man

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 萬 (“ten thousand”, SV: vạn). Doublet of muôn and vạn.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">vạn</i>

vi-etym-sino

một man

(obsolete, as a free morpheme) ten thousand; myriad


ba

From Proto-Vietic *paː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *piʔ; cognate with Muong pa, Khmer បី (bəy), Halang pe, Pacoh pe, Mon ပိ (pi).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-ba.wav


没

Nôm form of mốt (“(only in compounds or fixed expressions) one; -one”).


hai

From Proto-Vietic *haːr, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɓaar (or some variant presented by Proto-Palaungic *ləʔaːr, Khasi ar, Central Nicobarese [Nancowry] âṅ; Shorto reconstructed Pre-Mon-Khmer *biʔaar). Cognate with Muong hal, Khmer ពីរ (pii), Bahnar 'bar, Pacoh bar, Khasi ar, Mon ၜါ (ba).
Insertion of initial *h in Vietic can also be seen in *huːɲ (“to kiss”) (> Vietnamese hôn), *heːt (“finished”) (> Vietnamese hết), *hanʔ (“he, she, it”) (> Vietnamese hắn), *hoːj (“foul-smelling”) (> Vietnamese hôi), *tŋ-ʔaːm (> Vietnamese hàm, Late Vietic), *hɔːŋʔ (“river, brook”), *haːŋʔ (“to open (mouth)”).


một

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-một.wav

From Proto-Vietic *moːc, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *muuj ~ *muəj ~ *muuɲ; cognate with Muong mốch, Bahnar mĭnh and mônh, Khmer មួយ (muəy), Mon မွဲ (mòa), Bolyu maːi³¹, Mang mak⁷.
Related to mốt (“day after tomorrow”).


bốn

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bốn.wav

From Proto-Vietic *poːnʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *punʔ ~ *puən() ~ *pan(); cognate with Muong pổn, Khmer បួន (buən), Bahnar puăn, Pacoh poan, Mang puːn², Mon ပန် (pɔn) and Central Nicobarese [Nancowry] fōan.


năm

From Proto-Vietic *ɗam, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *p(ɗ)am. Cognate with Muong đằm, đăm, Khmer ប្រាំ (pram), Bahnar pơđăm, Halang bơdăm.

kế hoạch năm năm


tá

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 打 (SV: đả), perhaps from a rendition in Mandarin 打臣 (dǎchén, đả thần), from English dozen.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đả</i>

vi-etym-sino

một tá trứng


ngàn

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-ngàn.wav

giấc ngủ ngàn thu

an eternal slumber (literally, “a sleep of a thousand autumns”)

Ru con, mẹ ru con,
Tiếng ru cả cuộc đời.
Ru con lời ru,
Cất lên từ ngàn đời.

(Can we date this quote?), Văn Thành Nho (lyrics and music), “Đất nước lời ru [Our Land, a Lullaby]”:

Lull you, I lull you,
With the song of a lifetime.
Lull you, with a lullaby,
Resonating with eternity.

(cardinal number, limited usage that is usually literary in Northern Vietnam, regular usage in Central Vietnam or Southern Vietnam, usually in compounds) Alternative form of nghìn (“thousand”)

limited usage that is usually literary in Northern Vietnam; regular usage in Central Vietnam or Southern Vietnam; limited usage that is usually literary in Northern Vietnam; regular usage in Central Vietnam or Southern Vietnam


mười lăm

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-mười lăm.wav


lái

Likely from Sino-Tibetan. Compare Chinese 二 (MC nyijH).

(probably obsolete, chiefly pig traders' cant) two

probably obsolete; chiefly pig traders' cant; probably obsolete; chiefly pig traders' cant


kẹo

Most likely unrelated to Chinese 五 (MC nguX).

(probably obsolete, chiefly pig traders' cant) five


mười

vi-pos

𨒒, 𨑮, 辻, 迈, 邁, 𱑕

𨒒 (CJK)
𨑮 (CJK)
辻 (CJK)
迈 (CJK)
邁 (CJK)
𱑕 (CJK)


không

Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.
The grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier "zero" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between "zero" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from "empty, vacant" into the numeral "zero" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, as well as Korean 공 (gong).
In the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.

hai nghìn không trăm lẻ một

two thousand and one (literally, “two thousand zero hundred zero one”)


trăm

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-trăm.wav

From Proto-Vietic *k-lam, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *klam; cognate with Muong tlăm, Pacoh culám and Mon ကၠံ (klɔm).
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as ⿰林亇, composed of 亇 + 林 (MC lim) (modern SV: cá lâm) and 林 (MC lim) (modern SV: lâm).

