仄

(linguistics, poetry, of a tone) being neither the ngang or huyền tone

(poetry, of a rhyme) carrying a trắc tone


行

行: Hán Việt readings: hàng (canonical)
hành (canonical)
hãng (canonical)
hạng (canonical)
hạnh 行: Nôm readings: hàng (canonical)
hăng (canonical)
ngành (canonical)


mác

vi-noun

(classifier cái, cây) mác • (𢨃, 鏌, 鉳, 博)

cái (classifier)
cây (classifier)
𢨃 (CJK)
鏌 (CJK)
鉳 (CJK)
博 (CJK)

Attested as mlác in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).

(calligraphy) a stroke that falls downwards towards the right (㇏)


móc

cái (classifier)
木 (CJK)
鈢 (CJK)
𠣛 (CJK)
𢪮 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ɓɔːk, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *dɓɔk; cognate with Muong Bi bóc and Khmer ថ្ពក់ (thpŭək, “to hook”).


dòng

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-dòng.wav

xuống dòng


hàng

Sino-Vietnamese word from 行. Doublet of hạnh. Cognate with Thai ห้าง (hâang), Lao ຫ້າງ (hāng), Khmer ហាង (haang).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-hàng.wav


chữ Nôm

head

chữ Nôm • (字喃, 𡨸喃, 𡦂喃)

vi-noun

chữ Nôm • (字喃, 𡨸喃, 𡦂喃)

[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ nom˧˧]

[t͡ɕɨ˧˨ nom˧˧]

[cɨ˨˩˦ nom˧˧]

chữ (“character”) + Nôm, literally "the southern characters" wherein "southern" refers to Vietnam as opposed to northern which is China.

(writing) a historical writing system derived from Chinese characters that was once used to write Vietnamese


vè

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 話 (SV: thoại).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">thoại</i>

vi-etym-sino

(poetry) a rhyming poetic and song form, most typical of northern Vietnam


bút

cây (classifier)
cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)

Tai Dam: ꪚꪴꪒ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 筆 (“writing brush, pen”). Doublet of viết (“to write”).

Ông là một trong những cây bút gạo cội của văn học Việt.

He was one of the seasoned penmen of Vietnamese literature.

(figurative, writing, journalism) someone who writes for a living, such as a professional writer, editorialist or journalist


cong

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *koŋ (“be bent”); cognates include Khmer កោង (kaong, “curved, be bent”) and Mon ကိုၚ် (“be bent”). See also Thai โค้ง (kóong), Chinese 弓 (cung).

(calligraphy) a stroke that is a curved line, usually concave left


bằng

Sino-Vietnamese word from 平 (“level; even”); originally the Northern reading. Its distribution likely already extended beyond Northern Vietnam by the time Vietnamese started to be written down in the Latin script. See also bình, the current chief form used in compounds and the main form in placenames in Southern Vietnam.
The expected reading of the Northern form would be *bềnh, which is unattested. Compare pairs such as bệnh vs. bịnh, nghênh vs. nghinh, lệnh vs. lịnh.
It is sometimes claimed that this form is due to the taboo of the title 北平王 (Bắc Bình/Bằng vương) of Quang Trung, but this is demonstrably false as bàng (as well as bàng an, bàng ien) is attested in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651), a dictionary based chiefly on the dialects of Northern Vietnam.

(linguistics, poetry, of a tone) being a ngang or huyền tone

(poetry, of a rhyme) carrying a bằng tone


đoạn

đoạn văn

đoạn mở bài

đoạn kết bài


vịnh

Vịnh cái quạt

Vịnh đời người

Vịnh Hằng Nga
On Heng'e

(poetry) a type of poem that describes or comments on a particular subject


câm

For the sense of "orthographically silent", a semantic loan from French muet.

Mặc dù trong tiếng Pháp ta có từ "h aspiré" (tức "âm h bật hơi"), chữ "h" của tiếng Pháp luôn luôn câm.

