o

O du kích nhỏ

1966, Tố Hữu, “Tấm Ảnh [The Photograph]”; quoted in Trần Trung Hiếu (2023) “Gặp ‘O du kích nhỏ’ áp giải phi công Mỹ năm xưa [Meeting ‘the little guerilla damsel’ who steered the American pilot in years past]”, in VietNamNet
O du kích nhỏ giương cao súng.
Thằng Mỹ lênh khênh bước cúi đầu.
The little guerilla damsel holds her rifle high.
The tall American dude totters, his head hanging low.

2007, Lã Ngọc Tỉnh, “Dấu Ân Chiến Tranh [Marks of War]”; quoted in Trần Trung Hiếu (2023) “Gặp ‘O du kích nhỏ’ áp giải phi công Mỹ năm xưa [Meeting ‘the little guerilla damsel’ who steered the American pilot in years past]”, in VietNamNet
Chiến binh bại trận ở Việt Nam
Bị O du kích bắt đầu hàng.
The soldier – defeated in Vietnam –
Was forced by the little guerilla damsel to surrender.

(Thanh Hoá, Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh) indicates a young adult woman


con

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-con.wav

From Middle Vietnamese con, from Proto-Vietic *kɔːn, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kuun ~ *kuən. Cognate with Muong còn, Thavung กอน, Mon ကွေန် (kon), Khmer កូន (koun), Bahnar kon, Khasi khun, Central Nicobarese kōan. For semantic relations, compare Chinese 子 (“child; small thing; son”), Japanese 子 (shi, ko, “child; small thing; son; boy; girl”). See also non (“young, juvenile”), which is from an infixed form of the root.
Attested in the Annan Jishi (安南即事, 13th century) as 乾 (MC kan).

ncog

một thằng, hai con

(disrespectful) Indicates female people.

con dao

Indicates knives, ships, boats, trains and eye pupils.

trên con đường đến hạnh phúc

Indicates roads, rivers, streams and waves.

con chữ

(somewhat literary) Indicates written characters.

Anh mày có hẳn hai con xe Honda đấy nhớ!
I have two Honda motorbikes!

(colloquial) Indicates wheeled vehicles.

Ông chơi con game này chưa?

(colloquial) Indicates video games and movies.


cái

Cognate with Muong Bi cảy, Tho [Cuối Chăm] keː³, Chut [Mày] kɛ⁴ (Babaev & Samarina, 2018), Chut [Rục] kɛ⁴ (Nguyễn Văn Lợi, 1993).
Often linked with Chinese 個／个 (“one thing; classifier”) (for example, in Alves (2007)); however, as seen with the cognates in the more conservative languages, the earlier vowel can be ascertained to be a monophthongal non-low front vowel, which makes connection with the Chinese term very much doubtful, although semantic influence is still possible.
In Middle Vietnamese, this classifier is also attested to be used for certain animals (e.g. cái kiến (“an ant”), cái baba (“a soft-shell turtle”)). However, in Modern Vietnamese, this function has been completely taken over by the general animate classifier con. Although sometimes characterized as historically being used for animals that are on the smaller size, plenty of small animals took con instead.
In Muong dialects, this usage can also be seen. For example, Muong Bi has cảy lòi (“a wild boar”), cảy ca (“a chicken”).

Cái răng cái tóc là góc con người.

Essentially, teeth and hair tell how good one looks.

Lý hạng ca dao 里巷歌謠 (Folk-ballads from the hamlets and alleys), folio 36a
丐𪂲丐𪅥丐𪆯
𫳵𡮠踸𪽣穭翁唉𪂲
Cái cò cái vạc cái nông;
Sao mày giẫm ruộng lúa ông hỡi cò?
The stork, the heron, the pelican;
Why troddest thou on my paddy rice, oh stork?

Cầm cái con dao này đưa cho mẹ.

Take this knife and hand it to your mom.

Cái thằng đần thối này!
You moron!

(colloquial) Precedes another classifier (any one but “cái” itself), effectively acting as a focus marker, sometimes conveying a connotation of deprecation, especially if persons are referred to.


người

From Proto-Vietic *ŋaːj, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *[m]ŋaaj (“human being; person”). Cognate with Muong ngài, Bahnar bơngai (“people, human being”) and Pacoh ngai (“they; them; their; others”). Also from the same root is ngươi (“pupil”).

cog

người đàn ông

người đàn bà/phụ nữ


bàn

Sino-Vietnamese word from 盤 (“plate; board game”).

