khô

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-khô.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 枯.
Cognate with Tho [Cuối Chăm] kʰɔː¹.

khô bò/heo/nai/mực


tuyết

[t⁽ʷ⁾iək̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-tuyết.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 雪. Doublet of toát (as in trắng toát).

Để được bay mãi lên thiên đường, / Một thiên đường tuyết rơi.

2004, Toàn Thắng (lyrics and music), “Cô bé mùa đông [The Winter Girl]”:

So I could ascend all the way to heaven, / A snowy heaven.


khoai lang

[kʰwaːj˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]

[kʰwaːj˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]


rau lang

[ʐaw˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]

[ɹa(ː)w˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]


mướp

head

mướp • (柉, 𦲾)

vi-noun

(classifier cây, trái, quả) mướp • (柉, 𦲾)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
柉 (CJK)
𦲾 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ɓɨǝp. Compare Muong puôp (“loofah”) and Tho (Làng Lỡ) mɨəp⁷ "loofah".


khoai sọ

[xwaːj˧˧ sɔ˧˨ʔ]

[kʰwaːj˧˧ ʂɔ˨˩ʔ]

[xwaːj˧˧ sɔ˨˩ʔ]

[kʰwaːj˧˧ ʂɔ˨˩˨]

[xwaːj˧˧ sɔ˨˩˨]

From khoai + sọ, from Proto-Vietic *s-roːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₁rawʔ ~ *t₁raaw; akin to Khmer ត្រាវ (traaw), Mon ကြဴ (krao), Khasi shriew/'riew, Proto-Khmuic *sroʔ.


nước xốt cà chua

[nɨək̚˧˦ sot̚˧˦ kaː˨˩ t͡ɕuə˧˧]

[nɨək̚˦˧˥ sok̚˦˧˥ kaː˦˩ t͡ɕuə˧˧]

[nɨək̚˦˥ sok̚˦˥ kaː˨˩ cuə˧˧]

nước xốt (“sauce”) + cà chua (“tomato”).


bí đao

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)

[ʔɓi˧˦ ʔɗaːw˧˧]

[ʔɓɪj˨˩˦ ʔɗaːw˧˧]

[ʔɓɪj˦˥ ʔɗaːw˧˧]

It is not clear what the second element is. In Nhật dụng thường đàm (日用常談, 1827) and the Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum (1838), bí đao was spelled as 秘刀 and 費刀 respectively. In both cases, the second element is spelled with 刀 (MC taw, “blade”) (SV: đao), which makes little sense if taken literally ("knife gourd" or "sword gourd"), so it is most likely a phonogram used simply for phonetic value (just like the adjacent phonograms 秘 (MC pijH) and 費 (MC phj+jH) used to write bí (“gourd”)).
Considering that winter melon/wax gourd is commonly used to make sweets (Đại Nam quấc âm tự vị (1895) mentions mứt bí (“candied winter melon”)), the second element could be related to Arem atɛːw, Pacoh atao, Bahnar kơtao, all means "sugarcane"; if so, probably developed already into "sugary sweet" when this compound was coined, then became obscure.

費 Bí. n. Loại dây xanh trái lớn.
 ― đao. Thứ bí dài trái, da xanh, người ta hay dùng mà làm mứt.

1895, Huình Tịnh Của, Đại Nam Quấc âm tự vị:

費 Bí. n. Green vines that produce big fruits.
 ― đao. A kind of gourd with long fruit, its skin is green, it is often used to make mứt.

Benincasa hispida
Benincasa hispida#Translingual


giấm

head

酟, 󱃗, 𲆥, 𨠲, 佔

vi-noun

酟, 󱃗, 𲆥, 𨠲, 佔

con giấm


cà chua

[kaː˨˩ t͡ɕuə˧˧]

[kaː˦˩ t͡ɕuə˧˧]

[kaː˨˩ cuə˧˧]

cà (“any plant in the family Solanaceae”) + chua (“sour”).


măng

From Proto-Vietic *t-ɓaŋ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₁ɓaŋ. Cognate with Muong băng, Thavung บัง, Pacoh abáng, Khmer ទំពាំង (tumpĕəng), Bahnar tơ'băng, Mang ɓaŋ⁶, Mon တ္ၜၚ် (bɛŋ).
Proto-Karen *Ɂbaŋᴮ (whence S'gaw Karen ဘီၣ် (baẁ)) is an Austroasiatic loanword.

cog

Mon တ္ၜၚ် (bɛŋ)


gừng

head

薑, 姜, 羌, 𤃥, 𦹱

vi-noun

薑, 姜, 羌, 𤃥, 𦹱

(classifier cây, củ) gừng • (薑, 姜, 羌, 𤃥, 𦹱)

cây (classifier)
củ (classifier)
薑 (CJK)
姜 (CJK)
羌 (CJK)
𤃥 (CJK)
𦹱 (CJK)


muối

From Middle Vietnamese 𪉴 (múôi), from Proto-Vietic *ɓɔːjʔ (“salt”). Cognate with North Central Vietnamese mói, Muong bỏi/vỏi and Arem bɑːjʔ. Compare also Proto-Katuic *ɓɔɔj (whence Pacoh boi).


hoa kim châm

[hwaː˧˧ kim˧˧ t͡ɕəm˧˧]

[hwaː˧˧ kim˧˧ t͡ɕəm˧˧]

hoa ("flower") + kim ("golden") + châm ("needle"); from Sino-Vietnamese 金針花


hàu

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 蠔 (“oyster”, SV: hào).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">hào</i>


dầu hàu

dầu (“oil”) + hàu (“oyster”), calque of Chinese 蠔油／蚝油 (oyster sauce).


vị

Sino-Vietnamese word from 味 (“taste”). Doublet of mùi (“smell”).


vị

Sino-Vietnamese word from 位. Doublet of vì.

quý vị

vị này

(formal, polite, chiefly in fixed expressions, rare elsewhere) used to address a person


muỗng canh

[muəŋ˦ˀ˥ kajŋ̟˧˧]

[muəŋ˧˨ kɛɲ˧˧]

[muəŋ˨˩˦ kan˧˧]


gạo đỏ

[ɣaːw˧˨ʔ ʔɗɔ˧˩]

[ɣaːw˨˩ʔ ʔɗɔ˧˨]

[ɣaːw˨˩˨ ʔɗɔ˨˩˦]

red rice, especially rice of species Oryza rufipogon


giấm trắng

[zəm˧˦ t͡ɕaŋ˧˦]

[jəm˦˧˥ ʈaŋ˦˧˥]

[jəm˦˥ ʈaŋ˦˥]


sơn tra

[səːn˧˧ t͡ɕaː˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ ʈaː˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ ʈaː˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ ʈaː˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ ʈaː˧˧]

hawthorn (plants in the genus Crataegus)


ngò gai

[ŋɔ˨˩ ɣaːj˧˧]

[ŋɔ˦˩ ɣaːj˧˧]

[ŋɔ˨˩ ɣaːj˧˧]

ngò (“cilantro”) + gai (“thorn, prickle”).

com

Eryngium foetidum
Eryngium foetidum#Translingual


chà là

[t͡ɕaː˨˩ laː˨˩]

[t͡ɕaː˦˩ laː˦˩]

[caː˨˩ laː˨˩]


tách

tách trà

mua bộ tách ấm


hoa lơ

[hwaː˧˧ ləː˧˧]

[hwaː˧˧ ləː˧˧]

[waː˧˧ ləː˧˧]

hoa ("flower") + lơ (prob. a phonetic borrowing from French fleur); the word is probably derived from the French chou-fleur (cauliflower; literally "flower cabbage")


trứng gà

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
cây (classifier)

[t͡ɕɨŋ˧˦ ɣaː˨˩]

[ʈɨŋ˦˧˥ ɣaː˦˩]

[ʈɨŋ˦˥ ɣaː˨˩]

quả trứng gà

trái trứng gà
a canistel

cây trứng gà

the canistel, a tropical fruit (Pouteria campechiana)


hoa lơ trắng

[hwaː˧˧ ləː˧˧ t͡ɕaŋ˧˦]

[hwaː˧˧ ləː˧˧ ʈaŋ˦˧˥]

[waː˧˧ ləː˧˧ ʈaŋ˦˥]

hoa ("flower") + lơ (prob. a phonetic borrowing from French fleur) + trắng ("white"); the word is probably derived from the French chou-fleur (cauliflower; literally "flower cabbage")


bắp non

[ʔɓap̚˧˦ nɔn˧˧]

[ʔɓap̚˦˧˥ nɔŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓap̚˦˥ nɔŋ˧˧]


ớt xanh

[ʔəːt̚˧˦ sajŋ̟˧˧]

[ʔəːk̚˦˧˥ sɛɲ˧˧]

[ʔəːk̚˦˥ san˧˧]

green pepper (may refer to either green chili or green bell pepper)


vú sữa

[vu˧˦ sɨə˦ˀ˥]

[vʊw˨˩˦ ʂɨə˧˨]

[vʊw˨˩˦ sɨə˧˨]

[vʊw˦˥ ʂɨə˨˩˦]

[jʊw˦˥ sɨə˨˩˦]

vú (“breast”) + sữa (“milk”), perhaps inspired by a folktale about a mother who turned into this tree, or inspires it.

Chrysophyllum cainito
Chrysophyllum cainito#Translingual

the star apple fruit, Chrysophyllum cainito


nấm mèo

[nəm˧˦ mɛw˨˩]

[nəm˦˧˥ mɛw˦˩]

[nəm˦˥ mɛw˨˩]


mộc nhĩ đen

[məwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ ɲi˦ˀ˥ ʔɗɛn˧˧]

[məwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ ɲɪj˧˨ ʔɗɛŋ˧˧]

[məwk͡p̚˨˩˨ ɲɪj˨˩˦ ʔɗɛŋ˧˧]


bông cải trắng

[ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˧˩ t͡ɕaŋ˧˦]

[ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˧˨ ʈaŋ˦˧˥]

[ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˨˩˦ ʈaŋ˦˥]

bông (“bloom, flower”) + cải + trắng (“white”).


chất bảo quản

[t͡ɕət̚˧˦ ʔɓaːw˧˩ kwaːn˧˩]

[t͡ɕək̚˦˧˥ ʔɓaːw˧˨ kwaːŋ˧˨]

[cək̚˦˥ ʔɓaːw˨˩˦ waːŋ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 質保管, composed of 質 (“substance”) and 保管 (“to safeguard”).

vi-etym-sino

a preservative (chemical used to retard decay)


bắp

vi-noun

(classifier cây (“maize, corn”)) bắp • (𥟼)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bắp.wav

bắp chuối

(by extension, Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) maize, corn


mèo

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mèo.wav

Onomatopoeic, from the animal's cry. Compare Ahom 𑜉𑜢𑜰𑜫 (mi0), Chinese 貓／猫, Thai แมว (mɛɛo), Northern Thai ᨾᩯ᩠ᩅ, Lao ແມວ (mǣu), Lü ᦶᦙᧁ (maew), Shan မႅဝ်း (méao), Zhuang meuz.


xanh

head

鉎, 𫟰, 錆, 鐣, 鐺, 铛

vi-noun

鉎, 𫟰, 錆, 鐣, 鐺, 铛

(classifier cái) xanh • (鉎, 𫟰, 錆, 鐣, 鐺, 铛)

cái (classifier)
鉎 (CJK)
𫟰 (CJK)
錆 (CJK)
鐣 (CJK)
鐺 (CJK)
铛 (CJK)

Sino-Vietnamese word from 鐺 (“flat pan”).

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-xanh.wav

Xuống bếp, Vịnh đổ mỡ vào xanh. Mỡ chảy ra trong những tiếng xèo xèo.

Entering the kitchen, Vịnh poured oil into the wok. Grease poured out with a sizzling sound.


dương vật

[zɨəŋ˧˧ vət̚˧˨ʔ]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ vək̚˨˩ʔ]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ vək̚˨˩˨]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ jək̚˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-dương vật.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 陽物, composed of 陽 (“yang”) and 物 (“thing”).


八音

head

八音 • (bát âm)

vi-noun

八音 • (bát âm)

chữ Hán form of bát âm (“musical instrument classification system”).


cải bẹ xanh

[kaːj˧˩ ʔɓɛ˧˨ʔ sajŋ̟˧˧]

[kaːj˧˨ ʔɓɛ˨˩ʔ sɛɲ˧˧]

[kaːj˨˩˦ ʔɓɛ˨˩˨ san˧˧]

cải (“Brassica”) + bẹ (“sheath”) + xanh (“grue”).

com

Brassica juncea
Brassica juncea#Translingual

brown mustard; Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)


trống định âm

[t͡ɕəwŋ͡m˧˦ ʔɗïŋ˧˨ʔ ʔəm˧˧]

[ʈəwŋ͡m˦˧˥ ʔɗɨn˨˩ʔ ʔəm˧˧]

[ʈəwŋ͡m˦˥ ʔɗɨn˨˩˨ ʔəm˧˧]

trống (“drum”) + định (“to set”) + âm (“sound; tone”); compare Chinese 定音鼓 (định âm cổ).


trống

head

𤿰, 𫪹, 𪔠, 弄, 𲎚

vi-noun

𤿰, 𫪹, 𪔠, 弄, 𲎚

(classifier cái, chiếc) trống • (𤿰, 𫪹, 𪔠, 弄, 𲎚)

cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
𤿰 (CJK)
𫪹 (CJK)
𪔠 (CJK)
弄 (CJK)
𲎚 (CJK)

Borrowed from Tai. Compare Thai กลอง (glɔɔng) and Lao ກອງ (kǭng).

[t͡ɕəwŋ͡m˧˦]


trống prôvăng

[t͡ɕəwŋ͡m˧˦ pɹo˧˧ vaŋ˧˧]

[ʈəwŋ͡m˦˧˥ pɹow˧˧ vaŋ˧˧]

[ʈəwŋ͡m˦˥ pɹow˧˧ vaŋ˧˧]

[ʈəwŋ͡m˦˥ pɹow˧˧ jaŋ˧˧]


sáo nhỏ

[saːw˧˦ ɲɔ˧˩]

[ʂaːw˨˩˦ ɲɔ˧˨]

[saːw˨˩˦ ɲɔ˧˨]

[ʂaːw˦˥ ɲɔ˨˩˦]

[saːw˦˥ ɲɔ˨˩˦]


kèn ôboa

[kɛn˨˩ ʔo˧˧ ʔɓwaː˧˧]

[kɛŋ˦˩ ʔow˧˧ ʔɓwaː˧˧]

[kɛŋ˨˩ ʔow˧˧ ʔɓwaː˧˧]


hươu

head

hươu • (㹯, 貅, 休)

con (classifier)
㹯 (CJK)
貅 (CJK)
休 (CJK)


chim sẻ

[t͡ɕim˧˧ sɛ˧˩]

[t͡ɕim˧˧ ʂɛ˧˨]

[t͡ɕim˧˧ sɛ˧˨]

[cim˧˧ ʂɛ˨˩˦]

[cim˧˧ sɛ˨˩˦]


vi-ô-lông-xen

[vi˧˧ ʔo˧˧ ləwŋ͡m˧˧ sɛn˧˧]

[vɪj˧˧ ʔow˧˧ ləwŋ͡m˧˧ sɛŋ˧˧]

[vɪj˧˧ ʔow˧˧ ləwŋ͡m˧˧ sɛŋ˧˧]

[jɪj˧˧ ʔow˧˧ ləwŋ͡m˧˧ sɛŋ˧˧]


đá da trời

[ʔɗaː˧˦ zaː˧˧ t͡ɕəːj˨˩]

[ʔɗaː˨˩˦ jaː˧˧ ʈəːj˦˩]

[ʔɗaː˦˥ jaː˧˧ ʈəːj˨˩]


kèn fagôt

[kɛn˨˩ faː˧˧ ɣot̚˧˦]

[kɛŋ˦˩ faː˧˧ ɣok̚˦˧˥]

[kɛŋ˨˩ faː˧˧ ɣok̚˦˥]

From kèn (“double-reed instrument”) + a component fagôt borrowed from a European language (compare Italian fagotto (“bassoon”)).


bọ chét

[ʔɓɔ˧˨ʔ t͡ɕɛt̚˧˦]

[ʔɓɔ˨˩ʔ t͡ɕɛt̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓɔ˨˩˨ cɛk̚˦˥]

bọ (“bug”) + chét; the second element from Proto-Vietic *cɛːt.

a flea (a parasitic insect of the order Siphonaptera)


sẻ

From Proto-Vietic *k-rɛh. Cognate with Muong khé, Tho [Cuối Chăm] kʰrɛː⁵.
Compare the toponym Khả Lễ 可禮 (MC khaX lejX) in Bắc Ninh, where the demotic name (tên Nôm) is Sẻ.


áo mưa

[ʔaːw˧˦ mɨə˧˧]

[ʔaːw˨˩˦ mɨə˧˧]

[ʔaːw˦˥ mɨə˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-áo mưa.wav

Có lần, trời sắp mưa, bố chồng tôi dặn: “Đem theo áo mưa con nhé”, câu nói đó làm tôi phát khóc vì từ bé tới giờ, tôi ít được quan tâm như thế.

2012 April 1, Vĩnh Khang, “Nhà văn Trang Hạ: Yêu người đàn ông biết bắt cướp [Trang Hạ, the Writer Who Loves a Man Who Chases down Muggers]”, in Nông nghiệp Việt Nam [Vietnamese Agriculture]:

One time when it was about to rain, my father-in-law told me, "Don't forget your raincoat," which made me cry because I had rarely ever been cared about that way since childhood.

Tại vì bình thường thì lúc nào sếp cũng chuẩn bị sẵn áo mưa, và xưa nay lần nào cũng mang bao. Nhưng có một lần ông sếp phải cách ba tháng mới quay lại đây, không mang bao. Hạ Âu cũng không biết, không cảm nhận.