Even though there's this thing called the "aspirated h" in French, the French letter "h" is always silent.


chuyển

[c⁽ʷ⁾iəŋ˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-chuyển.wav


chấm

(calligraphy) a stroke that is a dot (㇔)


trắc

Sino-Vietnamese word from 仄 (“oblique”).

(phonology, poetry, of a tone) oblique (involving a rising or falling contour)

(phonology, poetry, of a tone) being neither the ngang nor huyền tone


thường

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-thường.wav

(orthography, of a letter) small; lower-case


thể

Sino-Vietnamese word from 體 (“body; style; form”).

thể miêu tả/tự sự/nghị luận/kí


sổ

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 竪 (“vertical”, SV: thụ).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">thụ</i>

vi-etym-sino

nét sổ ngang

nét sổ dọc


tình ca

[tïŋ˨˩ kaː˧˧]

[tɨn˦˩ kaː˧˧]

[tɨn˨˩ kaː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 情歌, composed of 情 (“love”) and 歌 (“song”).

Câu chuyện là một bản tình ca hùng tráng, khơi dậy tình yêu quê hương, đất nước.

The story is an epic that evokes palpable love for one's home, one's country.

(literary, music, poetry, literature) a song, poem or narrative that evokes a strong feeling of love (romantic, patriotic, nostalgic or otherwise)


nét

nét sổ


nghiêng

(calligraphy) a stroke that is a curved line, usually concave right


chính tả

[t͡ɕïŋ˧˦ taː˧˩]

[t͡ɕɨn˦˧˥ taː˧˨]

[cɨn˦˥ taː˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 正寫, composed of 正 (“correct; Traditional Chinese”) and 寫 (“to write”), from Chinese 正寫 /正写 (zhèngxiě, “to write Traditional Chinese”). Compare Japanese 正写 (seisha, “certification of authenticity”) and Japanese 正写し (shōutsushi).


Ra-ma-ya-na

[ɹaː˧˧ maː˧˧ ʔiə˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ɹaː˧˧ maː˧˧ zaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ɹaː˧˧ maː˧˧ ʔiə˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ɹaː˧˧ maː˧˧ jaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ɹaː˧˧ maː˧˧ ʔiə˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ɹaː˧˧ maː˧˧ jaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

(literature, poetry, epic poetry) Ramayana


vần

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 韻 (“rhyme”, SV: vận).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">vận</i>

vi-etym-sino

vần bằng

syllable with either the ngang or the huyền tone

vần trắc


hiệp vần

[hiəp̚˧˨ʔ vən˨˩]

[hiəp̚˨˩ʔ vəŋ˦˩]

[hip̚˨˩˨ vəŋ˨˩]

[hip̚˨˩˨ jəŋ˨˩]

(poetry, of lines) to "rhyme", by ending in rhymes with the same trắc or bằng tones (e.g. ngang-ngang or huyền-ngang, but not ngang-sắc), and mostly the same, but sometimes permissible loosely similar, vowel-consonant sequences


nhà báo

[ɲaː˨˩ ʔɓaːw˧˦]

[ɲaː˦˩ ʔɓaːw˨˩˦]

[ɲaː˨˩ ʔɓaːw˦˥]


nằm

Cognate with Arem anam ("to brood").
Compare Proto-Katuic *-nam (whence Pacoh panám (“to set on eggs, to brood”)) and Proto-Khmuic *gnəm (“to hatch or brood eggs”).


trữ tình

[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ tïŋ˨˩]

[ʈɨ˧˨ tɨn˦˩]

[ʈɨ˨˩˦ tɨn˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 抒情, composed of 抒 (“to express”) and 情 (“emotion”).

vi-etym-sino

Coordinate term: tự sự


chữ cái

[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ kaːj˧˦]

[t͡ɕɨ˧˨ kaːj˨˩˦]

[cɨ˨˩˦ kaːj˦˥]

chữ (“Han or Nôm character; letter”) + cái (“main”).


phóng viên

[fawŋ͡m˦˧˥ viəŋ˧˧]

[fɔŋ˦˧˥ viəŋ˧˧]

[fawŋ͡m˦˥ viəŋ˧˧]

[fawŋ͡m˦˥ jiəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 訪員, composed of 訪 (“to visit; to interview”) and 員 (“person”).

vi-etym-sino

(journalism) a correspondent or reporter


phẩy

(calligraphy) a stroke that falling leftwards (㇒)


biên tập

[ʔɓiən˧˧ təp̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓiəŋ˧˧ təp̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓiəŋ˧˧ təp̚˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-biên tập.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 編輯, from Chinese 編輯 /编辑 (biānjí).

