行

行: Hán Việt readings: hàng (canonical)
hành (canonical)
hãng (canonical)
hạng (canonical)
hạnh 行: Nôm readings: hàng (canonical)
hăng (canonical)
ngành (canonical)


thánh

Sino-Vietnamese word from 聖.
The informal adjectival sense "naive, credulous, gullible" and nominal sense "idiot, moron, simpleton" likely semantically develop from senses "saintly" and "saint" respectively, thus paralleling silly and crétin each in that order; see those entries for etymologies and semantic developments.

c. 11th - 7th century BCE, Classic of Poetry, free 2003 translation by Tạ Quang Phát
Họ nói ta tài cao thánh sống,
Thì quạ kia trống mái ai tường?
They said: "I am a highly talented living sage",

Yet who [among them] knows a male crow from a female?

Analects, 7.34; 1861 English translation by James Legge; 1972 translation by Nguyễn Hiến Lê
Khổng tử nói: “Làm được bực thánh với nhân thì ta đâu dám. Bất quá ta học làm (thánh, nhân) mà không chán, dạy người mà không mệt, chỉ có thể gọi được như vậy mà thôi”. Công Tây Hoa thưa: “Đó chính là điều chúng con không học được.”

The Master said, "The sage and the man of perfect virtue - how dare I rank myself with them? That I strive to become such without satiety, and teach others without weariness - this much can be said of me." Gong Xi Hua said, "This is just what we, the disciples, cannot imitate you in."

16th century, Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, Ch. 3; 1982-1988 Vietnamese translation by Như Sơn, Mai Xuân Hải, & Phương Oanh; 2012 English translation by Anthony C. Yu
Ta là Tôn Ngộ Không, vị thánh trời sinh ra ở núi Hoa Quả, là láng giềng của Long vương nhà ngươi, nhà ngươi không biết à?

I am the Heaven-born sage Sun Wukong of the Flower-Fruit Mountain, a near neighbor of your old Dragon King. How is it that you don't recognize me?


dung

Sino-Vietnamese word from 容 (“to tolerate; facial traits”). Also from Chinese 婦容 /妇容 (phụ dung, “wifely look”).

der

(Confucianism) beauty, one of the tứ đức (“four virtues”) that women are supposed to have


hạnh

Sino-Vietnamese word from 行 (“conduct”). Doublet of hàng.

(Confucianism) virtue, one of the tứ đức (“four virtues”) that women are supposed to have


công

Sino-Vietnamese word from 功 (“accomplishment”). Also from Chinese 婦功 /妇功 (phụ công, “wifely competence”).

der

(Confucianism) competence, one of the tứ đức (“four virtues”) that women are supposed to have


ngôn

Sino-Vietnamese word from 言 (“speech”), from Chinese 婦言 /妇言 (phụ ngôn, “wifely eloquence”).

(Confucianism) eloquence, one of the tứ đức (“four virtues”) that women are supposed to have


Nho giáo

[ɲɔ˧˧ zaːw˧˦]

[ɲɔ˧˧ jaːw˨˩˦]

[ɲɔ˧˧ jaːw˦˥]


Nho học

[ɲɔ˧˧ hawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ɲɔ˧˧ hawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ɲɔ˧˧ hawk͡p̚˨˩˨]


Khổng giáo

[xəwŋ͡m˧˩ zaːw˧˦]

[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˨ jaːw˨˩˦]

[xəwŋ͡m˧˨ jaːw˨˩˦]

[kʰəwŋ͡m˨˩˦ jaːw˦˥]

[xəwŋ͡m˨˩˦ jaːw˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 孔教, composed of 孔 (“Confucius”) and 教 (“teaching”).


thất tình

Sino-Vietnamese word from 七情, composed of 七 (“seven”) and 情 (“emotion”).

[tʰət̚˧˦ tïŋ˨˩]

[tʰək̚˦˧˥ tɨn˦˩]

[tʰək̚˦˥ tɨn˨˩]

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine

(Confucianism, Buddhism, traditional Chinese medicine) the seven emotional states: joy, anger, anxiety, thought, grief, fear, fright


tứ đức

[tɨ˧˦ ʔɗɨk̚˧˦]

[tɨ˨˩˦ ʔɗɨk̚˦˧˥]

[tɨ˦˥ ʔɗɨk̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-tứ đức.wav

(Confucianism) the four qualities that women are supposed to have, namely công (“competence”), dung (“beauty”), ngôn (“eloquence”), hạnh (“virtue”)

Three Obediences and Four Virtues
vi:Tam tòng, tứ đức


tam tòng

[taːm˧˧ tɔŋ˦˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-tam tòng.wav

Tại gia tòng phụ. Xuất giá tòng phu. Phu tử tòng tử.

