kết thúc

[ket̚˧˦ tʰʊwk͡p̚˧˦]

[ket̚˦˧˥ tʰʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[kəːt̚˦˥ tʰʊwk͡p̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 結束 (“to end”).

Mùa mưa sắp kết thúc.

The wet season is coming to an end soon.

to end (in/with something); to come to an end; to close


ẻ

(verb): See ỉa. Diphthongization did not take place, thus the conservative monophthong was preserved.
This is originally a regional form from the North Central region, but now can be seen used by speakers of other dialects on the Internet as a euphemism.

North Central Vietnam form of ỉa (“to take a poop, to shit”)


復興

chữ Hán form of phục hưng (“to restore to former prosperity”).


mún

(Internet slang, text messaging) Alternative form of muốn (“to want”)


thú

Sino-Vietnamese word from 首. Related to thủ (“head”).

(colloquial) Short for đầu thú (“to surrender oneself”).


出院

chữ Hán form of xuất viện (“to discharge oneself from the hospital”).


手淫

chữ Hán form of thủ dâm (“to masturbate”).


訓練

chữ Hán form of huấn luyện (“to train; to coach; to drill”).


tìm

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-tìm.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 尋 (“to search”, SV: tầm).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tầm</i>


賣淫

chữ Hán form of mại dâm (“to prostitute oneself”).


鬥爭

chữ Hán form of đấu tranh (“to struggle; to fight”).


câu

From Proto-Vietic *kuː (“hook”); Sino-Vietnamese word from 鉤.


bắt

head

扒, 北, 八, 抔, 撥, 𫐴, 𫐾

vi-verb

扒, 北, 八, 抔, 撥, 𫐴, 𫐾

扒 (CJK)
北 (CJK)
八 (CJK)
抔 (CJK)
撥 (CJK)
𫐴 (CJK)
𫐾 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bắt.wav

From Proto-Vietic *pəc (“to pick”). Related to bứt, phứt, phắt.

bắt sóng

渃銅扒㕵
没𣈗𤾓番
𤈜湼散情
𢚸傷逼息

14th century, Mạc Đĩnh Chi, Giáo tử phú 敎子賦:

Forced to drink molten copper
One hundred times a day,
Their innards burned to ashes;
My heart aches with fury [for them].

Nước đồng bắt uống,
Một ngày trăm phen,
Cháy nát tan tành,
Lòng thương bức tức.


đền

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 填 (SV: điền).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">điền</i>


cưới

head

𡠣, 丐, 𡣨, 𡡇, 𡛔, 𱙪

cưới • (𡠣, 丐, 𡣨, 𡡇, 𡛔, 𱙪)

vi-verb

𡠣, 丐, 𡣨, 𡡇, 𡛔, 𱙪

cưới • (𡠣, 丐, 𡣨, 𡡇, 𡛔, 𱙪)

𡠣 (CJK)
丐 (CJK)
𡣨 (CJK)
𡡇 (CJK)
𡛔 (CJK)
𱙪 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *kaːlʔ / *-gaːlʔ (“to ask > marriage”). Cognate with Muong cưởi.

cưới vợ

cưới chồng

vợ chồng mới cưới

Nhà tao cưới thằng anh tao.

Mẹ quý con nên mẹ mới cưới con về đấy chớ.

I like you a lot, that's why I accepted you as my daughter-in-law.

to get someone married with one's family member


實施

chữ Hán form of thực thi (“to put into effect; to implement”).


động

Sino-Vietnamese word from 動 (“to move”).

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩˨]


khắc

khắc (con) dấu

(transitive) to make something by carving

khắc tên lên/vào bia

(transitive) to carve something (onto the surface of something else)

Khoảnh khắc đó đã khắc sâu vào tâm trí tôi.

That moment was deeply engraved in my memory.

(intransitive, figurative) to be engraved in something


thích

Sino-Vietnamese word from 適 (“appropriate; suitable; to your liking”).

vi-etym-sino

Mày người châu Á mà không thích cơm à !?

You don't like rice and you call yourself an Asian!?

Tao không làm không phải vì tao không làm được. Tao không làm vì tao không thích làm.

I didn't do it not because I couldn't. I didn't do it because I didn't feel like doing it.

Mình thích hát lắm !

Ê, bồ thích nhỏ đó hả?


thuật

[tʰ⁽ʷ⁾ək̚˨˩˨]

(only in compounds) to state; to narrate


hạ

bắn hạ


kích

Sino-Vietnamese word from 擊 (“to strike; to attack”), sometimes written as 毄／𬆦 (jī).

(only in compounds) to ambush, to attack


kích

Sino-Vietnamese word from 激.
This character also has the reading khích.

(only in compounds) to stimulate, to arouse, to excite, to incite


解放

chữ Hán form of giải phóng (“to liberate; to free; to emancipate”).


đếm

From Old Chinese 點 (OC *tˤemʔ) (SV: điểm).

to count (one by one); to number; to enumerate


rơi

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-rơi.wav


thổi

From Proto-Vietic *tuːs ~ *tʰuːs; probably of imitative origin.


gãi

From Proto-Vietic *-kaːs, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kais ~ *kis ~ *kiəs (“to scrape, scratch”). Cognate with Khmer កេះ (keh).


hấp

(only in compounds) to inhale; to absorb


chẻ

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chẻ.wav

From Proto-Vietic *cɛh. Compare Semai ceh (“to tear”), Pacoh chếh (“to cut open”) and Eastern Lawa cɛh. See also xẻ.


tặng

Mua một tặng một.


sợ

head

sợ • (𫻋, 𫻐, 𢜝)

vi-verb

sợ • (𫻋, 𫻐, 𢜝)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sợ.wav

Chó hiền lắm, đừng sợ.


chiến đấu

[t͡ɕiən˧˦ ʔɗəw˧˦]

[t͡ɕiəŋ˦˧˥ ʔɗəw˨˩˦]

[ciəŋ˦˥ ʔɗəw˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chiến đấu.wav

(figurative) to take action; to struggle; to endeavor


mòn

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mòn.wav

to wear (as in to subject to wear), to wear out


chặt

Compare Proto-Katuic *ciat (“to slice off”) and Khmer ចិត (cət).


chùi

thảm chùi chân


cắn

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam, of certain insects) to sting, to bite


khạc

From Proto-Vietic *kr-haːk, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *khaak ~ *khaik; cognate with Proto-Bahnaric *ghaːk, Khmer ខាក (khaak) and Khasi kyrkhah (“phlegm”), ultimately onomatopoeic.
Compare Chinese 咳 (ké)


ngồi

head

外, 𡎢, 𡎥, 𡎦, 𡓮, 𫮋, 𱖗

vi-verb

外, 𡎢, 𡎥, 𡎦, 𡓮, 𫮋, 𱖗

外 (CJK)
𡎢 (CJK)
𡎥 (CJK)
𡎦 (CJK)
𡓮 (CJK)
𫮋 (CJK)
𱖗 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ŋuːj (“to sit”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ŋguj (“to sit down”). Cognate with Arem ŋùəj ("to be at"), Khmer អង្គុយ (ʼɑɑʼɑngkuy, “to sit”) and Koho nggui.


trói

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-trói.wav

From Proto-Vietic *k-lɔːjʔ; cognate with Arem tlɑːjʔ. Compare Pacoh cloi (“to tie, to bind”).

Trói tay nó lại !

Trói nó vào cột !

to tie/bind a person or animal, or their body parts together to, immobilize them; compare buộc/cột (“to tie an object”) and còng (“to handcuff”)


chơi

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chơi.wav

chơi ghi-ta

Nó qua nhà bạn chơi cả ngày.

He was hanging out at his friend's home all day.


cạo

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cạo.wav

From Proto-Vietic *gaːwʔ. See also cào.
Related to nạo, through an infixed form.

cạo râu

cạo mặt

to shave all hair on your face, chin and ears, except your lashes and brows

cạo đầu

cạo lông chân

Cắt tóc hết 2 chục. Cạo mặt với lấy ráy tai thêm 10 nghìn. Tổng cộng 3 chục.

Your hair cut is 20,000 dongs. Your face shave and earwax removal are 10,000. 30,000 in total.


nhổ

nhổ răng/tóc bạc/cỏ

Thằng bé kéo tay tôi, bảo nhỏ. – Nhổ lông chim mướn đấy.[…]

1957, Đoàn Giỏi, chapter 17, in Đất rừng phương Nam, Kim Đồng:

The boy pulled my hand and said quietly, "They are searching for someone to pluck feathers there. […]"

to pull out something that's planted firmly into a surface, such as a tooth, a hair, a feather, a blade of grass, etc.

nhể

to pull out something firmly planted into a surface


thở

hít thở khí trời

hít vào, thở ra

ngừng thở

thở hổn hển


mút

From Proto-Vietic *c-ɓuːc, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɓuc ~ *ɓuuc. Cognate with Muong búch and Proto-Palaungic *ɓuːc (“to suck”).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mút.wav

kẹo mút

to suck (on a piece of candy, etc.); compare hút (“to suck up a drink, usually with a straw”)


ngã

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-ngã.wav

thanh ngã

(Northern Vietnam, of an animate being) to fall on the ground while standing on it in a tripping, toppling or collapsing motion

Coi chừng cây nó ngã!

Ê, cây móc đồ ngã mất tiêu rồi kìa.

Hey, your hanger stand has collapsed (and it's still on the ground).

(Southern Vietnam, of a generally inanimate being) to collapse onto the ground and remains there for a period of time


đến

head

典, 旦, 但, 倎, 𦥃, 𦤾, 𦥃, 𨀏

đến • (典, 旦, 但, 倎, 𦥃, 𦤾, 𦥃, 𨀏)

vi-verb

典, 旦, 但, 倎, 𦥃, 𦤾, 𦥃, 𨀏

đến • (典, 旦, 但, 倎, 𦥃, 𦤾, 𦥃, 𨀏)

典 (CJK)
旦 (CJK)
但 (CJK)
倎 (CJK)
𦥃 (CJK)
𦤾 (CJK)
𨀏 (CJK)

Cognate with Muong tểnh, tiểnh, Tho [Cuối Chăm] teːŋ³ and Kri têêngq ("to arrive"). Compare Proto-Tai *C̬.tɤŋᴬ (whence Thai ถึง (tʉ̌ng)), Lakkia taŋ²³¹, Maonan taŋ¹, and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dateŋ (whence Malay datang, Tagalog dating).
Most prepositions in Vietnamese were originally verbs: cho (“to give; for”), ở (“to stay; at, in”), tới (“to arrive; to”), lên (“to go up; onto”), vào (“to enter; in, into”), theo (“to follow; according to”), về (“to return; about”).


bước

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bước.wav

Cognate with Muong pước, Tho [Cuối Chăm] pɐːk⁸. See also nước (“move, step”), which is likely related through an infixed form.

bước một bước


nổi

head

浽, 挼, 妥, 汝, 𬈗, 餒, 𤃠

vi-verb

浽, 挼, 妥, 汝, 𬈗, 餒, 𤃠

浽 (CJK)
挼 (CJK)
妥 (CJK)
汝 (CJK)
𬈗 (CJK)
餒 (CJK)
𤃠 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-nổi.wav

Dạo này có bài nào nổi?


nổi

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 能 (“be able to; capable”, SV: năng).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">năng</i>

vi-etym-sino

Em đâu có đi nổi.

be able to; to be capable of; to be in a position to


buộc

head

扑, 撲, 纀, 𢯜, 𢷏, 𥾾, 𦂿, 𦄾, 𫃚

vi-verb

扑, 撲, 纀, 𢯜, 𢷏, 𥾾, 𦂿, 𦄾, 𫃚

扑 (CJK)
撲 (CJK)
纀 (CJK)
𢯜 (CJK)
𢷏 (CJK)
𥾾 (CJK)
𦂿 (CJK)
𦄾 (CJK)
𫃚 (CJK)

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *bək ~ *buk ~ *buək (“to bind (round)”). Cognate with Muong puộc, Mon ဗိုက် (pàk, “to put round”), Semai bek (“to bind”), Central Nicobarese [Nancowry] pôk-hata/pôko (“to bind, tie”).

inh

buộc/cột dây dày

buộc/cột tóc

buộc/cột bao lại cho chắc

to securely seal the bag by tying its handles

to tie an object or seal a container by tying; compare trói (“to tie or bind a person or animal”) and thắt (“to tighten with a string or rope”)


săn

head

𤜬, 𤞓, 獜, 𢕸, 蹸, 𤢈

vi-verb

𤜬, 𤞓, 獜, 𢕸, 蹸, 𤢈

𤜬 (CJK)
𤞓 (CJK)
獜 (CJK)
𢕸 (CJK)
蹸 (CJK)
𤢈 (CJK)

thợ săn


chồng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 重 (SV: trùng).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">trùng</i>

vi-etym-sino

[t͡ɕəwŋ͡m˨˩]

[t͡ɕəwŋ͡m˦˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chồng.wav


chiến

Sino-Vietnamese word from 戰 (“to fight; battle”).

Lỡ rồi thì chiến luôn chứ sao.

Mistakes were made so let's face it head-on, of course.


giặt

Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 阿質 (MC 'a tsyit) (modern SV: a chất).

giặt quần

giặt đồ

máy giặt

bột giặt

nước giặt


biết

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-biết.wav

Norman and Mei (1976), Schuessler (2007), Sagart (2008): Related to Min Chinese 捌 (bā, “to know”) (proto-Min: *pat). The direction of borrowing is debated; Norman and Mei, and Schuessler favour an Austroasiatic origin for this word, and regard Min as a loan. Sagart, on the other hand, proposes that the sense “to know; to recognise” in both Min and Vietnamese is an extension of the sense “to differentiate; to separate” of 別 (OC *N-pret) (B-S), and hence treats V. biết as a non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 別 (SV: biệt), a semantic development shared with Min.
The word has mostly displaced the use of hay, the more commonly seen word for "to know" in older literature.
Also compare Proto-Bahnaric *băt (“to know”) (Starling).
The Protestant biblical sense is a semantic loan from French connaître.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">biệt</i>

vi-etym-sino

biết thì thưa thốt không biết thì dựa cột mà nghe

Cụ Hồng lại nhăn mặt lần thứ mười mà khẽ gắt cũng lần thứ mười rằng:
— Biết rồi ! Biết rồi ! Khổ lắm, nói mãi !

1936, Trọng Phụng Vũ, Số đỏ [Dumb Luck]:

Great-granddad Hồng groans for the 10th time as he grimaces also for the 10th time: "Oh I get it! I get it! Enough with the nagging already!"

biết đọc

biết viết

biết ăn mắm tôm

(biblical, Protestantism) to know (have sexual relations with)


gối

From Proto-Vietic *-koːlʔ, perhaps from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kulʔ, a variant of *kəl( ) ~ *kəəlʔ (“to support; to help”). Compare Khmer កល់ (kɑl, “to support from below”), ខ្នល់ (khnɑl, “prop; cushion”).

cog

gối đầu

sách gối đầu giường

a bible (literally, “a book to put under your pillow; a book that you can use for head rest”)


dậy

head

曳, 跩, 𧻭, 𧽇, 𧽈

vi-verb

曳, 跩, 𧻭, 𧽇, 𧽈

From Proto-Vietic *jərʔ, cognate with Muong dẫl. Related to dấy.

dậy lúc 8h

tỉnh dậy

đứng dậy

trỗi dậy

dậy sóng

Dậy mà đi! Dậy mà đi! Dậy mà đi, hỡi đồng bào ơi!