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bàn.wav

bàn thắng

thua 2 bàn

(sports, games) indicates a single score or goal


làn

head

瀾, 𡔔, 灡, 󱞉, 𬞕

vi-cls

瀾, 𡔔, 灡, 󱞉, 𬞕

Possibly from Proto-Vietic *p-laːɲ; compare *p-laːɲ's reflex tràn (“to overflow”), as well as lan (“to spread”), another possible cognate. For phonological analogies, compare triplets lè, le, & thè from *t-lɛːl (“to stick out tongue”).
Unlikely non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 瀾 (“ripple, wave, overflowing”, SV: lan); as the expected initial should have been *r- (for an analogy, non-SV rường vs. SV lương from 樑 (OC *raŋ) (B-S)).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">lan</i>

vi-etym-sino

làn gió

Used for something moving continuously and steadily, forming a wide and flat surface, such as water (nước), wind (gió), smoke (khói) and waves (sóng): wisp; trail; puff

làn da mịn màng

Used for something forming a thin, smooth layer on the outside, such as skin (da) or hair (tóc).


cú

một cú điện thoại


mái

mái tóc bóng mượt


áng

Possibly the same element as that seen in đồng áng.


bài

used for compositions like songs, drawings, poems, essays, etc.


chú

Chú mèo đi hia

những chú gà trống Gô-loa

the "Gallic Roosters;" the French male footballers

(literary, endearing) indicates a male animal, especially an anthropomorphic one


màn

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 幔 (SV: mạn).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">mạn</i>

vi-etym-sino

một màn biểu diễn/trình diễn ngoạn mục


lá

From Proto-Vietic *s-laːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *slaʔ. Cognate with Thavung ซะล้า, Khmer ស្លា (slaa, “areca”), Bahnar hla, Mon သၠ (hlaˀ), Khasi sla, Semai sela. Related to Chinese 茶 (chá) (tea), which was a Loloish loan that in turn was borrowed from Austroasiatic.
Doublet of trà and chè.

lá thư/bài/cờ/gan

Rừng mưa A-ma-dôn là lá phổi xanh của Trái Đất.

The Amazon rainforest is the green lung of the Earth.

Used for thin and flat and/or leaf-like objects, such as letters, cards, flags, leaf-shaped organs (such as the liver, the lungs, the spleen, the pancreas), etc.


pho

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 副 (“classifier for sets”, SV: phó).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">phó</i>

vi-etym-sino

Indicates complicated works, chiefly books and statues


cây

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cây.wav

From Proto-Vietic *gəl ~ *kəl. Cognate with Central Vietnamese cân, Muong câl, cấl, Kha Phong kɨl². Related to cấy.
Various words with similar shape that have the meaning of "to fell trees" occur in many Austroasiatic branches, including Semai kòl, Temiar kel, Proto-Bahnaric *kal (whence Koho köl) and Proto-Katuic *kəl (whence Pacoh câl); all could be contributed to *kuəl ~ *kəl (“to cut down, fell”), which might be related to the root above. Alternatively, compare Proto-Khmuic *tŋkəl (“stump”) (whence Khmu [Cuang] tŋkɨl), Khmer គល់ (kŭəl), Mon ဓဂဵု.

(music) Indicates string instruments and some other types of musical instruments


củ

Indicates edible roots, such as onions, garlic, carrots, etc.


tên

Indicates hostile people, such as (enemy) soldiers (lính), criminals (tội phạm), etc.


bông

From Proto-Vietic *poːŋ (“flower”). Cognate with Muong pông and Thavung โปง.
This word had been tentatively proposed as being connected etymologically with Hmong-Mien (Proto-Hmong-Mien *bi̯aŋ, whence Iu Mien biangh, White Hmong paj) or Austronesian (Proto-Austronesian *buŋa, whence Malay bunga etc.) (for examples, Hsiu, 2017; H. Hayes, 1999, Hoàng Thị Châu, 2009). Ratliff (2017) connected the Hmong-Mien and Austronesian terms, but did not mention any Austroasiatic comparanda. In any case, the connection is not certain and might just be look-alikes.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bông.wav


quả

Sino-Vietnamese word from 果 (“fruit”).
Displaced native giái in the more prestigious inland Northern dialects sometime before the colonial period, likely due to the homophony with dái (“testicles”), eventually also displaced lái from the less prestigious coastal Northern dialects.

