ba

From Proto-Vietic *paː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *piʔ; cognate with Muong pa, Khmer បី (bəy), Halang pe, Pacoh pe, Mon ပိ (pi).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-ba.wav

Ba cái đó chả đáng quan tâm.

There's no need to be concerned about those.

(colloquial) some, an indefinite quantity greater than one


ni

See này.
This is one of many cases in which monophthongs were not diphthongized in Central Vietnamese, compare mày vs. mi, chấy vs. chí, nước vs. nác.


và

head

và • (𠄧, 𢁍, 𢽼)

vi-determ

và • (𠄧, 𢁍, 𢽼)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-và.wav

some (indefinite quantity greater than one)


ít

From Proto-Vietic *ʔiːt, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ʔit ~ *ʔiit ~ *ʔiət, cognate with Muong ét, Western Lawa ʔɛt, Phong-Kniang ʔeːt, Koho it (“little”) and possibly Khmer អាត់ (ʼat, “small, tiny”). Compare ét.
Compare also the Sino-Tibetan root that gave rise to Chinese 一 (OC *ʔi[t], “one”) (B-S), Chepang यात् (yat, “one”).


í

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

Pronunciation spelling of ấy (“that”), representing Northern Vietnam Vietnamese.


nào

Đi đường nào đây?

nơi nào. 2 Can be used on its own

where; no longer completely true in the modern language

where; this much; where *C is nonspecific consonant

đâu. 3 From earlier *C-raːw. 4 Placed before the head: bây nhiêu ()

bao nhiêu. 5 Placed after the head: nhanh vầy ()


bao

Part of the b-series of demonstratives, along with bây, bấy.

bao người

bao ngày


ý

đằng í/ý

chị í/ý

Alternative spelling of í; Northern Vietnam form of ấy


tư

(only in compounds) this (occurred in compounds derived from or in the style of Classical Chinese)


nhiều

head

饒, 𬼀, 𡗉, 󰬥, 𡗊, 澆, 𱘫, 𤄮, 𬲢

vi-determ

饒, 𬼀, 𡗉, 󰬥, 𡗊, 澆, 𱘫, 𤄮, 𬲢

饒 (CJK)
𬼀 (CJK)
𡗉 (CJK)
𡗊 (CJK)
澆 (CJK)
𱘫 (CJK)
𤄮 (CJK)
𬲢 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-nhiều.wav

From Proto-Vietic *ɲiew. Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 饒 (SV: nhiêu). Cognate with Pong [Toum] ɲiaw³³/.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">nhiêu</i>


các

Sino-Vietnamese word from 各 (“each, individually, every, all”).


muôn

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 萬 (“ten thousand”, SV: vạn). Doublet of vạn, vàn, and man.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">vạn</i>

vi-etym-sino

muôn dân

muôn người như một

muôn đời

Muôn năm!
Banzai!


bây

Part of the b-series of demonstratives, along with bao, bấy.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bây.wav

Con cua này chỉ bây lớn thôi.

This (species of) crab only grows to this size.


ấy

head

意, 衣, 𧘇, 倚, 𱍸, 𪬫, 𫢚

ấy • (意, 衣, 𧘇, 倚, 𱍸, 𪬫, 𫢚)

vi-determ

意, 衣, 𧘇, 倚, 𱍸, 𪬫, 𫢚

ấy • (意, 衣, 𧘇, 倚, 𱍸, 𪬫, 𫢚)

意 (CJK)
衣 (CJK)
𧘇 (CJK)
倚 (CJK)
𱍸 (CJK)
𪬫 (CJK)
𫢚 (CJK)

Diachronically, this is probably a Northern Vietnamese innovation occured some time between the stages of Proto-Vietnamese and attested Northern Old Vietnamese. It is amply attested in the oldest Nôm texts (which are all in Northern Old Vietnamese or its offshoot(s)), yet has no cognate in the Muong lects, and usage of this morpheme by Central and Southern speakers clearly indicates borrowing. It also does not neatly fit into Proto-Vietnamese demonstrative paradigm with its zero-initial.
The situation can probably be hypothesized as


lắm

head

夦, 廩, 廪, 禀, 稟, 𡗋, 𤯑, 𪥀, 𪩦

vi-determ

夦, 廩, 廪, 禀, 稟, 𡗋, 𤯑, 𪥀, 𪩦

夦 (CJK)
廩 (CJK)
廪 (CJK)
禀 (CJK)
稟 (CJK)
𡗋 (CJK)
𤯑 (CJK)
𪥀 (CJK)
𪩦 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-lắm.wav

Sao mà nói lắm thế?