1970, “Dậy Mà Đi [Rise and Go]”, Tố Hữu (lyrics), Tôn Thất Lập (music)performed by The Voice of Vietnam's Men and Women Choir:

Rise and go! Rise and go! Rise and go, o compatriots!


băng

băng đèo, vượt núi

to make a long and difficult journey (literally, “to cross mountain passes and climb over mountains”)

to cut across; to move across quickly; to cross; to rush


các

to pay the difference, to give in compensation


thối

Mũi anh nhăn lại như ngửi thấy mùi xác thối.

He wrinkled his nose as if he had smelled a rotting corpse.

1955: Lu Xun (translated by Phan Khôi), "Làng quê" (Village Opera), Tuyển tập tiểu thuyết Lỗ Tấn (Selected Stories of Lu Hsun)
Trồng trọt ra cái gì, gánh đi bán, đều phải nộp mấy lớp thuế, lỗ vốn ; không đem đi bán, lại mục thối ra...
No matter what you plant or shoot, you still have to pay several levels of taxes, incurring losses, but don't take the goods to market and they'll rot.

1983: Nguyễn Phan Hách, Tan Mây: tiểu thuyết, Tác Phẩm Mới, p. 43 //books.google.com/books?id=puZcAAAAIAAJ
Nhưng mà hôm nay không bán, để phiên chợ sau thì chuối thối hết.
But if you don't sell it today and keep it for the next market day, then the bananas will all rot.

Trứng thối.

Cây cối ngập nước thối hết.

The vegetation became submerged in water and completely rotted.

1998: 40 Truyện Trạng Quỳnh [40 Tales About Trạng Quỳnh], Nguyễn Đức Hiền ed. (translated by Nguyễn Đình Phương into English), Văn Nghệ Publishing House, p. 108 //books.google.com/books?id=WYlkAAAAMAAJ
Nhưng văn tôi dở, thối om không ngủi nổi, xin các quan đừng xem!
But my words fail me, it stinks so much I can't stand it, please don't look!

2002: Nguyẽ̂n Duy Thiệu, Cộng đò̂ng ngư dân ở Việt Nam, Social Sciences Publishing House, p. 23 //books.google.com/books?id=FVLtAAAAMAAJ
Sáng hôm sau họ quay lại tìm vết chân của quân địch, nhưng... ngoài quả lựu đạn thối không nổ, mặt cát vẫn phẳng lỳ chẳng hề có vết chân nào.
The next morning they returned to look for signs of enemy soldiers, but... apart from unexploded dud grenades, the sand was even with hardly a footprint.

(Northern Vietnam, of a bomb) to be a dud, to refuse to explode


thối

Sino-Vietnamese word from 退. Compare thoái.

1954: Hồ Biểu Chánh, "Một cõi xưng hùng", Đỗ nương nương báo oán
Tôi nói thiệt cho ông biết, tôi tính thối về Ba Giồng mà tổ-chúc căn-cứ đây là có ý đào huyệt sẵn để chôn binh tướng Tây-Sơn.
I told him the truth, I thought of retreating to Ba Giồng but the base here intended to dig graves to bury the army and general of Tây Sơn.

lúc tiến lúc thối

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) to retreat

1926: Exodus 21:2 (translated by Phan Khôi)
Nếu ngươi mua một người đầy tớ Hê-bơ-rơ, nó sẽ hầu việc cho sáu năm; nhưng qua năm thứ bảy nó sẽ được thả ra, không phải thối tiền.
If you purchase a Hebrew servant, he is to serve you for six years, but in the seventh year he is to be released without needing to repay him.

1929: Hồ Biểu Chánh, "Nhà giàu hại nhà nghèo", Khóc thầm
Mà hồi nãy dượng Hai biểu tôi đem thối đủ ba chục đồng bạc lại.
But just now Uncle Hai told me to pay you back the full thirty piastres.

thối tiền cho khách

Không có tiền lẻ để thối lại.

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) to repay; to give back change (to a customer)


ngân

chuông ngân


cắt

From Proto-Vietic *kac, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kac. Cognate with Muong Bi cách, Pacoh kéiq (“to pick, to pluck”), Ngeq kɛc, Khmer កាច់ (kac, “to break, to snap”), Bahnar kĕch (“to harvest”), Pnar khait (“to pick”), Kensiu kec. Related to gặt (“to harvest”).
Unrelated to Chinese 割 (OC *Cə-kˤat) (SV: cát), although the two are sometimes (incorrectly) considered connected.
The Austroasiatic root *kac originally referred to the action of "plucking" and "breaking", with "cutting" being secondary. Not to be confused with the similar-looking root *kat ~ *kaat (“to cut”), which gave rise to Khmer កាត់ (kat) and Korwa geɖ.

sao chép, cắt và dán

to sever using a sharp object; to cut, snip, slit, trim, clip, shear, etc.

đường thẳng d cắt đường thẳng f tại điểm B


đánh

head

đánh • (打, 𢱏)

vi-verb

đánh • (打, 𢱏)

Audio (Hà Nội)

From Proto-Vietic *taːɲʔ; cognate with Muong đénh. Related to Chinese 打 (MC taengX|tengX, “to hit, to strike”) (SV: đả).

ltc-l

đánh đòn

đánh trống thổi kèn

(of a parade) to beat drums and blow trumpets

to strike, usually with your palms or a weapon; to strike, to smack, to whack, to bash, to hit, to beat, to assault, etc.; compare gõ (“to hit with the side of the fist, with the knuckles, or with the fingertips”), đấm (“to punch”) and đá (“to kick”)

đánh cầu lông/bóng chuyền/bóng chày

đánh/chơi cờ/bài

đánh bạc

(sports, board games, card games, gambling) to play a game that involves striking or slamming with your hands or something you hold; compare đá (“to kick; to play a sport that involves kicking”)

(music) to play (a non-wind instrument); compare thổi (“to play/blow (a wind instrument)”)

đánh văn bản

to type on a typewriter or computer keyboard

đánh răng

đánh bóng

to rub until something becomes shiny; to polish up (reputation)

đánh giày

to rub continuously on the surface of something until it's clean or shiny

đánh (bắt) cá/thuỷ sản/hải sản

(fishing) to fish with a net or a trap; compare câu (“to fish with a rod”)

Làm xong đánh 2 bát cơm rồi đánh 1 giấc.

After I'm done, I'm gonna demolish 2 rice bowls and then hit the hay for a power nap.

(colloquial) to enjoy some eating or resting


ngửi

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-ngửi.wav

From Proto-Vietic *t-ŋəs (“to breathe”). Compare also hửi and Proto-Katuic *tŋɨh (“to breathe”) (whence Pacoh tangứh and Sô taŋɯ̤h).


chết

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chết.wav

From Proto-Vietic *k-ceːt, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kc(ə)t (“to die”). Related to giết (“to kill”).
According to Sagart (2008), a word from the Yuè language meaning "die" was noted in Zhèng Xuán's commentary on the Zhōu Lĭ from the Han dynasty using the character 札, pronounced "tsreat" in Middle Chinese. Scholars Norman and Mei (1976) compared this word with the Vietnamese word "chết", which also means "to die". However, they missed that 札 is a well-known Chinese word meaning "to die (from external causes, prematurely, or in an epidemic)." This word appears frequently in classical Chinese texts without any specific southern or Yuè connection. The presence of this word in the Yuè language during the Han dynasty might be due to Yuè borrowing it from Chinese. Alternatively, it could have been the standard word for "die" in a Chinese dialect spoken in the Yuè region. The similarity between this Chinese word and the Austroasiatic word is likely coincidental.

cái chết

sự chết

Thần Chết

Death (personification of death) (literally, “god of death”)

Biết chết liền.

Damned if I know (literally, “If I knew I'd die at once.”).

c. 53 - 57 CE, 1 Corinthians 15:26; 1926 Vietnamese translation by Phan Khôi et al.; 2021 English translation from the New Revised Standard Version
Kẻ thù bị hủy-diệt sau-cùng, tức là sự chết.
The last enemy to be destroyed is death.

Nguyễn Bình, Nếu Tôi Phải Chết; translated from Refaat Alareer, If I Must Die
Nếu tôi phải chết,
hãy để điều ấy mang đến hy vọng,
hay để điều ấy trở thành chuyện kể.
If I must die
let it bring hope
let it be a tale

(figurative, of devices) to break; to stop working


cháy

From Proto-Vietic *k-carʔ (“fire, conflagration”). Cognate with Muong chẳl, Bo kacarʔ, Arem calʔ.

der

For examples of this term in chữ Nôm, see 𤈜, 奵.

Mây trắng đã giăng trời Bến Nghé / Nắng chiều dường cháy đất Gò Công.

White clouds hung from the sky at Bến Nghé / The afternoon sun seemed to set the land of Gò Công ablaze.

Mấy năm nay ở Hà-nội tự dưng thành ra một thói tệ, là khi có đám cháy trong thành-phố, thì nhà nào nhà ấy đóng chặt cửa lại, còn người đi qua đi lại thì chạy trốn. Sự đó bởi sao? Có người nói là tại những lính phút-lít thấy ai đến cứu cháy thì cứ đánh người ta, bắt người ta làm như cu-li; chớ không để cho người ta được tự do, tùy sức mình mà cứu.

1907, Nguyễn Văn Vĩnh, “Thói tệ”, in Đại Nam Đăng Cổ Tùng Báo:

In recent years in Hanoi, a bad habit suddenly arose that, when a fire breaks out in the city, one household after another closes its doors, while passers-by run for cover. Why? Some say it's because the [colonial] police beat anyone they see coming in to put out the fire, treating him like a coolie, rather than allowing him to freely assist according to his ability.

Phan ra ngoài cháy nắng ngay.

Phan went outside and quickly became sunburned.

(intransitive) to burn, to become burnt; to blaze

Bóng đèn bị cháy rồi.

Bùi khát cháy họng.

Hoa lo cháy ruột gan trước khi đi thi.

Hoa's heart burned with anxiety before taking the test.

(transitive, figuratively) to sense pain (in a part of the body) due to a feeling of urgency


sống

From Proto-Vietic *k-roːŋʔ (“alive; raw”), cognate with Muong khống.
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 𠸙, composed of 古 (MC kuX) + 弄 (MC luwngH) (modern SV: cổ lộng), ⿱古弄, composed of 古 (MC kuX) + 弄 (MC luwngH) (modern SV: cổ lộng) and 弄 (MC luwngH) (modern SV: lộng).

sự sống


tẩm

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *səm()(-s) ~ *səəmʔ (“damp”); cognate with Khmer សើម (saəm, “wet”). Compare also Old Chinese 浸 (OC *ʔsims, *sʰim, “to soak, to immerse in water”).


ghét

From Proto-Vietic *t-kɛːt, cognate with Muong két, Arem kiət and Chut [Rục] təkɛːt⁷.

to hate or detest, but in a relatively mild way; compare căm (“to really loathe or despise”), thù and hận (“to hate so much that you want to hurt or even kill the ones you hate”)


trôi

head

㵢, 雷, 洡, 󱧞, 𣵶

vi-verb

㵢, 雷, 洡, 󱧞, 𣵶


nấu

nấu cơm


độ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 度. For the Buddhist sense of "to help to pass through difficulties", also compare đò (“boat”), derived from Chinese 渡 (dù, “to cross”), which is a derivate of 度 (“to pass; to go over”). The meaning "period" is an extension of "about". Doublet of đạc and đo. Compare Japanese 度 (do, “degree; diopter”).

Số gì hên thế, ai độ cho không biết nữa.

Whose blessing did this guy receive to be this lucky?

Trời độ.

(Buddhism and humorous) to help one passing through their obstacles; to save from difficulties


thương

Sino-Vietnamese word from 傷 (“wound; injury”).

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-thương.wav

Ba thương con vì con giống mẹ
Mẹ thương con vì con giống ba
Cả nhà ta cùng thương yêu nhau
Xa là nhớ, gần nhau là cười

1988, Phan Văn Minh (lyrics and music), “Cả Nhà Thương Nhau (The Whole Household Loves Each Other)”:

Daddy loves you because you're just like your mommy
Mommy loves you because you're just like your daddy
Our whole household loves each other
We miss each other when we're apart, we smile and laugh when we're together.

Ba biết hai đứa bay thương nhau, nhưng con phải nghĩ cho hoàn cảnh gia đình mình.

I know you two are in love, but you have to consider our circumstance.

(Southern Vietnam, colloquial, euphemistic) to be in love with; to love romantically


đừng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 停 (“to stop”, SV: đình). Compare dừng.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đình</i>

vi-etym-sino

Đừng hiểu lầm (tôi/ta).


đốt

head

炪, 焠, 㷝, 𤋿, 㤕

đốt • (炪, 焠, 㷝, 𤋿, 㤕)

vi-verb

炪, 焠, 㷝, 𤋿, 㤕

đốt • (炪, 焠, 㷝, 𤋿, 㤕)

From Proto-Vietic *tuːc (“to light”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₁ut ~ *t₁uut ~ *t₁uc ~ *t₁uuc (“to light”). Cognate with Muong tốch, Khmer ដុត (dot, “to set light to, burn, grill”), Khasi thuit (“to catch fire”), Semai tòòt (“to burn, set light”).

cog

đốt nhà

(transitive) to set fire to; to set ablaze; to ignite


đốt

head

đốt • (焠, 󱦭)

vi-verb

đốt • (焠, 󱦭)

From Proto-Vietic *toːc (“to bite (snake), to sting”).

inh

bị ong đốt

(transitive, Northern Vietnam, Central Vietnam, of an insect) to sting


gặm

From Proto-Vietic *gamʔ ~ *kamʔ (“to bite”).
The North Central form cắm retains the meaning "to bite".


ôm

From Proto-Vietic *ʔoːm (“armful”). Compare Central Nicobarese [Nancowry] om-fūm (“hug, embrace”) and Bodo Gadaba om ("to brood, to set (on eggs)").

ôm hận

ôm mộng


khư khư

[kʰɨ˧˧ kʰɨ˧˧]

[kʰɨ˧˧ kʰɨ˧˧]


tráng

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *laaŋʔ (“to wash, to bring water to”); cognate with Khmer លាង (liəng), Bahnar klang and Nyah Kur klíəŋ.

tráng bát

tráng miệng

to "cleanse the palate" after a savory meal, with fruit or sweet dessert

(transitive) to clean or cleanse something that's hollow or capable of containing certain substances (mostly liquids) by rinsing

tráng bánh cuốn

to stretch bánh cuốn batter (over a pot of boiling water)

tráng trứng

tráng gương

tráng men


bạn

(obsolete, literary) to revolt against; to oppose the higher power


西化

chữ Hán form of Tây hoá (“to westernize”).


ước

♀: Ước gì em đã không lỡ lời
Ước gì ta đừng có giận hờn
Để giờ đây cô đơn vắng tanh
Đời em đã vắng anh rồi.
Ước gì cho thời gian trở lại
Ước gì em gặp anh một lần
Em sẽ nói em luôn nhớ anh
Và em chỉ có anh thôi.

(Can we date this quote?), Võ Thiện Thanh (lyrics and music), “Ước gì [I Wish]”:

♀: I wish I hadn't said those awful things
I wish we hadn't fought
Because I'm so lonely now
My life now is without you.
I wish I could turn back time
I wish I could meet you one more time
I would tell you I'd always missed you
And you were the only one for me.

to wish in your mind; compare cầu (“to pray”) and chúc (“to verbalize to someone what you wish for them”)


được

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 得 (“to get, to obtain”, SV: đắc).
Central-Southern đặng has mostly been displaced by this word.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đắc</i>

vi-etym-sino

Được hay thua?

