nhớ

head

汝, 女, 𢖵, 可汝, 𢘾

nhớ • (汝, 女, 𢖵, 可汝, 𢘾)

vi-verb

汝, 女, 𢖵, 可汝, 𢘾

nhớ • (汝, 女, 𢖵, 可汝, 𢘾)

汝 (CJK)
女 (CJK)
𢖵 (CJK)
可汝 (CJK)
𢘾 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *k-ɲǝːʔ. Cognate with Muong nhở, Arem ɲʌːˀ and Chut [Rục] kəɲəː³.
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 可汝 (MC khaX nyoX) (modern SV: khả nhữ).

Nhớ về nhà sớm nha.

(literally, “Remember to come home early, okay?”)

nỗi nhớ

nhớ thương

to miss (feel the absence of someone or something)


半身

chữ Hán form of bán thân (“bust; half-body sculpture; half-body image”).


chấy

From Proto-Vietic *ciːʔ. Compare Central/Southern dialects chí, Muong chỉ.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chấy.wav


cơm

From Proto-Vietic *kəːm (“cooked rice”); cognate with Arem kʌːm. According to Ferlus, a loan from Chinese 泔 (OC *kaːm, “water from washing rice; kitchen slops”) (SV: cam), although the vowels are difficult to match.
Semantically, compare Thai ข้าว (kâao, “rice; meal”), Khmer បាយ (baay, “rice; meal”), Chinese 飯／饭 (fàn, “rice; meal”), Korean 밥 (bap, “rice; meal”), Japanese ご飯 (gohan, “rice; meal”).

och-l

ăn cơm

to eat rice; to have a rice meal, optionally with meat, fish, soup, among other foods

Sáng sớm, đi bắt cua đồng, đi thả diều,
Huýt sáo nô đùa bên đám bạn nơi lũy tre, chơi trốn tìm.
Khói bếp cay mắt mẹ già bên bếp lò.
Cơm nấu xong rồi ! Mấy đứa về ăn (bữa) cơm !

(Can we date this quote?), Sa Huỳnh (lyrics and music), “Về ăn cơm [Come Home for Lunch]”:

Early in the morning, we'd go catch some field crabs, fly some kites,
Whistle and goof with our friends around bamboo groves, play hide and seek.
Smoke from the fireplace'd irritate our old mom's eyes.
The rice is done! Y'all come home for lunch!

(of fruit, especially coconuts) meat; flesh


cơm

(of fruit) tasteless (not sour, or only slightly sweet)


名家

chữ Hán form of danh gia (“famous family”).


名家

chữ Hán form of Danh gia (“School of Names”).


朦朧

chữ Hán form of mông lung (“vague, uncertain, confused”).


cá mập

[kaː˧˦ məp̚˧˨ʔ]

[kaː˨˩˦ məp̚˨˩ʔ]

[kaː˦˥ məp̚˨˩˨]


rơm

head

苫, 簋, 薕, 稴, 䆂, 𦲻, 𥠯, 𥠮

vi-noun

苫, 簋, 薕, 稴, 䆂, 𦲻, 𥠯, 𥠮

苫 (CJK)
簋 (CJK)
薕 (CJK)
稴 (CJK)
䆂 (CJK)
𦲻 (CJK)
𥠯 (CJK)
𥠮 (CJK)

straw (dried stalks considered collectively)


rơm

head

苫, 簋, 薕, 稴, 䆂, 𦲻, 𥠯, 𥠮

vi-noun

苫, 簋, 薕, 稴, 䆂, 𦲻, 𥠯, 𥠮

(classifier sợi, cọng) rơm • (苫, 簋, 薕, 稴, 䆂, 𦲻, 𥠯, 𥠮)

sợi (classifier)
cọng (classifier)
苫 (CJK)
簋 (CJK)
薕 (CJK)
稴 (CJK)
䆂 (CJK)
𦲻 (CJK)
𥠯 (CJK)
𥠮 (CJK)

a straw (a dried stalk of a cereal plant)


議事

chữ Hán form of nghị sự (“agenda item, business”).


憂愁

chữ Hán form of ưu sầu (“sad; worried; depressed”).


憂愁

chữ Hán form of ưu sầu (“sorrow; worry; depression”).


dùng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 用 (“to use”, SV: dụng). Doublet of dụng.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">dụng</i>

vi-etym-sino

Xin mời ông dùng trà.

(polite or honorific) to eat or drink; to have


不良

chữ Hán form of bất lương (“dishonest”).


tân cử

[tən˧˧ kɨ˧˩]

[təŋ˧˧ kɨ˧˨]

[təŋ˧˧ kɨ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 新 (“new”) and 舉 (“elect”).

Tân cử tổng thống bắt đầu chọn các bộ trưởng.

The president-elect is beginning to choose his/her cabinet secretaries.


lách

to pass through (a dense or narrow place)


lách

Saccharum spontaneum
Saccharum spontaneum#Translingual

Saccharum spontaneum (wild sugarcane, Kans grass), native to south Asia


toán học

[twaːŋ˦˧˥ hawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[t⁽ʷ⁾aːŋ˦˥ hawk͡p̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 算學, composed of 算 (“to calculate”) and 學 (“study”). Compare Chinese 算術／算术 (toán thuật, “arithmetic”). See also số học (“arithmetic”).


phật

(only in compounds) to hurt someone's feelings; to offend someone


bình thường

[ʔɓïŋ˨˩ tʰɨəŋ˨˩]

[ʔɓɨn˦˩ tʰɨəŋ˦˩]

[ʔɓɨn˨˩ tʰɨəŋ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 平常 (“ordinary”).

vi-etym-sino

Bệnh do tổn thương của tim, vôi hoá van, tổn thương tim do giang mai và hở động mạch chủ đơn thuần, do giãn động mạch chủ bình thường theo tuổi thọ và ảnh hưởng đến tăng huyết áp.

1999, Huỳnh Thị Dung, Từ điển văn hóa gia đình, Hà Nội: Văn hóa Thông tin, page 603:

A disease due to cardiac injury, valve calcification, cardiac damage secondary to syphilis, or idiopathic aortic incompetence, which is from normal age-related dilatation of the aortic (root) and results in increased blood pressure.

Ông bà Dursley, nhà số 4 đường Privet Drive, tự hào mà nói họ hoàn toàn bình thường, cám ơn bà con quan tâm.

2017, J. K. Rowling, chapter 1, in Lý Lan, transl., Harry Potter Và Hòn Đá Phù Thủy [Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone], 29 edition, volume 1, Ho Chi Minh City: Nhà xuất bản Trẻ, →ISBN, →OCLC:

Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, of number four, Privet Drive, were proud to say that they were perfectly normal, thank you very much.


bình thường

[ʔɓïŋ˨˩ tʰɨəŋ˨˩]

[ʔɓɨn˦˩ tʰɨəŋ˦˩]

[ʔɓɨn˨˩ tʰɨəŋ˨˩]


yếm

→ English: yem

→ Tai Dam: ꪮꪸ꪿ꪣ

From Proto-Vietic *ʔiɛmʔ (“breastplate”), a non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 裺 (“bib worn by infants”, SV: yểm), likely related to yểm (掩, “to cover; to hide”).
Cognate with Muong yểm. Compare the possible loanwords: Thai เอี๊ยม (íiam), Khmer អៀម (ʼiəm).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">yểm</i>

vi-etym-sino

a yem, a Vietnamese bodice based on the Chinese dudou.

yếm dãi

(by extension) a garment that looks similar and that is worn in a similar fashion, such as a bib or a dudou

(by extension, of a crab, turtle or tortoise) the bottom side of a shell, such as a plastron


lạch

cái (classifier)
con (classifier)
瀝 (CJK)


nhai

From Proto-Vietic *-ɲaːj. Compare Mon သ္ၚဲာ (hài, “to chew”), Nyah Kur khəɲàaj.


nhái

Compare nhại (“to mimic other's words or style of speaking”).

hàng nhái

(disapproving) to imitate; to mimic; to copy


nọc

From Proto-Vietic *nɔːk (“stinger (of insect); venom”). Possibly related to chọc (“to prick, to puncture”) (Alves, 2015) through an infixed form.
Attested with the meaning "stinger" (Portuguese ferrão, Latin aculeus) in Middle Vietnamese in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum.

inh

nọc ong/rắn

lấy nọc rắn


nọc

cái (classifier)
cây (classifier)
𣕬 (CJK)

Equivalent to the noun derivative of chọc (“to poke; to thrust”). Derived from the same verb as of etymology 1.


nọc

heo/lợn nọc

bò nọc


cướp biển

[kɨəp̚˧˦ ʔɓiən˧˩]

[kɨəp̚˦˧˥ ʔɓiəŋ˧˨]

[kɨəp̚˦˥ ʔɓiəŋ˨˩˦]

cướp (“to rob, robber”) + biển (“sea”); literally "sea robber".


gươm

head

gươm • (劍, 鎌)

thanh (classifier)
cây (classifier)
劍 (CJK)
鎌 (CJK)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 劍 (“sword”, SV: kiếm), from Proto-Vietic *t-kɨəm. Doublet of kiếm.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">kiếm</i>


nốc

From Proto-Vietic *ɗoːk (“boat”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɗuuk ~ *ɗuk (“boat; canoe”). Cognate with Ngeq tṳuk, Khmer ទូក (tuuk), Halang dùk.

inh

[nəwk͡p̚˦˧˥]


nốc

[nəwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

Nó nốc mấy ngụm là xỉn à.

He's always drunk after taking just a few shots.

Tay em đang run run nhưng anh thì cứ rót đi.
Anh mà không nể em là khi mà anh không hết li.
Uống thêm vài li vì đời chẳng mấy khi vui.
Nốc thêm vài chai vì anh em chẳng mấy khi gặp lại.

2020, Pháo (lyrics and music), “2 phút hơn [Past the 2nd Minute]”:

My hands are shaking, you go ahead and pour me a drink.
You don't show me some respect, just wait 'til you can't down your shots.
Down a couple more shots 'cause life isn't this fun very often.
Empty a couple more bottles 'cause we don't see each other very often.


biên

Sino-Vietnamese word from 邊. Doublet of bên (“side; edge; face”) and ven (“shore; bank; side”).

doublet

vượt biên trái phép

(rare, only in fixed expressions) Clipping of biên giới (“frontier”).


biên

Sino-Vietnamese word from 編 (“to weave, to plait; to arrange; to edit, to compile”).


kiếm

Sino-Vietnamese word from 劍. Doublet of gươm.


kiếm

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 檢 (SV: kiểm).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">kiểm</i>


biến

(sciences, chiefly mathematics) Clipping of biến số (“variable”).


bao kiếm

[ʔɓaːw˧˧ kiəm˧˦]

[ʔɓaːw˧˧ kiəm˦˧˥]

[ʔɓaːw˧˧ kim˦˥]


kiến thức

[kiən˧˦ tʰɨk̚˧˦]

[kiəŋ˦˧˥ tʰɨk̚˦˧˥]

[kiəŋ˦˥ tʰɨk̚˦˥]


rương

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 箱 (“box”, SV: sương, tương).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">sương, tương</i>


bãi biển

[ʔɓaːj˦ˀ˥ ʔɓiən˧˩]

[ʔɓaːj˧˨ ʔɓiəŋ˧˨]

[ʔɓaːj˨˩˦ ʔɓiəŋ˨˩˦]


gáo

Má ơi! Vỡ gáo con rồi!


đàn

head

đàn • (弹, 彈)

vi-noun

đàn • (弹, 彈)


đàn

Sino-Vietnamese word from 彈 (“to play (a musical instrument)”).

vi-etym-sino

a number of musical instruments (properly a string instrument, though used for a few non-string instruments)


đàn

đàn tế

đàn Nam Giao

Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth

(rare) raised ground or high platform for worship


hoàng đế

[hwaːŋ˨˩ ʔɗe˧˦]

[hwaːŋ˦˩ ʔɗej˨˩˦]

[waːŋ˨˩ ʔɗej˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 皇帝, composed of 皇 (“sovereign”) and 帝 (“emperor”), the titles of Chinese creator gods, from Middle Chinese 皇帝 (ɦwɑŋ teiᴴ).
The form huỳnh đế with the Southern reading of the first character is obsolete aside from the compound cua huỳnh đế (“Ranina ranina”).


cứt

From Proto-Vietic *kəc ~ *kɨc (“faeces”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ʔic ~ *ʔiə(c) ~ *ʔ(ə)c (“excrement; faeces”). Cognate with Muong Bi kếch (“rusty”), Arem kʉc, Khmer អាចម៍ (ʼac).
This is one of three known cases of velar initial in Vietnamese corresponding to zero-initial in other Austroasiatic branches. The other two cases are củi (“firewood”) and the dialectal cảy (“swollen”).

cục cứt

đống cứt

Coi chừng giậm cứt chó đó nghen.

(informal) shit (solid excretory product evacuated from the bowel)


lép

ngực lép

sầu riêng hạt lép

not well-filled; empty; hollow; flat; deflated

chịu lép

Sáu người biết y vốn tâm cao khí ngạo, không hề chịu lép.

2005, chapter 4, in Cao Tự Thanh, transl., Anh hùng xạ điêu, Văn học, translation of 射雕英雄传 by Jīn Yōng (Kim Dung):

The six of them knew him to be proud and arrogant of character, and that he never gave up until he was recognized as the best.


人定勝天

nhân định thắng thiên
nhân định thắng thiên#Vietnamese


mạt chược

[maːt̚˧˨ʔ t͡ɕɨək̚˧˨ʔ]

[maːk̚˨˩ʔ t͡ɕɨək̚˨˩ʔ]

[maːk̚˨˩˨ cɨək̚˨˩˨]

From Cantonese 麻雀 (maa4 zoek3-2; ma tước).

mahjong (a game (originally Chinese) for four players)


滅亡

chữ Hán form of diệt vong (“to perish; to be destroyed”).


đột ngột

[ʔɗot̚˧˨ʔ ŋot̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗok̚˨˩ʔ ŋok̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗok̚˨˩˨ ŋok̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 突兀 (“towering; sudden”).


thình lình

[tʰïŋ˨˩ lïŋ˨˩]

[tʰɨn˦˩ lɨn˦˩]

[tʰɨn˨˩ lɨn˨˩]


ghi-ta

[ɣi˧˧ taː˧˧]

[ɣɪj˧˧ taː˧˧]

[ɣɪj˧˧ taː˧˧]

ghi-ta điện


lục huyền cầm

[lʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ hwiən˨˩ kəm˨˩]

[lʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ hwiəŋ˦˩ kəm˦˩]

[lʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨ wiəŋ˨˩ kəm˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 六絃琴, composed of 六 (“six”), 絃 (“string”) and 琴 (“string instrument”).

a scalloped guitar; Vietnamese guitar (a guitar with scoops in the fingerboard)


ghi-ta phím lõm

[ɣi˧˧ taː˧˧ fim˧˦ lɔm˦ˀ˥]

[ɣɪj˧˧ taː˧˧ fim˦˧˥ lɔm˧˨]

[ɣɪj˧˧ taː˧˧ fim˦˥ lɔm˨˩˦]

a Vietnamized guitar with a scalloped fretboard allowing for bending ornamentation


huyền

(archaic, of a musical instrument) a string


huyền

đen huyền

tóc huyền

(thanh) huyền

(dấu) huyền

the grave accent for representing the huyền tone


幼主

chữ Hán form of ấu chủ (“young monarch”).


一時

chữ Hán form of nhất thời (“transient; temporary”).


製作

chữ Hán form of chế tác (“to create, to produce”).


lục

Sino-Vietnamese word from 綠, from Literary Chinese 綠, using the same disambiguation of 青 (“grue”) with 綠／绿 (“green”) and 藍／蓝 (lam, “blue”). See also xanh (“grue”).

[lʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[lʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[lʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]


lục

From Proto-Vietic *-luk, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *luuk ~ *luək (“to touch, explore manually”); cognate with Pacoh lúc, Mon လုက် (lɜ̀k, “to touch, come in contact with, collide with”) and Khmer លូក (luuk).

cog

[lʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[lʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[lʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]


lục

[lʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[lʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[lʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]


tiếng Đức

[tiəŋ˧˦ ʔɗɨk̚˧˦]

[tiəŋ˦˧˥ ʔɗɨk̚˦˧˥]

[tiəŋ˦˥ ʔɗɨk̚˦˥]


đa giác

[ʔɗaː˧˧ zaːk̚˧˦]

[ʔɗaː˧˧ jaːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗaː˧˧ jaːk̚˦˥]

polygon (plane figure bounded by straight edges)


使者

chữ Hán form of sứ giả (“envoy; emissary”).