Mình chưa tới được đâu, còn lắm việc phải làm quá!

I can't come just now, [because I] still have a lot of work to do!


hơn

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *hən ~ *həən (“to grow, to increase”); cognate with Arem hɨən ("more than; to defeat, to win against"), Pacoh hon (“grown”), Bahnar hon (“to grow”), Plang [La Gang] hɔ́n, and Khasi byrhien (“(people) in large numbers”)).


mọi

→ Tai Dam: ꪢ꫁ꪮꪥ

From Middle Vietnamese mọi, a non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 每 (“every, each”, SV: mỗi). Doublet of mỗi.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">mỗi</i>

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mọi.wav

Một người vì mọi người ! Mọi người vì một người !


𡗉

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): abbreviated phonetic 饒 (nhiêu) + semantic 多 (“many; much”).


mỗi

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mỗi.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 每. Doublet of mọi.

tập thể dục mỗi ngày

mỗi người

mỗi... mỗi/một...

mỗi người một nơi

mỗi cây mỗi hoa, mỗi nhà mỗi cảnh

every tree has its own kind of flower, every family has its own situation

mỗi một

mỗi một người

Nhà có mỗi con.


những

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 仍 (“to continue; to be done repeatedly; many; still”, SV: nhưng). Compare nhưng.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">nhưng</i>

vi-etym-sino

tất cả những người khác


này

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-này.wav

From Proto-Vietic *-niː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *niʔ ~ *nih (“this”); cognate with Khmer នេះ (nih, “this”), Pacoh nâh (“this”), Khasi kane/une (“this”) and Car Nicobarese në (“these things”). See also nay (“now”) and Central Vietnamese ni (“this”).
Part of the n-series of demonstratives, along with nấy, nớ, nọ, nè.

Cái thằng dở hơi này!
You butthead!


vài

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-vài.wav

(slightly formal) some, an indefinite quantity greater than one


bất kì

[ʔɓət̚˧˦ ki˨˩]

[ʔɓək̚˦˧˥ kɪj˦˩]

[ʔɓək̚˦˥ kɪj˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-bất kì.wav

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bất kỳ.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 不 (“not”) and 倚; 奇; 其 (“to depend on; odd; it/one/that”)

bất kì ai


nọ

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *nɔʔ ~ *nɔh (“this”); cognate with Temiar anoh (“this”), Bahnar 'nâu/'nŏu (“this”), Mon ဏံ (nɔˀ, “this”). Compare with Khmer នោះ (nuh, “that”). Probably related also to nó.


bất cứ

[ʔɓət̚˧˦ kɨ˧˦]

[ʔɓək̚˦˧˥ kɨ˨˩˦]

[ʔɓək̚˦˥ kɨ˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-bất cứ.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 不 (“not”) and 據 (“to depend on”).

bất cứ ai


bấy

head

碑, 閉/闭, 𠾚, 曊

vi-determ

碑, 閉/闭, 𠾚, 曊


nầy

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) this


nừng

From Tai. Compare Proto-Tai *nɯːŋᴮ (“one”) (whence หนึ่ง (nʉ̀ng)).

竹椿軒永工欺意
能某山僧𬈋伴吟

Early 15th century, Nguyễn Trãi, Quốc âm thi tập:

Trúc thông hiên vắng trong khi ấy
Nừng mỗ sơn tăng làm bạn ngâm.


hết cả

[het̚˦˧˥ kaː˧˨]

[həːt̚˦˥ kaː˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-hết cả.wav


phô

thưa phô ông phô bà


𡗊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声): semantic 多 (“many; much”) + abbreviated phonetic 饒 (nhiêu).