được thư

được tin nhà

được của rơi

(transitive) to obtain, to get (passively)

được nhiều người giúp

Thuyền được gió.

(modal auxiliary) to be (used to form passive tense, positive outcome); to benefit from (an action)

Trẻ em đến tuổi được đi học.

Không ai được vắng mặt.

Tết này cháu được sáu tuổi.
I will be [attain] six years old this Tết.

(transitive) to reach, to attain (a milestone)


bằng

Sino-Vietnamese word from 憑 (“rely on; on the basis of; by the means of; certificate; diploma”).

- Lúc bấy giờ mà bằng vào khí khái anh hùng, thân thủ hào kiệt của hai vị, tìm tới Lâm An bắt thằng gian thần ấy, ba người bọn ta ăn thịt uống máu y thì không phải ngồi đây ăn đậu hủ uống rượu lạnh!

2005, chapter 1, in Cao Tự Thanh, transl., Anh hùng xạ điêu, Văn học, translation of 射雕英雄传 by Jīn Yōng (Kim Dung):

"If at the time I could've counted on the heroic indomitability and the great abilities of the two of you to go to Lín'ān and capture that treacherous courtier, the three of us would now be eating his flesh and drinking his blood rather than sitting here eating tofu and drinking cold rice wine!"

(with vào) to count (on), to depend (on)


vào

From Northern Middle Vietnamese ꞗĕào, ꞗĕaò. Compare the Central-Southern form vô.
The Northern Old Vietnamese form is attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 包 (SV: bao), showing that diphthongization already took place in these dialects by then. The Central-Southern form vô started showing up on texts much later, spelled chiefly as 無 (SV: vô), inherited from unattested non-Northern Old Vietnamese dialects without diphthongization.
The usage of vào (especially in writing) by speakers of Central-Southern dialects can be contributed to borrowing from Northern dialects. On the other hand, the undiphthongized Southern form with palatal initial latter spread to the Northern and Central dialects as an interjection.
Most prepositions in Vietnamese were originally verbs: cho (“to give; for”), đến (“to come; to”), tới (“to arrive; to”), lên (“to go up; onto”), ở (“to stay; at, in”), theo (“to follow; according to”), về (“to return; about”).

vào nhà

Xe đi vào trung tâm thành phố.

vào nam, ra bắc

từ Hà Nội vào Huế

vào Sài Gòn

to go to Ho Chi Minh City from its north

(transitive, by extension) to go southwards in Vietnam

vào hội

vào tù

(transitive) to become a member of; to join

vào tiệc

vào đám

(transitive) to join in, to participate in

vào năm học mới

vào hè

(transitive) to begin (a new chapter in time)

vào quy củ

vào khuôn phép

Công việc đã vào nền nếp.

Một người thợ vào loại giỏi.

học vào loại trung bình

Có tập trung tư tưởng thì học [nó] mới vào.

Only by concentrating one's thoughts does one comprehend one's studies.

Đầu óc rối bời, đọc mãi mà [nó] không vào.

With his/her head in such a jumble, he/she keeps reading but [it] doesn't click.

(intransitive, figuratively) to comprehend

Sút! Vào!

(intransitive, soccer) (of a ball) to enter the goal


xay

From Proto-Vietic *tʃeː (“to grind, to husk rice”). Related to chày.


muốn

head

㦖, 悶, 𫹰, 𫺓, 𬅳

vi-verb

㦖, 悶, 𫹰, 𫺓, 𬅳

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-muốn.wav

Attested as Northern Middle Vietnamese muốn, muấn in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).

ncog

Proto-Vietic *ɓəːlʔ (“to wish; to desire”)

♀: Phải làm sao anh được vui ?
Phải làm sao anh hết buồn ?
Tình qua tay, thật lòng em không muốn.

(Can we date this quote?), Minh Khang (lyrics and music), “Lời nguyền [The Oath]”:

♀: What should I do to cheer you up?
What should I do to comfort you?
Love passed us by, it was never what I really wanted.

Gia đình Dursley có mọi thứ mà họ muốn, nhưng họ cũng có một bí mật, và nỗi sợ hãi lớn nhất của họ là cái bí mật đó bị ai đó bật mí.

2017, J. K. Rowling, chapter 1, in Lý Lan, transl., Harry Potter Và Hòn Đá Phù Thủy [Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone], 29 edition, volume 1, Ho Chi Minh City: Nhà xuất bản Trẻ, →ISBN, →OCLC:

The Dursleys had everything they wanted, but they also had a secret, and their greatest fear was that somebody would discover it.


傷害

chữ Hán form of thương hại (“to feel sorry for someone; to pity; to show compassion to”).


創作

chữ Hán form of sáng tác (“to compose; to write (poem, short story, etc.)”).


擔任

chữ Hán form of đảm nhiệm (“to take on (responsibility); to assume; to undertake”).


調整

chữ Hán form of điều chỉnh (“to adjust; to change; to correct”).


登記

chữ Hán form of đăng kí (“to register; to enroll”).


調查

chữ Hán form of điều tra (“to investigate; to survey; to inquire”).


bị

Sino-Vietnamese word from 被 (“to cover, to pack; "by" (passive voice)”).

vi-etym-sino

bị đột quỵ

Rồi tháng tám năm ngoái, mẹ anh bị bệnh qua đời.

Then, in August last year, his mother fell ill and passed away.

particle denoting the subject is negatively affected by the predicate

bị đánh

Loan bực tức vì bị để ra ngoài một câu chuyện quan trọng.

1938, Thạch Lam, “Nắng trong vườn”, in Bắt đầu:

Loan was angry because she was left out of something important.

Ông quản than thở một cách rền rĩ: / – Chúng ta bị phạt nhiều quá. / Thầy min đơ nhắc lại, âu sầu: / – Thật vậy, chúng ta bị nhiều quá.

1936, Vũ Trọng Phụng, chapter 2, in Số đỏ, Hà Nội báo:

The manager complained pitifully: "We are being fined too much." Mr Mille Deux repeated, morose, "That's true, we are [being fined] too much."

(before a verb) to be (used to form the passive voice if the subject is negatively affected by the action)


教養

chữ Hán form of giáo dưỡng (“to care for and educate; to reform; to teach and bring up”).


勃起

chữ Hán form of bột khởi (“to rise up vigorously; to flare up forcefully; to spring up energetically”).


自主

chữ Hán form of tự chủ (“to be in possession of oneself; to self-control”).


vâng

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-vâng.wav

A cognate is found in Eastern Cham peng (“to obey”) (Shin'e & Sakaya, 2014), which might be a rather late Vietnamese loan as suggested by its monosyllabic shape.

vâng lệnh

to obey (other's words, commands); to listen to; to comply with


tại

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-tại.wav

Vụ án xảy ra tại đường số 9.

to be located at; to be located in; to be located on

Lỗi tại ai đây? Lỗi tại tôi.

Tại số cả thôi.

(colloquial) to be because of; to be due to


dạ

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-dạ.wav

giạ (northern Vietnam, southern Vietnam)

dạ một tiếng thật dài


戰鬥

chữ Hán form of chiến đấu (“to fight; to engage in combat”).


發達

chữ Hán form of phát đạt (“to thrive; to prosper”).


實行

chữ Hán form of thực hành (“to practice”).


現代化

chữ Hán form of hiện đại hóa (“to modernize”).


集中

chữ Hán form of tập trung (“to concentrate”).


侵害

chữ Hán form of xâm hại (“to encroach upon and damage”).


thay đổi

[tʰaj˧˧ ʔɗoj˧˩]

[tʰaj˧˧ ʔɗoj˧˨]

[tʰa(ː)j˧˧ ʔɗoj˨˩˦]

thay (“to change, to replace”) + đổi (“to change”).


提出

chữ Hán form of đề xuất (“to suggest; to put forward; to propose”).


hoàn thành

[hwaːŋ˦˩ tʰɛɲ˦˩]

[waːŋ˨˩ tʰan˨˩]


nên

should; ought to (the speaker intends for the subject to execute the sentence predicate)


建議

chữ Hán form of kiến nghị (“to provide suggestions to the authority; to petition”).


決心

chữ Hán form of quyết tâm (“to be determined (to)”).


動員

chữ Hán form of động viên (“to mobilize; to encourage; to stir; to inspire”).


phần

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-phần.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 分 (“part; portion”), 份, from Middle Chinese 分 (bjunH), 份 (bjunH).
The huyền tone here is rather problematic. The regular tone derivation pattern, based on the original Middle Chinese tone and onset consonant would be as follows:
* 分 (bjunH, “portion”, 去聲／去声 (qùshēng, “departing tone”), 全濁聲母／全浊声母 (quánzhuó shēngmǔ, “voiced obstruent onset”)) > Vietnamese phận, Mandarin 分 (fèn), Cantonese 分 (fan6)
* 分 (pjun, “to divide”, 平聲／平声 (píngshēng, “level tone”), 清聲母／清声母 (qīng shēngmǔ, “voiceless obstruent onset”)) > Vietnamese phân, Mandarin 分 (fēn), Cantonese 分 (fan1)
The huyền tone suggests an unattested Middle Chinese reading:
* 分 (*bjun, “portion”, level tone, voiced obstruent onset) > Vietnamese phần
Alternatively, the huyền tone suggests non-Classical Chinese origin. Compare hè and hạ, mùi and vị, vì and vị.
Doublet of phân and phận. Cognate with Mandarin 分 (fèn) and Cantonese 分 (fan6). See also phần tử and phân tử, and Phần Lan.

vi-etym-sino

(colloquial) Short for để phần (“to set a share aside”).


thông

to go over or through (to); to run through; to travel through; to cross

to be in succession; to be non-stop; to be on end

to understand (thoroughly) and accept; to understand and agree to

to be familiar with; to master; to be fluent or conversant in

(archaic) to be sufficient; to be enough


bơm

used in bơm cho "to transfer money" (slang)


紀念

chữ Hán form of kỉ niệm (“to celebrate”).


發表

chữ Hán form of phát biểu (“to express; to formulate”).


浪費

chữ Hán form of lãng phí (“to waste; to squander”).


停止

chữ Hán form of đình chỉ (“to suspend, to recess, to arrest, to cease”).


độc

Sino-Vietnamese word from 讀. Doublet of đọc.

[ʔɗəwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗəwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗəwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

độc giả


kê

Cognate with Muong Bi kêl.
Unrelated to Old Chinese 支 (OC *ke) (B-S).

kê chân lên ghế

to rest (a part of one's body) on something

(furniture) to place; to arrange; to put


hủy

Traditional tone placement spelling of huỷ.


dục

[zʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[jʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[jʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

(Southern Vietnam) Alternative form of vụt (“to toss; to throw away”)


trừ

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-trừ.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 除 (“to eliminate; to remove; to divide”). In Vietnamese, this word means "to subtract", while chia means "to divide".

Chọn đứa nào cũng được, trừ thằng Tú (ra).
Pick any of them you like, except for Tú.

thuốc trừ sâu


diệt

thuốc diệt chuột

rat poison (literally, “drug killing rats”)


tuyển

[t⁽ʷ⁾iəŋ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 選 (“to choose; to select”).

Chúng tôi đang cần tuyển hai nhân viên tạp vụ.


đạo

Sino-Vietnamese word from 盜 (“to steal”).

đạo nhạc

đạo văn

to rip off someone else's written piece or writing style

đạo tranh


trở

head

把, 呂, 𫶷, 𧿨, 𠭤, 𪠭, 𪩁

vi-verb

把, 呂, 𫶷, 𧿨, 𠭤, 𪠭, 𪩁

把 (CJK)
呂 (CJK)
𫶷 (CJK)
𧿨 (CJK)
𠭤 (CJK)
𪠭 (CJK)
𪩁 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *p-ləh, from Proto-Mon-Khmer. Cognate with Bulo Stieng pləːh. This is the Central-Southern form, now widely used in written Vietnamese. Doublet of giở in modern written Vietnamese.
The Northern Middle Vietnamese blở is attested in de Rhodes (1651).

trở người


mọc

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *mɔk ~ *mɔɔk (“to emerge”); cognate with Khmer មក (mɔɔk, “to come, come near, approach”) and Old Mon mok (“to appear”).

cog

Tre già, măng mọc.

(of zoological hair, nails, teeth, feathers, claws, lumps, pimples or botanical roots) to start to grow, extend or expand

nails; teeth; feathers; claws; lumps; pimples or botanical roots; nails; teeth; feathers; claws; lumps; pimples or botanical roots

Bé mới mọc răng.

mọc mụn đầy mặt

to have pimples/acne all over one's face

(of animals) to start growing hair, nails, teeth, feathers, claws, lumps, pimples

Mặt trời mọc đằng đông, lặn đằng tây.

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.


mách

Về em mách mẹ cho anh xem.

I'm telling Mom when we get home. Just you wait.

(Northern Vietnam) to tattle; to rat on; to grass on; to tell on

(informal) to share a secret, tip or insider's knowledge


cạch

cạch mặt

to never see or do business with ever again

cạch đến già

to avoid (someone or something because they have or it has given you a bad experience)


giao cấu

[jaːw˧˧ kəw˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-giao cấu.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 交媾 (“to copulate; intercourse”).

vi-etym-sino

(chiefly biology) to copulate; to have sex


thêu

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 繡 (SV: tú).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tú</i>


nghi

Sino-Vietnamese word from 疑. Doublet of ngờ.


trào

From Middle Vietnamese blào.
Even if this word was not derived from Chinese 潮 (cháo) (SV: triều) (since it is not possible to expain the labial-lateral ‹bl-› cluster attested in Middle Vietnamese with 潮), trào almost certainly received significant semantic influence from the Sinitic word.

Thêm muối và nấu nhừ trong 1 giờ (đậy hở nắp và đừng cho cháo trào).

2013, Ngọc Tài Trần, Thường Huệ Nguyên, Cốt tủy thực dưỡng, Công ty Văn hóa Hương Trang, page 145:

Add salt and let stew thoroughly for one hour (lid partially on and avoid the congee boiling over).


tắc

tắc ruột

thuyên tắc phổi

tắc đường


thồn

to fill up, to cram into something (typically mouth)


ngớp

𢚼 (CJK)
𥆹 (CJK)
ngơm ngớp (reduplication)


hạp

hạp/hợp nhau

Rare form of hợp (“to suit; to be suitable for; to get along with”).


tiễn

tiễn ra sân bay

tiễn ra cửa

tiễn tới nơi an nghỉ cuối cùng


tiến

Sino-Vietnamese word from 進; this is the Northern form. Doublet of tấn, the Southern form.
This is the dominant form used in compounds in modern written Vietnamese.


hiện

Gõ vô YouTube, cái video đầu tiên hiện lên là nó đó.

Search on YouTube, and the first video that comes up will be the one I was talking about.


tuôn

Nước suối tuôn ra.

Mồ hôi tuôn ròng ròng.

Nước mắt tuôn như mưa.

Khói tuôn nghi ngút.

(intransitive, of a substance) to spurt, to gush

tuôn ra những lời thô bỉ
to spew vulgarities

Con vít bị tuôn rồi.

(transitive) to strip (to remove the thread or teeth from a screw, nut, or gear)


nghiến

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 研 (“to grind”, SV: nghiên). Compare nghiền.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">nghiên</i>

vi-etym-sino

Ăn dái lợn để chữa nghiến răng khi ngủ.

