弟子

chữ Hán form of đệ tử (“disciple; underling”).


加速

chữ Hán form of gia tốc (“acceleration”).


骸骨

chữ Hán form of hài cốt (“skeleton; corpse remains”).


女子

chữ Hán form of nữ tử (“girl; daughter”).


革命

chữ Hán form of cách mệnh (“revolution”).


𢄓

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 巾 (cân, “cloth used as a cover”) + phonetic 烏 (ô).


名人

chữ Hán form of danh nhân (“a renowned (typically deceased) individual who (has) made important contributions to humanity”).


tôi

Related to Proto-Katuic *sool (“slave”) (whence Pacoh xoul (“slave”)). Cognate with Muong thôl (a humble first-person pronoun). See also Central-Southern form tui.
“Slave; servant” > “I”.
The development of first-person pronoun from humble nouns such as “slave; servant” is a pan-Sprachbund phenomenon in the Southeast and East Asian region. Per Nguyen (2000), the pronominal use of this word was not attested in poems by Nguyễn Trãi and Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm in the 15ᵗʰ–16ᵗʰ centuries, and was postulated to have appeared at the end of the 16ᵗʰ or the beginning of the 17ᵗʰ century. Its introduction as a humble first-person pronoun posed as a disturbance to the preexisting tao–mày system: it resulted in an asymmetry with an empty second-person addressee slot corresponding to the humble tôi (see the table below), and led to the use of an appropriate noun, usually a kinship term or status term, to respectfully address the other party, precipitating the now-widespread use of kinship terms as personal pronouns in Vietnamese.
:
For similar grammaticalizations of pronouns, compare tớ, and in other languages, compare:
: Japanese 僕 (boku), Mandarin 奴 (nú), Khmer ខ្ញុំ (khñom), Thai ข้า (kâa), Lao ຂ້ອຍ (khǭi), Burmese ကျွန်မ (kywanma.), Malay hamba.

cog

𱙎妸挼碎
誇咹誇黙

14th century, Mạc Đĩnh Chi, Giáo tử phú 敎子賦:

Men and women want to own many servants,
To show off their wealth and lifestyle.

(archaic, historical) slave; domestic servant

nghĩa vua tôi

a good relationship between a king and his servants

tôi trung

16th century, Nguyễn Thế Nghi's (attributed) Tân biên Truyền kỳ mạn lục tăng bổ giải âm tập chú (新編傳奇漫錄增補解音集註), giải âm/translation of Truyền kỳ mạn lục ("Casual Record of Transmitted Strange-Tales") by Nguyễn Dữ.
碎庭臣𪢍𤽗立言蒸𣦛
Tôi đình thần ghét ngươi Lập Ngôn chưng thẳng.
The royal court servants/the mandarins at the royal court hated the honest Lập Ngôn.

Phan Châu Trinh Đạo đức và luân lí Đông Tây [Eastern and Western Ideas on Morality and Ethics]:
Tôi là gì? Tôi là người tùng phục vua (vua chư hầu) hoặc là người làm nô lệ cho vua, hoặc là người làm công cho vua. Đem mình ra đầu tên mũi đạn đổi lấy một mảnh giấy vàng, một dấu ấn đỏ; đang đầu ra giữa trận mưa dầu nắng lửa để đổi lấy chung rượu lạt, tiếng ban khen. Nói tóm lại, tôi là người tôi mọi, đã bán rẻ vừa hồn lẫn xác cho vua vậy.
What's a servant? A servant serves his monarch (the monarch and his vassals), or is the monarch's slave, or the monarch's workhorse. He brings himself to the battlefront in exchange for a golden certificate, a red stamp; he fights against the elements in exchange for some bland liquor, some praise. In short, the servant is subservient, he's already sold out his soul and his body to the monarch.


分類

chữ Hán form of phân loại (“classification”).


同盟

chữ Hán form of đồng minh (“ally; alliance; league”).


超新星

chữ Hán form of siêu tân tinh (“supernova”).


𨳱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): phonetic 午 (ngọ) + semantic 門 (môn, “door, gate, entrance”).

Han compound

Alternative form of 𡉦 (“Nôm form of ngõ (“lane, alley, bystreet”).”)


𨷯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 門 (“door”) + phonetic 舉 (cử).


lân

Sino-Vietnamese word from 磷 (“phosphorus”).


lân

the qilin, one of the four sacred beasts, along with the dragon, the tortoise and the fenghuang


thứ tư

[tʰɨ˧˦ tɨ˧˧]

[tʰɨ˨˩˦ tɨ˧˧]

[tʰɨ˦˥ tɨ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-thứ tư.wav

From thứ (“-th”) + tư (“four”). In the sense of “fourth”, sometimes bốn is used instead of tư.
As a name of weekday, calque of Portuguese quarta-feira (“Wednesday”, literally “fourth weekday”).


助動詞

chữ Hán form of trợ động từ (“auxiliary verb”).


場合

chữ Hán form of trường hợp (“occasion; case”).


hải

Sino-Vietnamese word from 海 (“sea, ocean”).


大丈夫

đại trượng phu
đại trượng phu#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of đại trượng phu (“great man”).


代名詞

chữ Hán form of đại danh từ (“pronoun”).


bào

(only in compounds) cover; sack; wrapping


chòng

[t͡ɕawŋ͡m˨˩]

[t͡ɕawŋ͡m˦˩]

Alternative form of tròng (“ratchet wrench”)


cùn

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 裙 (SV: quần).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">quần</i>

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cùn.wav

(in certain dialects of North Central Vietnam, clothing) pants; trousers; shorts


cháo

From Proto-Vietic *caːwʔ. Cognate with Tho [Cuối Chăm] caːw³.
Compare also Mang kacaːw⁶, Puoc caːw.

Cơm gì nhão như cháo thế này!

What kind of loose watery rice is this!? This isn't rice, it's congee!

Làm việc thiếu quyết đoán thì rốt cuộc cũng chẳng nên cơm cháo gì.

(literally, “When it comes to doing anything, if there's lack of decisiveness, in the end there'll be no rice nor congee.”)

Indecisiveness will not produce any acceptable result.


bù

(North Central Vietnam) Alternative form of bầu


bù

(Southern Vietnam) Alternative form of bọ


cún

Compare Chinese 犬 (OC *[k]ʷʰˤ[e][n]ʔ) (B-S).

IPAfont

*􂀿k􂁀ʷʰˤ􂀿e􂁀􂀿n􂁀ʔ

och-l

*􂀿k􂁀ʷʰˤ􂀿e􂁀􂀿n􂁀ʔ


còng

Compare Proto-Katuic *kɔŋ (“bracelet”) (whence Pacoh cóng (“bracelet”)) and Proto-Bahnaric *kɔːŋ (“bracelet”) (whence Bahnar kong (“bracelet”)).

còng số 8


hè

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 夏 (“summer”, SV: hạ). Doublet of hạ. Compare xe and xa, chè and trà. Also compare Japanese go-on reading げ (ge) and kan-on reading か (ka) of the same Chinese word.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">hạ</i>

vi-etym-sino

nghỉ hè


hè

Đem xe vào nhà chứ đừng để ngoài hè.

Bring the bike inside, don't leave it outside on the porch.

Ở Việt Nam, nhiều cửa hàng lấn chiếm hè phố làm chỗ đậu xe.

In Vietnam, many stores and shops appropriate sidewalks for parking space.

Short for vỉa hè (“sidewalk; pavement”).


cáng

綱 (CJK)
cái (classifier)
綱 (CJK)
杭 (CJK)
𫆥 (CJK)

It originally meant "hammock on a carrying pole".
According to Vương Trung Hiếu (2021), it also had an extended, now obsolete, meaning "hammock-porter"; earlier, J. F. M. Génibrel attests to the compound chơn cáng ("porteurs en filet [hammock-porters]").

(possibly obsolete) hammock on a carrying pole


損失

chữ Hán form of tổn thất (“loss; damage”).


chàng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 郎 (“young person”, SV: lang). The same development of the initial can also be seen with chạp and possibly also chuồng (if the latter were indeed an early Chinese loan according to Alves, 2018).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">lang</i>

vi-etym-sino

chàng hoàng tử

chuyện chàng Hậu Nghệ bắn hạ Mặt Trời

the tale of Hou Yi, the man who shot down the Suns

(humorous) anh chàng

(chiefly fiction, endearing) an admirable/lovable young/young adult man


chài

cái (classifier)
𩵝 (CJK)
𦨑 (CJK)
䊷 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ɟaːl (“casting-net”), borrowed from Sanskrit जाल (jāla, “net; snare”). Cognate Malay jala.


dòng

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-dòng.wav

xuống dòng


dù

Tai Dam: ꪏꪴ

lính nhảy dù


chén

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 盞 (“small cup”, SV: trản).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">trản</i>

vi-etym-sino

Chén Thánh

chén trà

small handleless porcelain cup that can be held with three fingers for drinking rice alcohol or tea, similar to a small shot glass

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) small bowl that can be held in one hand, chiefly used for eating rice


càng

head

强, 𫋙, 強, 乾, 窮

vi-noun

强, 𫋙, 強, 乾, 窮

From Proto-Vietic *gaːŋ (“crab pincers”).

large, strong hind leg of a locust, grasshopper, or cricket; jumping leg

càng xe bò

càng pháo

tay càng của kìm cộng lực

shaft (one of the handles of a tool, or one of the poles between which an animal is harnessed to a vehicle)


càn

the first trigram of the eight trigrams in Taoist cosmology


gà

head

猗, 鵸, 𤠄, 𪂮, 𪃴, 𪃿

gà • (猗, 鵸, 𤠄, 𪂮, 𪃴, 𪃿)

vi-noun

猗, 鵸, 𤠄, 𪂮, 𪃴, 𪃿

(classifier con) gà • (猗, 鵸, 𤠄, 𪂮, 𪃴, 𪃿)

con (classifier)
猗 (CJK)
鵸 (CJK)
𤠄 (CJK)
𪂮 (CJK)
𪃴 (CJK)
𪃿 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-gà.wav

From Proto-Vietic *r-kaː. Cognate with Muong Bi ca, Thavung กา. Compare Khmer រកា (rɔɔrɔkaa, “Year of the Rooster”).

cog

gà chọi

Khôn ngoan đối đáp người ngoài.
Gà cùng một mẹ chớ hoài đá nhau.
If you think you're so smart, engage outsiders.
We're chicks who share a mother, so don't fight each other.


háng

From Proto-Vietic *k-haːŋʔ; cognate with Chut [Rục] kuhaːŋ³.

dạng háng

Mày ngứa háng à?

Is your groin itching? / The fuck is wrong with you?


hàng

Sino-Vietnamese word from 行. Doublet of hạnh. Cognate with Thai ห้าง (hâang), Lao ຫ້າງ (hāng), Khmer ហាង (haang).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-hàng.wav

goods; product; merchandise; freight; cargo

xếp hàng

Coordinate term: phần (“decimal place”)

hàng đơn vị

hàng chục

hàng trăm

hàng nghìn

lộ hàng

to have a nip slip or to show one's panties or genitalia accidentally

(euphemistic, humorous) female breasts or nether region


kèn

Borrowed from Tai; compare Thai แคน (kɛɛn) and Lao ແຄນ (khǣn). Compare also khèn.

a traditional double reed shawm of Vietnam


cán

cây (classifier)
cái (classifier)
桿 (CJK)

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">can</i>

vi-etym-sino

non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 桿 (“handle; lever”, SV: can)

Cầm chặt cán dao trong tay, tôi bỗng thấy người mình như cao lớn hắn lên; […]

1957, Đoàn Giỏi, chapter 3, in Đất rừng phương Nam, Kim Đồng:

Firmly holding the handle of the knife in my hand, I suddenly felt as if I were much taller; […]

a handle; grip; staff; lever (especially of a tool)


hài

→ Tai Dam: ꪭꪱꪥ


hài

(only in compounds) corpse; bones; remains


chú

a paternal uncle, father's younger brother

a maternal uncle-in-law, mother's sister's husband

a paternal uncle-in-law, father's sister's husband

Chú gì ơi!

Dĩ nhiên vấn đề này lớn hơn các anh chị làm nghề phục vụ. Vừa lớn hơn, vừa nhỏ hơn. Tôi xin kết thúc bài viết đanh đá này bằng một câu chuyện vui. Hồi mới sang Hà Nội, tôi thuê nhà trong một khu chung cư cũ. “Hello, Hello”, các cháu kêu mỗi khi thấy tôi xuống cầu thang. Đứa nào ngại bị bố mẹ giục: “Ông Tây kìa. Con Hê-lô đi”. Tôi mỉm cười, vẫy tay, bước ra khỏi cổng.
Ngay cổng hay có một cháu trai khoảng bốn tuổi đạp xe đạp theo vòng số tám, mặt nó to, tóc nó ngắn tũn. Khi thấy tôi, nó luôn nhìn lên và nói “Chào chú!” (Còn chưa thấy thì bố nó nhắc: “Con ơi, chào chú kìa!”). Tôi quý nó lắm! Quý nó vô cùng.

[2012, Joe Ruelle, “Tạm biệt Hello [Goodbye, Hello]”, in Ngược chiều vun vút [Whooshing toward the Other Way]:

Of course this problem is bigger than service-industry workers. Bigger, but also smaller. I'd like to end this feisty essay with this fun anecdote. The first time I'd been to Hanoi, I rented a flat in an old condo. "Hello, hello," kids would say that every time I went downstairs. If any of them would hesitate, their parents would make them: "See that Western dude? Say 'Hey-low'." I would smile back, wave back, and leave for the gate.
At the gate, there would be this four-year-oldish boy trying to pedal in the figure 8, with a big face and very short hair. Whenever he saw me, he would always say "Chào chú!" (if he hadn't, his dad would tell him: "Boy, say chào chú!"). I loved that boy! I loved him so much.

a man who's presumably slightly younger than your parents


chè

Tai Dam: ꪵꪋ

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 茶 (“tea”, SV: trà). Doublet of lá and trà.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">trà</i>

vi-etym-sino

(Northern Vietnam, Central Vietnam) tea (plant)

(Northern Vietnam, Central Vietnam) tea (drink)


chè

1961: Nguyễn Huy Tưởng, Chapter 13, Sống mãi với Thủ Đô
Tất cả hoà hợp trong cái vui rối rít mà vẫn nhịp nhàng của những tranh, những câu đối, những bao hương, bao nến, bao chè, những bánh pháo, những hộp kẹo, hộp mứt, những chậu cá vàng.
Everything came together in the bustling yet harmonious joy of the paintings, the Chinese couplets, the bags of perfume, of chè, the firecrackers, the boxes of candy, of candied fruit, the goldfish bowls.

a thick, sweet dessert soup or pudding, often made with glutinous rice and/or beans


kè

Coordinate term: cọ


chì

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chì.wav

Chú lính chì dũng cảm


lài

vi-noun

(classifier cây, hoa, bông) lài • (𣔦, 𦲒, 𦹹)

cây (classifier)
hoa (classifier)
bông (classifier)
𣔦 (CJK)
𦲒 (CJK)
𦹹 (CJK)

trà lài

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) jasmine


làng

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-làng.wav

Probably from a Hmong-Mien language, compare Iu Mien laangz (“village”).

(especially Northern Vietnam) a village (rural habitation of size between a hamlet and a town)


chí

Có chí thì nên.