Biên tập
Vũ Văn A
Editor
Vũ Văn A

(writing, publishing, journalism, advertising, film, television) to edit


sử thi

[sɨ˧˩ tʰi˧˧]

[ʂɨ˧˨ tʰɪj˧˧]

[sɨ˧˨ tʰɪj˧˧]

[ʂɨ˨˩˦ tʰɪj˧˧]

[sɨ˨˩˦ tʰɪj˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 史詩, composed of 史 (“history”) and 詩 (“poem”).


thi sĩ

[tʰi˧˧ si˦ˀ˥]

[tʰɪj˧˧ ʂɪj˧˨]

[tʰɪj˧˧ sɪj˧˨]

[tʰɪj˧˧ ʂɪj˨˩˦]

[tʰɪj˧˧ sɪj˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 詩 (“poetry”) and 士 (“scholar”).


phóng sự

[fawŋ͡m˧˦ sɨ˧˨ʔ]

[fawŋ͡m˦˧˥ ʂɨ˨˩ʔ]

[fɔŋ˦˧˥ sɨ˨˩ʔ]

[fawŋ͡m˦˥ ʂɨ˨˩˨]

[fawŋ͡m˦˥ sɨ˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 訪 (“to visit; to interview”) and 事 (“event; occurrence”).

(journalism, literature, television, radio) an editorial


độc giả

[ʔɗəwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ zaː˧˩]

[ʔɗəwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ jaː˧˨]

[ʔɗəwk͡p̚˨˩˨ jaː˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-độc giả.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 讀者, composed of 讀 (“to read”) and 者 (“-er”).

(media, journalism, publishing) a reader


gập

From Proto-Vietic *p-kǝp; cognate with gấp.

(calligraphy) Indicates change in stroke direction, usually 90° turn, going down or going right only.


mẫu tự

[məw˦ˀ˥ tɨ˧˨ʔ]

[məw˧˨ tɨ˨˩ʔ]

[məw˨˩˦ tɨ˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 母字, composed of 母 (“mother”) and 字 (“character”), anagram and misconstruction of Chinese 字母 (tự mẫu), perhaps due to the influence of chữ cái. Compare the case of có mặt (native compound) and hiện diện (its sinicized internal calque counterpart).


báo lá cải

[ʔɓaːw˧˦ laː˧˦ kaːj˧˩]

[ʔɓaːw˨˩˦ laː˨˩˦ kaːj˧˨]

[ʔɓaːw˦˥ laː˦˥ kaːj˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-báo lá cải.wav

báo (“newspaper”) + lá cải (“cabbage leaf”), calque of French feuille de chou (“rag”).


thời báo

[tʰəːj˨˩ ʔɓaːw˧˦]

[tʰəːj˦˩ ʔɓaːw˨˩˦]

[tʰəːj˨˩ ʔɓaːw˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 時報, composed of 時 (“time”) and 報 (“announcement”), common reading of thì báo. See also báo (“to announce; newspaper”).

vi-etym-sino

(journalism, only in newspapers' names) Times


thi nhân

[tʰi˧˧ ɲən˧˧]

[tʰɪj˧˧ ɲəŋ˧˧]

[tʰɪj˧˧ ɲəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 詩人, composed of 詩 (“poetry”) and 人 (“person”).


trường ca

[t͡ɕɨəŋ˨˩ kaː˧˧]

[ʈɨəŋ˦˩ kaː˧˧]

[ʈɨəŋ˨˩ kaː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 長歌, composed of 長 (“long”) and 歌 (“song”)

(poetry) Synonym of sử thi (“epic poem”)


tự sự

[tɨ˧˨ʔ sɨ˧˨ʔ]

[tɨ˨˩ʔ ʂɨ˨˩ʔ]

[tɨ˨˩ʔ sɨ˨˩ʔ]

[tɨ˨˩˨ ʂɨ˨˩˨]

[tɨ˨˩˨ sɨ˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 敘事 (“to narrate”).