(Can we date this quote?), 曹婷, “Chương 16: Tiếng than [Chapter 16: The Groan]”, in Đỗ Thu Thuỷ, transl., Xin lỗi, em chỉ là con đĩ [Sorry, I'm Just a Whore], translation of 我把爱情煲成汤:

'Cause he usually had his raincoats ready and always got gloved up. But one time he came back after three months without a glove. He Ou didn't know and didn't feel anything.

(slang) Synonym of bao cao su (“raincoat”) (condom)


muỗi

From Proto-Vietic *mɔːs (“mosquito; fly”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *muujs ~ *muə[j]s (“mosquito; gnat”). Cognate with Muong mõi, Khmer មូស (muuh), Phong-Kniang moːs ("fly") and Bahnar moih.

inh

(Chuyện con) muỗi!

mõi

no diphthongization, dialects without ngã-nặng merger

mọi

no diphthongization, dialects with ngã-nặng merger


hươu cao cổ

[hɨəw˧˧ kaːw˧˧ kow˨˩˦]

hươu (“deer”) + cao (“tall; high”) + cổ (“neck”), literally "long-necked deer". Likely a calque of Chinese 長頸鹿／长颈鹿 (chángjǐnglù).


dép

cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
𨆡 (CJK)
𩍣 (CJK)

Coordinate term: giày

a piece of footwear that doesn't give full coverage to the foot; a sandal, a flip-flop, a slipper, etc.


gỗ trôi giạt

[ɣo˦ˀ˥ t͡ɕoj˧˧ zaːt̚˧˨ʔ]

[ɣow˧˨ ʈoj˧˧ jaːk̚˨˩ʔ]

[ɣow˨˩˦ ʈoj˧˧ jaːk̚˨˩˨]


sáo

con (classifier)
𪁎 (CJK)
𪄤 (CJK)
𪄨 (CJK)
𪇐 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *k-raːwʔ.
Compare Pacoh trao (“myna”).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sáu.wav


sáo

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 哨 (SV: tiêu).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tiêu</i>


sáo

tấm (classifier)
bức (classifier)
𥳓 (CJK)
𥱫 (CJK)


nhỏ

sắp nhỏ

tụi nhỏ

con nhỏ đó

nhỏ Hoa


đá

vi-noun

(classifier tảng, hòn, viên, cục) đá • (𥒥, 坧)

tảng (classifier)
hòn (classifier)
viên (classifier)
cục (classifier)
𥒥 (CJK)
坧 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *l-taːʔ (“rock”). Cognate with Arem atæːˀ.
Schuessler (2007) claims that this Vietic word and Khmer ដា (daa) might be related to Chinese 石 (OC *dAk) (B-S) (SV: thạch). However, this is unlikely due to both
*the mismatch between final *-k and *-ʔ (unless Chinese added "the familiar final -k" after foreign *-ʔ, resulting in *-ʔ-k > *-k; for an analogy, Chinese 汝 (OC *naʔ) > Chinese 若 (OC *nak))
*and the fact the Khmer word is likely borrowed from Vietnamese or another Vietic language instead of inheriting from a common source.

(by extension) ice as used for consumption or refrigeration


đá

cú (classifier)
đòn (classifier)
打 (CJK)
跢 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *taʔ. Cognate with Arem tʌːˀ.


cổ

head

cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)

vi-noun

cổ • (古, 𦙶, 股)

From Proto-Vietic *koh (“throat; neck”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kɔʔ ~ *kɔ(ɔ)k (“neck”). Cognates include Tho [Cuối Chăm] kɔː⁵, Khmer ក (kɑɑ), Bahnar hơko, Mon ကံ. Compare Proto-Tai *ɣo:ᴬ.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cổ.wav

cổ tay

cổ chân

cổ chai


chim

From Proto-Vietic *-ciːm, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *cim ~ *ciim ~ *ciəm ~ *caim ~ *cum (“bird”); cognates include Mon ဂစေံ (həcem, “bird”), Mang θɤm⁶ and Bahnar sem (“bird”). Munda cognates include Santali ᱥᱤᱢ (sim, “chicken”).

inh

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chim.wav

(zoology) a bird (an animal of the class Aves)


chim

From etymology 1. For some parallels, compare English cock, Chinese 鳥／鸟 (điểu, “bird”) and 屌 (điểu, “penis”), Thai นกเขา (nók-kǎo, “pigeon”). See also cu, cò.


方針

chữ Hán form of phương châm (“the main spirit or essence of a policy”).


術語

chữ Hán form of thuật ngữ (“terminology”).


vật học

[vət̚˧˨ʔ hawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[vək̚˨˩ʔ hawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[vək̚˨˩˨ hawk͡p̚˨˩˨]

[jək̚˨˩˨ hawk͡p̚˨˩˨]


礦物學

khoáng vật học
khoáng vật học#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of khoáng vật học (“mineralogy”).


理事

chữ Hán form of lí sự (“bad points or arguments based on poor or contrived reasoning”).


世代

chữ Hán form of thế đại (“generation, era”).


色素

chữ Hán form of sắc tố (“pigment, colouring matter”).


友誼

chữ Hán form of hữu nghị (“friendship”).


đậu trắng

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ t͡ɕaŋ˧˦]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ ʈaŋ˦˧˥]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ ʈaŋ˦˥]


𤯊

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 茶 (“tea”) + semantic 甘 (“sweet”)

Han compound

a thick, sweet dessert soup or pudding, often made with glutinous rice and/or beans


吸引

chữ Hán form of hấp dẫn (“gravitation”).


事物

chữ Hán form of sự vật (“thing; matter”).


中學

chữ Hán form of trung học (“secondary education”).


heo quay

heo (“pig”) + quay (“spin”), so named because the pig is spun while roasted.


chó

head

㹥, 𤝹, 𤠚, 𦢞, 犬

vi-noun

㹥, 𤝹, 𤠚, 𦢞, 犬

con (classifier)
㹥 (CJK)
𤝹 (CJK)
𤠚 (CJK)
𦢞 (CJK)
犬 (CJK)
thằng (classifier)
con (classifier)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chó.wav

From Proto-Vietic *ʔa-cɔːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *cɔʔ (“dog”); cognate with Semai co (“dog, servant, slave”), Halang chô (“dog”), Pacoh acho (“dog”), Khmu sɔʔ and Mang θɔː¹. Compare also Khmer ច (cɑɑ, “Year of the Dog”), a borrowing from Vietic.

Chó là động vật đầu tiên được thuần hoá.

(vulgar) loại chó (má)

Thằng chó này!

Con chó này!


真理

chữ Hán form of chân lí (“universal truth”).


quê

From Proto-Vietic *k-veːr (“village”); cognate with Muong quêl (“village”) and Chut [Rục] kəveːl¹. Compare also Proto-Katuic *wiil ~ *weel (whence Pacoh veil).

Tết này có về quê không?

Will you go back to your hometown this New Year?

a hometown (place of birth or residence)

Quê mày ở đâu ?
Đắk Lắk ạ.
Không phải ở đây. Ý tao là quê bố mày.
Hometown?
Dak Lak.
I'm not asking 'bout your birthplace which is here. I'm asking 'bout your father's.

your parent's, especially your father's, birthplace


波羅蜜多

chữ Hán form of ba-la-mật-đa (“paramita”).


niêu

(classifier cái, chiếc) niêu • (㙘, 𡋁, 𡒭, 𦉗)

cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
㙘 (CJK)
𡋁 (CJK)
𡒭 (CJK)
𦉗 (CJK)


đầu

Sino-Vietnamese word from 頭.
Displaced inherited Vietic word trốc in most major dialects.

hai đầu cầu

Cùng mắc võng trên rừng Trường Sơn,
Hai đứa ở hai đầu xa thẳm.
Đường ra trận mùa này đẹp lắm !
Trường Sơn Đông nhớ Trường Sơn Tây.

(Can we date this quote?), Hoàng Hiệp (lyrics and music), “Trường Sơn Đông, Trường Sơn Tây [East Trường Sơn and West Trường Sơn]”:

Hanging our hammocks in the woods of Trường Sơn
Both of us are, at the farthest ends.
The roads to the battlefield look so nice this season!
Here I am in East Trường Sơn missing you in West Trường Sơn.

(of an object) an end or extremity; compare mũi (“tip”)


般若波羅蜜多

chữ Hán form of bát-nhã-ba-la-mật-đa (“prajnaparamita”).


tổ

From Proto-Vietic *suh (“nest”). Compare Proto-Katuic *soh (“nest”) (whence Pacoh xouh (“abandoned hive”)).
See also ổ.


tổ

(of schoolchildren or workers) a group or team that is divided from a larger body merely for management

thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh
thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh#Vietnamese

the lowest subdivision of a thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh or quận, below khối


tổ

tổ nghề mộc


chủ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 主 (“master”). Doublet of chúa (“lord”).

chủ tớ

làm chủ

chủ hộ

chủ nhà

chủ quán


生物學

chữ Hán form of sinh vật học (“biology”).


月琴

chữ Hán form of nguyệt cầm (“moon lute”).


đương quy

[ʔɗɨəŋ˧˧ kwi˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˧˧ kwɪj˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˧˧ wɪj˧˧]

Angelica sinensis
Angelica sinensis#Translingual


nấm linh chi

[nəm˧˦ lïŋ˧˧ t͡ɕi˧˧]

[nəm˦˧˥ lɨn˧˧ t͡ɕɪj˧˧]

[nəm˦˥ lɨn˧˧ cɪj˧˧]

nấm + linh chi, the second element is the Sino-Vietnamese word from 靈芝.

Ganoderma lucidum
Ganoderma lucidum#Translingual

Ganoderma lucidum (a mushroom used in traditional Asian medicine)


傳統

chữ Hán form of truyền thống (“tradition”).


醫學

chữ Hán form of y học (“medicine (the academic discipline)”).


寄生蟲

chữ Hán form of kí sinh trùng (“parasite”).


đàn nguyệt

[ʔɗaːn˨˩ ŋwiət̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗaːŋ˦˩ ŋwiək̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗaːŋ˨˩ ŋwiək̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 彈 (“classifier used for stringed instruments”) and 月 (“moon”).

vi-etym-sino

moon lute, a traditional Vietnamese plucked, fretted lute with a round body and two strings


đàn gáo

[ʔɗaːn˨˩ ɣaːw˧˦]

[ʔɗaːŋ˦˩ ɣaːw˨˩˦]

[ʔɗaːŋ˨˩ ɣaːw˦˥]

Compound of đàn (“musical instrument”) + gáo (“dipper”).

compound

a traditional Vietnamese bowed string instrument with two strings and a coconut shell resonator


中年

chữ Hán form of trung niên (“middle age”).


buồng trứng

[ʔɓuəŋ˨˩ t͡ɕɨŋ˧˦]

[ʔɓuəŋ˦˩ ʈɨŋ˦˧˥]

[ʔɓuəŋ˨˩ ʈɨŋ˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-buồng trứng.wav


結論

chữ Hán form of kết luận (“conclusion”).


đàn bầu

[ʔɗaːn˨˩ ʔɓəw˨˩]

[ʔɗaːŋ˦˩ ʔɓəw˦˩]

[ʔɗaːŋ˨˩ ʔɓəw˨˩]

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 彈匏 (SV: đàn bào).
Compound of đàn (“a classifier designating string instruments”) + bầu (“gourd; the instrument formerly had a resonator made from a dried gourd”).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đàn bào</i>


bầu

head

bầu • (蔀, ⿱艹瓿)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 匏 (“gourd”, SV: biều, bào).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">biều, bào</i>

vi-etym-sino

Lagenaria siceraria
Lagenaria siceraria#Translingual

Lagenaria siceraria (calabash vine, bottle gourd)

(by extension) Any plant of genus Lagenaria

Various varieties of Oryza sativa rice that are usually planted as lúa Chiêm in deep paddies, and are relatively colorful, rather strong, and can be planted in paddies high in alum, for red rice or low-quality rice.


bầu

head

bầu • (蔀, ⿱艹瓿)

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
蔀 (CJK)

gourd (hard-shelled fruit from a plant in Lagenaria)

gourd (dried and hardened shell of a gourd fruit)

(botany) ovary (lower part of a pistil or carpel that bears ovules)

bosom (seat of one's inner thoughts, feelings, etc.)


bầu

Chú chim lượn trên bầu trời.

Chúng tôi không muốn thở cùng một bầu không khí.


tiếng Anh

[tiəŋ˧˦ ʔajŋ̟˧˧]

[tiəŋ˦˧˥ ʔɛɲ˧˧]

[tiəŋ˦˥ ʔan˧˧]

Ở Việt Nam, tiếng Anh trong trường chỉ chú trọng ngữ pháp, thành thử học sinh Việt Nam không nói nổi một câu tiếng Anh nên hồn.

Vietnamese schools only focus on English grammar, so it's no wonder Vietnamese students can't utter a decent English sentence for the life of them.

Người Nhật chúng tôi hễ người Anh tới, chúng tôi học tiếng Anh, người Nga, người Pháp, người Đức đến, chúng tôi học tiếng Nga, tiếng Pháp, tiếng Đức.

1906, Phan Châu Trinh, Người Nam nên học chữ Pháp:

When it comes to the Japanese, when the English arrive, they learn English; when the Russians, French, Germans arrive, they learn Russian, French, German.

1949: Trần Trọng Kim, "Lên Nam Vang" (Going to Phnom Peng), Một cơn gió bụi
Con gái tôi biết tiếng Anh, có nhiều người muốn học, định đi thuê nhà để dạy học, nhưng không thuê được nhà.

My daughter knows English, and many people want to learn it. She planned to rent a house to teach in but couldn't.


hoà bình

[hwaː˨˩ ʔɓïŋ˨˩]

[hwaː˦˩ ʔɓɨn˦˩]

[waː˨˩ ʔɓɨn˨˩]


lúa mạch

[luə˧˦ majk̟̚˧˨ʔ]

[luə˨˩˦ mat̚˨˩ʔ]

[luə˦˥ mat̚˨˩˨]


tam thập lục

[taːm˧˧ tʰəp̚˧˨ʔ lʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[taːm˧˧ tʰəp̚˨˩ʔ lʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[taːm˧˧ tʰəp̚˨˩˨ lʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 三十六 (“thirty-six”).

vi-etym-sino

a hammered dulcimer with 36 strings, used in the traditional and classical music of Vietnam


đàn nhị

[ʔɗaːn˨˩ ɲi˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗaːŋ˦˩ ɲɪj˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗaːŋ˨˩ ɲɪj˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 彈 (“musical instrument”) and 二 (“two, in reference to the two strings”).

a vertical bowed string instrument with two strings, used in the traditional and classical music of Vietnam


tiếng Pháp

[tiəŋ˧˦ faːp̚˧˦]

[tiəŋ˦˧˥ faːp̚˦˧˥]

[tiəŋ˦˥ faːp̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-tiếng Pháp.wav


tiếng Tây Ban Nha

[tiəŋ˧˦ təj˧˧ ʔɓaːn˧˧ ɲaː˧˧]

[tiəŋ˦˧˥ təj˧˧ ʔɓaːŋ˧˧ ɲaː˧˧]

[tiəŋ˦˥ təj˧˧ ʔɓaːŋ˧˧ ɲaː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-tiếng Tây Ban Nha.wav

tiếng (“language”) + Tây Ban Nha (“Spain”)


trời

bầu (classifier)
𡗶 (CJK)
𫯝 (CJK)
𫶸 (CJK)
𱘷 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-trời.wav

From Proto-Vietic *b-ləːj (“sky”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *briiʔ (“sky, rain”). Compare also Muong tlời and Chut [Rục] pləːj².
This particular form is originally the Central-Southern form. The Northern forms include giời from the inland dialects, and lời and tời from the coastal dialects. Both of the coastal Northern forms had already disappeared or are highly endangered since the early 20th century, leaving giời as the representative Northern form, although even this form is losing ground to the written form.
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 𫶸, composed of 巴 (MC pae) + 例 (MC ljejH) (modern SV: ba lệ), 婆例 (MC ba ljejH) (modern SV: bà lệ) and 婆雷 (MC ba lwoj) (modern SV: bà lôi). Attested in the Annan Jishi (安南即事, 13th century) as 勃耒 (MC bwot lwijX|lwojH).

ngoài trời

trời nóng/mát/lạnh

Trời đẹp nhỉ?

Bắc thang lên mà hỏi ông trời!

Go find a damn ladder to go up and ask the heavenly lord!

bị trời đánh

to be struck by Heaven; to be vanquished by divine wrath

trời đánh tránh bữa ăn

even the heavenly lord knows better not to strike at meal times; don't cause ruckuses at meal times

Con cóc là cậu ông trời,
Nếu ai đánh cóc thì trời đánh cho.
The Toad is the Heavenly Lord's boss,
If you strike him, the Lord will strike you.

- “Trời nghe hạ giới ai ngâm nga,
Tiếng ngâm vang cả sông Ngân Hà!
Làm Trời mất ngủ, Trời đương mắng
Có hay lên đọc, Trời nghe qua”.
Ước mãi bây giờ mới gặp tiên!
Người tiên nghe tiếng lại như quen!
Văn chương nào có hay cho lắm
Trời đã sai gọi thời phải lên.

1921, Tản Đà, Hầu Trời [Serving the Heavenly Lord]:

- The Lord heard someone reciting in the realm below,
Such recital echoed across the Milky Way!
It disturbed His slumber, it made Him mad
If you're so good, come to Heaven and recite to Him.
Good heaven, I'd always wished to see fairies!
They were fairies, yet they sounded pretty familiar!
My recital wasn't even that good
But the Lord had sent them to get me, I had to go.