If you have resolve, then you will succeed.


chí

From Proto-Vietic *ciːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ciiʔ. Cognate with Muong chỉ,
Bahnar si, Khasi ksi and Mon စဲ.

Có chí thì gãi.

If you have head lice, then scratch (your head).

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) head louse


lìn

(Southern Vietnam, minced oath) Eye dialect spelling of lồn.


nòng

Probably related to lòng and tròng through an affixed form.


mán

Probably related to Chinese 蠻 (OC *mˤro[n]) (B-S) (SV: man). Both the Vietnamese and Chinese terms might trace back to a common third source.

(now uncommon, derogatory) "savages"; "barbarians", used especially to refer to those from the mountainous region of Northern Vietnam


nín

Nín!

nín khóc

nín thở

to hold back (crying, breathing, etc.); to stop

Nín!


màn

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 幔 (SV: mạn).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">mạn</i>


lái

From Old Chinese 舵 (OC *lˤajʔ) (B-S) (SV: đà).

(by extension, nautical) aft; the stern portion of a boat

(colloquial) Short for lái xe (“driver”) or lái đò (“boatman”).

(colloquial) used to refer to a merchant or trader


lóng

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) node, phalanx


máng

From Proto-Vietic *ɓaːŋʔ, probably of Austronesian or Tai origin; compare Balinese abang (“gutter, drain-pipe, channel”), Proto-Tai *baŋᴮ/ꟲ (“bamboo tube”).

cog

a trough (a long, narrow, open container for feeding animals)

a gutter (duct or channel beneath the eaves)


nài

a kind of rope that people tight to their feet in order to climb palm trees


rào

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 牢 (SV: lao).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">lao</i>


rào

(North Central Vietnam) small river, creek, stream


mì

From Teochew 麵／面 (min⁷, “noodle”) or Hokkien 麵／面 (mī, “noodle”). Doublet of miến. Compare Thai หมี่ (mìi), Malay mi, Indonesian mi.

Short for mì ăn liền (“instant noodles”).

bánh mì


lù

filter used in fish sauce making process


lòng

vi-noun

(classifier tấm (“heart”)) lòng • (𢚸, 𢙱, 𪫵)

tấm (classifier)
𢚸 (CJK)
𢙱 (CJK)
𪫵 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-lòng.wav

From Proto-Vietic *k-lɔːŋ (“inside”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kluuŋ ~ *(k)luəŋ (“middle; inside”). See also trong.

inh

lòng lợn

(as food) intestines; guts; bowels; entrails

lòng bàn tay

lòng bàn chân

(only in compounds) the central region of a hand or foot

trong lòng thành phố

lòng đường

the surface of a roadway as opposed to a sidewalk

the central part, the heart or core of something

lòng thương

lòng tin

Lòng người khó đoán.

Cái gì nó cũng giữ trong lòng.

Quý khách vui lòng bỏ giày trước khi vào.

Please take off your shoes before coming in.

Tôi rất sẵn lòng giúp anh.

Mẹ nó không đành lòng bỏ nó.

Her mother didn't have the heart to abandon her.


láng

This word is rarely, if ever, used as a common noun in isolation in modern Vietnamese anymore. However, it is a common element in place names (Láng Tròn, Láng Dài, Láng Biển, Láng Thượng, etc.), especially in Southern Vietnam.

(now only in compounds) a neighborhood (residential area)


rú

From Proto-Vietic *b-ruːʔ (“forest, mountain”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *bruuʔ. Cognate with Muong Bi khũ (“stone, rock; mountain”), Tho [Cuoi Cham] pʰraw³ ("mountain, forest") and Chut [Rục] bruː³ ("forest").

rú Hống

the demotic name (tên Nôm) of the Hồng Lĩnh mountains


nà

From Tai. Cognate with Muong Bi nà, Thai นา (naa).

cog

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bena (“lower part of a river; tidal bore”)

trồng ngô ở nà


sài

8th century, Wang Wei, Võng Xuyên nhàn cư tặng Bùi tú tài Địch - Nhàn cư ở Võng Xuyên tặng tú tài Bùi Địch (Wheel-Rim River, Dwelling in idleness: for P’ei Ti); 1995 VIetnamese translation by Trần Trọng Kim; 2006 English translation by David Hinton
Cửa sài chống gậy đứng ngoài,
Buổi chiều hứng gió nghe hoài tiếng ve.
I lean on a cane outside my brushwood gate,

look out into wind, listen to late-day cicadas.

1820, Nguyễn Du (阮攸), Truyện Kiều (傳翹) [The Tale of Kieu], Liễu Văn Ðường edition, published 1866, lines 529-530:

No sooner had he drawn the flowery bolt out of the brushwood gate than a young servant appeared and handed him a letter from home.

Cửa sài vừa ngỏ then hoa,
Gia đồng vào gởi thư nhà mới sang.


sài

1960, Nguyễn Khải, "Mùa Lạc (Peanut Season)"

She married at seventeen, yet her husband gambled, became heavily indebted, and fled to the South; he only returned to their hometown when 1950 began. They lived together and begat a son, who turned two years old when her husband died. A few months later, her son passed away from a childhood disease, leaving her alone.

Lấy chồng từ năm mười bảy tuổi, nhưng chồng cờ bạc, nợ nần nhiều bỏ đi Nam, đến đầu năm 1950 mới trở về quê. Ăn ở lại với nhau được đứa con trai lên hai thì chồng chết. Cách mấy tháng sau đứa con lên sài bỏ đi để chị ở một mình.

(bệnh ~) children's lasting and serious disease


nàng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 娘 (“lady”, SV: nương). Compare Thai นาง (naang).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">nương</i>

vi-etym-sino

nàng tiên cá

(humorous) cô nàng

(chiefly fiction, endearing) an admirable/lovable young/young adult woman


sàn

Cognate with Muong Bi khaình, Tho [Cuối Chăm] rɐːn².


quán

ăn quán

quán nước

a makeshift shop usually set up on the sidewalk, where people can come for cheap non-alcoholic drinks or games of xiangqi

quán trà

quán cà phê

quán ba

quán cơm/mì/bún/phở/thịt cầy/thịt chó/tiểu hổ/thịt mèo/thịt trâu

a diner or restaurant where you can have rice/noodles/pho/dog meat/cat meat/water buffalo meat

quán nhậu

a diner or restaurant where you can party with hot pots, dog meat or cat meat, and beer or rice alcohol

quán rượu
a place where you can drink rice alcohol in wuxia fiction, also rarely known as a tửu điếm, usually depicted as a place where the protagonist can overhear anything about the martial arts world for plot advancement

quán game/net

Học nấu ăn đi chứ ! Cứ ăn quán hoài tiền đâu chịu nổi ?

Learn to cook, will ya? Keep eating out and you won't have any money left to save!

(only in certain contexts) a place of where people can come and enjoy cheap or non-luxury service (usually food and drinks) for some time


sàng

From Proto-Vietic *g-raːŋ (“winnowing basket”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *graaŋ (“threshing gear”). Cognate with Khmer គ្រាង (kriəng).


tàn

Sino-Vietnamese word from 殘 (“to damage”).

vi-etym-sino

ash resulting from burning cigarettes, incense or mosquito coils; compare tro (“ash in general”)


tài

Sino-Vietnamese word from 才 (“talent; skill”).

có tài


tài

(colloquial) Short for tài xế (“driver”).


lí

hợp lí

có lí

vô lí

có lí có tình

(colloquial, education) Clipping of vật lí (“physics”).


lí

lí cây đa


lí

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)

Syzygium jambos
Syzygium jambos#Translingual


tì

Short from tì bà (“pipa”), Sino-Vietnamese word from 琵.


tán

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 傘 (SV: tản).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tản</i>

vi-etym-sino

canopy (highest foliage and branches of a forest)


tù

→ Tai Dam: ꪕꪴ


xí

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) tiny bit; a little bit


táo

vi-noun

(classifier cây, trái, quả) táo • (枣, 棗)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
枣 (CJK)
棗 (CJK)

Sino-Vietnamese word from 棗 (“date tree”).

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-táo.wav

Ziziphus mauritiana
Ziziphus mauritiana#Translingual

Ziziphus jujuba
Ziziphus jujuba#Translingual

Ziziphus nummularia
Wikispecies:Ziziphus nummularia

(rare) jujube (Ziziphus jujuba); jharber (Ziziphus nummularia)


táo

Shortening of táo bón; Sino-Vietnamese word from 燥.


dì

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 姨 (“maternal aunt”, SV: di).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">di</i>


rún

Chuồn chuồn cắn rún biết bơi. (Popular myth among children in Vietnam)

If you let a dragonfly bite your belly button, you would know how to swim.

Central Vietnam and Southern Vietnam form of rốn (“navel”)


niobi

[ni˧˧ ʔo˧˧ ʔɓi˧˧]

[nɪj˧˧ ʔow˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧]

[nɪj˧˧ ʔow˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from Latin niobium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


má

From Proto-Vietic *-maːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer. Cognate with Tho [Cuối Chăm] maː³ ("cheek"), Arem umæːʔ ("gills"), Proto-Palaungic *cəmaːʔ (“cheek”) (whence Riang [Sak] sᵊmɑʔ²), Proto-Nicobarese *samaː (whence Central Nicobarese [Nancowry] shama (“jaw”)) and Bondo ǰama ("jaw").
This item might be an infixed form (nominalizing *-m-) of the root *ca(ː)ʔ (“to eat”), as suggested in Sidwell (2018).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-má.wav


má

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 媽 (“mother”, SV: ma).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">ma</i>


má

From Proto-Vietic *s-maːʔ, whence also mạ (“rice seedlings”), the form used in isolation.


神童

chữ Hán form of thần đồng (“child prodigy”).


trường

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-trường.wav

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-trường.wav

trường tiểu học/trung học cơ sở/trung học phổ thông/đại học

an elementary school/junior high/senior high/university

đến trường

to physically come to a school, not necessarily to study; (literary) to go to school

nhà trường

Mày đến trường làm gì ?
Học chứ gì ?
Why did you come to the school?
Why else, other than to go to school?

a school (an institution dedicated to teaching and learning)


lá

From Proto-Vietic *s-laːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *slaʔ. Cognate with Thavung ซะล้า, Khmer ស្លា (slaa, “areca”), Bahnar hla, Mon သၠ (hlaˀ), Khasi sla, Semai sela. Related to Chinese 茶 (chá) (tea), which was a Loloish loan that in turn was borrowed from Austroasiatic.
Doublet of trà and chè.

Chiếc lá cuối cùng


刑罰

chữ Hán form of hình phạt (“punishment”).


性質

chữ Hán form of tính chất (“property, nature, characteristic”).


男女

chữ Hán form of nam nữ (“man and woman”).


餓鬼

chữ Hán form of ngạ quỷ (“(Buddhism) preta”).


mifepristone

Unadapted borrowing from English mifepristone.


形象

chữ Hán form of hình tượng (“icon; image; symbol”).


農村

chữ Hán form of nông thôn (“countryside; country; rural areas”).


首都

chữ Hán form of thủ đô (“capital, capital city”).


magie

[maː˧˧ ɲe˧˧]

[maː˧˧ ɲej˧˧]

[maː˧˧ ɲej˧˧]

Perhaps from French magnésium. This irregular spelling was devised by the Ministry of Education and Formation to conform with the chemical symbol Mg. Some chemistry teachers (and consequently, their students) still prefer the French-derived pronunciation ma-nhê regardless of the spelling.


自動詞

chữ Hán form of tự động từ (“intransitive verb”).


他動詞

chữ Hán form of tha động từ (“transitive verb”).


最初

chữ Hán form of tối sơ (“beginning; initial; first”).


命令

chữ Hán form of mệnh lệnh (“command; order”).


大腸

chữ Hán form of đại tràng (“large intestine”).


百合

chữ Hán form of bách hợp (“Lilium pumilum”).


刑法

chữ Hán form of hình pháp (“criminal law”).


妄想

chữ Hán form of vọng tưởng (“delusion”).


資本

chữ Hán form of tư bản (“(economics, business, finance) capital”).


分子

chữ Hán form of phân tử (“molecule, element”).

chữ Hán form of phần tử (“member (of a class); element (of a group of people, things)”).


小腸

chữ Hán form of tiểu tràng (“small intestine”).


武道

chữ Hán form of võ đạo (“martial arts”).


元旦

chữ Hán form of nguyên đán (“Lunar New Year or Vietnamese New Year”).


白血球

bạch huyết cầu
bạch huyết cầu#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of bạch huyết cầu (“leukocyte”).


石榴

chữ Hán form of thạch lựu (“pomegranate”).


憲法

chữ Hán form of hiến pháp (“constitution”).


基礎

chữ Hán form of cơ sở (“foundation, basis”).


航空母艦

hàng không mẫu hạm
hàng không mẫu hạm#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of hàng không mẫu hạm (“aircraft carrier”).


血管

chữ Hán form of huyết quản (“blood vessel”).


分詞

chữ Hán form of phân từ (“(grammar) participle”).


現在分詞

hiện tại phân từ
hiện tại phân từ#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of hiện tại phân từ (“present participle”).


過去分詞

quá khứ phân từ
quá khứ phân từ#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of quá khứ phân từ (“past participle”).


認識

chữ Hán form of nhận thức (“awareness”).


程度

chữ Hán form of trình độ (“level (of ability); standard”).


檢查

chữ Hán form of kiểm tra (“test inspect; examine”).


危機

chữ Hán form of nguy cơ (“danger; hazard”).


將來

chữ Hán form of tương lai (“the future”).


幼稚園

chữ Hán form of ấu trĩ viên (“kindergarten”).


管理

chữ Hán form of quản lí (“to manage, to administer”).


民主主義

dân chủ chủ nghĩa
dân chủ chủ nghĩa#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of dân chủ chủ nghĩa (“democracy”).


antimon

[ʔaːn˧˧ ti˧˧ mɔn˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ tɪj˧˧ mɔŋ˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ tɪj˧˧ mɔŋ˧˧]


博物館

chữ Hán form of bác vật quán (“museum”).


忠義

chữ Hán form of trung nghĩa (“loyalty”).


標本

chữ Hán form of tiêu bản (“sample; specimen”).


文章

chữ Hán form of văn chương (“literature”).


青少年

thanh thiếu niên
thanh thiếu niên#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of thanh thiếu niên (“youth; adolescents”).


勢力

chữ Hán form of thế lực (“influence, power”).


khai trương

[xaːj˧˧ t͡ɕɨəŋ˧˧]

[kʰaːj˧˧ ʈɨəŋ˧˧]

[xaːj˧˧ ʈɨəŋ˧˧]

[kʰaːj˧˧ ʈɨəŋ˧˧]

[xaːj˧˧ ʈɨəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 開張 (“grand opening”).

vi-etym-sino

"grand opening"; great start; new beginning


農業

chữ Hán form of nông nghiệp (“agriculture”).


政治家

chữ Hán form of chính trị gia (“politician”).


經驗

chữ Hán form of kinh nghiệm (“experience”).


正午

chữ Hán form of chính ngọ (“noon, midday”).


論文

chữ Hán form of luận văn (“dissertation; thesis essay”).


力士

chữ Hán form of lực sĩ (“strong person”).


博士

chữ Hán form of bác sĩ (“medical doctor; physician”).


máy bay

[maj˨˩˦ ʔɓaj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-máy bay.wav

From máy (“machine”) + bay (“to fly”), calque of Chinese 飛機／飞机 (fēijī).


