Bahamas

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


Bhutan

Alternative form of Bhwtan: Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


Colombia

Colombia (mutation mutation-radical)
Golombia (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngholombia (mutation mutation-nasal)
Cholombia (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Algeria

Algeria (mutation mutation-radical)
Halgeria (mutation prothesis-h)

From English Algeria, from French Algérie, ultimately from Arabic اَلْجَزَائِر (al-jazāʔir).

der

اَلْجَزَائِر


Cambodia

Cambodia (mutation mutation-radical)
Gambodia (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghambodia (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chambodia (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Brasil

Brasil (mutation mutation-radical)
Frasil (mutation mutation-soft)
Mrasil (mutation mutation-nasal)

Gweriniaeth Ffederal Brasil
Gweriniaeth Ffederal Brasil#Welsh

Brazil (A large Portuguese-speaking country in South America; official name: Gweriniaeth Ffederal Brasil)


Botswana

Botswana (mutation mutation-radical)
Fotswana (mutation mutation-soft)
Motswana (mutation mutation-nasal)

From English Botswana, from Tswana Botswana.


Oman

Oman (mutation mutation-radical)
Homan (mutation prothesis-h)

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Angola

Angola (mutation mutation-radical)
Hangola (mutation prothesis-h)

From English Angola, from Portuguese Angola, from Kimbundu ngola.


Israel

Israel (mutation mutation-radical)
Hisrael (mutation prothesis-h)

Latin Israel, from Koine Greek Ἰσρᾱήλ (Isrāḗl), from Biblical Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל (Yiśrāʾēl).

Israel (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean)


Iran

Iran (mutation mutation-radical)
Hiran (mutation prothesis-h)

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


Armenia

Armenia (mutation mutation-radical)
Harmenia (mutation prothesis-h)

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


Croatia

Croatia (mutation mutation-radical)
Groatia (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghroatia (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chroatia (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Albania

Albania (mutation mutation-radical)
Halbania (mutation prothesis-h)


Benin

Benin (mutation mutation-radical)
Fenin (mutation mutation-soft)
Menin (mutation mutation-nasal)

From English Benin, from Portuguese Benim, from Itsekiri Ubinu, from Yoruba ile ibinu.

Benin (a country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey)


Barbados

Barbados (mutation mutation-radical)
Farbados (mutation mutation-soft)
Marbados (mutation mutation-nasal)

Barbados (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Canada

Canada (mutation mutation-radical)
Ganada (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghanada (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chanada (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Tasmania

Tasmania (mutation mutation-radical)
Dasmania (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhasmania (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thasmania (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Tasmania (a state and island in Australia)


Melbourne

Melbourne (the capital of Victoria, Australia)


Sydney

(uncountable) Sydney (a major port city, the state capital of New South Wales, Australia, and the most populous city in Australia)

(uncountable) Sydney (a seaport and former city in Nova Scotia, Canada, now part of the amalgamated Cape Breton Regional Municipality on Cape Breton Island)


Tibet

Tibet (mutation mutation-radical)
Dibet (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhibet (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thibet (mutation mutation-aspirate)


cwm

cy-noun

cwm m (plural cymau or cymoedd or cymydd)

cymau (plural)
cymoedd (plural)
cymydd (plural)
cwm (mutation mutation-radical)
gwm (mutation mutation-soft)
nghwm (mutation mutation-nasal)
chwm (mutation mutation-aspirate)

→ English: cwm

From Middle Welsh cwm, from Proto-Brythonic *komm, from Proto-Celtic *kumbā.
See also Breton komm (“trough”), Irish com, coim (“chest cavity”), French combe, English coomb and Old English cumb (“hollow; narrow valley”), Dutch kom (“bowl, basin”), German Kumpf (“vessel”), Ancient Greek κύμβη (kúmbē, “hollow”),Sanskrit कुम्भ (kumbha, “a pot, jug”).


Madrid

Madrid (mutation mutation-radical)
Fadrid (mutation mutation-soft)


Paris

Paris (mutation mutation-radical)
Baris (mutation mutation-soft)
Mharis (mutation mutation-nasal)
Pharis (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Tirana

Tirana (mutation mutation-radical)
Dirana (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhirana (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thirana (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Tirana (a municipality, the capital and largest city of Albania, located in the center of the country west of the mountain of Dajti on the plain of Tirana; it is the seat of its eponymous county and municipality)


Wellington

/ˈwɛlɪŋˌtən/


Berlin

Berlin (mutation mutation-radical)
Ferlin (mutation mutation-soft)
Merlin (mutation mutation-nasal)


aber

aberoedd (plural)
ebyr (plural)
aber (mutation mutation-radical)
haber (mutation prothesis-h)

From Proto-Brythonic *aber, from Proto-Celtic *adberos.

confluence, joining of two or more rivers


America

America (mutation mutation-radical)
Hamerica (mutation prothesis-h)

yr Amerig

Gogledd America, Canolbarth America, De America


clog

clogau (plural)
clog (mutation mutation-radical)
glog (mutation mutation-soft)
nghlog (mutation mutation-nasal)
chlog (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Proto-Brythonic *klog, from Proto-Celtic *klukā. Cognate with Irish cloch, Scottish Gaelic clach.


Newcastle

Newcastle (a city in New South Wales, Australia)

Newcastle (a city in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)


Cymru

Cymru (mutation mutation-radical)
Gymru (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghymru (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chymru (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh Kymry, from Proto-Brythonic *kömroɣ, from Proto-Celtic *kom- (associative prefix) + *mrogis (“region, country”). By surface analysis, cyn (“with, together”) + bro (“country”). Cognate with English Cumbria and Cambria.


mynydd

mynyddoedd (plural)
mynydd (mutation mutation-radical)
fynydd (mutation mutation-soft)

From Middle Welsh mynyð, from Proto-Brythonic *mönɨð, from Proto-Celtic *moniyos (compare Cornish menydh, Breton menez), from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to tower, stand out”) (compare Latin mōns).

der

common, unenclosed land, mountain land, moorland; agricultural land; plain


afon

afonydd (plural)
afon (mutation mutation-radical)
hafon (mutation prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh afon, from Proto-Brythonic *aβon, from Proto-Celtic *abū, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-h₃ōn-, from *h₂ep- (“body of water”).


[ˌɬan.vai̯r.pʊɬˌɡwɨ̞n.ɡɨ̞ɬ.ɡɔˌɡɛr.əˌχwɨ̞rnˌdrɔ.bʊɬˌɬan.təˌsɪl.jɔˌɡɔ.ɡɔˈɡoːχ]

[ˌɬan.vai̯r.pʊɬˌɡwɪn.ɡɪɬ.ɡɔˌɡɛr.əˌχwɪrnˌdrɔ.bʊɬˌɬan.təˌsɪl.jɔˌɡɔ.ɡɔˈɡoːχ]

Cy-Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch (Welsh pronunciation, recorded 17-05-2012).ogg

Composed of the following elements:
* llan (“parish, church”)
* Fair, soft mutation of Mair (“(saint) Mary”)
* pwll (“pool”)
* gwyn (“white”)
* gyll, soft mutation of cyll (“hazel”)
* go ger (“near about”)
* y (“the”)
* chwyrn (“fierce”)
* drobwll, soft mutation of trobwll (“whirlpool”) (from troi (“to turn”))
* llan (“parish, church”)
* Tysilio (“(saint) Tysilio”)
* -g- (Welsh consonantal infix)
* ogo (dialectal form of ogof (“cave”))
* goch, soft mutation of coch (“red”)
Full meaning: “Saint Mary’s Church in the hollow of the white hazel near the rapid whirlpool and the Church of Saint Tysilio of the red cave”.

Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch (a village in Anglesey, Wales, United Kingdom, known for having the longest place name in Europe, and the longest English-language settlement name in the world.)


Llangollen

Llangollen (mutation mutation-radical)
Langollen (mutation mutation-soft)

Llangollen (a small town in Denbighshire, Wales)


Birmingham

Birmingham (mutation mutation-radical)
Firmingham (mutation mutation-soft)
Mirmingham (mutation mutation-nasal)

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Birmingham (a major city and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands, England)

Jefferson County
Jefferson County#English

Birmingham (a city, the county seat of Jefferson County, Alabama, United States)

New Haven County
New Haven County#English

Birmingham (a community of the city of Derby, New Haven County, Connecticut, United States)

Birmingham (a submerged ghost town in Marshall County, Kentucky, United States)

Birmingham (an unincorporated community in Allen Township, Miami County, Indiana, United States)

Fairfield Township
Fairfield Township#English

Tippecanoe County
Tippecanoe County#English

Birmingham (an unincorporated community in Fairfield Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana, United States)

Van Buren County
Van Buren County#English

Birmingham (a tiny city in Van Buren County, Iowa, United States)

Franklin Township
Franklin Township#English

Birmingham (an unincorporated community in Franklin Township, Jackson County, Kansas, United States)

Birmingham (a city in Oakland County, Michigan, United States)

Birmingham (a village in Clay County, Missouri, United States)

Pemberton Township
Pemberton Township#English

Burlington County
Burlington County#English

Birmingham (an unincorporated community in Pemberton Township, Burlington County, New Jersey, United States)

Lafayette Township
Lafayette Township#English

Coshocton County
Coshocton County#English

Birmingham (a ghost town in Lafayette Township, Coshocton County, Ohio, United States)

Florence Township
Florence Township#English

Birmingham (an unincorporated community in Florence Township, Erie County, Ohio, United States)

Birmingham (an unincorporated community in Monroe Township, Guernsey County, Ohio, United States)

Huntingdon County
Huntingdon County#English

Birmingham (a borough of Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, United States)


garth

garthau (plural)
geirth (plural)
garth (mutation mutation-radical)
arth (mutation mutation-soft)
ngarth (mutation mutation-nasal)

Inherited from Proto-Celtic *gortos (cognate with Irish gort), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórts < *gʰórdʰs < *ǵʰórtos (“enclosure, yard”) (cognate with Latin hortus, Old English ġeard).


Rwsia

From English Russia, from Old East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ, “Rus”).

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


Aberteifi

Aberteifi (mutation mutation-radical)
Haberteifi (mutation prothesis-h)

From aber (“estuary, mouth”) + Teifi (“(River) Teifi”); literally "mouth of the river Teifi".

compound

Cardigan (a town in Ceredigion county borough, Wales)


Serbia

Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Caer

Caer (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaer (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaer (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaer (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Latin castrum (“camp”), via caer (“fortified city”).

