish Gaelic bòc (“surge, swell”).


bys troed

bys troed m (plural bysedd traed or bysedd troed)

bysedd traed (plural)
bysedd troed (plural)
bys troed
fys troed (soft)
mys troed

bys

when not specified in contradistinction with a finger

(anatomy) toe (when specified in contradistinction with a finger)


grudd

gruddiau (plural)
grudd
rudd (soft)
ngrudd

From Middle Welsh gruð, from Proto-Brythonic *grʉð, from Proto-Celtic *groudos (“cheek; slope”). Cognate with Cornish grudh (“jaw, mandible”), Irish grua (“cheek”), Scottish Gaelic gruaidh (“cheek”).


gên

From Middle Welsh gen, from Proto-Brythonic *gen, from Proto-Celtic *genus, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus.


penelin

penelinoedd (plural)
penelin
benelin (soft)
mhenelin
phenelin

From pen (“end (of), head (of)”) + elin (“elbow, forearm”).


talcen

talcennau (plural)
talcenni (plural)
talcen
dalcen (soft)
nhalcen
thalcen

From Proto-Celtic *talo-. Cognate with Cornish tal, toal, Breton tal, talbenn.


ceg

cegau (plural)
ceg
geg (soft)
ngheg
cheg

Perhaps borrowed from Old English ċēce (“jaw; cheek”).


sbectol

cy-noun

sbectol f (plural sbectolau or sbectols, not mutable)


gwisg

gwisgoedd (plural)
gwisg
wisg (soft)
ngwisg

From Proto-Brythonic *gwesk, from Proto-Celtic *weskā, itself from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to dress, clothe”).
Cognate with Latin vestis, English wear, Old Armenian զգեստ (zgest), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹 (wasti), Tocharian B wastsi, and Ancient Greek εἷμα (heîma, “garment”).
In Celtic, compare Old Cornish guisc, Breton gwisk.


ceillgwd

ceillgydau (plural)
ceillgwd
geillgwd (soft)
ngheillgwd
cheillgwd

From caill (“testicle”) + cwd (“sac, pouch”).


pidyn

pidynnau (plural)
pidyn
bidyn (soft)
mhidyn
phidyn


cwd

cy-noun

cwd m (plural cydau, diminutive cwdyn or cydyn)

cydau (plural)
cwdyn (diminutive)
cydyn (diminutive)
cwd
gwd (soft)
nghwd
chwd

If not borrowed from Latin cutis (“skin”), cwd is the sole surviving Celtic reflex (via Proto-Brythonic *kud, from Proto-Celtic *kutis) of Proto-Indo-European *kuH-ti-, which is composed of the root *kew(H)- (zero-grade without s-mobile form of *(s)kewH- (“to cover”)) + *-tis (a deverbal abstract noun suffix). In addition to Latin cutis, cognate with Lithuanian kutỹs (“purse”), Old English hȳd (modern English hide (noun)).

suf

zero-grade without s-mobile form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*(s)kewH-</i> (“to cover”)

(anatomy) scrotum, cod; any bag-like cavity or organ in body, sac


cyswllt

cy-noun

cyswllt m (plural cysylltau or cysylltiau)

From Middle Welsh kysswllt, from Proto-Brythonic *kusulld, from Vulgar Latin *cōnsoldus, cōnsolidus; cf. Latin cōnsolidō.


cynffon

cynffon f (plural cynffonnau or cynffonion)

cynffonnau (plural)
cynffonion (plural)
cynffon
gynffon (soft)
nghynffon
chynffon

cynffonna

to wag the tail, to fawn, to suck up to (someone)


croth

crothau (plural)
croth
groth (soft)
nghroth
chroth


gwain

gweiniau (plural)
gwain
wain (soft)
ngwain

From Middle Welsh gwein, from Proto-Brythonic *gwėɣin, from Latin vāgīna. Cognate with Breton gouin, Cornish gweyn.


chwarren

chwarren f (plural chwarennau, not mutable)

Proto-Celtic *swarr-, from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to ache, to fester”).


cilddant

cy-noun

cilddant m (plural cilddannedd or cilddaint)

cilddannedd (plural)
cilddaint (plural)
cilddant
gilddant (soft)
nghilddant
childdant


cilwen

cilwenau (plural)
cilwen
gilwen (soft)
nghilwen
chilwen

From cil (“back; corner”) + gwên (“smile”).