口語

chữ Hán form of khẩu ngữ (“colloquial language”).


妖精

chữ Hán form of yêu tinh (“evil spirit”).


聯繫

chữ Hán form of liên hệ (“association; relationship”).


máy

cái (classifier)
cỗ (classifier)
𢵯 (CJK)
𣛠 (CJK)
𠃅 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-máy.wav

Cognate with Muong Bi bẳl (as in bẳl măt (“to blink”), equivalent to Vietnamese máy mắt).
Originally a verb meaning "to move, to touch". This meaning can still be seen in the t- reduplicative táy máy and the -âp reduplicative mấp máy, as well as some compounds like mó máy and the aforementioned máy mắt.

箕世局如印聀梦
𠃅玄微𨷑㨂坤量

18th century, Nguyễn Gia Thiều (阮嘉韶) (1741-1798), Cung oán ngâm khúc (宮怨吟曲), Phú Văn đường tàng (富文堂藏), printed in 1866 edition:

See, how my situation is as if it's a dream,
The mysterious way that things move, constantly changing and unpredictable.

Kìa thế cục như in giấc mộng,
Máy huyền vi mở đóng khôn lường.

internal combustion engine
internal combustion engine

nhấc máy


黑暗

chữ Hán form of hắc ám (“dark; unlighted”).


留學生

chữ Hán form of lưu học sinh (“international student, student studying abroad, (foreign) exchange student”).


mang

From Proto-Vietic *k-maːŋ; cognate with Muong mang and Chut [Rục] kumaːŋ¹. Compare Bahnar kơmang (“gill”), Khmu [Cuang] maːŋ ("gill").

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mang.wav

mang nòng nọc


民族

chữ Hán form of dân tộc (“ethnic group, nationality, race”).


議員

chữ Hán form of nghị viên (“parliamentarian”).


cháu

From Middle Vietnamese cháu, from Proto-Vietic *cuːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *cuuʔ. Cognate with Muong [Bi] chảu (“son-in-law”), Khmer ចៅ (caw), Bahnar sŏu/sâu, Pacoh achau, Khasi 'siew.


mía

From Proto-Vietic *k-mɛːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *klmiəʔ. Cognate with Muong mỉa, Khmu klmeʔ and Eastern Lawa อเมะ, อมา-อิ, อแมะ.

máy xay nước mía


全體

chữ Hán form of toàn thể (“all; the whole”).


大多數

chữ Hán form of đại đa số (“great majority”).


農民

chữ Hán form of nông dân (“peasant, farmer”).


ràn

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 闌 (SV: lan).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">lan</i>

vi-etym-sino

stable (enclosure for cows/kine or horses)


熱情

chữ Hán form of nhiệt tình (“enthusiasm; zeal; fervour”).


努力

chữ Hán form of nỗ lực (“great effort; endeavor”).


人力

chữ Hán form of nhân lực (“manpower; human resources”).


空軍

chữ Hán form of không quân (“air force”).


cà phê

head

cà phê • (咖啡)

vi-noun

cà phê • (咖啡)

Adapted from an earlier form trà phê (“coffee”) (Martini, 1958; Michaud et al., 2015), as attested in scholar Pétrus Ky's Cours d'annamite parlé [A course in spoken Annamese] (1894). This is a phono-semantic matching of French café (“coffee”), matching the first syllable with the existing Sino-Vietnamese word trà (“tea”); literally, this name could be interpreted as: “a kind of tea with the phê attribute” (whatever that attribute may mean).
Naming coffee as a type of tea acclimatises the new beverage, introducing it into a set that already included trà tàu (“Chinese tea (black tea)”), trà Huế (“Annamese tea (green tea)”), trà hoa (“camellia tea”), trà rừng (“three-seeded mercury (herbal) tea”), and so on (Martini, 1958; Michaud et al., 2015). An example is found in Cours d'annamite parlé:
:
anh uống trà-phe hay-là trà-tàu
Do you drink coffee [the phe tea] or tea [the Chinese tea]?
Later on, the form trà phê underwent re-foreignisation, influenced by French-speaking Vietnamese who pronounce French café as ‹ca phê› (Michaud et al., 2015). A hybrid form of cà phê emerged as a consequence, retaining the original /k/ in the donor language and the tone of trà, and this form eventually became the standard (Nguyễn, 1999).
An alternative theory for the unexpected tone on cà was put forth by Emeneau (1951: 4, 158), who tentatively proposed that it was due to association with cà (“eggplant”), in a fashion similar to cà rốt (“carrot”). However, this is now deemed to be very unlikely.
Compare phê (“high; intoxicated”), as well as Cantonese 咖啡 (gaa3 fe1, also with a lower tone on the first syllable).

ux

Do you drink coffee 􂀿the phe tea􂁀 or tea 􂀿the Chinese tea􂁀?

cog

cà phê có liền

cà phê dùng ngay

cà phê hòa tan

cà phê nồi

máy xay cà phê

tiệm cà phê

quán cà phê

coffee shop; coffee bar; coffee house; café


plutoni

Ultimately from New Latin plutonium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


微分

chữ Hán form of vi phân (“differential”).


思想

chữ Hán form of tư tưởng (“thought, ideology”).


體育

chữ Hán form of thể dục (“physical education”).


主意

chữ Hán form of chủ ý (“intention; purpose”).


指事

chữ Hán form of chỉ sự (“(Chinese character classification) One of the types of Han characters, containing those characters such as 上 (thượng) above and 上 (hạ) below that indicate an abstract idea with a non-arbitrary logogram.”).

chỉ sự

lục thư (六書, “The six types of Han characters”)


màng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 網 (“web; net; membrane”, SV: võng). Doublet of mạng and võng.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">võng</i>

vi-etym-sino

Audio (Hà Nội)


quan

Bẩm quan, con thật tình không biết ạ.


quan

Xin ông coi một đồng nầy có lỗ vuông giữa, chúng tôi quen xỏ sáu trăm đồng thể ấy cùng nhau, ấy là một quan.

Look at this penny which has a square hole in the middle, we string six hundred of these together; and these form what we call a quan or bundle.

(historical) a string of six hundred coins.


chao

From a form of Hokkien 醬／酱 (chiùⁿ) (SV: tương). Compare Thai เต้าเจี้ยว (dtâo-jîao), Lao ເຕົ້າຈ້ຽວ (taochiāu), Malay taoco, taucu. Doublet of tương.

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) fermented bean curd


dao

con (classifier)
刀 (CJK)
釖 (CJK)
鉸 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *-taːw, from Old Chinese 刀 (OC *C.tˤaw) (B-S) (SV: đao). Compare North Central Vietnamese đao (“knife”).
This word was borrowed at a stage when the Sinitic word still retained the preinitial, thus causing lenition: *-t- > Middle Vietnamese dĕao [ðj-] > modern [z- ~ j-]. The Sino-Vietnamese reading đao, on the other hand, derived from Middle Chinese 刀 (MC taw) when the onset already simplified and resulted in a stop. The North Central đao, although formally identical to the more recent Sino-Vietnamese reading, belongs to the same stratum as dao, as indicated by the meaning "knife", due to the fact that these dialects did not undergo lenition to as large an extent.

dao bếp


cai

(dialectal) Short for cai tổng (“district chief”).


cao

Sino-Vietnamese word from 膏 (“fat; grease; oil”).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cao.wav

cao mèo

cao hổ cốt

Bạch Hổ Hoạt Lạc Cao

alternative medicine
alternative medicine

(alternative medicine) a tonic, balm or cream made from animal flesh or bone


nai

From Proto-Vietic *k-ɗeː. Cognate with Muong đai and Arem kadeː.


sao

vi-noun

(classifier vì, ngôi) sao • (𣇟, 牢, 𣋀, 𬁖)

vì (classifier)
ngôi (classifier)
𣇟 (CJK)
牢 (CJK)
𣋀 (CJK)
𬁖 (CJK)

From Middle Vietnamese ſao, from Proto-Vietic *k-raːw. Cognate with Muong khao. Might represent a Kra-Dai or Austronesian substratum, compare Proto-Tai *t.naːwᴬ (“star”), Proto-Hlai *ɾaːw (“star”) and Proto-Austronesian *qajaw (“day”).
It is a semantic loan from English star, in the senses of “celebrity; actor”.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sao.wav

toán sao

an "asterisked" math problem (marked with an asterisk); a difficult math problem


sao

ngôi (classifier)
𣇟 (CJK)
牢 (CJK)
𣋀 (CJK)
𬁖 (CJK)


bao

→ Khmer: បាវ (baaw)


規則

chữ Hán form of quy tắc (“rule; code; principle”).


手術

chữ Hán form of thủ thuật (“tip; trick”).


條件

chữ Hán form of điều kiện (“condition”).


ê

The name of the Latin-script letter Ê/ê.


ô

The name of the Latin-script letter Ô/ô.


ô

The name of the Latin-script letter O/o.


ô

cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
𢄓 (CJK)

(Northern Vietnam, Central Vietnam) umbrella (cloth-covered frame used for protection against rain or sun)


ô

ô trống

a blank (space to be filled in on a form or template)


miu

(rare) a pussy-cat (affectionate term for a cat)


語源

chữ Hán form of ngữ nguyên (“etymology”).


委員長

ủy viên trưởng
ủy viên trưởng#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of ủy viên trưởng (“committee chairman”).


死刑

chữ Hán form of tử hình (“capital punishment; death penalty”).


無神論

chữ Hán form of vô thần luận (“atheism”).


通過

chữ Hán form of thông qua (“to pass; to let through; to approve”).


飲食

chữ Hán form of ẩm thực (“cuisine; gastronomy”).


發明

chữ Hán form of phát minh (“invention”).


屏風

chữ Hán form of bình phong (“screen; blind”).


時代

chữ Hán form of thời đại (“age, era, period (of time)”).


selen

[sej˧˧ lɛŋ˧˧]

[sej˧˧ lɛŋ˧˧]


brom

[ʔɓəː˨˩ ɹom˧˧]

[ʔɓəː˨˩ zom˧˧]

[ʔɓəː˦˩ ɹom˧˧]

[ʔɓəː˨˩ ɹom˧˧]


種族

chữ Hán form of chủng tộc (“race; ethnicity”).


利益

chữ Hán form of lợi ích (“benefit; interest”).


協會

chữ Hán form of hiệp hội (“association”).


外國

chữ Hán form of ngoại quốc (“foreign country”).


技能

chữ Hán form of kĩ năng (“technical skill”).


chay

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 齋 (“vegetarian”, SV: trai).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">trai</i>

vi-etym-sino

Artocarpus tonkinensis A Cheval (a tree in the mulberry family)


焦點

chữ Hán form of tiêu điểm (“focal point”).


curi

[kʊw˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]

[kʊw˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from New Latin curium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


pho

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 副 (“classifier for sets”, SV: phó).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">phó</i>

vi-etym-sino

pho sách


報應

chữ Hán form of báo ứng (“retribution; karma”).


明星

chữ Hán form of minh tinh (“movie star”).


食品

chữ Hán form of thực phẩm (“food, foodstuff”).


nau

From an infixed form (with *-rn-) of Proto-Vietic ancestor of Vietnamese đau (“to be aching, sore, hurt, in pain; to be sick, ill (Northern)”).

cog

Late 15th century, Tao Đàn nhị thập bát tú (Twenty-Eight Mansions of Tao Đàn), Hồng Đức Quốc Âm thi tập (Collection of Poem in the Nation's Language), folio 69b
唯唯隊㝹郡𦛌𦚐
Dói dói đòi nau quặn ruột rà.
Sharp and keen are the guts' many twistings and writhings.

切𠬠身房空𨻫񣘋
時節񣃡𢗖𢖵隊񠅡

18th century, Đặng Trần Côn (鄧陳琨) (circa 1705–1745) (original Chinese), translated by Đoàn Thị Điểm (段氏點) (1705–1746/1748) (traditionally claimed), might actually be translated by Phan Huy Ích (潘輝益) (1751–1822), Chinh phụ ngâm khúc (征婦吟曲) [The Song of a Soldier's Wife], lines 333-334:

Pitiful is the lonely wife inside an empty room
Who lets her finest seasons [endure] much haphazard agony.

Thiết một thân phòng không luống giữ,
Thời tiết lành nhầm nhỡ đòi nau; …

Hoá nhi thật có nỡ lòng,
Làm chi giày tía vò hồng lắm nau!

1820, Nguyễn Du (阮攸), Truyện Kiều (傳翹) [The Tale of Kieu], Liễu Văn Ðường edition, published 1866, lines 1129-1130:

Oh how pitiless you are, Creator!
Why stamp on this rosy and purple flower which already had much pain in her heart? / Why inflict on this rosy and purple flower so much pain?


親戚

chữ Hán form of thân thích (“relatives”).


貿易

chữ Hán form of mậu dịch (“trade; commerce”).


gã

head

𱒭, 𡥚, 妸, 𪟡, 𤯱

gã • (𱒭, 𡥚, 妸, 𪟡, 𤯱)

vi-noun

𱒭, 𡥚, 妸, 𪟡, 𤯱

gã • (𱒭, 𡥚, 妸, 𪟡, 𤯱)

Lễ ký đại toàn tiết yếu diễn nghĩa (禮記大全節要演義)
𨿽吾子儼然在憂服之中（唒𡥚些當欺安朗於蒸𥪞喪服）
Tuy ngô tử nghiễm nhiên tại ưu phục chi trung (Dẫu gã ta đang khi yên lặng ở chưng trong tang phục)
Although my son was calm in his mourning clothes


urani

[ʔu˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ni˧˧]

[ʔu˧˧ zaː˧˧ ni˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from New Latin uranium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


夫婦

chữ Hán form of phu phụ (“married couple”).


組織

chữ Hán form of tổ chức (“organization((a group of people with a purpose))”).


農夫

chữ Hán form of nông phu (“peasant, farmer”).


nobeli

[no˧˧ ʔɓe˧˧ li˧˧]

[now˧˧ ʔɓej˧˧ lɪj˧˧]

[now˧˧ ʔɓej˧˧ lɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from New Latin nobelium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


reni

[ɹej˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

[ɹej˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from New Latin rhenium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


偽君子

chữ Hán form of nguỵ quân tử (“hypocrite”).


xã

Sino-Vietnamese word from 社 (“society, commune”).

vi-etym-sino

Basic rural administrative unit in Vietnam, part of a district (huyện) and often composed of hamlets (thôn); a commune (xã).

(by extension) Any administrative unit in another country of similar size or rank.

(obsolete) A male who resides in a village (làng) and has slightly higher-than-average social status; a village elder.


phà

con (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
波 (CJK)


ché

cái (classifier)
𡍘 (CJK)
𪨛 (CJK)
𫵨 (CJK)
𬎭 (CJK)


nón lá

[nɔn˧˦ laː˧˦]

[nɔŋ˦˧˥ laː˨˩˦]

[nɔŋ˦˥ laː˦˥]


đỉa

head

đỉa • (𧋘, 𧍉)

From Proto-Vietic *l-dɛh ~ *l-tɛh (“water leech”). Cognate with Muong tía, Thavung เต่ฮ, Arem tatah. Compare Pacoh itếh. Likely of Austronesian origin, compare Eastern Cham ꨤꨓꩍ/latah and Malay lintah.
Unrelated to Chinese 蛭 (MC tet) (SV: điệt).