Chester (a city, the county town of Cheshire, in northwest England)


Y Trallwng

From trallwng (“dirty pool, boggy spot”), from tra- + llwng.


allt

elltydd (plural)
aillt (plural)
allt (mutation mutation-radical)
hallt (mutation prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh allt, from Proto-Brythonic *alt, from Proto-Celtic *altos (compare Middle Irish alt (“height, cliff”), Irish ailt (“steep-sided ravine”).


Casnewydd

Casnewydd (mutation mutation-radical)
Gasnewydd (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghasnewydd (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chasnewydd (mutation mutation-aspirate)

/ˌkaːsˈnɛu̯ɨ̞ð/

/ˌkaːsˈnɛu̯ɪð/

Newport (a city and unitary authority in Monmouthshire)


Llanelli

Llanelli (mutation mutation-radical)
Lanelli (mutation mutation-soft)

From llan (“church”) + Elli (“Saint Elli”)

Llanelli (a town and community of Carmarthenshire)


Llundain

Llundain (mutation mutation-radical)
Lundain (mutation mutation-soft)

From Middle Welsh Llundein (compare Middle English Lunden), ultimately from Latin Londinium.

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England)


cromlech

cromlechi (plural)
cromlech (mutation mutation-radical)
gromlech (mutation mutation-soft)
nghromlech (mutation mutation-nasal)
chromlech (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From crom (“bowed, arched”, feminine of crwm) + llech (“flat stone”).
First element is a Germanic borrowing (compare Irish crom (“bent over”)) from Proto-Germanic *krumpaz; second element is from Proto-Celtic *ɸlikkā.

feminine of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">crwm</i>

cromlech (Welsh dolmen or underground tomb)


Cernyw

Cernyw (mutation mutation-radical)
Gernyw (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghernyw (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chernyw (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh Kernyw, from Proto-Brythonic *Körnɨw (compare Cornish Kernow, Breton Kernev). Probably ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“head; horn”) and thus cognate with Welsh carn (“hoof”) and English horn.

cog

Cornwall (an historic and ceremonial county of England)


Lloegr

Lloegr (mutation mutation-radical)
Loegr (mutation mutation-soft)

From Middle Welsh Lloegyr; further etymology unknown, with various disparate theories. See an in-depth analysis at this page at The Old North. TON claims Matasović (2009) presents the most plausible simple hypothesis, ultimately from Proto-Celtic *lāikor (“warriors”), from *lāiko- (“warrior”), from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂- (“war”), and cognate with Hittite 𒆷𒄴𒄩𒀸 (laḫḫa-, “campaign”), Ancient Greek λᾱός (lāós, “army, folk”).


Sbaen

Ultimately from Latin Hispania; current form likely influenced by English Spain.

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


Almaen

From Old French Alemaigne, from Latin Alemannia.

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


Prag

Prag (mutation mutation-radical)
Brag (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhrag (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phrag (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Prague (the capital city of the Czech Republic)


Caerdydd

Caerdydd (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaerdydd (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaerdydd (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaerdydd (mutation mutation-aspirate)

/kaɨ̯rˈdɨːð/

From Middle Welsh Caerdyf. Equivalent to caer (“fort”) + Taf (“[River] Taff”); literally "fortified city on the River Taff".
The change from final /v/ to /ð/ is a local pronunciation, postdating the name being borrowed into English.

Cardiff (a city and county, the capital and largest city of Wales)


copa

cy-noun

copa f (plural copâu or copau or copâon)

copâu (plural)
copau (plural)
copâon (plural)
copa (mutation mutation-radical)
gopa (mutation mutation-soft)
nghopa (mutation mutation-nasal)
chopa (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle English cop, from Old English cop, from Proto-West Germanic *kopp, from Proto-Germanic *kuppaz.


Powys

→ English: Powys

Powys (mutation mutation-radical)
Bowys (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhowys (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phowys (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh Powys, from Old Welsh Pouos, generally derived from Latin pagēnsis (“provincial”), from pagus (“canton, province”). Cognate with Italian paese and French pays (“country”).

Powys (a principal area and preserved county of Wales)


Sir Frycheiniog

Brecknockshire (a traditional county of Wales)


Athen

Athen (mutation mutation-radical)
Hathen (mutation prothesis-h)


Corea

Corea (mutation mutation-radical)
Gorea (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghorea (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chorea (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From English Korea, Corea, from Dutch Core. Ultimately from Korean 고려(高麗) (Goryeo).

Korea (two countries of East Asia, North Korea and South Korea; the peninsula containing these two countries)


Aberystwyth

Aberystwyth (mutation mutation-radical)
Haberystwyth (mutation prothesis-h)


Bangor

Bangor (mutation mutation-radical)
Fangor (mutation mutation-soft)
Mangor (mutation mutation-nasal)


Gwynedd

From Middle Welsh Guynet, from Old Irish, cognate with either Féni (“Irish People”), from Proto-Indo-European *weydʰ- (“wood, wilderness”); or fían (“war band”) (from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“chase, pursue, suppress”)).

der

Gwynedd (a historical kingdom of Wales, in the north of the country)

Gwynedd (a county of Wales, in the north-west of the country)


Alban

Alban (mutation mutation-radical)
Halban (mutation prothesis-h)

a male given name from Old Irish Albu (“Scotland”)


Conwy

English: Conwy

English: Conway

Conwy (mutation mutation-radical)
Gonwy (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghonwy (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chonwy (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Old Welsh Cynwy, from cyn- (“chief, foremost”) + gwy (“water”) (a noun whose existence is disputed, but see Gwy).

Conwy County Borough
Conwy County Borough#English

Conwy (a town in Conwy County Borough, North Wales)


Bryste

Bryste (mutation mutation-radical)
Fryste (mutation mutation-soft)
Mryste (mutation mutation-nasal)

Bristol (a city, county, and unitary authority in southwest England)


Abertawe

Abertawe (mutation mutation-radical)
Habertawe (mutation prothesis-h)

From aber (“estuary, mouth”) + Tawe (“(River) Tawe”); literally "mouth of the river Tawe".

compound

Swansea (a town and county borough of Wales)


Tawe

Tawe (mutation mutation-radical)
Dawe (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhawe (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thawe (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Prydain

Prydain (mutation mutation-radical)
Brydain (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhrydain (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phrydain (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh Prydein, from early Proto-Brythonic *Pritanī, a variant of *Pritenī, which survives in Prydyn (“Picts”) and as an early borrowing in Old Irish Cruthin, Irish Cruithne (“Picts”), perhaps from a Proto-Celtic *Kʷritanī, *Kʷritenī, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do”).
The Modern Welsh continuation of Latin Brittānia, in contrast, is Brython. Also see Britto (“a Briton”).

Maen nhw'n byw ym Mhrydain Fawr rŵan.

They live in Great Britain now. (Northern dialect)

Maen nhw'n byw ym Mhrydain Fawr nawr.

They live in Great Britain now. (Southern dialect)


Tórshavn

Tórshavn (mutation mutation-radical)
Dórshavn (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhórshavn (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thórshavn (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Faroese Tórshavn, from Old Norse Þórshǫfn (“Thor's Haven”).

Tórshavn (the capital city of the Faroe Islands)


ynys

ynysoedd (plural)
ynys (mutation mutation-radical)
hynys (mutation prothesis-h)

From Old Welsh inis, from Proto-Brythonic *ɨnɨs, from Proto-Celtic *enistī.


traeth

traethau (plural)
traeth (mutation mutation-radical)
draeth (mutation mutation-soft)
nhraeth (mutation mutation-nasal)
thraeth (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh traeth, from Proto-Brythonic *traɨθ, from Proto-Celtic *traxtus. Cognate with Cornish treth (“beach, sand”), Breton traezh (“sand”), and Irish trácht (“beach”).


llyn

llynnoedd (plural)
llynnau (plural)
llyn (mutation mutation-radical)
lyn (mutation mutation-soft)

From Middle Welsh llynn, from Proto-Brythonic *llɨnn, from Proto-Celtic *lindos (“lake, liquid”).


prifddinas

prifddinasoedd (plural)
prifddinas (mutation mutation-radical)
brifddinas (mutation mutation-soft)
mhrifddinas (mutation mutation-nasal)
phrifddinas (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Califfornia

Califfornia (mutation mutation-radical)
Galiffornia (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaliffornia (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaliffornia (mutation mutation-aspirate)

California (a state of the United States)


Undeb Sofietaidd

Undeb Sofietaidd (mutation mutation-radical)
Hundeb Sofietaidd (mutation prothesis-h)


Ynys Môn

→ English: Ynys Môn

→ Faroese: Ynys Môn

Ynys Môn (mutation mutation-radical)
Hynys Môn (mutation prothesis-h)

Proto-Celtic *Monā (Latin Mona).
Cognate with the Celtic names of other isles, from Proto-Celtic *moniyos (related to Welsh mynydd, Cornish menydh, Breton menez), from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to tower, stand out”) (compare Latin mōns).

Anglesey (an island, traditional county, and unitary authority in Wales)


Irac

Irac (mutation mutation-radical)
Hirac (mutation prothesis-h)

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


maes

meysydd (plural)
maes (mutation mutation-radical)
faes (mutation mutation-soft)

From Proto-Celtic *magestus, from *magos.

brenhines y maes

basil thyme (Clinopodium acinos); meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)

chweinllys maes

field fleawort, Tephroseris integrifolia

ehedydd maes

meadowlark, Sturnella; lesser red-breasted meadowlark, Sturnella defilippi

rhwyddlwyn y maes

field speedwell, Veronica; common field speedwell, Veronica persica

winwyn y maes

field garlic, Allium oleraceum; wild onion, Allium vineale

Fydd dim modd i wyau maes gael eu gwerthu yng Nghymru o fis nesaf ymlaen heb i rwydi gael eu gosod o amgylch yr ieir, fel rhan o fesurau i fynd i'r afael a'r ffliw adar.

Free-range eggs will not be allowed to be sold in Wales from next month on without nets being placed around the hens, as part of mesures to get to grips with bird flu.


Cadan

Cadan (mutation mutation-radical)
Gadan (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghadan (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chadan (mutation mutation-aspirate)


clogwyn

cy-noun

clogwyn m (plural clogwyni or clogwynau)

clogwyni (plural)
clogwynau (plural)
clogwyn (mutation mutation-radical)
glogwyn (mutation mutation-soft)
nghlogwyn (mutation mutation-nasal)
chlogwyn (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Alteration of clogfaen, from clog (“cliff”) + maen (“stone”).


môr

moroedd (plural)
môr (mutation mutation-radical)
fôr (mutation mutation-soft)

From Proto-Brythonic *mor, from Proto-Celtic *mori, from Proto-Indo-European *móri.