half smile, faint smile, simper, smirk, leer


cilwg

cilygon (plural)
cilwg
gilwg (soft)
nghilwg
chilwg

From cil (“back; corner”) + gwg (“scowl”).

frown, scowl, suspicious or threatening look


arddwrn

arddyrnau (plural)
arddwrn
harddwrn (prothesis-h)

Univerbation of ar + dwrn (“hand, fist”). Cognate with Breton arzorn.


cymal

cymalau (plural)
cymal
gymal (soft)
nghymal
chymal


cledr

head

cledr f or f pl (singulative cledren, plural cledrau)

cledren (singulative)
cledrau (plural)
cledr
gledr (soft)
nghledr
chledr

From Proto-Celtic *kli-trā, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlíto (“post, trimmed log”), ultimately related to *ḱley- (“to lean”); see also Old Norse hlíð (“slope”), Welsh clwyd (“gate, hurdle”), Lithuanian šlìtė (“ladder”), pã-šlitas (“curved”). Celtic cognates include Middle Breton clezr, Middle Irish clithar, clethar (“shelter, covert, fastness; protection”).


penfelyn

cy-adj

penfelyn (feminine singular penfelen, plural penfelynion, not comparable)

penfelen (feminine singular)
penfelynion (plural)

blond, fair-haired, yellow-haired, flaxen-haired


poer

head

poer m (plural poerion, singulative poeryn)

poerion (plural)
poeryn (singulative)
poer
boer (soft)
mhoer
phoer


sawdl

cy-noun

sawdl m or f (plural sodlau, not mutable)

From Middle Welsh saudel, from Proto-Brythonic [Term?], from Proto-Celtic *stātlā or *stādlā (“heel”), from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tleh₂ or *stéh₂dʰleh₂ (“that which is used for standing”) respectively, from the root *steh₂- (“to stand”) + *-tleh₂/*-dʰleh₂ (instrument noun suffix). Cognate with Cornish seudhel, Middle Breton seuzl, Irish sáil, Scottish Gaelic sàil and Manx saayl.


cesail

ceseiliau (plural)
cesail
gesail (soft)
nghesail
chesail


pigwrn

pigyrnau (plural)
pigwrn
bigwrn (soft)
mhigwrn
phigwrn


ffêr

From Proto-Brythonic *fer, from Proto-Celtic *sɸerā.


llost

From Middle Welsh llost, from Proto-Brythonic *llost, from Proto-Celtic *lustā, from the Proto-Indo-European root *lew- (“todivide, to split”), possibly related to Old Norse ljósta (“to strike”). Cognate with Breton lost, Cornish lost, Gaulish losto-,


crawn

crawnau (plural)
crawn
grawn (soft)
nghrawn
chrawn


mynegfys

mynegfysedd (plural)
mynegfys
fynegfys (soft)

From mynegi (“to express”) + bys (“finger”).


sychwr gwallt

sychwr gwallt m (plural sychwyr gwallt, not mutable)

/ˌsəχʊr ˈɡwaːɬd/

[ˌsəχʊr ˈɡwaːɬt]

/ˌsəχʊr ˈɡwaɬd/

[ˌsəχʊr ˈɡwaɬt]


ffroen

From Middle Welsh ffroen, from Proto-Brythonic *froɨn, from Proto-Celtic *srognā.


ellyn

ellynnau (plural)
ellynnod (plural)
ellyn
hellyn (prothesis-h)

Middle Welsh ellyn, from Old Welsh elinn, from Proto-Brythonic [Term?], from Proto-Celtic *altēn, ultimately of probable substrate origin.


bustl

bustlau (plural)
bustl
fustl (soft)
mustl

From Proto-Celtic *bistlo-: de Vaan notes that the word is only found in Latin (Latin bilis) and Brythonic and does not rule out a substrate borrowing for both; however, it could instead be a derivative of a preform *bid-tli-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to split off, bite”), referring to the substance's bitterness. Cognate with Breton bestl.


rasel

cy-noun

rasel f (plural raseli or raselydd, not mutable)

A dissimilated version of English raser, a variation of razor. Similar dissimilation occurs in cornel (“corner”), dresel (“dresser”) and fesul (“at a time”).


bongorff

bongyrff (plural)
bongorff
fongorff (soft)
mongorff


rhych

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ- (“to dig”). Cognate with English furrow and Latin porca (“furrow”).