(sometimes capitalized) a generic deification of the sky that is said to be able to grant "natural gifts" (talent, good weather, etc.) and deal heavenly "punishments" (storms, lightning, etc.); he may be conflated with the Ngọc Hoàng (“Jade Emperor”) borrowed from Chinese myths; the heavenly lord; compare Chinese 老天 (lǎotiān, literally “old heaven”)


bạc

From Proto-Vietic *baːk (“white”), a non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 白 (“white”, SV: bạch); cognate with Proto-Pong *paːk⁸ (“white”), Pong paːk, Thổ pɐːk⁸. The semantic development “white” > “silver” parallels that of vàng (“yellow” > “gold”).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">bạch</i>

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bạc.wav


bạc

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 博 (“to gamble”, SV: bác).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">bác</i>

vi-etym-sino

Đen tình, đỏ bạc.

Bad luck in romance brings good luck in gambling.


nhã nhạc

[ɲaː˦ˀ˥ ɲaːk̚˧˨ʔ]

[ɲaː˧˨ ɲaːk̚˨˩ʔ]

[ɲaː˨˩˦ ɲaːk̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 雅樂, composed of 雅 (“elegant”) and 樂 (“music”), from Middle Chinese 雅樂 (ŋˠa^X ŋˠʌk̚).

nhã nhạc cung đình Huế

(music) the ancient court ritual music of Vietnam, of Chinese origin


đế quốc

Sino-Vietnamese word from 帝國, composed of 帝 (“emperor”) and 國 (“state”).

[ʔɗe˧˦ kuək̚˧˦]

[ʔɗej˨˩˦ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗej˦˥ wək̚˦˥]


đế quốc

Clipping of chủ nghĩa đế quốc (“imperialism”).

clipping

[ʔɗe˧˦ kuək̚˧˦]

[ʔɗej˨˩˦ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗej˦˥ wək̚˦˥]

bọn đế quốc

đế quốc Mĩ

(only in compounds, historical, collective) imperialists


tập hợp

[təp̚˧˨ʔ həːp̚˧˨ʔ]

[təp̚˨˩ʔ həːp̚˨˩ʔ]

[təp̚˨˩˨ həːp̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 集合, composed of 集 (“to collect”) and 合 (“to unite”).

vi-etym-sino

tập hợp rỗng

tập hợp con

(set theory) a set (collection of mathematical objects, often having a common property)


金字塔

chữ Hán form of kim tự tháp (“pyramid”).


sắt

From Middle Vietnamese sắt, from Proto-Vietic *k-rac, from some form of Old Chinese 鐵 (OC *l̥ˤik) (B-S) (SV: thiết). Cognates within Vietic include Muong Bi khách and Chut [Rục] kʰlat⁷. Compare Lakkia kʰjãk⁵⁵ (Pain, 2020).
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 可列 (MC khaX ljet) (modern SV: khả liệt).


tháng hai

[tʰaːŋ˧˦ haːj˧˧]

[tʰaːŋ˦˧˥ haːj˧˧]

[tʰaːŋ˦˥ haːj˧˧]

February (second month of the Gregorian calendar)


tháng bảy

[tʰaːŋ˧˦ ʔɓaj˧˩]

[tʰaːŋ˦˧˥ ʔɓaj˧˨]

[tʰaːŋ˦˥ ʔɓa(ː)j˨˩˦]

July (seventh month of the Gregorian calendar)


sách

Sino-Vietnamese word from 冊. Cognate with Muong khách.


方言

chữ Hán form of phương ngôn (“dialect”).


口琴

chữ Hán form of khẩu cầm (“harmonica; mouth organ”).


hiện tại

[hiən˧˨ʔ taːj˧˨ʔ]

[hiəŋ˨˩ʔ taːj˨˩ʔ]

[hiəŋ˨˩˨ taːj˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 現在, composed of 現 (“now”) and 在 (“to exist”), literally "that which exists now".


heli

Ultimately from New Latin helium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


hát ru

[haːk̚˦˧˥ ʐʊw˧˧]

[haːk̚˦˥ ɹʊw˧˧]


rừng

cánh (classifier)
khu (classifier)
棱 (CJK)
𡼹 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *k-rəŋ (“forest”). Compare Proto-Katuic *kruuŋ, *krɨŋ (“forest”). Cognate with Muong rầng.


功名

chữ Hán form of công danh (“position and fame”).


侍衛

chữ Hán form of thị vệ (“royal guard; imperial bodyguard”).


時期

chữ Hán form of thời kì (“period of time”).


義父

chữ Hán form of nghĩa phụ (“adoptive father”).


寶劍

chữ Hán form of bảo kiếm (“precious sword”).


nòng nọc

[nɔŋ˦˩ nawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

See nọc nọc.
From *nọc. This term clearly follows the pattern of reduplication in Vietnamese. Compare ròng rọc.


rượu vang

[ziəw˧˨ʔ vaːŋ˧˧]

[ʐɨəw˨˩ʔ vaːŋ˧˧]

[ɹɨəw˨˩˨ vaːŋ˧˧]

[ɹɨəw˨˩˨ jaːŋ˧˧]

rượu (“wine, liquor, drink, alcohol”) + vang, from French vin (“wine”).


皇太后

hoàng thái hậu
hoàng thái hậu#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of hoàng thái hậu (“empress dowager”).


tàu

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 艚 (SV: tào).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tào</i>

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-tàu.wav

Meronyms: tàu hoả (“train”), tàu điện (“electric train”), tàu điện ngầm (“subway”), tàu thuỷ (“ship”), tàu ngầm (“submarine”), tàu vũ trụ (“spaceship”), tàu bay (“aircraft”) (dated)

say tàu

tàu bay

tàu Người Hà Lan Bay

tàu Nautilus

tàu Con Thoi

one of several types of vehicle or craft, usually large, designed for navigation in or on water, in air, on rails, or through outer space


tàu

Sâu đầu đen gây hại làm tàu dừa cháy khô từ những lá già bên dưới.

The Coconut black-headed caterpillar harmfully makes the coconut tree's large leaves dry-out from the older leaves underneath.


ngón tay

[ŋɔn˧˦ taj˧˧]

[ŋɔŋ˦˧˥ taj˧˧]

[ŋɔŋ˦˥ ta(ː)j˧˧]


bánh mì

vi-noun

(classifier chiếc, ổ, cái) bánh mì • (餅麵)

chiếc (classifier)
ổ (classifier)
cái (classifier)
餅麵 (CJK)

English: banh mi

[ʔɓajŋ̟˧˦ mi˨˩]

[ʔɓɛɲ˦˧˥ mɪj˦˩]

[ʔɓan˦˥ mɪj˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bánh mì.wav

From bánh (“pastry, cake, bread, dumpling, noodle, wafer, or pudding”) + mì (“wheat”).
A folk etymology claims that bánh mì is a corruption of French pain de mie; however, this is obviously false, see the entry for bánh. An 1898 dictionary defines Vietnamese miche as bánh tây, a now-dated term for Western-style bread.

com

bánh mì ngọt

bánh mì Pháp

bánh mì (kẹp thịt)

"sandwich baguette"; baguette with filling

Bánh mì Sài Gòn, một ngàn một ổ!
Saigonese banh mi, one thousand dong a loaf!

bò kho bánh mì

Ăn bánh mì thịt hoài chán quá. Bữa nay ăn bánh mì ngọt.

I'm tired of pork-filled baguettes. Imma have sweet bread today for a change.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:bánh mì.

bread, especially Saigon-style short baguettes with filling


tép

con (classifier)
鯜 (CJK)
𩹫 (CJK)
𬵤 (CJK)


tép

tép tỏi


tép

From French trèfle (literally “clovers”).

Alternative form of nhép (“clubs”) (one of the four suits of playing cards, marked with the symbol ♣)


運命

chữ Hán form of vận mệnh (“fate; destiny”).


nóc

head

𡳽, 𣟪, 𦢡, 𦢢, 𩠸

vi-noun

𡳽, 𣟪, 𦢡, 𦢢, 𩠸

From Proto-Vietic *k-ɗɔːk (“nape (of the neck)”), from Old Chinese 脰 (OC *kə.dˤok-s) (B-S) (SV: đậu). Compare dọc (“long and straight leaf stalks of some plants”).


chiên

Sino-Vietnamese word from 氈 (“felt (textile material)”). Semantically parallel to cừu (“sheep”) from 裘 (“fur coat”).

vi-etym-sino

[…] nhất thời không sao hiểu được, ngồi xếp bằng xuống tấm nệm lông chiên dưới đất.

2005, chapter 37, in Cao Tự Thanh, transl., Anh hùng xạ điêu, Văn học, translation of 射雕英雄传 by Jīn Yōng (Kim Dung):

[…] for the moment he had no way of understanding it; he sat down cross-legged onto the sheepskin cushion on the ground.

(archaic, now only in compounds) lamb; young sheep


vương quốc

[vɨəŋ˧˧ kuək̚˧˦]

[vɨəŋ˧˧ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[vɨəŋ˧˧ wək̚˦˥]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ wək̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 王國, composed of 王 (“king”) and 國 (“state”).

Vương quốc Liên hiệp/hợp Anh và Bắc Ai-len

the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

a kingdom (nation having as supreme ruler a king and/or queen)


ghế

vi-noun

(classifier cái, chiếc) ghế • (𣖟, 𧦔, 𪞴, 𬃪)

cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
𣖟 (CJK)
𧦔 (CJK)
𪞴 (CJK)
𬃪 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-ghế.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 几 (“stool”, SV: kỉ).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">kỉ</i>

vi-etym-sino

ghế bành

ghế đá

a seat (A piece of furniture made for sitting)


hoa hồng

[hwaː˧˧ həwŋ͡m˨˩]

[hwaː˧˧ həwŋ͡m˦˩]

[waː˧˧ həwŋ͡m˨˩]


hoa hồng

[hwaː˧˧ həwŋ͡m˨˩]

[hwaː˧˧ həwŋ͡m˦˩]

[waː˧˧ həwŋ͡m˨˩]


日月

chữ Hán form of nhật nguyệt (“sun and moon”).


cầu

trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
球 (CJK)
毬 (CJK)

Sino-Vietnamese word from 球 (“ball; sphere”).

đá cầu

(sports) Short for cầu mây (“sepak takraw ball”).


cầu

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 橋 (“bridge”, SV: kiều). Doublet of kèo.
The “latrine; lavatory” sense was so named since latrines were, in pre-modern times, characteristically a wooden construction on the water. Compare Malay jamban (“latrine”) < jambatan (“bridge”).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">kiều</i>

vi-etym-sino

Muốn sang thì bắc cầu kiều.
Muốn con hay chữ thì yêu lấy thầy.
If you want to cross a river, build a bridge.
If you want your kids to be educated, be kind to their teacher.

a bridge (construction or natural feature that spans a divide)

(Southern Vietnam) Short for nhà cầu (“latrine; lavatory”).


彈藥

chữ Hán form of đạn dược (“ammunition”).


姦淫

chữ Hán form of gian dâm (“fornication”).


núi lửa

ngọn (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)

[nuj˧˦ lɨə˧˩]

[nuj˨˩˦ lɨə˧˨]

[nuj˦˥ lɨə˨˩˦]

núi (“mountain”) + lửa (“fire”), calque of Chinese 火焰山 (hoả diệm/diễm sơn).
Texts from the early 20th-century show very limited attestation of hoả sơn 火山 (huǒshān), the usual term for "volcano" in Chinese and other Sino-Xenic languages, much more common in Vietnamese was hoả diệm sơn, attested in Đại Nam Quấc âm tự vị (1895) and hoả diễm sơn, attested in Cách trí giáo khoa thư (latter half of the 1920s); in both instances núi lửa is also attested in the vicinity. See also Satō (2015).

calque

Volcan … Núi lửa ; hỏa diệm sơn.

1887, Trương Vĩnh Ký, Vocabulaire annamite-français:

volcano (mountain containing a magma chamber)


clo

[kəː˨˩ lɔ˧˧]

[kəː˦˩ lɔ˧˧]

[kəː˨˩ lɔ˧˧]

From French chlore, from Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós).


拳法

chữ Hán form of quyền pháp (“martial arts style”).


罪惡

chữ Hán form of tội ác (“crime; serious offence; vice”).


航空

chữ Hán form of hàng không (“aviation”).


比例

chữ Hán form of tỉ lệ (“proportion; ratio”).


空間

chữ Hán form of không gian (“space; air space”).


主席

chữ Hán form of chủ tịch (“president, chairperson”).


混合

chữ Hán form of hỗn hợp (“mixture; blend”).


可疑

chữ Hán form of khả nghi (“suspicious”).


bơ

Borrowed from French beurre. For the association between “butter” and “avocado”, compare Chinese 牛油果 (ngưu du quả, “avocado”, literally “butter fruit”), Chinese 酪梨 (lạc lê, “avocado”, literally “cheese pear”).


bơ

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)


壯士

chữ Hán form of tráng sĩ (“heroic person; warrior”).


武藝

chữ Hán form of võ nghệ (“martial art”).


mì Quảng

[mɪj˦˩ kwaːŋ˧˨]

[mɪj˨˩ waːŋ˨˩˦]

com

short for <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">Quảng Nam</i>

Đà Nẵng
Đà Nẵng

mì Quảng, a Vietnamese noodle dish that can be found in the areas of Quảng Nam and Đà Nẵng, in the South Central Coast of Vietnam


trâu

con (classifier)
𤛠 (CJK)
𬌥 (CJK)
㺏 (CJK)
𤠋 (CJK)

From Northern Middle Vietnamese tlâu, from Proto-Vietic *c-luː. Cognate with North Central Vietnamese tru, Muong tlu, Old Mon jlow (“ox, bull, cattle”) (whence Mon ဂၠဴ, Nyah Kur chǝlòw), Mang løː⁶ and Phong-Kniang jlǝːw.
Khmer ឆ្លូវ (chləw, “Year of the Ox”) was borrowed from a Vietic variety, and thus is not an inherited cognate of the terms listed above.

tâu

certain coastal Northern dialects, endangered

tu

certain coastal North Central dialects, endangered

dialects with /ʈ/-/t/ merger, no diphthongization

trâu trắng

Bubalus bubalis
Bubalus bubalis#Translingual

(zoology) a water buffalo; Asiatic buffalo (a bovid of the species Bubalus bubalis)

(zoology, by extension) any buffalo of the genus Bubalus or the subtribe Bubalina)

(slang, by extension) a crypto-mining rig


nitroglyxerin

[ni˧˧ t͡ɕɔ˧˧ ɣli˧˧ sɛ˧˧ ɹin˧˧]

[ni˧˧ t͡ɕɔ˧˧ ɣli˧˧ sɛ˧˧ zin˧˧]

[nɪj˧˧ ʈɔ˧˧ ɣlɪj˧˧ sɛ˧˧ ɹin˧˧]

[nɪj˧˧ ʈɔ˧˧ ɣlɪj˧˧ sɛ˧˧ ɹɨn˧˧]


cải làn

[kaːj˧˨ laːŋ˦˩]

[kaːj˨˩˦ laːŋ˨˩]

From Cantonese 芥蘭／芥兰 (gaai3 laan4; giới lan).


面積

chữ Hán form of diện tích (“geometric area”).


ngôn ngữ

[ŋon˧˧ ŋɨ˦ˀ˥]

[ŋoŋ˧˧ ŋɨ˧˨]

[ŋoŋ˧˧ ŋɨ˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-ngôn ngữ.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 言語, composed of 言 (“to say”) and 語 (“to tell”). Compare Chinese 言語／言语 (“individual's word choices”), Chinese 語言／语言 (ngữ ngôn, “national tongue”), Japanese 言語 (gengo, “national tongue”) and Korean 언어 (eoneo, “national tongue”).

ncog

ngôn ngữ Ấn-Âu

ngôn ngữ hình thể
body language

ngôn ngữ lập trình

Có một lần tôi muốn dịch chữ langage, định dịch là “ngôn ngữ”, mà sợ nó trùng với ngôn ngữ là langue theo sự quen dùng của ta, tôi bèn tra Pháp-Hoa tự điển thử xem. Thì ra họ dịch là “ngôn ngữ”. Tôi nhận thấy họ có lý lắm: Có dùng “ngữ ngôn” mà dịch langue thì mới té chữ “ngôn ngữ” ra để mà dịch langage.

[1995, Phan Khôi, Việt ngữ nghiên cứu [A Study of the Vietnamese Language]:

One time I wanted to translate the word langage, at first I went with ngôn ngữ, but I was afraid it would be confused with langue like how we were used to using it, so I looked it up in a Franco-Chinese dictionary. Turned out they did translate it as ngôn ngữ. I think they had a point: if langue translates to ngữ ngôn, it makes sense for langage to translate to ngôn ngữ.

Ngữ ngôn là chung cho cả 1 dân tộc, một cộng đồng. Còn ngôn ngữ mang tính chất chủ thể rõ ràng.
Ngữ ngôn không bị mất đi bởi những thương tổn bệnh lý. Còn ngôn ngữ bị rối loạn hay bị mất do những tổn thương.