(figuratively) plenty, abundance, copiousness


Môr Baltig

Baltic Sea (a sea in northern Europe), connected to the Atlantic.


Môr Iwerddon

Môr Iwerddon (mutation mutation-radical)
Fôr Iwerddon (mutation mutation-soft)


Ynys Wyth

Ynys Wyth (mutation mutation-radical)
Hynys Wyth (mutation prothesis-h)

/ˌənɨ̞ˈsuːɨ̯θ/

/ˌənɪˈsʊi̯θ/

ynys (“island”) + Gwyth, from Proto-Celtic *Wextā. Compare Latin Vecta.


Ynys Manaw

Ynys Manaw (mutation mutation-radical)
Hynys Manaw (mutation prothesis-h)

From ynys (“island”) and a descendant of Proto-Brythonic *manawiā or *manawā.

Isle of Man (an island and Crown dependency of the United Kingdom in the Irish Sea)


Iwerddon

Iwerddon (mutation mutation-radical)
Hiwerddon (mutation prothesis-h)

From Proto-Brythonic *Iwerðon, from Proto-Celtic *Φīweryū (compare Cornish Iwerdhon, Breton Iwerzhon, Old Irish Ériu, Middle Welsh Iwerð (“Irish Sea”)), from Proto-Indo-European *piHweryon-, from *piHwer- (“fat”) (compare Ancient Greek πίειρα (píeira, “fertile”), Sanskrit पीवर (pī́vara, “fat, plump, robust”)).

cog

Ireland (a country and island in Europe)


Gwlad yr Iâ

Gwlad yr Iâ (mutation mutation-radical)
Wlad yr Iâ (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngwlad yr Iâ (mutation mutation-nasal)

Calque of English Iceland, itself a calque of Old Norse Ísland.

Iceland (a country and island in Europe)


cefnfor

cefnforoedd (plural)
cefnfor (mutation mutation-radical)
gefnfor (mutation mutation-soft)
nghefnfor (mutation mutation-nasal)
chefnfor (mutation mutation-aspirate)


gweilgi

gweilgïoedd (plural)
gweilgi (mutation mutation-radical)
weilgi (mutation mutation-soft)
ngweilgi (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Proto-Celtic *wailos (“wolf, howler”) + ci (“dog”). Compare also Irish faolchú (“wolf”).


Gwlad yr Haf

Gwlad yr Haf (mutation mutation-radical)
Wlad yr Haf (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngwlad yr Haf (mutation mutation-nasal)

Somerset literally: "land of the summer"


bryn

cy-noun

bryn m (plural bryniau, diminutive bryncyn)

bryniau (plural)
bryncyn (diminutive)
bryn (mutation mutation-radical)
fryn (mutation mutation-soft)
mryn (mutation mutation-nasal)

Ultimately from Proto-Celtic *brusū. Compare bron.


Norwy

Ultimately from Old Norse Norvegr (literally “north way”), Norðvegr, from norðr (“north”) + vegr (“way”). Probably influenced by English Norway.


cegin

great spotted woodpecker
great spotted woodpecker

Dendrocopos major
Dendrocopos major#Translingual

great spotted woodpecker, witwall (Dendrocopos major)


Awstria

Awstria (mutation mutation-radical)
Hawstria (mutation prothesis-h)


Gwlad Belg

Gwlad Belg (mutation mutation-radical)
Wlad Belg (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngwlad Belg (mutation mutation-nasal)

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


pwll

pyllau (plural)
pwll (mutation mutation-radical)
bwll (mutation mutation-soft)
mhwll (mutation mutation-nasal)
phwll (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Middle Welsh pwll, from Proto-Brythonic *pull, from Old English pull, pyll (“tidal pool”) or Old Norse pollr (whence Icelandic pollur), from Proto-Germanic *pullaz (“pool”). Cognate with Breton poull and Cornish, Irish, and Scottish Gaelic poll.


Prydain Fawr

Prydain Fawr (mutation mutation-radical)
Brydain Fawr (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhrydain Fawr (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phrydain Fawr (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Ydan ni'n dod o Brydain Fawr.

We come from Great Britain. (Northern dialect)

Ydyn ni'n dod o Brydain Fawr.

We come from Great Britain. (Southern dialect)


Llydaw

Llydaw (mutation mutation-radical)
Lydaw (mutation mutation-soft)

From Old Welsh Litau, from Proto-Brythonic *llɨdaw, from Proto-Celtic *ɸlitawī (“continent, country”), related to *ɸlitanos (“broad”) (whence llydan). Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī) and Sanskrit पृथ्वी (pṛthvī).
The semantic shift is “continent” → “mainland Europe” → “areas in mainland Europe where Britons live” → “Brittany”.

cog

Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər^əθβī)

Mae Llydaw yn Ffrainc.

administrative region
administrative region

Brittany (an administrative region, historical province, and peninsula in northwest France)


Lerpwl

metropolitan borough
metropolitan borough

Liverpool (a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England)


Ynysoedd Dedwydd

yr Ynysoedd Dedwydd (canonical feminine plural)
Ynysoedd Dedwydd (mutation mutation-radical)
Hynysoedd Dedwydd (mutation prothesis-h)

/əˈnəsɔɨ̯ð ˈdɛdwɨ̞ð/

/əˈnəsɔi̯ð ˈdɛdwɪð/

autonomous community
autonomous community

Canary Islands (an archipelago and autonomous community of Spain)


Denmarc

Denmarc (mutation mutation-radical)
Ddenmarc (mutation mutation-soft)
Nenmarc (mutation mutation-nasal)

If not strictly borrowed from Danish Danmark, then certainly influenced or reinforced by, or borrowed alone from English Denmark.


Ewrop

Ewrop (mutation mutation-radical)
Hewrop (mutation prothesis-h)


Rwmania

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


Bwlgaria

Bwlgaria (mutation mutation-radical)
Fwlgaria (mutation mutation-soft)
Mwlgaria (mutation mutation-nasal)


Libanus

Borrowed from Latin Libanus, from Ancient Greek Λίβανος (Líbanos), from a Semitic source.

Gweriniaeth Libanus
Gweriniaeth Libanus#Welsh

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East; official name: Gweriniaeth Libanus)

A village in Powys county borough, South Wales


Ariannin

yr Ariannin (canonical feminine)
Ariannin (mutation mutation-radical)
Hariannin (mutation prothesis-h)

From arian (“silver”) + -in, a calque of Spanish Argentina.

Gweriniaeth yr Ariannin
Gweriniaeth yr Ariannin#Welsh

Argentina (a country in South America; official name: Gweriniaeth yr Ariannin)


Dyffryn y Brenhinoedd

Dyffryn y Brenhinoedd (mutation mutation-radical)
Ddyffryn y Brenhinoedd (mutation mutation-soft)
Nyffryn y Brenhinoedd (mutation mutation-nasal)

Valley of the Kings
Valley of the Kings#English

Valley of the Kings (Egyptian valley known for its tombs)


Aifft

From Middle Welsh Eifft, from Proto-Brythonic *ėɣɨft, borrowed from Latin Aegyptus, from Ancient Greek Αἴγυπτος (Aíguptos), from Egyptian ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ (literally “The temple of the ka of Ptah”).

der

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


Cilgwri

Cilgwri (mutation mutation-radical)
Gilgwri (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghilgwri (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chilgwri (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Wirral (a peninsula in England, between the River Dee and the River Mersey)


Caersallog

Caersallog (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaersallog (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaersallog (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaersallog (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Caerwynt

Caerwynt (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaerwynt (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaerwynt (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaerwynt (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Trefynwy

Trefynwy (mutation mutation-radical)
Drefynwy (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhrefynwy (mutation mutation-nasal)
Threfynwy (mutation mutation-aspirate)

/trɛˈvənʊɨ̯/


Mynwy

Mynwy (mutation mutation-radical)
Fynwy (mutation mutation-soft)


Caergaint

Caergaint (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaergaint (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaergaint (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaergaint (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From caer (“fort, castle”) + Caint (“Kent”).

Canterbury (a cathedral city in Kent, England)


Caeredin

Caeredin (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaeredin (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaeredin (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaeredin (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland)


Caerwrangon

Caerwrangon (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaerwrangon (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaerwrangon (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaerwrangon (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From caer (“fort, castle”) + Gwrangon, from Old English Weorgoran, an Anglo-Saxon tribe, via metathesis.

Worcester (a city and local government district in and the county town of Worcestershire, England).


Manceinion

Manceinion (mutation mutation-radical)
Fanceinion (mutation mutation-soft)

A back-formation based on Latin Mancunium invented by William Baxter in his Glossarium Antiquitatum Britannicarum.

Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester#English

Manchester (a major city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in northwestern England)


Efrog

Efrog (mutation mutation-radical)
Hefrog (mutation prothesis-h)

From Old Welsh Caer Ebrauc. Ultimately from Proto-Brythonic *Eβrọg; equivalent to efwr + -og. Related to Breton and Cornish evor and Irish iubhar (“yew”), iúr.


Caerhirfryn

Caerhirfryn (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaerhirfryn (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaerhirfryn (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaerhirfryn (mutation mutation-aspirate)

caer (“castle”) + hir (“long”) + bryn (“hill”).

com

Lancaster (A city in Lancashire in north-west England)


Caint

Caint (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaint (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaint (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaint (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Brythonic *Cantio, from Proto-Celtic *kantos (“corner, rim”). Doublet of camp (“feat, sport”) and siampên (“champagne”).


Rhydychen

Rhydychen (mutation mutation-radical)
Rydychen (mutation mutation-soft)

/ˌr̥ɨːˈdəχɛn/

/r̥ɨ̞ˈdəχɛn/

/ˌr̥iːˈdəχɛn/

From rhyd + ychen, probably a calque of Old English Oxnaford, unless the latter is itself a calque of an older Brythonic name.


fforest

cy-noun

fforest f (plural fforestydd, not mutable)


coedwig

coedwigoedd (plural)
coedwig (mutation mutation-radical)
goedwig (mutation mutation-soft)
nghoedwig (mutation mutation-nasal)
choedwig (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From coed (“forest, wood, trees”) + gwig (“wood, forest, grove”).


bae

baeau anabl


bae

bae (mutation mutation-radical)
fae (mutation mutation-soft)
mae (mutation mutation-nasal)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


Morgannwg

Morgannwg (mutation mutation-radical)
Forgannwg (mutation mutation-soft)

From its eponymous founder Morgan Hen + -wg.