味精

monosodium glutamate
monosodium glutamate

(Central Vietnam) chữ Hán form of vị tinh (“monosodium glutamate”).


日食

chữ Hán form of nhật thực (“solar eclipse”).


ankan

[ʔaːn˧˧ kaːn˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ kaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ kaːŋ˧˧]


dân

Sino-Vietnamese word from 民.
See nhất for explanation of the initial.

dân Đông Á/Tàu

dân nông thôn/thành thị

dân đồ hoạ/công nghệ

(collective) people with shared group identity, interest or values; compare người (“people with shared physical traits or geography”) and nhân dân (“citizens or subjects of a country”)

của dân, do dân, vì dân

quân dân một lòng

our military and our civilians are united

1964, Hồ Chí Minh; quoted in 2018, anonymous, “‘Quân đội ta trung với Đảng, hiếu với dân...’”, Báo Quân Đội Nhân Dân (People's Army Newspaper)
Quân đội ta trung với Đảng, hiếu với dân, sẵn sàng chiến đấu hy sinh vì độc lập, tự do của Tổ quốc, vì chủ nghĩa xã hội. Nhiệm vụ nào cũng hoàn thành, khó khăn nào cũng vượt qua, kẻ thù nào cũng đánh thắng.
Our military is loyal to the Party, filial to our civilians, ready to fight and sacrifice for the independence and liberty of our Homeland and for socialism, vows to accomplish every mission, overcome every hardship, and defeat every enemy.

1863, Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address; 2007 Vietnamese translation by Nguyễn Xuân Xanh PhD, rosetta.vn
Chính chúng ta, những người còn sống, mới phải hiến dâng mình cho công việc dở dang mà những người chiến đấu ở đây đã tiến hành một cách cao quý. Chính chúng ta mới là những người phải hiến dâng mình cho nhiệm vụ lớn còn ở trước mặt – rằng từ những người chết được vinh danh này chúng ta sẽ tự nhận lấy sự tận tụy nhiều hơn cho sự nghiệp mà họ đã cống hiến đến hơi thở cuối cùng – rằng chúng ta ở đây sẽ có quyết tâm cao để cho những người đã ngã xuống sẽ không hy sinh một cách phí hoài – rằng quốc gia này, dưới ơn trên của Chúa, sẽ chứng kiến một cuộc sinh nở mới của Tự do – và rằng chính quyền của dân, do dân, và vì dân, sẽ không biến mất khỏi trái đất này.

It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

(collective, literary) civilians as opposed to military personnel


cải dầu

[kaːj˨˩˦ jəw˨˩]

dầu cải dầu

hạt cải dầu


箴言

chữ Hán form of châm ngôn (“maxim; proverb; dictum; saying; motto; slogan”).


學習

chữ Hán form of học tập (“to study, to learn”).


lưỡi

head

lưỡi • (礼, 𥚇, 󰟴, 𦧜)

cái (classifier)
礼 (CJK)
𥚇 (CJK)
𦧜 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-lưỡi.wav

From Proto-Vietic *laːs. Cognate with Muong Bi lãi. Compare also Pacoh leah (“to lick”).
The Northern Middle Vietnamese forms lưởi, lưỡi are attested in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).

lại

no diphthongization, dialects with ngã-nặng merger

lãn

no diphthongization, dialects without ngã-nặng merger, *-lʰ shifted to -nC

con dao hai lưỡi

a double-edged knife / a thing that has both useful and harmful effects

(of a knife, sword, etc.) a cutting edge


giường

床, 棖, 𪲝, 𬕌, 牀

vi-noun

床, 棖, 𪲝, 𬕌, 牀

(classifier cái, chiếc) giường • (床, 棖, 𪲝, 𬕌, 牀)

cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
床 (CJK)
棖 (CJK)
𪲝 (CJK)
𬕌 (CJK)
牀 (CJK)

Tai Dam: ꪹꪥꪉ (ꞌdướng)

Tày: chường

From Proto-Vietic *k-ɟəːŋ, from Old Chinese 床 (OC *k.dzraŋ) (B-S) (SV: sàng). Cognates include Nguôn xường, Chut kəcɨːŋ², Tho [Làng Lỡ] jɨaŋ², Tho [Cuối Chăm] cəːŋ².

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-giường.wav


mũ

cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
𢃱 (CJK)

→ Tai Dam: ꪣꪴ꫁

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mũ.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 帽 (“hat, cap”, SV: mạo). The circumflex (^), as used as a diacritical mark and for exponentiation, resembles certain types of hats.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">mạo</i>


nón

cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
𥶄 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-nón.wav

From Proto-Vietic *ɗɔːnʔ (“conical hat”). This is an Eastern Austroasiatic word, representing in Bahnaric, Vietic, Katuic and Khmer. Compare Muong Bi đỏn, Pacoh doan (“conical hat”) and Khmer ដួន (duən, “conical straw or leaf hat”).

cog

Chiếc nón kì diệu

(South Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) hat; cap; helmet


vàng

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-vàng.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 黃 (SV: hoàng). The semantic development “yellow” > “gold” parallels that of bạc (“white” > “silver”).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">hoàng</i>

vi-etym-sino

giá vàng hôm nay


cười

head

cười • (䶞, 唭, 𪤺)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cười.wav

Một nụ cười bằng mười thang thuốc bổ.

One smile is as effective as 10 portions of supplementary medicine.


nhà

vi-noun

(classifier cái, căn, ngôi, toà) nhà • (伽, 茄, 茹, 家)

cái (classifier)
căn (classifier)
ngôi (classifier)
toà (classifier)
伽 (CJK)
茄 (CJK)
茹 (CJK)
家 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-nhà.wav

From Proto-Vietic *ɲaː (“house”). Cognate with Muong Bi nhà (“house”), Tho [Cuối Chăm] ɲɐː², Phong-Kniang ɲaː ("house"), Danau ɲɑ¹, Mang ɲua⁶.
The prefix sense is a semantic loan from Chinese 家, for example 科學家／科学家 (“scientist”) - nhà khoa học (“scientist”).

nhà trên

the "main" house/building, where a family receives guests and common activies take place

(colloquial) an immediate family; a household; a home

Tôi yêu nhà tôi lắm!

anh nhà

anh nhà tôi

ông nhà tôi

chị nhà

chị nhà tôi

bà nhà tôi

(endearing when used for one's own, polite when used to refer to others') a spouse

endearing when used for one's own; polite when used to refer to others'; endearing when used for one's own; polite when used to refer to others'

Đội đặc nhiệm nhà C21

nhà khoa học

nhà độc tài

nhà ảo thuật

nhà chính trị

nhà đầu tư

nhà khảo cổ

nhà kinh tế học

nhà nghiên cứu

nhà ngoại giao

nhà phê bình

nhà soạn nhạc

Jogan Bécnuli (1667-1748) là một nhà toán học và cơ học người Thụy sĩ, đã phát biểu nguyên lý này dưới dạng gần như hiện nay, nhưng không chứng minh.

1979, S.M. Targ, translated by Phạm Huyền, Giáo trình giản yếu cơ học lý thuyết, NXB đại học và trung học chuyên nghiệp Hà Nội, page 441:

Johann Bernoulli (1667-1748) was a Swiss mathematician and mechanician who formulated this principle almost in its current form, but without proof.

(followed by field of studies) professional in; expert in; performer of

nhà Minh


ununenni

[ʔun˧˧ ʔun˧˧ ʔɛn˧˧ ni˧˧]

[ʔun˧˧ ʔun˧˧ ʔɛŋ˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

[ʔʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɛŋ˧˧ nɪj˧˧]


unbinili

[ʔun˧˧ ʔɓi˧˧ ni˧˧ li˧˧]

[ʔun˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ lɪj˧˧]

[ʔʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ lɪj˧˧]


cây

cái (classifier)
核 (CJK)
荄 (CJK)
𣘃 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cây.wav

From Proto-Vietic *gəl ~ *kəl. Cognate with Central Vietnamese cân, Muong câl, cấl, Kha Phong kɨl². Related to cấy.
Various words with similar shape that have the meaning of "to fell trees" occur in many Austroasiatic branches, including Semai kòl, Temiar kel, Proto-Bahnaric *kal (whence Koho köl) and Proto-Katuic *kəl (whence Pacoh câl); all could be contributed to *kuəl ~ *kəl (“to cut down, fell”), which might be related to the root above. Alternatively, compare Proto-Khmuic *tŋkəl (“stump”) (whence Khmu [Cuang] tŋkɨl), Khmer គល់ (kŭəl), Mon ဓဂဵု.

a plant with a hard trunk or stem, such as a woody tree or bamboo, as opposed to cỏ (“(soft-stemmed) grass”)

(by extension) a plant (including trees and grasses), or more rarely, a mushroom

Nhà tui cách Sài Gòn cỡ năm chục cây.
My house is about fifty kilometres from Sài Gòn.

(colloquial) Short for cây số (“kilometre/kimometer”).


lạc đà

[laːk̚˧˨ʔ ʔɗaː˨˩]

[laːk̚˨˩ʔ ʔɗaː˦˩]

[laːk̚˨˩˨ ʔɗaː˨˩]

lạc đà một bướu

a dromedary (literally, “a one-humped camel”)

lạc đà hai bướu

a Bactrian camel (literally, “a two-humped camel”)

lạc đà "không bướu"


hồ

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-hồ.wav


tinh thể

[tïŋ˧˧ tʰe˧˩]

[tɨn˧˧ tʰej˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 晶體, composed of 晶 (“fine; pure”) and 體 (“body”).


廣告

chữ Hán form of quảng cáo (“advertisement; commercials”).


商業

chữ Hán form of thương nghiệp (“commerce; business; trade”).


原因

chữ Hán form of nguyên nhân (“cause; reason”).


祖國

chữ Hán form of tổ quốc (“motherland, fatherland; homeland”).


大使館

chữ Hán form of đại sứ quán (“embassy”).


cà ri

[kaː˦˩ ʐɪj˧˧]

[kaː˨˩ ɹɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from Tamil கறி (kaṟi), possibly via French and/or English curry.


規定

chữ Hán form of quy định (“regulation, stipulation”).


Hán tự

[haːn˧˦ tɨ˧˨ʔ]

[haːŋ˦˧˥ tɨ˨˩ʔ]

[haːŋ˦˥ tɨ˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Hán tự.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 漢字, composed of 漢 (“Han; China”) and 字 (“written character”).
This is one of the cases where a Sino-Vietnamese compound became more widely used in the modern language due to perceived "archaism". In late 19th-early 20th century and current-day Vietnamese, chữ Hán, along with chữ Nho and chữ Tàu, have been the dominant terms for "Chinese characters"; Hán tự, although it was never the dominant term, on the other hand, is probably more used in modern Vietnamese than in older texts due to such perceived "archaism". Even earlier, "Chinese characters" were called simply chữ, while the derived system was called Nôm or Quốc âm (“國音”).

vi-link

Quốc âm (“國音”)


thiếc

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 錫 (SV: tích).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tích</i>


chữ Nôm

head

chữ Nôm • (字喃, 𡨸喃, 𡦂喃)

vi-noun

chữ Nôm • (字喃, 𡨸喃, 𡦂喃)

[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ nom˧˧]

[t͡ɕɨ˧˨ nom˧˧]

[cɨ˨˩˦ nom˧˧]

chữ (“character”) + Nôm, literally "the southern characters" wherein "southern" refers to Vietnam as opposed to northern which is China.

(writing) a historical writing system derived from Chinese characters that was once used to write Vietnamese

Chữ Nôm của dân tộc Tày tỉnh Bắc Kạn vừa được công nhận là Di sản văn hóa phi vật thể cấp quốc gia.
The Nôm script of the Tày people of Bắc Kạn Province has just been recognized as a national intangible cultural heritage.

(by extension) certain writing system(s) derived from Chinese characters historically used by certain groups of speakers of Tai languages in Vietnam to write their language(s), now usually grouped together as chữ Nôm Tày ("the Nôm script of the Tày people")


tối

head

啐, 最, 晬, 對, 𣋁, 𥊴

vi-noun

啐, 最, 晬, 對, 𣋁, 𥊴

啐 (CJK)
最 (CJK)
晬 (CJK)
對 (CJK)
𣋁 (CJK)
𥊴 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *suːlʔ (“dark, evening”). Cognate with Muong thổl, Tho [Cuối Chăm] suːl³.

túi

no vowel lowering, in dialects where *-l > /j/

tún

no vowel lowering, in dialects where *-l > /n/

7 giờ tối tôi sẽ về nhà.

the duration from the late evening (around 6 PM) to the early night (around 8 PM)


củ cải trắng

[ku˧˩ kaːj˧˩ t͡ɕaŋ˧˦]

[kʊw˧˨ kaːj˧˨ ʈaŋ˦˧˥]

[kʊw˨˩˦ kaːj˨˩˦ ʈaŋ˦˥]

daikon, the East Asian long white radish, particularly its Vietnamese varieties.


đêm

head

店, 𡖵, 𣈔, 𣈘, 𣎀

đêm • (店, 𡖵, 𣈔, 𣈘, 𣎀)

vi-noun

店, 𡖵, 𣈔, 𣈘, 𣎀

đêm • (店, 𡖵, 𣈔, 𣈘, 𣎀)

From Proto-Vietic *teːm (“night”), probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *btɔm. Cognate with Muong têm, Tho [Cuối Chăm] teːm¹. Compare Semelai petom, Mon ဗ္တံ, Khmu [Cuang] psɨəm, Riang [Lang] sɔm¹.
The Vietnamese words for "day" and "night" and their cognates have the same distribution within Vietic: reflexes of *-ŋiː (“day”) and *teːm (“night”) are only attested in Thổ, Pong and Viet-Muong, i.e. the "innovative Vietic" group, lacking cognates in the generally more conservative languages. Unlike the case of *-ŋiː (“day”) (> ngày), the existence of presyllable (if it existed) in Vietic can not be straightforwardly recovered: the tone of the word is consistently A1 in all languages, indicating what was most likely a monosyllabic root with voiceless onset (what the root is currently reconstructed as). The mismatch of vowels (Vietic showing front vowel, while the rest showing central or back vowels) is probably the biggest hindrance to connect đêm to other AA words. The cognacy between Vietnamese đêm and the other AA words, therefore, might be questionable.
Non-final *t in the non-Northern branches sometimes corresponds to a fricative, an affricate or a palatal stop in Northern branches, cf. *trsam (“right”) and *c₁aŋ (“bitter”) in Proto-Khmuic, whose Proto-Vietic cognates are *tam (> Vietnamese đăm) and *taŋʔ (> đắng) respectively.

Đêm qua đi ngủ mấy giờ?

自变唏春卒吏添
苔蓬邏牟偷店

15th century, Nguyễn Trãi, “芭蕉 Ba tiêu "Banana"”, in Quốc âm thi tập (國音詩集):

With the first sign of spring, rejuvenated,
After [just] a night, the bunches [of bananas] are now miraculously full.