mynwes

Huna, blentyn, yn fy mynwes


clun

cluniau (plural)
clun
glun (soft)
nghlun
chlun

From Middle Welsh clun, from Proto-Brythonic *klʉn (“buttocks”) (whence Cornish clun and Breton klun (“buttocks”)), from Proto-Celtic *klounis, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlównis.


sgerbwd

sgerbwd m (plural sgerbydau, not mutable)


brych

brychau (plural)
brych
frych (soft)
mrych

From Middle Welsh brych, from Proto-Brythonic *brɨx, from Proto-Celtic *brikkos.


mwstas

mwstasis (plural)
mwstasys (plural)
mwstas
fwstas (soft)


lwyn

Borrowed from Old French loigne or Middle English loyne, ultimately from Latin lumbus (“loin”).

(anatomy) loins (of human being or animal)


llengig

llengigoedd (plural)
llengig
lengig (soft)

From llen (“curtain, veil, screen”) + cig (“meat, flesh”).


malaith

cy-noun

malaith m (plural maleithiau or maleithau)

maleithiau (plural)
maleithau (plural)
malaith
falaith (soft)


afal breuant

afalau breuant (plural)
afal breuant
hafal breuant (prothesis-h)


breuant

breuant m (plural breuannau or breuantau)

breuannau (plural)
breuantau (plural)
breuant
freuant (soft)
mreuant

From Proto-Celtic *brāgants (“neck, throat”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“devour”).


deintydd

deintyddion (plural)
deintydd
ddeintydd (soft)
neintydd


ceudod

ceudodau (plural)
ceudod
geudod (soft)
ngheudod
cheudod


esgair

esgair m (plural esgeiriau or esgeiriedd)

Compare Irish eiscir, from Old Irish escir (“ridge”).


rhawn

rhawn m (collective, singulative rhawnyn)

rhawn f (collective, singulative rhawnen)

rhawnyn (singulative)
rhawnen (singulative)

Inherited from Proto-Brythonic *rrọn (“horsehair”), from Proto-Celtic *(ɸ)rānos (“mane”). Compare Irish rón (“long hair as from an animal's tail”), Middle Irish róinne, rúainne (“a single hair”).

cog

horsehair, bristles, long coarse animal hair


rhawn

cy-adj

rhawn (feminine singular rhawn, plural rhawn, not comparable)

rhawn (feminine singular)
rhawn (plural)


chwysigen

cy-noun

chwysigen f (plural chwysigod, not mutable)

/χwəˈsiːɡɛn/

From Middle Welsh chuyssigen, an alteration (with the suffix -en) of Proto-Brythonic *guɨsig, from Latin vēsīca (“bladder”).


bys bach

bysedd bach (plural)
bys bach
fys bach (soft)
mys bach


bys blaen

bysedd blaen (plural)
bys blaen
fys blaen (soft)
mys blaen


ysgithr

ysgithrau (plural)
ysgithr
hysgithr (prothesis-h)

Uncertain. Viredaz tentatively derives the word from a Proto-Celtic *skixtro-, from *skrixtro-, from Proto-Indo-European *skr̥̮p-tro-, from the zero-grade of *(s)kerp- (“to cut, harvest”) (with s-mobile) + *-trom (“instrumental suffix”). However, *(s)kerp- is otherwise absent in Celtic, in addition to all other derivatives lacking the s-mobile.


bogail

bogail m or f (plural bogeiliau or bogelau)

bogeiliau (plural)
bogelau (plural)
bogail
fogail (soft)
mogail


cymalol

cy-adj

cymalol (feminine singular cymalol, plural cymalol, equative mor gymalol, comparative mwy cymalol, superlative mwyaf cymalol)

cymalol (feminine singular)
cymalol (plural)
mor gymalol (equative)
mwy cymalol (comparative)
mwyaf cymalol (superlative)
cymalol
gymalol (soft)
nghymalol
chymalol


rhedweli

cy-noun

rhedweli m or f (plural rhedwelïau or rhedwelïoedd)

rhedwelïau (plural)
rhedwelïoedd (plural)
rhedweli
redweli (soft)

rhed- (“run”) + gweli (“bleeding wound”).


gôr

From Proto-Brythonic *gwor, from Proto-Celtic *gʷoros (“brooding, pus”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).