Glamorgan (a traditional county in southern Wales)


Ceredigion

From Ceredig ap Cunedda, 5th-century king.


Gŵyr

Gŵyr (mutation mutation-radical)
Ŵyr (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngŵyr (mutation mutation-nasal)


Amwythig

Amwythig (mutation mutation-radical)
Hamwythig (mutation prothesis-h)

Unknown. Possibly from a Proto-Celtic *ambi-uk-t-iko (“little defence”); with the *uk-t being comparable to Middle Welsh gweith (“battle”). Or else *ambi-uik-s-t-.


Bro Morgannwg

Bro Morgannwg (mutation mutation-radical)
Fro Morgannwg (mutation mutation-soft)
Mro Morgannwg (mutation mutation-nasal)

Vale of Glamorgan
Vale of Glamorgan#English

Vale of Glamorgan (a county borough of South Wales)


llwch

llychau (plural)
llwch (mutation mutation-radical)
lwch (mutation mutation-soft)

Either borrowed from Goidelic or inherited from *lokku, a geminate form of Proto-Celtic *loku. Compare Irish loch, Scottish Gaelic loch.


dyffryn

dyffrynnoedd (plural)
dyffryn (mutation mutation-radical)
ddyffryn (mutation mutation-soft)
nyffryn (mutation mutation-nasal)


twyn

cy-noun

twyn m (plural twyni, diminutive twynyn or twynen)

twyni (plural)
twynyn (diminutive)
twynen (diminutive)
twyn (mutation mutation-radical)
dwyn (mutation mutation-soft)
nhwyn (mutation mutation-nasal)
thwyn (mutation mutation-aspirate)

der

Proto-Indo-European *tum- (“to swell; mound”)


Wcráin

Wcráin (mutation mutation-radical)
Hwcráin (mutation prothesis-h)

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


Gwy

Gwy (mutation mutation-radical)
Wy (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngwy (mutation mutation-nasal)

Unknown; first attested as Old Welsh Guoy. The element -wy is found in other river names such as Monnow, Medway, and Conwy. A borrowing from a Pre-Celtic substrate language cannot be ruled out, as gwy does not match any obvious nouns in Welsh.


Gwyndyd

Gwyndyd (mutation mutation-radical)
Wyndyd (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngwyndyd (mutation mutation-nasal)

/ˈɡʊɨ̯ndɨ̞d/


Gâl

Gâl (mutation mutation-radical)
Âl (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngâl (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Latin gallus. Probably ultimately from the same root as gallu (“to be able”), in which case a doublet of gâl (“enemy”).


Bala

Y Bala (canonical feminine)
Bala (mutation mutation-radical)
Fala (mutation mutation-soft)
Mala (mutation mutation-nasal)

Bala (a small town and community with a town council in Gwynedd, Wales)


Groeg

Groeg (mutation mutation-radical)
Roeg (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngroeg (mutation mutation-nasal)


Awstralia

Awstralia (mutation mutation-radical)
Hawstralia (mutation prothesis-h)

Mewn seiniau llawen canwn oll; Tua'r blaen Awstralia deg!

In joyful strains then let us sing; Advance Australia fair!

Fe gafodd ei addysg draw yng ngwlad Awstralia.

He received his education over in Australia.

Cymanwlad Awstralia
Cymanwlad Awstralia#Welsh

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire; official name: Cymanwlad Awstralia)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


porth

From Proto-Brythonic *porθ, borrowed from Latin porta (“gate, passage”).


ffrwd

From Proto-Brythonic *frud, from Proto-Celtic *srutom, from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“flow, stream”).


Lloegr Newydd

Lloegr Newydd (mutation mutation-radical)
Loegr Newydd (mutation mutation-soft)

/ˌɬɔɨ̯ɡr ˈnɛu̯ɨ̞ð/

[ˌɬˠɔɨ̯ɡr̩ ˈnɛu̯ɨ̞ð]

/ˌɬɔɨ̯ɡər ˈnɛu̯ɨ̞ð/

/ˌɬɔi̯ɡr ˈnɛu̯ɨ̞ð/

[ˌɬɔi̯ɡr̩ ˈnɛu̯ɨ̞ð]

/ˌɬɔi̯ɡɛr ˈnɛu̯ɨ̞ð/

New England (a region of the United States)


Lwcsembwrg

Luxembourg (a small country in Western Europe)

Luxembourg (a province of Wallonia, Belgium)

Luxembourg, Luxembourg City (the capital city of Luxembourg)

Luxembourg (One of the twelve cantons of the country of Luxembourg, which includes its capital city)


Gwlad Pwyl

Gwlad Pwyl (mutation mutation-radical)
Wlad Pwyl (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngwlad Pwyl (mutation mutation-nasal)


Seland Newydd

Gwarchod Seland Newydd.

New Zealand (a country and archipelago in Oceania, to the east of Australia)


Periw

Periw (mutation mutation-radical)
Beriw (mutation mutation-soft)
Mheriw (mutation mutation-nasal)
Pheriw (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Portiwgal

Portiwgal (mutation mutation-radical)
Bortiwgal (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhortiwgal (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phortiwgal (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Twrci

Twrci (mutation mutation-radical)
Dwrci (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhwrci (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thwrci (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Turkey (a country located in Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)


Gaiana

Guyana (a country in northern South America)


Nedd

English: Neath

Neath Port Talbot
Neath Port Talbot#English

Neath (a river in Neath Port Talbot county borough)


Teifi

Teifi (mutation mutation-radical)
Deifi (mutation mutation-soft)
Nheifi (mutation mutation-nasal)
Theifi (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Of Brythonic origin, probably from the same root as Tafwys and possibly also Thames. Also compare the names Tamar, Tavy, Towy, Teviot, Tweed, Taw, Tiverton.

A river that forms the boundary between Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire


penrhyn

cy-noun

penrhyn m (plural penrhynau or penrhynion)

penrhynau (plural)
penrhynion (plural)
penrhyn (mutation mutation-radical)
benrhyn (mutation mutation-soft)
mhenrhyn (mutation mutation-nasal)
phenrhyn (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From pen (“head; end, extremity”) + rhyn (“cape, promontory"; also "rigid, stiff; cold”) (cognate with Irish rinn (“cape, headland”)).


cyfandir

cyfandiroedd (plural)
cyfandir (mutation mutation-radical)
gyfandir (mutation mutation-soft)
nghyfandir (mutation mutation-nasal)
chyfandir (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From cyfan (“whole”) + tir (“land”); compare Breton kevandir.

cyfandirwr

continental, person from continental Europe


Caerloyw

Caerloyw (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaerloyw (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaerloyw (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaerloyw (mutation mutation-aspirate)

/kaɨ̯rˈlɔɨ̯ʊ/

From caer (“fort, castle”) + gloyw (“bright”).

af

Gloucester (a city and local government district of Gloucestershire, England)


Penbedw

Penbedw (mutation mutation-radical)
Benbedw (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhenbedw (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phenbedw (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Birkenhead, A town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside, England.


Tafwys

Tafwys (mutation mutation-radical)
Dafwys (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhafwys (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thafwys (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Proto-Brythonic *taβ̃uɨs, from Proto-Celtic *tamesās, probably ultimately of Celtic origin, but the exact root is unclear; see Thames.


Merswy

Merswy (mutation mutation-radical)
Ferswy (mutation mutation-soft)


Caerwysg

Caerwysg (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaerwysg (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaerwysg (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaerwysg (mutation mutation-aspirate)

/kaɨ̯ˈruːɨ̯sɡ/

/kaɨ̯rˈwɨ̯ːsɡ/

From caer (“fort, castle”) + Wysg (“Exe”).

Exeter (a city and local government district, the county town of Devon, in south-west England).


Caerliwelydd

Caerliwelydd (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaerliwelydd (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaerliwelydd (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaerliwelydd (mutation mutation-aspirate)

/ˌkaɨ̯rlɪu̯ˈɛlɨ̞ð/

caer (“fort, castle”) + Lliwelydd, from a Proto-Brythonic from akin to Latin Luguvalium.

Carlisle (a city and local government district in and the county town of Cumbria, and formerly of Cumberland, in northwestern England)


Dyfnaint

Dyfnaint (mutation mutation-radical)
Ddyfnaint (mutation mutation-soft)
Nyfnaint (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Middle Welsh Dyfneint, from Proto-Brythonic *Düβnėnt. Cognate with Cornish Dewnans, Breton Devnent.


Dyfi

Dyfi (mutation mutation-radical)
Ddyfi (mutation mutation-soft)
Nyfi (mutation mutation-nasal)


Dyfrdwy

Dyfrdwy (mutation mutation-radical)
Ddyfrdwy (mutation mutation-soft)
Nyfrdwy (mutation mutation-nasal)

Of Brythonic origin. Equivalent to dwfr (“water”) + dwyw (“god”).


Efyrnwy

Efyrnwy (mutation mutation-radical)
Hefyrnwy (mutation prothesis-h)

Vyrnwy (a river in Powys, Wales and Shropshire, England)


Ogwr

Ogwr (mutation mutation-radical)
Hogwr (mutation prothesis-h)

Ogmore (a village in the Vale of Glamorgan county borough)

Ogmore (a river in Bridgend county borough)


Wysg

Wysg (mutation mutation-radical)
Hwysg (mutation prothesis-h)

From Middle Welsh Wÿsk, from Proto-Brythonic *Uɨsk, from Proto-Celtic *ɸeiskos (“fish”); cognate with Irish iasc (“fish”).


Caergrawnt

Caergrawnt (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaergrawnt (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaergrawnt (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaergrawnt (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Cambridge (a city and local government district in Cambridgeshire, England)


Llwchwr

→ English: Loughor, Llwchwr

Llwchwr (mutation mutation-radical)
Lwchwr (mutation mutation-soft)

Loughor (a river in Carmarthenshire, and the city and county of Swansea, southern Wales).


Caerlŷr

Caerlŷr (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaerlŷr (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaerlŷr (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaerlŷr (mutation mutation-aspirate)

caer (“fort, castle”) + an element derived from *Ligor, a theorised former name for the local River Soar, possibly cognate with Loire. Cf. Old English Leograceaster and medieval Latin Cair Leirion, recorded in the Historia Brittonum and possibly referring to Leicester.

Leicester (a city and unitary authority in and the county town of Leicestershire, England).


Dofr

Dofr (mutation mutation-radical)
Ddofr (mutation mutation-soft)
Nofr (mutation mutation-nasal)


Caerfaddon

Caerfaddon (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaerfaddon (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaerfaddon (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaerfaddon (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From caer (“fort, castle”) + baddon (“bath”).