Từ bén hơi xuân tốt lại thêm,
Đầy buồng lạ mầu/màu thâu đêm.

night, especially late night after 9 PM, including the wee hours of the morning; the overnight hours; compare tối (“evening/night right after dark, about 6 to 8 PM”)


nghĩa địa

[ŋiə˦ˀ˥ ʔɗiə˧˨ʔ]

[ŋiə˧˨ ʔɗiə˨˩ʔ]

[ŋiə˨˩˦ ʔɗiə˨˩˨]


nghĩa trang

[ŋiə˦ˀ˥ t͡ɕaːŋ˧˧]

[ŋiə˧˨ ʈaːŋ˧˧]

[ŋiə˨˩˦ ʈaːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 義莊 (“(historical) place for storing coffins”).


矛盾

chữ Hán form of mâu thuẫn (“contradiction”).


ca ri

[kaː˧˧ ʐɪj˧˧]

[kaː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]


nước mắm

[nɨək̚˧˦ mam˧˦]

[nɨək̚˦˧˥ mam˦˧˥]

[nɨək̚˦˥ mam˦˥]

A light brown, watery fish sauce used in Vietnamese cookery.

A mixture of this sauce with water, lemon juice, sugar, and various seasonings such as garlic and black pepper.


mạch nha

[majk̟̚˧˨ʔ ɲaː˧˧]

[mat̚˨˩ʔ ɲaː˧˧]

[mat̚˨˩˨ ɲaː˧˧]


đậu phộng

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ fəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ fəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ fəwŋ͡m˨˩˨]

(Southern Vietnam) peanut, groundnut, earthnut


đường mạch nha

[ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩ majk̟̚˧˨ʔ ɲaː˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˦˩ mat̚˨˩ʔ ɲaː˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩ mat̚˨˩˨ ɲaː˧˧]

đường (“sugar”) + mạch nha (“malt”); calque of Chinese 麥芽糖／麦芽糖 (mạch nha đường).


ngò ôm

[ŋɔ˨˩ ʔom˧˧]

[ŋɔ˦˩ ʔom˧˧]

[ŋɔ˨˩ ʔom˧˧]

ngò + ôm, from Khmer ម្អម (mʼɑɑm). Compare also mò om (“Limnophila aromatica”).

an herb, Limnophila aromatica, used in Vietnamese cuisine, particularly in the sour soup canh chua


kẹo

bánh kẹo

"bánh" and "non-bánh" candy; confectionery


đường

A loanword (SEALang). Compare 唐 (MC dang, “road inside a temple; big road”), whence Proto-Southwestern Tai *daːŋᴬ² (“road; way”), whence further Thai ทาง (taang), Lao ທາງ (thāng), Northern Thai ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ, Lü ᦑᦱᧂ (taang), Shan တၢင်း (táang); although possibly of ultimate Austroasiatic origin, compare Proto-Austroasiatic *glɔːŋ. Shorto proposes a possible South Bahnaric origin, compare Koho pədyaŋ, Central Mnong rdɛ:ŋ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *rɗiŋ ~ *rɗiəŋ
The native Vietnamese term is sá, inherited from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kraʔ, now fossilized and only found in compounds like đường sá (“roads”) and sá cày (“furrow”).
See also dialectal form đàng. Compare nác and nước, đang and đương, kim cang and kim cương.

cog

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-đường.wav

lên đường

Ở Sài Gòn có bốn đường mang tên người Pháp: Alexandre de Rhodes, Pasteur, Calmette và Yersin.

There are four streets in Saigon named after Frenchmen: Alexandre de Rhodes, Pasteur, Calmette and Yersin.

Tôi đang mơ màng, thì trước mắt tôi hiện ra cảnh tượng một cánh đồng cát, màu xanh biếc, cạnh bờ biển; trên vòm trời xanh đậm, treo lửng lơ một vừng trăng tròn vàng thắm. Tôi nghĩ bụng: đã gọi là hy vọng thì không thể nói đâu là thực, đâu là hư. Cũng giống như những con đường trên mặt đất; kỳ thực, trên mặt đất vốn làm gì có đường. Người ta đi mãi thì thành đường thôi.

1921 January, Lu Xun, “Cố hương [Hometown]”, in Trương Chính, transl., (Please provide the book title or journal name), translation of 故鄉／故乡 (gùxiāng):

I was pondering, and then there was this deep-green sandy beach in front of me; and a golden full moon hanging in the blue sky. I thought to myself: you can’t really tell what’s real and what’s not about hope. Kind of like roads; if you think about it, there used to be no such thing as a road. Only when people have passed by back and forth enough times, roads start to form.


đường

Sino-Vietnamese word from 糖. Doublet of thắng (“to caramelize sugar”).

doublet

(uncountable) sugar (sucrose in the form of small crystals)


nước

head

nước • (渃, 𫭔, 匿)

vi-noun

nước • (渃, 𫭔, 匿)

From Middle Vietnamese nước, from Proto-Vietic *ɗaːk (“water”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɗaak (“water”). Cognates with Nghệ An/Hà Tĩnh dialects nác, Muong đác, Khmer ទឹក (tik), Bahnar đak, Eastern Mnong dak, Central Nicobarese râk/dâk and Santali ᱫᱟᱜ (dak’).

Vua hỏi: tay bẩn thì lấy nước để rửa, rứa nước bẩn lấy chi mà rửa? Ông quan thị vệ hoảng hốt, không biết trả lời thế nào. Vua liền nhấn giọng: “Nước bẩn thì lấy máu mà rửa!”.

2016 June 15, “Nước bẩn lấy máu mà rửa!”, in Tuổi Trẻ Online:

The emperor (Duy Tân) asked: “If your hands are dirty, you would wash them with water. But if the water (= country) is dirty, what would you wash it with?” The flustered court officials could not answer. The emperor then raised his voice: “If the water / country is dirty, you should wash it with blood!”

nước cam

nước chanh

nước dừa

nước mắt

nước mũi

nước đái

nước tiểu

nước xô-đa

Nếu có nước mắt, nếu có yêu thương,
Mênh mông dòng sông thì thầm cùng em.

(Can we date this quote?), Hoài An (lyrics and music), “Dòng sông băng [Icy River]”:

If there are tears, if there’s love,
The vast river will whisper with you.

nước Mỹ

𢖵渃𤴬𢚸𡥵蟈蟈
傷茄痗𠰘丐𬷬𬷬

19th century, Bà Huyện Thanh Quan, Qua đèo Ngang [Passing by the Ngang Pass]:

Missing its land, a swamphen feels hurt deeply,
Longing for its home, a francolin's screaming desperately.

Nhớ nước, đau lòng con cuốc cuốc,
Thương nhà, mỏi miệng cái da da.


nước

Likely related to bước (“to step”) through an infixed form.

nước cờ khôn ngoan


đường thốt nốt

[ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩ tʰot̚˧˦ not̚˧˦]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˦˩ tʰok̚˦˧˥ nok̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩ tʰok̚˦˥ nok̚˦˥]


đậu đỏ

cây (classifier)
hạt (classifier)
hột (classifier)

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ ʔɗɔ˧˩]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ ʔɗɔ˧˨]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ ʔɗɔ˨˩˦]


củ

head

củ • (榘, 矩, 赳, 𬄃)

vi-noun

củ • (榘, 矩, 赳, 𬄃)


mè

Buộc các mè vào các rui.

bamboo rod used as a purlin or batten in a thatched roof


mè

cây (classifier)
hạt (classifier)
hột (classifier)
米 (CJK)
𥻡 (CJK)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 麻 (SV: ma), as in 胡麻 (hồ ma).

vi-etym-sino

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) sesame


thơm

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
𦹳 (CJK)

a species of pineapple commonly found in southern Vietnam


hột

Central Vietnam and Southern Vietnam form of hạt

hột vịt

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam, in certain expressions) egg

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) drop (of liquid)


lẩu

From Teochew 爐／炉 (lou5, lô, “oven”).
Doublet of lò.

lẩu Thái


hạt

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 核 (“seed”, SV: hạch). Doublet of hạch.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">hạch</i>

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-hạt.wav

hạt bụi

hạt đậu

hạt dẻ

hạt giống

hạt cải dầu

hạt điều

hạt điều màu

a small hard piece; a seed, a grain, a nut, etc.


hạt

an administrative division that translates to English county


chim cút

[t͡ɕim˧˧ kʊk̚˦˧˥]


trứng

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-trứng.wav

From Middle Vietnamese 𠨡 (tlứng), from Proto-Vietic *k-ləːŋʔ (“egg”). Cognate with Muong tlởng, Tho [Cuối Chăm] kləːŋ³.
This term appears to be the original word for "egg" within Vietic. In the (usually more) archaic Vietic languages, it was displaced by *t-luːrʔ (> Arem ulʊːlʔ, Thavung ตะลู้น), which is an Austronesian loan (cf. Malay telur).
Similarity to Proto-Khmuic *kʔloŋ (“egg”), whence Puoc kloŋ and Khmu [Cuang] kdoŋ, is probably coincidental, since it involved both an irregular vowel correspondence and metathesis of the glottal stop.

an egg (body housing an embryo; egg of domestic fowl as food item; ovum)


dầu

Unclear.
This is usually considered to be a loan from 油 (MC yuw). There are two points supporting this stance: one, the word was spelled with 油 in Nôm texts and dictionaries (although this point is not absolute due to the word's unfortunate absence in important texts such as Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) and Quốc âm thi tập (國音詩集)), two, in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651), a dictionary based chiefly on the Northern dialects and an important document on the then-disappearing contrast between ‹dĕ-› (< Proto-Vietic *-t/d-) and ‹d-› (< PV *j-) in these dialects, only dầu is attested, while *dĕầu is not.
On the other hand, as Jacques (2022) argued, there are indeed forms such as Kha Phong ntuː¹ and Thavung atuː¹, for which Ferlus (2007) reconstructed Proto-Vietic *-tuː (“oil”). Furthermore, there was a word spelled ‹taw›, with the English equivalent ‹Oil› and Chinese equivalent yeo, attested in Barrow (1806)'s A voyage to Cochinchina, in the years 1792 and 1793, recorded either a very aberrant Vietnamese dialect or a Vietnamese-based pidgin of Turon (modern day Đà Nẵng). The name of thầu dầu (“castor oil plant”) (from etymology 2 below) is also likely related, and it has the Tho [Cuối Chăm] cognate tʌw² tʌw².


dầu

Likely the same as etymology 1. Dipterocarpus spp. are oil producing plants.

Hết rừng dầu lại tới rừng cao su. Màu xanh lá dầu chỉ có thể so sánh với màu cao su vừa thay lá.

1978, Chu Lai, “Kết thúc”, in Nắng đồng bằng, NXB Quân đội Nhân dân:

After the Dipterocarpus forest came a forest of rubber trees. The green of Dipterocarpus leaves can only be compared to the color of rubber trees that just changed their foliage.


tên

cái (classifier)
先 (CJK)
𥏍 (CJK)
𠸜 (CJK)
𠸛 (CJK)

Tôi tên là Vân. / Tên tôi là Vân.
My name is Vân.

Tôi tính hai trường hợp mà người Việt đi nước ngoài nên đổi tên khác: tên mình có ý nghĩa xấu trong ngôn ngữ của người ta, và tên mình khó phát âm quá - dù muốn cuốn đến mấy nhưng lưỡi của người ta không liếm được các nguyên và phụ âm đó.
Một anh tên Chiến sắp đi du học ở Pháp nên đổi tên. Trong tiếng Pháp, “chien” có nghĩa là “chó” - “Je m’appelle Chien” (“Tôi tên chó”) là cách giới thiệu chỉ phù hợp với ca sĩ hát rap.
Còn hai tên Dung và Dũng có vấn đề ở Anh. Theo cách đọc của tiếng Anh, cả hai sẽ thành phát âm là “Đăng”, ý nghĩa là “phân”. Kể cả ca sĩ hát rap cũng không có người nào tên Phân cả.
Hai tên Phước và Phức cũng hơi “phức tạp”. Ví dụ, bạn là cô gái Sài Gòn đang yêu một anh Việt kiều ở Mỹ. Anh ấy tên thật là Phước nhưng bạn bè toàn gọi anh ấy bằng tên tiếng Anh là Peter. Một hôm hai người cãi nhau máu lửa qua điện thoại. Peter tắt máy, tức giận. Cảm thấy mình có lỗi, bạn sáng tác thư tình bằng tiếng Việt (để tăng độ tình cảm), gọi điện lại anh ấy, đọc cho anh ấy nghe.
Peter. Phước yêu… Alô? Alô, anh còn đó không?

2012, Joe Ruelle, “Chuyện Linh và Lucy [Linh or Lucy?]”, in Ngược chiều vun vút [Whooshing toward the Other Way]:

I can think of two situations where Vietnamese people abroad should change their names: when their names mean something bad in the local language, and when their names are too hard to pronounce - no matter how hard the locals try to roll their tongues, they just can't lick up all those vowels and consonants.
A man named Chiến who is about to go to France to study should change his name. In French, chien means "dog" - "Je m'appelle Chien" ("My name is Dog") would only be how a rapper introduces himself.
The names Dung and Dũng are problematic in English, because people would pronounce them "dung", meaning "poop". Even rappers wouldn't be caught dead being called "Poop".
The names Phước and Phức are also kind of f-, friggin' complicated. Let's say you're a Saigon girl dating a Vietnamese man in America. His real name is Phước, but all his friends call him Peter. One day you have an awful fight with him on the phone. Peter hangs up, pissed off. You feel bad, and you write a love letter in Vietnamese (to enhance the feelings), then you call him and read it to him.
Peter. Phước yêu… Hello? Hel-lo-o? You're still there?

Để được việc mình và chiều việc vợ, tôi gạch ngay tên Hạnh và thế vào đó là Cúc.
- Cúc nào? - Vợ tôi tiếp tục hoạnh hoẹ - Con Cúc ở cạnh nhà phải không?
- Trời ơi là trời! - Tôi vò đầu - Thiếu gì người tên Cúc mà sao em cứ…
- Bỏ ngay! - Vợ tôi phán, không để tôi nói hết câu.

2013, Nhật Ánh Nguyễn, “Nhân vật nữ của tôi [My Female Character]”, in Chuyện cổ tích dành cho người lớn [Fairy Tales for Adults], page 13:

Just so I could move on with my business and she could move on with hers, I crossed the name Hạnh and replaced it with Cúc.
- Which Cúc? - My wife continued nagging - The one next door?
- Oh for heaven's sake! - I was rubbing my hair - There are tons of people named Cúc, why are you so…
- Drop that! - She commanded, without letting me finish my sentence.


tên

Băng đó có tám tên.


tên

head

筅, 箭, 𥏋, 𢏡, 𥏌

vi-noun

筅, 箭, 𥏋, 𢏡, 𥏌

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 箭 (“arrow”, SV: tiễn).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tiễn</i>


trung

[t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧]


mã

cipher; code (method of transforming a text in order to conceal its meaning)

2011: "Việt Nam", Báo cáo của Bộ Ngoại giao Hoa Kỳ về tình hình nhân quyền năm 2010 [2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices], United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
Ngày 30 tháng 3, nhóm an ninh của Google đã thông báo trên mạng là một mã độc hại được gài trong phần mềm gõ tiếng Việt đã được sử dụng để theo dõi những người bất đồng chính kiến Việt Nam và để “thực hiện những cuộc tấn công từ chối dịch vụ vào các trang blog chứa nội dung bất đồng chính kiến”.

On March 30, Google's security team posted online a statement affirming that malware implanted in Vietnamese-language keyboard software had been used to spy on Vietnamese dissidents and to launch "distributed denial-of-service attacks against blogs containing messages of political dissent." http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154408.htm


mã

1915: Phan Kế Bính, "Tang ma" [Obsequies], Việt Nam phong tục [Vietnamese customs]

Some households burn joss paper at the house, while others burn it at the temple.