螢光

chữ Hán form of huỳnh quang (“fluorescence”).


cân

cân nặng

nặng cân


cân

cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
cán (classifier)

cán cân công lí

a weighing instrument; a balance, scale, etc.


cân

cân đo đong đếm

to weigh, measure, put in measuring cups, count; to perform exhaustive measurement

cân nhắc


cân

tam giác cân

cân đối


ngục

[ŋʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ŋʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ŋʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

(chiefly in historical contexts, otherwise literary) prison


城池

chữ Hán form of thành trì (“stronghold”).


ốc

head

ốc • (沃, 屋, 𧎜, 喔)

con (classifier)
沃 (CJK)
屋 (CJK)
𧎜 (CJK)
喔 (CJK)

[ʔəwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

From Proto-Vietic *ʔoːk (“snail”). Cognate with Tho [Cuối Chăm] ʔɔːk⁷.

ốc sên

ốc mượn hồn

ốc anh vũ

博媄生𫥨分屋𧋆
𣎀𣈜粦𨀎盎𦹵灰

18th–19th century, Hồ Xuân Hương (胡春香), “Vịnh ốc nhồi (詠屋𧋆) [River Snail]”, in John Balaban, transl., Spring Essence: The Poetry of Hồ Xuân Hương, Copper Canyon Press (book), also hosted by Nôm Foundation (online), published 2000:

Fate and my parents shaped me like a snail,
day and night wandering marsh weeds that smell foul.

Bác mẹ sinh ra phận ốc nhồi,
Đêm ngày lăn lóc đám cỏ hôi

an animal, especially a mollusk, with a spiral shell

(by extension) a nut (that fits on a bolt)


chiều dài

[t͡ɕiəw˨˩ zaːj˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chiều dài.wav

(literal) length (distance from end to end)

Chu vi hình chữ nhật bằng chiều dài cộng chiều rộng nhân đôi.

The perimeter of a rectangle is twice the sum of its 2 side measurements.

(geometry, of a rectangle) the length of the longer sides


dám

From Middle Vietnamese dĕám. Cognate with Chut [Mày] katam³ (Babaev & Samarina, 2018).
Compare Old Chinese 膽 (OC *[t]ˤamʔ) (B-S).


dám

From Proto-Vietic *jaːmʔ ~ ɲaːmʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *jaam. Cognate with Khmer យំ (yum).

(in certain dialects in Nghệ An) to weep, to cry


ruột

From Proto-Vietic *rɔːc, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ruuc ~ *ruəc. Cognate with Muong rọch, Arem rùəc, Proto-Katuic *rɔɔc (whence Pacoh roiq) and Mon ကြုတ်.


ruột

bố ruột

(of a human individual) directly biologically related


dữ liệu

[zɨ˦ˀ˥ liəw˧˨ʔ]

[jɨ˧˨ liw˨˩ʔ]

[jɨ˨˩˦ liw˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 與 (“to give”) and 料 (“material”), a calque of Latin data (“[things] that were given”).


恐龍

chữ Hán form of khủng long (“dinosaur”).


祭祀

chữ Hán form of tế tự (“to offer sacrifices; to worship”).


寂寞

chữ Hán form of tịch mịch (“solitary, silent, quiet”).


官員

chữ Hán form of quan viên (“mandarin; government official”).


消滅

chữ Hán form of tiêu diệt (“to eliminate; to annihilate”).


戰勝

chữ Hán form of chiến thắng (“victory; triumph”).


戰勝

chữ Hán form of chiến thắng (“to win; to triumph; to achieve a victory”).


cử

Sino-Vietnamese word from 舉 (“to lift, to conduct, to praise, to appoint”).


cử

Sino-Vietnamese word from 櫸 (“zelkova”).


情願

chữ Hán form of tình nguyện (“to volunteer”).


chị

From Proto-Vietic *ɟiːʔ, from Old Chinese 姊 (OC *[ts][i]jʔ) (B-S) (SV: tỉ). The voicing dissimilarity of the onset is unexplained.

a female cousin who's descended from an ancestor who is/was an older sibling to yours or your spouse's

Ví dụ, tôi có một người bạn 30 tuổi tên Thủy. Tôi và bạn ấy có một người bạn chung tên Huyền, mới 25 tuổi. Khi nhắc bạn Thủy với bạn Huyền, tôi có thể dùng “chị”.
“Huyền ơi, em nhớ qua nhà chị Thủy lấy chìa khóa nhé!”
Ý tôi là “Thủy: chị của em”. Mặc dù Thủy là em của tôi (năm nay tôi 32 tuổi), nhưng khi nhắc Thủy trong câu trên tôi sẽ “nói hộ” Huyền. Đơn giản phải không? Khi nhắc người B trong lúc nói chuyện với người A thì mình có thể dùng đại từ xưng hô nói hộ người A.

[2012, Joe Ruelle, “People pháp [Peoprammar]”, in Ngược chiều vun vút [Whooshing toward the Other Way]:

Let's say I have a 30-year-old friend named Thuỷ. She and I share a 25-year-old friend named Huyền. When I talk about Thuỷ to Huyền, I can use chị.
"Huyền, don't forget to go get the keys at chị Thuỷ's!"
What I mean is "Thuỷ is your chị." Even though Thuỷ is actually my em (I'm 32), when I talk about her I have to use what Huyền would use. Simple right? When you talk about B to A, you can use the pronoun A would use.

a female who's (presumably) slightly older than you or the person you're talking to


chị

→ Khmer: ចែ (cae)

Lớn rồi mà chị chẳng tin
Chị vẫn coi em như ngày còn bé
Em đã lớn vượt xa điều chị nghĩ
Khổ hơn nhiều cái khổ chị lo
Vui hơn nhiều cái vui chị cho
Trên đường đi bước thành bước bại

(Can we date this quote?), Xuân Quỳnh, Chị [My Sister]:

I'm all grown-up and you still don't trust me
You keep treating me like I were still your baby sister
I've grown way out of what you thought of me
I'm struggling way more than you could help me with
I'm way happier than you could ever make me
On my path in life, when I succeed as well as when I fail

I/me, your female cousin who's descended from an ancestor who is/was an older sibling to yours or your spouse's

you, my female cousin who's descended from an ancestor who is/was an older sibling to mine or my spouse's

(familiar) I/me, a female who's (presumably) slightly older than you

(familiar) you, a female who's (presumably) slightly older than me

Trọng Thuỷ gây nên sự sụp đổ cơ đồ Âu Lạc và cái chết của Mị Châu. Vậy anh (chị) hiểu như thế nào về hình ảnh “ngọc trai – giếng nước” ?
Trọng Thuỷ caused the downfall of Âu Lạc and Mị Châu's death. So, what do you think about the imagery of the pearls and the well?

(education) you, the high schoolgirl reading this textbook

(literary) she/her, that admirable/lovable young-adult woman


tơ

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 絲 (SV: ti).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">ti</i>

vi-etym-sino

silk (the raw material, not the finished fabric), thread


tơ

hiền như nai tơ

(of young person, specially if female, of certain animals, informal) young, tender


哲理

chữ Hán form of triết lí (“philosophical principles”).


反國

chữ Hán form of phản quốc (“to betray one's country, to commit treason”).


tư

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 四 (“four”, SV: tứ).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tứ</i>

vi-etym-sino

hai mươi tư

một trăm linh tư

(chiefly Northern Vietnam, only in compounds) four

ba phần tư

thứ tư

tháng tư

chú tư

"fourth" uncle (your grandparents' third child, who's male and who's younger than one of your parents)

anh tư

"fourth" big brother (your parents' third child who's your older brother)

chị tư

"fourth" big sister (your parents' third child who's your older sister, or a woman whose husband's his parents' third child)

(Southern Vietnam, of a sibling) third-born


tư

riêng tư

việc tư

công tư phân minh

upright about the boundary between public and private matters


tư

(only in compounds) this (occurred in compounds derived from or in the style of Classical Chinese)


máu

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-máu.wav

From Middle Vietnamese 昴 (mấu, máu), 泖 (mấu, máu), 𧖰 (mấu, máu), 𧖱 (mấu, máu), from Proto-Vietic *t-muːʔ (“sap”).

giọt máu

giận sôi máu

to be so angry that it feels like one's blood is boiling

blood (vital liquid flowing in animal bodies)

Thằng đó có máu dê.

nổi máu điên


máu

Đừng có máu. Tao không cho đâu.

Don't get too excited. I won't give it to you.

(colloquial, informal) to want something very badly


chim điên

[t͡ɕim˧˧ ʔɗiən˧˧]

[t͡ɕim˧˧ ʔɗiəŋ˧˧]

[cim˧˧ ʔɗiəŋ˧˧]


䊼

chỉ (Hán-Nôm)
chẹ (Hán-Nôm)
chẽ (Hán-Nôm)


đầu gối

[ʔɗəw˨˩ ɣoj˧˦]

[ʔɗəw˦˩ ɣoj˨˩˦]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ ɣoj˦˥]

đầu (“head”) + gối (“knee”), perhaps to avoid ambiguity with the other gối (“pillow”), but also probably to refer specifically to the "head" of the knee, the kneecap (compare English olecranon (literally “head of the elbow”)). Sino-Vietnamese đầu largely displaced native trốc, as in trốc gối.
For some semantic parallels, compare Thai หัวเข่า (hǔua-kào), Zhuang gyaeujhoq, Chinese 膝頭／膝头 (tất đầu), Japanese 膝頭 (hizagashira), Ainu コッカサパ (kokkasapa), Malay lutut, Basque belaunburu, Welsh pen-lin, Yoruba orunkun.

ncog

knee (joint in the middle of the leg and area around it)


lừa

→ Tai Dam: ꪹꪩ

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 驢 (“donkey”, SV: lư). Compare Khmer លា (liə).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">lư</i>


lừa

head

嚧, 𡃖, 𢗼, 𢥈, 𬐸

vi-verb

嚧, 𡃖, 𢗼, 𢥈, 𬐸


電力

chữ Hán form of điện lực (“electricity”).


無情

chữ Hán form of vô tình (“heartless, hardhearted”).


無情

chữ Hán form of vô tình (“unintentionally, accidentally”).


戰敗

chữ Hán form of chiến bại (“to be defeated”).


anken

[ʔaːn˧˧ kɛn˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ kɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ kɛŋ˧˧]


lòn

From Proto-Vietic *lɔːn (“to enter”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *lun ~ *luən ~ *lən (“to pass, to exceed”). See luồn for more.


電機

chữ Hán form of điện cơ (“electromechanics”).


liệt dương

[liət̚˧˨ʔ zɨəŋ˧˧]

[liək̚˨˩ʔ jɨəŋ˧˧]

[liək̚˨˩˨ jɨəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 劣 (“bad, paralysed”) and 陽 (“yang, sun, male”).

vi-etym-sino

erectile dysfunction
erectile dysfunction


最高

chữ Hán form of tối cao (“highest; supreme”).


vl

(Internet, vulgar) Initialism of vãi lồn.


生化

chữ Hán form of sinh hoá (“biochemistry”).


tần ô

[tən˨˩ ʔo˧˧]

[təŋ˦˩ ʔow˧˧]

[təŋ˨˩ ʔow˧˧]

garland chrysanthemum
garland chrysanthemum

Glebionis coronaria
Glebionis coronaria#Translingual

garland chrysanthemum (Glebionis coronaria)


NDT

RMB (“renminbi”); Initialism of nhân dân tệ.


白果

chữ Hán form of bạch quả (“ginkgo nut”).


墳墓

chữ Hán form of phần mộ (“grave; tomb”).


vòng

object shaped like a circle, such as necklace, bracelet, earring, hoop, etc.

vòng tránh thai
vòng tránh thai#Vietnamese

(colloquial) Short for vòng tránh thai (“intrauterine device; IUD”).

trong vòng


vòng

head

vòng (diminutive reduplication vòng vòng)

to trace a circle; to form a circle; to encircle


夫餘

chữ Hán form of Phù Dư (“an ancient Korean kingdom existing between the 2nd century BC and 494; Buyeo”).


穿山甲

xuyên sơn giáp
xuyên sơn giáp#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of xuyên sơn giáp (“pangolin”).


tót

From Proto-Vietic *soːc; cognate with Malieng soːc¹. Compare Vietnamese tọt.


tháng một

[tʰaːŋ˧˦ mot̚˧˨ʔ]

[tʰaːŋ˦˧˥ mok̚˨˩ʔ]

[tʰaːŋ˦˥ mok̚˨˩˨]

January (first month of the Gregorian calendar)


vì

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 爲 (“because; for”, SV: vị). Doublet of vị.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">vị</i>

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-vì.wav

because (by or for the cause that; on this account that; for the reason that)


vì

Vì ai? Vì cái gì?


vì

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 位 (SV: vị).


議長

chữ Hán form of nghị trưởng (“chairperson; speaker”).


bóng đá

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˦ ʔɗaː˧˦]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˧˥ ʔɗaː˨˩˦]

[ʔɓɔŋ˦˧˥ ʔɗaː˨˩˦]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˥ ʔɗaː˦˥]

association football
association football


điều màu

[ʔɗiəw˨˩ maw˨˩]

hat điều màu


miệng

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-miệng.wav

From Proto-Vietic *mɛːŋʔ (“mouth”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer. Cognate with Kri meengq ("language"), Semai miing (“cheek”), Khmu [Cuang] miəŋ ("to chew"). Related to miếng (“piece”).
Attested in the Annan Jishi (安南即事, 13th century) as 皿 (MC mjaengX).

báo cáo miệng


mồm

From Proto-Vietic *-moːm. Cognate with Proto-Palaungic *-moːm (“mouth”).

to mồm
loudmouthed


感恩

chữ Hán form of cảm ơn, cám ơn (“thank you”).


感恩

chữ Hán form of cảm ơn, cám ơn (“to thank; to be grateful”).


chạy

head

𧼋, 𧼌, 豸, 𬦳, 𨂼, 跿

vi-verb

𧼋, 𧼌, 豸, 𬦳, 𨂼, 跿

𧼋 (CJK)
𧼌 (CJK)
豸 (CJK)
𬦳 (CJK)
𨂼 (CJK)
跿 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chạy.wav

From Proto-Vietic *ɟalʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɟarʔ (“quick, to run”). Cognate with Koho jar (“quick, hurry”) and Semai jar (“to run”).

to run (to move quickly on two feet; also said of a machine)


gạch

head

甓, 劇, 壉 坧, 󱌔

vi-noun

甓, 劇, 壉 坧, 󱌔

(classifier cục, hòn, viên) gạch • (甓, 劇, 壉 坧, 󱌔)

cục (classifier)
hòn (classifier)
viên (classifier)
甓 (CJK)
劇 (CJK)

a brick (hardened block used for building)

gạch lát nền

gạch ốp tường

gạch lát hè

(by extension) a tile (mostly rectangular shaped sheet of ceramic or fired clay to cover surfaces)


gạch

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 劃 (“to strike; a stroke”, SV: hoạch).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">hoạch</i>

vi-etym-sino

to draw a line, especially over text to delete it


gạch

any punctuation mark that is a line; a hyphen, a dash, a slash, etc.


gạch

gạch cua

gạch tôm

(of crustaceans) tomalley; hepatopancreas


bẩn thỉu

[ʔɓən˧˩ tʰiw˧˩]

[ʔɓəŋ˧˨ tʰiw˧˨]

[ʔɓəŋ˨˩˦ tʰiw˨˩˦]


東海

chữ Hán form of Đông Hải (“East China Sea”).


sâu

From Proto-Vietic *c-ruː (“deep”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɟruuʔ ~ *ɟruh ~ *rɟuh (“deep”). Cognate with Nghệ An/Hà Tĩnh dialects su, Muong khu, Khmer ជ្រៅ (crɨw), Bahnar jrŭ, Pacoh tru, Khmu [Cuang] ɟruʔ.

inh

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sâu.wav


sâu

Regarding the adjectival sense, compare Japanese 虫歯 (mushiba, literally “bug tooth”).


sâu

răng sâu

sâu răng


ngựa

con (classifier)
thớt (classifier)
馭 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-ngựa.wav

From Proto-Vietic *m-ŋəːʔ. See also Chinese 午 (wǔ, “horse”).
The adjectival sense "sexually promiscuous, lecherous" (whence sense "appearance-obsessed, ostentatious") originates from the comparison of sexually promiscuous, lecherous people, especially women, to horses, as seen in - for instances: Đại Nam quấc âm tự vị, Dictionnaire Annamite-Français (1898), the Huế's idiom "rượn như ngựa Thượng Tứ ('to rut like imperial horses')", which is used to mock women and girls who are deemed "rotten, of loose morals".

a horse (members of the species Equus ferus)

(colloquial) Short for sức ngựa (“horsepower”).


ngựa

Đừng có ngựa! Coi chừng nó lừa đấy!