sbot haf

cy-noun

sbot haf m (plural sbotiau haf, not mutable)


sbot angau

sbot angau m (plural sbotiau angau, not mutable)


pennyg

pennyg f (collective, singulative penhygen)

penhygen (singulative)
pennyg
bennyg (soft)
mhennyg
phennyg

Borrowed from Latin pantex (“belly, guts”).


uwdfys

uwdfysedd (plural)
uwdfys
huwdfys (prothesis-h)

/ˈɨ̞u̯dvɨ̞s/


arlais

arleisiau (plural)
arlais
harlais (prothesis-h)


wyfa

wyfa f (plural wyfaoedd or wyfeydd or wyfâu)

wyfaoedd (plural)
wyfeydd (plural)
wyfâu (plural)
wyfa
hwyfa (prothesis-h)


ofari

ofarïau (plural)
ofari
hofari (prothesis-h)


amranflew

amranflew m (collective, singulative amranflewyn)

amranflewyn (singulative)
amranflew
hamranflew (prothesis-h)


manflew

manflew m (collective, singulative manflewyn)

manflewyn (singulative)
manflew
fanflew (soft)


goflew

goflew m (collective, singulative goflewyn)

goflewyn (singulative)
goflew
oflew (soft)
ngoflew


blew llygaid

blew llygaid m (collective, singulative blewyn llygaid)

blewyn llygaid (singulative)
blew llygaid
flew llygaid (soft)
mlew llygaid

gweld blew ei lygaid

to mistakenly believe one sees things; to seen one's eyelashes


blew amrant

blew amrant m (collective, singulative blewyn amrant)

blewyn amrant (singulative)
blew amrant
flew amrant (soft)
mlew amrant


chwarren lymff

chwarren lymff f (plural chwarennau lymff, not mutable)


chwarren adrenal

chwarren adrenal f (plural chwarennau adrenal, not mutable)


chwarren chwys

chwarren chwys f (plural chwarennau chwys, not mutable)


chwarren felynwy

chwarren felynwy f (plural chwarennau melynwy, not mutable)


chwarren gastrig

chwarren gastrig f (plural chwarennau gastrig, not mutable)

chwarren (“gland”) + gastrig (“gastric”).


chwarren fwcaidd

chwarren fwcaidd f (plural chwarennau mwcaidd, not mutable)

chwarren (“gland”) + mwcaidd (“mucous”).


chwarren y ffolen

chwarren y ffolen f (plural chwarennau'r ffolen, not mutable)

chwarren (“gland”) + ffolen (“buttock, haunch”).


chwarren lymffatig

chwarren lymffatig f (plural chwarennau lymffatig, not mutable)

chwarren (“gland”) + lymffatig (“lymphatic”).


chwarren boer

chwarren boer f (plural chwarennau chwys, not mutable)


chwarren laeth

chwarren laeth f (plural chwarennau llaeth, not mutable)


chwarren bitwidol

chwarren bitwidol f (plural chwarennau pitwidol, not mutable)

chwarren (“gland”) + pitwidol (“pituitary”).


chwarren brostad

chwarren brostad f (plural chwarennau prostad, not mutable)

chwarren (“gland”) + prostad (“prostate”).


chwarren sebwm

chwarren sebwm f (plural chwarennau sebwm, not mutable)


chwarren thyroid

chwarren thyroid f (plural chwarennau thyroid, not mutable)


chwarren islygadol

chwarren islygadol f (plural chwarennau islygadol, not mutable)

chwarren (“gland”) + islygadol (“infraorbital”).


chwarren ecdysaidd

chwarren ecdysaidd f (plural chwarennau ecdysaidd, not mutable)

chwarren (“gland”) + ecdysaidd (“relating to ecdysis”).


chwarren endocrin

chwarren endocrin f (plural chwarennau ecsocrin, not mutable)

chwarren (“gland”) + endocrin (“endocrine”).


chwarren Cowper

chwarren Cowper f (plural chwarennau Cowper, not mutable)

chwarren (“gland”) + named after English surgeon and anatomist William Cowper (1666–1709).


chwarren ecsocrin

cy-noun

chwarren ecsocrin f (plural chwarennau ecsocrin, not mutable)

chwarren (“gland”) + ecsocrin (“exocrine”).