Coordinate term: trữ tình

văn tự sự


câu cú

[kəw˧˧ kʊw˨˩˦]

[kəw˧˧ kʊw˦˥]

Alternative readings of Sino-Vietnamese word from 句.

(writing) how one phrases or structures their sentences


bôi đen

[ʔɓoj˧˧ ʔɗɛn˧˧]

[ʔɓoj˧˧ ʔɗɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓoj˧˧ ʔɗɛŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-bôi đen.wav

(writing, printing) to use black or blue ink to "delete" or redact text


biên tập viên

[ʔɓiən˧˧ təp̚˧˨ʔ viən˧˧]

[ʔɓiəŋ˧˧ təp̚˨˩ʔ viəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓiəŋ˧˧ təp̚˨˩˨ viəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓiəŋ˧˧ təp̚˨˩˨ jiəŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-biên tập viên.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 編輯 (“to edit”) and 員 (“-er”).

(writing, publishing, journalism, advertising, film, television) an editor


bố cục

[ʔɓo˧˦ kʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓow˨˩˦ kʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓow˦˥ kʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]


độc thoại

[ʔɗəwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ tʰwaːj˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗəwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ tʰwaːj˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗəwk͡p̚˨˩˨ tʰ⁽ʷ⁾aːj˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 獨 (“lone”) and 話 (“talk”).

độc thoại nội tâm


văn vần

[vaŋ˧˧ vəŋ˦˩]

[vaŋ˧˧ vəŋ˨˩]

[jaŋ˧˧ jəŋ˨˩]

văn (“language; writing”) + vần (“rhyme”).

com

(poetry) poetry, but only in contrast with văn xuôi (“prose”)


bút lông

cây (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
筆𣭜 (CJK)

[ʔɓut̚˧˦ ləwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɓʊk̚˦˧˥ ləwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɓʊk͡p̚˦˥ ləwŋ͡m˧˧]

bút (“writing instrument”) + lông (“hair”), calque of Chinese 毛筆 /毛笔 (mao bút).


văn vẻ

[vaŋ˧˧ vɛ˧˨]

[vaŋ˧˧ vɛ˨˩˦]

[jaŋ˧˧ jɛ˨˩˦]

văn (“writing”) + vẻ (“appearance”). Alternatively, this is simply an -e reduplication of văn, with the association with vẻ coming about later.

Bài này được. Văn vẻ phết !

(writing, of a written piece) that sounds literary; that sounds like good, well-structured writing


thất ngôn tuyệt cú

[tʰət̚˧˦ ŋon˧˧ twiət̚˧˨ʔ ku˧˦]

[tʰək̚˦˧˥ ŋoŋ˧˧ twiək̚˨˩ʔ kʊw˨˩˦]

[tʰək̚˦˥ ŋoŋ˧˧ t⁽ʷ⁾iək̚˨˩˨ kʊw˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-thất ngôn tuyệt cú.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 七言絕句, composed of 七, 言 and 絕句.

vi-etym-sino

(poetry) a form of Jueju in which each line consists of seven syllables


ngũ ngôn tuyệt cú

[ŋu˦ˀ˥ ŋon˧˧ twiət̚˧˨ʔ ku˧˦]

[ŋʊw˧˨ ŋoŋ˧˧ twiək̚˨˩ʔ kʊw˨˩˦]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ ŋoŋ˧˧ t⁽ʷ⁾iək̚˨˩˨ kʊw˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 五言絕句, composed of 五, 言 and 絕句.