quả bóng

quả trứng

quả tim

(especially Northern Vietnam) Refers to anything round, such as a piece of fruit.


trái

head

𢁑, 𣛤, 𢁑, 𣡙, 𣡚, 𧀞

From Proto-Vietic *p-leːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *pləjʔ (“fruit”). Cognate with Muong tlải, Khmer ផ្លែ (phlae), Bahnar plei, Pacoh culay, Mang pløː¹.
This is originally the Southern form. The North Central form trấy is still extensively used in these dialects. The Northern forms giái (inland dialects), lái (as in lái tim, coastal dialects) are also attested, but now are mostly displaced by Sino-Vietnamese quả when used as a stand-alone noun and by Southern trái when used as part of compound (as in Trái Đất (“the Earth”)).

trái chôm chôm

trái lựu đạn

trái núi

trái banh

trái cây

(chiefly Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) Refers to anything round, such as a piece of fruit.


vị

Sino-Vietnamese word from 位. Doublet of vì.

(formal, polite) Indicates important or respected people, such as a president (tổng thống), professor (giáo sư), general (tướng), etc.


món

Indicates food dishes and valuable things, such as money, gifts, jewelry, etc.


món

Likely an extension of etymology 1, with possible semantic influence from môn (“subject”).

(rare) Indicates subjects and fields of study, such as math, martial arts, etc.


ông

Sino-Vietnamese word from 翁 (“old man”). In Japanese, the same character corresponds to 嫗 (“old woman”). The character for bà (which corresponds to ông in Vietnamese), 婆 (pó, “grandmother”), actually corresponds to 爺／爷 (yé, “grandfather”) in Chinese and Japanese.

Ông bình vôi


cuốn

From Old Chinese 卷 (OC *[k](r)o[n]ʔ) (B-S) (SV: quyển).
Compare cuộn.

cuốn/quyển vở


tấm

Used for large flat things, such as pieces of cloth (vải), planks (ván), boards (gỗ), pictures (ảnh, hình), mirrors (gương), etc.

tấm thân

tấm lòng vàng

tấm chồng

a husband (that is ideal, that one can rely on for one's livelihood)

Phụ nữ hơn nhau ở tấm chồng.

The standard of comparison between two women is their husbands. (Vietnamese saying)

(literary) Used for small or seemingly insignificant things that are deemed valuable or worth cherishing.


vì

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 位 (SV: vị).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">vị</i>

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-vì.wav


ngôi

From a form related to modern ngồi (“to sit”). Originally probably meant "seat", which then developed into the current meanings.

Indicates important structures, such as houses, buildings, markets, graves and stars


cánh

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cánh.wav

From Proto-Vietic *kɛːŋʔ.
Đại Nam Quấc âm tự vị (1895) records the now obsolete form written as kiến. Considering that this dictionary is based on Southern Vietnamese when the /n > ŋ/ shift already occurred, the form intended here would be etymologically spelled as kiếng (cf. the "kiến" for "glass" entry right below). This kiếng/cánh pair represents the diphthongized and undiphthongized variants respectively, in the same vein of miếng - mánh.

Indicates doors, windows, gates, kites, bows, forests and agricultural fields (of maize/corn, rice, etc.)


mũi

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mũi.wav

From Proto-Vietic *muːs (“nose”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *muh ~ *muuh ~ *muus (“nose”); cognates include Khmer ច្រមុះ (crɑɑmoh), Bahnar muh, Khasi khmut, Mon မိုဟ်, Car Nicobarese meh.
For the sense of "cape", compare the development of English ness, Bulgarian нос (nos).

inh

tiêm mũi thứ 2


bức

Sino-Vietnamese word from 幅 (“classifier”).

vi-etym-sino

indicates walls, barriers, handwritten letters, drawings, paintings, photographs, sculptures or statues


điệu

điệu hò/múa

indicates a tune, a melody, a chant or occurrence of singing, or a dance routine


trận

trận đòn

a beating, especially one used as a punishment on children

Hôm qua nó bị mẹ đánh một trận nhừ tử.