Eat some pig dicks to cure the habit of clenching your teeth while sleeping.


hiệp

(only in compounds) to come together, to unite


tốn

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 損 (SV: tổn).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tổn</i>

vi-etym-sino

to pay for, to spend; to cost, to consume


chuyển

[c⁽ʷ⁾iəŋ˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-chuyển.wav


nghiện

head

彦, 喭, 𢞆, 讞, 咠, 𬪮, 󰇊

vi-verb

彦, 喭, 𢞆, 讞, 咠, 𬪮, 󰇊

彦 (CJK)
喭 (CJK)
𢞆 (CJK)
讞 (CJK)
咠 (CJK)
𬪮 (CJK)

con nghiện

gây nghiện


giảm

Sino-Vietnamese word from 減 (“to decrease; to subtract”). This word only means "to decrease" in Vietnamese. For "to substract", use trừ instead.

vi-etym-sino

Số người tham gia giảm.

Chúng tôi buộc phải giảm số người tham gia.


họp

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 合 (SV: hợp).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">hợp</i>


ngâm

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *ŋǝm ~ *ŋam (“to immerse, soak”); cognate with Muong ngâm, Khasi ngam (“to dive into”).

ngâm chân


tấn

Sino-Vietnamese word from 進; this is the Southern form. Doublet of tiến, the Northern form.
In current written Vietnamese, only three compounds with this form are in common use: tấn tới (“progressive, advancing”), tấn công (“to attack”) and tấn phong (“to promote to a higher position”); other compounds, although abundantly attested in many texts are now replaced by the Northern form tiến in the speech of most Southerners.

(only in compounds) to advance; to go forward


nghiền

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 研 (“to grind”, SV: nghiên).


nghiền

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) Alternative form of nghiện (“to be addicted (to); to give oneself up (to)”)


câm

For the sense of "orthographically silent", a semantic loan from French muet.

câm như hến

to shut your mouth as tight as a clam [shutting its shell]

Có câm mồm không thì bảo?


thức

Tối qua thức khuya.


nghiệm

Sino-Vietnamese word from 驗 (“to examine”).

to realize something after thinking thoroughly


cách

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cách.wav

Nhà tui cách thành phố 50 cây số.

My house is 50 kilometers from (the/a) city.

Tôi không biết khoảng cách đó là bao nhiêu.

I don't know how far that is. (lit. what the distance is)

to be distant from, to be separated from


cách

(only in compounds) to change, to reform


trại

Likely related to lái (in nói lái (“to switch around sounds”)).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-trại.wav

"Sài Gòn" trại lại là "Xì Gòn", "Hà Nội" trại lại là "Hà Lội". (pseudolinguistic explanation of variation of toponyms in Vietnamese)
"Xì Gòn" is a deviation of "Sài Gòn", and "Hà Lội" is a deviation of "Hà Nội".

(pseudolinguistics, of pronunciation) to deviate


phủ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 撫 (“to cover”). For some parallels of the "to mate" sense, compare English cover, Russian крыть (krytʹ, “to mount”), German belegen (“to mate”), Spanish cubrir (“to cover, to mount”).

(dated, of non-human animals) to mate; to copulate


giao

(sports) to pass (to move a ball to a teammate)


biệt

Sino-Vietnamese word from 別 (“to divide; to leave; special”).


học

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-học.wav

học, học nữa, học mãi

learn, learn more, learn forever (free translation of Lenin's phrase «учиться, учиться и учиться»)


căm

(chiefly in compounds) to resent, to bear hatred


ngáp

From Proto-Vietic *s-ŋaːp ~ *-ʔaːp (via *sŋ-ʔaːp), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *sʔaap (“to yawn”). Cognate with Muong ngáp, Bahnar kơ'ngap, Pacoh ng-ap, Khmer ស្ងាប (sngaap), Mon ဒအာပ် (həap), Central Nicobarese hing-âp.


đề

(only in compounds) to lift (up); to raise

đề đốc

(military) rear admiral; provincial military commander

đề phòng

to take precautions; prevent; guard against


lăn

Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 麻隣, the second character is an alternative form of 鄰 (MC lin), thus the phonograms are equivalent to 麻鄰 (MC mae lin) (modern SV: ma lân).


rụng

head

勇, 梇, 湧, 用, 苚, 𣳔, 𬈭

vi-verb

勇, 梇, 湧, 用, 苚, 𣳔, 𬈭

勇 (CJK)
梇 (CJK)
湧 (CJK)
用 (CJK)
苚 (CJK)
𣳔 (CJK)
𬈭 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ruŋʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ruŋ ~ *ruuŋ ~ *ruəŋ (“the fall, to drop off”); cognate with Bahnar rŭng.

quả/lá rụng

răng rụng

lông/tóc rụng

(of something) to fall off something that it was attached to

rụng lá

rụng răng

rụng tóc

rụng lông

(of someone or something) to lose something that's attached to someone or something


liệt

Sino-Vietnamese word from 列 (“to arrange; line”).


vọng

thánh lễ vọng

đêm vọng lễ

Lần đầu tiên tôi gặp cô ta là vào đêm vọng lễ Giáng Sinh năm 2007,[…]

2016, chapter 4, in Nguyễn Đức Vịnh, transl., Đừng nói chuyện với cô ấy, part I, NXB Phụ Nữ, translation of 别和她说话 by Yù Jǐn (Ngộ Cẩn):

The first time I met her was Christmas Eve 2007; […]

vọng về


giày

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-giày.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 鞋 (“shoe”, SV: hài).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">hài</i>


phong

phong vương

phong tướng

phong thần

phong tước

tảng đá rêu phong


thay

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 替 (SV: thế).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">thế</i>

vi-etym-sino

thay trời hành đạo

to act in place of, to act on behalf of, to act for


cưa

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cưa.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 鋸 (“saw; to saw off”, SV: cứ). Related to cứa, khứa.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">cứ</i>


mướt

head

mướt • (沫, 𠖾)

vi-verb

mướt • (沫, 𠖾)


múc

[mʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

From Proto-Vietic *ɓuːk, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɓək; cognate with Muong búc, Eastern Mnong [Rölöm] bŏk and Riang ɓək¹.

to scoop or ladle (as soup or water) into a bowl


cải biên

[kaːj˧˩ ʔɓiən˧˧]

[kaːj˧˨ ʔɓiəŋ˧˧]

[kaːj˨˩˦ ʔɓiəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 改編, from Japanese 改編 (kaihen, “reorganization”).


mơ

head

mơ • (迷, 𢠩, 𥊚, 𧫼)

vi-verb

mơ • (迷, 𢠩, 𥊚, 𧫼)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mơ.wav


mắc

head

縸, 黓, 默, 𢹇, 𦄿, 𫄓, 󰄏, 󱓇, 󱕗

vi-verb

縸, 黓, 默, 𢹇, 𦄿, 𫄓, 󰄏, 󱓇, 󱕗

縸 (CJK)
黓 (CJK)
默 (CJK)
𢹇 (CJK)
𦄿 (CJK)
𫄓 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ɓak, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *[d]ɓak ~ *[d]ɓaak. Cognate with Muong bắc, Chut [Sách] kəbak⁷, Mang ɓak⁷, Eastern Bru ʔa.bak, Bahnar tơʼbăk, Khmer ពាក់ (pĕək).

mắc lưới

to catch; to get caught (in); to be trapped (in); to fall into

mắc bệnh

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) to contract (debt); to owe

Đi chơi hả? Để mai mốt gì đi, mắc việc rồi.

Hanging out? Umm, maybe later, I'm kinda occupied with work right now.

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) to be busy; to be occupied; to be engaged

mắc ói

mắc cười

(chiefly Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) to want to (go to the bathroom, laugh, etc.); to have the desire to

(Southern Vietnam) to cause (one to develop a feeling)


luộc

From a Tai language; compare Proto-Tai *luəkᴰ (“to scald”) (whence Thai ลวก (lûuak)). Compare also Cantonese 淥／渌 (luk6, “to boil; to scald”), which represents a Tai substrate.

cog

Lão chỉ mặc độc chiếc quần đùi: da mặt, da lưng đỏ như cua luộc.

1957, Đoàn Giỏi, chapter 2, in Đất rừng phương Nam, Kim Đồng:

He only wore his shorts; the skin on his face and back was red as boiled crab.


hớt

to remove from the surface of something; to skim off

to steal a march on someone and get (something); to get the upper hand (of)

to say or tell (something) before others (want to) do so; to tattle

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) to trim; to prune; to cut

(Southern Vietnam) to cause (something) to be cut, broken or shortened


siết

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-siết.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 切 (“to cut, to slice, to be close to”, SV: thiết).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">thiết</i>

vi-etym-sino

siết chùm cau

siết cổ

siết chặt

to tighten, literally or figuratively, or to put more serious efforts into (something or doing something)

siết chặt công tác thanh tra, kiểm tra

to tighten with a firm grip, stranglehold or chokehold; compare thắt (“to tighten with a string or rope”)


khớp

(often of two zigzag structures) to fit together nicely; to fit like a glove; to mesh; to engage

to put together (parts of something) to form a whole object; to match together

to match to compare (whether two things are compatible)

to correspond; to match; to be in agreement; to tally; to fit in with


xát

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 擦 (SV: sát).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">sát</i>


chảy

From Proto-Vietic *cas (“to stream; to run”). Cognate with Muong cháy, Tho [Cuối Chăm] cal⁵, Kha Phong cɐl⁴.


xối

head

㵊, 洷, 𣻇, 𣾽, 𤂬, 𩄶

vi-verb

㵊, 洷, 𣻇, 𣾽, 𤂬, 𩄶

㵊 (CJK)
洷 (CJK)
𣻇 (CJK)
𣾽 (CJK)
𤂬 (CJK)
𩄶 (CJK)


phơi

head

𣆏, 𣈓, 𤇨, 𤊫, 𤊬

vi-verb

𣆏, 𣈓, 𤇨, 𤊫, 𤊬

phơi quần áo

phơi xác

to die (i.e. to expose one's body) on the battlefield


chuốc

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 酌 (SV: chước).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">chước</i>

vi-etym-sino

[t͡ɕuək̚˦˧˥]


chuốc

[t͡ɕuək̚˦˧˥]

(rare) to take pains to obtain (something precious)

to bring upon oneself; to seek (something bad) oneself


nhè

nhè đầu mà đánh


điệu

Nó bị điệu đến đồn công an.

to forcefully carry someone by lifting them up usually by the armpits


đạp

Chạy mau không nó đạp mày bẹp gí bây giờ!

Run or it will trample you into a smear!

Thằng đó ngủ hay đạp lắm.

He kicks people out of bed when he sleeps.

Đứa bé đạp mẹ.

The baby is kicking inside its mother's womb.

đạp xe


quên

head

涓, 悁, 捐, 㳙, 𫺴

vi-verb

涓, 悁, 捐, 㳙, 𫺴


phổ

phổ nhạc

to compose a score or to arrange it; to set to music

phổ lời

(music) to compose a score, arrange, or write lyrics to a song


quịt

Alternative spelling of quỵt (“to welch, to refuse to pay”).


sắp

head

立, 𫁞, 㕸, 拉, 𢯛

vi-verb

立, 𫁞, 㕸, 拉, 𢯛

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *srap (“ready, prepared”); compare Pacoh tiráp, Khmer ស្រាប់ (srap) and Koho prap. Doublet of rắp.


phát

Sino-Vietnamese word from 發 (“to issue, to dispatch, to send out, to emit”).

vi-etym-sino

to distribute, to dispense, to issue, to deliver


phát

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *cpaat (“to pull sharp instrument across”). Cognates includes Khmer ប៉ាត (paat, “to trim down, filed”), Mon သွာတ် (“to shred with a sharp instrument”), Stieng paːt (“to cut oneself on a sharp instrument”).


phỉ

Bây giờ ai cứ trả hai trăm bạc, tôi có bán thì cho cứ phỉ vào mặt tôi. (Nam Cao, in Làm tổ)

Just pay two-hundred coins and I will sell it, no need to spit on my face.


thách

head

適, 𡂓, 托, 昔, 󰏈

vi-verb

適, 𡂓, 托, 昔, 󰏈


chấm

chấm nước mắm

Hoàng hoàn toàn không biết chấm câu.

2014, Ninh Hồ Trần, “Cuộc họp của chữ viết [The Meeting of the Letters]”, in Tiếng Việt 3 [Vietnamese 3], 10th edition, volume 1, Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục Việt Nam:

He is completely clueless about how to use the full stop.

chấm điểm


quản

Sino-Vietnamese word from 管 (“pipe, tube, duct; to manage, to control”).

vi-etym-sino

身𧐖包管壈頭

1820, Nguyễn Du (阮攸), Đoạn trường tân thanh (Truyện Kiều)^(https://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/Truyện_Kiều_(bản_Liễu_Văn_Ðường_1866)):

A swamp eel would care not if its head is dirtied

Vốn ta không quản được họ nhưng bọn quan lại ấy cũng rất vô dụng.

2005, chapter 2, in Cao Tự Thanh, transl., Anh hùng xạ điêu, Văn học, translation of 射雕英雄传 by Jīn Yōng (Kim Dung):

I used not to care about them, but those bureaucrats are also completely useless.

(literary, chiefly in the negative) to care


đạc

Sino-Vietnamese word from 度. Doublet of độ and đo.


chích

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *cuk ~ *cuuk ~ *cuək ~ *cak ~ *ciik ~ *c(i)ək (“to prod; to pierce”); cognate with Khmer ចឹក (cək).

(Southern Vietnam, of an insect) to sting


giũa

to file (i.e. to file wood or some other material using a tool)


phụ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 輔 (“to assist”).

phụ mẹ làm việc nhà


phụ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 負 (“to betray”).

Cậu không phụ kỳ vọng của gia đình.
He did not disappoint his family.

14th century, Luo Guanzhong, Romance of the Three Kingdoms Ch. 4; 1909, Vietnamese translation by Phan Kế Bính

[Cao] Cao said: I'd rather betray others than let others betray me.

Tháo nói: - Thà rằng ta phụ người, còn hơn để người phụ ta.


rửa

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *raawh; cognate with Pacoh rao, Koho rao and Chut [Rục] rᵊàːw.

rửa tay

rửa bát

2005, Nguyễn Ngọc Tư, "Cánh đồng bất tận" chapter 2 (in Cánh đồng bất tận), Trẻ publishing house
Nước vo cơm dùng để rửa rau, rửa rau xong dành rửa cá.

The water from rinsing the rice was used to wash the vegetables, and after washing the vegetables for cleaning the fish.

to wash something non-fabric and non-rice


quật

(only in compounds) to dig up, to disinter


quật

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *kwit ~ *kwiət ~ *kwət (“to beat”); cognates include Khasi khyrwit (“to beat with stick”), kyrwit (“to beat”), kawiat (“to beat with something small”).


biểu

Variant of bảo. Compare cáo vs. kiếu, đào vs. điều. Also compare 表 (biǎo, “to express”) as in 表態／表态 (biǎotài, “to declare one's stance”).

Ê cu lại đây biểu!

Come here for a sec boy, I have something to tell you.

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) Alternative form of bảo (“to tell”)


xô

head

抠; 摳; 樞; 搊; 𡁿

xô • (抠; 摳; 樞; 搊; 𡁿)

vi-verb

抠; 摳; 樞; 搊; 𡁿

xô • (抠; 摳; 樞; 搊; 𡁿)


ấp

From Proto-Vietic *ʔəp. Cognate with Khmer ឱប (ʼaop, “to hug”), Temiar oop (“to embrace, to hug”), Semai eup (“to cuddle, to embrace”). Cf. the compound ôm ấp (“to hug”).