2021 July 3, “Ngữ ngôn & Ngôn ngữ là gì? (Tâm lý học) [Tongue vs Language in Psychology]”, in Lý tưởng [Ideals]:

Tongue is something shared by an entire nation or community. Language is confined to a single subject.
Tongue is never lost because of pathological injury. Language may be disrupted or lost due to such injury.


cánh tay

[kɛɲ˦˧˥ taj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cánh tay.wav

Derived termscánh tay dướicánh tay trên ()


khoa học

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-khoa học.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 科學, composed of 科 (“discipline”) and 學 (“study”), from Japanese 科学 (kagaku, literally “study of many disciplines”).

bor

nhà khoa học


lửa

ngọn (classifier)
đám (classifier)
焒 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-lửa.wav

From Proto-Vietic *-laːs (“fire”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *slaas ~ *slaʔ (“fire, to burn”). Cognate with Proto-Palaungic *laːs (“to burn”) (whence Riang [Lang] las² ("to scrape, strike a match")) and Proto-Katuic *las (“to trigger; fire shot”) (whence Pacoh layh). Compare also Nghệ An/Hà Tĩnh dialects lả.
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 阿呂 (MC 'a ljoX) (modern SV: a lã or a lữ).

cog

thổi bùng lên ngọn lửa đam mê

to blow the passionate flame; the ignite passion


cửa

vi-noun

(classifier cánh) cửa • (𨷯, 㪯, 擧, 𨴦, 𨵣, 𨷶, 𪭚, 𫔤, 𫔳, 𫔸, 𬮌, 𬮷, 󰗽, 󰘂, 󰘅, 󰘇)

cánh (classifier)
𨷯 (CJK)
㪯 (CJK)
擧 (CJK)
𨴦 (CJK)
𨵣 (CJK)
𨷶 (CJK)
𪭚 (CJK)
𫔤 (CJK)
𫔳 (CJK)
𫔸 (CJK)
𬮌 (CJK)
𬮷 (CJK)

From a Sino-Tibetan language. Compare Phuza ʑɛ³¹ ka³¹ ("door"), Nuosu ꀃꈈ (ip ko, “door”), Naxi ku (“door”). Cognate with Muong cứa.
Related to Chinese 戶 (OC *m-qˤaʔ) (B-S) (SV: hộ) through the Sino-Tibetan root, but unlikely to be derived from it since correspondences are irregular. Doublet of hộ and họ.

cửa chính

cửa sổ


giấy

head

𫷏, 紙, 絏, 繶, 𥿗

vi-noun

𫷏, 紙, 絏, 繶, 𥿗

tờ (classifier)
𫷏 (CJK)
紙 (CJK)
絏 (CJK)
繶 (CJK)
𥿗 (CJK)

From Middle Vietnamese gếy, from Proto-Vietic *k-cajʔ, from a descendant of reconstructed Old Chinese 紙 (OC *k.teʔ) when the dental stop already palatalized. Cognate with Arem kacajˀ ("book"); non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 紙 (“paper”, SV: chỉ).
The same sound change also yields Vietnamese giống, from Proto-Vietic *k-coːŋʔ, from a descendant of ultimately Old Chinese 種 (OC *k.toŋʔ).
For another word with similar phonological development, see giặc, from 賊／贼. Also compare Lakkia kʰjei²⁴ ("paper") and kjak²⁴ ("thief"), borrowed from the same sources.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">chỉ</i>


南方

chữ Hán form of nam phương (“south, southern area”).


hôn

From Proto-Vietic *huːɲ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɟʔuuɲ ~ *ɟhuuɲ (Shorto). Compare Central and Southern Vietnamese hun, Proto-Katuic *huuɲ ~ *huoɲ (“to smell, to sniff”) (whence Kuy huːɲ ("to smell, to sniff") and Pacoh hunh (“to kiss”)), Kensiu ʔɔɲ ("to smell, to sniff, to kiss").
Insertion of initial *h in Vietic can also be seen in *tŋ-ʔaːm (“jaw”) (> Vietnamese hàm, Late Vietic), *heːt (“finished”) (> Vietnamese hết), *hanʔ (“he, she, it”) (> Vietnamese hắn), *haːr (“two”) (> Vietnamese hai), *hoːj (“foul-smelling”) (> Vietnamese hôi), *hɔːŋʔ (“river, brook”), *haːŋʔ (“to open (mouth)”).


hôn

cầu hôn

to propose to; to make an offer of marriage


dân tộc

[zən˧˧ təwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[jəŋ˧˧ təwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[jəŋ˧˧ təwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

53 dân tộc thiểu số

dân tộc Việt/Kinh

người dân tộc

dân tộc thiểu số
dân tộc thiểu số#Vietnamese

Short for dân tộc thiểu số (“ethnic minority in Vietnam”).

dân tộc Việt Nam

các dân tộc bị áp bức trên thế giới


thìa

cái (classifier)
𠤧 (CJK)
𣼮 (CJK)
𨫉 (CJK)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 匙 (“spoon”, SV: thi). Compare chìa.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">thi</i>

vi-etym-sino

(Northern Vietnam) spoon (scooped utensil for eating (or serving))


都督

chữ Hán form of đô đốc (“(military) admiral of Vietnam People's Navy; an official military title in ancient China and Vietnam.”).


nguyên tắc vàng

[ŋwiən˧˧ tak̚˧˦ vaːŋ˨˩]

[ŋwiəŋ˧˧ tak̚˦˧˥ vaːŋ˦˩]

[ŋwiəŋ˧˧ tak̚˦˥ vaːŋ˨˩]

[ŋwiəŋ˧˧ tak̚˦˥ jaːŋ˨˩]

nguyên tắc (原則) (“principle”) + vàng (“gold”)


bản đồ

[ʔɓaːn˧˩ ʔɗo˨˩]

[ʔɓaːŋ˧˨ ʔɗow˦˩]

[ʔɓaːŋ˨˩˦ ʔɗow˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-Bản đồ.wav


武器

chữ Hán form of vũ khí (“weapon; arms”).


南半球

chữ Hán form of nam bán cầu (“Southern Hemisphere”).


北半球

chữ Hán form of bắc bán cầu (“Northern Hemisphere”).


thực đơn

[tʰɨk̚˧˨ʔ ʔɗəːn˧˧]

[tʰɨk̚˨˩ʔ ʔɗəːŋ˧˧]

[tʰɨk̚˨˩˨ ʔɗəːŋ˧˧]


máy ảnh

[maj˧˦ ʔajŋ̟˧˩]

[maj˨˩˦ ʔɛɲ˧˨]


thú có túi

[tʰu˧˦ kɔ˧˦ tuj˧˦]

[tʰʊw˨˩˦ kɔ˨˩˦ tuj˨˩˦]

[tʰʊw˦˥ kɔ˦˥ tuj˦˥]

thú (“mammal”) + có (“to have”) + túi (“pouch”).


đậu hoà lan

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩ laːn˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩ laːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ waː˨˩ laːŋ˧˧]


hải sâm

[haːj˧˨ ʂəm˧˧]

[haːj˨˩˦ ʂəm˧˧]

[haːj˨˩˦ səm˧˧]


măng tây

[maŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[maŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[maŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-măng tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)

măng (“bamboo shoot”) + tây (“Western”). Compare Khmer ទំពាំងបារាំង (tumpĕəngbaarĕəng, literally “French bamboo shoot”) and Thai หน่อไม้ฝรั่ง (nɔ̀ɔ-máai-fà-ràng, literally “foreign/Western bamboo shoot”).

cog

ទំពាំងបារាំង

ncog

หน่อไม้ฝรั่ง


tây

Audio (Hà Nội)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-tây.wav


nàng thơ

[naːŋ˨˩ tʰəː˧˧]

[naːŋ˦˩ tʰəː˧˧]

[naːŋ˨˩ tʰəː˧˧]


sinh tố

[sïŋ˧˧ to˧˦]

[ʂɨn˧˧ tow˨˩˦]

[ʂɨn˧˧ tow˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 生素, composed of 生 (“life”) and 素 (“element”), from Chinese 維生素／维生素 (duy sinh tố, literally “life-sustaining element”).


dứa

vi-noun

(classifier cây, quả, trái) dứa • (𦼥, 架)

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
𦼥 (CJK)
架 (CJK)

From Middle Vietnamese giứa, from Proto-Vietic *-caːʔ (“pandanus”), with pandanus now being called dứa dại.
The etymological spelling giứa is now virtually never used, being replaced by dứa.

a species of pineapple commonly found in northern Vietnam


cá chình

[kaː˧˦ t͡ɕïŋ˨˩]

[kaː˨˩˦ t͡ɕɨn˦˩]

[kaː˦˥ cɨn˨˩]


tantan

Ultimately from New Latin tantalum, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


hệ thống

[he˧˨ʔ tʰəwŋ͡m˧˦]

[hej˨˩ʔ tʰəwŋ͡m˦˧˥]

[hej˨˩˨ tʰəwŋ͡m˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-hệ thống.wav

Hệ thống Cửa hàng PNJ


gỗ

A loanword from a neighboring language, originated from a word for trees from the Sindora genus, known for their timber. Compare Khmer ក្រកោះ (krɑɑkɑh), កកោះ (kɑɑkɑkɑh). Doublet of gụ and gõ.
Mostly displaced native săng.

2006, Nguyễn Nhật Ánh, Chuyện xứ Lang Biang part 1: Pho tượng của Baltalon, Kim Đồng, chapter 2

The wooden house gradually appeared to the children, and it looked not unlike Mr Silver Beard's, with some things that made it look more rundown and shabbier.

Căn nhà gỗ dần dần hiện rõ trước mắt bọn trẻ và trông giông giống căn nhà của thầy Râu Bạc, có điều nom nó hoang tàn xập xệ hơn.


vỏ

head

vỏ • (𤿍, 𤿭, 𧁵)

cái (classifier)
lớp (classifier)
𤿍 (CJK)
𤿭 (CJK)
𧁵 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-vỏ.wav

From Proto-Vietic *-pɔh (“bark, shell”). Cognate with Tho [Cuối Chăm] pɒː⁵.

trượt vỏ chuối

cover, bark, shell, sheath, husk, skin, peel, pot, crust


uy

Sino-Vietnamese word from 威. Doublet of oai.


truyền hình

[t͡ɕwiən˨˩ hïŋ˨˩]

[ʈwiəŋ˦˩ hɨn˦˩]

[ʈ⁽ʷ⁾iəŋ˨˩ hɨn˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 傳形, composed of 傳 (“to transmit”) and 形 (“image”), coined in Vietnam.


rồng

head

滝, 瀧, 蠪, 蠬, 𧍰, 𧏵

vi-noun

滝, 瀧, 蠪, 蠬, 𧍰, 𧏵

(classifier con) rồng • (滝, 瀧, 蠪, 蠬, 𧍰, 𧏵)

con (classifier)
滝 (CJK)
瀧 (CJK)
蠪 (CJK)
蠬 (CJK)
𧍰 (CJK)
𧏵 (CJK)

From Middle Vietnamese 蠬 (ròu᷄), from Proto-Vietic *-roːŋ, from Old Chinese 龍 (OC *[mə]-roŋ) (B-S) (SV: long). Compare also Khmer រោង (roong, “Year of the Dragon”).


râu mép

[zəw˧˧ mɛp̚˧˦]

[ʐəw˧˧ mɛp̚˦˧˥]

[ɹəw˧˧ mɛp̚˦˥]


vó

Ngã chổng vó lên trời


vó

cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
𥿠 (CJK)
布 (CJK)

Người dân huyện Tân Châu dùng lưới mắc vào hai cây lớn tạo thành vó "di động" trên những chiếc ghe, để bắt cá linh trên sông Tiền.
Residents of Tân Châu use a net hung between two large treetrunks to create a 'mobile' [square] dipping net on ghe [boats], in order to catch cá linh [Henicorhynchus spp.] on the River Tiền.


vá

From Middle Vietnamese ꞗĕá, ꞗá, from Proto-Vietic *k-paːʔ (“to sew, to mend”), from Old Chinese 補 (OC *[Cə]-pˤaʔ) (B-S) (SV: bổ). Cognate with Muong pả.


lựu đạn cay

[liw˧˨ʔ ʔɗaːn˧˨ʔ kaj˧˧]

[lɨw˨˩ʔ ʔɗaːŋ˨˩ʔ kaj˧˧]

[lɨw˨˩˨ ʔɗaːŋ˨˩˨ ka(ː)j˧˧]

tear gas shell, tear gas canister, tear gas grenade, tear gas


lựu đạn

[liw˧˨ʔ ʔɗaːn˧˨ʔ]

[lɨw˨˩ʔ ʔɗaːŋ˨˩ʔ]

[lɨw˨˩˨ ʔɗaːŋ˨˩˨]


信息

chữ Hán form of tin tức (“news; tidings; information”).


bismut

[ʔɓit̚˧˧ mut̚˧˧]

[ʔɓit̚˧˧ mʊk̚˧˧]

[ʔɓɨt̚˧˧ mʊk͡p̚˧˧]


xá xị

[saː˧˦ si˧˨ʔ]

[saː˨˩˦ sɪj˨˩ʔ]

[saː˦˥ sɪj˨˩˨]

From Sarsi, a sarsaparilla-flavored soft drink produced in Taiwan and Southeast Asian nations.


công-xéc-tô

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ sɛk̚˧˦ to˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ sɛk̚˦˧˥ tow˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ sɛk̚˦˥ tow˧˧]


sư cô

[ʂɨ˧˧ kow˧˧]

[ʂɨ˧˧ kow˧˧]

a Buddhist nun; often used, in capitalized form, as an honorific before the name of Buddhist nuns


công xéc tô

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ sɛk̚˧˦ to˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ sɛk̚˦˧˥ tow˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ sɛk̚˦˥ tow˧˧]


ông đồ

[ʔəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗo˨˩]

[ʔəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗow˦˩]

[ʔəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗow˨˩]

a scribe skilled in calligraphy of Chinese characters


phù sa

[fʊw˦˩ ʂaː˧˧]

[fʊw˦˩ saː˧˧]

[fʊw˨˩ ʂaː˧˧]

[fʊw˨˩ saː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 浮沙 (“floated sand”), as silt flows in streams and rivers.


ông

Sino-Vietnamese word from 翁 (“old man”). In Japanese, the same character corresponds to 嫗 (“old woman”). The character for bà (which corresponds to ông in Vietnamese), 婆 (pó, “grandmother”), actually corresponds to 爺／爷 (yé, “grandfather”) in Chinese and Japanese.


anh

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-anh.wav

From Proto-Vietic *ʔɛːŋ (“elder brother”).
According to Phan Kế Bính's Việt Nam phong tục (1915), apparently the practice of calling each other anh-em for those in relationship originated from the province of Quảng Nam:
1915, Phan Kế Bính, Việt Nam phong tục [Vietnamese customs]:
— Vợ chồng con nhà sang trọng, gọi nhau bằng cậu mợ, thầy thông thầy phán thì gọi nhau bằng thầy cô, nhà thường thì gọi nhau bằng anh chị. Có con rồi thì gọi nhau bằng thầy em đẻ em, nhà thô tục thì gọi nhau là bố cu mẹ đĩ, có người thì gọi bố nó mẹ nó, có người cả hai vợ chồng gọi lẫn nhau là nhà ta. Ở Quảng-Nam thì vợ gọi chồng là anh, chồng gọi vợ là em. Ở Nghệ Tĩnh vợ chồng gọi là gấy nhông.
Spouses from wealthy families tend to call each other cậu and mợ; those employed by the government prefer thầy and cô; while in an average household, they call each other anh and chị. Couples with children call each other thầy em [father of the little one] and đẻ em [mother of the little one], while those from low-born families use bố cu and mẹ đĩ; there are also those who say bố nó and mẹ nó and those who both call each other nhà ta. In Quảng Nam, a housewife would call her husband anh and a husband would call his wife em. In Nghệ Tĩnh, "husband and wife" is called gấy nhông.

quote-book

Việt Nam phong tục

Spouses from wealthy families tend to call each other cậu and mợ; those employed by the government prefer thầy and cô; while in an average household, they call each other anh and chị. Couples with children call each other thầy em 􂀿father of the little one􂁀 and đẻ em 􂀿mother of the little one􂁀, while those from low-born families use bố cu and mẹ đĩ; there are also those who say bố nó and mẹ nó and those who both call each other nhà ta. In Quảng Nam, a housewife would call her husband anh and a husband would call his wife em. In Nghệ Tĩnh, "husband and wife" is called gấy nhông.

a male cousin who's descended from an ancestor who is/was an older sibling to yours or your spouse's

Rồi xếp "anh" này lên trên "anh" kia.

Then we're gonna put this "guy" (an object or piece) over here over that little "guy" over there.

"Anh" u vuông góc với "anh" v thì "anh" u cũng vuông góc với "anh" d.

If "guy" u (a geometric line) is perpendicular with "guy" v then he's also perpendicular with "guy" d.


trăm

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-trăm.wav

From Proto-Vietic *k-lam, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *klam; cognate with Muong tlăm, Pacoh culám and Mon ကၠံ (klɔm).
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as ⿰林亇, composed of 亇 + 林 (MC lim) (modern SV: cá lâm) and 林 (MC lim) (modern SV: lâm).

một trăm

(một) trăm tư

hai trăm rưỡi

(colloquial, only in compounds) a hundred thousand Vietnamese dongs


心理

chữ Hán form of tâm lí (“psychology; mental process”).


欄杆

chữ Hán form of lan can (“rail; banisters”).


實際

chữ Hán form of thực tế (“reality; real life”).


原理

chữ Hán form of nguyên lí (“principle”).


gỏi cuốn

[ɣɔj˧˩ kuən˧˦]

[ɣɔj˧˨ kuəŋ˦˧˥]

[ɣɔj˨˩˦ kuəŋ˦˥]

(Southern Vietnam) summer roll, a cold spring roll in Vietnamese cuisine


編磬

chữ Hán form of biên khánh (“bianqing”).


乾坤

chữ Hán form of càn khôn (“the [[w:I_Ching_hexagram_01#Hexagram_1||||||| (qian)]] and ¦¦¦¦¦¦ (kun) hexagrams from the I Ching”).


編鐘

chữ Hán form of biên chung (“bianzhong”).