Don't be a trollop! Beware that he can make an ass out of you!

‘[…] Nói như má hễ thương yêu nhau là hư, thì thiên hạ là đồ bỏ hết chắc? Con biết má giận má nói vậy chớ thế nào má hổng xét lại...’
Bác Bảy cướp lời: ‘Thôi mầy đừng có ngựa nữa! Tao biết mầy khôn lắm mà! Thứ đồ đội quần người ta mà hổng biết mắc cỡ...’

‘ […] If [people] loving each other - as you've said, Mom - are indeed rotten, then is every one in the whole world trash? I know you've said so out of anger yet won't you think that over anyhow...’
Uncle Bảy barged in: ‘Stop being a trollop, you! I know you're smart! You shameless bum...’

(figurative, chiefly Southern Vietnam, derogatory, dated) sexually promiscuous, prurient, lewd, lecherous, slutty

Mày ngựa lắm con ạ. Tốn bao nhiêu là tiền mua quần áo với chả mĩ phẩm.

You're so appearance-obsessed. All this money you spend on clothing and cosmetics.

Kìa, trông thằng đó ngựa chưa kìa!

2013, Lê Trung Ngân, “Tiếng Lóng Thời Nay [Slangs Nowadays]”, in bacsiletrungngan.wordpress.com:

(by extension, figurative, chiefly Southern Vietnam, derogatory) appearance-obssessed, showy, flashy, gaudy, flamboyant, ostentatious


示威

chữ Hán form of thị uy (“show off one's strength or power; intimidate, frighten, scare, browbeat”).


xe buýt

[sɛ˧˧ ʔɓwit̚˧˦]

[sɛ˧˧ ʔɓwɨt̚˦˧˥]

[sɛ˧˧ ʔɓwɨt̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-xe buýt.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)

From xe (“wheeled vehicle”) + French bus (“bus”).


Sankt-Peterburg

[sajŋ̟˧˧ pe˧˧ tɛk̚˧˦ ʔɓuə˧˧]

[sɛɲ˧˧ pej˧˧ tɛk̚˦˧˥ ʔɓuə˧˧]

[san˧˧ pej˧˧ tɛk̚˦˥ ʔɓuə˧˧]

Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg#English

Saint Petersburg (a federal city of Russia)


kim tự tháp

[kim˧˧ tɨ˧˨ʔ tʰaːp̚˧˦]

[kim˧˧ tɨ˨˩ʔ tʰaːp̚˦˧˥]

[kim˧˧ tɨ˨˩˨ tʰaːp̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-kim tự tháp.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 金字塔, composed of 金字 (“the Chinese character 金 (jīn, “gold”)”) and 塔 (“tower”).

vi-etym-sino

the Chinese character <i class="Hani mention" lang="zh">金</i> (jīn, “gold”)


đại dương

[ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ zɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ jɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ jɨəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 大洋, composed of 大 (“great”) and 洋 (“ocean”).

Trên thế giới có sáu lục địa là lục địa Á - Âu, lục địa Phi, lục địa Bắc Mĩ, lục địa Nam Mĩ, lục địa Ô-xtrây-li-a, lục địa Nam Cực và bốn đại dương là Thái Bình Dương, Đại Tây Dương, Ấn Độ Dương, Bắc Băng Dương.

2011, “Phần ba - Thiên nhiên và con người ở các châu lục / Bài 25 : Thế giới rộng lớn và đa dạng / 1. Các lục địa và các châu lục [Part Three - Nature and Peoples in the Continents / Lesson 25: The World Is Vast and Diverse / 1. "Geographic Continents" and "Geopolitical Continents"]”, in Địa lí 7 [Geography 7], Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục Việt Nam, page 79:

There are six "geographic continents" in the world: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia and Antarctica; and four oceans: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.

an ocean (one of the large bodies of water)


crom

[kəː˨˩ ɹom˧˧]

[kəː˨˩ zom˧˧]

[kəː˦˩ ɹom˧˧]

[kəː˨˩ ɹom˧˧]


懲罰

chữ Hán form of trừng phạt (“to punish; to chastise”).


發狂

chữ Hán form of phát cuồng (“to go mad”).


上院

chữ Hán form of thượng viện (“upper house”).


攻擊

chữ Hán form of công kích (“to attack, to assault”).


năng

Nó năng đi học, năng làm bài lắm.

He never plays truant and always does his homework.


năng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 菱 (SV: lăng).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">lăng</i>

vi-etym-sino

(botany) Short for cỏ năng (“water chestnut”).


預防

chữ Hán form of dự phòng (“to provide (for, against an undesirable event)”).


殿下

chữ Hán form of điện hạ (“Your/His/Her Highness”).


電化

chữ Hán form of điện hoá (“electrochemistry”).


電場

chữ Hán form of điện trường (“electric field”).


hủy diệt

Traditional tone placement spelling of huỷ diệt.


國際歌

chữ Hán form of Quốc tế ca (“The Internationale”).


國民黨

chữ Hán form of Quốc dân Đảng (“Kuomintang”).


國民黨

chữ Hán form of Quốc dân Đảng (“nationalist party”).


國民

chữ Hán form of quốc dân (“citizen; people”).


傳染

chữ Hán form of truyền nhiễm (“infectious”).


A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called dấu trăng (“moon mark”) in Vietnamese, and found on Ă/ă, Ằ/ằ, Ẳ/ẳ, Ẵ/ẵ, Ắ/ắ and Ặ/ặ.


大量

chữ Hán form of đại lượng (“generous; magnanimous”).


Bắc Kinh

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ kïŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ kɨn˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ kɨn˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Bắc Kinh.wav

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


tháng ba

[tʰaːŋ˧˦ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[tʰaːŋ˦˧˥ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[tʰaːŋ˦˥ ʔɓaː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-tháng ba.wav

March (third month of the Gregorian calendar)


廣州

chữ Hán form of Quảng Châu (“Guangzhou”).


lá gai

[laː˧˦ ɣaːj˧˧]

[laː˨˩˦ ɣaːj˧˧]

[laː˦˥ ɣaːj˧˧]


cheo

chevrotain; mouse deer (of the family Tragulidae)


cheo

(historical) a dowry paid to the bride's village or local community


samari

[saː˧˧ maː˧˧ ɹi˧˧]

[saː˧˧ maː˧˧ zi˧˧]

[saː˧˧ maː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]

[saː˧˧ maː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from New Latin samarium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


天主教

Thiên Chúa giáo
Thiên Chúa giáo#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of Thiên Chúa giáo (“Catholicism”).


天主

chữ Hán form of Thiên Chúa (“God, the Lord of Heaven”).


nhân

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-nhân.wav


nhân

thiên, địa, nhân

(philosophy, mythology, occult) mortal humans, as opposed to heaven, earth, the sun, the moon, gods, magical creatures, etc.


nhân

Nhân dịp/ngày 8/3, chúng tôi tổ chức tiệc mừng các bà, mẹ và chị em.

It's March 8th, we celebrate our grandmas, mothers and sisters with a party.

Năm 1909, nhân vụ nhà Cách-mạng Triều-tiên là An-trọng-Căn ám sát viên Tổng-giám (từc[sic] Tuyền-quyền) nước Nhựt-bản là Y-Đằng Bác-Văn nên bị án tử-hình, Mai-sơn Tiên-sinh có làm đôi câu-đối truy-điệu nhà Cách-mạng Triều-tiên như sau :
« Thân tại Tam-Hàn danh vạn quốc.
Sinh phi bách tuế tử thiên thu. »
Nghĩa là :
« Người tuy ở đất Tam-Hàn, mà thanh-danh thì lẫy-lừng vạn quốc.
Sống tuy không đầy trăm tuổi, nhưng thác còn lưu tiếng đến ngàn thu. »

1965, “NGÀY XUÂN [SPRING DAY]”, in MINH TÂN, page 58:

In 1909, in the wake of the assassination of Japan’s Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi at the hands of the Korean revolutionary An Jung-geun, which resulted in his execution, Mr. Mai Sơn dedicated a duilian to the Korean revolutionary:
“Body in the Three Han, name in the myriad lands.
Life not 100 years, death 1000 autumns.”
That is to say:
“While your person was in Korea, your renown was international.
While your life did not last 100 years, your death shall be remembered forever.”

because of; in the wake of; in the aftermath of


nhân

Vừa rồi:
Nhân họ Hồ chính sự phiền hà,
Để trong nước lòng dân oán hận,
Quân cuồng Minh thừa cơ gây hoạ,
Bọn gian tà còn bán nước cầu vinh.
Nướng dân đen trên ngọn lửa hung tàn,
Vùi con đỏ xuống dưới hầm tai vạ.

(Can we date this quote?), Nguyễn Trãi, translated by Ngô Tất Tố, Bình Ngô đại cáo [The Great Proclamation of Wu Pacification]:

In the wake of the Hồ clan's tumultuous politics,
Which ended up in a nationwide resentful sentiment,
Ming ravagers mobilized their troops, hoping to oppress our people,
Malicious factions seized their opportunity, aiming to sell out our homeland.
They all wanted to roast our folk over vicious hellfire,
At the same time, they wished to bury our people in calamitous pits.


nhân

năm nhân năm hai lăm

kích thước 11,8 nhân 13 mét


hói

From Proto-Vietic *həːlʔ. Cognate with Muong hởl.

male pattern baldness
male pattern baldness

bald as a result of male pattern baldness


hói

(North Central Vietnam) creek; stream; small river


noãn

Sino-Vietnamese word from 卵 (“egg”), from Middle Chinese 卵 (lwan^X). The Chinese word is originally zoological, but the Vietnamese derivation is strictly botanical. Compare Sichuanese Chinese 卵 (nuan³), Korean 卵 (nan). Compare also similar alteration in Romance descendants of Latin libella, such as French niveau. See also nói ngọng.


Châu

Sino-Vietnamese word from 周, alternate reading of Chu (see usage notes at 周).


Cộng hoà Nam Phi

[kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩ naːm˧˧ fi˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩ naːm˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩ naːm˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

Republic of South Africa
Republic of South Africa


lớn

head

𡘯, 𢀲, 𱜝, 𣁔, 𣁔

vi-adj

𡘯, 𢀲, 𱜝, 𣁔, 𣁔

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-lớn.wav

cao lớn

người lớn

chí lớn

2 lớn hơn 1

ăn to nói lớn


lớn

head

𡘯, 𢀲, 𱜝, 𣁔, 𣁔

vi-verb

𡘯, 𢀲, 𱜝, 𣁔, 𣁔


gấu

con (classifier)
褠 (CJK)
𦵷 (CJK)
𤠰 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *c-guːʔ ~ *c-kuːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɟkaw; cognate with Bahnar chơgơu and Proto-Katuic *hŋkaw.
The "romantic partner" sense is probably derived from gấu bông (“teddy bear”).

Truyện gấu ăn trăng


của nợ

[kuə˧˩ nəː˧˨ʔ]

[kuə˧˨ nəː˨˩ʔ]

[kuə˨˩˦ nəː˨˩˨]


ít nhiều

[ʔit̚˧˦ ɲiəw˨˩]

[ʔit̚˦˧˥ ɲiw˦˩]

[ʔɨt̚˦˥ ɲiw˨˩]


đầy

head

đầy • (苔, 菭, 𧀟, 𠫆)

vi-adj

đầy • (苔, 菭, 𧀟, 𠫆)


đáy

head

đáy • (𡌠, 𢋠, 𣷳, 𤀐)

vi-noun

đáy • (𡌠, 𢋠, 𣷳, 𤀐)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 底 (“bottom”, SV: để).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">để</i>

vi-etym-sino

(figurative) đáy lòng

the inside bottom of a container, as opposed to a đế which is the outside bottom

ếch ngồi đáy giếng

(literally, “a frog at the bottom of a well”)

one that's intellectually confined by their limited surroundings

the bottom of a well or a natural body of water such as a lake, river, sea, etc.

(geometry, informal, of a triangle or trapezoid) Short for cạnh đáy (“base”).


căn bậc hai

[kan˧˧ ʔɓək̚˧˨ʔ haːj˧˧]

[kaŋ˧˧ ʔɓək̚˨˩ʔ haːj˧˧]

[kaŋ˧˧ ʔɓək̚˨˩˨ haːj˧˧]

From căn (根, “root”) + bậc (“degree”) + hai (“two”).


促進

chữ Hán form of xúc tiến (“to expedite; to stimulate; to promote”).


ôn

Do đó, nhiều người chờ đợi Tết không chỉ để trở về với gia đình mà còn là cơ hội để gặp gỡ bạn bè, ôn lại kỷ niệm xưa.

2023, Nguyễn Duy, “Chuyện họp lớp: Háo hức ôn lại kỷ niệm xưa”, in Lao Động:

This is why many people look forward to Lunar New Year, not only to return to their families but also for a chance to meet friends and revisit old memories.

ôn thi


魂魄

chữ Hán form of hồn phách (“hun and po”).


diều hâu

A native compound of two Sino-Vietnamese words elements 鷂 (diều) and 䳧 (hâu).

Any bird within the subfamilia Accipitrinae

Any bird within the genera Accipiter, Micronisus, Melierax, Urotriorchis, or Megatriorchis

(colloquial, collectively) any predatory bird


cự thạch

[kɨ˧˨ʔ tʰajk̟̚˧˨ʔ]

[kɨ˨˩ʔ tʰat̚˨˩ʔ]

[kɨ˨˩˨ tʰat̚˨˩˨]

From cự (巨, “huge”) + thạch (石, “stone”).


長生

chữ Hán form of trường sinh (“longevity”).


愕然

chữ Hán form of ngạc nhiên (“to be surprised; to be astonished”).


樂觀

chữ Hán form of lạc quan (“optimistic”).


悲觀

chữ Hán form of bi quan (“pessimistic”).


競爭

chữ Hán form of cạnh tranh (“to compete”).


立法

chữ Hán form of lập pháp (“legislation”).


立法

chữ Hán form of lập pháp (“to legislate”).


不一

chữ Hán form of bất nhất (“inconsistent”).


開心

chữ Hán form of khai tâm (“to initiate”).


個人

chữ Hán form of cá nhân (“individual, personal”).


有勇無謀

hữu dũng vô mưu
hữu dũng vô mưu#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of hữu dũng vô mưu (“courageous but not shrewd”).


聯絡

chữ Hán form of liên lạc (“to connect; to communicate”).


暗號

chữ Hán form of ám hiệu (“secret signal; coded signal”).


立夏

chữ Hán form of Lập hạ (“first day of summer, beginning of summer (one of the solar terms”).


南部

chữ Hán form of nam bộ (“southern part, southern area”).


南部

chữ Hán form of Nam Bộ (“Southern Vietnam”).


南亞

chữ Hán form of Nam Á.: South Asia (a region of Asia)


擁護

chữ Hán form of ủng hộ (“to support; to back”).


bẫy mìn

[ʔɓəj˦ˀ˥ min˨˩]

[ʔɓəj˧˨ min˦˩]

[ʔɓəj˨˩˦ mɨn˨˩]


防禦

chữ Hán form of phòng ngừa (“to prevent”).


誓約

chữ Hán form of thệ ước (“to vow; to pledge”).


沈重

chữ Hán form of trầm trọng (“severe; grave; dire”).


逃亡

chữ Hán form of đào vong (“to flee; to go in exile”).


đại lục

[ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ lʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ lʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ lʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 大陸 (“continent”).

vi-etym-sino

(rare) a continent, perhaps the same as either châu lục (“geopolitical continent”) or lục địa (“geographical continent”)

Trung Quốc đại lục
Trung Quốc đại lục#Vietnamese

Clipping of Trung Quốc đại lục (“mainland China”).


nhà thương

[ɲaː˨˩ tʰɨəŋ˧˧]

[ɲaː˦˩ tʰɨəŋ˧˧]

[ɲaː˨˩ tʰɨəŋ˧˧]

nhà thương điên

(now humorous, dated in serious usage) hospital


sông

dòng (classifier)
con (classifier)
滝 (CJK)
瀧 (CJK)
𪷹 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sông.wav

From Proto-Vietic *k-roːŋ (“river”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ruŋ ~ ruuŋ ~ ruəŋ (“river”). Cognate with Muong không (“river”), Bahnar krong (“river”), Pacoh cruang (“country; area, river valley”), Mon ကြုၚ် (krɜŋ, “small river, creek”).
Doublet of giang. Related to Chinese 江 (OC *kˤroŋ) (B-S) (SV: giang) and Acehnese kruëng.

cog

river (large stream which drains a landmass)


hóa học

Traditional tone placement spelling of hoá học.