Bath and North East Somerset
Bath and North East Somerset#English

Bath (a city in Bath and North East Somerset, Somerset, England)


ffynnon

cy-noun

ffynnon f (plural ffynhonnau, not mutable)

ffynhonnau (plural)
ffynnon (mutation mutation-radical)

From Middle Welsh ffynnawn, from Old Welsh finnaun, fynnaun, from Proto-Brythonic *funtọn, a borrowing from Late Latin fontāna, ultimately from Latin fons. Cognate with Cornish fenten and Breton feunteun.


Caernarfon

Caernarfon (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaernarfon (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaernarfon (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaernarfon (mutation mutation-aspirate)

A port town in Gwynedd, Wales, the location of a castle and a high proportion of Welsh speakers (OS grid ref SH4862).


cyffindref

cyffindref f (plural cyffindrefi or cyffindrefydd)

cyffindrefi (plural)
cyffindrefydd (plural)
cyffindref (mutation mutation-radical)
gyffindref (mutation mutation-soft)
nghyffindref (mutation mutation-nasal)
chyffindref (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From cyffin (“border, limit, frontier”) + tref (“town”).


Unol Daleithiau America

Unol Daleithiau America (mutation mutation-radical)
Hunol Daleithiau America (mutation prothesis-h)

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


Belffast

Belffast (mutation mutation-radical)
Felffast (mutation mutation-soft)
Melffast (mutation mutation-nasal)

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English

Belfast (The capital and largest city of Northern Ireland)


Taf

Taf (mutation mutation-radical)
Daf (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhaf (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thaf (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Likely from the same Celtic source of the rivers Tafwys, Teifi, Dyfi, Tawe, from a root meaning "dark" or "water." Also see Thames.


morfa

cy-noun

morfa m or f (plural morfâu or morfaoedd or morfeydd)

morfâu (plural)
morfaoedd (plural)
morfeydd (plural)
morfa (mutation mutation-radical)
forfa (mutation mutation-soft)


Aberdâr

Aberdâr (mutation mutation-radical)
Haberdâr (mutation prothesis-h)

From aber (“estuary, mouth”) + Dâr (“(River) Dare”); literally "mouth of the river Dare".

compound

Rhondda Cynon Taf
Rhondda Cynon Taf#English

Aberdare (a town in Rhondda Cynon Taf county borough, Wales)


Aberdaugleddau

Aberdaugleddau (mutation mutation-radical)
Haberdaugleddau (mutation prothesis-h)

/ˌabɛrdaɨ̯ˈɡlɛðaɨ̯/

/ˌabɛrdaɨ̯ˈɡlɛðɛ/

From aber (“estuary, mouth”) + dau (“two”) + Cleddau (“(River) Cleddau”); literally "mouth of the two Cleddaus" in reference to meeting point of the Cleddau Wen (“White Cleddau River”) and Cleddau Ddu (“Black Cleddau River”).

Milford Haven (a town in Pembrokeshire, Wales)


Port Talbot

Port Talbot (mutation mutation-radical)
Bort Talbot (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhort Talbot (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phort Talbot (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Port Talbot (a town in Neath Port Talbot county borough, Wales)


Tywyn

Tywyn (a coastal town in Gwynedd, Wales) (OS grid ref SH5800).

Conwy County Borough
Conwy County Borough#English

Towyn (a coastal town in Conwy County Borough, Wales) (OS grid ref SH974794).


Llandudno

Llandudno (mutation mutation-radical)
Landudno (mutation mutation-soft)

From llan (“parish, church”) + Dudno, soft mutation of Tudno (“(saint) Tudno”).

A coastal town in Conwy county borough, Wales (OS grid ref SH7882).


Rhyl

Unknown. See w:Rhyl § Etymology for a variety of hypotheses.

Rhyl (a coastal town and community of Denbighshire)


Pwllheli

Pwllheli (mutation mutation-radical)
Bwllheli (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhwllheli (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phwllheli (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From pwll ("pool") + heli ("saltwater, brine")

Pwllheli (a market town in Gwynedd, Wales)


Machynlleth

Machynlleth (mutation mutation-radical)
Fachynlleth (mutation mutation-soft)


Pontarddulais

Pontarddulais (mutation mutation-radical)
Bontarddulais (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhontarddulais (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phontarddulais (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Originally 'Pontardulais', pont (“bridge”) + aber (“mouth”) + Dulais (“(River) Dulais”), misunderstood in the 20th century as pont (“bridge”) + ar (“on”) + Dulais (“(River) Dulais”) (an example of folk etymology).

com

Pontarddulais (a town and community with a town council in the city and county of Swansea, Wales) (OS grid ref SN5903).


Penarth

Penarth (mutation mutation-radical)
Benarth (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhenarth (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phenarth (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From pennarth (“promontory”), but associated by folk etymology with pen arth (literally “bear’s head”).

Penarth (a town in the Vale of Glamorgan county borough)


jyngl

From English jungle, from Sanskrit जङ्गल (jaṅgala, “uncultivated land”).

der

Mae pobl yn byw mewn jyngl concrid.


Swistir

Partial calque of English Switzerland, from tir (“land, country”) and English Swiss.

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)


Penrhyndeudraeth

From penrhyn (“peninsula, headland”) + dau (“two”) + traeth (“beach, shore”).

com

Penrhyndeudraeth (a small town and community with a town council in Gwynedd, Wales).


Pontypridd

Pontypridd (mutation mutation-radical)
Bontypridd (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhontypridd (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phontypridd (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From pont (“bridge”) + y (“the”) + tŷ (“house”) + pridd (“earth[en]”).

af

Pontypridd (a town in Rhondda Cynon Taf county borough)


sgri

From English scree from Old Norse skriða (“landslide, landslip”).


Bermo

From Abermaw, from aber (“estuary, mouth”) + Mawddach (“(River) Mawddach”); literally "mouth of the river Mawddach".

compound

(colloquial) Barmouth (a town in Gwynedd county borough, Wales)


Abergwaun

Abergwaun (mutation mutation-radical)
Habergwaun (mutation prothesis-h)

From aber (“estuary, mouth”) + Gwaun (“(River) Gwaun”); literally "mouth of the river Gwaun".

Fishguard (a town in Pembrokeshire county borough, Wales)


Abermaw

Abermaw (mutation mutation-radical)
Habermaw (mutation prothesis-h)

From aber (“estuary, mouth”) + Mawddach (“(River) Mawddach”); literally "mouth of the river Mawddach".


Aberhonddu

Aberhonddu (mutation mutation-radical)
Haberhonddu (mutation prothesis-h)

From aber (“estuary, mouth”) + Honddu (“(River) Honddu”); literally "mouth of the river Honddu".

Brecon (a town in Powys county borough, Wales)


Aberafan

Aberafan (mutation mutation-radical)
Haberafan (mutation prothesis-h)

From aber (“estuary, mouth”) + Afan (“(River) Afan”); literally "mouth of the river Afan".

Aberavon (a town in Neath Port Talbot county borough, Wales)


Aberaeron

Aberaeron (mutation mutation-radical)
Haberaeron (mutation prothesis-h)

From aber (“estuary, mouth”) + Aeron (“(River) Aeron”); literally "mouth of the river Aeron".

Aberaeron (a town in Ceredigion county borough, Wales)


Eryri

From eryri (“uplands”), plural of eryr (“bank, rise, ridge”).

Snowdonia (A mountainous region and national park in North Wales, United Kingdom)


Caerffili

Caerffili (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaerffili (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaerffili (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaerffili (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From caer (“fort”) + Ffili (“personal name”); literally "Ffili's fort". Possibly from Old Irish fili (“seer, poet”).

Caerphilly (a town in Caerphilly county borough)


Brynmawr

Brynmawr (a market town and community with a town council in Blaenau Gwent county borough, Wales) (OS grid ref SO1911).


peiran

peiranau (plural)
peiran (mutation mutation-radical)
beiran (mutation mutation-soft)
mheiran (mutation mutation-nasal)
pheiran (mutation mutation-aspirate)


pwll nofio

pyllau nofio (plural)
pwll nofio (mutation mutation-radical)
bwll nofio (mutation mutation-soft)
mhwll nofio (mutation mutation-nasal)
phwll nofio (mutation mutation-aspirate)

/ˌpʊɬ ˈnɔvjɔ/

/ˌpʊɬ ˈnɔvjɔ/


Abergele

Abergele (mutation mutation-radical)
Habergele (mutation prothesis-h)

/ˌabɛrˈɡɛlɛ/

/ˌabɛrˈɡɛlɛ/

aber (“river mouth, estuary”) + Gele (“minor local river”)

com

A small market town and community with a town council in Conwy county borough, Wales (OS grid ref SH9477).


Castell-nedd

Castell-nedd (mutation mutation-radical)
Gastell-nedd (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghastell-nedd (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chastell-nedd (mutation mutation-aspirate)

castell (“castle”) + Nedd (“River Neath”)

Neath (a town in Neath Port Talbot county borough, Wales, United Kingdom).


Caerfyrddin

Caerfyrddin (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaerfyrddin (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaerfyrddin (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaerfyrddin (mutation mutation-aspirate)

caer + Myrddin, from Proto-Celtic *Mori-dūnom (Latin Moridūnum), from *mori (“sea”) (whence môr) + *dūnom (“fort”) (whence din).

Carmarthen, a town in and the county town of Carmarthenshire, Wales (OS grid ref SN4120).


camlas

cy-noun

camlas f (plural camlesi or camlasau or camlesydd)

camlesi (plural)
camlasau (plural)
camlesydd (plural)
camlas (mutation mutation-radical)
gamlas (mutation mutation-soft)
nghamlas (mutation mutation-nasal)
chamlas (mutation mutation-aspirate)

cam (“crooked; false”) + glas (“stream”)


Affganistan

Affganistan (mutation mutation-radical)
Haffganistan (mutation prothesis-h)

Afghanistan (A landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


Belarws

Belarws (mutation mutation-radical)
Felarws (mutation mutation-soft)
Melarws (mutation mutation-nasal)


Bhwtan

Bhwtan (mutation mutation-radical)
Fhwtan (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhwtan (mutation mutation-nasal)


Aserbaijan

Aserbaijan (mutation mutation-radical)
Haserbaijan (mutation prothesis-h)

Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


Bolifia

Bolifia (mutation mutation-radical)
Folifia (mutation mutation-soft)
Molifia (mutation mutation-nasal)


Bwrwndi

Bwrwndi (mutation mutation-radical)
Fwrwndi (mutation mutation-soft)
Mwrwndi (mutation mutation-nasal)

From English Burundi, from Rwanda-Rundi Urundi.