His mother gave him quite a beating yesterday.

chịu trận

to be forced to suffer cruel treatment, such as punishment or criticism; to be the fall guy or scapegoat

indicates events where physical harm is dealt, such as battles or beating punishments

indicates natural disasters such as storms, whirlwinds or earthquakes


cục

vi-classifier

[𫪐#Vietnamese|𫪐]]</span>. Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.">cục

Sino-Vietnamese word from 局. For the classifier sense, compare 局部 (cục bộ, “a smaller entity; part”).

[kʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[kʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[kʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

Indicates turds, stones, erasers, flour balls, bricks, tiles.


ổ

ổ hamburger

Indicates things that have the slightly squared or elongated form


thứ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 次.
Note that in spite of superficial similarity, this word is unrelated to Khmer ទី (tii), Thai ที่ (tîi), Japanese 第 (dai), all from Chinese 第 (MC dejH) (SV: đệ).

Indicates things of the same category, such as languages (tiếng)


quân

quân bồi

quân mã

Used for playing cards and pieces in certain board games

quân côn đồ

(slightly literary) Used for villains, thugs, gangsters and the like


nền

Used for abstract nouns, such as culture, civilisation, law, economics, education, etc.


bản

Sino-Vietnamese word from 版 (“edition”).

bản mặt

Nói muốn rát bản họng luôn mà tụi nó có nghe đâu.

There goes all my effort convincing them now that my damn throat is sored and they still don't give a shit.

(derogatory) Indicates certain body parts


lời

From Middle Vietnamese mlời.
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 𠅜, composed of 亠, simplified from 麻 (MC mae), and 例 (MC ljejH) (modern SV: ma lệ) and 麻例 (MC mae ljejH) (modern SV: ma lệ).

một lời hứa


𠊛

Nôm form of người (“indicates people, except infants”).


lốc

[ləwk͡p̚˦˧˥]


chiếc

[t͡ɕiək̚˦˧˥]

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 隻 (“classifier; single, alone”, SV: chích). Possibly doublet of chách.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">chích</i>

vi-etym-sino

Chiếc lược ngà

(formal or literary) Indicates generic inanimate tangible things

Nó có hai chiếc xe máy.

(colloquial) Indicates popular vehicles, such as bicycles, motorcycles, cars, etc.


đoá

Sino-Vietnamese word from 朵/朶 (“cluster of flower”)

Nếu là hoa, tôi sẽ là một đoá hướng dương.

If I were to be a flower, I wish I were a sunflower.


tờ

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-tờ.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 詞 (“word; statement”). Doublet of từ, now the modern common reading of the character.

Indicates paper sheet-based items, such as newspapers (báo), magazines (tạp chí), political flyers (truyền đơn), etc.


thanh

(somewhat literary or formal) Indicates long, thin, inflexible objects, such as swords, planks, metal strips, etc.


cơn

(physiology, psychology) Indicates some types of negative physiological/psychological condition, such as pain, anger, etc.: sudden attack; bout

nỗi

(weather) Indicates some types of weather phenomena, such as winds, rains, storms, hurricanes, cyclones, whirlwinds, etc.


căn

(pathology) indicates diseases, illnesses


căn

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 間 (SV: gian).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">gian</i>


muông

From Proto-Vietic *t-mɔːŋ (“civet”). Compare Mang muaŋ⁶ ("civet").
Aside from a few compounds, the word is no longer used in Vietnamese. It also seems to once function as a classifier for a few animals, as attested in muông ſư tử (“a lion”) (in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum) and 獴麟 (muông lân, “a female of the qilin”) (in the Thi kinh giải âm, 詩經解音, a giải âm quasi-translation of the Shijing).
The undiphthongized form of this word might be preserved in the name of Con Moong cave, located in northern Thanh Hoá.

(obsolete) Indicates wild and/or big animals.


chuyến

[t͡ɕwiəŋ˦˧˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-chuyến.wav

chuyến bay

chuyến xe

chuyến thăm


thớt

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 匹 (SV: thất).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">thất</i>

vi-etym-sino

Vua trên thớt ngựa chạy sang Bảo Lộc, [...]