自白

chữ Hán form of tự bạch (“self-expression”).


接近

chữ Hán form of tiếp cận (“to approach”).


quạt

head

𦑗, 撅, 搧, 厥, 𢅅, 橛, 𱻥

vi-noun

𦑗, 撅, 搧, 厥, 𢅅, 橛, 𱻥

(classifier cái, cây) quạt • (𦑗, 撅, 搧, 厥, 𢅅, 橛, 𱻥)

cái (classifier)
cây (classifier)
𦑗 (CJK)
撅 (CJK)
搧 (CJK)
厥 (CJK)
𢅅 (CJK)
橛 (CJK)
𱻥 (CJK)

biểu đồ hình quạt


quạt

head

𦑗, 撅, 搧, 厥, 𢅅, 橛, 𱻥

vi-verb

𦑗, 撅, 搧, 厥, 𢅅, 橛, 𱻥

𦑗 (CJK)
撅 (CJK)
搧 (CJK)
厥 (CJK)
𢅅 (CJK)
橛 (CJK)
𱻥 (CJK)

to fan (to blow air on by means of a fan)


衰退

chữ Hán form of suy thoái (“to regress”).


顯示

chữ Hán form of hiển thị (“to display”).


đi vào

[ʔɗi˧˧ vaːw˨˩]

[ʔɗɪj˧˧ vaːw˦˩]

[ʔɗɪj˧˧ vaːw˨˩]

[ʔɗɪj˧˧ jaːw˨˩]

Nhà hàng này nằm trong khu resort Biển Xanh sắp đi vào hoạt động trong năm tới, […]

2015, Hân Như, chapter 17, in Điều bí mật, MintRight:

This restaurant is part of the Biển Xanh resort, which will initiate its activities next year, […]


衰竭

chữ Hán form of suy kiệt (“to be debilitated; to be wasted; to go into failure”).


ma cà rồng

[maː˧˧ kaː˨˩ zəwŋ͡m˨˩]

[maː˧˧ kaː˦˩ ʐəwŋ͡m˦˩]

[maː˧˧ kaː˨˩ ɹəwŋ͡m˨˩]

ma (“ghost, demon”) + cà rồng, from Tai Dam kurung or gurung. Attested in the Kiến văn tiểu lục (Lê Quý Đôn), the Thoái thực ký văn (Trương Quốc Dụng) and the Hưng Hóa kỷ lược (Phạm Thận Duật) in chữ Nôm as Cà-Rồng-quỷ (茄蠬鬼), Kì-Lằng-quỷ (奇䗀鬼), Càn-Sùng-quỷ (乾崇鬼).

(folklore, mythology) a blood-sucking evil spirit in some ethnic minority folklores

Abraham Lincoln, thợ săn ma cà rồng


損傷

chữ Hán form of tổn thương (“to harm; to damage; to wound; to injure”).


ngao

con (classifier)
𧑃 (CJK)
螯 (CJK)
鰲 (CJK)
鼇 (CJK)


日蝕

chữ Hán form of nhật thực (“solar eclipse”).


nga

Sino-Vietnamese word from 娥 (“beautiful”). Probably related with 嫦娥 (Cháng'é, “the Chinese goddess of the moon”).

zh-l

(archaic, literary) Only used in tố nga (“the moon”).

(archaic, literary) Only used in tiên nga (“angel; fairy”).


中國化

Trung Quốc hoá
Trung Quốc hoá#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of Trung Quốc hoá (“sinicization”).


日本化

chữ Hán form of Nhật Bản hóa (“Japanification”).


móc chìa khoá

[mawk͡p̚˧˦ t͡ɕiə˨˩ xwaː˧˦]

[mawk͡p̚˦˧˥ t͡ɕiə˦˩ kʰwaː˨˩˦]

[mawk͡p̚˦˧˥ t͡ɕiə˦˩ xwaː˨˩˦]


訴訟

chữ Hán form of tố tụng (“to file a lawsuit”).


hội âm

[hoj˧˨ʔ ʔəm˧˧]

[hoj˨˩ʔ ʔəm˧˧]

[hoj˨˩˨ ʔəm˧˧]


mân

(colloquial, intransitive) to prolong an action


mân

(North Central Vietnam) Alternative form of mần (to do, to work)


龜頭

chữ Hán form of quy đầu (“glans penis”).


元帥

chữ Hán form of nguyên soái (“marshal”).


隊伍

chữ Hán form of đội ngũ (“team; staff; corps”).


bão

cơn (classifier)
暴 (CJK)
雹 (CJK)
𣋰 (CJK)
𩙕 (CJK)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 暴 (“violent; vicious”, SV: bạo).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">bạo</i>

vi-etym-sino

(medicine) colicky pain (in the abdomen)


bão

(slang) to go to celebrate on the streets with motorbikes racing around the city (at times of national pride)


煉獄

chữ Hán form of luyện ngục (“purgatory”).


Hồng Kông

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ kəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[həwŋ͡m˦˩ kəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ kəwŋ͡m˧˧]

From Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²), influenced by English Hong Kong.


組合

chữ Hán form of tổ hợp (“combination; group”).


特點

chữ Hán form of đặc điểm (“characteristic”).


碩士

chữ Hán form of thạc sĩ (“master's degree”).


根據

chữ Hán form of căn cứ (“reason; grounds; base”).


工具

chữ Hán form of công cụ (“tool; instrument”).


sự kiện

[sɨ˧˨ʔ kiən˧˨ʔ]

[ʂɨ˨˩ʔ kiəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[sɨ˨˩ʔ kiəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[ʂɨ˨˩˨ kiəŋ˨˩˨]

[sɨ˨˩˨ kiəŋ˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sự kiện.wav

tổ chức sự kiện

sự kiện 11 tháng 9


chân trời sự kiện

[t͡ɕən˧˧ t͡ɕəːj˨˩ sɨ˧˨ʔ kiən˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕəŋ˧˧ ʈəːj˦˩ ʂɨ˨˩ʔ kiəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[t͡ɕəŋ˧˧ ʈəːj˦˩ sɨ˨˩ʔ kiəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[cəŋ˧˧ ʈəːj˨˩ ʂɨ˨˩˨ kiəŋ˨˩˨]

[cəŋ˧˧ ʈəːj˨˩ sɨ˨˩˨ kiəŋ˨˩˨]

chân trời (“horizon”) + sự kiện (“event”), calque of English event horizon.


chân trời

[t͡ɕən˧˧ t͡ɕəːj˨˩]

[t͡ɕəŋ˧˧ ʈəːj˦˩]

[cəŋ˧˧ ʈəːj˨˩]

chân (“foot/leg”) + trời (“sky”). For semantic relations, compare Khmer ជើងមេឃ (cəəng meik), Tày tin fạ.

(figurative) a prospect; possibility; potential


設置

chữ Hán form of thiết trí (“to install”).


交易

chữ Hán form of giao dịch (“to trade; to exchange; to deal”).


居住

chữ Hán form of cư trú (“to live; to reside”).


kéo

head

橋, 矯, 抖, 捁, 撟, 𢹣, 𢫃, 𦀽, 𨙍

vi-verb

橋, 矯, 抖, 捁, 撟, 𢹣, 𢫃, 𦀽, 𨙍

橋 (CJK)
矯 (CJK)
抖 (CJK)
捁 (CJK)
撟 (CJK)
𢹣 (CJK)
𢫃 (CJK)
𦀽 (CJK)
𨙍 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-kéo.wav


kéo

cái (classifier)
cây (classifier)
鋯 (CJK)
𨦀 (CJK)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 鉸 (SV: giảo). Compare Zhuang geuz, Min Nan 搝.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">giảo</i>


恐怖

chữ Hán form of khủng bố (“to terrorize”).


驚恐

chữ Hán form of kinh khủng (“horrible”).


lươn

head

連, 𧐖, 𩽥, 𩷕, 鰱, 鱔

lươn • (連, 𧐖, 𩽥, 𩷕, 鰱, 鱔)

vi-noun

連, 𧐖, 𩽥, 𩷕, 鰱, 鱔

(classifier con) lươn • (連, 𧐖, 𩽥, 𩷕, 鰱, 鱔)

con (classifier)
連 (CJK)
𧐖 (CJK)
𩽥 (CJK)
𩷕 (CJK)
鰱 (CJK)
鱔 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *-laːɲ. Cognate with Muong Bi lươnh. Compare Lamet [Nkris] tǝlaːɲ.

身𧐖包管壈頭

1820, Nguyễn Du (阮攸), Đoạn trường tân thanh (Truyện Kiều)^(https://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/Truyện_Kiều_(bản_Liễu_Văn_Ðường_1866)):

A swamp eel would care not if its head is dirtied

南國方言俗語備錄 Nam quốc phương ngôn tục ngữ bị lục (Records of the Southern nation's local proverbs and common sayings), folio 13b
𧐖𥐇麻吱䖳𨱽
船班𠶦𠰘吱𧕚嚦㕨
Lươn ngắn mà chê chạch dài,
Thờn bơn méo miệng chê trai lệch mồm.
The short swamp eel mocks the long spiny eel,
The crooked-jawed flatfish mocks the uneven-mouthed oyster.

ăn lươn

to get beaten with a stick as punishment; (lit. to eat eel).

Tao mà rớt môn này là bố tao cho ăn lươn.

If I fail this subject my dad will cane me (lit. will feed me eels).

Monopterus albus
Monopterus albus#Translingual

(by extension, colloquial) median strip, central reservation, roadway divider


vô lí

Sino-Vietnamese word from 無理 (“unreasonable”).

vi-etym-sino

Vô lí! Thằng ngu như nó làm sao mà giải bài này được!

That's ridiculous! How come an idiot like him could solve this one?

making no sense; nonsensical; impossible; implausible

Người đâu mà vô lí!


規模

chữ Hán form of quy mô (“scale, scope”).


chả giò

[t͡ɕaː˧˩ zɔ˨˩]

[t͡ɕaː˧˨ jɔ˦˩]

[caː˨˩˦ jɔ˨˩]

(Southern Vietnam) spring roll (shredded vegetables wrapped in rice paper, then deep-fried)


nem rán

[nɛm˧˧ ʐaːŋ˦˧˥]

[nɛm˧˧ ɹaːŋ˦˥]

(Northern Vietnam) spring roll (shredded vegetables wrapped in a pancake)


隕石

chữ Hán form of vẫn thạch (“meteorite”).


調和

chữ Hán form of điều hoà (“to regulate; to adjust; to reconcile; to mediate”).


俄羅斯

chữ Hán form of Nga La Tư (“(obsolete) Russia”).


裝置

chữ Hán form of trang trí (“to decorate”).


優秀

chữ Hán form of ưu tú (“excellent; outstanding”).


Viêng Chăn

[viəŋ˧˧ t͡ɕan˧˧]

[viəŋ˧˧ t͡ɕaŋ˧˧]

[viəŋ˧˧ caŋ˧˧]

[jiəŋ˧˧ caŋ˧˧]


紐約

head

紐約 • (Nữu Ước)

vi-proper noun

紐約 • (Nữu Ước)

chữ Hán form of Nữu Ước (“dated form for New York”).


parabol

[paː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ʔɓon˧˧]

[paː˧˧ zaː˧˧ ʔɓon˧˧]

[paː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ʔɓon˧˧]

[paː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ʔɓon˧˧]


保守

chữ Hán form of bảo thủ (“conservative”).


óc

head

沃, 𩠭, 𫘴, 𫇂, 腛

óc • (沃, 𩠭, 𫘴, 𫇂, 腛)

vi-noun

沃, 𩠭, 𫘴, 𫇂, 腛

(classifier bộ, khối) óc • (沃, 𩠭, 𫘴, 𫇂, 腛)

bộ (classifier)
khối (classifier)
沃 (CJK)
𩠭 (CJK)
𫘴 (CJK)
𫇂 (CJK)
腛 (CJK)

[ʔawk͡p̚˦˧˥]

From Proto-Vietic *c-ʔɔːk, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ʔuək ~ *huək (“brains”). Cognate with Bahnar 'ngok, Nyaheun tʔɔk and Besisi ʔatɔk.

inh

nhức đầu nhức óc

(rather informal and literary) brain (organ)

óc heo

óc hài hước

óc sáng tạo


béo

→ Tày: bẻo

axit béo


ít khi

[ʔit̚˧˦ xi˧˧]

[ʔit̚˦˧˥ kʰɪj˧˧]

[ʔit̚˦˧˥ xɪj˧˧]

[ʔɨt̚˦˥ kʰɪj˧˧]

[ʔɨt̚˦˥ xɪj˧˧]

Tôi có một trái tim và trong đời sống hằng ngày tôi ít khi để ý tới nó.

2009, Thích Nhất Hạnh, Trái tim của Bụt, NXB Tổng hợp TP. Hồ Chí Minh, page 185:

I have a heart and in everyday life I rarely pay attention to it.


Tây Tạng

[təj˧˧ taːŋ˧˨ʔ]

[təj˧˧ taːŋ˨˩ʔ]

[təj˧˧ taːŋ˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 西藏, from Chinese 西藏 (Xīzàng).


時事

chữ Hán form of thời sự (“news programs”).


thằn lằn

[tʰaŋ˦˩ laŋ˦˩]

[tʰaŋ˨˩ laŋ˨˩]

Trần Trọng Dương (2013) considers this word a cognate to trăn (“python”). See there for etymology.

thằn lằn cánh

thằn lằn cá

(by extension) certain kinds of prehistoric reptile


閩南

chữ Hán form of Mân Nam (“Southern Min”).


chìa khoá

[t͡ɕiə˨˩ xwaː˧˦]

[t͡ɕiə˦˩ kʰwaː˨˩˦]

[t͡ɕiə˦˩ xwaː˨˩˦]

[ciə˨˩ kʰwaː˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chìa khóa.wav

key (device designed to open and close a lock)

chìa khoá thành công

Chìa khóa đem lại sự chuyển hóa nằm ở chánh niệm.

2009, Thích Nhất Hạnh, Trái tim của Bụt, NXB Tổng hợp TP. Hồ Chí Minh, page 192:

The key to transformation is in mindfulness.


lại

From Proto-Vietic *laːjʔ. Possibly related to Chinese 來 (MC loj, “to come; to arrive”) (SV: lai).

Tuy nhiên, trong thực tế có không ít trường hợp mắc COVID-19 điều trị khỏi, trong vòng hơn 1 tháng lại tiếp tục bị tái nhiễm lần 2.

2022, SKĐS, “Một số trường hợp tái dương tính sau khi đã khỏi COVID-19, chuyên gia khuyến cáo gì?”, in Sức khoẻ & Đời sống:

In practice, however, more than a few people with COVID-19 recover and after a month are infected a second time.

(before verb) once more, indicates an action or state is resumed

Bạn nói lại đi.

nhắm mắt lại

cứng lại

rắn lại

nấu cho đến khi đặc lại

keep the heat on until the consistency is appropriately thick

Bật nhạc nhỏ lại!

(after adjective or verb) reducing in volume, distance, or increasing in density or viscosity

Tại sao có người trông mong đến giờ để được đi thiền hành, lại có người nghe chuông thiền hành thấy mệt nhọc trong lòng?

2009, Thích Nhất Hạnh, Trái tim của Bụt, NXB Tổng hợp TP. Hồ Chí Minh, page 318:

Why do some people look forward to the moment they can go meditate, while others feel weary when hearing the meditation bell?

đóng cửa lại

19th century, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Tale of Lục Vân Tiên:
双親𦖑呐𢚸盃吏卢𡽫渃賖吹𠦳重
Song thân nghe nói lòng vui,Lại lo non nước xa xôi ngàn trùng.
Upon hearing that, his parents were joyous indeed,But worried still about his excruciatingly long journey ahead.

(after objects) indicates a return to some original state


lại

Mang lại đây!


磁場

chữ Hán form of từ trường (“magnetic field”).


殭屍

chữ Hán form of cương thi (“zombie; undead”).


ớ

The name of the Latin-script letter Â/â.


ờ

Mày biết làm à?
Ờ.
You know how to do it?
Uh-huh.

(colloquial, to an affirmative question) yeah

Mày không biết làm à?
Ờ.
You don't know how to do it?
Nope.

(colloquial, to a negative question) nope


ừ

Ông cọp ừ; người ấy lấy dây trói lại, rồi lấy bắp cầy đánh mãi, bảo rằng: “Trí khôn đây này!”.