một trăm

năm trăm lẻ/linh năm


tư

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 四 (“four”, SV: tứ).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tứ</i>

vi-etym-sino

hai mươi tư

một trăm linh tư

(chiefly Northern Vietnam, only in compounds) four

ba phần tư

thứ tư

tháng tư

chú tư

"fourth" uncle (your grandparents' third child, who's male and who's younger than one of your parents)

anh tư

"fourth" big brother (your parents' third child who's your older brother)

chị tư

"fourth" big sister (your parents' third child who's your older sister, or a woman whose husband's his parents' third child)

(Southern Vietnam, of a sibling) third-born


mục

A. Cheón (1905) suggested that the pronunciation derived from 睦 (MC mjuwk), which is visually similar to 陸 (MC ljuwk), an alternative form of 六 (MC ljuwk) (SV: lục).

[mʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[mʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[mʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mục.wav

(probably obsolete, chiefly pig traders' cant) six


ức

A thousand myriads multiplied by 10 myriads is one trillon.

萬萬億爲一兆


muôn

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 萬 (“ten thousand”, SV: vạn). Doublet of vạn, vàn, and man.


linh

Một trăm linh hai

Hai nghìn (không trăm) linh tư

Bảy nghìn năm trăm linh chín

Seven thousand five hundred and nine (7509)

(cardinal number, only in compounds, only in the tenths, ten-thousandths, etc. places) zero; oh

ten-thousandths; etc. places; ten-thousandths; etc. places


bảy

[ʔɓa(ː)j˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bảy.wav

From Proto-Vietic *pəs, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *d₁puulh, *d₁puəlh, *d₁pəlh; cognates include Bahnar tơpơh and Bolyu pei⁵⁵.


sáu

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sáu.wav

From Proto-Vietic *p-ruːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₁praw; cognate with Muong khảu, Koho prau, Mon တရဴ and Khasi hynriew (through an infixed form).
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 破了 (MC phaH lewX) (modern SV: phá liễu) and 老 (MC lawX) (modern SV: lão).


chín

From Proto-Vietic *ciːnʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *dciinʔ. Cognates include Muong chỉn, Bahnar tơsĭn, Mang θiːn² and Bolyu ɕən⁵³.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chín.wav


tám

From Proto-Vietic *saːmʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₁haam (Shorto). Cognate with Muong thảm, Bahnar tơhngam/hngam, Mon ဒ္စာံ (həcam), Bolyu saːm⁵³.
This word occurs in several compounds with the figurative meaning of "many". Compare Chinese 八 (bā, “eight, many”), Old Japanese 八 (ya, “eight, many”). See also the similar usage of "seven" for "many, all" in other languages (seven seas (“all the seas”), city of seven hills (“hilly city”), etc.).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-tám.wav


lăm

mười lăm

hai (mươi) lăm


khắp

Possibly from Sino-Tibetan, but both the initial and coda are hard to explain.

(probably obsolete, chiefly pig traders' cant) seven


thứ nhì

[tʰɨ˧˦ ɲi˨˩]

[tʰɨ˨˩˦ ɲɪj˦˩]

[tʰɨ˦˥ ɲɪj˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-thứ nhì.wav


thứ bốn

[tʰɨ˧˦ ʔɓon˧˦]

[tʰɨ˨˩˦ ʔɓoŋ˦˧˥]

[tʰɨ˦˥ ʔɓoŋ˦˥]


nhì

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 二 (“two”, SV: nhị). Doublet of nhị.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">nhị</i>


𠀧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): phonetic 巴 (ba) + semantic 三 (“three”).

Han compound

岧(Đèo)𠀧(Ba)隊(Dội)

18th–19th century, Hồ Xuân Hương (胡春香), “Đèo Ba Dội (岧𠀧隊) [Three-Mountain Pass]”, in John Balaban, transl., Spring Essence: The Poetry of Hồ Xuân Hương, Copper Canyon Press (book), also hosted by Nôm Foundation (online), published 2000, pages 46-47:


𠄼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): phonetic 南 (nam) + semantic 五 (“five”).


𠃩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): phonetic 㐱 (chẩn) + semantic 九 (“nine”).


𠄩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): phonetic 台 (thai) + semantic 二 (“two”).