(agriculture) to brood, to sit, to incubate


viện

to advance or give reasons for; to invoke; to call upon; to adduce; to allege


nhượng

Sino-Vietnamese word from 讓, doublet of nhường.

nhượng quyền sử dụng đất

to transfer the right to use this property

(business) to transfer ownership to someone else, especially of property


nhượng

(anatomy, rare) the joints of the knee or heel


hết

head

歇, 竭, 𣍊, 𱛀, 󱤰, 遏

vi-verb

歇, 竭, 𣍊, 𱛀, 󱤰, 遏

From Proto-Vietic *heːt, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ʔət ~ *ʔəət (“used up, finished, lacking”). Cognate with Thavung hɨ́t ("all"), Bahnar ơ̆t (“to hold breath, to fast”), Proto-Katuic *ʔet (“exhausted”) (whence Kuy ʔɛt ("tired")), Mon အိုတ် (“to be finished, exhausted”), Khmer អត់ (ʼɑt), Pear ʔet ("not"), Sa'och ʔeːt ("all"), Riang [Lang] ʔət¹ ("to stop, to halt").
Insertion of initial *h in Vietic can also be seen in *tŋ-ʔaːm (“jaw”) (> Vietnamese hàm, Late Vietic), *huːɲ (“to kiss”) (> Vietnamese hôn), *hanʔ (“he, she, it”) (> Vietnamese hắn), *haːr (“two”) (> Vietnamese hai), *hoːj (“foul-smelling”) (> Vietnamese hôi), *hɔːŋʔ (“river, brook”), *haːŋʔ (“to open (mouth)”).
For the semantic relationship, compare maybe English over, over-, German alle, all.

to finish, to end, to expire, to come to an end


bổ

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *buuh. Cognate with Khmer ពុះ (puh).

bổ củi

to split firewood by the axis of each log

bổ dưa

to chop a piece of fruit, especially a large one, by its axis to divide it into smaller pieces for consumption

(North Central Vietnam) to trip and fall onto the ground


bổ

See vỗ. This is a form that did not undergo lenition.

滇 Xan. n.
 […]
 Sóng ― sóng bổ, sóng đánh.

1895, Huình Tịnh Của, Đại Nam Quấc âm tự vị:

滇 Xan. n.
 […]
 Sóng ― the waves hitting the shore.

Làng Phước-hãi, lưới bạc muôn, Ở theo mé biển tuy buồn mà vui.
Buồn nghe sóng bỗ từ hồi, Vui vì đông đão tới lui chĩnh tề.

1909, Nguyễn Liên Phong, “Bà-Rịa”, in Nam Kỳ phong tục nhơn vật diễn ca:

At the village of Phước-hãi, [although] the nets are always silvery [due to the reflection from fishscales], living by the sea has its ups and downs.
The repetitive sound of the waves hitting the shore brings you down, [but] the constant throngs of people coming and leaving lifts you up.


bảo

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 報 (SV: báo). Doublet of báo.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">báo</i>

vi-etym-sino

Lại đây mẹ bảo.

Come here, I got something to tell you. / I got something I want you to do.

Nó bảo thứ hai nghỉ.

She told me we don't need to come on Monday.

Đã bảo rồi !

Bảo sao nghe vậy.

(literally, “I'm listening to what I'm told.”)

I'm only doing what I'm told to do. / I'm only following orders.

Có câm không thì bảo !

(literally, “Shut up or I'll tell you to!”)


hầu

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 候 (“to wait on, to attend to, to take care of, to serve”, SV: hậu).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">hậu</i>

vi-etym-sino

người hầu

Xắn tay làm chứ không có ai hầu đâu !

Roll up your sleeves! Nobody's gonna do it for you!

hầu toà

to serve (to work for; to attend, supply the wants of)


sổng

Nhiều động vật trở thành loài xâm lấn sau khi sổng chuồng.

Many species became invasive after escaping from captivity.

to escape from captivity; to break loose


quất

Bài làm văn mà nó quất cho năm trang.

His essay is awfully long, written on five pages.

(informal) to do something drastically and redundantly

(slang, vulgar) to fuck; to have sexual intercourse


ngoảnh

head

迎, 影, 撔, 𥋓, ⿰反景

vi-verb

迎, 影, 撔, 𥋓, ⿰反景


改編

chữ Hán form of cải biên (“to arrange”).


kết

(in certain expressions) to bear (fruits)

(colloquial) to have a crush on someone, to show love interest in someone


điện

Về nhớ điện cho tao khỏi lo.

Don't forget to phone me when you're there so I won't worry.

(colloquial) to send telegram or to make a phone call


tạo

Sino-Vietnamese word from 造 (“to construct”).

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-tạo.wav

tạo ra


nhóm

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-nhóm.wav

Tụi mình có nhóm lại cũng chả đẩy nổi cái xe này đi đâu.

Even if we team up, we still won't be able push this car forward.


nhóm

to make a fire, to start a fire, to kindle


kêu

head

呌, 叫, 嗃, 嘵, 𡆌, 啸, 󱋣

vi-verb

呌, 叫, 嗃, 嘵, 𡆌, 啸, 󱋣

呌 (CJK)
叫 (CJK)
嗃 (CJK)
嘵 (CJK)
𡆌 (CJK)
啸 (CJK)

From Middle Vietnamese kêu, from Proto-Vietic *keːw (“to call”), a non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 叫 (“to call; to cry; to shout”, SV: khiếu). Akin to Proto-Pearic *keːv.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">khiếu</i>

vi-etym-sino

chó sủa, mèo kêu

Mày mà không bảo con chó của mày im là tao giết nó bây giờ ! Đêm hôm cứ kêu ăng ẳng nhức cả đầu !

I'll kill your stupid dog if you won't shut it up! It's been howling and giving me headache this whole night!

tiếng kêu

to cry (to shout, scream, yell; to utter animal sounds)

kêu người đến giúp

Kêu nó lên đây tao bảo.

Mày kêu tao hả ?

Did you want to see me? / Were you looking for me?

Cả hè không chịu làm, giờ bài dồn đống thì đừng có kêu.

Stop whining. You didn't do a single exercise the whole summer, no wonder they've all piled up now.


khựng

to stop suddenly; to stop dead in one's tracks


cất

cất tiếng thở dài

Máy bay cất cánh lúc 6 giờ.

cất sách vô cặp

Tôi cất mấy cái đĩa sạch.


lãnh

Kỹ sư lãnh lương cao hơn cán sư.

Engineers command higher salaries than technicians.

(originally Southern Vietnam) to receive, to get


khứng

From Old Chinese 肯 (OC *kʰˤəŋʔ) (B-S) (SV: khẳng).

och-l

肯 (OC *kʰˤəŋʔ)

船(Thuyền)𫵈群(mọn)掉(còn)拯(chèo)肯(chăng)杜(khứng)
𡗶(đỗ)班(Trời)最(ban)約(tối)𧗱(biết)𱏫(về)

15th century, Nguyễn Trãi, “言志 Ngôn chí 13”, in Quốc âm thi tập (國音詩集):

Still rowing this puny boat, not willing to moor it
Not knowing where to go when it's dark.

Gospel of Matthew 8:2-3; 1926 Vietnamese translation by Phan Khôi; 2021 English translation from the New Revised Standard Version
Nầy, có một người phung đến gần, lạy Ngài, mà thưa rằng: Lạy Chúa, nếu Chúa khứng, chắc có thể làm cho tôi sạch được. Đức Chúa Jêsus giơ tay rờ người, mà phán rằng: Ta khứng, hãy sạch đi. Tức thì người phung được sạch.
[A]nd there was a man with a skin disease who came to him and knelt before him, saying, ‘Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean.’ He stretched out his hand and touched him, saying, ‘I am willing. Be made clean!’ Immediately his skin disease was cleansed.


感激

chữ Hán form of cảm kích (“to be touched; to be moved; to appreciate”).


vây

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 圍 (“to surround; to encircle; to corral”, SV: vi).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">vi</i>


chưng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 張 (“to set out, to display”, SV: trương). Doublet of trưng and trương.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">trương</i>


ngự

Gương kia ngự ở trên tường...


cuốc

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 钁/鐝 (SV: quyết, quắc).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">quyết, quắc</i>


châu

Sino-Vietnamese word from 週 (“to circle”).

to huddle together; to circle around; to assemble


khoá

→ Tai Dam: ꪄꪫ꪿ꪱ


lườm

(now usually has negative connotations) to glare at


lượn

head

lượn • (灡, 練)

vi-verb

lượn • (灡, 練)


trục

[t͡ɕʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʈʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʈʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]


luồn

From Proto-Vietic *lɔːn (“to enter”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *lun ~ *luən ~ *lən (“to pass, to exceed”); cognate with Khmer លន់ (lŭən) and Parauk luan.


chúc

Sino-Vietnamese word from 祝 (“to wish/to pray/to bless”).

vi-etym-sino

[t͡ɕʊwk͡p̚˧˦]

[t͡ɕʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

Gọi điện chúc bà năm mới đi con.

Call your grandma and wish her a happy new year.

(Con) (kính) chúc cụ sống lâu trăm tuổi.

Chúc anh một năm mới an khang thịnh vượng.

to tell someone that you wish/hope something good will happen to them; compare cầu (“to pray”) and ước (“to wish in your mind”)


chúc

Perhaps this is a figurative meaning from Etymology 1 (considering the custom of praying, blessing, or wishing with one's head lowered or body kneeling).

[t͡ɕʊwk͡p̚˧˦]

[t͡ɕʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

to lean downward; to bend downward; to decline (in angle)


đột

Sino-Vietnamese word from 突 (“suddenly; to dash; now obsolete: to pierce”).

(uncommon) to sew; to stitch; to pierce cloth with a needle


chạc

[t͡ɕaːk̚˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕaːk̚˨˩ʔ]

From Proto-Vietic *ɟaːk. Compare Proto-Tai *ɟɤːk (“rope; cord”) (whence Thai เชือก (chʉ̂ʉak), Lao ເຊືອກ (sư̄ak)).


cút

(informal, offensive) to beat it; to take a hike; to get lost


ức

Sino-Vietnamese word from 抑 (“to repress”).

to resent (about something, especially when one can do nothing about it)


sẩy

sẩy chân

sẩy thai

Cá mới rỉa mồi mà đã giật là sẩy đó.

If you react too quickly to a fish taking the bait, he might just get away.


đu

head

悠, 攸, 都, 鞦, 𣛦

đu • (悠, 攸, 都, 鞦, 𣛦)

vi-verb

悠, 攸, 都, 鞦, 𣛦

đu • (悠, 攸, 都, 鞦, 𣛦)


cư xử

[kɨ˧˧ sɨ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 居處, composed of 居 (“to live in”) and 處 (“to be at”).

vi-etym-sino

to behave; to conduct oneself; to deal with


châm

to sting; to prick; to pierce; to puncture


vớ

head

vớ • (𫼻, 播, 披)

vi-verb

vớ • (𫼻, 播, 披)

(colloquial) to seize (quickly); to grasp; to grip; to snatch


rợp

head

苙, 雴, 𣜿, 𩄓, 𩆏

vi-verb

苙, 雴, 𣜿, 𩄓, 𩆏


mướn

head

mướn • (𠼦, 摱)

vi-verb

mướn • (𠼦, 摱)

Related to mượn (“to borrow”), probably through an affixed form.

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) to hire, to rent


迷信

chữ Hán form of mê tín (“to be superstitious”).


vẽ

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-vẽ.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 畫 (“to draw, to paint”, SV: hoạ). Compare 劃／划.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">hoạ</i>


dốc

[jəwk͡p̚˦˧˥]


dốc

[jəwk͡p̚˦˧˥]


rắp

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *srap (“ready, prepared”). Doublet of sắp.

inh

Giương cung rắp bắn phượng hoàng,
chẳng may lại gặp một đàn chim ri.

(dated, chiefly in compounds) to be about to, to be on the point of


âu

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 憂 (SV: ưu).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">ưu</i>


đua

chạy đua

chạy đua vũ trang

đua xe

trường đua


ngó

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam, colloquial) to see, to look at


đọng

[ʔɗawŋ͡m˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗawŋ͡m˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗawŋ͡m˨˩˨]

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 凍 (“freeze”, SV: đống).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đống</i>


đốc

[ʔɗəwk͡p̚˧˦]

[ʔɗəwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗəwk͡p̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 督 (“supervise, oversee, direct”).


ngại

Sino-Vietnamese word from 礙, sometimes written as 懝.


yểm

Lão thầy tào tuy ở vùng hoang sơ nhưng cũng có chút kiến thức, biết chuyện Đại Điên vừa bị Từ Đạo Hạnh yểm cho mất mạng, không thể đầu thai được ở kinh sư.

2017, Phan Cuồng, Lý triều dị truyện, →ISBN:

Although the old village priest lived far from things, he did know some stuff, and he knew that Đại Điên had just been killed by exorcism by Từ Đạo Hạnh and could not reincarnate in the capital.

to use a talisman to exorcise a ghost or demon


yểm

Khi lên các trại trung ương, mặc cái áo to rộng ấy, yểm thứ gì vào người cũng dễ.

2000, Bùi Ngọc Tấn, Chuyện kể năm 2000, Thanh Niên:

When you go to the central camps wearing that big and wide jacket, you can easily hide anything.


mượn

head

mượn • (摱, 𠼦, 摱)

vi-verb

mượn • (摱, 𠼦, 摱)

From Proto-Vietic *maːɲʔ (“to borrow”), cognate with Muong mãnh, Arem maːɲʔ. Compare also mướn (“to hire, to rent”).
Compare also Proto-Katuic *maaɲ (whence Pacoh manh (“to borrow”)). The words for "to ask, to request" in other Austroasiatic languages (such as Semnam smaɲ, Khmu [Cuang] maːɲ, Mon သၟာန်) might be related as well.

cho mượn


quảng cáo

[kwaːŋ˧˨ kaːw˨˩˦]

[waːŋ˨˩˦ kaːw˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 廣告, composed of 廣 (“broad”) and 告 (“to announce”), Japanese 広告 (kōkoku).


lưu

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-lưu.wav


bớt

head

八, 叭, 扒, 𣼪, 𤁙

vi-verb

八, 叭, 扒, 𣼪, 𤁙

From Proto-Vietic *pǝːc; cognate with Muong pớch.

Đóng cửa lại đi cho bớt ồn ào.

You should go shut the door so that less noise can come in.