2006, Edmond Nordemann, transl., Quảng tập viêm văn [An Nam văn tập, Chrestomathie Annamite], published 1898:

Tiger agreed; the person then tied the tiger up, and kept beating it with a plough-beam, saying: “Here's where the wisdom is!”


ứ

Ứ chịu đâu.

—Mai anh về quê thay em nhé!
—Ứ, mai anh bận việc rồi.
"Tomorrow, return home instead of me, OK?"
"Nuh-uh, tomorrow, I'm already busy with work."


外蒙古

chữ Hán form of Ngoại Mông Cổ (“Outer Mongolia”).


úa

head

úa • (𦼇, 𪹪, 𬅂)

vi-adj

úa • (𦼇, 𪹪, 𬅂)


úa

head

úa • (𦼇, 𪹪, 𬅂)

vi-verb

úa • (𦼇, 𪹪, 𬅂)


ư

(literary, often in rhetorical questions) question particle: is it that? is it so?


ư

The letter u with a horn, used to represent the close central unrounded vowel ɨ


ư

The name of the Latin-script letter Ư/ư.


ợ

ợ nóng


bohri

[ʔɓo˧˧ zi˧˧]

[ʔɓow˧˧ ʐɪj˧˧]

[ʔɓow˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from New Latin bohrium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


darmstadti

[ʔɗaːm˧˧ staːt̚˧˧ ti˧˧]

[ʔɗaːm˧˧ staːk̚˧˧ tɪj˧˧]

[ʔɗaːm˧˧ staːk̚˧˧ tɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from New Latin darmstadtium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


meitneri

[maj˧˧ nəː˧˧ zi˧˧]

[maj˧˧ nəː˧˧ ʐɪj˧˧]

[ma(ː)j˧˧ nəː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from New Latin meitnerium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


seaborgi

[si˧˧ ʔɓɔ˧˧ ɣi˧˧]

[sɪj˧˧ ʔɓɔ˧˧ ɣɪj˧˧]

[sɪj˧˧ ʔɓɔ˧˧ ɣɪj˧˧]

Ultimately from New Latin seaborgium, with the suffix -um removed as with most chemical elements.


Ơ

The nineteenth letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, called ơ and written in the Latin script. The letter O with a horn.


ạ

Chào cụ ạ.

(polite) a particle at the end of the sentence to express formal politeness, especially to seniors


ạ

Con hư quá! Phải ạ chú đi chứ!

That's not polite of you! Don't forget to use politeness particles!

to use the particle ạ when speaking to someone


ả

(Northern Vietnam, Southern Vietnam, derogatory) villainess


ả

(familiar or endearing in Central Vietnam, derogatory in the mainstream dialects) she/her


ụ

Ụ mối

Termite nest (the part above the ground)


Ư

The twenty-sixth letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, called ư and written in the Latin script. The letter U with a horn, representing the close central unrounded vowel ɨ


kết thúc

[ket̚˧˦ tʰʊwk͡p̚˧˦]

[ket̚˦˧˥ tʰʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[kəːt̚˦˥ tʰʊwk͡p̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 結束 (“to end”).


kết thúc

[ket̚˧˦ tʰʊwk͡p̚˧˦]

[ket̚˦˧˥ tʰʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[kəːt̚˦˥ tʰʊwk͡p̚˦˥]

Mùa mưa sắp kết thúc.

The wet season is coming to an end soon.

to end (in/with something); to come to an end; to close


ế

(of goods, shop, or restaurant) unmarketable; unsalable; unable to find customers; sluggish

shop; or restaurant; shop; or restaurant

ế chồng

2017 Dec, Bạn muốn hẹn hò (Tập 338)
cũng có thể đó là lý do mà em ế tới giờ
Maybe that's the reason I'm still single

Nhiều bạn trẻ thường rỉ tai nhau rằng muốn nhanh thoát ế, thì cứ siêng đi đám cưới, tiệc tùng vào.

2017 Dec, “Chăm đi đám cưới chính là cách giúp nhiều bạn trẻ thoát ế thành công”, in Trí Thức Trẻ:

Many young people often tell each other that the way to quickly say goodbye to singledom is to keep going to weddings and parties.

(colloquial, of people) past the usual age for marriage but still unmarried or single; on the shelf


ẻ

(verb): See ỉa. Diphthongization did not take place, thus the conservative monophthong was preserved.
This is originally a regional form from the North Central region, but now can be seen used by speakers of other dialects on the Internet as a euphemism.

North Central Vietnam form of ỉa (“to take a poop, to shit”)


Đ

The seventh letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, called đê or đờ and written in the Latin script.


Ê

The ninth letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, called ê and written in the Latin script.


cao-su

[kaːw˧˧ ʂʊw˧˧]

[kaːw˧˧ ʂʊw˧˧]

From French caoutchouc. Compare Khmer កៅស៊ូ (kawsuu).

rubber (pliable material derived from the sap of the rubber tree)


cao-su

[kaːw˧˧ ʂʊw˧˧]

[kaːw˧˧ ʂʊw˧˧]


vật chất tối

[vət̚˧˨ʔ t͡ɕət̚˧˦ toj˧˦]

[vək̚˨˩ʔ t͡ɕək̚˦˧˥ toj˨˩˦]

[vək̚˨˩˨ cək̚˦˥ toj˦˥]

[jək̚˨˩˨ cək̚˦˥ toj˦˥]

vật chất (“matter”) + tối (“dark”), calque of English dark matter.


Ô

The eighteenth letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, called ô and written in the Latin script.


典型

chữ Hán form of điển hình (“role model; example”).


典型

chữ Hán form of điển hình (“typical; characteristic”).


盆栽

chữ Hán form of bồn tài (“a potted plant that has been grown and aesthetically trimmed for the purpose of viewing; a bonsai, a dwarf tree”).


達賴喇嘛

Đạt-lại Lạt-ma
Đạt-lại Lạt-ma#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of Đạt-lại Lạt-ma (“Dalai Lama”).


哲學

chữ Hán form of triết học (“philosophy”).


Hy Lạp

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Alternative spelling of Hi Lạp: Greece (a country in Southeast Europe)


Cộng hòa Séc

Czech Republic
Czech Republic#English:_Q213

Alternative spelling of Cộng hoà Séc: Czech Republic (a country in Central Europe)


Bỉ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 比, contracted from Chinese 比利時／比利时 (Bỉ Lợi Thì).

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


Thụy Sĩ

Traditional tone placement spelling of Thuỵ Sĩ.


Bắc Triều Tiên

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ t͡ɕiəw˨˩ tiən˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ ʈiw˦˩ tiəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ ʈiw˨˩ tiəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 北朝鮮, from Korean 북조선 (Bukjoseon).


Ai Cập

[ʔaːj˧˧ kəp̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔaːj˧˧ kəp̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔaːj˧˧ kəp̚˨˩˨]

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


Đan Mạch

[ʔɗaːn˧˧ majk̟̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗaːŋ˧˧ mat̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗaːŋ˧˧ mat̚˨˩˨]


Đan Mạch

[ʔɗaːn˧˧ majk̟̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗaːŋ˧˧ mat̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗaːŋ˧˧ mat̚˨˩˨]


Phần Lan

[fəŋ˦˩ laːŋ˧˧]

[fəŋ˨˩ laːŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Phần Lan.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 芬蘭 (SV: Phân Lan), perhaps euphemistically altered due to phân (“feces”) and the influence of phần (“part; portion”), from Mandarin 芬蘭／芬兰 (Fēnlán).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">Phân Lan</i>


Phần Lan

[fəŋ˦˩ laːŋ˧˧]

[fəŋ˨˩ laːŋ˧˧]


Na Uy

[naː˧˧ ʔwi˧˧]

[naː˧˧ ʔwɪj˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 挪威, possibly from Mandarin 挪威 (Nuówēi) or Hokkien 挪威 (Nô͘-ui)


Na Uy

[naː˧˧ ʔwi˧˧]

[naː˧˧ ʔwɪj˧˧]

Rừng Na Uy


Úc

[ʔʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 澳, contracted from 澳大利 (Úc Đại Lợi), from Mandarin 澳大利亞／澳大利亚 (Àodàlìyà, phonetically properly in Sino-Vietnamese Áo Đại Lợi Á). The reading úc (“inlet”) is used perhaps to avoid confusion with Áo (“Austria”).

cog

(colloquial) Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)


Úc

[ʔʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]


Síp

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


Trung Quốc

[t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ kuək̚˧˦]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ wək̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 中國, composed of 中 (“center”) and 國 (“country”). Doublet of Tung Của.

vi-etym-sino

(history, only by the Nguyễn Dynasty) the self-denomination of Vietnam during Nguyễn dynasty independence period (19ᵗʰ century).


Trung Quốc

[t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ kuək̚˧˦]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ wək̚˦˥]


Nga

→ Tai Dam: ꪈꪱ

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 俄 (short for 俄羅斯／俄罗斯 (Éluósī)), from Manchu ᠣᡵᠣᠰ (oros), from Classical Mongolian ᠣᠷᠤᠰ (orus), from Middle Mongol 斡羅思 (oros), from Old East Slavic Рꙋсь (Rusĭ), from Proto-Finnic *roocci.

obor

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia; official name: Liên bang Nga)


Nga

Liên bang Nga

(relational) of Russia, Russia’s, Russian


bánh xe

[ʔɓajŋ̟˧˦ sɛ˧˧]

[ʔɓɛɲ˦˧˥ sɛ˧˧]

[ʔɓan˦˥ sɛ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bánh xe.wav

bánh xe lịch sử – (figuratively) the wheel of history

wheel (on a motorized or non-motorized vehicle)


邦聯

chữ Hán form of bang liên (“confederation”).


性格

chữ Hán form of tính cách (“personality; character; trait”).


變數

chữ Hán form of biến số (“(mathematics) variable”).


聯邦

chữ Hán form of liên bang (“federation, union”).


復興

chữ Hán form of phục hưng (“to restore to former prosperity”).


復興

chữ Hán form of Phục Hưng (“of the Renaissance”).


rượu cốctay

[ʐɨəw˨˩ʔ kəwk͡p̚˦˧˥ taj˧˧]

[ɹɨəw˨˩˨ kəwk͡p̚˦˥ ta(ː)j˧˧]

rượu (“wine, liquor, drink, alcohol”) + cốctay, from English cocktail.


痛切

chữ Hán form of thống thiết (“pathetic”).


阿爾及利亞

A Nhĩ Cập Lợi Á
A Nhĩ Cập Lợi Á#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of A Nhĩ Cập Lợi Á (“Algeria”).


mún

(Internet slang, text messaging) Alternative form of muốn (“to want”)


方案

chữ Hán form of phương án (“project; plan”).


群島

chữ Hán form of quần đảo (“archipelago”).


小學

chữ Hán form of tiểu học (“primary education”).


thú

Sino-Vietnamese word from 趣 (“pleasure”).


thú

Sino-Vietnamese word from 首. Related to thủ (“head”).

(colloquial) Short for đầu thú (“to surrender oneself”).


出院

chữ Hán form of xuất viện (“to discharge oneself from the hospital”).


道德

chữ Hán form of đạo đức (“morality; ethics”).


vũ trụ

[vu˦ˀ˥ t͡ɕu˧˨ʔ]

[vʊw˧˨ ʈʊw˨˩ʔ]

[vʊw˨˩˦ ʈʊw˨˩˨]

[jʊw˨˩˦ ʈʊw˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-vũ trụ.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 宇宙, composed of 宇 (“eaves; space”) and 宙 (“beams; time”), from Literary Chinese 宇宙 (yǔzhòu, “eaves and beams; space and time; heaven and earth; the world”). Perhaps the idea was that eaves form an enclosure, a "space"; while beams are more linear and representative of time, although Literary Chinese 宙 (zhòu) was also used for "heaven" which is more "space" than "time". Compare thế giới.

der

Đơn giản nhất, có thể hiểu vũ trụ ảo là một dạng “thế giới game online”. Trong đó, mỗi một người sẽ có một nhân vật ảo riêng của mình. Nhân vật ảo đó sống, gặp gỡ các nhân vật bản thể khác, làm việc để tạo ra vật phẩm bên trong vũ trụ ảo và buôn bán, kinh doanh với các bản thể khác. Tóm lại, vũ trụ ảo giống hệt như thế giới thực, chỉ khác là thế giới này dựng lên bằng máy tính và nằm trong máy chủ của một công ty công nghệ nào đó.

2021 November 22, Bảo Trung, “Hút vào vũ trụ ảo Metaverse [Sucked into the Metaverse]”, in Nhịp cầu đầu tư [Investment Network], number 755:

In a nutshell, the metaverse can be thought of as the “world of online games.” Everyone has their own virtual avatar. That avatar lives, meets other avatars, works and makes products inside the metaverse, and trades with other entities. In short, the metaverse is just like the real world, the only difference is that it is created with computers and exists on some tech companies' servers.

Kết quả tính toán cho thấy việc sáp nhập với những vũ trụ khác có thể làm gia tăng thể tích của vũ trụ chúng ta, mà nếu dựa vào các thiết bị đo đạc hiện nay, có vẻ như vũ trụ giãn nở nhanh hơn.

2024 February 12, Hạo Nhiên, “Vũ trụ chúng ta đang nuốt chửng các 'vũ trụ con'? [Is Our Universe Swallowing Other "Baby Universes"?]”, in Thanh niên [Youth]:

The math shows that the merging with other universes may increase our universe's volume, and according to the latest measuring instruments, the universe seems to be expanding at a faster rate.


千年紀

chữ Hán form of thiên niên kỉ (“millennium”).


một mình

[mot̚˧˨ʔ mïŋ˨˩]

[mok̚˨˩ʔ mɨn˦˩]

[mok̚˨˩˨ mɨn˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-một mình.wav


教育學

chữ Hán form of giáo dục học (“pedagogy”).


chính

Sino-Vietnamese word from 正. Doublet of chánh.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chính.wav


chính

(only in compounds) politics; government


手淫

chữ Hán form of thủ dâm (“to masturbate”).


訓練

chữ Hán form of huấn luyện (“to train; to coach; to drill”).


hồng ngọc

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ ŋawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[həwŋ͡m˦˩ ŋawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ ŋawk͡p̚˨˩˨]


國歌

chữ Hán form of quốc ca (“national anthem”).


tìm

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-tìm.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 尋 (“to search”, SV: tầm).

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tầm</i>


賣淫

chữ Hán form of mại dâm (“to prostitute oneself”).


華盛頓

chữ Hán form of Hoa Thịnh Đốn (“Washington”).


Cát Lâm

[kaːt̚˧˦ ləm˧˧]

[kaːk̚˦˧˥ ləm˧˧]

[kaːk̚˦˥ ləm˧˧]

Jilin, Jilin City (a city in Jilin province, China)


漢城

chữ Hán form of Hán Thành (“(historical) Hanseong (Seoul during the Joseon dynasty)”).


新西蘭

chữ Hán form of Tân Tây Lan (“New Zealand”).


人權

chữ Hán form of nhân quyền (“human rights”).


王朝

chữ Hán form of vương triều (“dynasty”).


大虞

chữ Hán form of Đại Ngu (“the official name of Vietnam from 1400 to 1428”).


鬥爭

chữ Hán form of đấu tranh (“to struggle; to fight”).


trọc

head

禿, 秃, 育, 鐲, 𬴭

vi-adj

禿, 秃, 育, 鐲, 𬴭

[t͡ɕawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʈawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʈawk͡p̚˨˩˨]

From Middle Vietnamese tlọc. Likely related to trốc (“head”).

hói

bald as a result of male pattern baldness

đồi trọc


失望

chữ Hán form of thất vọng (“disappointment”).


失望

chữ Hán form of thất vọng (“disappointed”).


ngũ vị hương

[ŋu˦ˀ˥ vi˧˨ʔ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ŋʊw˧˨ vɪj˨˩ʔ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ vɪj˨˩˨ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ jɪj˨˩˨ hɨəŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-ngũ vị hương.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 五味香, composed of 五味 (“the five flavors”) and 香 (“aroma”). Compare 五香粉 (wǔxiāngfěn, “five spice powder”).

vi-etym-sino

(bột ～) five-spice powder, five-spice, five spice


基督教

chữ Hán form of Cơ đốc giáo (“Christianity”).


enzim

[ʔɛn˧˧ zim˧˧]

[ʔɛŋ˧˧ zim˧˧]

[ʔɛŋ˧˧ jim˧˧]

[ʔɛŋ˧˧ zim˧˧]

[ʔɛŋ˧˧ jim˧˧]


hồn

hồn vía/phách

2005, Nguyễn Ngọc Tư, "Dòng nhớ" (in Cánh đồng bất tận), Trẻ publishing house
Má tôi bứt ba phải xa sông, nhưng chính bà cũng biết, những dòng nhớ vẫn tiếp tục chảy mãi trong hồn ông.