Nhà thì đốt mã tại gia, nhà thì đốt mã tại chùa.

đốt mã


mã

gà mã tía

plumage on the neck or rear of a rooster

1961: Nguyễn Huy Tưởng, chapter 1, Sống mãi với Thủ Đô
Cái mã ngoài sang trọng, thượng lưu thật ra chỉ để giấu một đời sống nghèo nàn, một tâm hồn đớn hèn.

Her well-to-do looks actually were only for hiding a life of poverty and a mean soul.

Nó thì được cái mã thôi.

Chiếc xe tuy xấu mã nhưng máy rất tốt.

The car, while ugly on the outside, has a very good engine.

horizontal bar of a rake, to which teeth are attached


mã

(xiangqi) horse, a piece labeled with the characters 馬／马 (mǎ, black) and 傌／骂 (red)


tôm

head

tôm • (𩵽, 沁, ⿰虫心)

From Proto-Vietic *soːm, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *sum ~ *suum (“shrimp, prawn”). Cognate with Muong Bi thôm, Kri ʃo̰m and Pacoh axoum (“shrimp”).


chuối

荎, 桎, 棳, 槯, 樶, 𣑳

vi-noun

荎, 桎, 棳, 槯, 樶, 𣑳

(classifier cây, trái, quả) chuối • (荎, 桎, 棳, 槯, 樶, 𣑳)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
荎 (CJK)
桎 (CJK)
棳 (CJK)
槯 (CJK)
樶 (CJK)
𣑳 (CJK)

From Middle Vietnamese chuối, chuếi (“banana”), from Proto-Vietic *caːjʔ ~ *cɔːjʔ (“banana”). Cognates include Tho caːj³, Hung caːj, Muong chuổi (“banana”).
Also compare Semai jai (/ɟai/), Temiar jai (/ɟai/), Jehai ɟaj.


huyện

xuống huyện

to go the rural districts (literally, “to "go down" to the (less developed) rural districts”)

thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh
thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh#Vietnamese

thành phố trực thuộc trung ương#Vietnamese

a subdivision of a tỉnh (“province”) along with thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh (“provincial capital”); compare quận (subdivision of a thành phố trực thuộc trung ương)


tiến sĩ

[tiəŋ˦˧˥ ʂɪj˧˨]

[tiəŋ˦˧˥ sɪj˧˨]

[tiəŋ˦˥ ʂɪj˨˩˦]

[tiəŋ˦˥ sɪj˨˩˦]

(archaic, academic degree) one who had passed all three levels of examination held by the government in feudal Vietnam.


dừa

(classifier cây, trái, quả) dừa • (㭨, 椰)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
㭨 (CJK)
椰 (CJK)

Compare 椰 (MC yae) (SV: da), itself only attested since the Jin dynasty.


dừa

Bè ngổ đi trước, bè dừa đi sau


cau

head

榚, 槁, 槔, 橰, 𥢐

vi-noun

榚, 槁, 槔, 橰, 𥢐

(classifier cây, trái) cau • (榚, 槁, 槔, 橰, 𥢐)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
榚 (CJK)
槁 (CJK)
槔 (CJK)
橰 (CJK)
𥢐 (CJK)


居民

chữ Hán form of cư dân (“resident; inhabitant”).


quận

(historical) commandery or prefecture during Chinese domination of Vietnam

(historical) administrative subdivision of a province of South Vietnam, whether urban or rural; district

Quận 13, Paris

quận lỵ

Quận Cam

(US) circuit (the jurisdiction of certain judges within a state or country)


chợ

ngôi (classifier)
cái (classifier)
𢄂 (CJK)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 市 (SV: thị).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">thị</i>

vi-etym-sino

a market (a kind of spacious site or gathering for trading)

thị trường

market; geographical area where a commercial demand exists


盜賊

chữ Hán form of đạo tặc (“bandit; thief; robber”).


cám

From Proto-Vietic *t-kaːmʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *skaamʔ (Shorto). Cognate with Pacoh acam, Bolyu qam⁵³, Mon ကာံ (kam), Riang kʰɑm¹.

Cám lợn chẳng có gì phức tạp. Lợn là loài ăn tạp, cái gì cũng ăn.

There's nothing complicated about pigswill. They're omnivores, they eat anything.

Cho cổ đồ thừa để cổ nấu cám heo.

Give her the leftovers so she can cook some pigswill.


vú

head

vú • (乳, 布, 咘, 𦜘)

vi-noun

vú • (乳, 布, 咘, 𦜘)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-vú.wav

From Middle Vietnamese ꞗú, from Proto-Vietic *k-buːʔ, the prefixed deriviate of Proto-Vietic *buːʔ ~ ʔuːʔ (“to suck at breast”). Cognate with Muong Bi pủ (“breast”). Related to bú (“to suckle”), which derived from the bare root.

inh

*buːʔ ~ ʔuːʔ

vú bò

(anatomy, by extension, of a non-primate mammal) a body part that functions similarly to the primate breast or nipple; an udder, a teat, etc.

– Vú em! / – Dạ. / – Sao vú cứ hát nhảm thế? Ru bài khác không được à?

1934, Nguyễn Công Hoan, chapter I, in Lá ngọc cành vàng, Tân Dân:

"Wet nurse!" "Yes." "Why does wet nurse sing such stupidities? Can't you sing another lullaby?"

vú đỡ đầu


sữa

From Proto-Vietic *p-rah. Cognate with Muong khã, Nguôn [Cổ Liêm] rả.
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as ⿰吕巴, composed of 巴 (MC pae) + 吕 (MC ljoX) (modern SV: ba lã), ⿰吕巨, composed of 巨 (MC gjoX) + 吕 (MC ljoX) (modern SV: cự lã) and 吕 (MC ljoX) (modern SV: lã).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sữa.wav

sữa bò

sữa bột

sữa chua

Sữa mẹ là nguồn dinh dưỡng tốt nhất cho sự phát triển của trẻ sơ sinh và trẻ nhỏ.

Mothers' milk is the optimal nutrient for their newborns' and/or infants' development.

milk (white liquid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals to nourish their young)

sữa đậu nành


sữa

Alstonia scholaris
Alstonia scholaris#Translingual

blackboard tree, scholar tree (Alstonia scholaris)


官軍

chữ Hán form of quan quân (“government army”).


bột bán

[ʔɓot̚˧˨ʔ ʔɓaːn˧˦]

[ʔɓok̚˨˩ʔ ʔɓaːŋ˦˧˥]

[ʔɓok̚˨˩˨ ʔɓaːŋ˦˥]


bột năng

[ʔɓot̚˧˨ʔ naŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓok̚˨˩ʔ naŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓok̚˨˩˨ naŋ˧˧]


bong bóng

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˦]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˧˥]

[ʔɓɔŋ˧˧ ʔɓɔŋ˦˧˥]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˥]

bong bóng xà phòng

bong bóng cá


sắn

cây (classifier)
củ (classifier)
𦸰 (CJK)
𦼛 (CJK)
𦼜 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *s-ranʔ. Cognate with Arem ranʔ.
Possibly originally refer to the native kudzu, now called sắn dây. The tuberous roots of kudzu can look quite similar to its counterparts in the two New World plants below.


thảo quả

[tʰaːw˨˩˦ waː˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 草果, composed of 草 (“grass”) and 果 (“fruit”).

vi-etym-sino

black cardamom (Lanxangia tsaoko, formerly called Amomum tsao-ko)


nước chấm

[nɨək̚˧˦ t͡ɕəm˧˦]

[nɨək̚˦˧˥ t͡ɕəm˦˧˥]

[nɨək̚˦˥ cəm˦˥]

Any thin, salty dip used in Vietnamese cuisine, particularly nước mắm pha but also soy sauce.


trái cây

[t͡ɕaːj˧˦ kəj˧˧]

[ʈaːj˨˩˦ kəj˧˧]

[ʈaːj˦˥ kəj˧˧]

From trái (“fruit”) + cây (“plant, tree”).


gỏi

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 膾 (“finely cut raw meat or fish”, SV: khoái). Cognate with Thai ก้อย (gɔ̂i), Korean 회 (hoe).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">khoái</i>

vi-etym-sino

gà bóp gỏi

shredded boiled chicken with vegetables (usually onion or banana blossom) and lime juice

a generic name for a category of salad-like dishes consisting of raw vegetables and sometimes also raw fish


sa kê

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)

[ʂaː˧˧ kej˧˧]

[ʂaː˧˧ kej˧˧]

Possibly borrowed from Thai สาเก (sǎa-gee) “breadfruit”, from Tamil சக்கை (cakkai) or Malayalam ചക്ക (cakka) “jackfruit”. Cognate with Portuguese jaca (“jackfruit”) and French jaque (“jackfruit”).


草果

chữ Hán form of thảo quả (“black cardamom”).


bông

head

芃, 葻, 𥟌, 𣒾, 𣜳

vi-noun

芃, 葻, 𥟌, 𣒾, 𣜳

From Proto-Vietic *poːŋ (“flower”). Cognate with Muong pông and Thavung โปง.
This word had been tentatively proposed as being connected etymologically with Hmong-Mien (Proto-Hmong-Mien *bi̯aŋ, whence Iu Mien biangh, White Hmong paj) or Austronesian (Proto-Austronesian *buŋa, whence Malay bunga etc.) (for examples, Hsiu, 2017; H. Hayes, 1999, Hoàng Thị Châu, 2009). Ratliff (2017) connected the Hmong-Mien and Austronesian terms, but did not mention any Austroasiatic comparanda. In any case, the connection is not certain and might just be look-alikes.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bông.wav

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) bloom; flower

gấu bông


quả

Sino-Vietnamese word from 果 (“fruit”).
Displaced native giái in the more prestigious inland Northern dialects sometime before the colonial period, likely due to the homophony with dái (“testicles”), eventually also displaced lái from the less prestigious coastal Northern dialects.

(especially Northern Vietnam) piece of fruit

quả trầu

(Northern Vietnam) round, painted casket (i.e., a jewelry box) with a lid

Tao đấm cho mày một quả bây giờ!

(Northern Vietnam) punch (a hit or strike with one's fist)


cải

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 芥 (“mustard”, SV: giới).
From Proto-Vietic *kaːs; cognates include Muong cái and Thavung kajh¹.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">giới</i>

vi-etym-sino

The cruciferous vegetables (Brassica): coles, mustards, cabbages, radishes, etc.


trái

head

𢁑, 𣛤, 𢁑, 𣡙, 𣡚, 𧀞

vi-noun

𢁑, 𣛤, 𢁑, 𣡙, 𣡚, 𧀞

From Proto-Vietic *p-leːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *pləjʔ (“fruit”). Cognate with Muong tlải, Khmer ផ្លែ (phlae), Bahnar plei, Pacoh culay, Mang pløː¹.
This is originally the Southern form. The North Central form trấy is still extensively used in these dialects. The Northern forms giái (inland dialects), lái (as in lái tim, coastal dialects) are also attested, but now are mostly displaced by Sino-Vietnamese quả when used as a stand-alone noun and by Southern trái when used as part of compound (as in Trái Đất (“the Earth”)).

ăn trái (cây)

(chiefly Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) a piece of fruit

gài trái


trái

lên trái


húng quế

[hʊwŋ͡m˦˧˥ kwej˨˩˦]


canh chua

[kajŋ̟˧˧ t͡ɕuə˧˧]

[kɛɲ˧˧ t͡ɕuə˧˧]

A southern Vietnamese sour soup usually made with fish or shrimp and vegetables, and flavored with tamarind and ngò ôm (Limnophila aromatica)


rau răm

[ʐaw˧˧ ʐam˧˧]

Vietnamese coriander
Vietnamese coriander

an herb of species Persicaria odorata, used in Vietnamese cuisine; also called Vietnamese coriander


rau muống

[ʐaw˧˧ muəŋ˦˧˥]

[ɹa(ː)w˧˧ muəŋ˦˥]

From rau (“vegetable”) + muống, the latter from Proto-Vietic *ɓɔːŋʔ. Compare also Thai บุ้ง (bûng).

Ipomoea aquatica
Ipomoea aquatica#Translingual

water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), a green leafy vegetable used as a food in several cuisines of East and Southeast Asia


cà phê sữa đá

head

cà phê sữa đá

cà phê sữa đá

[kaː˨˩ fe˧˧ sɨə˦ˀ˥ ʔɗaː˧˦]

[kaː˦˩ fej˧˧ ʂɨə˧˨ ʔɗaː˨˩˦]

[kaː˦˩ fej˧˧ sɨə˧˨ ʔɗaː˨˩˦]

[kaː˨˩ fej˧˧ ʂɨə˨˩˦ ʔɗaː˦˥]

[kaː˨˩ fej˧˧ sɨə˨˩˦ ʔɗaː˦˥]

cà phê (“coffee”) + sữa (“milk”) + đá (“ice”, short for nước đá)

compound

short for <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">nước đá</i>

a Vietnamese coffee drink made with brewed coffee, sweetened condensed milk, and ice


hoa

Sino-Vietnamese word from 花. The "capital" sense probably comes from the flourishes of the cursive capital letters that are commonly taught in elementary schools; even cursive lower-case letters don't have as many flourishes, which explains the distinction.
The form ba is attested in some Central dialects, most notably from the placename Đông Ba.

cánh hoa


ổi

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)

→ Tai Dam: ꪮ꫁ꪺꪥ

From Proto-Vietic *k-ʔoːs, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *pʔus ~ *pʔuus; cognate with Muong ối, Koho pö'ous, Mang ʔuːj⁶.


quế

Tai Dam: ꪵꪁꪫ꪿

cây quế


vịt

con (classifier)
鴨 (CJK)
𩿠 (CJK)
𪆧 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *viːt (“duck”).
Alves (2015) suggests a Proto-Tai origin. Compare Proto-Tai *pitᴰ, and Proto-Hlai *ɓit, Proto-Ong-Be *ɓitD1.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-vịt.wav

duck (aquatic bird of the family Anatidae)


vịt

The fact that the shape of the vessel resembles a duck. Semantically, compare ngỗng.

vịt dầu

vịt nước mắm


天子

chữ Hán form of thiên tử (“Son of Heaven”).


kho

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 庫 (“warehouse, storehouse”, SV: khố).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">khố</i>

vi-etym-sino

(figurative) a great quantity; large amount


相貌

chữ Hán form of tướng mạo (“facial features”).


百姓

chữ Hán form of bá tánh (“the commoners; the common folk; the citizens”).


bảo hiểm

[ʔɓaːw˧˩ hiəm˧˩]

[ʔɓaːw˧˨ hiəm˧˨]

[ʔɓaːw˨˩˦ him˨˩˦]

bảo hiểm y tế


雅樂

chữ Hán form of nhã nhạc (“the ancient court ritual music of Vietnam, of Chinese origin”).


金銀

chữ Hán form of kim ngân (“honeysuckle”).


天地

chữ Hán form of thiên địa (“heaven and earth”).