1993 [c. 1810], Bùi Dương Lịch, translated by Nguyễn Thị Thảo, Nghệ An ký, Hanoi: NXB Khoa học xã hội, page 337:

The king on horse's [back] fled towards Bảo Lộc, …

[...] đem 3.000 binh đinh, 80 thớt voi chiến, theo đường miền trên vào Ai Lao, [...]

1993 [1889], Viện Sử học, transl., Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện, Hue: NXB Thuận Hóa, page 538:

… took 3,000 troops, 80 war elephants, to march along the upland into Laos …

(historical or archaic) Indicates certain animals, chiefly horses and elephants.


đời

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 代 (“generation”, SV: đại).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đại</i>

vi-etym-sino

Cô lấy hai đời chồng.


mối

mối tình

mối thù

Used for romantic relationships or a sentiment of hatred


viên

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 丸 (SV: hoàn).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">hoàn</i>

vi-etym-sino

Indicates small, solid things, such as bricks (gạch), pills (thuốc), tiles (ngói), bullets (đạn), etc.


vỉ

head

vỉ • (尾, 彼, 偉)

vi-cls

vỉ • (尾, 彼, 偉)

Used for small flat objects containing many small items of the same type, such as blister packs (of medicine, batteries), etc.


nắm

From Proto-Vietic *-namʔ (Ferlus, 2007), with the straightforward Muong Bi cognate nẳm. Curiously, Ferlus (2007) also assigned this word, along with Pong nɨm⁴, to the reconstruction *-nəmʔ; both might be different reconstructions of one etymology. Chut [Mày] nɯ̆m⁴ ("to grasp") (Babaev & Samarina, 2018) might also be listed.
Compare maybe Riang [Lang] kᵊnəm² ("clenched (of fist)"). Schuessler (2007) suggests relation to 揇 (OC *nə̂mʔ) "to hold in hand".

Used for a handful or fistful of something.


đứa

head

𠁂, 𠀲, 丁, 打, 𫯍

đứa • (𠁂, 𠀲, 丁, 打, 𫯍)

vi-cls

𠁂, 𠀲, 丁, 打, 𫯍

đứa • (𠁂, 𠀲, 丁, 打, 𫯍)

From Proto-Vietic *taːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer. Cognate with Muong Bi tửa (“man, male; inferior one”), Arem tæːˀ ("elder brother"), Thavung tâ̰ː (Suwilai, 2000; the tonal correspondence to Vietnamese is regular). The term is attested with the meaning "elderly man" in Thavung, "elder brother" in Arem, "man, male" in Muong and "inferior one, kiddie" in Vietnamese, showing the gradual semantic development. Note that Chut [Rục] taː¹ ("maternal grandfather") with tone A1 is a Tai loan (cf. Proto-Tai *taːᴬ, whence Thai ตา (dtaa)) that while undoubtedly related to the Vietic word (and other Austroasiatic words below) is not a reflex of Proto-Vietic *taːʔ, where the final glottal stop developed regularly to the tone of the Vietnamese, Muong and Thavung words, or, in the case of Arem, preserved.
Further cognates included Khmer តា (taa), Khmu taʔ ("grandfather"), Bolyu ta³¹ ("grandfather"), Mon တ (“father”), Temiar taak (“sir, grandfather”). Compare the development seen in Muong dã (“mother-in-law, grandmother”) and Maleng Bro jaː³ ("father's elder brother's wife") (from Proto-Vietic *-jaːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *jaʔ (“grandmother”)).

2005, Nguyễn Ngọc Tư, "Nhà cổ" (in Cánh đồng bất tận), Trẻ publishing house
Hai đứa tôi ngồi đâu đó (chỗ mà ai cũng nhìn thấy) nói chuyện chơi, có lúc, chẳng cần nói gì.