Bớt mưa rồi.

to diminish, to cut down, to decrease, to reduce


bắn

head

𪧻, 𡭉, 絆, 𪪻, 𬑰

vi-verb

𪧻, 𡭉, 絆, 𪪻, 𬑰

From Proto-Vietic *pəɲʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *paɲʔ. Cognates include Muong pảnh, Khmer បាញ់ (bañ) and Pacoh pánh. Compare Proto-Austronesian *panaq (“to shoot”), Vietnamese ná (“crossbow”).


nhích

Compare nhếch and might have some influence on the semantic development of dịch (“to move over”).


phá

Sino-Vietnamese word from 破. Doublet of phay.


phục hưng

[fʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ hɨŋ˧˧]

[fʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ hɨŋ˧˧]

[fʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨ hɨŋ˧˧]


nhảy dù

[ɲaj˧˨ jʊw˦˩]

[ɲa(ː)j˨˩˦ jʊw˨˩]


phết

Likely originally the North Central form. Compare bết, now less common.

phết bơ lên miếng bánh mì


phấn chấn

[fən˧˦ t͡ɕən˧˦]

[fəŋ˦˧˥ t͡ɕəŋ˦˧˥]

[fəŋ˦˥ cəŋ˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 奮 (“to exert oneself; to raise”) and 震 (“to be excited”).


mãi dâm

[maːj˦ˀ˥ zəm˧˧]

[maːj˨˩˦ jəm˧˧]

Misconstruction of mại dâm (“to prostitute oneself”)


trộn

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-trộn.wav

Related to lộn.
See also Zhuang gyonj (“to merge together”), which points to a complex onset consisted of a velar and a liquid in the proto-form. Compare the correspondence between Zhuang gyong and Vietnamese trống.


dõi

head

唯, 𠼲, 烩, 燴, 𤊠

vi-verb

唯, 𠼲, 烩, 燴, 𤊠


giải ngũ

[zaːj˧˩ ŋu˦ˀ˥]

[jaːj˧˨ ŋʊw˧˨]

[jaːj˨˩˦ ŋʊw˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 解 (“to release”) and 伍 (“a squad of five soldiers”).

vi-etym-sino

(military) to be demobilized; to be discharged; to be decommissioned


dừng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 停 (“to stop”, SV: đình). Compare đừng.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đình</i>


cạnh tranh

[kajŋ̟˧˨ʔ t͡ɕajŋ̟˧˧]

[kɛɲ˨˩ʔ ʈɛɲ˧˧]

Các công ty cạnh tranh với nhau giành thị trường.

Companies compete with each other to win the marketplace.

tính cạnh tranh


quàng

head

光, 咣, 挄, 晃, 桄, 絖, 𪦍, 𫏈

vi-verb

光, 咣, 挄, 晃, 桄, 絖, 𪦍, 𫏈

光 (CJK)
咣 (CJK)
挄 (CJK)
晃 (CJK)
桄 (CJK)
絖 (CJK)
𪦍 (CJK)
𫏈 (CJK)

Compare Proto-Katuic *kawaaŋ (“to surround, to coil”) (whence Pacoh cavang).

cog

to wrap around or interlock with your arm

Quàng khăn cho ấm.


về

head

về • (𧗱, 𱸳, 𡗅, 𬩍)

vi-verb

về • (𧗱, 𱸳, 𡗅, 𬩍)

From Proto-Vietic *veːr (“to return”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *wir (“to go around, to turn around”); cognate with Muong wềl, Khmu wer ("to roll, to turn to the opposite end") and Khmer វេរ (vei). There are a wide range of words with similar forms and meanings to this word across the Austroasiatic family.
Most prepositions in Vietnamese were originally verbs: ở (“to stay; at, in”), đến (“to come; to”), tới (“to arrive; to”), lên (“to go up; onto”), vào (“to enter; in, into”), theo (“to follow; according to”), cho (“to give; for”).

inh

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-về.wav

về nhà

về quê

về nước

về khách sạn

to go back to the hotel where one is currently staying

trên đường về nhà

hướng về Hà Tĩnh

về phía

toward the direction in question; as for

Chí Ðại lo sợ nên đi tối ngày không về nhà.

1922, Hồ Biểu Chánh, Ai làm được, Tín Đức Thư xã, chapter 3

Chí Đại was worried, so for the entire day he was away and did not return home.

Vợ Mô đi làm về, tạt qua sân, đi thẳng vào bếp của ngôi nhà lá.

1956, Nam Cao, Sống mòn, Văn nghệ, part X:

Mô's wife came back from work, crossed the yard, and went straight to the kitchen of the leaf-covered hut.

to come back or go back (to somewhere one belongs or to some place that is one's own)


giã

giã rượu

giã cảm


giã

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 謝 (SV: tạ).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tạ</i>

vi-etym-sino

(dated) to say goodbye (to); to bid farewell


đổi mới

[ʔɗoj˧˩ məːj˧˦]

[ʔɗoj˧˨ məːj˨˩˦]

[ʔɗoj˨˩˦ məːj˦˥]

đổi mới công nghệ


nhiễu

quan lại nhiễu dân

officials who used intimidation tactics on their citizens


nhảy

head

𧿆, 跳, 𧻭, 䟢, 𬦮

vi-verb

𧿆, 跳, 𧻭, 䟢, 𬦮

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-nhảy.wav

nhảy qua hàng rào

Ông ấy nhảy lên làm tổng thống.

He came out of nowhere to become President.

to rise up to a higher position quickly and illegitimately; to come out of nowhere

Chiều nay nhảy không?

to dance as a form of hobby, recreation, or entertainment

Trâu nhảy cái.

The water buffalo [bull] mates with a female [cow].

(of non-human animals, especially pets and livestock) to mate, to copulate


trả

head

把, 呂, 𫭐, 𫡽, 𬩀

vi-verb

把, 呂, 𫭐, 𫡽, 𬩀

Compare Chut pla꞉⁴.
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 把 (MC paeX) (modern SV: bả) and 󰑼, phonetic 羅 (MC la) (modern SV: la). Compare trong (which was something like *klɔŋᴬ¹ at the time), which was also written with characters that leave out the medial liquid.


trực

Sino-Vietnamese word from 直 (“to take turns”). Compare 值 (trị). See also thường trực (“constant”).

vi-etym-sino

trực điện thoại

Hôm nay mẹ đi trực ở trường.

My mother is going on guard duty at school today.

Hôm nay mẹ đi trực ở bệnh viện.

My mother is going on nurse duty at the hospital today.

to be on continuous duty doing tasks on demand


nhíp

Borrowed from a Tai language; compare Thai เย็บ (yép), Zhuang nyib. See also Chinese 鑷 (MC nrjep), which is surely related to the Proto-Tai word, but the direction of borrowing is uncertain.


điếu

Sino-Vietnamese word from 吊 (“condole”).


thuốc

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 毒 (“poison”, SV: độc).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">độc</i>


đợi

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 待 (“to wait for”, SV: đãi).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đãi</i>

vi-etym-sino

Hãy đợi đấy!

Well, Just You Wait! (a cartoon series by Soyuzmultfilm)

1820, Nguyễn Du (阮攸), Truyện Kiều (傳翹) [The Tale of Kieu], Liễu Văn Ðường edition, published 1866, lines 553-554:

I care not how many months and years I must wait, my heart will follow you wherever you go. Oh, my dear! I already suffer at the thought that you are going to be exposed to winds and rains.

Quản bao tháng đợi, năm chờ,
Nghĩ người ăn gió, nằm mưa, xót thầm.


pha

From Proto-Vietic *pʰaː (“to mix, to dilute”), from Old Chinese 敷 (OC *pʰ(r)a) (B-S) (SV: phu). Cognate with Muong pha, Tho [Cuối Chăm] pʰaː¹, Arem pʰæː and Chut [Rục] pʰaː¹.

inh

pha cà phê


đổi

head

對, 𢷮, 対, 𠲝, 𢙪, 𢬭, 𨒻, 𣋇, 𣌒, 󱚺

đổi • (對, 𢷮, 対, 𠲝, 𢙪, 𢬭, 𨒻, 𣋇, 𣌒, 󱚺)

vi-verb

對, 𢷮, 対, 𠲝, 𢙪, 𢬭, 𨒻, 𣋇, 𣌒, 󱚺

đổi • (對, 𢷮, 対, 𠲝, 𢙪, 𢬭, 𨒻, 𣋇, 𣌒, 󱚺)

對 (CJK)
𢷮 (CJK)
対 (CJK)
𠲝 (CJK)
𢙪 (CJK)
𢬭 (CJK)
𨒻 (CJK)
𣋇 (CJK)
𣌒 (CJK)

Cognate with Tho [Cuối Chăm] tɔːl⁵.
Not related to Chinese 代 (dài) (SV: đại). The Vietnamese and Cuối Chăm forms both point to earlier *toːs, so superficially similar words like Khmer ដូរ (dou), Halang tur are almost certainly unrelated as well.


đội

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 戴 (SV: đái).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đái</i>

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-đội.wav

Nhớ đội nón bảo hiểm khi ra đường nha.

Remember to wear helmet when you're on the road.

đầu đội trời, chân đạp đất

(of a man) having masculine qualities such as strength, determination, decisiveness, etc. (literally, “wearing the sky on the head, planting feet on the ground”)


giả

Đừng giả ngu!


giả

1791-1792, Cao Xueqin & Gao E, Dream of the Red Chamber, Ch. 27; 1962, Vietnamese translation by Vũ Bội Hoàng, Nguyễn Thọ, & Nguyễn Doãn Địch
Ngay trong đám anh chị em, ai tốt với em, thì em tốt giả, bất cứ là con nàng hầu, vợ lẽ.

Among just us brothers and sisters, whoever is kind to me, to them I'll be kind in return; anyone, whether they were a servant's or concubine's child.

Northern Vietnam form of trả (“to return, to give back”)


phục

[fʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[fʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[fʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]


thế

Sino-Vietnamese word from 替 (“to replace”).


phấn

(in compounds) to be excited; to be stimulated


đòi

to claim back, to demand, to ask, to require


giải

to relieve; to alleviate; to break down; to release; to liberate; to free; to raise (a siege)

(mathematics) to solve (a mathematics problem); to answer

Short for đi giải (“to relieve oneself; to pass water”).


giải

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 解 (SV: giái).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">giái</i>

vi-etym-sino

to deliver (a criminal); to conduct under escort; to transport under guard


giải

(Northern Vietnam) Alternative form of trải (“to spread out; to lay out”)


bán dâm

[ʔɓaːn˧˦ zəm˧˧]

[ʔɓaːŋ˦˧˥ jəm˧˧]

[ʔɓaːŋ˦˥ jəm˧˧]

bán + dâm. Calque of Chinese 賣淫／卖淫 (mại dâm).


mại dâm

[maːj˧˨ʔ zəm˧˧]

[maːj˨˩ʔ jəm˧˧]

[maːj˨˩˨ jəm˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-mại dâm.wav


giải phóng

[jaːj˧˨ fɔŋ˦˧˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 解放, composed of 解 (“to release”) and 放 (“to release”), Japanese 解放 (kaihō).

Giải phóng miền Nam, chúng ta cùng quyết tiến bước.

1961, Lưu Hữu Phước (lyrics and music), “Giải phóng miền Nam”:

To liberate the South, we decided to advance.

giải phóng năng lượng


phóng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 仿 (SV: phỏng).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">phỏng</i>

vi-etym-sino

to write after a model; to draw after a model; to copy; to enlarge; to blow up


xuống

head

𠖈, 𡬈, 𨑜, 𪧍, 𫳭, 𫴋, 𬕹, 𬺗

vi-verb

𠖈, 𡬈, 𨑜, 𪧍, 𫳭, 𫴋, 𬕹, 𬺗

𠖈 (CJK)
𡬈 (CJK)
𨑜 (CJK)
𪧍 (CJK)
𫳭 (CJK)
𫴋 (CJK)
𬕹 (CJK)
𬺗 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-xuống.wav

From Proto-Vietic *tʃɔːŋʔ. Cognate with Tho [Cuối Chăm] cɔːŋ⁴.
See also giuống, probably derived from an affixed form.

xuống xe

xuống tàu

to go to (a less developed area, especially a huyện)


tắm

Cognate with Muong Bi thẳm, Khasi sum, Muak Sa-aak sum³. The Austroasiatic root for which these words descended from contains a varieties of forms that are difficult to interpret and connect, see the entry of Pacoh houm for more.

vòi tắm

tắm (cho) chó/con

to give your dog/child a bath or a shower

to wash a live body, usually your own; to bathe, to shower, etc.

tắm nắng

tắm bùn

tắm biển

(by extension) to bathe in something, watery or not


đồ

From Proto-Vietic *doː. Cognate with Muong tồ.

đồ xôi


đồ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 圖 (“diagram; chart; map; picture”).


bồi

Sino-Vietnamese word from 培 (“to bank up; foster; bury”).

to reinforce; to strengthen (especially by pasting on additional layers)

to accrete; to accumulate (especially soil)


bồi

Sino-Vietnamese word from 賠 (“to compensate”).

(only in compounds) to compensate; to reimburse


phân

Sino-Vietnamese word from 分 (“to divide; various types of units”), from Middle Chinese 分 (pjun). Doublet of phần and phận. Cognate with Mandarin 分 (fēn) and Cantonese 分 (fan1).

(colloquial) Short for phân công (“to share”).


phản

Sino-Vietnamese word from 反 (“opposite; to betray”).


phá bỏ

[faː˧˦ ʔɓɔ˧˩]

[faː˨˩˦ ʔɓɔ˧˨]

[faː˦˥ ʔɓɔ˨˩˦]


bõ

to be worthwhile; to be worth (the trouble)


kính

Sino-Vietnamese word from 敬 (“to respect”).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-kính.wav

kính trên, nhường dưới

to respect the elderly and consider the young

(rare, chiefly in set phrases) to respect


đánh bạc

[ʔɗajŋ̟˧˦ ʔɓaːk̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗɛɲ˦˧˥ ʔɓaːk̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗan˦˥ ʔɓaːk̚˨˩˨]

đánh (“to beat; to hit”) + bạc (“gamble”, as in cờ bạc).

com

as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">cờ bạc</i>


đánh cắp

[ʔɗajŋ̟˧˦ kap̚˧˦]

[ʔɗɛɲ˦˧˥ kap̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗan˦˥ kap̚˦˥]


quấy rầy

[kwəj˨˩˦ ʐəj˦˩]

[wəj˦˥ ɹəj˨˩]


ân hận

[ʔən˧˧ hən˧˨ʔ]

[ʔəŋ˧˧ həŋ˨˩ʔ]

[ʔəŋ˧˧ həŋ˨˩˨]

to feel regret; to feel regretful; to repent


quấy

head

啩, 怪, 撌, 癸, 𠶔, 𢫞, 𢯗

vi-verb

啩, 怪, 撌, 癸, 𠶔, 𢫞, 𢯗

啩 (CJK)
怪 (CJK)
撌 (CJK)
癸 (CJK)
𠶔 (CJK)
𢫞 (CJK)
𢯗 (CJK)


bọc

[ʔɓawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓawk͡p̚˨˩˨]


lễ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 禮 (“ritual; ceremony; etiquette; gift”). Compare lạy.

vi-etym-sino

Trước cửa chùa là con rùa to bằng đá, đội bát nhang để du khách thập phương thắp hương trước khi vào lễ Phật.

2006, Đặng Xuân Xuyến, “‘Truyền Thuyết Ngôi Chùa Làng Đá’ trích từ ‘Vào Chùa Lễ Phật - Những Điều Cần Biết’ [‘The Legend of the Stone Village's Temple’, excerpted from ‘Things One Needs to Know [When] Entering Any Temple to Worship the Buddha[s]’]”, in Đạo Phật Ngày Nay [Buddhism today]:

In front of the temple's gate is a large stone turtle carrying an incense bowl for visitors from everywhere to burn their incenses before entering to worship the Buddha[s].


bỏ

head

補, 捕, 𠬃, 𠬕, 𠬖

bỏ • (補, 捕, 𠬃, 𠬕, 𠬖)

vi-verb

補, 捕, 𠬃, 𠬕, 𠬖

bỏ • (補, 捕, 𠬃, 𠬕, 𠬖)

bỏ chai nước lên bàn

Vậy nhóm quyết định bỏ tiết mục này phải hông?

So we've decided to scrap this performance, correct?

Thằng anh bỏ đi học rồi mà thằng em vẫn chưa thức.