My mother pulled him away from the rivier, but she herself also knew that yearning still ran through his soul.


sữa chua

[sɨə˦ˀ˥ t͡ɕuə˧˧]

[ʂɨə˧˨ t͡ɕuə˧˧]

[sɨə˧˨ t͡ɕuə˧˧]

[ʂɨə˨˩˦ cuə˧˧]

[sɨə˨˩˦ cuə˧˧]


rùa

head

𧒍, 𧒌, 𪛅, 𧒉, 𪛇

vi-noun

𧒍, 𧒌, 𪛅, 𧒉, 𪛇

con (classifier)
𧒍 (CJK)
𧒌 (CJK)
𪛅 (CJK)
𧒉 (CJK)
𪛇 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ʔa-rɔː; cognate with Arem arɑː. Compare Nghệ An/Hà Tĩnh dialects rò.
The reduplicated form rùa rùa was used until rather recently, as seen in the Cách trí giáo khoa thư (革智教科書) composed in the 1920s. This form is now obsolete, which is a trend seen with other reduplicated nouns designing animals, such as nhền nhện (“spider”), bươm bướm (“butterfly”), se sẻ (“sparrow”), with the monosyllabic root (once again) becomes the dominant form.

Thương thay thân phận con rùa:
Lên đình đội hạc; xuống chùa đội bia.
How pitiful is the tortoise's lot:
Up in the shrine, bearing the crane; Down in the temple bearing the stele.


câu

From Proto-Vietic *kuː (“hook”); Sino-Vietnamese word from 鉤.


bắt

head

扒, 北, 八, 抔, 撥, 𫐴, 𫐾

vi-verb

扒, 北, 八, 抔, 撥, 𫐴, 𫐾

扒 (CJK)
北 (CJK)
八 (CJK)
抔 (CJK)
撥 (CJK)
𫐴 (CJK)
𫐾 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bắt.wav

From Proto-Vietic *pəc (“to pick”). Related to bứt, phứt, phắt.

bắt sóng

渃銅扒㕵
没𣈗𤾓番
𤈜湼散情
𢚸傷逼息

14th century, Mạc Đĩnh Chi, Giáo tử phú 敎子賦:

Forced to drink molten copper
One hundred times a day,
Their innards burned to ashes;
My heart aches with fury [for them].

Nước đồng bắt uống,
Một ngày trăm phen,
Cháy nát tan tành,
Lòng thương bức tức.


miếu

Sino-Vietnamese word from 廟. Doublet of miễu.


tháp

Thác Tháp Lí Thiên Vương

(feudal Chinese-style architecture, especially Buddhism) a pagoda

tháp Ép-phen

tháp nghiêng Pi-da

tháp Chăm/Chàm


đền

head

đền • (𡊰, 𡑴, 𣫕, 𪽛)

vi-noun

(classifier cái, ngôi) đền • (𡊰, 𡑴, 𣫕, 𪽛)

cái (classifier)
ngôi (classifier)
𡊰 (CJK)
𡑴 (CJK)
𣫕 (CJK)
𪽛 (CJK)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 殿 (SV: điện).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">điện</i>


đền

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 填 (SV: điền).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">điền</i>


chùa

cái (classifier)
ngôi (classifier)
𫴶 (CJK)
㕑 (CJK)
廚 (CJK)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 寺 (“temple”, SV: tự). The adjective sense came from the notion that Buddhist temples would give out food for free.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tự</i>

vi-etym-sino

Đền bà Mariamman là ngôi đền Hindu giáo của người gốc Ấn, tọa lạc trên đường Trương Định, quận 1. Đền còn có tên gọi khác là chùa Bà Ấn.

2015, Phong Vinh, “Ngôi đền Ấn Độ giữa lòng Sài Gòn”, in VnExpress:

The Mariamman Temple is a Hindu temple of people of Indian descent located on Trương Định street, District 1. The temple is also called the Indian Lady temple.


chùa

(colloquial, informal) pirate (unlicensed)


chùa

(colloquial, informal) for free, without charge


cong

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *koŋ (“be bent”); cognates include Khmer កោង (kaong, “curved, be bent”) and Mon ကိုၚ် (“be bent”). See also Thai โค้ง (kóong), Chinese 弓 (cung).


cong

(calligraphy) a stroke that is a curved line, usually concave left


cong

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 缸 (SV: cang)

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">cang</i>


cưới

head

𡠣, 丐, 𡣨, 𡡇, 𡛔, 𱙪

cưới • (𡠣, 丐, 𡣨, 𡡇, 𡛔, 𱙪)

vi-verb

𡠣, 丐, 𡣨, 𡡇, 𡛔, 𱙪

cưới • (𡠣, 丐, 𡣨, 𡡇, 𡛔, 𱙪)

𡠣 (CJK)
丐 (CJK)
𡣨 (CJK)
𡡇 (CJK)
𡛔 (CJK)
𱙪 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *kaːlʔ / *-gaːlʔ (“to ask > marriage”). Cognate with Muong cưởi.

cưới vợ

cưới chồng

vợ chồng mới cưới

Nhà tao cưới thằng anh tao.

Mẹ quý con nên mẹ mới cưới con về đấy chớ.

I like you a lot, that's why I accepted you as my daughter-in-law.

to get someone married with one's family member


con trai

[kɔn˧˧ t͡ɕaːj˧˧]

[kɔŋ˧˧ ʈaːj˧˧]

[kɔŋ˧˧ ʈaːj˧˧]

son (a male person in relation to his parents)


實施

chữ Hán form of thực thi (“to put into effect; to implement”).


公安

chữ Hán form of công an (“public security”).


bánh phở

[ʔɓajŋ̟˧˦ fəː˧˩]

[ʔɓɛɲ˦˧˥ fəː˧˨]

[ʔɓan˦˥ fəː˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-bánh phở.wav

a variety of rice noodle used in Vietnamese cuisine


bưởi chùm

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)

[ʔɓɨəj˧˩ t͡ɕum˨˩]

[ʔɓɨj˧˨ t͡ɕum˦˩]

[ʔɓɨj˨˩˦ cʊm˨˩]

bưởi (“pomelo”) + chùm (“cluster, bunch”).


內蒙古

chữ Hán form of Nội Mông Cổ (“Inner Mongolia”).


tuỷ xương

[twi˧˩ sɨəŋ˧˧]

[twɪj˧˨ sɨəŋ˧˧]

[t⁽ʷ⁾ɪj˨˩˦ sɨəŋ˧˧]


axít

[ʔaː˧˧ sit̚˧˦]

[ʔaː˧˧ sit̚˦˧˥]

[ʔaː˧˧ sɨt̚˦˥]


axít oxalic

[ʔaː˧˧ sit̚˧˦ ʔɔ˧˧ saː˧˧ lïk̟̚˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ sit̚˦˧˥ ʔɔ˧˧ saː˧˧ lïk̟̚˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ sɨt̚˦˥ ʔɔ˧˧ saː˧˧ lïk̟̚˧˧]


tuỷ

tuỷ răng


axit

[ʔaː˧˧ sit̚˧˦]

[ʔaː˧˧ sit̚˦˧˥]

[ʔaː˧˧ sɨt̚˦˥]


cốc tai

[kəwk͡p̚˦˧˥ taːj˧˧]

From English cocktail or French cocktail.


động vật

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ vət̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ vək̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ vək̚˨˩˨]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ jək̚˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-động vật.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 動物, composed of 動 (“moving”) and 物 (“thing”).


con gái

[kɔn˧˧ ɣaːj˧˦]

[kɔŋ˧˧ ɣaːj˨˩˦]

[kɔŋ˧˧ ɣaːj˦˥]

Compound of con (“child”) + gái (“female”).


研究生

nghiên cứu sinh
nghiên cứu sinh#Vietnamese

chữ Hán form of nghiên cứu sinh (“doctorate student”).


hồng ngoại

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ ŋwaːj˧˨ʔ]

[həwŋ͡m˦˩ ŋwaːj˨˩ʔ]

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ ŋwaːj˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 紅外, composed of 紅 (“crimson”) and 外 (“outside”). Compare Japanese 赤外 (sekigai, xích ngoại).

bức xạ hồng ngoại


san hô

[ʂaːŋ˧˧ how˧˧]

[ʂaːŋ˧˧ how˧˧]

Inherited from Middle Vietnamese ſan hô, a Sino-Vietnamese word from 珊瑚, composed of 珊 and 瑚.


khủng long

[xʊwŋ͡m˧˩ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[kʰʊwŋ͡m˧˨ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[xʊwŋ͡m˧˨ lɔŋ˧˧]

[kʰʊwŋ͡m˨˩˦ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[xʊwŋ͡m˨˩˦ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 恐龍, composed of 恐 (“terror”) and 龍 (“dragon”), from Chinese 恐龍／恐龙 (kǒnglóng) or directly from Japanese 恐竜 (kyōryū). For the extended sense, semantic loan from Chinese 龍／龙 (long) or semantic loan from Japanese 竜 (ryū).
It is unclear when this term was adopted. In Địa cầu vạn vật luận - Động vật (1920), written by a French bishop, the term thú long was used to refer to "fossilized terrestrial crocodiles" such as mégalosaure, brontosaure, iguanodon.

(by extension) some other prehistoric reptiles, such as pterosaurs and ichthyosaurs


心理學

chữ Hán form of tâm lí học (“psychology”).


động

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩˨]


động

Sino-Vietnamese word from 動 (“to move”).

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩˨]


động

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩˨]

biển động


ống nghe

[ʔəwŋ͡m˧˦ ŋɛ˧˧]

[ʔəwŋ͡m˦˧˥ ŋɛ˧˧]

[ʔəwŋ͡m˦˥ ŋɛ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-ống nghe.wav


mùa xuân

[muə˦˩ swəŋ˧˧]

[muə˨˩ s⁽ʷ⁾əŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mùa xuân.wav


thuật chiêm tinh

[tʰwət̚˧˨ʔ t͡ɕiəm˧˧ tïŋ˧˧]

[tʰwək̚˨˩ʔ t͡ɕiəm˧˧ tɨn˧˧]

[tʰ⁽ʷ⁾ək̚˨˩˨ cim˧˧ tɨn˧˧]


mùa hạ

[muə˨˩ haː˧˨ʔ]

[muə˦˩ haː˨˩ʔ]

[muə˨˩ haː˨˩˨]


mùa đông

[muə˨˩ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[muə˦˩ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[muə˨˩ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mùa đông.wav


mùa thu

[muə˨˩ tʰu˧˧]

[muə˦˩ tʰʊw˧˧]

[muə˨˩ tʰʊw˧˧]


cát kết

[kaːk̚˦˧˥ ket̚˦˧˥]

[kaːk̚˦˥ kəːt̚˦˥]


thiên nga

[tʰiən˧˧ ŋaː˧˧]

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ ŋaː˧˧]

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ ŋaː˧˧]


chu sa

[t͡ɕu˧˧ saː˧˧]

[t͡ɕʊw˧˧ ʂaː˧˧]

[t͡ɕʊw˧˧ saː˧˧]

[cʊw˧˧ ʂaː˧˧]

[cʊw˧˧ saː˧˧]


ống

cái (classifier)
瓮 (CJK)
甕 (CJK)
𪪳 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ʔoːŋʔ (“tube, pipe”). Probably related to *t-ʔoːŋʔ (“hole (ear, nose)”) (whence Chut [Rục] taʔoːŋ³).


cát

head

吉, 葛, 𡋥, 𪶼, 𣻅, 𡑪

vi-noun

吉, 葛, 𡋥, 𪶼, 𣻅, 𡑪

(classifier hạt) cát • (吉, 葛, 𡋥, 𪶼, 𣻅, 𡑪)

hạt (classifier)
吉 (CJK)
葛 (CJK)
𡋥 (CJK)
𪶼 (CJK)
𣻅 (CJK)
𡑪 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cát.wav

Etymology tree
Proto-Mon-Khmer *ksac
Proto-Vietic *t-kaːc
Vietnamese cát
From Proto-Vietic *t-kaːc, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ksac ~ *ksaac (“sand”) (through metathesis, Shorto's reconstruction). Doublet of Kế Sách and cognate with Khmer ខ្សាច់ (khsac).
The unexpected lenition in many North Central dialects (which are often unaffected by lenition compared to the mainstream dialects) is due to hypercorrection.

etymon

đồng hồ cát


khắc

(archaic) a unit of time, equal to 15 minutes

(archaic) a unit of time, equal to 4 hours


khắc

khắc (con) dấu

(transitive) to make something by carving

khắc tên lên/vào bia

(transitive) to carve something (onto the surface of something else)

Khoảnh khắc đó đã khắc sâu vào tâm trí tôi.

That moment was deeply engraved in my memory.

(intransitive, figurative) to be engraved in something


khắc

Cứ thử đi, khắc sẽ được


thích

Sino-Vietnamese word from 適 (“appropriate; suitable; to your liking”).

vi-etym-sino

Mày người châu Á mà không thích cơm à !?

You don't like rice and you call yourself an Asian!?

Tao không làm không phải vì tao không làm được. Tao không làm vì tao không thích làm.

I didn't do it not because I couldn't. I didn't do it because I didn't feel like doing it.

Mình thích hát lắm !

Ê, bồ thích nhỏ đó hả?


thích

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 槭 (SV: túc). Likely borrowed from a southern Sinitic form with aspiration and high front vowel.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">túc</i>


nách

head

腋, 𦙜, 溺, 𦡥, 𦟜, 膈, 膉

vi-noun

腋, 𦙜, 溺, 𦡥, 𦟜, 膈, 膉

腋 (CJK)
𦙜 (CJK)
溺 (CJK)
𦡥 (CJK)
𦟜 (CJK)
膈 (CJK)
膉 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *-nɛːk (a nasal infixed form), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kʔik ~ *kʔiək ~ *kʔaik (“armpit”). Directly cognate with Muong Bi néch; within Vietic, the uninfixed form can be seen with Tho [Cuối Chăm] kɛːk⁷ and Muong Bi kéch. Outside of Vietic, cognate with Khmer ក្លៀក (kliək) (through a lateral infixed form), Khmu [Cuang] klʔɛk (through a lateral infixed form), Mal kɛʔ (uninfixed), Mon ကၞက် (as in ပါၚ်ကၞက်, through a nasal infixed form).

inh

hôi nách

lông nách


mùa

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mùa.wav

Likely non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 務 (SV: vụ); most probably originally referred to agricultural cycle, which overlaps with natural seasons.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">vụ</i>

vi-etym-sino

Each of the four divisions of a year: spring, summer, autumn (fall) and winter.

A part of a year when something particular happens.

A group of episodes of a television or radio program broadcast in regular intervals with a long break between each group, usually with one year between the beginning of each.


五穀

chữ Hán form of ngũ cốc (“the Five Grains or Five Cereals”).


thuật

[tʰ⁽ʷ⁾ək̚˨˩˨]

(usually in compounds) art; craft; skill; technique


thuật

[tʰ⁽ʷ⁾ək̚˨˩˨]

(only in compounds) to state; to narrate


thuật

Sino-Vietnamese reading of various Chinese characters.

[tʰ⁽ʷ⁾ək̚˨˩˨]


bẫy

cái (classifier)
𣘓 (CJK)
𣞻 (CJK)
𦋕 (CJK)
擺 (CJK)

bẫy chuột

sập bẫy


xuân

70 xuân

(literary) Synonym of tuổi (“years of young age”)


giờ

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-giờ.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 時 (“time, season; hour”, SV: thì, thời). Doublet of thời and thì. Compare also Central Vietnamese chừ. See also Chinese 時／时 (shí), Japanese 時 (ji) and Korean 시 (si) which have similar dual functions for both time and duration.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">thì, thời</i>

vi-etym-sino

bốn giờ năm (phút)

five past four (literally, “four and five (minutes)”)

bốn giờ (đúng)

four (o'clock) (literally, “four exactly”)

bốn giờ hơn

a little past four (literally, “four and more”)

bốn giờ kém

almost four (literally, “four and less”)

bốn giờ kém năm (phút)

five to four (literally, “four and five (minutes) less”)

bốn (giờ) rưỡi

Mấy giờ ông đi?
4 giờ chiều.
What time will you go?
4 PM.

unit for specifying a point in time in terms of hours

giờ Tí

from 11 PM to 1 AM (literally, “the Rat hours”)

traditional time system
w:Chinese Traditional Time System

(historical) one of the twelve two-hour periods in a day in the traditional time system, denoted by the twelve earthly branches

giờ (đồng hồ)

Hãy hoàn thành nhiệm vụ này trong vòng 4 giờ.