帝國主義

đế quốc chủ nghĩa
đế quốc chủ nghĩa#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of đế quốc chủ nghĩa (“imperialism”).


重心

chữ Hán form of trọng tâm (“center of gravity (centre of gravity), centroid, heart; core; main part”).


bưởi

head

bưởi • (𣘓, 𣞻)

vi-noun

(classifier cây, quả, trái) bưởi • (𣘓, 𣞻)

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
𣘓 (CJK)
𣞻 (CJK)

Nó có bưởi to.

(anatomy, euphemistic, humorous, of a woman) a boob; a jug


quà

món (classifier)
cái (classifier)
𩚧 (CJK)
𩛃 (CJK)
𩟂 (CJK)

1938, Thạch Lam, Hai đứa trẻ, Đời nay
An và Liên ngửi thấy mùi phở thơm, nhưng ở cái huyện nhỏ này, quà bác Siêu bán là một thứ quà xa xỉ, nhiều tiền, hai chị em không bao giờ mua được.
An and Liên smelled the aroma of the fragrant phở, but in this little district, the dish Mr Siêu sold was a luxury dish, an expensive one, and the two girls could never buy it.


nhật kí web

[ɲət̚˧˨ʔ ki˧˦ ʔwɛp̚˧˦]

[ɲək̚˨˩ʔ kɪj˨˩˦ ʔwɛp̚˦˧˥]

[ɲək̚˨˩˨ kɪj˦˥ (ʔ)wɛp̚˦˥]


chữ

head

𡨸, 𫿰, 𡦂, 𡨹, 字, 宁, 楮, 𫳘

vi-noun

𡨸, 𫿰, 𡦂, 𡨹, 字, 宁, 楮, 𫳘

(classifier con) chữ • (𡨸, 𫿰, 𡦂, 𡨹, 字, 宁, 楮, 𫳘)

con (classifier)
𡨸 (CJK)
𫿰 (CJK)
𡦂 (CJK)
𡨹 (CJK)
字 (CJK)
宁 (CJK)
楮 (CJK)
𫳘 (CJK)

→ Sedang: chu

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 字 (“letter, character, word”, SV: tự). Cognate with Muong chữ.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tự</i>

vi-etym-sino

chữ A

chữ hoa/thường

hình chữ thập

a cross shape (literally, “a shape that resembles the Han character 十 (shí, literally “ten”)”)

hình chữ nhật

a rectangle (literally, “a shape that resembles the Han character 日 (literally “sun; day”)”)

trên đầu chữ sắc có con dao
beware of cunning beautiful women
(literally, “there's a 刀 (dāo, literally “knife”) at the top of 色 (literally “womanly beauty”)”)

biết chữ

chữ Quốc ngữ

chữ Hán

chữ viết rất đẹp

chữ như gà bới

chữ bác sĩ

handwriting (characteristic writing of a particular person)

câu thơ bảy chữ

Viết một bài 100 chữ.

Vậy thì nếu mình chỉ tập trung vào chữ Đ bằng tiếng Việt mà so sánh với cái chữ F bằng tiếng Anh…

2015 June 28, Joe Ruelle, Những kẻ lắm lời [The Chatterboxes], episode 2:

So if we just focus on the Vietnamese Đ word as compared with the English F word…

(informal) syllable, especially written and considered for "word" counts; compare từ (lexical word)

sính dùng chữ

to be fond of using Chinese terms/expressions

Cái đồ ngu mà thích nói chữ

sách có chữ rằng

chữ nghĩa

word and its meaning (literal); knowledge

Một đồng một chữ cũng không có.
to have not even one piastre or one chữ; to be very poor

Em luôn sống trong nỗi đau khổ khi bị giằng xé giữa chữ hiếu và tình.

2016, Trầm Hương, Trong cơn lốc xoáy, part I, NXB Phụ nữ, page 195:

I always suffer being torn apart between filial piety and love.

concept (as denoted by one Chinese character)


lúa miến

[luə˨˩˦ miəŋ˦˧˥]

[luə˦˥ miəŋ˦˥]


lúa

From Proto-Vietic *ʔa-lɔːʔ (“paddy rice”). Cognate with Arem alɑːˀ.
According to Ferlus, it is a loanword from Old Chinese 稻 (OC *[l]ˤuʔ) (B-S) (SV: đạo), in turn related to Proto-Mon-Khmer *sruʔ (“paddy rice”) and Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₂rawʔ ~ *t₂raaw() (“taro”). Ferlus reasons that the two different plants share the same ecological farming niche, thus facilitating semantic shift from "taro" to "rice". Shorto notes a dubious connection between Proto-Vietic *ʔa-lɔːʔ and Proto-Mon-Khmer *s-ruʔ (“paddy”).

cog

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) paddy; unhusked rice

Tuần này hết lúa rồi, mượn gì thì để sau.

I'm broke this week, come back later if you want to borrow (some bucks).


nấm đầu khỉ

[nəm˧˦ ʔɗəw˨˩ xi˧˩]

[nəm˦˧˥ ʔɗəw˦˩ kʰɪj˧˨]

[nəm˦˧˥ ʔɗəw˦˩ xɪj˧˨]

[nəm˦˥ ʔɗəw˨˩ kʰɪj˨˩˦]

[nəm˦˥ ʔɗəw˨˩ xɪj˨˩˦]

nấm (“mushroom”) + đầu (“head”) + khỉ (“monkey”)

Hericium erinaceus
Hericium erinaceus#Translingual


khỉ

From Proto-Vietic *kʰih; probably of imitative origin.

trò khỉ

a "monkey trick" / a stupid comedy routine

Hay cái con khỉ!

Khỉ thật!

khỉ đột


漢族

chữ Hán form of Hán tộc (“Han Chinese”).


漢服

chữ Hán form of Hán phục (“traditional Han Chinese clothing; Hanfu”).


福音

chữ Hán form of phúc âm (“gospel, good news”).


電光

chữ Hán form of điện quang (“electric light”).


童謠

chữ Hán form of đồng dao (“children's song”).


hố đen

[ho˧˦ ʔɗɛn˧˧]

[how˨˩˦ ʔɗɛŋ˧˧]

[how˦˥ ʔɗɛŋ˧˧]

hố (“dug pit/hole”) + đen (“black”), literally “black dug hole”. Compare lỗ đen (literally “black punctured hole”).

af

Synonym of lỗ đen (“a black hole”) (celestial body)


玳瑁

hawksbill sea turtle
hawksbill sea turtle

Nôm form of đồi mồi (“hawksbill sea turtle; liver spots”).


公式

chữ Hán form of công thức (“formula; recipe”).


機械

chữ Hán form of cơ giới (“machine; motor”).


sét

From Proto-Vietic *p-rɛːt (“lightning”). Cognate with Pong pʰlɛːt⁷. Compare Tày phiét /pʰʲɛt/, a borrowing from Vietic.

sét hòn


mứt

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 蜜 (SV: mật). Doublet of mật.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">mật</i>

vi-etym-sino

mứt dâu

mứt gừng

a type of sweet that is often eaten during certain occasions (such as Tết)


大意

chữ Hán form of đại ý (“general idea; main points”).


保證

chữ Hán form of bảo chứng (“a guarantee”).


北部

chữ Hán form of bắc bộ (“northern part, northern area”).


報告

chữ Hán form of báo cáo (“to report, to inform”).


本質

chữ Hán form of bản chất (“essence, nature (intrinsic quality)”).


病人

chữ Hán form of bệnh nhân (“patient; sufferer”).


標準

chữ Hán form of tiêu chuẩn (“standard”).


體質

chữ Hán form of thể chất (“constitution; physique”).


論證

chữ Hán form of luận chứng (“proof; demonstration”).


rá

Possibly from Old Chinese 籮 (OC *raːl, “bamboo basket”) (Zhengzhang) (SV: la).


mỡ

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mỡ.wav

fat as part of flesh, or grease; compare chất béo (“fat in nutrition”)


壯志

chữ Hán form of tráng chí (“great ambitions; lofty aspirations”).


器械

chữ Hán form of khí giới (“weapon; arm”).


岩石

chữ Hán form of nham thạch (“lava rock”).


民意

chữ Hán form of dân ý (“popular opinion”).


筆跡

chữ Hán form of bút tích (“autograph manuscripts; handwritten notes”).


產業

chữ Hán form of sản nghiệp (“property; wealth; estate”).


林業

chữ Hán form of lâm nghiệp (“forestry”).


敷衍

chữ Hán form of phô diễn (“to express”).


氣勢

chữ Hán form of khí thế (“momentum; strength; force; vigor; energy”).


nêm

From an infixed form of a root that gave rise to chêm (“to wedge”).


用具

chữ Hán form of dụng cụ (“utensil; tool”).


nếp than

[nep̚˦˧˥ tʰaːŋ˧˧]

[nep̚˦˥ tʰaːŋ˧˧]


音響

chữ Hán form of âm hưởng (“sound; acoustics”).


nứa

Neohouzeaua (a genus of medium-sized tropical bamboo)


khúc

Sino-Vietnamese word from 曲.
When used in isolation, khúc always means "piece, section", a notion derived from "song, tune" and "piece [of music]". The adjectival sense "bent, curved" is only found in some compounds, such as gấp khúc.

[kʰʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[xʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[kʰʊwk͡p̚˦˥]

Khúc này làm sao?

Khúc giữa phim hơi chán.

The middle part of the movie was pretty boring.

a part, section, segment or cut of something


khúc

Sino-Vietnamese word from 麴. Compare Chinese 鼠麴草／鼠曲草 (thử khúc thảo, “Pseudognaphalium affine”).

ncog

[kʰʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[xʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[kʰʊwk͡p̚˦˥]

(rare in isolation) Pseudognaphalium affine

(rare in isolation) Gnaphalium polycaulon


nếp

From Proto-Vietic *ɗeːp (“glutinous (rice)”). Cognate with Muong Bi đếp, Proto-Katuic *ɗeep (whence Pacoh deip (“glutinous rice”)), Khmer ដំណើប (dɑmnaəp, “glutinous (rice)”) (through a nasal infixed form).


nếp

Equivalent to the noun derivative of xếp, chếp (“to fold”). Compare Khmer ជំនីប (cumniip) < ជីប (ciip).


lạc

Sino-Vietnamese word from 落 (“to fall; to lose; to stray; lost”). For the "groundnut" sense, compare Chinese 落花生 (luòhuāshēng, “groundnut”).

vi-etym-sino

Một năm đã đi qua. Mùa xuân thứ hai đã đến. Màu xanh thẫm của đỗ, của ngô, của lạc, màu xanh non của lá mạ, màu đỏ tươi của ớt chín lấn dần lên các thứ màu nham nhở, man rợ khác của đất hoang...

1960, Nguyễn Khải, Mùa Lạc (Peanut Season):

One year already went by. The second spring has come. The dark-green color of beans, of maizes, of peanuts, the light-green color of rice-seedlings, the bright-red hue of ripe capsicums, are steadily overtaking the wasteland's barbaric, blotchy colors.


官僚

chữ Hán form of quan liêu (“bureaucracy”).


命題

chữ Hán form of mệnh đề (“proposition”).


傳單

chữ Hán form of truyền đơn (“political flier”).


polyetylen

[pɔ˧˧ li˧˧ ʔe˧˧ ti˧˧ lɛn˧˧]

[pɔ˧˧ lɪj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ tɪj˧˧ lɛŋ˧˧]

[pɔ˧˧ lɪj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ tɪj˧˧ lɛŋ˧˧]


人名

chữ Hán form of nhân danh (“personal name”).


人身

chữ Hán form of nhân thân (“background information; antecedents; record; etc. of a person”).


人事

chữ Hán form of nhân sự (“human resources”).


殺人

chữ Hán form of sát nhân (“murderer; killer”).


公僕

公僕: Hán Việt readings: công bộc (canonical)

chữ Hán form of công bộc (“public servant”).


化身

chữ Hán form of hoá thân (“embodiment”).


移民

chữ Hán form of di dân (“migrant; immigrant”).


nhân quyền

[ɲən˧˧ kwiən˨˩]

[ɲəŋ˧˧ kwiəŋ˦˩]

[ɲəŋ˧˧ wiəŋ˨˩]


rét

cơn (classifier)
đợt (classifier)
𠗹 (CJK)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 冽 (SV: liệt).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">liệt</i>


thủ tướng

[tʰu˧˩ tɨəŋ˧˦]

[tʰʊw˧˨ tɨəŋ˦˧˥]

[tʰʊw˨˩˦ tɨəŋ˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 首相, composed of 首 (“chief”) and 相 (“minister”).

Thủ tướng Chính phủ

(literally, “the Prime Minister of the Government”)

Ngày 8/12/2021, ông Olaf Scholz, chủ tịch đảng Dân chủ Xã hội Đức (SPD) tuyên thệ nhậm chức thủ tướng kế nhiệm bà Angela Merkel, người lãnh đạo nước Đức trong 16 năm trước đó. Một giai đoạn mới bắt đầu.

2023 December 6, “2 năm làm thủ tướng, ông Olaf Scholz đã thay đổi nước Đức như thế nào? [How Has Olaf Scholz Changed Germany Two Years into is Chancellorship?]”, in Công an nhân dân [The People's Public Security]:

On December 8 2021, Olaf Sholz, former General Secretary of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) took the oath of office of the Chancellor, succeeding Angela Merkel who had led Germany for the 16 years prior. Thus began a new era.

Cuộc thăm dò này của Ipsos cho thấy có 69% số người được hỏi nói rằng họ cảm thấy ông Trudeau nên từ bỏ tất cả các vai trò hiện nay của mình trong Chính phủ cũng như trong Đảng Tự do. Đây là lần thứ hai trong hai tháng liên tiếp, ông Trudeau nhận được tỷ lệ không ủng hộ cao như vậy, với kết quả tháng trước là 72%. Dù vậy, Thủ tướng Trudeau vẫn kiên định rằng ông sẽ dẫn dắt Đảng Tự do tham gia cuộc bầu cử tiếp theo bất cứ khi nào được hỏi về chủ đề này.

2023 December 18, “Tỷ lệ ủng hộ Thủ tướng Canada Justin Trudeau tiếp tục giảm [Canada Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's Approval Rating Continues Declining]”, in Quân đội nhân dân [The People's Army]:

According to this Ipsos survey, 69% of respondents said Trudeau should retire from his positions in the Cabinet as well as in the Liberal Party. This is the second time in a row that Trudeau has received such low approval, with last month's rating being 72%. Nonetheless, Prime Ministe Trudeau has remained firm, every time he has been asked about this topic, that he will be leading the Liberal Party into the next election.

a premier, a prime minister or a chancellor


chính phủ

[t͡ɕïŋ˧˦ fu˧˩]

[t͡ɕɨn˦˧˥ fʊw˧˨]

[cɨn˦˥ fʊw˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 政府, composed of 政 (“government”) and 府 (“organ of state power”).

Chính phủ Mĩ

(formal) a national executive administration; executive government; executive branch


tốt

(xiangqi) soldier, a piece labeled with the characters 卒 (black) and 兵 (binh, red)


繁體

chữ Hán form of phồn thể (“Traditional Chinese”).


主權

chữ Hán form of chủ quyền (“sovereignty”).


hassi

[haːk̚˦˧˥ sɪj˧˧]

[haːk̚˦˥ sɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from New Latin hassium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


cộng hoà

[kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 共和, composed of 共 (“to join”) and 和 (“to harmonize”), from Japanese 共和 (kyōwa, kyōka, “republican”), from Literary Chinese 共和 (gònghé, literally “cooperation and harmony”). In other East Asian languages, 共和 (gònghé, “republican”) alone is an attributive form, effectively adjectival in meaning and syntax; the proper words for "republican country/state" are Mandarin 共和國／共和国 (gònghé guó), Japanese 共和国 (kyōwakoku) and Korean 공화국 (gonghwaguk). While historical evidence (in the Bamboo Annals and Tsinghua Bamboo Slips) indicates that 共和 describes the Gonghe Regency, the single rule by the Earl of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (和), 共和 is incorrectly interpreted as joint rule by ducal ministers in the absence of a king (e.g. by Sima Qian). The idea of "government without a king" was later adopted by Japanese geographer Mitsukuri Shōgo in reference to the United States, which he dubbed 共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally “the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government”); Mitsukuri anecdotally took this suggestion from a Ruist acquaintance who could only think of the aforementioned regency as the sole example of an East Asian government with no monarch. Later Japanese authors used 共和 in a rather indiscriminate way, for anything from commonwealth, to republic, to democracy. The original translation into Chinese of English republican was Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ), whence Vietnamese dân chủ (“democracy”).

der

Bamboo Annals
Gonghe Regency
Records of the Grand Historian
Sima Qian
Tsinghua Bamboo Slips
ja:箕作省吾
vi:cộng hoà


企業

chữ Hán form of xí nghiệp (“manufacturer”).


責任

chữ Hán form of trách nhiệm (“responsibility; duty”).


陰謀

chữ Hán form of âm mưu (“conspiracy; scheme”).


表情

chữ Hán form of biểu tình (“demonstration”).


行李

chữ Hán form of hành lí (“luggage; baggage”).


信徒

chữ Hán form of tín đồ (“believer; follower”).


境界

chữ Hán form of cảnh giới (“realm, state, extent reached”).


現象

chữ Hán form of hiện tượng (“phenomenon”).


宣布

chữ Hán form of tuyên bố (“announcement; declaration”).