勇士

chữ Hán form of dũng sĩ (“courageous person”).


roentgeni

[ɹəːn˧˧ ɣɛn˧˧ ni˧˧]

[ɹəːŋ˧˧ ɣɛŋ˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

[ɹəːŋ˧˧ ɣɛŋ˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from New Latin roentgenium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


tỉnh

Sino-Vietnamese word from 省, from Literary Chinese 省 (“government department; province”). The same classical Chinese word still keeps its original meaning in North Korean 성 (seong) and Japanese 省 (“ministry”). China and South Korea now use 部 (bộ, “ministry”). Japanese prefectures are natively called 県 (ken), which is a cognate to huyện (“suburban district”).
A more regular SV reflex of 省 (MC srjaengX) "province" should be **sảnh; this attested reflex likely arose from confusion with 省 (MC sjengX) "to inspect; to understand; to greet; to visit".

der

tỉnh lẻ

provinces, as places that are not as developed as thành phố trực thuộc trung ương and therefore more humbling

dân tỉnh lẻ

tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc

lệnh của tỉnh đưa về xã

a decree handed down to the commune from the province

Họ Hồ có nguồn gốc từ làng Quỳnh Đôi, xã Quỳnh Đôi, huyện Quỳnh Đôi, tỉnh Nghệ An.
The Hồ clan hails from Quỳnh Đôi village, Quỳnh Đôi commune, Quỳnh Đôi district, Nghệ An province.

ung ương
thành phố trực thuộc tr#Vietnamese

one of the highest administrative divisions in Vietnam, translates to English province, opposed to a ung ương; itself is divided into its tỉnh lị/thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh (“provincial capital”) and huyện (“provincial district”)

tỉnh Hồ Bắc

an administrative division that translates to English province in other countries

tỉnh Gifu

an administrative division that translates to English prefecture, for example in French or Japanese territories

lên tỉnh mua hàng


nhật kí

[ɲət̚˧˨ʔ ki˧˦]

[ɲək̚˨˩ʔ kɪj˨˩˦]

[ɲək̚˨˩˨ kɪj˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 日記 (literally "daily inscription").


quỳnh

Ta mang cho em một đóa quỳnh; quỳnh thơm hay môi em thơm

1974, Trịnh Công Sơn (lyrics and music), “Quỳnh Hương (Ephyllium)”:

I've brought you an epiphyllum blossom; the fragrance, is it the epiphyllum’s or your lips’?


đậu đen

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ ʔɗɛn˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ ʔɗɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ ʔɗɛŋ˧˧]


ảnh

(chiefly Northern Vietnam) photograph; picture


原料

chữ Hán form of nguyên liệu (“raw material”).


nấm hương

[nəm˧˦ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[nəm˦˧˥ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[nəm˦˥ hɨəŋ˧˧]

nấm (“mushroom”) + hương (“fragrance”). Compare Japanese 香茸 (kōtake).


nấm

From Proto-Vietic *ɗəmʔ. Cognate with Nguôn đấm and Tho [Cuối Chăm] dʌm³.

nấm tràm

Tylopilus felleus, a bitter but edible mushroom

bị nấm chân/đầu

to have a fungal infection on your feet/legs/scalp


nấm

Possibly related to Proto-Mon-Khmer *bn₂uum ~ *bn₂əm (“hill”) (whence Khmer ភ្នំ (phnum)). Probably partly contaminated by the etymology above.

nấm mồ

mound; tumulus (shaped like a mushroom cap, or pileus)


hương

Sino-Vietnamese word from 香 (“fragrance”). Compare Japanese 香 (kō, “incense”).

vi-etym-sino

hương đồng gió nội

Nước xả hương hoa hồng mới, nay đậm đặc hơn !

New rose-scented softener, now even more concentrated!

(usually literary or marketing) fragrance; scent


hương

thắp hương

to burn incense on an altar or at a grave

hương muỗi


hương

(only in compounds) township; populated place

(administrative) an administrative unit in China and Taiwan; township


放蕩

chữ Hán form of phóng đãng (“to do whatever one likes; to show no restraint”).


hồng

Sino-Vietnamese word from 紅 (“red”).
Semantic shift like this can be seen with other Sino-Vietnamese items that did not displace native terms but were nevertheless borrowed, see trúc (“Phyllostachys spp.”), huyết (“blood curd”).

Theo ghi nhận của PV, hồng chín có lẽ là một trong những món ăn khoái khẩu của loài dơi. Tại nhiều khu vườn, những trái hồng chín căng mọng đều bị dơi cạp lỗ chỗ.

2022, Võ Tùng, “Nông dân khổ sở vì dơi phá hoại mùa hồng [Farmers in Anguish as Bats Ruin the Persimmon Harvest]”, in Báo Pháp Luật TP. Hồ Chí Minh [Ho Chi Minh City Law Newspaper]:

As noted by this reporter, ripe persimmons are possibly among bats' favorite foods. In many gardens, ripe, plump, and juicy persimmon fruits are all bitten full of holes by bats.

Diospyros kaki
Diospyros kaki#Translingual

[ page 82]:What's in a name ? that which we call a rose

[...]Cái tên nào có nghĩa gì? Bông hồng kia

Hồng nào mà chẳng có gai! Nhưng

1842, Karl Marx, “Fünfter Artikel (Fifth Article)” in Debatten über Preßfreiheit und Publikation der Landständischen Verhandlungen (Debates on Freedom of the Press and Publication of the Proceedings of the Assembly of the Estates); 2010 [1975] English translation from Marx/Engels Collected Works, “Vol. 1”; 1995 Vietnamese translation from C. Mác Và Ph. Ăng-ghen Toàn Tập [K. Marx & F. Engels Complete Works], “Vol. 1”

Which rose has no thorn? Still, just you think! What do you lose with a free press?

các vị bị mất gì cùng với báo chí tự do!You cannot pluck the rose without its thorns! And what do you lose with a free press?(literally, )


沙漠

chữ Hán form of sa mạc (“desert (barren area)”).


歌舞

chữ Hán form of ca vũ (“singing and dancing”).


ngọc lam

[ŋawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ laːm˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ laːm˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩˨ laːm˧˧]


朝廷

chữ Hán form of triều đình (“royal court”).


無禮

chữ Hán form of vô lễ (“impoliteness, disrespect”).


妖術

chữ Hán form of yêu thuật (“sorcery;magic”).


部下

chữ Hán form of bộ hạ (“subordinate; inferior”).


美人

chữ Hán form of mĩ nhân (“a beautiful woman”).


nước tương

[nɨək̚˧˦ tɨəŋ˧˧]

[nɨək̚˦˧˥ tɨəŋ˧˧]

[nɨək̚˦˥ tɨəŋ˧˧]

nước (“water; juice; liquid”) + tương (“thick sauce”, 醬).


bạch quả

[ʔɓajk̟̚˧˨ʔ kwaː˧˩]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩ʔ kwaː˧˨]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩˨ waː˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 白果 (“ginkgo nut”).


củ năng

[kʊw˧˨ naŋ˧˧]

[kʊw˨˩˦ naŋ˧˧]

Eleocharis dulcis
Eleocharis dulcis#Translingual


đường phèn

[ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩ fɛn˨˩]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˦˩ fɛŋ˦˩]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩ fɛŋ˨˩]

đường phèn trắng


táo tàu

vi-noun

(classifier quả, trái, cây) táo tàu • (棗艚)

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
cây (classifier)
棗艚 (CJK)

(botany) Chinese jujube; Chinese date; red date (of the species Ziziphus jujuba)


đu đủ

head

đu đủ • (𣛦𨇜)

vi-noun

(classifier cây, trái, quả) đu đủ • (𣛦𨇜)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
𣛦𨇜 (CJK)

[ʔɗu˧˧ ʔɗu˧˩]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˨]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ ʔɗʊw˨˩˦]


月刊

chữ Hán form of nguyệt san (“monthly magazine”).


商人

chữ Hán form of thương nhân (“businessman; merchant; trader”).


tri kỉ

[t͡ɕi˧˧ ki˧˩]

[ʈɪj˧˧ kɪj˧˨]

[ʈɪj˧˧ kɪj˨˩˦]


sóc

From Middle Vietnamese 󰍖 (sóc), from Proto-Vietic *kʰlɔːk ~ *prɔːk, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *prɔɔk; cognates include Khmer កំប្រុក (kɑmprok) and Bahnar prok.

[ʂawk͡p̚˦˧˥]


sóc

[ʂawk͡p̚˦˧˥]


全集

chữ Hán form of toàn tập (“complete series; complete works”).


出身

chữ Hán form of xuất thân (“background (of a person); family background”).


nhịp

head

喋, 擛, 葉, 𠿚, 𣜿

vi-noun

喋, 擛, 葉, 𠿚, 𣜿

nhịp tim


thịt

(classifier miếng, cục) thịt • (舌, 䏦, 𦧘, 𬚸)

miếng (classifier)
cục (classifier)
舌 (CJK)
䏦 (CJK)
𦧘 (CJK)
𬚸 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *-siːt; cognate with Muong thit and Chut [Rục] sit⁸. Compare thức, which has same initial development.

thịt lợn/heo

thịt trâu

thịt bò

thịt cá

thịt nạc

thịt mỡ

da thịt

human flesh, as something that makes humans human (literally, “skin and flesh”)

máu thịt

(our country, people, etc., as) part of us, as integral as our flesh and blood (literally, “blood and flesh”)

human or animal flesh, especially meat, but mostly except fish and shellfish


ớt

head

ớt • (艺, 𣜶, 乙, 𱾨)

vi-noun

(classifier cây, quả, trái) ớt • (艺, 𣜶, 乙, 𱾨)

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
艺 (CJK)
𣜶 (CJK)
乙 (CJK)
𱾨 (CJK)

→ Tai Dam: ꪹꪮꪒ

Köhler's Medicinal Plants
Neo-Latin
Pigneau de Béhaine
Piper cubeba
referent

From Proto-Vietic *ʔəːt.
Pigneau de Béhaine's Dictionarium anamitico-latinum (1772 manuscript) glosses ớt as pimentum https://archive.org/details/DictionariumAnamiticoLatinumPigneaux/Dictionarium%20Anamitico-Latinum%20-%201772%2C%20P.J.%20Pigneaux/page/n395/mode/2up, a Neo-Latin derivation from French piment (“‘spice’ → ‘chilli pepper’”).
Phạm Đình Hổ's 1827 dictionary Nhật dụng thường đàm (日用常談 "Common Words Used Daily") glosses ớt 乙 as 蓽䔲茄 (SV: tất đăng gia; "tailed pepper, cubeb, Piper cubeba") https://web.archive.org/web/20230721133650/http://www.nomfoundation.org/common/show.php?detail=1202&uiLang=en, also called tiêu thất in Vietnamese; so that plant was probably ớt’s original referent before the introduction of chilli pepper from the Americas.

Lý hạng ca dao 里巷歌謠 (Folk-ballads from the hamlets and alleys), 50a
艺𱜢𱺵艺𫽄𨐮
𡛔𱜢𱺵𡛔𫽄𫨩悭𫯳
Ớt nào là ớt chẳng cay?
Gái nào là gái chẳng hay ghen chồng?
Which tailed pepper (berry) / cubeb (berry) is not spicy?
Which wife is not often possessive of her husband?

(obsolete) tailed pepper, cubeb (Piper cubeba)


tiêu

(music) a vertical bamboo flute used in traditional Vietnamese music


tiêu

(cooking) several plants – of the genus Xanthoxylum and the family Piperaceae – which are used as spices; pepper (excluding chilli pepper)


heo

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) a pig (mammal of genus Sus)


gián

Cognate with Muong chản chản, Tho [Cuối Chăm] caːn³ ("centipede").

bốn loài trung gian truyền bệnh: ruồi, muỗi, gián, chuột

the four (major) groups of disease carriers: flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, rats and mice


côn trùng

[kon˧˧ t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˨˩]

[koŋ˧˧ ʈʊwŋ͡m˦˩]

[koŋ˧˧ ʈʊwŋ͡m˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 昆蟲, composed of 昆 (“swarming; proliferating; infesting”) and 蟲 (“animal”).


bóng bầu dục

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˦ ʔɓəw˨˩ zʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˧˥ ʔɓəw˦˩ jʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓɔŋ˦˧˥ ʔɓəw˦˩ jʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˥ ʔɓəw˨˩ jʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]


sâu bọ

head

sâu bọ • (螻蜅)

vi-noun

sâu bọ • (螻蜅)

[səw˧˧ ʔɓɔ˧˨ʔ]

[ʂəw˧˧ ʔɓɔ˨˩ʔ]

[səw˧˧ ʔɓɔ˨˩ʔ]

[ʂəw˧˧ ʔɓɔ˨˩˨]

[səw˧˧ ʔɓɔ˨˩˨]


hộ chiếu

[ho˧˨ʔ t͡ɕiəw˧˦]

[how˨˩ʔ t͡ɕiw˨˩˦]


sân bay

[sən˧˧ ʔɓaj˧˧]

[ʂəŋ˧˧ ʔɓaj˧˧]

[səŋ˧˧ ʔɓaj˧˧]

[ʂəŋ˧˧ ʔɓa(ː)j˧˧]

[səŋ˧˧ ʔɓa(ː)j˧˧]

phi trường

obsolete outside Overseas Vietnamese communities


danh từ

[zajŋ̟˧˧ tɨ˨˩]

[jɛɲ˧˧ tɨ˦˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-danh từ.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 名詞, composed of 名 (“name”) and 詞 (“word”).

vi-etym-sino

danh từ chỉ đơn vị


rể

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 婿 (SV: tế).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tế</i>

em rể

brother-in-law (younger sister's husband)

gửi rể

to live with one's wife's family after marriage

Short for chú rể (“groom; bridegroom”) (man about to be married).


rế

a bamboo basket used as a pad for hot pots


rễ

head

rễ • (𣠲, 𣑶, 𦮲, 𬓓)

bộ (classifier)
𣠲 (CJK)
𣑶 (CJK)
𦮲 (CJK)
𬓓 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *k-riɛs (PPC *k-riɛs/k-rɛs, PMV *res), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ris ~ *riəs ~ *rəs ~ *rʔiəs (“root”). Cognate with North Central Vietnamese rện, Semai re'iis, Bahnar rơh, Koho rias, Pacoh reaih, Khmer ឫស (rɨh), Mon ရိုဟ် and Car Nicobarese rĕh, Santali ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ (rehet’).

inh

rện

with ngã-nặng merger, in dialects where *-s > *-lʰ shifted to -nC


tính từ

[tïŋ˧˦ tɨ˨˩]

[tɨn˦˧˥ tɨ˦˩]

[tɨn˦˥ tɨ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 性 (“characteristic”) and 詞 (“word”).

vi-etym-sino

an adjective (word that modifies a noun or describes a noun's referent)


từ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 詞 (“word”). Doublet of tờ.


từ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 祠 (“ancestral temple”).


từ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 辭 (“ci poetry; to give up, to renounce”).


động từ

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ tɨ˨˩]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ tɨ˦˩]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ tɨ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 動詞, composed of 動 (“to move”) and 詞 (“word”).

a verb (word that indicates an action, event, or a state)


氣象

chữ Hán form of khí tượng (“meteorological”).


皇后

chữ Hán form of hoàng hậu (“empress consort”).