𠬠

Simplified from 沒 to 𱥺, then finally, 𠬠.


𠄻

Nôm form of lăm (“(only in compounds) five”).


mươi

head

邁, 𨒒, 𱑕, 辻, 𨑮

mươi • (邁, 𨒒, 𱑕, 辻, 𨑮)

vi-numeral

邁, 𨒒, 𱑕, 辻, 𨑮

mươi • (邁, 𨒒, 𱑕, 辻, 𨑮)

A variant of mười (“ten”), perhaps from an originally prefixed form.

tám mươi

(cardinal number, only in compounds with hai (“two”) to chín (“nine”)) -ty


mươi

vi-pos

邁, 𨒒, 𱑕, 辻, 𨑮

mươi ngày

mươi đồng


mốt

Mốt hai mốt hai mốt hai mốt!

hai (mươi) mốt / hăm mốt

một trăm mốt

một triệu mốt

one million one hundred thousand (dongs)

(only in compounds or fixed expressions) one; -one


nhăm

Northern form with the commonly seen nasalization of lateral, compare lớn vs. nhớn, lời vs. nhời, lài vs. nhài, lạt vs. nhạt.
This sound shift originally started as nasal assimilation within the proximity of the phoneme /m/: *m(V)l > /mɲ/ > /ɲ/ (as seen even in the loanword nhài); as lăm almost occurs only after mươi, the expected shift occurred.


nghìn

Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 𪜀彦 (the first element is to be read with lateral *l-) and 彦, phonetic 彥 (MC ngjenH) (modern SV: ngạn). Compare Proto-Hlai *C-ŋin (“thousand”).
Sometimes connected to Old Chinese 千 (OC *s.n̥ˤi[ŋ]) (B-S) (SV: thiên), through some variant form. However, the attested lateral presyllable made this connection difficult. Old Mon lṅim (whence Mon လ္ၚီ), although having the lateral presyllable, also can not be readily connected to the Vietnamese word, due to the completely mismatched final nasal.

Sáng mẹ cho 5 nghìn, chiều mẹ cho 5 nghìn nữa là 10 nghìn.

Mom gave me 5000 in the morning, and then she gave me another 5000, totaling in 10,000.

(cardinal number, especially Northern Vietnam, only in compounds) thousand


vạn

Sino-Vietnamese word from 萬. Doublet of muôn and man.

một vạn (~ mười ngàn/nghìn)

mười vạn (~ một trăm ngàn/nghìn)

Hoàng thượng vạn tuế! Vạn tuế! Vạn vạn tuế!

một vạn quân

Hai vạn dặm dưới đáy biển

(literary or history, only in compounds) ten thousand; myriad


nhất

Sino-Vietnamese word from 一 (“one”).
The ‹nh-› is from ʔj-, which was perceived as the implosive *ʄ- then developed into ɲ- as implosives nasalized: ʔjit > *ʄit > ɲit. For a similar case of development of Middle Chinese ʔj-, compare nhân, from 因 (MC 'jin). See Ferlus (2009) for details.
Sino-Vietnamese shows fairly systemic contrast between characters belonging to Chongniu III and IV rime groups with certain initials: nhất (< *ʔj- < 一 (MC 'jit)) vs. ất (< *ʔ- < 乙 (MC 'it)), dân (< *j- < *mj- < 民 (MC mjin)) vs. mân (< *m- < 珉 (MC min)), tần (< *bj- < 嬪 (MC bjin)) vs. bần (< *b- < 貧 (MC bin)). The first character of each pair belongs to Chongniu IV group and shows clear palatalization in its Sino-Vietnamese reflexes, while the second belongs to Chongniu III and yields simplex initial.

giải nhất


mười tám

[mɨəj˨˩ taːm˧˦]

[mɨj˦˩ taːm˦˧˥]


mười bốn

[mɨəj˨˩ ʔɓon˧˦]

[mɨj˦˩ ʔɓoŋ˦˧˥]

[mɨj˨˩ ʔɓoŋ˦˥]


mười sáu

[mɨj˦˩ ʂaw˨˩˦]


mười hai

[mɨəj˨˩ haːj˧˧]


mười bảy

[mɨəj˨˩ ʔɓaj˧˩]

[mɨj˦˩ ʔɓaj˧˨]

[mɨj˨˩ ʔɓa(ː)j˨˩˦]


mười chín

[mɨəj˨˩ t͡ɕin˧˦]

[mɨj˦˩ t͡ɕin˦˧˥]

[mɨj˨˩ cɨn˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-mười chín.wav


mười ba

[mɨəj˨˩ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[mɨj˦˩ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[mɨj˨˩ ʔɓaː˧˧]


mười một

[mɨəj˨˩ mot̚˧˨ʔ]

[mɨj˦˩ mok̚˨˩ʔ]

[mɨj˨˩ mok̚˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-mười một.wav


giăm

Eye dialect spelling of năm, representing Northern Vietnam Vietnamese.