The older brother already left for school but the younger brother is still asleep.

bỏ hút thuốc


cắp

head

扱, 𢲩, 𠋎, 𢰽, 𠎨

vi-verb

扱, 𢲩, 𠋎, 𢰽, 𠎨

kẻ cắp


cắp

cắp sách đến trường

to go to school bringing one's own books and notes


trình

(in compounds) to submit; to show; to present; to report


nhiễm

Sino-Vietnamese word from 染 (“to dye; to catch something bad”).

vi-etym-sino

nhiễm lạnh

nhiễm bệnh

nhiễm trùng

to inadvertently take in something that's bad for your health


禮儀

chữ Hán form of lễ nghi (“rites, rituals”).


sục sạo

[sʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ saːw˧˨ʔ]

[ʂʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ ʂaːw˨˩ʔ]

[sʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ saːw˨˩ʔ]

[ʂʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨ ʂaːw˨˩˨]

[sʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨ saːw˨˩˨]


sục

[sʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʂʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[sʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʂʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

[sʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

to search (premises), to scour, to plunge deep into


võng

Sino-Vietnamese word from 網 (“web”). Doublet of mạng and màng.

Audio (Hà Nội)


võng

Audio (Hà Nội)


tập

to practice, to drill, to learn, to do exercise, to exercise oneself, to cultivate, to accustom oneself to


tâng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 增 (SV: tăng). Compare dâng.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tăng</i>


tra vấn

[t͡ɕaː˧˧ vən˧˦]

[ʈaː˧˧ vəŋ˦˧˥]

[ʈaː˧˧ vəŋ˦˥]

[ʈaː˧˧ jəŋ˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 查問 (“inquire about”).


liếc

liếc lên/xuống/sang trái/sang phải

to avert your eyes upward/downward/leftward/rightward

to avert your eyes towards any direction other than forward


ực

Ực đại thuốc đi!


hơ

head

hơ • (虚, 𤏤, 𪹣)

vi-verb

hơ • (虚, 𤏤, 𪹣)

(transitive) to dry or warm up (something) over or near a heat source


vấn

head

紊, 縝, 𥾸, 問, 𢴌

vi-verb

紊, 縝, 𥾸, 問, 𢴌

Possibly a doublet of quấn, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *wən(ʔ) (“coiled; to wind, bend”). Cognate with Khmer វៀន (viən, “to curl up”) and Mon ဝေန် (wèn, “to be crooked, deformed”).

cog

Sáu Hóa không ăn, ngượng ngập quay đi vấn thuốc.

1978, Chu Lai, Nắng đồng bằng, NXB Quân đội Nhân dân, page 48:

Six Hoá did not eat; he awkwardly turned around and rolled a cigarette.


rỉ

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *cr(ii)h. Cognate with Arem parɛh, Khmer ច្រែះ (creh).

Tôi rời khỏi phòng bệnh, đi tới rỉ tai với Đường Bác Hiên đang chờ bên ngoài phòng bệnh mấy câu,[…]

2016, chapter 10, in Nguyễn Đức Vịnh, transl., Đừng nói chuyện với cô ấy, part II, NXB Phụ Nữ, translation of 别和她说话 by Yù Jǐn (Ngộ Cẩn):

I left the hospital room and whispered a few words in the ear of Táng Bóxuān, who was waiting outside the hospital room, […]


phù

Compare vù (as in sưng vù).
For some other pairs of plain/lenited vs. aspirated initial forms, compare gảy vs. khảy, quấy vs. khuấy, cứa vs. khứa, bứt vs. phứt, bỏng vs. phỏng.


áp

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-áp.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 壓. Compare ép, ẹp.

áp chót

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) to be next to; to be close to


trở nên

[t͡ɕəː˧˩ nen˧˧]

[ʈəː˧˨ nen˧˧]

[ʈəː˨˩˦ nəːn˧˧]


bật

Trái banh nó quăng bật thẳng lại vô mặt nó.

The ball that he threw bounced right back into his own face.

(intransitive) to bounce off; to bounce back

Phòng sao tối um vậy? Ai bật đèn lên coi?

This room is pitch-black, can someone just turn the light on?

(transitive) to snap; to switch on (lights)

điều đó làm bật lên một vấn đề khác

bật khóc


ngư

Sino-Vietnamese word from 漁 (“to fish”).


mất

head

末, 𠅍, 𡘮, 𠅎, 𠅐, 秩, 失

vi-verb

末, 𠅍, 𡘮, 𠅎, 𠅐, 秩, 失

末 (CJK)
𠅍 (CJK)
𡘮 (CJK)
𠅎 (CJK)
𠅐 (CJK)
秩 (CJK)
失 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ɓǝt. Cognate with Muong Bi bất, Arem bʉt.

Chuyến đi phải mất một ngày.


giữ

head

𡨸, 𪧚, 𫳘, 㑏, 𡨹, 𡨺, 𧵤, 𢬇, 拧, 貯

vi-verb

𡨸, 𪧚, 𫳘, 㑏, 𡨹, 𡨺, 𧵤, 𢬇, 拧, 貯

𡨸 (CJK)
𪧚 (CJK)
𫳘 (CJK)
㑏 (CJK)
𡨹 (CJK)
𡨺 (CJK)
𧵤 (CJK)
𢬇 (CJK)
拧 (CJK)
貯 (CJK)

From Middle Vietnamese giữ, from Proto-Vietic *k-cɨh. Cognate with Muong Bi chữ and Chut [Rục] kɨcɨː⁴.

Giữ cái này chặt lại không thôi nó sẽ rớt ra.

Keep this tight or else it will fall out.

giữ khoảng cách an toàn

to keep; to hold and maintain as one's own


放射

chữ Hán form of phóng xạ (“to radiate”).


kì

Compare Proto-Katuic *giil ~ *ʔŋgiil (“to rub”) (whence Pacoh kil (“to rub off or against dirt”)).


同感

chữ Hán form of đồng cảm (“to sympathise”).


斟酌

chữ Hán form of châm chước (“to accommodate, to reconcile”).


nổi danh

[noj˧˨ jɛɲ˧˧]

to become famous, to win widespread fame


liên hiệp

[liən˧˧ hiəp̚˧˨ʔ]

[liəŋ˧˧ hiəp̚˨˩ʔ]

[liəŋ˧˧ hip̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 聯合, a variant reading of liên hợp.

to ally; to unite; to combine; to coalesce


giới thiệu

[zəːj˧˦ tʰiəw˧˨ʔ]

[jəːj˨˩˦ tʰiw˨˩ʔ]

[jəːj˦˥ tʰiw˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 介紹 (“to introduce”).


工業化

công nghiệp hoá
công nghiệp hoá#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of công nghiệp hoá (“to industrialize”).


hợm

to be haughty, to be arrogant, to be conceited, to give oneself airs


hợm

(chiefly of the human figure, in compounds) to be deformed, to be misshaped


khai hoá

[kʰaːj˧˧ hwaː˨˩˦]

[kʰaːj˧˧ waː˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 開化 (“to civilise”).


khai mạc

[xaːj˧˧ maːk̚˧˨ʔ]

[kʰaːj˧˧ maːk̚˨˩ʔ]

[xaːj˧˧ maːk̚˨˩ʔ]

[kʰaːj˧˧ maːk̚˨˩˨]

[xaːj˧˧ maːk̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 開幕 (“to open the curtains; to open an event”).


別離

chữ Hán form of biệt li (“to part; to separate”).


khai huyệt

[kʰaːj˧˧ hwiək̚˨˩ʔ]

[kʰaːj˧˧ wiək̚˨˩˨]

[xaːj˧˧ wiək̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 開 (“to open”) and 穴 (“grave”).


triệt

[t͡ɕiət̚˧˨ʔ]

to suppress; to remove; to exterminate; to withdraw (troops)


giúp

head

執, 𠽃, 𠢞, 𠢟, 𢴇

vi-verb

執, 𠽃, 𠢞, 𠢟, 𢴇

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-giúp.wav

Anh pha cà phê giúp em nha.

(with other verb) to do instead of, to do for


phấn sáp

[fən˧˦ saːp̚˧˦]

[fəŋ˦˧˥ ʂaːp̚˦˧˥]

[fəŋ˦˧˥ saːp̚˦˧˥]

[fəŋ˦˥ ʂaːp̚˦˥]

[fəŋ˦˥ saːp̚˦˥]


khai triển

[xaːj˧˧ t͡ɕiən˧˩]

[kʰaːj˧˧ ʈiəŋ˧˨]

[xaːj˧˧ ʈiəŋ˧˨]

[kʰaːj˧˧ ʈiəŋ˨˩˦]

[xaːj˧˧ ʈiəŋ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 開展 (“develop”).

vi-etym-sino

Ông đã tìm ra công thức khai triển hàm số thành chuỗi luỹ thừa, ngày nay gọi là chuỗi Taylo (công thức Taylo).

2005, Từ điển bách khoa Việt Nam T-Z, NXB Từ điển bách khoa, page 75:

He found a formula to expand a function in a power series, now called the Taylor series (Taylor formula).


kháng cáo

[xaːŋ˧˦ kaːw˧˦]

[kʰaːŋ˦˧˥ kaːw˨˩˦]

[xaːŋ˦˧˥ kaːw˨˩˦]

[kʰaːŋ˦˥ kaːw˦˥]

[xaːŋ˦˥ kaːw˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 抗告, composed of 抗 (“to resist”) and 告 (“to sue”).

(formal, law) to appeal; to request a retrial with a higher legal body


tản

Sino-Vietnamese word from 散. This character also has the reading tán (as in giải tán, phát tán, etc.).

Không ai nói gì, người ta dần dần tản đi.

No-one says anything; the people slowly disperse.


chộp

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *cap ~ *caap ~ *ciəp ~ *cip ~ *cup (“to seize”).
Doublet of chụp.

to seize; to snatch; to nab; to grab (quickly)


反感

chữ Hán form of phản cảm (“to be tasteless, in poor taste, upsetting, outrageous, or even revolting”).


gò

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *tkɔɔʔ ~ *tkɔɔh (“island”). Cognate with Mon လ္ကံ (kɔˀ) or တ္ကံ (tkɔˀ), Chong kɑʔ and Mal kɔʔ.

cog

Mon လ္ကံ (kɔˀ)


nạy

to pry something open, to pry, to prize, to prise


nhận

Sino-Vietnamese word from 認 (“to recognise; to acknowledge”).

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-nhận.wav

to admit (to); to acknowledge; to accept; to confess


nhận

nhận đầu xuống nước


hoá

hoá thành

hoá đá

to be (literally) petrified; to turn into stone

Người đàn bà hoá đá
Chờ chồng nghìn năm, nhưng người đó đã không quay về
Để nàng sống góa thân mỏi mòn.
Người đàn bà hóa đá
Vì lòng thủy chung còn sắt son
Câu chuyện đó sẽ mãi lưu truyền đến mai sau.

(Can we date this quote?), Trần Lập (lyrics and music), “Người đàn bà hoá đá [The Petrified Woman]”:

The petrified woman
Waited for her husband for a thousand years, but that man never came back
And so she lived forever widowed.
The petrified woman
Remained faithful till the bitter end
And her story will always live on.


ẩn

(of a person) to seclude oneself from the world


開展

chữ Hán form of khai triển (“to develop”).


ưa

head

ưa • (𢖵, 𢛨, 𪦟, 𬱍)

vi-verb

ưa • (𢖵, 𢛨, 𪦟, 𬱍)


開幕

chữ Hán form of khai mạc (“to start an opening ceremony”).


thiên

Ảnh thiên về đóng phim hơn, chứ hát thì người thân cũng chẳng dám khen quá trớn.

It's true that he gravitates more towards acting, I think even his relatives would not overpraise his singing ability.


thảo

Sino-Vietnamese word from 草. Doublet of tháu.

生(Sinh)強(càng)𤏣(tỏ)󰞺(nét)強(càng)𠸦(khen)
寫(Tả)情(tình)𢬣(tay)草(thảo)󰜋(một)天(thiên)律(luật)唐(Đường)

1820, Nguyễn Du (阮攸), Truyện Kiều (傳翹) [The Tale of Kieu], Liễu Văn Ðường edition, published 1866, lines 1313 - 1314:

The young man conceived a great admiration for his sweetheart as he considered her qualities more deeply.
Unable to keep those sentiments to himself, he improved and wrote to her a poem in a particular form of Tang prosody.


thứ

(chiefly in compounds, literary) to pardon, to forgive


bao vây

[ʔɓaːw˧˧ vəj˧˧]

[ʔɓaːw˧˧ vəj˧˧]

[ʔɓaːw˧˧ vəj˧˧]

[ʔɓaːw˧˧ jəj˧˧]

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 包圍 (SV: bao vi)

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">bao vi</i>


tám

Perhaps related to Etymology 1. Compare bà tám (“very talkative woman”), Chinese 八 (bát, “eight; to gossip”).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-tám.wav


貢獻

chữ Hán form of cống hiến (“to contribute”).


liệu

to think about; to consider; to weigh in one's mind


lũng đoạn

[lʊwŋ͡m˦ˀ˥ ʔɗwaːn˧˨ʔ]

[lʊwŋ͡m˧˨ ʔɗwaːŋ˨˩ʔ]

[lʊwŋ͡m˨˩˦ ʔɗwaːŋ˨˩˨]


thể

Sino-Vietnamese word from 體 (“body; style; form”).

(only in compounds) can; may; to be able to


khuyên

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 勸 (“to advise”, SV: khuyến).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">khuyến</i>


lữ hành

[lɨ˦ˀ˥ hajŋ̟˨˩]

[lɨ˧˨ hɛɲ˦˩]

[lɨ˨˩˦ han˨˩]


ủi

head

ủi • (熨, 墛, 埣)

vi-verb

ủi • (熨, 墛, 埣)

→ Eastern Mnong: uih

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 熨 (SV: uất, uý).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">uất, uý</i>

vi-etym-sino

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) to iron; to press (clothing)


sổ

head

sổ • (𢼂, 數, 𬃈)

vi-verb

sổ • (𢼂, 數, 𬃈)


ca ngợi

[kaː˧˧ ŋəːj˧˨ʔ]

[kaː˧˧ ŋəːj˨˩ʔ]

[kaː˧˧ ŋəːj˨˩˨]

From ca (歌, “song; to sing”) and ngợi (“to praise”).


khúc khích

[xʊwk͡p̚˧˦ xïk̟̚˧˦]

[kʰʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ kʰɨt̚˦˧˥]

[xʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ xɨt̚˦˧˥]

[kʰʊwk͡p̚˦˥ kʰɨt̚˦˥]

[xʊwk͡p̚˦˥ xɨt̚˦˥]


khích

Sino-Vietnamese word from 激.
The aspiration of the initial velar is unusual. Compare the alternative reading kích and the homonymous 擊 (MC kek), which also gave the expected reading.


nghị

(only in compounds) to discuss, to deliberate


điêu khắc

[ʔɗiəw˧˧ xak̚˧˦]

[ʔɗiw˧˧ kʰak̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗiw˧˧ xak̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗiw˧˧ kʰak̚˦˥]

[ʔɗiw˧˧ xak̚˦˥]


kiểm tra

[kiəm˧˩ t͡ɕaː˧˧]

[kiəm˧˨ ʈaː˧˧]

[kim˨˩˦ ʈaː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-kiểm tra.wav

to check or examine; compare thanh tra (“to inspect”, of an inspector or inspecting agency)


múa

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 舞 (SV: vũ).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">vũ</i>

vi-etym-sino

múa bụng

múa lân

múa quạt

Và từ sau hôm đó
Họ sánh bước bên nhau
Anh cúi sát mái đầu
Cùng người yêu anh nói:
“Nếu anh có con gái
Nó sẽ múa như em”
Cô mỉm cười tiếp thêm:
“Trai, em cho học nhạc”

1963, Xuân Quỳnh, “Ghét [Hate]”, in Chồi biếc [Green Buds]:

Since that day
They’re always together
He bows near her head
And tells her:
“If I have a girl
She will dance like you”
She smiles and follows:
“If it’s a boy, he’ll be a musician”

to dance religiously or artistically by making movements with one's body and limbs

nhảy

to dance for entertainment, usually incorporate a wider variety of body movements


điểm

điểm qua

điểm lại năm qua

(hồi chuông) giao thừa đã điểm

(by extension, figuratively and literary, of a very special event) to start


ngắm

head

𥋴, 𥄯, 𬓛, 吟, 𥌹

vi-verb

𥋴, 𥄯, 𬓛, 吟, 𥌹

From Proto-Vietic *-ŋamʔ (“to think of”). Compare Puoc ŋam ("to think"), O'du ŋam ("to look").

ngắm bức tranh

ngắm phong cảnh

ngắm chim

Chúng ta không đến đây để ngắm cảnh. Mọi người bắt tay làm việc nào !