侵略

chữ Hán form of xâm lược (“aggression; invasion”).


mãng cầu ta

[maːŋ˦ˀ˥ kəw˨˩ taː˧˧]

[maːŋ˧˨ kəw˦˩ taː˧˧]

[maːŋ˨˩˦ kəw˨˩ taː˧˧]

Annona squamosa
Annona squamosa#Translingual


mãng cầu tây

[maːŋ˦ˀ˥ kəw˨˩ təj˧˧]

[maːŋ˧˨ kəw˦˩ təj˧˧]

[maːŋ˨˩˦ kəw˨˩ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-mãng cầu tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)

Annona cherimola
Annona cherimola#Translingual


hồng xiêm

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ siəm˧˧]

[həwŋ͡m˦˩ siəm˧˧]

Manilkara zapota
Manilkara zapota#Translingual


mãng cầu xiêm

[maːŋ˦ˀ˥ kəw˨˩ siəm˧˧]

[maːŋ˧˨ kəw˦˩ siəm˧˧]

[maːŋ˨˩˦ kəw˨˩ sim˧˧]

mãng cầu (“sugar apple”) + Xiêm (“Siam”)

af

Annona muricata
Annona muricata#Translingual


bình bát

[ʔɓïŋ˨˩ ʔɓaːt̚˧˦]

[ʔɓɨn˦˩ ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓɨn˨˩ ʔɓaːk̚˦˥]

Annona reticulata
Annona reticulata#Translingual


bút máy

[ʔɓut̚˧˦ maj˧˦]

[ʔɓʊk̚˦˧˥ maj˨˩˦]

[ʔɓʊk͡p̚˦˥ ma(ː)j˦˥]


nhãn

Clipping of long nhãn (“longan”); Sino-Vietnamese word from 眼.


xoài

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
𣒱 (CJK)

Borrowed from Khmer ស្វាយ (svaay). Compare Hokkien 檨 (soāiⁿ, soān, soǎiⁿ).


chùm ruột

[t͡ɕum˨˩ zuət̚˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕum˦˩ ʐuək̚˨˩ʔ]

[cʊm˨˩ ɹuək̚˨˩˨]


bút bi

[ʔɓut̚˧˦ ʔɓi˧˧]

[ʔɓʊk̚˦˧˥ ʔɓɪj˧˧]

[ʔɓʊk͡p̚˦˥ ʔɓɪj˧˧]

bút (“writing instrument”) + bi (“marble; ball”).


thanh long

[tʰajŋ̟˧˧ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[tʰɛɲ˧˧ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[tʰɛɲ˧˧ lɔŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 青龍 (“Azure Dragon”).


tấm

truyện Tấm Cám

The Story of Tam and Cam (Broken-Rice and Rice-Bran) (ancient Vietnamese tale)


mãng cầu

[maːŋ˦ˀ˥ kəw˨˩]

[maːŋ˧˨ kəw˦˩]

[maːŋ˨˩˦ kəw˨˩]


tía tô

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 紫蘇 (SV: tử tô).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tử tô</i>


chùm

From Proto-Vietic *ɟuːm, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *bɟum ~ *bɟuum ~ *bɟuəm ~ *bɟəm (“bunch, to gather together”); directly cognate with chòm. See also chụm (“to assemble, to gather together”), cụm (“cluster, bunch”), xúm (“to form group”). Probably related to nhúm, nhóm as well (cf. Proto-Katuic *ɟum (“group”)); this would require the initial to be *ʄ, which in fact sometimes alternated with *ɟ.
Compare Khmer ជុំ (cum, “to surround, encircle; to assemble, unite, gather together”), Bahnar jum (“around”).


bút chì

cây (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
筆鈘 (CJK)

[ʔɓut̚˧˦ t͡ɕi˨˩]

[ʔɓʊk̚˦˧˥ t͡ɕɪj˦˩]

[ʔɓʊk͡p̚˦˥ cɪj˨˩]

bút (“writing instrument”) + chì (“lead”), a calque of Japanese 鉛筆 (enpitsu).


bút

Tai Dam: ꪚꪴꪒ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 筆 (“writing brush, pen”). Doublet of viết (“to write”).

vi-etym-sino

any piece of equipment used for writing with one's hand, except chalk

Ông là một trong những cây bút gạo cội của văn học Việt.

He was one of the seasoned penmen of Vietnamese literature.

(figurative, writing, journalism) someone who writes for a living, such as a professional writer, editorialist or journalist


khoai

củ (classifier)
芌 (CJK)
𧃷 (CJK)
䓙 (CJK)
𬞲 (CJK)

Borrowed from a Khmuic language, compare Mal kʰwaːj, or directly descended from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kwaaj (“yam”). The first scenario is more likely, but it is also possible that this now mainstream Vietnamese word is an internal borrowing, originated from the North Central region (where secondary aspiration frequently occurs) and replaced the Northern form without aspiration: it was spelt as 䓙 (phonetic 乖 (MC kweaj), SV reading quai) in a poem by Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm, a native of Northern Vietnam, while later works use various characters that clearly show aspiration.
Cognate with Mon ကွဲာ (kwai).


大乘

chữ Hán form of Đại thừa (“(Buddhism) Mahayana; the great vehicle”).


chả lụa

[t͡ɕaː˧˩ luə˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕaː˧˨ luə˨˩ʔ]

[caː˨˩˦ luə˨˩˨]

(Southern Vietnam) Vietnamese pork sausage


xôi

Ferlus (2007) reconstructed Proto-Vietic *soːj, with cognates in the Pong group like Toum soːj¹ and Liha saoj¹, but this is obviously a faulty reconstruction, as simplex initial *s- would yield /t/ in Vietnamese, never remains /s/.
Ferlus (2007) reconstructed other items with *tʃ-, which yields /s/ in both modern Vietnamese and Pong lects (< Proto-Pong *s-), compare Vietnamese xỏ vs. Toum sɔː³, Vietnamese xương vs. Phong siɛŋ¹; so the reconstruction could possibly be amended to *tʃoːj instead.

xôi gấc

sweet steamed glutinous rice colored with gac

xôi bắp

steamed corn with sugar, sesame and coconut meat


lụa

→ Tai Dam: ꪩ꫁ꪺ

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 縷 (“thread”, SV: lũ).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">lũ</i>

vi-etym-sino

Lụa dệt xong may áo / Áo anh và áo em / May áo nếu lụa thiếu / Xe tơ em dệt thêm

When you're done weaving silk, stitch the shirt / My shirt and yours / Stitch the shirt and if the silk runs out / Spin silk and weave some more

lụa chuối

lụa cau
unripened betel palm husk

Còn Bao-Tự chỉ cả ngày thích nghe tiếng sé lụa soạc soạc, mỗi ngày cung-nga sé đến 100 tấm lụa bên tai, mà cũng không vui cười.

1929, Trần Trung Viên, “Tiếng cười đổ quán”, in Cổ nhân đàm luận, Hanoi, page 25:

Bao-Tự only liked hearing the sound of banana leaves tearing shhht-shhht all day. Each day, the maidservant tore 100 leaves for him to hear, but he was still unhappy.

unripened banana leaf or betel palm husk, used as a wrap in Vietnamese cuisine to impart flavor to various chả and bánh


giò lụa

[zɔ˨˩ luə˧˨ʔ]

[jɔ˦˩ luə˨˩ʔ]

[jɔ˨˩ luə˨˩˨]

(Northern Vietnam) Vietnamese pork sausage


眾生

chữ Hán form of chúng sinh (“living beings; all living creatures”).


chanh tây

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)

[t͡ɕajŋ̟˧˧ təj˧˧]

[t͡ɕɛɲ˧˧ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-chanh tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)


chanh

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
𣔥 (CJK)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 橙 (“orange”, SV: tranh). Compare also Pacoh cheng (“lime”).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tranh</i>


chủ nghĩa cộng sản

[t͡ɕu˧˩ ŋiə˦ˀ˥ kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ saːn˧˩]

[t͡ɕʊw˧˨ ŋiə˧˨ kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ ʂaːŋ˧˨]

[t͡ɕʊw˧˨ ŋiə˧˨ kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ saːŋ˧˨]

[cʊw˨˩˦ ŋiə˨˩˦ kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ ʂaːŋ˨˩˦]

[cʊw˨˩˦ ŋiə˨˩˦ kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ saːŋ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 主義 (“ideology”) and 共產 (“communist”), calque of Chinese 共產主義／共产主义 (cộng sản chủ nghĩa).

cal

<i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">cộng sản chủ nghĩa</i>


cộng sản

[kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ saːn˧˩]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ ʂaːŋ˧˨]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ saːŋ˧˨]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ ʂaːŋ˨˩˦]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ saːŋ˨˩˦]

(informal, collective) communists; commies


nghĩa

Sino-Vietnamese word from 義. An early Sino-Vietnamese reading (ESV); the more regular reading would be nghị. Compare also Quảng Ngãi.

[…] nghĩa là gì?

theo nghĩa xấu

Nếu từ này có nghĩa xấu, tôi sẽ không bao giờ dùng nó nữa.

If this word is pejorative, I will never use it again.

Con hổ có nghĩa

The Moral Tiger (the folkloric tiger who upheld morality by gratefully returning favors to gracious human benefactors)


gà tây

[ɣaː˨˩ təj˧˧]

[ɣaː˦˩ təj˧˧]

[ɣaː˨˩ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-gà tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)


tỏi tây

[tɔj˧˩ təj˧˧]

[tɔj˧˨ təj˧˧]

[tɔj˨˩˦ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-tỏi tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)


đậu bắp

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ ʔɓap̚˧˦]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ ʔɓap̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ ʔɓap̚˦˥]

Abelmoschus esculentus
Abelmoschus esculentus#Translingual


mướp tây

[mɨəp̚˧˦ təj˧˧]

[mɨəp̚˦˧˥ təj˧˧]

[mɨəp̚˦˥ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-mướp tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)


cần tây

[kən˨˩ təj˧˧]

[kəŋ˦˩ təj˧˧]

[kəŋ˨˩ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-cần tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)

cần (“water parsnip”) + tây (“western”).


bát hương

[ʔɓaːt̚˧˦ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓaːk̚˦˥ hɨəŋ˧˧]

incense burner, incense bowl, joss stick bowl


trầm hương

[t͡ɕəm˨˩ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʈəm˦˩ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʈəm˨˩ hɨəŋ˧˧]


đinh hương

[ʔɗïŋ˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗɨn˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗɨn˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]


nhựa

From Proto-Vietic *ɲaːʔ (“sap; resin; drug”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer. Cognate with Khmu [Cuang] krɲaʔ ("resin used to catch animals").
The adjectival sense derived from the stickiness/viscosity of resin.

đường đổ/trải nhựa

Short for nhựa đường (“asphalt; bitumen”).


đậu tương

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ tɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ tɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ tɨəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 豆漿 (“soy milk”).


bóng bàn

vi-noun

(classifier quả, trái (“table tennis ball”)) bóng bàn

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˦ ʔɓaːn˨˩]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˧˥ ʔɓaːŋ˦˩]

[ʔɓɔŋ˦˧˥ ʔɓaːŋ˦˩]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˥ ʔɓaːŋ˨˩]


đậu phụ

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ fu˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ fʊw˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ fʊw˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-đậu phụ.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 豆腐 (“tofu”, SV: đậu hủ). Doublet of đậu hủ, tàu hủ, and tào phớ.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đậu hủ</i>


đậu nành

head

đậu nành • (豆𥢃)

vi-noun

(classifier cây, hạt, hột) đậu nành • (豆𥢃)

cây (classifier)
hạt (classifier)
hột (classifier)
豆𥢃 (CJK)

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ najŋ̟˨˩]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ nɛɲ˦˩]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ nan˨˩]

đậu (“bean”) + nành.
Compare the village name Phù Ninh 扶寧 (MC bju neng), whose demotic name (tên Nôm) is Nành. Also compare nanh (“sprout; fang”).


hoa tiêu

Sino-Vietnamese word from 花椒, composed of 花 (“flower”) and 椒 (“pepper”).


chủ nghĩa

[t͡ɕu˧˩ ŋiə˦ˀ˥]

[t͡ɕʊw˧˨ ŋiə˧˨]

[cʊw˨˩˦ ŋiə˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-chủ nghĩa.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 主義, composed of 主 (“main; principal”) and 義 (“creed; cause; axiom”), from Japanese 主義 (shugi, “principle”), from Literary Chinese 主義 (zhǔyì).

Yếu tố bất ngờ đằng sau chuỗi suy giảm kéo dài của đồng yên: Đến từ một chủ nghĩa bên kia địa cầu... Chủ nghĩa bảo hộ của Mỹ.

The surprising factor behind the long string of decline of the [Japanese] Yen: comes from an ideology on the other side of the globe... American protectionism.

Nó không phải là để bảo vệ cho một chủ nghĩa hay một chủ thuyết nào mà chỉ là để bảo vệ cho tự do...

It wasn't in order to protect any ideology or theory, but only to protect freedom...

Hồ Chí Minh (1960 April 22) “Con đường dẫn tôi đến Chủ nghĩa Lênin [The Path Which Led Me To Leninism]”, in Nhân Dân, number 2226; English translation based on that from Selected Works of Ho Chi Minh, volume IV, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962
Lúc đầu, chính là chủ nghĩa yêu nước, chứ chưa phải chủ nghĩa cộng sản đã đưa tôi tin theo Lênin, tin theo Quốc tế thứ ba. Từng bước một, trong cuộc đấu tranh, vừa nghiên cứu lý luận Mác – Lênin, vừa làm công tác thực tế, dần dần tôi hiểu được rằng chỉ có chủ nghĩa xã hội, chủ nghĩa cộng sản mới giải phóng được các dân tộc bị áp bức và những người lao động trên thế giới khỏi ách nô lệ.
At first, patriotism, not yet communism, led me to have confidence in Lenin, in the Third International. Step by step, along the struggle, by studying Marxist-Leninist theory parallel with participation in practical activities, I gradually came upon the fact that only socialism and communism can liberate the oppressed nations and the working people throughout the world from slavery.

an ideology; doctrine; system of thought; ism


住所

chữ Hán form of trụ sở (“headquarters; head office”).


lần

cái (classifier)
吝 (CJK)
𠞺 (CJK)
𡫫 (CJK)
𨁮 (CJK)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 輪 (“circle, wheel; turn”, SV: luân).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">luân</i>


tam âm la

[taːm˧˧ ʔəm˧˧ laː˧˧]

[taːm˧˧ ʔəm˧˧ laː˧˧]

[taːm˧˧ ʔəm˧˧ laː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 三 (“three”), 音 (“sound”) and 鑼 (“gong”).

a traditional Vietnamese musical instrument consisting of three small tuned gongs in a wooden frame; derived from the Chinese yunluo and used in nhã nhạc


親友

chữ Hán form of thân hữu (“relative; friends”).


cần

cái (classifier)
cây (classifier)
竿 (CJK)
𥵚 (CJK)


đông

vụ đông xuân

xuân hạ thu đông


đông

đông tây nam bắc

đông bắc

đông đông bắc


信任

chữ Hán form of tín nhiệm (“trust; confidence”).


rồng Komodo

[zəwŋ͡m˨˩ ko˧˧ mo˧˧ ʔɗo˧˧]

[ʐəwŋ͡m˦˩ kow˧˧ mow˧˧ ʔɗow˧˧]

[ɹəwŋ͡m˨˩ kow˧˧ mow˧˧ ʔɗow˧˧]


tiểu hồi hương

[tiəw˧˩ hoj˨˩ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[tiw˧˨ hoj˦˩ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[tiw˨˩˦ hoj˨˩ hɨəŋ˧˧]


mùi tây

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-mùi tây.wav


mùi

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mùi.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 味 (“smell”, SV: vị). Doublet of vị (“taste”).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">vị</i>


方式

chữ Hán form of phương thức (“method, procedure”).


物證

chữ Hán form of vật chứng (“material evidence”).


步兵

chữ Hán form of bộ binh (“infantryman”).


隨機應變

tùy cơ ứng biến
tùy cơ ứng biến#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of tùy cơ ứng biến (“to adjust to changing circumstance; to act according to circumstances”).


意大利

chữ Hán form of Ý Đại Lợi (“Italy (obsolete)”).


騎馬

chữ Hán form of kị mã (“cavalryman; horseman; soldier on horseback”).


uýt-ki

[ʔwɨt̚˦˧˥ kɪj˧˧]

[(ʔ)wɨt̚˦˥ kɪj˧˧]


sâm panh

[səm˧˧ pajŋ̟˧˧]

[səm˧˧ ʔɓajŋ̟˧˧]

[ʂəm˧˧ pɛɲ˧˧]

[səm˧˧ pɛɲ˧˧]

[ʂəm˧˧ ʔɓɛɲ˧˧]

[səm˧˧ ʔɓɛɲ˧˧]

[ʂəm˧˧ pan˧˧]

[ʂəm˧˧ ʔɓan˧˧]

[səm˧˧ ʔɓan˧˧]


成分

chữ Hán form of thành phần (“component; constituent; composition; background”).