太后

chữ Hán form of thái hậu (“empress dowager”).


súng

cây (classifier)
bông (classifier)
hoa (classifier)
𧀏 (CJK)


màu

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 貌 (“appearance”, SV: mạo).


thím

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 嬸 (SV: thẩm).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">thẩm</i>

vi-etym-sino

paternal aunt-in-law, father's younger brother's wife

(slang) a term of endearment among male homosexuals


使命

chữ Hán form of sứ mệnh (“mission; assignment”).


chỉ

head

帋, 黹, 紙, 䊼, 𥿗

vi-noun

帋, 黹, 紙, 䊼, 𥿗

sợi (classifier)
帋 (CJK)
黹 (CJK)
紙 (CJK)
䊼 (CJK)
𥿗 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *cis (“thread”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ks(i)ʔ or *ksih (“string; cord; rope; thread”). Compare North Central Vietnamese chỉn, Muong chỉl.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chỉ.wav


chỉ

Borrowed from a neighbouring or trading language, probably Malay ci (“mace”) or Teochew 錢／钱 (tsîⁿ, “mace”), ultimately from Chinese 錢／钱. Cognate with English chee (“Chinese unit of weight”). Doublet of tiền.

(chiefly gold or silver trading) a weight unit equal to 3.75 grams


chỉ

(colloquial) Clipping of tín chỉ (“college credit”).


官職

chữ Hán form of quan chức (“official; government official”).


富貴

chữ Hán form of phú quý/phú quí (“wealth and opulence”).


lí thuyết

[lɪj˨˩˦ tʰwiək̚˦˧˥]

[lɪj˦˥ tʰ⁽ʷ⁾iək̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 理說 (“theory”) (which is now obsolete).


phi cơ

[fi˧˧ kəː˧˧]

[fɪj˧˧ kəː˧˧]

[fɪj˧˧ kəː˧˧]

(originally Southern Vietnam, now dated in Vietnam, still used by Overseas Vietnamese) airplane, aeroplane


gặm nhấm

[ɣam˧˨ʔ ɲəm˧˦]

[ɣam˨˩ʔ ɲəm˦˧˥]

[ɣam˨˩˨ ɲəm˦˥]

From gặm + nhấm, referring to the behaviour of wearing out teeth by grinding.


câu lạc bộ

[kəw˧˧ laːk̚˧˨ʔ ʔɓo˧˨ʔ]

[kəw˧˧ laːk̚˨˩ʔ ʔɓow˨˩ʔ]

[kəw˧˧ laːk̚˨˩˨ ʔɓow˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese, orthographic borrowing from Japanese 俱樂部 (kurabu, shinjitai: 倶楽部), from English club.

obor

shinjitai: <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">倶楽部</i>

Tuấn đi sinh hoạt câu lạc bộ tối chủ nhật hằng tuần.
Tuấn go to his club every Sunday night.

Trường mình có câu lạc bộ cờ vây không nhỉ ?


linh mục

[lïŋ˧˧ mʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[lɨn˧˧ mʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[lɨn˧˧ mʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-linh mục.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 靈牧, composed of 靈 (“spirit”) and 牧 (“shepherd”), coined in Vietnam.


chuột

[t͡ɕuət̚˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕuək̚˨˩ʔ]

From Middle Vietnamese 𤝞 (chuọt, “mouse”), from Proto-Vietic *k-ɟɔːt. Cognate with Arem kaɟuət. See also Khmer ជូត (cuut, “Year of the Rat”) (whence also Thai ชวด (chûuat) through Old Khmer), which is a loan from a Vietic language.
For the "biceps" sense, compare the parallels in Latin mūsculus (“muscle”, literally “little mouse”) and Ancient Greek μῦς (mûs, “mouse; muscle”).
The computing sense is a semantic loan from English mouse.

ncog

bẫy chuột

electrical engineering
electrical engineering

(electrical engineering, of a fluorescent light set) a starter


cừu

Sino-Vietnamese word from 裘 (“fur coat”). Semantically parallel to chiên (“lamb, young sheep (archaic)”) from 氈 (“felt (textile material)”).

vi-etym-sino

cừu cái

cừu đực

áo lông cừu

nhảy giạng chân qua cừu

to jump over a hurdle with legs spread wide

(athletics) hurdle (artificial barrier over which athletes jump in a race)


dê

The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.


見識

chữ Hán form of kiến thức (“knowledge; science”).


XHCN

xã hội chủ nghĩa
xã hội chủ nghĩa#Vietnamese

Initialism of xã hội chủ nghĩa (“socialist”).


gia đinh

[zaː˧˧ ʔɗïŋ˧˧]

[jaː˧˧ ʔɗɨn˧˧]

[jaː˧˧ ʔɗɨn˧˧]


chim công

[t͡ɕim˧˧ kəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[t͡ɕim˧˧ kəwŋ͡m˧˧]


toà nhà

[twaː˨˩ ɲaː˨˩]

[twaː˦˩ ɲaː˦˩]

[t⁽ʷ⁾aː˨˩ ɲaː˨˩]


hiệu sách

[hiw˨˩ʔ ʂat̚˦˧˥]

[hiw˨˩˨ ʂat̚˦˥]


tiểu thuyết

[tiw˨˩˦ tʰ⁽ʷ⁾iək̚˦˥]

tiểu thuyết (trường thiên) / (trường thiên) tiểu thuyết

tiểu thuyết đoản thiên / đoản thiên tiểu thuyết


trăn

From Middle Vietnamese tlan, from Proto-Vietic *k-lən, from Proto-Austroasiatic *tlan; cognates include Muong tlăn, Pacoh tulán, Khmer ថ្លាន់ (thlan, “python”), Bahnar klăn (“python”), Mon ကၠန် (klɔn, “python”), Car Nicobarese tu-lān (“python”).

a non-venomous constricting snake, as opposed to a rắn (“non-constricting snake”); a python, a boa, an anaconda, etc.


điện thoại

[ʔɗiən˧˨ʔ tʰwaːj˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗiəŋ˨˩ʔ tʰwaːj˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗiəŋ˨˩˨ tʰ⁽ʷ⁾aːj˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 電話, composed of 電 (“electric”) and 話 (“conversation”). Borrowed from Japanese 電話 (denwa).


bố

From Late-Vietic *poːʔ, related to Chinese 父 (MC pjuX|bjuX) (SV: phụ) likely through a Tai language. Compare Proto-Tai *boːᴮ, whence Thai พ่อ (pɔ̂ɔ). Ultimately a nursery word.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bố.wav


bố

Sino-Vietnamese word from 布. Doublet of vải.


cá sấu

[kaː˧˦ səw˧˦]

[kaː˨˩˦ ʂəw˨˩˦]

[kaː˨˩˦ səw˨˩˦]

[kaː˦˥ ʂəw˦˥]

[kaː˦˥ səw˦˥]

cá (“fish”) + sấu (“crocodile”).
Not etymologically related to xấu (“ugly”), which is sometimes considered as connected due to folk etymology.

(figurative, slang, a play on sấu ~ xấu (“ugly”)) ugly person


cua

con (classifier)
𧍏 (CJK)
𧍆 (CJK)
姑 (CJK)
𩸰 (CJK)

crab (a crustacean of the infraorder Brachyura)


cua

Xe chạy qua cua.

(dated, informal) corner, curve, bend (point where a route changes sharply)

theo học một cua ngoại ngữ

Học mỗi cua ba tháng.

(informal) period, term, round (period of time required to complete a task)


cá

head

cá • (𩵜, 亇, 个)

con (classifier)
𩵜 (CJK)
亇 (CJK)
个 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ʔa-kaːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kaʔ. Cognate with Thavung ก้า, Khmer កា (kaa, “prefix for fish”), Pacoh aca, Bahnar ka, Mang ʔaː¹, Khasi 'kha/dohkha, Mon က (kaˀ), Car Nicobarese kāḵ.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cá.wav

Cá heo và cá voi không phải là cá.


bán đảo

[ʔɓaːn˧˦ ʔɗaːw˧˩]

[ʔɓaːŋ˦˧˥ ʔɗaːw˧˨]

[ʔɓaːŋ˦˥ ʔɗaːw˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 半島, composed of 半 (“half-”) and 島 (“island”), Japanese 半島 (hantō) which is calqued from Dutch halfeiland (literally “halfisland”), equivalent to bán- (“half-”) + đảo (“island”).


siêu thị

[siəw˧˧ tʰi˧˨ʔ]

[ʂiw˧˧ tʰɪj˨˩ʔ]

[siw˧˧ tʰɪj˨˩ʔ]

[ʂiw˧˧ tʰɪj˨˩˨]

[siw˧˧ tʰɪj˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 超市, composed of 超 (“super-”) and 市 (“market”).


đảo

Sino-Vietnamese word from 島 (“island”).
In the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651), there were several terms glossed as "island" (Portuguese ilha): cù lao, núi nước, gò nước, gò bẻ (i.e. gò bể), gò biẻn (i.e gò biển). Among these, only cù lao survived into current-day Vietnamese, although gò was still used to some extent until the early 20th century (see there for written example).
đảo itself is unattested in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum and has next to no attestation in Nôm prose and poetry aside from the literary proper noun 蓬島 (Bồng Đảo, “Penglai”) (although it is abundant in Chinese texts by Vietnamese writers). It is also not in Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum (1838) nor even Đại Nam quấc âm tự vị (1895). In the former, the island of Côn Sơn is called hòn Côn nôn; in the latter, which is a dictionary chiefly based on Southern Vietnamese, the island of Phú Quốc is called hòn and cù lao.
It is not obvious when đảo started to become the chief word for "island" in Vietnamese, but it is probably not earlier than mid-19th century. By the early 20th century, đảo had become widely used in various texts.


干戈

chữ Hán form of can qua (“battle; warfare”).


鬼神

chữ Hán form of quỷ thần (“god, ghost, or spirit”).


napan

[naː˧˧ paːŋ˧˧]

[naː˧˧ paːŋ˧˧]

napalm (a kind of flammable, viscous substance)


外語

chữ Hán form of ngoại ngữ (“foreign language”).


中間

chữ Hán form of trung gian (“a party that functions as a bridge in the middle of a chain of exchange, communication, command, transaction, etc”).


領事館

chữ Hán form of lãnh sự quán (“consulate”).


巧妙

chữ Hán form of xảo diệu (“ingenuity; dexterity”).


京城

chữ Hán form of kinh thành (“capital city; imperial city”).


幻覺

chữ Hán form of ảo giác (“hallucination”).


骨肉

(literary) chữ Hán form of cốt nhục (“one's own flesh and blood, a blood relative”).


文藝

chữ Hán form of văn nghệ (“literature and art”).


中立

chữ Hán form of trung lập (“neutrality”).


中旬

chữ Hán form of trung tuần (“ten days in the middle of a month; second ten-day period in a month”).


gạo

From Proto-Vietic *r-koːʔ (“husked rice”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *rk(aw)ʔ (“husked rice”). Cognate with Muong cảo, Khmer អង្ករ (ʼɑɑʼɑngkɑɑ, “uncooked, dehusked rice”), Khasi khaw, Chong rəkʰəw and Gata' rekoˀ ("uncooked rice"). According to Sagart (2003), Proto-Tai *C̬.qawꟲ (“rice”), whence Thai ข้าว (kâao), Lao ເຂົ້າ (khao), Lü ᦃᧁᧉ (ẋaw²), was borrowed from Austroasiatic.

cog

Lü ᦃᧁᧉ (ẋaw²)


gạo

cây (classifier)
槹 (CJK)
檤 (CJK)
檰 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *-kaːwʔ (“cotton tree”). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *pkaaw ~ *pkaʔ (“flower, blossom”).


gạo

cyst such as those in Cysticerus cellulosae or those caused by Myxosporea in fish


sương sáo

[sɨəŋ˧˧ saːw˧˦]

[ʂɨəŋ˧˧ ʂaːw˨˩˦]

[sɨəŋ˧˧ saːw˨˩˦]

[ʂɨəŋ˧˧ ʂaːw˦˥]

[sɨəŋ˧˧ saːw˦˥]

From Teochew 仙草 (siêng1 cao2; tiên thảo).


kripton

[kɹip̚˧˦ təwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kəː˨˩ ɹip̚˧˦ təwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kəː˨˩ zip̚˧˦ təwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kɹip̚˦˧˥ təwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kəː˦˩ ɹip̚˦˧˥ təwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kɹip̚˦˥ təwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kəː˨˩ ɹip̚˦˥ təwŋ͡m˧˧]

From French krypton, from English krypton.


lantan

Ultimately from New Latin lanthanum, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


般若

chữ Hán form of bát nhã (“prajñā, Buddhist transcendental wisdom”).


vè

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 話 (SV: thoại).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">thoại</i>

vi-etym-sino

(poetry) a rhyming poetic and song form, most typical of northern Vietnam


vè

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) pole erected to mark water level in a river or ditch


bắn tỉa

[ʔɓan˧˦ tiə˧˩]

[ʔɓaŋ˦˧˥ tiə˧˨]

[ʔɓaŋ˦˥ tiə˨˩˦]


所在

chữ Hán form of sở tại (“region, area”).


要求

chữ Hán form of yêu cầu (“demand; request”).


dầu mè

[zəw˨˩ mɛ˨˩]

[jəw˦˩ mɛ˦˩]

[jəw˨˩ mɛ˨˩]


nấm tuyết

[nəm˦˧˥ twiək̚˦˧˥]

[nəm˦˥ t⁽ʷ⁾iək̚˦˥]

Tremella fuciformis
Tremella fuciformis#Translingual


miến

Sino-Vietnamese word from 麵. Doublet of mì.


ớt đỏ

[ʔəːt̚˧˦ ʔɗɔ˧˩]

[ʔəːk̚˦˧˥ ʔɗɔ˧˨]

[ʔəːk̚˦˥ ʔɗɔ˨˩˦]


khoai tây

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-khoai tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)

khoai (a collective name for yams, sweet potatoes, etc.) + tây (“western”).


nấm rơm

[nəm˧˦ zəːm˧˧]

[nəm˦˧˥ ʐəːm˧˧]

[nəm˦˥ ɹəːm˧˧]


mì căn

[mɪj˦˩ kaŋ˧˧]

[mɪj˨˩ kaŋ˧˧]


bột ngọt

[ʔɓot̚˧˨ʔ ŋɔt̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓok̚˨˩ʔ ŋɔk̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓok̚˨˩˨ ŋɔk̚˨˩˨]


dưa leo

[zɨə˧˧ lɛw˧˧]

[jɨə˧˧ lɛw˧˧]

[jɨə˧˧ lɛw˧˧]

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) cucumber


khoai nước

[xwaːj˧˧ nɨək̚˧˦]

[kʰwaːj˧˧ nɨək̚˦˧˥]

[xwaːj˧˧ nɨək̚˦˧˥]

[kʰwaːj˧˧ nɨək̚˦˥]

[xwaːj˧˧ nɨək̚˦˥]


cà rốt

[kaː˨˩ ɹot̚˧˦]

[kaː˦˩ ɹok̚˦˧˥]

[kaː˨˩ ɹok̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-cà-rốt.wav

Borrowed from French carotte. Influenced by cà (“eggplant”), compare cà phê.


mộc nhĩ

[məwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ ɲi˦ˀ˥]

[məwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ ɲɪj˧˨]

[məwk͡p̚˨˩˨ ɲɪj˨˩˦]


nhúm

a small amount; a pinch of five fingertips


khoai môn

From khoai + môn, from Proto-Vietic *ɓoːn.


bột

→ Tai Dam: ꪶꪛꪒ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 勃 (“fine powder”), from an obsolete reading.

vi-etym-sino

bột gạo

bột mì

bột nếp