(poetry) a form of Jueju in which each line consists of five syllables


tuyệt cú

[twiək̚˨˩ʔ kʊw˨˩˦]

[t⁽ʷ⁾iək̚˨˩˨ kʊw˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 絕句, composed of 絕 (“to cut off”) and 句 (“line”).

(poetry) Jueju, a quatrain in which each line consists of five or seven syllables


tứ tuyệt

[tɨ˧˦ twiət̚˧˨ʔ]

[tɨ˨˩˦ twiək̚˨˩ʔ]

[tɨ˦˥ t⁽ʷ⁾iək̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 四 (“four”) and 絕 (“to cut off”).


ngũ ngôn tứ tuyệt

[ŋu˦ˀ˥ ŋon˧˧ tɨ˧˦ twiət̚˧˨ʔ]

[ŋʊw˧˨ ŋoŋ˧˧ tɨ˨˩˦ twiək̚˨˩ʔ]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ ŋoŋ˧˧ tɨ˦˥ t⁽ʷ⁾iək̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 五 (“five”), 言 (“speech”), 四 (“four”) and 絕 (“to cut off”).


thất ngôn tứ tuyệt

[tʰət̚˧˦ ŋon˧˧ tɨ˧˦ twiət̚˧˨ʔ]

[tʰək̚˦˧˥ ŋoŋ˧˧ tɨ˨˩˦ twiək̚˨˩ʔ]

[tʰək̚˦˥ ŋoŋ˧˧ tɨ˦˥ t⁽ʷ⁾iək̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 七 (“seven”), 言 (“speech”), 四 (“four”) and 絕 (“to cut off”).


song thất lục bát

[sawŋ͡m˧˧ tʰət̚˧˦ lʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ ʔɓaːt̚˧˦]

[ʂawŋ͡m˧˧ tʰək̚˦˧˥ lʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥]

[sɔŋ˧˧ tʰək̚˦˧˥ lʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʂawŋ͡m˧˧ tʰək̚˦˥ lʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨ ʔɓaːk̚˦˥]

[sawŋ͡m˧˧ tʰək̚˦˥ lʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨ ʔɓaːk̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 雙 (“double”), 七 (“seven”), 六 (“six”) and 八 (“eight”)

(poetry) a quatrain comprising a couplet of two seven-syllable lines followed by a couplet of one six-syllable line and one eight-syllable line.


tạp trở

[taːp̚˧˨ʔ t͡ɕəː˧˩]

[taːp̚˨˩ʔ ʈəː˧˨]

[taːp̚˨˩˨ ʈəː˨˩˦]

(journalism, obsolete) "random thoughts"; an opinion piece


nghị luận

[ŋi˧˨ʔ lwən˧˨ʔ]

[ŋɪj˨˩ʔ lwəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[ŋɪj˨˩˨ l⁽ʷ⁾əŋ˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 議論, composed of 議 (“debate”) and 論 (“discourse”).

văn nghị luận

bài nghị luận

nghị luận xã hội

nghị luận văn học

Viết một bài nghị luận khoảng 100 từ về tệ nạn thuốc lá.

Write a criticism of about 100 words on the smoking epidemic.


kết bài

[ket̚˧˦ ʔɓaːj˨˩]

[ket̚˦˧˥ ʔɓaːj˦˩]

[kəːt̚˦˥ ʔɓaːj˨˩]


mở bài

[məː˧˩ ʔɓaːj˨˩]

[məː˧˨ ʔɓaːj˦˩]

[məː˨˩˦ ʔɓaːj˨˩]


thân bài

[tʰən˧˧ ʔɓaːj˨˩]

[tʰəŋ˧˧ ʔɓaːj˦˩]

[tʰəŋ˧˧ ʔɓaːj˨˩]


thảo thư

[tʰaːw˧˩ tʰɨ˧˧]

[tʰaːw˧˨ tʰɨ˧˧]

[tʰaːw˨˩˦ tʰɨ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 草書 (“grass script”).


chữ thảo

[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ tʰaːw˧˩]

[t͡ɕɨ˧˨ tʰaːw˧˨]

[cɨ˨˩˦ tʰaːw˨˩˦]

chữ + thảo, calque of Chinese 草書 /草书 (thảo thư).