The two of us were sitting somewhere (a place where everyone could see us) chatting, sometimes not needing to say anything.

indicates young person, child, or an inferior person


đám

head

đám • (坫, 盎)

vi-cls

đám • (坫, 盎)

Indicates things with the form of a cluster


miếng

From Proto-Vietic *-mɛːŋʔ. Cognate with Muong miểng, Tho [Cuối Chăm] mɛːŋ³, and Chut [Rục] mɛːŋ³. Related to mánh, from the undiphthongized variant, and miệng (“mouth”).


ngọn

From Proto-Vietic *ŋɔːnʔ (“tip; end”). Possibly related to ngón (“digit”).

Indicates mountains, hills, flagpoles, tall structures, flames or candles


mảnh

piece; bit; fragment; esp. of a flat surface, e.g. a garden or piece of paper


kiện

Indicates items for transport, such as luggage, parcels, cargo, etc.


sợi

Indicates string, thread, and fiber and things with similar shape to those


nén

“Ông Daniel Hauer cùng gia đình đã đề xuất được xin lỗi toàn thể người dân Việt Nam và được trực tiếp đến gặp gia đình Đại tướng để thắp nén hương xin lỗi cố Đại tướng Võ Nguyên Giáp”, ông Do cho hay.

2018 January 30, Hoàng Đan, “Vợ chồng Daniel Hauer xin được thắp hương xin lỗi Đại tướng Võ Nguyên Giáp”, in Trí Thức Trẻ:

“Mr. Daniel Hauer and family have expressed their apology to all the Vietnamese people and have asked to (be allowed to) meet the family of General Võ Nguyên Giáp to light incense for the late general”, Mr. Do said.


vở

Attested in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum as ꞗở in ꞗở hăọc tlo.

một vở cải lương

Indicates works of performance art, such as plays (kịch), operas (ca kịch), ballets (vũ kịch, ba lê), etc.


bậc

một bậc thánh nhân


lượt

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 列 (“to arrange, to list, line”, SV: liệt).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">liệt</i>

vi-etym-sino

một lượt xem

Used for times and turns, and likes and views (on social media).


vầng

vầng trăng dịu êm

vầng mặt trời/thái dương chói loà

(literary, poetic) indicates the sun and the moon

vầng trán


hòn

Used for small, solid and roundish objects, such as rocks, pebbles, bricks, testicles, etc.

Used for standalone mountains and islands.


đấng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 等 (SV: đẳng).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đẳng</i>

vi-etym-sino

đấng Tạo Hoá

đấng sinh thành

đấng nam nhi

đấng anh hùng


giấc

Cognate with Chut [Mày] pacɤk³ (Babaev & Samarina, 2018).
The Nôm characters for this word has 職 (MC tsyik) (SV: chức) as phonetic, indicating that modern ‹gi-› derived from the lenition of earlier *-c-.

giấc ngủ

giấc mơ/mộng


toà

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 座 (SV: toạ).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">toạ</i>

vi-etym-sino

Used for large constructions, such as buildings, temples, palaces, etc.


mẩu

Những mẩu chuyện về đời hoạt động của Hồ Chủ tịch
Stories of President Ho's Life in revolutionary activities (written by Trần Dân Tiên)


thằng

head

尚, 倘, 繩, 绳, 𠊟

vi-cls

尚, 倘, 繩, 绳, 𠊟

hai thằng, một con

Lần đầu tiên tôi theo tía nuôi và thằng Cò đi ăn ong đây.

1957, Đoàn Giỏi, chapter 15, in Đất rừng phương Nam, Kim Đồng:

It was the first time I went to eat honey with my adoptive father and Cò.

Cái thằng này là bình phương của cái thằng này

(colloquial) character, personality (not referring to a person, but pretending to)


cỗ

cỗ pháo

Indicates certain tools that are assembled from smaller parts


tòa

Traditional tone placement spelling of toà.


nụ

cog

Santali ᱱᱩᱱᱩ (nunu, “nipple, breast, to suckle”)

một nụ cười


nạm

(Central Vietnam) Alternative form of nắm (“handful”)


𠊚

Alternative form of 𠊛 (“Nôm form of người (“indicates people, except infants”).”)


thửa

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 所 (SV: sở).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">sở</i>

vi-etym-sino

Lũ trẻ không chịu đựng nổi mùi phân bón nồng nặc bốc lên từ thửa ruộng cạnh trường.

The children could not stand the strong smell of fertilizer emanating from the field next to the school.

Indicates plots of cultivated land such as gardens, fields, etc.