ớt hiểm

[ʔəːt̚˧˦ hiəm˧˩]

[ʔəːk̚˦˧˥ hiəm˧˨]

[ʔəːk̚˦˥ him˨˩˦]


成果

chữ Hán form of thành quả (“fruits; achievements”).


mui

covering roof (for car, boat, etc.); hood


陳皮

chữ Hán form of trần bì (“dried tangerine peel”).


bóng gỗ

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˦ ɣo˦ˀ˥]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˧˥ ɣow˧˨]

[ʔɓɔŋ˦˧˥ ɣow˧˨]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˥ ɣow˨˩˦]


êtanol

[ʔe˧˧ taː˧˧ nɔn˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ taː˧˧ nɔŋ˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ taː˧˧ nɔŋ˧˧]


bóng chuyền

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˦ t͡ɕwiən˨˩]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˧˥ t͡ɕwiəŋ˦˩]

[ʔɓɔŋ˦˧˥ t͡ɕwiəŋ˦˩]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˥ c⁽ʷ⁾iəŋ˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-bóng chuyền.wav


bánh mì Pháp

[ʔɓajŋ̟˧˦ mi˨˩ faːp̚˧˦]

[ʔɓɛɲ˦˧˥ mɪj˦˩ faːp̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓan˦˥ mɪj˨˩ faːp̚˦˥]


phong thủy

Traditional tone placement spelling of phong thuỷ (“feng shui”).


pho mát

[fɔ˧˧ maːt̚˧˦]

[fɔ˧˧ maːk̚˦˧˥]

[fɔ˧˧ maːk̚˦˥]


bánh sừng bò

[ʔɓajŋ̟˧˦ sɨŋ˨˩ ʔɓɔ˨˩]

[ʔɓɛɲ˦˧˥ ʂɨŋ˦˩ ʔɓɔ˦˩]

[ʔɓɛɲ˦˧˥ sɨŋ˦˩ ʔɓɔ˦˩]

[ʔɓan˦˥ ʂɨŋ˨˩ ʔɓɔ˨˩]

[ʔɓan˦˥ sɨŋ˨˩ ʔɓɔ˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-bánh sừng bò.wav

From bánh (“cake, pastry”) + sừng (“horn”) + bò (“bovine”).


dù lượn

head

dù lượn • (𢂎𫅤)

vi-noun

dù lượn • (𢂎𫅤)

[zu˨˩ lɨən˧˨ʔ]

[jʊw˦˩ lɨəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[jʊw˨˩ lɨəŋ˨˩˨]


quần vợt

[kwən˨˩ vəːt̚˧˨ʔ]

[kwəŋ˦˩ vəːk̚˨˩ʔ]

[wəŋ˨˩ vəːk̚˨˩˨]

[wəŋ˨˩ jəːk̚˨˩˨]

quần (“to move something continuously and forcefully; to exhaust”) + vợt (“racket; bat”).


thái cực quyền

[tʰaːj˧˦ kɨk̚˧˨ʔ kwiən˨˩]

[tʰaːj˨˩˦ kɨk̚˨˩ʔ kwiəŋ˦˩]

[tʰaːj˦˥ kɨk̚˨˩˨ wiəŋ˨˩]


khí công

[xi˧˦ kəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kʰɪj˨˩˦ kəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[xɪj˨˩˦ kəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kʰɪj˦˥ kəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[xɪj˦˥ kəwŋ͡m˧˧]


cầu lông

[kəw˨˩ ləwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kəw˦˩ ləwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kəw˨˩ ləwŋ͡m˧˧]

From cầu (“shuttlecock”) + lông (“feather”).


cầu lông

[kəw˨˩ ləwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kəw˦˩ ləwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kəw˨˩ ləwŋ͡m˧˧]


đài quyền đạo

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ kwiən˨˩ ʔɗaːw˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗaːj˦˩ kwiəŋ˦˩ ʔɗaːw˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ wiəŋ˨˩ ʔɗaːw˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 跆拳道, from Korean 태권도(跆拳道) (taegwondo).


khúc côn cầu

[kʰʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ koŋ˧˧ kəw˦˩]

[xʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ koŋ˧˧ kəw˦˩]

[kʰʊwk͡p̚˦˥ koŋ˧˧ kəw˨˩]

[xʊwk͡p̚˦˥ koŋ˧˧ kəw˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-khúc côn cầu.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 曲棍球, composed of 曲 (“bent”), 棍 (“stick”) and 球 (“ball”).

vi-etym-sino

khúc côn cầu trên băng
ice hockey


bóng chày

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˦ t͡ɕaj˨˩]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˧˥ t͡ɕaj˦˩]

[ʔɓɔŋ˦˧˥ t͡ɕaj˦˩]

bóng (“ball”) + chày (“pestle; bat”). Compare Chinese 棒球 (bàngqiú, literally “stick ball”).


đấu vật

[ʔɗəw˧˦ vət̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˦ vək̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗəw˦˥ vək̚˨˩˨]

[ʔɗəw˦˥ jək̚˨˩˨]


bóng rổ

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˦ zo˧˩]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˧˥ ʐow˧˨]

[ʔɓɔŋ˦˧˥ ʐow˧˨]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˥ ɹow˨˩˦]

Calque of English basketball, from bóng (“ball”) + rổ (“basket”).


cờ vây

[kəː˨˩ vəj˧˧]

[kəː˦˩ vəj˧˧]

[kəː˨˩ vəj˧˧]

[kəː˨˩ jəj˧˧]

cờ (“board game with pieces or tokens”) + vây (“to encircle; to surround”), calque of Chinese 圍棋／围棋 (vi kì). Compare Japanese 囲碁 (igo).


sừng

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sừng.wav

From Proto-Vietic *k-rəŋ (“horn”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *d₂raŋ (“horn”). Cognate with Central Vietnamese trừng, Muong Bi khầng, Mon ဂြၚ် (krɛ̀aŋ, “horn, tusk”), Khmu [Cuang] cndrɨŋ, Khasi reng, Kharia ɖeɽeŋ, Santali ᱫᱤᱨᱤᱧ (diriñ).
Compare also Garo grong, which, according to Blench (2013), presents an Austroasiatic substratum, while Sagart (2008) considered it to be a cognate of Chinese 角 (OC *C.[k]ˤrok) (B-S).


đấu

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 斗 (“dipper”, SV: đẩu).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đẩu</i>


chày

vi-noun

(classifier cây, cái, chiếc) chày • (𣖖, 𣖗, 持, 𱤡)

cây (classifier)
cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
𣖖 (CJK)
𣖗 (CJK)
持 (CJK)
𱤡 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *tʃ-r-eː, the infixed nominal derivative of Proto-Vietic *tʃeː (“to grind”) (whence modern xay (“to grind”)). Cognate with Muong Bi khày, Proto-Katuic *ʔndree (whence Pacoh ntray), Khasi synrei, Khmer អង្រែ (ʼɑɑʼɑngrɛɛ), Riang tᵊnrɛʔ¹, Hu ŋʁíʔ, Semai renééq.

cog

Khmer អង្រែ (ʼɑɑʼɑngrɛɛ)

a pestle (instrument used with a mortar to grind things)

bóng chày

(by extension, baseball, softball) a bat


lông

head

篭, 𣯡, 𱥤, 𬖅, 󱲧, 𣰳, 𣰴, 𱻢, 𫅮, 󰭧, 𱸉, 𱸢

vi-noun

篭, 𣯡, 𱥤, 𬖅, 󱲧, 𣰳, 𣰴, 𱻢, 𫅮, 󰭧, 𱸉, 𱸢

(classifier bộ) lông • (篭, 𣯡, 𱥤, 𬖅, 󱲧, 𣰳, 𣰴, 𱻢, 𫅮, 󰭧, 𱸉, 𱸢)

bộ (classifier)
篭 (CJK)
𣯡 (CJK)
𱥤 (CJK)
𬖅 (CJK)
𣰳 (CJK)
𣰴 (CJK)
𱻢 (CJK)
𫅮 (CJK)
𱸉 (CJK)
𱸢 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-lông.wav

lông mu

lông nách

lông lá

(of a person, especially of a woman) hairy in a socially undesirable way

mọc lông

to have your hair grow, usually involuntarily and undesirably

mọc lông nách

non-head, non-beard, non-mustache and non-whisker hair or feathers; fur, coat or plumage


lông

head

篭, 𣯡, 𱥤, 𬖅, 󱲧, 𣰳, 𣰴, 𱻢, 𫅮, 󰭧, 𱸉, 𱸢

vi-noun

篭, 𣯡, 𱥤, 𬖅, 󱲧, 𣰳, 𣰴, 𱻢, 𫅮, 󰭧, 𱸉, 𱸢

(classifier sợi, cọng) lông • (篭, 𣯡, 𱥤, 𬖅, 󱲧, 𣰳, 𣰴, 𱻢, 𫅮, 󰭧, 𱸉, 𱸢)

sợi (classifier)
cọng (classifier)
篭 (CJK)
𣯡 (CJK)
𱥤 (CJK)
𬖅 (CJK)
𣰳 (CJK)
𣰴 (CJK)
𱻢 (CJK)
𫅮 (CJK)
𱸉 (CJK)
𱸢 (CJK)

a non-head, non-beard, non-mustache and non-whisker hair or feather


vật

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-vật.wav


bóng

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
俸 (CJK)
𫕰 (CJK)
䏾 (CJK)

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˧˥]


bóng

head

俸, 䏾, 𩃳, 𫕰, 𩄴

vi-noun

俸, 䏾, 𩃳, 𫕰, 𩄴

cái (classifier)
俸 (CJK)
䏾 (CJK)
𩃳 (CJK)
𫕰 (CJK)
𩄴 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *pɔːŋʔ (“shadow”); cognate with Tho [Cuối Chăm] pɒːŋ³, Chut [Rục] pɔːŋ³, and Muong pỏng.

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˧˥]

dưới bóng cây

bóng cây trên mặt nước


bóng

Unknown. Cadière (1915) derives sense "pythoness, seeress, sorceress" from "shade, shadow", yet this could be a folk etymology.

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˧˥]

bà bóng

巫媒𡞗求神

19th century, Emperor Tự Đức, Tự Đức thánh chế tự học giải nghĩa ca (嗣德聖製字學解義歌 "Emperor Tự Đức's sagely study of character creation and interpretation song"), vol. V, 16b:

巫 (“wu”): the shamaness praying to the divinities


大隊

chữ Hán form of đại đội (“military company”).


công phu

Sino-Vietnamese word from 功夫, composed of 功 (“accomplishment”) and 夫 (“man, husband”).

vi-etym-sino

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ fu˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ fʊw˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ fʊw˧˧]

– Dung nhi thì công phu nấu nướng là thiên hạ đệ nhất, chuyện đó thì ta dám nói.

2005, chapter 40, in Cao Tự Thanh, transl., Anh hùng xạ điêu, Văn học, translation of 射雕英雄传 by Jīn Yōng (Kim Dung):

"Róng's cooking skills are unsurpassed, this I dare say."

(rare) skill gained through training and diligent work


công phu

Sino-Vietnamese word from 功夫. Semantic loan from English kung fu, from Mandarin 功夫 (gōngfu).

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ fu˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ fʊw˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ fʊw˧˧]

Trong các giải còn lại, không có gì bất ngờ khi tuyệt tác hoạt hình 3D Wall-E của Hãng Pixar đoạt giải phim hoạt hình xuất sắc nhất khi vượt qua Bolt (Tia chớp) và Kungfu panda (Công phu gấu trúc).

2009, Hiếu Trung, “Vinh quang thuộc về Slumdog, Kate Winslet và Heath Ledger”, in Tuổi trẻ online:

The remaining big awards do not surprise, as Pixar's masterpiece of 3D animation takes the award for best animation, besting Bolt (Bolt) and Kungfu Panda (Panda Kung fu^([sic])).

(martial arts, rare, chiefly in awkward translation from English) kung fu


成就

chữ Hán form of thành tựu (“achievement”).


bánh

vi-noun

(classifier chiếc, tấm, ổ) bánh • (𩛄, 餅)

chiếc (classifier)
tấm (classifier)
ổ (classifier)
𩛄 (CJK)
餅 (CJK)

Khmer: បាញ់ (bañ)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 餅 (“flour-based food”, SV: bính). Cognate with Muong pẻng, Thai แป้ง (bpɛ̂ɛng), Lao ແປ້ງ (pǣng).
A folk etymology claims that bánh is a corruption of French pain. http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2013/04/18/banh-mi--le-sandwich-viet_n_3110030.html However, this is clearly false as the word is attested in early Vietnamese texts such as Cư trần lạc đạo phú (居塵樂道賦, 13th century) and Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經, 12th century), which were published long before French contact with Vietnam.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">bính</i>

vi-etym-sino

bánh kẹo

Hôm nay ăn bánh thay cơm.

Today let's eat dumplings/pastries/bread instead of rice.

bà hàng bán bánh

bánh bao

nhân bánh

bánh sinh nhật

bánh mì Pháp

French bread (literally, "French wheat cake")

bánh mì kẹp kem

ice cream in Vietnamese baguette (literally, "ice cream sandwich")

For quotations using this term, see Citations:bánh.

a broad, vaguely defined term, mostly used by collocation or intuition, for foods that come in a specific shape or solid (a flat piece, a block, a ball, a loaf, etc.) and that are often made from grain or legume flour or plain rice, by size often larger than and contrasted with what is known as kẹo (“candy”)

bánh phở

(cooking) certain types of noodles in their raw forms

bánh xà phòng (bánh xà bông)

a cake (a block of any of various dense materials)


bánh

chiếc (classifier)
𨋣 (CJK)
軿 (CJK)
屏 (CJK)

xe bốn bánh


人中

chữ Hán form of nhân trung (“philtrum”).


mộc qua

[məwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ kwaː˧˧]

[məwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ kwaː˧˧]

[məwk͡p̚˨˩˨ waː˧˧]


bác

From Late Proto-Vietic *paːk (“uncle, father/mother's older brother”), from Middle Chinese 伯 (MC paek, “uncle”) (SV: bá).

inh

paternal aunt-in-law, father's elder brother's wife

bác mẹ


𡍘

big-bellied stoneware jar (such as a wine jar or a jar for nước mắm)


𥻹

a thick, sweet dessert soup or pudding, often made with glutinous rice and/or beans


nhiệm vụ

[ɲiəm˧˨ʔ vu˧˨ʔ]

[ɲiəm˨˩ʔ vʊw˨˩ʔ]

[ɲim˨˩˨ vʊw˨˩˨]

[ɲim˨˩˨ jʊw˨˩˨]

Nhiệm vụ bất khả thi

a task or focused, small-scale mission; compare sứ mệnh (“lofty mission”)


hoàng lan

cây (classifier)
bông (classifier)
hoa (classifier)

[hwaːŋ˦˩ laːŋ˧˧]

[waːŋ˨˩ laːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 黃蘭, composed of 黃 (“yellow”) and 蘭 (“orchid”).

vi-etym-sino

Cananga odorata
Cananga odorata#Translingual

ylang ylang (a tree of the species Cananga odorata)


ngọc lan tây

vi-noun

(classifier cây, bông, hoa) ngọc lan tây • (玉蘭西)

cây (classifier)
bông (classifier)
hoa (classifier)
玉蘭西 (CJK)

[ŋawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ laːn˧˧ təj˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ laːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩˨ laːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-ngọc lan tây.wav

ngọc lan (“magnolia”) + tây (“Western”).


rượu

head

rượu • (酒, 溜, 𨢇, 𤄍)

vi-noun

rượu • (酒, 溜, 𨢇, 𤄍)

From Proto-Vietic *raːwʔ. Cognate with Muong Bi rão, Tho [Cuối Chăm] riɛw⁴, Proto-Pong *riɛw⁴. This word is only attested in the more innovative subgroups (Viet-Muong, Tho, Pong), while the more conservative subgroups such as Chutic inheriting reflexes of *p-ɗoː (originally "yeast", cf. Khmu [Cuang] pdoʔ ("yeast")) or some other words.
Considering the paucity of cognates, the lack of indication of semantic shift from earlier meaning and that it is a cultural item, this is probably ultimately a loanword, although the origin is not yet clear. However, compare Proto-Tai *ʰlawꟲ (whence Thai เหล้า (lâo)), as well as these Sino-Tibetan words: Chinese 醪 (OC *ruːw, “alcohol with dregs”) (ZS),Tibetan རུ་མ (ru ma, “curdled milk”), and Jingpho ru (“liquor”).
This is not a cognate nor descendant of Chinese 酒 (OC *tsuʔ) (B-S). As indicated by reflexes in other Vietic languages, Vietnamese ‹r-› is inherited and is not the result of spirantization.


生病

chữ Hán form of sinh bệnh (“to cause an illness; to fall ill”).


魔王

chữ Hán form of ma vương (“devil king”).


西洋

chữ Hán form of Tây Dương (“the West, western countries”).


asen

[ʔaː˧˧ sɛn˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ sɛn˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ sɛn˧˧]


chiến tranh

[t͡ɕiən˧˦ t͡ɕajŋ̟˧˧]

[t͡ɕiəŋ˦˧˥ ʈɛɲ˧˧]

[ciəŋ˦˥ ʈan˧˧]

vi:Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai
vi:chiến tranh

chiến tranh lạnh

war (conflict involving organized use of arms)

chiến tranh cục bộ

chiến tranh đặc biệt


TGP

[təwŋ͡m˧˩ zaːw˧˦ fən˧˨ʔ]

[təwŋ͡m˧˨ jaːw˨˩˦ fəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[təwŋ͡m˨˩˦ jaːw˦˥ fəŋ˨˩˨]

tổng giáo phận
tổng giáo phận#Vietnamese

(Roman Catholicism) Initialism of tổng giáo phận.


人文

chữ Hán form of nhân văn (“humanities”).


trước

Attested in the Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum (1838), Đại Nam Quấc âm tự vị (1895) as a Vietnamese morpheme, and in Tam Tự Kinh diễn nghĩa (1917) as the Sino-Vietnamese reading of 竹 (MC trjuwk).
Compare phúc vs. phước, phụng vs. phượng.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-trước.wav

梅 Mai. c. (Mơ) Hai thứ cây lớn, thứ có bông thơm, thứ có trái chua.
 ― trước. Cây mai, cây trước, nghĩa mượn là bậu bạn, vợ chồng.

1895, Huình Tịnh Của, Đại Nam Quấc âm tự vị:

梅 Mai. c. (Mơ) Two species of big trees, one has fragrant flowers, the other has sour fruits.
 ― trước. Ochnas and bamboos, signify friendship or conjugality.