Twfalw

Twfalw (mutation mutation-radical)
Dwfalw (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhwfalw (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thwfalw (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Ciribati

Ciribati (mutation mutation-radical)
Giribati (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghiribati (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chiribati (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Gweriniaeth Ciribati
Gweriniaeth Ciribati#Welsh

Kiribati (A country consisting mostly of the Gilbert Islands archipelago, located in Micronesia in Oceania; official name: Gweriniaeth Ciribati)


Camerŵn

Camerŵn (mutation mutation-radical)
Gamerŵn (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghamerŵn (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chamerŵn (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Wrwgwái

Wrwgwái (mutation mutation-radical)
Hwrwgwái (mutation prothesis-h)

/ˌʊrʊɡˈwai̯/


Paragwâi

Paragwâi (mutation mutation-radical)
Baragwâi (mutation mutation-soft)
Mharagwâi (mutation mutation-nasal)
Pharagwâi (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Moldofa

Moldofa (mutation mutation-radical)
Foldofa (mutation mutation-soft)


Mecsico Newydd

Mecsico Newydd (mutation mutation-radical)
Fecsico Newydd (mutation mutation-soft)

/ˌmɛksɪkɔ ˈnɛu̯.ɨ̞ð/

/ˌmɛksɪkɔ ˈnɛu̯.ɪð/

New Mexico (a state of the United States)


Ecwador

Ecwador (mutation mutation-radical)
Hecwador (mutation prothesis-h)


Antigwa a Barbiwda

Antigwa a Barbiwda (mutation mutation-radical)
Hantigwa a Barbiwda (mutation prothesis-h)

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English

Antigua and Barbuda (a country in North America)


Ciwba

Ciwba (mutation mutation-radical)
Giwba (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghiwba (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chiwba (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Mecsico

Mecsico (mutation mutation-radical)
Fecsico (mutation mutation-soft)


Gwlad Groeg

Gwlad Groeg (mutation mutation-radical)
Wlad Groeg (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngwlad Groeg (mutation mutation-nasal)

/ˌɡwlaːd ˈɡroːɨ̯ɡ/

/ˌɡwlaːd ˈɡrɔi̯ɡ/


Iseldiroedd

/ˌɪsɛlˈdɪrɔɨ̯ð/

/əˌrɪsɛlˈdɪrɔɨ̯ð/

/ˌɪsɛlˈdɪrɔi̯ð/

/əˌrɪsɛlˈdɪrɔi̯ð/

From isel (“low, nether”) + tiroedd (“lands”); thus a calque of Dutch Nederland.

com

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands#English

constituent countries
constituent country

Netherlands (The main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located primarily in Western Europe bordering Germany and Belgium)

Netherlands, Kingdom of the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe, consisting of four constituent countries: the Netherlands per se, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten)


Wganda

Wganda (mutation mutation-radical)
Hwganda (mutation prothesis-h)

From English Uganda, from Swahili Uganda, from Luganda Buganda.


Nicaragwa

Nicaragua (a country in Central America)


De Affrica

De Affrica (mutation mutation-radical)
Dde Affrica (mutation mutation-soft)
Ne Affrica (mutation mutation-nasal)

South Africa (a country in Southern Africa)


Gwlad Tai

Gwlad Thai (canonical feminine)
Gwlad Tai (mutation mutation-radical)
Wlad Tai (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngwlad Tai (mutation mutation-nasal)

Teyrnas Gwlad Thai
Teyrnas Gwlad Thai#Welsh

Thailand (a country in Southeast Asia; official name: Teyrnas Gwlad Thai)


Gogledd Corea

Gogledd Corea (mutation mutation-radical)
Ogledd Corea (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngogledd Corea (mutation mutation-nasal)

/ˌɡɔɡlɛð kɔˈreː.a/


De Corea

De Corea (mutation mutation-radical)
Dde Corea (mutation mutation-soft)
Ne Corea (mutation mutation-nasal)


Tiwnisia

Tiwnisia (mutation mutation-radical)
Diwnisia (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhiwnisia (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thiwnisia (mutation mutation-aspirate)


De Swdan

De Swdan (mutation mutation-radical)
Dde Swdan (mutation mutation-soft)
Ne Swdan (mutation mutation-nasal)

South Sudan (a country in East Africa, formerly the southern part of Sudan)


Gwlad y Basg

Gwlad y Basg (mutation mutation-radical)
Wlad y Basg (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngwlad y Basg (mutation mutation-nasal)


Swdan

Sudan (a country in North Africa and East Africa)


Madagasgar

Madagasgar (mutation mutation-radical)
Fadagasgar (mutation mutation-soft)

Madagascar (a country and island in Africa)


Moroco

Moroco (mutation mutation-radical)
Foroco (mutation mutation-soft)


Mosambic

Mosambic (mutation mutation-radical)
Fosambic (mutation mutation-soft)

Mozambique (a country in East Africa and Southern Africa)


Wiclo

Wiclow, A town, the county town of County Wiclow, Ireland.


Birkinhead

Birkinhead (mutation mutation-radical)
Firkinhead (mutation mutation-soft)
Mirkinhead (mutation mutation-nasal)

Birkenhead, A town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside, England.


Bordo

Bordo (mutation mutation-radical)
Fordo (mutation mutation-soft)
Mordo (mutation mutation-nasal)

Bordeaux (the capital city of the Gironde department, France; capital city of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine).


Barri

Y Barri (canonical masculine)
Barri (mutation mutation-radical)
Farri (mutation mutation-soft)
Marri (mutation mutation-nasal)

Barry (a town and community of the Vale of Glamorgan county borough)


Llansamlet

A suburb and community (without a community council) in the city and county of Swansea, Wales


ucheldir

cy-noun

ucheldir m (plural ucheldiroedd or ucheldiredd)

ucheldiroedd (plural)
ucheldiredd (plural)
ucheldir (mutation mutation-radical)
hucheldir (mutation prothesis-h)


Clydach

From a Proto-Celtic root meaning "flow strongly".

Clydach (a village in Llanelly community, Monmouthshire, Wales) (OS grid ref SO2312).

Clydach (a large village and community in the City and County of Swansea, Wales) (OS grid ref SN6901).

Clydach (a short river in Monmouthshire, which joins the River Usk).

Clydach (a river in Neath Port Talbot county borough, Wales, which joins the River Neath).


Dulyn

Dulyn (mutation mutation-radical)
Ddulyn (mutation mutation-soft)
Nulyn (mutation mutation-nasal)

From du + llyn. Calque of Middle Irish Dublind.


Gorllewin Awstralia

Western Australia
Western Australia#English

Western Australia (a state of Australia)


Tiriogaeth y Gogledd

Northern Territory
Northern Territory#English

Northern Territory (a territory of Australia; capital: Darwin)


Tiriogaeth Prifddinas Awstralia

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

Australian Capital Territory (a territory of Australia)


De Cymru Newydd

De Cymru Newydd (mutation mutation-radical)
Dde Cymru Newydd (mutation mutation-soft)
Ne Cymru Newydd (mutation mutation-nasal)

/ˌdeː ˌkəmrɨ̞ ˈnɛu̯.ɨ̞ð/


Rhufain

Rhufain (mutation mutation-radical)
Rufain (mutation mutation-soft)

From Middle Welsh Ruuein, from Proto-Brythonic *rrʉβ̃ėn, from Vulgar Latin Rōmănia, from Latin Rōmānia (“Roman Empire”), from Ancient Greek Ῥωμᾱνίᾱ (Rhōmāníā).


gwastad

gwastad m (plural gwastadoedd or gwastadau or gwastadion)

gwastadoedd (plural)
gwastadau (plural)
gwastadion (plural)
gwastad (mutation mutation-radical)
wastad (mutation mutation-soft)
ngwastad (mutation mutation-nasal)

From Middle Welsh gwastat, from Proto-Brythonic *gwostad (whence Breton goustad), from Proto-Celtic *uɸostatos (whence Old Irish fossad (“stationary, fixed”)).


twynen

twynennydd (plural)
twynen (mutation mutation-radical)
dwynen (mutation mutation-soft)
nhwynen (mutation mutation-nasal)
thwynen (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Rheindir

Partial calque of German Rheinland, from tir (“land, country”) and German Rhein.


Cwlen

Cwlen (mutation mutation-radical)
Gwlen (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghwlen (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chwlen (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Borrowed from Middle English Coloyne or Early Modern English Cullen, from Old French Cologne, Coloigne, from Latin Colōnia (Agrippīna). Compare Middle Welsh Cwlwyn, from an earlier Middle English form.

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia#English

Cologne (the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in northwestern Germany)


Cas-gwent

Chepstow (a town in Monmouthshire, Wales).


Esgairgeiliog

From esgair (“ridge, esker”) + ceiliog (“cockerel”).

com

A small village in Glantwymyn community, Powys, Wales, historically in Montgomeryshire (OS grid ref SH7506).


siglen

cy-noun

siglen f (plural siglennydd or siglennau or siglennod, not mutable)

siglennydd (plural)
siglennau (plural)
siglennod (plural)


Llyn Loch

Dim ond Llyn Loch Ness dw i, yr un chwedlonol.

I'm just the Loch Ness, the mythological.


Caergwrle

Caergwrle (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaergwrle (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaergwrle (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaergwrle (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Gwersyllt

Gwersyllt (mutation mutation-radical)
Wersyllt (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngwersyllt (mutation mutation-nasal)

/ˈɡwɛrsɨ̞ɬd/

[ˈɡwɛrsɨ̞ɬt]

Possibly from a variant form of gwersyll (“encampment”) or a Welsh adaptation of an earlier English name.

Gwersyllt (a large village and community in Wrexham county borough, Wales)


Tonypandy

Tonypandy (mutation mutation-radical)
Donypandy (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhonypandy (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thonypandy (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From ton (“lea, pasture”) + y (“the”) + pandy (“fulling mill”).

af

Tref yng Nghwm Rhondda yw Tonypandy.

Tonypandy is a town in the Rhondda Valley.

Es i i Donypandy ddoe.

Mae e'n gweithio mewn ffatri yn Nhonypandy.

Tonypandy (a town in Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales)


Pacistan

Pacistan (mutation mutation-radical)
Bacistan (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhacistan (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phacistan (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Borrowed from English Pakistan, itself from Urdu پاکستان (pākistān).