Eye dialect spelling of nhăm, representing Northern Vietnam Vietnamese.


hai mươi hai

[haːj˧˧ mɨəj˧˧ haːj˧˧]


hai mươi ba

[haːj˧˧ mɨəj˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[haːj˧˧ mɨj˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[haːj˧˧ mɨj˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]


hai mươi mốt

[haːj˧˧ mɨəj˧˧ mot̚˧˦]

[haːj˧˧ mɨj˧˧ mok̚˦˧˥]


hai mươi

[haːj˧˧ mɨəj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-hai mươi.wav


chớ

Likely from Sino-Tibetan. Compare Chinese 四 (MC sijH).

(probably obsolete, chiefly pig traders' cant) four


băm

băm ba

(colloquial) Short for ba mươi (“thirty ...”).


thâm

Likely from Sino-Tibetan. Compare Chinese 三 (MC sam), Drung vseum, Burmese သုံး (sum:).

(probably obsolete, chiefly pig traders' cant) three


hăm

hăm mốt

(colloquial, only in 2X-type numerals, with X being other than 0) twenty


bẩy

(dialectal) Alternative form of bảy (“seven”)


ba lăm

[ʔɓaː˧˧ lam˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ lam˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ lam˧˧]


vẹo

From Austronesian. Compare Malay ribu (“thousand”), Eastern Cham ribau, rabau (“thousand”). Also borrowed from the same source are Bahnar rơbâu (“thousand”), Koho röböu (“hundred thousand”).
The meaning in Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum (1838) is defined as "one million", but in Như Tây nhựt trình (1889), it clearly means "one hundred thousand".
This word seems to be a South Central-Southern item, while the Northern dialects chiefly used ức (億).

một vẹo


nạp

Possibly from Sino-Tibetan, but the initial is hard to explain. Compare Chinese 十 (MC dzyip).

(probably obsolete, chiefly pig traders' cant) ten


bét

Likely from Sino-Tibetan. Compare Chinese 八 (MC peat).

(probably obsolete, chiefly pig traders' cant) eight


chách

[t͡ɕajk̟̚˧˦]

Likely from Sino-Tibetan. Compare Chinese 隻 (MC tsyek), Tibetan གཅིག (gcig).

(probably obsolete, chiefly pig traders' cant) one


chín mươi

[t͡ɕin˧˦ mɨəj˧˧]

[t͡ɕin˦˧˥ mɨj˧˧]

[cɨn˦˥ mɨj˧˧]


một ngàn

[mot̚˧˨ʔ ŋaːn˨˩]

[mok̚˨˩ʔ ŋaːŋ˦˩]

[mok̚˨˩˨ ŋaːŋ˨˩]


bảy mươi

[ʔɓaj˧˩ mɨəj˧˧]

[ʔɓaj˧˨ mɨj˧˧]

[ʔɓa(ː)j˨˩˦ mɨj˧˧]


khươm

Possibly from Sino-Tibetan, but the coda is hard to explain.

Mấy chiếc quần áo rách như tổ đỉa vẫn vắt khươm mươi niên ở một góc nhà đã thấy đem ra sân hong.

The clothes, all rags and tatters and hanging for nine or ten years in a corner, have been brought out into the yard to dry.

(probably obsolete, chiefly pig traders' cant) nine


một tỷ

Alternative spelling of một tỉ (“billion; milliard”).


một tỉ

[mok̚˨˩ʔ tɪj˧˨]

[mok̚˨˩˨ tɪj˨˩˦]


một trăm

[mot̚˧˨ʔ t͡ɕam˧˧]

[mok̚˨˩ʔ ʈam˧˧]

[mok̚˨˩˨ ʈam˧˧]


một triệu

[mot̚˧˨ʔ t͡ɕiəw˧˨ʔ]

[mok̚˨˩ʔ ʈiw˨˩ʔ]

[mok̚˨˩˨ ʈiw˨˩˨]