Giờ mình đi đâu?


應用

chữ Hán form of ứng dụng (“application”).


kích

Sino-Vietnamese word from 擊 (“to strike; to attack”), sometimes written as 毄／𬆦 (jī).

(only in compounds) to ambush, to attack


kích

Sino-Vietnamese word from 激.
This character also has the reading khích.

(only in compounds) to stimulate, to arouse, to excite, to incite


Brigitta

[ʔɓɹi˧˧ zit̚˧˦ taː˧˧]

[ʔɓɹɪj˧˧ jit̚˦˧˥ taː˧˧]

[ʔɓɹɪj˧˧ jɨt̚˦˥ taː˧˧]

From Italian Brigitta. Cognate with English Bridget.


作用

chữ Hán form of tác dụng (“effect; efficacy”).


đếm

From Old Chinese 點 (OC *tˤemʔ) (SV: điểm).

to count (one by one); to number; to enumerate


cắn

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam, of certain insects) to sting, to bite


sương mù

[sɨəŋ˧˧ mu˨˩]

[ʂɨəŋ˧˧ mʊw˦˩]

[sɨəŋ˧˧ mʊw˦˩]

[ʂɨəŋ˧˧ mʊw˨˩]

[sɨəŋ˧˧ mʊw˨˩]


chùi

thảm chùi chân


tồi

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 頹 (SV: đồi).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đồi</i>


nước đá

head

nước đá • (渃𥒥)

vi-noun

nước đá • (渃𥒥)

[nɨək̚˧˦ ʔɗaː˧˦]

[nɨək̚˦˧˥ ʔɗaː˨˩˦]

[nɨək̚˦˥ ʔɗaː˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-nước đá.wav

From nước (“water”) + đá (“stone, rock”).


ngửi

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-ngửi.wav

From Proto-Vietic *t-ŋəs (“to breathe”). Compare also hửi and Proto-Katuic *tŋɨh (“to breathe”) (whence Pacoh tangứh and Sô taŋɯ̤h).


thổi

From Proto-Vietic *tuːs ~ *tʰuːs; probably of imitative origin.


bẩn

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bẩn.wav

(Northern Vietnam) dirty; unclean; filthy

(Northern Vietnam, colloquial) bad; mean; despicable


gãi

From Proto-Vietic *-kaːs, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kais ~ *kis ~ *kiəs (“to scrape, scratch”). Cognate with Khmer កេះ (keh).


đúng

[ʔɗʊwŋ͡m˦˧˥]

Probably a non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 中 (SV: trúng).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">trúng</i>

vi-etym-sino

Bài 10 câu, đúng có 2 câu.

There were 10 questions, and I only got 2 correct answers.

Đúng rồi.

năm giờ đúng

not wrong or improper; right, correct, accurate, precise, proper, etc.


gậy

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-gậy.wav

gậy chống

chống gậy

(colloquial, YouTube) a copyright strike


nguyệt cầm

[ŋwiət̚˧˨ʔ kəm˨˩]

[ŋwiək̚˨˩ʔ kəm˦˩]

[ŋwiək̚˨˩˨ kəm˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 月琴, composed of 月 (“moon”) and 琴 (“stringed instrument”).


rơi

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-rơi.wav


mòn

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mòn.wav

to wear (as in to subject to wear), to wear out


chặt

Compare Proto-Katuic *ciat (“to slice off”) and Khmer ចិត (cət).


to lớn

[tɔ˧˧ ləːn˧˦]

[tɔ˧˧ ləːŋ˦˧˥]

[tɔ˧˧ ləːŋ˦˥]


ướt

head

ướt • (㲸, 𣿌)

vi-adj

ướt • (㲸, 𣿌)

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *kʔaac (“wet”); cognate with Semai ka'aac. Compare the át in ướt át, which is the undiphthongized version of the root.

Mới mưa xong nền ướt, coi chừng té.

It just rained and the floor is wet, so be careful so that you don't slip.


thẳng

head

𣦎, 𣦛, 𥊢, 𥊣, 𬆅, 𬆈

vi-adj

𣦎, 𣦛, 𥊢, 𥊣, 𬆅, 𬆈

𣦎 (CJK)
𣦛 (CJK)
𥊢 (CJK)
𥊣 (CJK)
𬆅 (CJK)
𬆈 (CJK)

Most likely a loanword.
Its source is unclear; compare Middle Chinese 侹 (MC thengH) "long, level, straight (obsolete)" > Sino-Vietnamese thính.
The native Vietic word for "straight" is ngay, which also has Khmuic cognates.

đứng thẳng


tặng

Mua một tặng một.


hạ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 夏. Doublet of hè. Compare xe and xa, chè and trà. Also compare Japanese go-on reading げ (ge) and kan-on reading か (ka) of the same Chinese word.

xuân hạ thu đông


hạ

bắn hạ


chẻ

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chẻ.wav

From Proto-Vietic *cɛh. Compare Semai ceh (“to tear”), Pacoh chếh (“to cut open”) and Eastern Lawa cɛh. See also xẻ.


hấp

(only in compounds) to inhale; to absorb


phụ nữ

[fu˧˨ʔ nɨ˦ˀ˥]

[fʊw˨˩ʔ nɨ˧˨]

[fʊw˨˩˨ nɨ˨˩˦]


đàn bà

[ʔɗaːn˨˩ ʔɓaː˨˩]

[ʔɗaːŋ˦˩ ʔɓaː˦˩]

[ʔɗaːŋ˨˩ ʔɓaː˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-đàn bà.wav

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-đàn bà.wav

Người ta nói hai người đàn bà thêm một con vịt thì thành cái chợ.

(literally, “They say two women plus one duck equals a market.”)


sợ

head

sợ • (𫻋, 𫻐, 𢜝)

vi-verb

sợ • (𫻋, 𫻐, 𢜝)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sợ.wav

Chó hiền lắm, đừng sợ.


dở

head

𱟩, 𫺙, 𱠎, 󱦣, 與, 𡁎, 𠽙, 𢷣

dở • (𱟩, 𫺙, 𱠎, 󱦣, 與, 𡁎, 𠽙, 𢷣)

vi-adj

𱟩, 𫺙, 𱠎, 󱦣, 與, 𡁎, 𠽙, 𢷣

dở • (𱟩, 𫺙, 𱠎, 󱦣, 與, 𡁎, 𠽙, 𢷣)

𱟩 (CJK)
𫺙 (CJK)
𱠎 (CJK)
與 (CJK)
𡁎 (CJK)
𠽙 (CJK)
𢷣 (CJK)


dở

dở khóc dở cười


nhiều

head

饒, 𬼀, 𡗉, 󰬥, 𡗊, 澆, 𱘫, 𤄮, 𬲢

vi-determ

饒, 𬼀, 𡗉, 󰬥, 𡗊, 澆, 𱘫, 𤄮, 𬲢

饒 (CJK)
𬼀 (CJK)
𡗉 (CJK)
𡗊 (CJK)
澆 (CJK)
𱘫 (CJK)
𤄮 (CJK)
𬲢 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-nhiều.wav

From Proto-Vietic *ɲiew. Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 饒 (SV: nhiêu). Cognate with Pong [Toum] ɲiaw³³/.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">nhiêu</i>


chiến đấu

[t͡ɕiən˧˦ ʔɗəw˧˦]

[t͡ɕiəŋ˦˧˥ ʔɗəw˨˩˦]

[ciəŋ˦˥ ʔɗəw˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chiến đấu.wav


chiến đấu

[t͡ɕiən˧˦ ʔɗəw˧˦]

[t͡ɕiəŋ˦˧˥ ʔɗəw˨˩˦]

[ciəŋ˦˥ ʔɗəw˦˥]

(figurative) to take action; to struggle; to endeavor


trăng

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-trăng.wav

From Proto-Vietic *b-laŋ. This is Central-Southern form, now also the most common written form.
The Northern Middle Vietnamese form is attested as blang in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).
Most likely a false cognate of Proto-Austronesian *bulaN (“moon”) (whence Malay bulan, Javanese wulan, Tagalog buan and Malagasy volana) and Proto-Tai *ɓlɯənᴬ (“moon”) (whence Thai เดือน (dʉʉan), Saek เบรี๋ยน, Zhuang ndwen), see more at the entry *b-laŋ.

cog

Saek เบรี๋ยน


ngồi

head

外, 𡎢, 𡎥, 𡎦, 𡓮, 𫮋, 𱖗

vi-verb

外, 𡎢, 𡎥, 𡎦, 𡓮, 𫮋, 𱖗

外 (CJK)
𡎢 (CJK)
𡎥 (CJK)
𡎦 (CJK)
𡓮 (CJK)
𫮋 (CJK)
𱖗 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ŋuːj (“to sit”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ŋguj (“to sit down”). Cognate with Arem ŋùəj ("to be at"), Khmer អង្គុយ (ʼɑɑʼɑngkuy, “to sit”) and Koho nggui.


rộng

rộng rãi

Chỗ này rộng thật!

(literal) having lots of space, or spanning across great amounts of space; spacious, wide, broad, vast, large, etc.

(clothing) loose or too big; compare chật (“tight or too small”) and vừa (“fitted”)

hiểu biết/kiến thức (sâu) rộng

(figurative) having great breadth or depth; broad, vast, great, deep, etc.


bò sát

[ʔɓɔ˨˩ saːt̚˧˦]

[ʔɓɔ˦˩ ʂaːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓɔ˦˩ saːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓɔ˨˩ ʂaːk̚˦˥]

[ʔɓɔ˨˩ saːk̚˦˥]

From bò (“to crawl”) + sát (“close to”), referring to the fact that most extant reptiles crawl with their belly close to the ground. Compare Latin rēptilis (“crawly; creepy”) and Chinese 爬蟲／爬虫 (páchóng, “crawly/creepy beast”).


đàn ông

[ʔɗaːn˨˩ ʔəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɗaːŋ˦˩ ʔəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɗaːŋ˨˩ ʔəwŋ͡m˧˧]


đuôi

head

đuôi • (𡓋, 𡳪)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-đuôi.wav

From Proto-Vietic *dɔːj ~ *tɔːj (“tail”). Compare Khmer កន្ទុយ (kɑɑkɑntuy).


giòi

From Proto-Vietic *k-rɔːj. Cognates Muong khòi, Tho [Cuối Chăm] kʰrɒːj¹. Likely related to ruồi (“fly”).
Compare also già (“old, aged”), giữa (“centre”) for the development of onset.

a maggot (dipterous insect's larva that eats decomposing organic matter)


giỏi

'Tôi nghĩ rằng để giỏi tiếng Việt cần phải thực hành giao tiếp thường xuyên với người Việt.'

2017 May 19, Đ. Tuấn, “Hội thảo 'Giữ gìn, bảo vệ ngôn ngữ và văn hóa Việt' tại Pháp [A workshop on 'Maintaining, preserving the Vietnamese language and culture' in France]”, in Nhân Dân, Communist Party of Vietnam, retrieved 2019-04-02:

'I think to be good at Vietnamese, you have to stay in regular contact with Vietnamese people.'

tốt nghiệp loại giỏi

(education, of a student or their achievements) "good", below xuất sắc (“excellent”), above khá (“decent”), trung bình (“average”), yếu (“poor”) and kém (“terrible”)


tóc

束, 速, 𩯀, 𫅯, 𩅘

vi-noun

束, 速, 𩯀, 𫅯, 𩅘

(classifier sợi, cọng, mái) tóc • (束, 速, 𩯀, 𫅯, 𩅘)

sợi (classifier)
cọng (classifier)
mái (classifier)
束 (CJK)
速 (CJK)
𩯀 (CJK)
𫅯 (CJK)
𩅘 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-tóc.wav

From Proto-Vietic *-suk, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *suk ~ *suuk ~ *suək ~ *sək; cognate with Muong thắc, Bahnar sŏk, Khmer សក់ (sɑk) and Mon သော် (sok).

sợi/cọng tóc

mái tóc

mái tóc mượt mà / óng ả


xấu

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-xấu.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 醜 (“ugly”, SV: xú).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">xú</i>

vi-etym-sino

xấu òm / xấu hoắc

Tên gì xấu quá vậy?

gạo xấu

kẻ xấu

theo nghĩa xấu


bàn tay

[ʔɓaːn˨˩ taj˧˧]

[ʔɓaːŋ˦˩ taj˧˧]

[ʔɓaːŋ˨˩ ta(ː)j˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bàn tay.wav

bàn + tay; compare dialectal Chinese 手盤／手盘 (thủ bàn, “back or palm of the hand”).

cog

(figurative) hand; participation; involvement


ngắn

Cognate with Arem ŋanˀ ("low").
Displaced the usage of vắn as the main word for "short" in all dialects.

giường ngắn

thời gian ngắn

short or brief in terms of length or duration


chơi

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chơi.wav

chơi ghi-ta

Nó qua nhà bạn chơi cả ngày.

He was hanging out at his friend's home all day.


răng

head

夌, 𪘵, 𲎩, 𫆢, 𬹸, 𦢠

vi-noun

夌, 𪘵, 𲎩, 𫆢, 𬹸, 𦢠

(classifier cái, chiếc) răng • (夌, 𪘵, 𲎩, 𫆢, 𬹸, 𦢠)

cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
夌 (CJK)
𪘵 (CJK)
𲎩 (CJK)
𫆢 (CJK)
𬹸 (CJK)
𦢠 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *k-saŋ. Cognate with Muong thăng, Arem atʰaŋ, Thavung กะซัง.
Shorto (2006) traces Viet-Muong items' etymological origins to Proto-Mon-Khmer *sra(a)ŋ, but this can be dismissed as all Vietic cognates point to *-s-.

bộ răng


răng

Răng mà mi mần được hay rứa?


ủng

cái (classifier)
chiếc (classifier)
𩍓 (CJK)


ngôi

From a form related to modern ngồi (“to sit”). Originally probably meant "seat", which then developed into the current meanings.

nối ngôi

lên ngôi hoàng đế

lên ngôi vô địch

(figurative) a grand title; high rank; status (of great importance)

ngôi thứ hai số ít


ngôi

Indicates important structures, such as houses, buildings, markets, graves and stars


bàn chân

[ʔɓaːn˨˩ t͡ɕən˧˧]

[ʔɓaːŋ˦˩ t͡ɕəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓaːŋ˨˩ cəŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bàn chân.wav

a foot (the weight-bearing end of a limb)


gió

head

俞, 愈, 𪬪, 𫗄, 𫗃, 𩙍, 𫖾, 𩙌, 𩙋, 𫕲, 逾, 𩖅

vi-noun

俞, 愈, 𪬪, 𫗄, 𫗃, 𩙍, 𫖾, 𩙌, 𩙋, 𫕲, 逾, 𩖅

(classifier cơn, ngọn, con, luồng, làn) gió • (俞, 愈, 𪬪, 𫗄, 𫗃, 𩙍, 𫖾, 𩙌, 𩙋, 𫕲, 逾, 𩖅)

cơn (classifier)
ngọn (classifier)
con (classifier)
luồng (classifier)
làn (classifier)
俞 (CJK)
愈 (CJK)
𪬪 (CJK)
𫗄 (CJK)
𫗃 (CJK)
𩙍 (CJK)
𫖾 (CJK)
𩙌 (CJK)
𩙋 (CJK)
𫕲 (CJK)
逾 (CJK)
𩖅 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-gió.wav

From Middle Vietnamese gió, from Proto-Vietic *k-jɔːʔ ~ *kʰjɔːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kjaal. Cognate with Muong xỏ, Arem kajɑːʔ, Pacoh cudyial, Khmer ខ្យល់ (khyɑl), Bahnar kial and Santali ᱦᱚᱭ (hôy).
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 𪬪, composed of 个 (MC kaH) + 愈 (MC yuX) (modern SV: cá dũ), and 愈 (MC yuX) (modern SV: dũ). Attested in the Annan Jishi (安南即事, 13th century) as 教 (MC kaewH) (compare the Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese readings of the character).
The rime of the Vietic and Munda forms (with back, rounded vowel) does not really match with the rest of Austroasiatic (which has *-aːl) and is probably one of the few identifiable Vieto-Munda isoglosses. Compare Juang kojo, Chut [Rục] kəjɔː³ vs. Old Mon kyāl, Talieng kjaːl.

Cơn gió nào đưa anh đến đây?

Cuốn theo chiều gió

Yếu mà còn ra gió.