Llanymddyfri

Llanymddyfri (mutation mutation-radical)
Lanymddyfri (mutation mutation-soft)

llan (“parish, church”) + ymhlith/ymysg (“among, amid”) + dyfroedd (“waters”) (plural of dwfr, dŵr).

Llandovery (a town in Carmarthenshire, Wales)


Teyrnas Unedig

Y Deyrnas Unedig (canonical feminine)
Teyrnas Unedig (mutation mutation-radical)
Deyrnas Unedig (mutation mutation-soft)
Nheyrnas Unedig (mutation mutation-nasal)
Theyrnas Unedig (mutation mutation-aspirate)

/ə ˌdeɨ̯rnas ɨ̞ˈnɛdɪɡ/

Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon


Berwig

Berwig (mutation mutation-radical)
Ferwig (mutation mutation-soft)
Merwig (mutation mutation-nasal)

Am aer aparawnt y mae'r hynt, am ŵr
 Ym Merwig a Chaer Wynt

c. 1509, Rhys Nanmor, (Please provide the book title or journal name); quoted in Martin Biddle & Sally Badham, edited by Martin Biddle, King Arthur's Round Table: An Archaeological Investigation, Boydell & Brewer, 2000, →ISBN, page 421:

It is about an heir apparent, about a man
 In Berwick and Winchester.


Dolwyddelan

Dolwyddelan (mutation mutation-radical)
Ddolwyddelan (mutation mutation-soft)
Nolwyddelan (mutation mutation-nasal)

dôl (“meadow”) + Wyddelan (“personal name”)


ystumllyn

cy-noun

ystumllyn m (plural ystumllynnoedd or ystumllynnau)

ystumllynnoedd (plural)
ystumllynnau (plural)

ystum (“curve, meander”) + llyn (“lake”)


Mwmbwls

Mumbles (a coastal suburb, a community and headland (Mumbles Head) in the City and County of Swansea, Wales) (OS grid ref ST6188).


Cwmbwrla

cwm (“coombe, valley”) + Bwrla (“Bwrla”).

A community in the city and county of Swansea, Wales


Ystum Llwynarth

→ English: Oystermouth

Ystum Llwynarth (mutation mutation-radical)
Hystum Llwynarth (mutation prothesis-h)

ystum (“curve, meander”) + llwyn (“bush, grove”) + garth (“wooded slope”)

Oystermouth (a coastal suburb in the city and county of Swansea, Wales) (OS grid ref SS6188).


Môr y Canoldir

Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea#English

Mediterranean Sea (a sea between Europe and Africa)


Môr Du

Black Sea (a sea between Europe and Asia)


Môr Marw

the Dead Sea (a highly saline lake in Israel, Palestine and Jordan)


Llyn Tegid

Llyn Tegid (mutation mutation-radical)
Lyn Tegid (mutation mutation-soft)


Glannau Dyfrdwy

glannau (“banks, shores”) + Dyfrdwy (“River Dee”)

Deeside (a conurbation in England and Wales)


Swydd Gaerlŷr

swydd (“county, shire”) + Caerlŷr (“Leicester”)

Leicestershire (a county of East Midlands, England)


Glannau Merswy

Glannau Merswy (mutation mutation-radical)
Lannau Merswy (mutation mutation-soft)
Nglannau Merswy (mutation mutation-nasal)

glannau (“banks, shores”) + Merswy (“[River] Mersey”)

Merseyside (a metropolitan county in northwestern England)


Canolbarth Lloegr

Canolbarth Lloegr (mutation mutation-radical)
Ganolbarth Lloegr (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghanolbarth Lloegr (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chanolbarth Lloegr (mutation mutation-aspirate)

English Midlands
English Midlands#English

the English Midlands (a region of England)


Gorllewin Ewrop

Gorllewin Ewrop (mutation mutation-radical)
Orllewin Ewrop (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngorllewin Ewrop (mutation mutation-nasal)

Western Europe (a geographical region of Europe)


Canolbarth Ewrop

Canolbarth Ewrop (mutation mutation-radical)
Ganolbarth Ewrop (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghanolbarth Ewrop (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chanolbarth Ewrop (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Central Europe (a geographical region of Europe)


Afon Merswy

Old English Mæres ēa (“boundary river”).


Dwyrain Ewrop

Dwyrain Ewrop (mutation mutation-radical)
Ddwyrain Ewrop (mutation mutation-soft)
Nwyrain Ewrop (mutation mutation-nasal)

Eastern Europe (a geographical region of Europe)


De Ewrop

De Ewrop (mutation mutation-radical)
Dde Ewrop (mutation mutation-soft)
Ne Ewrop (mutation mutation-nasal)

Southern Europe (a geographical region of Europe)


Gogledd Ewrop

Gogledd Ewrop (mutation mutation-radical)
Ogledd Ewrop (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngogledd Ewrop (mutation mutation-nasal)

Northern Europe (a geographical region of Europe)


Bwrdeistref Sirol Conwy

Conwy County Borough (a county borough of Wales)


sirol

cy-adj

sirol (feminine singular sirol, plural sirol, not comparable, not mutable)

sirol (feminine singular)
sirol (plural)


bwrdeistref sirol

cy-noun

bwrdeistref sirol f (plural bwrdeistrefi sirol)

bwrdeistrefi sirol (plural)
bwrdeistref sirol (mutation mutation-radical)
fwrdeistref sirol (mutation mutation-soft)
mwrdeistref sirol (mutation mutation-nasal)


bwrdeistref

bwrdeistref f (plural bwrdeistrefi or bwrdeistrefydd)

bwrdeistrefi (plural)
bwrdeistrefydd (plural)
bwrdeistref (mutation mutation-radical)
fwrdeistref (mutation mutation-soft)
mwrdeistref (mutation mutation-nasal)


Porth Tywyn

porth (“port, harbour”) + tywyn (“sand dune”)

com

Burry Port (a small coastal town in Carmarthenshire, Wales) (OS grid ref SN4400).


tywyn

From tywynnu (“shine, radiate”)
#: Synonyms: disgleirdeb, eglurdeb, gloywder


Hendy-gwyn

hen (“old”) + tŷ (“house”) + gwyn (“white”).

com

Whitland (a small town in Carmarthenshire, Wales) (OS grid ref SN2016).


Swydd Gaerwrangon

swydd (“shire, county”) + Caerwrangon (“Worcester”)

Worcestershire (a county of West Midlands, England; capital: Worcester)


Gorllewin Canolbarth Lloegr

Gorllewin Canolbarth Lloegr (mutation mutation-radical)
Orllewin Canolbarth Lloegr (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngorllewin Canolbarth Lloegr (mutation mutation-nasal)

West Midlands (a county of West Midlands, England)


porthladd

cy-noun

porthladd m (plural porthladdoedd or porthladdau, diminutive porthleddyn)

porthladdoedd (plural)
porthladdau (plural)
porthleddyn (diminutive)
porthladd (mutation mutation-radical)
borthladd (mutation mutation-soft)
mhorthladd (mutation mutation-nasal)
phorthladd (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From earlier porthloedd, porthlodd, from porth (“porth”) + *lloedd (“quiet”).


Môr Coch

Calque of Latin Mare Rubrum, itself a calque of Ancient Greek Ἐρυθρᾱ̀ θάλασσα (Eruthrā̀ thálassa).

der

Ἐρυθρᾱ̀ θάλασσα

Red Sea (a sea in the Indian Ocean, between Arabia and Africa)


Culfor Dofr

Strait of Dover (a strait in the English Channel)


culfor

culforoedd (plural)
culfor (mutation mutation-radical)
gulfor (mutation mutation-soft)
nghulfor (mutation mutation-nasal)
chulfor (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Castell-nedd Port Talbot

Neath Port Talbot
Neath Port Talbot#English

Neath Port Talbot (a county borough and unitary authority in South Wales).


Wrecsam

Wrexham (a town in Wrexham county borough, in northeastern Wales, United Kingdom)

Wrexham (a county borough in northeastern Wales, United Kingdom)


Moscfa

Moscow (a federal city, the capital and largest city of Russia).


Llandecwyn

Llandecwyn (mutation mutation-radical)
Landecwyn (mutation mutation-soft)

llan (“church”) + Tecwyn (“Tecwyn, a 6th century saint”)


Cwmgwrach

Cwmgwrach (mutation mutation-radical)
Gwmgwrach (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghwmgwrach (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chwmgwrach (mutation mutation-aspirate)

A village in Blaengwrach community, Neath Port Talbot county borough, Wales


Iâl

→ English: Yale

Iâl (mutation mutation-radical)
Hiâl (mutation prothesis-h)

From iâl (“clearing, cultivated upland”).

(historical) a commote of medieval Wales within the cantref of Maelor in the Kingdom of Powys


esgair

cy-noun

esgair m (plural esgeiriau or esgeiriedd)

Compare Irish eiscir, from Old Irish escir (“ridge”).


cydlifiad

cydlifiadau (plural)
cydlifiad (mutation mutation-radical)
gydlifiad (mutation mutation-soft)
nghydlifiad (mutation mutation-nasal)
chydlifiad (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From cydlifo (“to flow together”) + -iad.


rhewlif

rhewlifoedd (plural)
rhewlif (mutation mutation-radical)
rewlif (mutation mutation-soft)


Brwsel

Brwsel (mutation mutation-radical)
Frwsel (mutation mutation-soft)
Mrwsel (mutation mutation-nasal)


afonig

afonigion (plural)
afonig (mutation mutation-radical)
hafonig (mutation prothesis-h)


Bannau Brycheiniog

Bannau Brycheiniog (mutation mutation-radical)
Fannau Brycheiniog (mutation mutation-soft)
Mannau Brycheiniog (mutation mutation-nasal)

From bannau (“peaks”) + Brycheiniog (“(of) Brycheiniog, a medieval Welsh kingdom in the area named after king Brychan”).

compound

Brecon Beacons (a mountain range and national park in Wales)


Caergybi

Caergybi (mutation mutation-radical)
Gaergybi (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghaergybi (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chaergybi (mutation mutation-aspirate)

/kaɨ̯rˈɡəbɪ/

From caer (“fort”) + Cybi (“Saint Cybi”).


Ynys Gybi

/ˌənɨ̞s ˈɡəbɪ/

[ˌənɨ̞sˈkəbɪ]

/ˌənɪs ˈɡəbi/

LL-Q9309 (cym)-Rhosyr358-Ynys Gybi (Q1831562).wav

Holy Island (an island off the coast of Anglesey, Wales)


Brynbuga

Brynbuga (mutation mutation-radical)
Frynbuga (mutation mutation-soft)
Mrynbuga (mutation mutation-nasal)

Uncertain. The first element, bryn, means "hill" but the meaning of the second element is contested.