(obsolete) Southern Vietnam form of trúc (“(kind of) bamboo”)


âm đọc

[ʔəm˧˧ ʔɗawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔəm˧˧ ʔɗawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔəm˧˧ ʔɗawk͡p̚˨˩˨]

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 音讀 (SV: âm độc).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">âm độc</i>


nước bọt

[nɨək̚˧˦ ʔɓɔt̚˧˨ʔ]

[nɨək̚˦˧˥ ʔɓɔk̚˨˩ʔ]

[nɨək̚˦˥ ʔɓɔk̚˨˩˨]

(rather formal) saliva (liquid secreted into the mouth)


ý

Tôi có ý này.

ý chính

Bài có ba ý.

There are three key points to this essay.

Ý anh là sao?

Ý là cần nhiều thời gian hơn.

Basically, that means we need more time.


stibi

[sti˧˧ ʔɓi˧˧]

[səː˨˩ ti˧˧ ʔɓi˧˧]

[stɪj˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧]

[səː˦˩ tɪj˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧]

[stɪj˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧]

[səː˨˩ tɪj˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from Latin stibium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


官吏

chữ Hán form of quan lại (“public servant, government official”).


幼稚

chữ Hán form of ấu trĩ (“childish; infantile; immature”).


鴛鴦

chữ Hán form of uyên ương (“mandarin duck”).


城郭

chữ Hán form of thành quách (“castle; citadel”).


美女

chữ Hán form of mĩ nữ/mỹ nữ (“a beautiful woman, a beauty”).


giáo xứ

[zaːw˧˦ sɨ˧˦]

[jaːw˨˩˦ sɨ˨˩˦]

[jaːw˦˥ sɨ˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 教 (“religion”) and 處 (“place”).

vi-etym-sino

(Christianity) parish (part of a diocese)


神仙

chữ Hán form of thần tiên (“immortals, celestial beings or heavenly beings, divine immortals”).


người máy

[ŋɨəj˨˩ maj˧˦]

[ŋɨj˦˩ maj˨˩˦]


vợ vua

[vəː˧˨ʔ vuə˧˧]

[vəː˨˩ʔ vuə˧˧]

[vəː˨˩˨ vuə˧˧]

[jəː˨˩˨ juə˧˧]


bà hoàng

[ʔɓaː˨˩ hwaːŋ˨˩]

[ʔɓaː˦˩ hwaːŋ˦˩]

[ʔɓaː˨˩ waːŋ˨˩]


bà chúa

[ʔɓaː˨˩ t͡ɕuə˧˦]

[ʔɓaː˦˩ t͡ɕuə˨˩˦]

[ʔɓaː˨˩ cuə˦˥]

a woman who lives a life of wealth and luxury.

lady (bà: female, chúa: lord), a title given to wives of Trịnh Lords, whom ruled Northern Vietnam for 217 years (1570–1787)


nữ vương

[nɨ˦ˀ˥ vɨəŋ˧˧]

[nɨ˧˨ vɨəŋ˧˧]

[nɨ˨˩˦ vɨəŋ˧˧]

[nɨ˨˩˦ jɨəŋ˧˧]

16th century, Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, Ch. 54; 2012 English translation by Anthony C. Yu; 1982-1988 Vietnamese translation by Như Sơn, Mai Xuân Hải, & Phương Oanh
Nữ vương chớp chớp đôi mắt phượng, nhíu cặp mày ngài nhìn ngắm kỹ càng, thấy quả là một bậc khác phàm.

Lifting her moth-brows and opening wide her phoenix-eyes, the queen stared at him and found that this was an uncommon figure indeed.


nữ hoàng

[nɨ˦ˀ˥ hwaːŋ˨˩]

[nɨ˧˨ hwaːŋ˦˩]

[nɨ˨˩˦ waːŋ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 女皇 (“empress regnant”). The “imperial” connotation of hoàng has been lost due to its favorability over vương, likely due to the influence of historically imperial China and imperial Vietnam, whose monarchs referred to themselves as hoàng đế (“emperor”) or used hoàng in their titles (e.g. Lí Chiêu Hoàng). Compare hoàng hậu (“queen consort”, literally “empress consort”), hoàng tử (“royal prince”, literally “imperial prince”).

nữ hoàng Anh


công chúa

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ t͡ɕuə˧˦]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ t͡ɕuə˨˩˦]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ cuə˦˥]

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 公主 (SV: công chủ).
In sense 2, a semantic loan from English princess, which itself is a semantic loan from Japanese 姫 (hime, “lady; princess”), whose graphic origin is the graph of Chinese 姬 (“'lady' ← 'ancestral surname of the Zhou monarchs & patrilineally related nobles'”).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">công chủ</i>

zh-l

princess, daughter of a monarch (king, emperor)


hoàng hậu

[hwaːŋ˨˩ həw˧˨ʔ]

[hwaːŋ˦˩ həw˨˩ʔ]

[waːŋ˨˩ həw˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 皇后 (“empress consort”). The "imperial" connotation of hoàng has been lost due to its favorability over vương, likely due to the influence of historically imperial China and imperial Vietnam, whose monarchs referred to themselves as hoàng đế (“emperor”) or used hoàng in their titles (e.g. Lí Chiêu Hoàng). Compare nữ hoàng (“queen regnant”, literally “empress regnant”), hoàng tử (“royal prince”, literally “imperial prince”).


đậu ngự

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ ŋɨ˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ ŋɨ˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ ŋɨ˨˩˨]


đậu rồng

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ zəwŋ͡m˨˩]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ ʐəwŋ͡m˦˩]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ ɹəwŋ͡m˨˩]


bữa

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bữa.wav

bữa sáng

bữa trưa

bữa tối

Bữa nay đi đâu đây bay?


đậu xanh

cây (classifier)
hạt (classifier)
hột (classifier)

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ sajŋ̟˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ sɛɲ˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ san˧˧]


không khí

[xəwŋ͡m˧˧ xi˧˦]

[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧ kʰɪj˨˩˦]

[xəwŋ͡m˧˧ xɪj˨˩˦]

[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧ kʰɪj˦˥]

[xəwŋ͡m˧˧ xɪj˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-không khí.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 空氣, composed of 空 (“void; empty”) and 氣 (“gas”).

Không khí chứa nhiều loại khí như ni-tơ, ô-xi và các-bon đi-ô-xít.

Air contains different gases, such as nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide.

air (mixture of gases making up the atmosphere of the Earth)

Lớp này hơi trầm, thiếu không khí.

(literally, “This class is sort of subdued and lacks air.”)

the air or atmosphere of a place, especially one that is energized and involves lots of activity


㝵

Alternative form of 𣈜 (“Nôm form of ngày (“day; date; daytime”).”)


quạ

head

𩿙, 𩾷, 𪀅, 𪁶, 𪂠, 𪇍

vi-noun

𩿙, 𩾷, 𪀅, 𪁶, 𪂠, 𪇍

(classifier con) quạ • (𩿙, 𩾷, 𪀅, 𪁶, 𪂠, 𪇍)

con (classifier)
𩿙 (CJK)
𩾷 (CJK)
𪀅 (CJK)
𪁶 (CJK)
𪂠 (CJK)
𪇍 (CJK)


上層

chữ Hán form of thượng tầng (“upper level”).


nồi

cái (classifier)
㘨 (CJK)
内 (CJK)
堝 (CJK)

lọ nồi

a cooking pot; compare hũ (“storage pot”)


nĩa

From Proto-Vietic *tʃ-rn-ɛh, the *-rn- (instrumental derivative) infixed form of Proto-Vietic *tʃɛh, whence Modern Vietnamese xỉa (“to pick; to jab”). Also related to Vietnamese chĩa (“pitchfork”) and to Chinese 杈 (MC tsrheaH).


đất liền

[ʔɗət̚˧˦ liən˨˩]

[ʔɗək̚˦˧˥ liəŋ˦˩]

[ʔɗək̚˦˥ liəŋ˨˩]

lên đất liền

land; dry land (as opposed to water surfaces and islands)


đất

head

đất • (坦, 𡐙, 怛)

vi-noun

đất • (坦, 𡐙, 怛)

From Middle Vietnamese đất, from Proto-Vietic *tət. Cognate with Tho [Cuối Chăm] tʌt⁷.
The set comprised of Bahnar teh, Pacoh cuteq, Khmu pteʔ, Mang teː⁶, Mon တိ (tɔeˀ), Khmer ដី (dəy), etc. are most likely lookalikes, since Vietic has a *-t that cannot be reconciled with the rest.


mặt

head

末, 𩈘, 𫖀, 密, 𪾺, 𬰢

vi-noun

末, 𩈘, 𫖀, 密, 𪾺, 𬰢

(classifier cái, bộ, gương, khuôn, bản) mặt • (末, 𩈘, 𫖀, 密, 𪾺, 𬰢)

cái (classifier)
bộ (classifier)
gương (classifier)
khuôn (classifier)
bản (classifier)
末 (CJK)
𩈘 (CJK)
𫖀 (CJK)
密 (CJK)
𪾺 (CJK)
𬰢 (CJK)

From Middle Vietnamese mặt.
Originally meaning “eye” and is the regular descendant of Proto-Vietic *mat (“eye”), further from Proto-Mon-Khmer *mat (“eye”). Related to mắt (“eye”). The semantic change of “eye” > “face” can also be seen in Muong, most dialects of which use a single form, măt, to mean both “eye” and “face”.

face (geometry: bounding surface of a polyhedron)

face (surface, especially a front or outer one)

về nhiều mặt


nanh

head

獰, 狞, 𫜧, 󱲅, 𤘓, 𪺖

vi-noun

獰, 狞, 𫜧, 󱲅, 𤘓, 𪺖

(classifier cái) nanh • (獰, 狞, 𫜧, 󱲅, 𤘓, 𪺖)

cái (classifier)
獰 (CJK)
狞 (CJK)
𫜧 (CJK)
𤘓 (CJK)
𪺖 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *k-nɛːŋ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *gnaiŋ ~ *gniəŋ. Cognate with Muong nenh, Tho [Cuối Chăm] nɛːŋ¹ ("tooth"), Pacoh kineng (“tooth”), Khmer ស្នែង (snaeng), Bahnar sơnĕnh, hơnĕnh (“tooth”).

(figurative) a milk tooth (first tooth of a baby)

(figurative) a sprout (stem emerging from a seed)


silic

[si˧˧ lïk̟̚˧˦]

[sɪj˧˧ lïk̟̚˦˧˥]

[sɪj˧˧ lïk̟̚˦˥]


tương

Sino-Vietnamese word from 醬 (“jam- or paste-like food, thick sauce”). Doublet of chao.


lụt

trận (classifier)
六 (CJK)
津 (CJK)
湥 (CJK)
𣹕 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *p-luːt (“inonder, to flood”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer. Compare Chut blut¹ ("to flood"), Ngeq lṳut ("flood"), Khmer លិច (lɨc, “to sink, to submerge, to overflow, to flood”). See also lút.


đào lộn hột

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)

[ʔɗaːw˨˩ lon˧˨ʔ hot̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗaːw˦˩ loŋ˨˩ʔ hok̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩ loŋ˨˩˨ hok̚˨˩˨]

From đào (“peach”) + lộn (“to turn the inside out”) + hột (“seed”).


cằm

cái (classifier)
肣 (CJK)
𦚕 (CJK)
𦠴 (CJK)
𦡬 (CJK)

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *dɡam ~ *dɡaam ~ *dɡəm (“molar tooth; jaw”). Cognate with Khmer ថ្គាម (thkiəm).


thiên văn học

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ vaŋ˧˧ hawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ vaŋ˧˧ hawk͡p̚˨˩˨]

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ jaŋ˧˧ hawk͡p̚˨˩˨]

nhà thiên văn học


đào

Sino-Vietnamese word from 桃 (“peach”). Related to điều (“cashew”).

Mỗi năm hoa đào nở
Lại thấy ông đồ già
Bày mực Tàu, giấy đỏ
Bên phố đông người qua

Vũ Đình Liên, Ông đồ [The Old Nho Master]:

Every year, when peach flowers bloom
There is that old Nho master again
Putting out Chinese ink, red paper
At a corner of a crowded street


bất động sản

[ʔɓət̚˧˦ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ saːn˧˩]

[ʔɓək̚˦˧˥ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ ʂaːŋ˧˨]

[ʔɓək̚˦˧˥ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ saːŋ˧˨]

[ʔɓək̚˦˥ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ ʂaːŋ˨˩˦]

[ʔɓək̚˦˥ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ saːŋ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 不動產, composed of 不動 (“immobile”) and 產 (“property”), Japanese 不動産 (fudōsan).

vi-etym-sino

real estate (property that cannot easily be moved)


trí nhớ

[t͡ɕi˧˦ ɲəː˧˦]

[ʈɪj˨˩˦ ɲəː˨˩˦]

[ʈɪj˦˥ ɲəː˦˥]

trí nhớ tốt / kém


rận

con (classifier)
𧋅 (CJK)
𧎠 (CJK)
𧏶 (CJK)
𬠨 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-rận.wav

From Proto-Vietic *m-rəɲʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *(d)mrəɲʔ (“body louse”). Cognate with Arem ⁿrìɲˀ, Pacoh ntréinh, Khmu [Cuang] tmbriɲ ("gnat"), Khasi jynreiñ.

inh

Pediculus humanus
Pediculus humanus#Translingual


ếch

From Proto-Vietic *ʔeːk, probably of onomatopoeic origin.


trứng chấy

[t͡ɕɨŋ˧˦ t͡ɕəj˧˦]

[ʈɨŋ˦˧˥ t͡ɕəj˨˩˦]

[ʈɨŋ˦˥ cəj˦˥]


chấy rận

[t͡ɕəj˧˦ zən˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕəj˨˩˦ ʐəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[cəj˦˥ ɹəŋ˨˩˨]

chấy (“head louse”) + rận (“body louse”).

com

(Northern Vietnam) louse, lice (generally speaking)


trứng rận

[t͡ɕɨŋ˧˦ zən˧˨ʔ]

[ʈɨŋ˦˧˥ ʐəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[ʈɨŋ˦˥ ɹəŋ˨˩˨]


chấy

From Proto-Vietic *ciːʔ. Compare Central/Southern dialects chí, Muong chỉ.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chấy.wav


憂愁

chữ Hán form of ưu sầu (“sorrow; worry; depression”).


cơm chiên

[kəːm˧˧ t͡ɕiən˧˧]

[kəːm˧˧ t͡ɕiəŋ˧˧]

[kəːm˧˧ ciəŋ˧˧]

cơm chiên Dương Châu


cóc

Con cóc là cậu ông trời,
Nếu ai đánh cóc thì trời đánh cho.
The Toad is the Heavenly Lord's boss,
If you strike him, the Lord will strike you.


cóc

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
㭲 (CJK)

Compare Proto-Katuic *ʔakɔk, Khmu [Cuang] kok, Thai กอก (gɔ̀ɔk).

Spondias dulcis
Spondias dulcis#Translingual

species in the genus Spondias, such as Spondias dulcis


cơm

From Proto-Vietic *kəːm (“cooked rice”); cognate with Arem kʌːm. According to Ferlus, a loan from Chinese 泔 (OC *kaːm, “water from washing rice; kitchen slops”) (SV: cam), although the vowels are difficult to match.
Semantically, compare Thai ข้าว (kâao, “rice; meal”), Khmer បាយ (baay, “rice; meal”), Chinese 飯／饭 (fàn, “rice; meal”), Korean 밥 (bap, “rice; meal”), Japanese ご飯 (gohan, “rice; meal”).

och-l

ăn cơm

to eat rice; to have a rice meal, optionally with meat, fish, soup, among other foods

Sáng sớm, đi bắt cua đồng, đi thả diều,
Huýt sáo nô đùa bên đám bạn nơi lũy tre, chơi trốn tìm.
Khói bếp cay mắt mẹ già bên bếp lò.
Cơm nấu xong rồi ! Mấy đứa về ăn (bữa) cơm !

(Can we date this quote?), Sa Huỳnh (lyrics and music), “Về ăn cơm [Come Home for Lunch]”:

Early in the morning, we'd go catch some field crabs, fly some kites,
Whistle and goof with our friends around bamboo groves, play hide and seek.
Smoke from the fireplace'd irritate our old mom's eyes.
The rice is done! Y'all come home for lunch!

(of fruit, especially coconuts) meat; flesh


名家

chữ Hán form of danh gia (“famous family”).


半身

chữ Hán form of bán thân (“bust; half-body sculpture; half-body image”).


cá mập

[kaː˧˦ məp̚˧˨ʔ]

[kaː˨˩˦ məp̚˨˩ʔ]

[kaː˦˥ məp̚˨˩˨]


議事

chữ Hán form of nghị sự (“agenda item, business”).


rơm

head

苫, 簋, 薕, 稴, 䆂, 𦲻, 𥠯, 𥠮

vi-noun

苫, 簋, 薕, 稴, 䆂, 𦲻, 𥠯, 𥠮

苫 (CJK)
簋 (CJK)
薕 (CJK)
稴 (CJK)
䆂 (CJK)
𦲻 (CJK)
𥠯 (CJK)
𥠮 (CJK)

straw (dried stalks considered collectively)


rơm

head

苫, 簋, 薕, 稴, 䆂, 𦲻, 𥠯, 𥠮

vi-noun

苫, 簋, 薕, 稴, 䆂, 𦲻, 𥠯, 𥠮

(classifier sợi, cọng) rơm • (苫, 簋, 薕, 稴, 䆂, 𦲻, 𥠯, 𥠮)

sợi (classifier)
cọng (classifier)
苫 (CJK)
簋 (CJK)
薕 (CJK)
稴 (CJK)
䆂 (CJK)
𦲻 (CJK)
𥠯 (CJK)
𥠮 (CJK)

a straw (a dried stalk of a cereal plant)