You go out into the wind even though you're weak. / Don't expose yourself to the wind if you're so weak. / Don't try to do daring things if you really can't.

alternative medicine
alternative medicine

(alternative medicine) harmful elements that are believed to cause fevers, especially if the patient is exposed to a lot of wind, commonly thought of as actual harmful winds that can penetrate the body and that can be guarded against with silver-coated necklaces, wristbands or ankle bands


giặt

Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 阿質 (MC 'a tsyit) (modern SV: a chất).

giặt quần

giặt đồ

máy giặt

bột giặt

nước giặt


mây

áng (classifier)
đám (classifier)
𩄲 (CJK)
𫡮 (CJK)
𬨿 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *k-mǝl (“cloud”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *mhuəl ~ *mhəl (“cloud”); cognate with Muong mầl, Bahnar hơmơ̆l, Kuy lmʌ̤l, Santali ᱨᱤᱢᱤᱞ (rimil).
Attested in the Annan Jishi (安南即事, 13th century) as 梅 (MC mwoj).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mây.wav


mây

cây (classifier)
𣛠 (CJK)
𬨿 (CJK)
𫂗 (CJK)


bụi

head

陪, 倍, 𡏧, 𣻃, 𣾾

vi-noun

陪, 倍, 𡏧, 𣻃, 𣾾

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bụi.wav


bụi

From Proto-Vietic *buːlʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *tbul ~ *tbuul; cognates include Old Khmer *thpal and Bahnar tơbul.


đến

head

典, 旦, 但, 倎, 𦥃, 𦤾, 𦥃, 𨀏

đến • (典, 旦, 但, 倎, 𦥃, 𦤾, 𦥃, 𨀏)

vi-verb

典, 旦, 但, 倎, 𦥃, 𦤾, 𦥃, 𨀏

đến • (典, 旦, 但, 倎, 𦥃, 𦤾, 𦥃, 𨀏)

典 (CJK)
旦 (CJK)
但 (CJK)
倎 (CJK)
𦥃 (CJK)
𦤾 (CJK)
𨀏 (CJK)

Cognate with Muong tểnh, tiểnh, Tho [Cuối Chăm] teːŋ³ and Kri têêngq ("to arrive"). Compare Proto-Tai *C̬.tɤŋᴬ (whence Thai ถึง (tʉ̌ng)), Lakkia taŋ²³¹, Maonan taŋ¹, and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dateŋ (whence Malay datang, Tagalog dating).
Most prepositions in Vietnamese were originally verbs: cho (“to give; for”), ở (“to stay; at, in”), tới (“to arrive; to”), lên (“to go up; onto”), vào (“to enter; in, into”), theo (“to follow; according to”), về (“to return; about”).


đến

head

典, 旦, 但, 倎, 𦤾, 𦥃, 𨀏

đến • (典, 旦, 但, 倎, 𦤾, 𦥃, 𨀏)

vi-prep

典, 旦, 但, 倎, 𦤾, 𦥃, 𨀏

đến • (典, 旦, 但, 倎, 𦤾, 𦥃, 𨀏)

典 (CJK)
旦 (CJK)
但 (CJK)
倎 (CJK)
𦤾 (CJK)
𦥃 (CJK)
𨀏 (CJK)

đi đến


dày

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-dày.wav

From Proto-Vietic *k-daj.
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as ⿰苔巨, composed of 巨 (MC gjoX) + 苔 (MC doj) (modern SV: cự đài).


tiếng Nga

[tiəŋ˧˦ ŋaː˧˧]

[tiəŋ˦˧˥ ŋaː˧˧]

[tiəŋ˦˥ ŋaː˧˧]


buộc

head

扑, 撲, 纀, 𢯜, 𢷏, 𥾾, 𦂿, 𦄾, 𫃚

vi-verb

扑, 撲, 纀, 𢯜, 𢷏, 𥾾, 𦂿, 𦄾, 𫃚

扑 (CJK)
撲 (CJK)
纀 (CJK)
𢯜 (CJK)
𢷏 (CJK)
𥾾 (CJK)
𦂿 (CJK)
𦄾 (CJK)
𫃚 (CJK)

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *bək ~ *buk ~ *buək (“to bind (round)”). Cognate with Muong puộc, Mon ဗိုက် (pàk, “to put round”), Semai bek (“to bind”), Central Nicobarese [Nancowry] pôk-hata/pôko (“to bind, tie”).

inh

buộc/cột dây dày

buộc/cột tóc

buộc/cột bao lại cho chắc

to securely seal the bag by tying its handles

to tie an object or seal a container by tying; compare trói (“to tie or bind a person or animal”) and thắt (“to tighten with a string or rope”)


khạc

From Proto-Vietic *kr-haːk, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *khaak ~ *khaik; cognate with Proto-Bahnaric *ghaːk, Khmer ខាក (khaak) and Khasi kyrkhah (“phlegm”), ultimately onomatopoeic.
Compare Chinese 咳 (ké)


khói

ngọn (classifier)
luồng (classifier)
𤌋 (CJK)
𤐡 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-khói.wav


cạo

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cạo.wav

From Proto-Vietic *gaːwʔ. See also cào.
Related to nạo, through an infixed form.

cạo râu

cạo mặt

to shave all hair on your face, chin and ears, except your lashes and brows

cạo đầu

cạo lông chân

Cắt tóc hết 2 chục. Cạo mặt với lấy ráy tai thêm 10 nghìn. Tổng cộng 3 chục.

Your hair cut is 20,000 dongs. Your face shave and earwax removal are 10,000. 30,000 in total.


trói

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-trói.wav

From Proto-Vietic *k-lɔːjʔ; cognate with Arem tlɑːjʔ. Compare Pacoh cloi (“to tie, to bind”).

Trói tay nó lại !

Trói nó vào cột !

to tie/bind a person or animal, or their body parts together to, immobilize them; compare buộc/cột (“to tie an object”) and còng (“to handcuff”)


đánh

head

đánh • (打, 𢱏)

vi-verb

đánh • (打, 𢱏)

Audio (Hà Nội)

From Proto-Vietic *taːɲʔ; cognate with Muong đénh. Related to Chinese 打 (MC taengX|tengX, “to hit, to strike”) (SV: đả).

ltc-l

đánh đòn

đánh trống thổi kèn

(of a parade) to beat drums and blow trumpets

to strike, usually with your palms or a weapon; to strike, to smack, to whack, to bash, to hit, to beat, to assault, etc.; compare gõ (“to hit with the side of the fist, with the knuckles, or with the fingertips”), đấm (“to punch”) and đá (“to kick”)

đánh cầu lông/bóng chuyền/bóng chày

đánh/chơi cờ/bài

đánh bạc

(sports, board games, card games, gambling) to play a game that involves striking or slamming with your hands or something you hold; compare đá (“to kick; to play a sport that involves kicking”)

(music) to play (a non-wind instrument); compare thổi (“to play/blow (a wind instrument)”)

đánh văn bản

to type on a typewriter or computer keyboard

đánh răng

đánh bóng

to rub until something becomes shiny; to polish up (reputation)

đánh giày

to rub continuously on the surface of something until it's clean or shiny

đánh (bắt) cá/thuỷ sản/hải sản

(fishing) to fish with a net or a trap; compare câu (“to fish with a rod”)

Làm xong đánh 2 bát cơm rồi đánh 1 giấc.

After I'm done, I'm gonna demolish 2 rice bowls and then hit the hay for a power nap.

(colloquial) to enjoy some eating or resting


cũ

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cũ.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 古 (“old”, SV: cổ). Doublet of cổ.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">cổ</i>

vi-etym-sino

(of an object) old, but not ancient; compare cổ (“ancient”) and già (of a lifeform)

từ/nghĩa cũ

(of an object) secondhand (not new; previously owned and used by another)

Liên Xô cũ

Nam Tư cũ

bạn cũ

người yêu/người tình/bồ/bạn trai/bạn gái cũ

chồng/vợ cũ


thở

hít thở khí trời

hít vào, thở ra

ngừng thở

thở hổn hển


ngực

bầu ngực

(euphemistic, of a human female) breasts


móng tay

[mɔŋ˦˧˥ taj˧˧]


móng tay

[mɔŋ˦˧˥ taj˧˧]


mẹ

head

美, 母, 媄, 姆, 󰀱

mẹ • (美, 母, 媄, 姆, 󰀱)

vi-noun

美, 母, 媄, 姆, 󰀱

mẹ • (美, 母, 媄, 姆, 󰀱)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mẹ.wav

From Proto-Vietic *meːʔ ~ *mɛːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *meeʔ ~ *ʔmeeʔ (“mother”); cognate with Bahnar mĕ, Khmer ម៉ែ (mae), Mon မိ (mìˀ), Khasi mei. Ultimately a nursery word, compare Old Chinese 母 (*mɯʔ) and Proto-Tai *meːᴮ (whence Thai แม่ (mɛ̂ɛ)). Related to mái.


mẹ

(ironic) you, a female who I think is being stupid


mẹ

(địt con) mẹ mày


bước

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bước.wav

Cognate with Muong pước, Tho [Cuối Chăm] pɐːk⁸. See also nước (“move, step”), which is likely related through an infixed form.

bước một bước


chồng

From Northern Middle Vietnamese chào᷄, from Proto-Vietic *p-ʄoːŋ, *ɟoːŋ. Compare North Central nhôông, Mlabri ɟioŋ ("father"), Khmu joŋ ("man").
This word originally just meant "man, male", as with North Central gấy/cấy (“wife”), originally just meant "woman, female".

[t͡ɕəwŋ͡m˨˩]

[t͡ɕəwŋ͡m˦˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-chồng.wav

lấy chồng

bố/mẹ chồng


chồng

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 重 (SV: trùng).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">trùng</i>

vi-etym-sino

[t͡ɕəwŋ͡m˨˩]

[t͡ɕəwŋ͡m˦˩]


chồng

[t͡ɕəwŋ͡m˨˩]

[t͡ɕəwŋ͡m˦˩]


chiến

Sino-Vietnamese word from 戰 (“to fight; battle”).


chiến

Lỡ rồi thì chiến luôn chứ sao.

Mistakes were made so let's face it head-on, of course.


chiến

tàu chiến

(in certain phrases and expressions) relating to war or violence


tròn

head

𧷺, 𡃋, 侖, 圇, 崙, 𣄇

vi-adj

𧷺, 𡃋, 侖, 圇, 崙, 𣄇

𧷺 (CJK)
𡃋 (CJK)
侖 (CJK)
圇 (CJK)
崙 (CJK)
𣄇 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-tròn.wav

From Proto-Vietic *g-lɔːn (“round, full (moon)”); cognate with Muong tlòn. Compare Proto-Katuic *-lɔɔn (“to shape into a ball”), Khasi pyllon (“round”), Proto-Hmong-Mien *ɢlun (“round”) (whence Iu Mien junh (“round, circular”)). Compare also trọn.

cog

O tròn như quả trứng gà.

round, especially circular, elliptical, oval, cylindrical or spherical

tròn chục/trăm/nghìn

làm tròn lên/xuống

(mathematics, informal) being an integer


tròn

head

𧷺, 𡃋, 侖, 圇, 崙, 𣄇

vi-adv

𧷺, 𡃋, 侖, 圇, 崙, 𣄇

làm tròn bổn phận

Đã tròn năm năm kể từ khi sự việc đó xảy ra.

It has been five full years since that incident.


nổi

head

浽, 挼, 妥, 汝, 𬈗, 餒, 𤃠

vi-verb

浽, 挼, 妥, 汝, 𬈗, 餒, 𤃠

浽 (CJK)
挼 (CJK)
妥 (CJK)
汝 (CJK)
𬈗 (CJK)
餒 (CJK)
𤃠 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-nổi.wav

Dạo này có bài nào nổi?


nổi

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 能 (“be able to; capable”, SV: năng).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">năng</i>

vi-etym-sino

Em đâu có đi nổi.

be able to; to be capable of; to be in a position to


mũi

cái (classifier)
𪖫 (CJK)
𪖬 (CJK)
每 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mũi.wav

From Proto-Vietic *muːs (“nose”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *muh ~ *muuh ~ *muus (“nose”); cognates include Khmer ច្រមុះ (crɑɑmoh), Bahnar muh, Khasi khmut, Mon မိုဟ်, Car Nicobarese meh.
For the sense of "cape", compare the development of English ness, Bulgarian нос (nos).


mũi

(of a needle/knife/sword/lance/spear) tip


mũi

mũi Hảo Vọng


mũi

tiêm mũi thứ 2


săn

head

𤜬, 𤞓, 獜, 𢕸, 蹸, 𤢈

vi-verb

𤜬, 𤞓, 獜, 𢕸, 蹸, 𤢈

𤜬 (CJK)
𤞓 (CJK)
獜 (CJK)
𢕸 (CJK)
蹸 (CJK)
𤢈 (CJK)

thợ săn


lưng

vi-noun

(classifier cái, tấm) lưng • (𦝄, 𨉞, 𠦻, 𦡟)

cái (classifier)
tấm (classifier)
𦝄 (CJK)
𨉞 (CJK)
𠦻 (CJK)
𦡟 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-lưng.wav

From Proto-Vietic *k-ləŋ (“back”). Compare Proto-Tai *ʰlaŋᴬ (“back”), whence Thai หลัง (lǎng).

瓢篤江山醝𢴇𨢇
襊𠦻風月𥘀爲詩

18th–19th century, Hồ Xuân Hương (胡春香), “Cảnh thu (景秋) [Autumn Landscape]”, in John Balaban, transl., Spring Essence: The Poetry of Hồ Xuân Hương, Copper Canyon Press (book), also hosted by Nôm Foundation (online), published 2000:

I lift my wine flask, drunk with rivers and hills.
My backpack, breathing moonlight, sags with poems.

Bầu dốc giang sơn say chấp rượu,
Túi lưng phong nguyệt nặng vì thơ.


rắn

head

rắn • (𧋻, 破散)

From Middle Vietnamese rắn, from Proto-Vietic *p-səɲʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *(b)saɲʔ; cognate with Muong Bi thảnh, Khasi bseiñ and Pacoh cuxanh. Compare also Khmer ម្សាញ់ (msañ, “Year of the Snake”).
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 破散 (MC phaH sanX) (modern SV: phá tản).

cog

a non-constricting snake, as opposed to a trăn (“constricting snake”)


rắn

From Proto-Vietic *k-sanʔ (“solid; hard; firm”); cognate with Arem tʰanˀ.

inh

rắn lại

rắn/cứng đầu

rắn chắc


các

Sino-Vietnamese word from 各 (“each, individually, every, all”).


các

to pay the difference, to give in compensation


biết

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-biết.wav

Norman and Mei (1976), Schuessler (2007), Sagart (2008): Related to Min Chinese 捌 (bā, “to know”) (proto-Min: *pat). The direction of borrowing is debated; Norman and Mei, and Schuessler favour an Austroasiatic origin for this word, and regard Min as a loan. Sagart, on the other hand, proposes that the sense “to know; to recognise” in both Min and Vietnamese is an extension of the sense “to differentiate; to separate” of 別 (OC *N-pret) (B-S), and hence treats V. biết as a non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 別 (SV: biệt), a semantic development shared with Min.
The word has mostly displaced the use of hay, the more commonly seen word for "to know" in older literature.
Also compare Proto-Bahnaric *băt (“to know”) (Starling).
The Protestant biblical sense is a semantic loan from French connaître.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">biệt</i>

vi-etym-sino

biết thì thưa thốt không biết thì dựa cột mà nghe

Cụ Hồng lại nhăn mặt lần thứ mười mà khẽ gắt cũng lần thứ mười rằng:
— Biết rồi ! Biết rồi ! Khổ lắm, nói mãi !

1936, Trọng Phụng Vũ, Số đỏ [Dumb Luck]:

Great-granddad Hồng groans for the 10th time as he grimaces also for the 10th time: "Oh I get it! I get it! Enough with the nagging already!"

biết đọc

biết viết

biết ăn mắm tôm

(biblical, Protestantism) to know (have sexual relations with)


cánh

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cánh.wav

From Proto-Vietic *kɛːŋʔ.
Đại Nam Quấc âm tự vị (1895) records the now obsolete form written as kiến. Considering that this dictionary is based on Southern Vietnamese when the /n > ŋ/ shift already occurred, the form intended here would be etymologically spelled as kiếng (cf. the "kiến" for "glass" entry right below). This kiếng/cánh pair represents the diphthongized and undiphthongized variants respectively, in the same vein of miếng - mánh.

cánh hoa

sao vàng năm cánh

Hắn diện một bộ cánh lỗi mốt hết cỡ.

He wears/wore a super out-of-style set of clothes.


cánh

Indicates doors, windows, gates, kites, bows, forests and agricultural fields (of maize/corn, rice, etc.)