hành thư

[hajŋ̟˨˩ tʰɨ˧˧]

[hɛɲ˦˩ tʰɨ˧˧]

[han˨˩ tʰɨ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 行書 (“semi-cursive script”).


chữ hành

[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ hajŋ̟˨˩]

[t͡ɕɨ˧˨ hɛɲ˦˩]

[cɨ˨˩˦ han˨˩]


khải thư

[xaːj˧˩ tʰɨ˧˧]

[kʰaːj˧˨ tʰɨ˧˧]

[xaːj˧˨ tʰɨ˧˧]

[kʰaːj˨˩˦ tʰɨ˧˧]

[xaːj˨˩˦ tʰɨ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 楷書 (“regular script”).


chữ khải

[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ xaːj˧˩]

[t͡ɕɨ˧˨ kʰaːj˧˨]

[t͡ɕɨ˧˨ xaːj˧˨]

[cɨ˨˩˦ kʰaːj˨˩˦]

[cɨ˨˩˦ xaːj˨˩˦]


nóng hổi

[nɔŋ˦˧˥ hoj˧˨]

tin tức nóng hổi


chữ kép

[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ kɛp̚˧˦]

[t͡ɕɨ˧˨ kɛp̚˦˧˥]

[cɨ˨˩˦ kɛp̚˦˥]

chữ (“character”) + kép (“compound, double”).

com

Chỉ nam ngọc âm giải nghĩa (指南玉音解義)
本初𫜵喃車宁甲
㝵少學坤別坤𫀅
Vốn xưa làm Nôm xe chữ kép,Người thiếu học khôn biết khôn xem.
Back then, when composing Nôm works, there were many double characters,Causing much inconvenience to those who were not well-learned.

(historical, writing) compound phonograms, a category of Nôm characters where each character is composed of two components that are both phonetics; these characters were more popular in the earlier Nôm texts, representing words with initial cluster or presyllable, but their usage persists to some extent even after phonological changes had rendered the phonetics obscure


dấu nháy

[zəw˧˦ ɲaj˧˦]

[jəw˨˩˦ ɲaj˨˩˦]

(writing, linguistics) the 𖿱, a small diacritic (or signifier) placed to the right of a phonogram in a Nôm text, chiefly to indicate that this character should not be read with its Sino-Vietnamese value, and can also function as iteration mark; like other diacritical marks/signifiers in other Sino-Xenic languages, such as Japanese ゛, its pre-modern usage was very inconsistent


chuyển tiếp

[t͡ɕwiən˧˩ tiəp̚˧˦]

[t͡ɕwiəŋ˧˨ tiəp̚˦˧˥]

[c⁽ʷ⁾iəŋ˨˩˦ tip̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 轉接, composed of 轉 and 接.

vi-etym-sino

(writing) to transition from one paragraph to the next


dấu cá

[zəw˧˦ kaː˧˦]

[jəw˨˩˦ kaː˨˩˦]

[jəw˦˥ kaː˦˥]

dấu + cá (cá refers to the reading of 亇 or 个).

(writing, linguistics) the 𖿰, a signifier commonly placed to the right of a phonogram in a Nôm text, indicates that this character should not be read with its Sino-Vietnamese reading or should be read with an alternative reading.


chữ đơn

[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ ʔɗəːn˧˧]

[t͡ɕɨ˧˨ ʔɗəːŋ˧˧]

[cɨ˨˩˦ ʔɗəːŋ˧˧]

Chỉ nam ngọc âm giải nghĩa (指南玉音解義)
拜除喃曳宁单
Bây giờ/chừ/chờ Nôm dạy chữ đơn.
Now, (when composing in) Nôm, (we) teach single characters.

(historical, writing) single characters that were borrowed for their sound, a category of Nôm characters where each character is borrowed for their phonetics, "simple phonograms"; this was one of the main components in Nôm texts alongside semantophonograms.

(historical, writing) simplified characters


終畢

(historical, writing) chữ Nôm form of chung tất (“the end of a book”).