We're not here for sightseeing. Everybody, get working!

to view attentively, especially for pleasure

ngắm đích mà bắn

ngắm bộ

bộ ngắm

bộ ngắm oanh tạc


khoan

Compare Khmer ខួង (khuəng) and ខ្វាន (khvaan).


kẻ

Compare Mon ကေဟ် (“to write with a stylus”).


mổ

head

mổ • (𠝺, 某, 㖼)

vi-verb

mổ • (𠝺, 某, 㖼)

mổ bò/lợn

lò mổ

đi mổ

ca mổ


mổ

(gõ) mổ cò (to type key by key)


ngả

From Proto-Vietic *t-ŋah (“to lie on the back”); whence also ngửa. Cognate with Chut [Rục] təŋah¹.

inh

ngả mũ chào thua


ám sát

[ʔaːm˧˦ saːt̚˧˦]

[ʔaːm˦˧˥ ʂaːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔaːm˦˧˥ saːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔaːm˦˥ ʂaːk̚˦˥]

[ʔaːm˦˥ saːk̚˦˥]

kẻ ám sát


tắt

From Proto-Vietic *p-sət ~ *p-sat. Cognate with Muong Bi thắt, Chut [Rục] pəsat⁷. Also compare Mang hat⁷ (“to turn off”) (from earlier *s- through regular debuccalization in Mang), Kuy [Souei] pəsat ("to extinguish").
Unlikely to be related to Proto-Bahnaric *pat (“to extinguish”), Proto-Katuic *pat (“extinguished (of fire)”), Proto-Khmuic *-pət (“to extinguish”), unless there was an infix *-s- (which is otherwise unknown within Austroasiatic) or metathesis of a presyllable (*s-p- > *p-s-). The first scenario can almost be safely disregarded, but the second is slightly more plausible since this root is attested both on its own and accompanied by presyllables and/or prefixes across Austroasiatic branches, plus the existence of the Souei cognate above. Still, it might just be coincidental.

ncog

lửa tắt ngúm


thi

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 試 (SV: thí). Doublet of thử.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">thí</i>


tử

tử trận

tử vì đạo

cửa tử

(in compounds or in certain expressions) to die


執行

chữ Hán form of chấp hành (“to execute”).


tố

Sino-Vietnamese word from 訴 (“to tell; to sue; to resort to”).


ướp

head

ướp • (押, 浥)

vi-verb

ướp • (押, 浥)

Borrowed from Tai, compare Proto-Tai *ʔɯǝpᴰ (“to salt”).

(cooking) to salt meat or fish with salt or nước mắm, or to further spice them up with other spices or condiments


進步

chữ Hán form of tiến bộ (“to progress”).


cúng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 供 (“to offer”, SV: cung). Doublet of cung.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">cung</i>

vi-etym-sino

(religion, occult) to give offerings, to enshrine, to worship


判斷

chữ Hán form of phán đoán (“to judge; determine”).


奮鬥

chữ Hán form of phấn đấu (“to struggle”).


失業

chữ Hán form of thất nghiệp (“to become unemployed”).


收入

chữ Hán form of thu nhập (“to gather (money); to receive; to obtain”).


mất mặt

[mət̚˧˦ mat̚˧˨ʔ]

[mək̚˦˧˥ mak̚˨˩ʔ]

[mək̚˦˥ mak̚˨˩˨]

mất (“to lose”) + mặt (“face”). Sense 1 is likely a calque of Chinese 丟臉／丢脸 (diūliǎn, “to lose face; disgraceful”).

zh-l

làm mất mặt

to lose face, to be disgraced, to make a fool of oneself

đừng làm chuyện mất mặt

Vốn muốn nói với anh ấy vài câu, nhưng lại sợ anh ấy mất mặt.

I hesitated to criticize him for fear of making him uncomfortable.

đi mất mặt


thụ

thụ hưởng

hưởng thụ

thụ tinh

thụ phấn

(zoology, botany, of a male organism or its reproductive parts, only in compounds) to give something to fertilize


爭取

chữ Hán form of tranh thủ (“to attract support from other people; to make use of free time or waiting time”).


破壞

chữ Hán form of phá hoại (“to vandalize; to sabotage”).


雕刻

chữ Hán form of điêu khắc (“to carve; to sculpt”).


trau

head

牢, 𢭂, 𢫵, 搔, 𤶎, 撈

vi-verb

牢, 𢭂, 𢫵, 搔, 𤶎, 撈

牢 (CJK)
𢭂 (CJK)
𢫵 (CJK)
搔 (CJK)
𤶎 (CJK)
撈 (CJK)

(rare) to adorn; to decorate; to embellish; to polish


ấn

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 按 (“to push with hands, to press”, SV: án).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">án</i>


tháo

From a form of Chinese 敨 (tǒu, “to untie”).


tiểu tiện

[tiw˧˨ tiəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[tiw˨˩˦ tiəŋ˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-tiểu tiện.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 小便, composed of 小 (“small”) and 便 (“waste”).


đái

head

đái • (带, 帶, 滯)

vi-verb

đái • (带, 帶, 滯)

From Proto-Vietic *-teːʔ, possibly of imitative origin, compare modern Vietnamese tè. Cognate with Arem iteːˀ. Compare also North Central Vietnamese đấy.


tiện

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 銑 (“to mill”, SV: tiển).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tiển</i>

vi-etym-sino

to lathe; to carve or grind by rotating; to shape by turning


tiểu

(informal, euphemistic) to urinate; to pee


ao ước

[ʔaːw˧˧ ʔɨək̚˧˦]

[ʔaːw˧˧ ʔɨək̚˦˧˥]

[ʔaːw˧˧ ʔɨək̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-ao ước.wav

Sinh viên nào trong khoa luật cũng ao ước giành được cảm tình của cô gái xinh đẹp ấy.

Any student in law school would wish to be in that pretty girl's favor.


thuyết

[tʰwiək̚˦˧˥]

[tʰ⁽ʷ⁾iək̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 說. Doublet of thốt.


tính

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 省 (“to inspect; to examine”, SV: tỉnh).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tỉnh</i>

vi-etym-sino

2005, Nguyễn Ngọc Tư, "Biển người mênh mông" (in Cánh đồng bất tận), Trẻ publishing house
Tính chết mấy lần rồi, nhưng còn mắc nợ đời.
I thought of dying several times already, but I still owe life.


giành

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 爭 (“to fight”, SV: tranh).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tranh</i>

vi-etym-sino

to dispute; to fight (for/over); to claim


quyết

Sino-Vietnamese word from 決 (“decide, determine”).

quyết chiến thắng

14th century, Luo Guanzhong, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Ch. 2; 1909 Vietnamese translation by Phan Kế Bính

Jin said: “I have already decided; don't ye say anything else!”

Tiến nói: “- Ý ta đã quyết, ngươi đừng nói lắm nữa.”

(chiefly in compounds) to decide, to determine


rưới

head

rưới • (洒, 𢱓)

vi-verb

rưới • (洒, 𢱓)


解熱

chữ Hán form of giải nhiệt (“to relieve heat”).


構成

chữ Hán form of cấu thành (“to constitute; compose”).


解散

chữ Hán form of giải tán (“to disband; to dissolve; to dismiss”).


恥辱

chữ Hán form of sỉ nhục (“to dishonor”).


duyệt

[j⁽ʷ⁾iək̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 閲 (“to examine”).

vi-etym-sino

Bản nào được duyệt?


luyện

[l⁽ʷ⁾iəŋ˨˩˨]


主張

chữ Hán form of chủ trương (“to advocate; to assert; to maintain”).


cấp

Sino-Vietnamese word from 給 (“to give”).


tế

tế sống

(occult) to sacrifice to; to make an offering to


cải lương

[kaːj˧˩ lɨəŋ˧˧]

[kaːj˧˨ lɨəŋ˧˧]

[kaːj˨˩˦ lɨəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 改良, composed of 改 (“to change”) and 良 (“good, honest”).


rải

to spread, to sow, to scatter, to lay down


hợp

Sino-Vietnamese word from 合 (“suitable, consistent”).


soạn

[ʂ⁽ʷ⁾aːŋ˨˩˨]

[s⁽ʷ⁾aːŋ˨˩˨]

Meronym: soạn thảo

soạn nhạc

nhà soạn nhạc


trình diễn

[t͡ɕïŋ˨˩ ziən˦ˀ˥]

[ʈɨn˦˩ jiəŋ˧˨]

[ʈɨn˨˩ jiəŋ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 呈演 (“to perform”).


thưởng

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-thưởng.wav

thưởng phạt phân minh

reward and punish properly, as the recipient deserves

Nó được thưởng 1 triệu.

thưởng hoa

thưởng xuân

(literary or in compounds) to see and enjoy; to enjoy the sight of


loại

[l⁽ʷ⁾aːj˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-loại.wav


xòe

Traditional tone placement spelling of xoè.


xoè

xoè tay ra

Chim xoè cánh bay đi mất.

A bird spread their wings and flew away.


xuất tinh

[swət̚˧˦ tïŋ˧˧]

[swək̚˦˧˥ tɨn˧˧]

[s⁽ʷ⁾ək̚˦˥ tɨn˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-xuất tinh.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 出 (“to let out”) and 精 (“semen”)


xui

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 催 (SV: thôi). Compare xúi.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">thôi</i>


xuất

Sino-Vietnamese word from 出 (“to exit; to let out”).


thống kê

[tʰəwŋ͡m˧˦ ke˧˧]

[tʰəwŋ͡m˦˧˥ kej˧˧]

[tʰəwŋ͡m˦˥ kej˧˧]

to enumerate, to count; to compile statistics


耕作

chữ Hán form of canh tác (“to cultivate”).


集結

chữ Hán form of tập kết (“to gather; to assemble”).


操作

chữ Hán form of thao tác (“to operate; to manipulate”).


diễn tấu

[ziən˦ˀ˥ təw˧˦]

[jiəŋ˧˨ təw˨˩˦]

[jiəŋ˨˩˦ təw˦˥]


犧牲

chữ Hán form of hi sinh (“to sacrifice”).


gieo

(figurative) to cause (something) to appear, develop or spread; to spread; to diffuse; to shift (blame)


整理

chữ Hán form of chỉnh lí (“to readjust; to modify; to revise”).

chữ Hán form of chỉnh lí (“to collate (especially texts or data)”).


通行

chữ Hán form of thông hành (“to be permitted to pass”).


社交

chữ Hán form of xã giao (“to socialise; to interact socially”).


sản

Sino-Vietnamese word from 產 (“produce”).

(only in compounds) to produce, to create, to generate


chấn

(only in compounds) to shake, to vibrate


phế

(literary, historical, chiefly of a monarch) to remove from office; to depose


sản xuất

[ʂaːŋ˧˨ swək̚˦˧˥]

[saːŋ˧˨ swək̚˦˧˥]

[ʂaːŋ˨˩˦ s⁽ʷ⁾ək̚˦˥]

[saːŋ˨˩˦ s⁽ʷ⁾ək̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 產出 (“to produce; production”).


phạm

phạm luật

to commit a crime, or to violate (from phạm luật)


擴大

chữ Hán form of khuếch đại (“to amplify”).


描寫

chữ Hán form of miêu tả (“to describe; to outline”).


宣傳

chữ Hán form of tuyên truyền (“to propagate”).


鎮壓

chữ Hán form of trấn áp (“suppress, subdue, repress”).


確定

chữ Hán form of xác định (“to decide, to determine”).


判決

chữ Hán form of phán quyết (“to pass verdict; to sentence”).


sanh

Sino-Vietnamese word from 生 (“birth”). See sinh.


bắt đầu

[ʔɓat̚˧˦ ʔɗəw˨˩]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ ʔɗəw˦˩]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ ʔɗəw˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bắt đầu.wav

bắt (“to catch, to seize”) + đầu (“head”). For the semantic relationship, compare Azerbaijani başlamaq, Khmer ចាប់ផ្ដើម (cap phdaəm) and German anfangen.

com

bắt đầu từ nay

beginning from now (see also bat lau dung laai)

Đứa trẻ bắt đầu tập nói.


miễn

miễn học phí

to exempt from tuition; to let in tuition-free

không phận sự miễn vào

(literally, “if you don't have legitimate business here, do not enter”)


dẫn độ

[zən˦ˀ˥ ʔɗo˧˨ʔ]

[jəŋ˧˨ ʔɗow˨˩ʔ]

[jəŋ˨˩˦ ʔɗow˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 引渡, orthographic borrowing from Japanese 引き渡す (hikiwatasu).


否認

chữ Hán form of phủ nhận (“to deny; to negate”).


命名

chữ Hán form of mệnh danh (“to name (someone)”).


làm việc

[laːm˨˩ viək̚˧˨ʔ]

[laːm˦˩ viək̚˨˩ʔ]

[laːm˨˩ viək̚˨˩˨]

[laːm˨˩ jiək̚˨˩˨]


對待

chữ Hán form of đối đãi (“to treat; to approach; to handle”).


toan

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 算 (“to calculate; to plan”, SV: toán).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">toán</i>

vi-etym-sino

to intend (to); to attempt (to); to contemplate


感嘆

chữ Hán form of cảm thán (“to sigh with emotion”).


肯定

chữ Hán form of khẳng định (“to affirm”).


確認

chữ Hán form of xác nhận (“to confirm, to check, to verify”).


xỉa

From Late Proto-Vietic *tʃɛh, from Chinese 杈 (MC tsrheaH). Related to chĩa (“pitchfork”), nĩa (“fork”), dĩa (“fork”).


虐待

chữ Hán form of ngược đãi (“to mistreat; to abuse”).


除去

chữ Hán form of trừ khử (“to eliminate; to get rid of”).


lọt

Compare Proto-Katuic *lɔɔt (“to pass, go by”) (whence Pacoh luat).

lọt qua vòng loại

Ngồi ban công có ngày lọt bây giờ. Lọt từ đây xuống là có cứu cũng hông được đâu.

Quit sitting on the balcony, you might just fall you know. At this height, there is no helping you once that happens.

(Southern Vietnam) to fall, to tumble (from a high place)


lọc

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 漉 (“to filter, to strain”, SV: lộc).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">lộc</i>


têm

to prepare betel leaves for consumption by folding with slaked lime