Rhydaman

Rhydaman (mutation mutation-radical)
Rydaman (mutation mutation-soft)

From rhyd (“ford”) + Aman (“River Amman”).

Ammanford (a town in Carmarthenshire, Wales)


Tyddewi

Tyddewi (mutation mutation-radical)
Dyddewi (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhyddewi (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thyddewi (mutation mutation-aspirate)

/tɨ̞ˈðɛu̯.ɪ/

From tŷ (“house (of)”) + Dewi (“[Saint] David”).

af

St Davids (a city in Pembrokeshire, Wales)


Tonyrefail

Tonyrefail (mutation mutation-radical)
Donyrefail (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhonyrefail (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thonyrefail (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From ton (“lea, pasture”) + yr (“the”) + gefail (“forge, smithy”).

Dyw hi ddim yn hoffi byw yn Nhonyrefail.

A village and community of Rhondda Cynon Taf county borough, Wales


iseldir

iseldiroedd (plural)
iseldir (mutation mutation-radical)
hiseldir (mutation prothesis-h)


ynys anghyfannedd

cy-noun

ynys anghyfannedd f (plural ynysoedd anghyfannedd)

Tynnwyd ef oddiar yr orsedd rhoddwyd ef yn noeth mewn llong, ac anfonwyd ef i'r ynys anghyfannedd.

1906, Owen Morgan Edwards, Llyfr Del, page 64:

He was pulled from his throne, put naked into a ship, and sent to the desert island.


tref anghyfannedd

tref anghyfannedd f (plural trefi anghyfannedd or trefydd anghyfannedd)

trefi anghyfannedd (plural)
trefydd anghyfannedd (plural)


anghyfannedd

cy-adj

anghyfannedd (feminine singular anghyfannedd, plural anghyfannedd, equative mor anghyfannedd, comparative mwy anghyfannedd, superlative mwyaf anghyfannedd)

anghyfannedd (feminine singular)
anghyfannedd (plural)
mor anghyfannedd (equative)
mwy anghyfannedd (comparative)
mwyaf anghyfannedd (superlative)


Alaw

Alaw (mutation mutation-radical)
Halaw (mutation prothesis-h)

a unisex given name from alaw (“melody”) or alaw (“water lily”) or transferred from the place name


Swydd Rydychen

swydd (“shire, country”) + Rhydychen (“Oxford”)

com

Oxfordshire (An historical and ceremonial county in South-West England)


Swydd Gaer

swydd (“shire, county”) + Caer (“Chester”)

Cheshire (A county of North West England)


Ynysoedd y De

/əˌnəsɔɨ̯ð ə ˈdeː/

/əˌnəsɔi̯ð ə ˈdeː/

/əˌnəsɔð ə ˈdeː/

From Ynysoedd (“islands”) + y (“(of) the”) + De (“south”).


Sir Gaerfyrddin

Sir Gaerfyrddin (mutation mutation-radical)

/ˌʃiːr ɡərˈvərðɪn/

/ˌʃiːr ˈɡvərðɪn/

A maritime traditional county of Wales, bordered by Morgannwg (“Glamorgan”), Sir Frycheiniog (“Brecknockshire”), Ceredigion (“Cardiganshire”) and Sir Benfro (“Pembrokeshire”).


Gŵyl Dewi

Gŵyl Dewi (mutation mutation-radical)
Ŵyl Dewi (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngŵyl Dewi (mutation mutation-nasal)

/ˌɡuːɨ̯l ˈdɛu̯.ɪ/

Gŵyl (“festival”) + Dewi (“(of) (Saint) David”)

com

Saint David's Day
Saint David's Day#English


Dydd Gŵyl Dewi

Dydd Gŵyl Dewi (mutation mutation-radical)
Ddydd Gŵyl Dewi (mutation mutation-soft)
Nydd Gŵyl Dewi (mutation mutation-nasal)

/ˌdɨːð ˌɡuːɨ̯l ˈdɛu̯.ɪ/

/ˌdɪɡʊɨ̯l ˈdɛu̯.ɪ/

/ˌdiːð ˌɡʊi̯l ˈdɛu̯.i/

Dydd (“day”) + Gŵyl (“(of the) festival”) + Dewi (“(of) (Saint) David”)


Alpau

the Alps, a mountain range in Western Europe


Cilarne

Derived from Irish Cill Airne (“Killarney”).

Killarney, A town in County Kerry, south-western Ireland.


Pen-y-bont

Pen-y-bont (mutation mutation-radical)
Ben-y-bont (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhen-y-bont (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phen-y-bont (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr#Welsh

Short for Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr: Bridgend (a town and county borough of Wales)

Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr

A village near Llandovery, Carmarthenshire


Bae Colwyn

Bae Colwyn (mutation mutation-radical)
Fae Colwyn (mutation mutation-soft)
Mae Colwyn (mutation mutation-nasal)

/ˌbaːɨ̯ ˈkɔlwɨ̞n/

Colwyn Bay (a town, community, and beach resort in Conwy county borough)


Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr

Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr (mutation mutation-radical)
Ben-y-bont ar Ogwr (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhen-y-bont ar Ogwr (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phen-y-bont ar Ogwr (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Literally, “end of the bridge on the Ogmore”

lit

Bridgend (a town in Bridgend county borough)


Pont-y-pŵl

English: Pontypool

Pont-y-pŵl (mutation mutation-radical)
Bont-y-pŵl (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhont-y-pŵl (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phont-y-pŵl (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From pont (“bridge”) + y (“(of the)”) + English pool. (The word pŵl refers to the game of pool or to a pool in gambling, not to a pool of water, which is pwll.)

af

Pontypool (a town in Torfaen county borough)


Cwmbrân

Cwmbrân (mutation mutation-radical)
Gwmbrân (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghwmbrân (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chwmbrân (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Cwmbran (a new town in Torfaen county borough, Monmouthshire, Wales)


Merthyr Tudful

Merthyr Tudful (mutation mutation-radical)
Ferthyr Tudful (mutation mutation-soft)

/ˌmɛrθɨ̞r ˈtɨ̞dvɨ̞l/

Merthyr Tydfil (a large town in Merthyr Tydfil county borough)

Merthyr Tydfil (a county borough of Wales)


Tsiad

From English Chad, believed to be from Kanuri tsade (“lake”).


Bwrcina Ffaso

Bwrcina Ffaso (mutation mutation-radical)
Fwrcina Ffaso (mutation mutation-soft)
Mwrcina Ffaso (mutation mutation-nasal)

From English Burkina Faso, from Moore burkĩna + Dyula faso.

Burkina Faso (a country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta)


diffeithdir

diffeithdiroedd (plural)
diffeithdir (mutation mutation-radical)
ddiffeithdir (mutation mutation-soft)
niffeithdir (mutation mutation-nasal)

From diffaith (“desolate, barren”) + tir (“land”).


Dwyrain Canolbarth Lloegr

Dwyrain Canolbarth Lloegr (mutation mutation-radical)
Ddwyrain Canolbarth Lloegr (mutation mutation-soft)
Nwyrain Canolbarth Lloegr (mutation mutation-nasal)


Sicim

Adapted from English Sikkim. Ultimately from Sikkimese སུ་ཁྱིམ (su khyim).

Sikkim (a state and formerly a kingdom in eastern India)


Penrhyn Llŷn

Penrhyn Llŷn (mutation mutation-radical)
Benrhyn Llŷn (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhenrhyn Llŷn (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phenrhyn Llŷn (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Llŷn Peninsula (a peninsula in North Wales)


Ardal y Llynnoedd

Ardal y Llynnoedd (mutation mutation-radical)
Hardal y Llynnoedd (mutation prothesis-h)

Lake District (a region and national park in Cumbria, north-western England)


Llŷn

→ English: Llŷn, Lleyn

Llŷn (mutation mutation-radical)
Lŷn (mutation mutation-soft)

(historical) Llŷn (a cantref in the kingdom of Gwynedd)


Sir Benfro

Pembrokeshire (a maritime traditional county of Wales)


Arfordir Penfro

Arfordir Penfro (mutation mutation-radical)
Harfordir Penfro (mutation prothesis-h)

Pembrokeshire Coast
Pembrokeshire Coast#English

Pembrokeshire Coast (A stretch of seacoast and national park in Pembrokeshire, Wales.)


Doc Penfro

Doc Penfro (mutation mutation-radical)
Ddoc Penfro (mutation mutation-soft)
Noc Penfro (mutation mutation-nasal)

Pembroke Dock (a harbour town in Pembrokeshire, Wales)


Penfro

Penfro (mutation mutation-radical)
Benfro (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhenfro (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phenfro (mutation mutation-aspirate)

From Proto-Brythonic *Penn-broɣ (literally “land's head, land's end”). By surface analysis, pen (“head”) + bro (“region”). Cognate with English Pembroke.

surf

Pembroke (a town in Pembrokeshire, Wales)

(historical) Pembroke (a cantref in the kingdom of Dyfed, later Deheubarth, in South Wales)


Penrhyn Gobaith Da

Penrhyn Gobaith Da (mutation mutation-radical)
Benrhyn Gobaith Da (mutation mutation-soft)
Mhenrhyn Gobaith Da (mutation mutation-nasal)
Phenrhyn Gobaith Da (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Calque of Portuguese Cabo da Boa Esperança, probably via English.

clq

Cape of Good Hope
Cape of Good Hope#English

Cape of Good Hope (a headland in southwestern South Africa)


Tref y Penrhyn

Tref y Penrhyn (mutation mutation-radical)
Dref y Penrhyn (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhref y Penrhyn (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thref y Penrhyn (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Cape Town (the legislative capital of South Africa).


Gogledd-orllewin Lloegr

Gogledd-orllewin Lloegr (mutation mutation-radical)
Ogledd-orllewin Lloegr (mutation mutation-soft)
Ngogledd-orllewin Lloegr (mutation mutation-nasal)


Wsbecistan

Wsbecistan (mutation mutation-radical)
Hwsbecistan (mutation prothesis-h)


Tajicistan

Tajicistan (mutation mutation-radical)
Dajicistan (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhajicistan (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thajicistan (mutation mutation-aspirate)


Tyrkmenistan

Tyrkmenistan (mutation mutation-radical)
Dyrkmenistan (mutation mutation-soft)
Nhyrkmenistan (mutation mutation-nasal)
Thyrkmenistan (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Turkmenistan (a country in Central Asia)


Casachstan

Casachstan (mutation mutation-radical)
Gasachstan (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghasachstan (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chasachstan (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)