prostad

prostadau (plural)
prostad
brostad (soft)
mhrostad
phrostad


dannodd

Alternative form of dannoedd (“toothache”)


bys llaw

bys llaw m (plural bysedd llaw or bysedd dwylo)

bysedd llaw (plural)
bysedd dwylo (plural)
bys llaw
fys llaw (soft)
mys llaw

(anatomy) finger (when specified in contradistinction with a toe)


palf

palfau (plural)
palf
balf (soft)
mhalf
phalf

Borrowed from Latin palma (“palm”). Cognate with Cornish palv. Doublet of llaw.


troedfys

traedfysedd (plural)
troedfys
droedfys (soft)
nhroedfys
throedfys

(anatomy, obsolete) toe (when specified in contradistinction with a finger)


briger

briger m (collective, singulative brigeryn)

brigeryn (singulative)
briger
friger (soft)
mriger


treulfwyd

treulfwyd
dreulfwyd (soft)
nhreulfwyd
threulfwyd

From traul (“digestion”) + bwyd (“food”).


llaw dde

Gwynebu partner a dal dwylo de i dde a chwith i chwith.

Face your partner and take their right hands in your right and their left in your left.


lens gyffwrdd

lens gyffwrdd f (plural lensiau cyffwrdd, not mutable)


gwythïen

gwythïen m or f (plural gwythiennau or gwythienni)

gwythiennau (plural)
gwythienni (plural)
gwythïen
wythïen (soft)
ngwythïen

Singulative of gwythi (“veins”, archaic), plural of gŵyth (“vein”, archaic).


afal y llygad

cy-noun

afal y llygad m (plural afalau'r llygaid)

afalau'r llygaid (plural)
afal y llygad
hafal y llygad (prothesis-h)

Literally "apple of the eye". Likely a calque of English eye-apple or Old English ēagæppel.


mablygad

mablygaid (plural)
mablygad
fablygad (soft)


cylla

cylla m or f (plural cyllaon or cyllaoedd or cyllâu or cylleuau)

cyllaon (plural)
cyllaoedd (plural)
cyllâu (plural)
cylleuau (plural)


apig

apigau (plural)
apig
hapig (prothesis-h)


cesail y forddwyd

cesail y forddwyd f (plural ceseiliau y morddwydydd)

ceseiliau y morddwydydd (plural)
cesail y forddwyd
gesail y forddwyd (soft)
nghesail y forddwyd
chesail y forddwyd

(anatomy) Alternative form of cesail morddwyd (“groin”)


morddwyd

morddwydydd (plural)
morddwyd
forddwyd (soft)


pen-glin

pen-gliniau (plural)
pen-glin
ben-glin (soft)
mhen-glin
phen-glin


cesail morddwyd

cesail morddwyd f (plural ceseiliau morddwydydd)

ceseiliau morddwydydd (plural)
cesail morddwyd
gesail morddwyd (soft)
nghesail morddwyd
chesail morddwyd


gwäell y fraich

gwäell y fraich f (plural gwëyll y breich)

gwëyll y breich (plural)
gwäell y fraich
wäell y fraich (soft)
ngwäell y fraich

(anatomy) radius (long bone in the forearm)


poeri

cy-verb

poeri (first-person singular present poeraf)

poeraf (first-person present singular)
poeri
boeri (soft)
mhoeri
phoeri


uwchgroen

uwchgrwyn (plural)
uwchgroen
huwchgroen (prothesis-h)

/ˈɨu̯χɡrɔɨ̯n/

[ˈɨu̯χkrɔɨ̯n]


alldafliad

alldafliadau (plural)
alldafliad
halldafliad (prothesis-h)


had bwrw

From had (“seed; semen”) + bwrw (“to cast”).

(5) Rhaid i berson y rhoddwyd hysbysiad iddo o dan is-baragraff (4)(b) sicrhau, os yw’r had bwrw’n cael ei ddal ganddo neu ar ei gyfer, fod yr had bwrw hwnnw’n cael ei waredu, ei ddefnyddio neu ei gyflenwi’n unol ag is-baragraff (4)(a).

2008, “Rheoliadau Semen Buchol (Cymru) 2008”, in Offerynnau Statudol Cymru^(https://senedd.wales/Laid%20Documents/SUB-LD7014%20-%20The%20Bovine%20Semen%20(Wales)%20Regulations%202008-08042008-80805/sub-ld7014-e-Cymraeg.pdf), number 1040 (Cy. 110), Atodolen 3:

(5) A person given notice under sub-paragraph (4)(b) must, if the ejaculate is held by or for that person ensure that it is discarded, used or supplied in accordance with sub-paragraph 4(a).