At home, obey your father. Married, obey your husband. Widowed, obey your son.

(Confucianism) the three ways in which women are supposed to obey a male in their life


nam nữ thụ thụ bất thân

[naːm˧˧ nɨ˦ˀ˥ tʰu˧˨ʔ tʰu˧˨ʔ ʔɓət̚˧˦ tʰən˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ nɨ˧˨ tʰʊw˨˩ʔ tʰʊw˨˩ʔ ʔɓək̚˦˧˥ tʰəŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ nɨ˨˩˦ tʰʊw˨˩˨ tʰʊw˨˩˨ ʔɓək̚˦˥ tʰəŋ˧˧]

(Confucianism) appropriately, unless related by blood or marriage, men and women should not hand things to each other directly


Kinh Dịch

[kïŋ˧˧ zïk̟̚˧˨ʔ]

[kɨn˧˧ jɨt̚˨˩ʔ]

[kɨn˧˧ jɨt̚˨˩˨]

kinh + Dịch, calque of Chinese 易經 /易经 (Dịch kinh), following the head-initial structure of Vietnamese, instead of head-final in the original language.


Nho

nhà Nho

chữ Nho

Chinese characters used in formal feudal texts


đạo Khổng

[ʔɗaːw˧˨ʔ xəwŋ͡m˧˩]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩ʔ kʰəwŋ͡m˧˨]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩ʔ xəwŋ͡m˧˨]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩˨ kʰəwŋ͡m˨˩˦]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩˨ xəwŋ͡m˨˩˦]

đạo (“religion”) + Khổng (“Confucius”), calque of Chinese 孔教 (Khổng giáo).

Phan Châu Trinh Đạo đức và luân lí Đông Tây [Eastern and Western Ideas on Morality and Ethics]:
Từ nãy đến giờ tôi chỉ trích luân lý của ta, khen ngợi luân lý của Âu Tây, chắc anh em nghe lạ tai, cho tôi là người bội đạo Khổng Mạnh chăng? Xin thưa rằng từ khi tôi hiểu được chút ít đạo đức của Khổng Mạnh thì tôi rất sùng bái lắm. Vẫn biết đạo Khổng Mạnh hay thật nhưng bây giờ ta biết kiếm nơi đâu? Qua Tàu đem về chăng? Kiếm trong các sử sách Việt Nam này chăng? Tưởng thắp đuốc tìm cũng không thấy nữa, là vì nước Nam, nước Tàu bỏ mất đạo ấy đã lâu rồi.
Đạo Khổng Mạnh không phải là cách chuyên chế của các nhà vua mà anh em đã mộng tưởng đâu. Đạo Khổng Mạnh dạy quân dân tịnh trọng (vua dân đều trọng) và rất bình đẳng; vua và dân đều cần có đạo đức luân lý, nghĩa là dân phải kính trọng vua như cha mẹ mà vua cũng suy lòng đó mà yêu dấu dân như con đỏ vậy.
I've been going on criticizing our ethics, praising European ethics, you guys are probably thinking I've betrayed Confucianist-Mencianist values. I'd like to tell you this, I had held Confucianist-Mencianist morality in high regard ever since I learned a thing or two about it. Surely, Confucianism-Mencianism is good, but where are we going to look for it now? Bring it back from China? Search for it in Vietnamese records? I don't think we could find it even if we lit up some torches, because Vietnam as well as China have long abandoned it.
Confucianism-Mencianism is not the monarchs' authoritarianism you guys think it is, no. Confucianism-Mencianism teaches reciprocal respect among monarchs and subjects, it's actually about equity; monarchs and subjects all need morality and ethics, meaning that subjects have to respect their monarchs like their own parents, and monarchs also have to love their subjects like their own children.


Kinh Lễ

[kïŋ˧˧ le˦ˀ˥]

kinh + Lễ, calque of Chinese 禮經 /礼经 (Lễ kinh), following the head-initial structure of Vietnamese, instead of head-final in the original language.

(literature) The Book of Rites or Classic of Rites (a classic Confucian text describing the social forms, administration, and ceremonial rites of the Zhou dynasty)


chính danh

[t͡ɕïŋ˧˦ zajŋ̟˧˧]

[t͡ɕɨn˦˧˥ jɛɲ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 正名 (“to restore the name to reflect true nature”).

(Confucianism) the rectification of names (ensuring that statuses correspond to clearly designated functions)


chính danh

[t͡ɕïŋ˧˦ zajŋ̟˧˧]

[t͡ɕɨn˦˧˥ jɛɲ˧˧]


nho gia

[ɲɔ˧˧ zaː˧˧]

[ɲɔ˧˧ jaː˧˧]

[ɲɔ˧˧ jaː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 儒家, composed of 儒 (“Confucian, scholar”) and 家 (“-ist”).

没(Một)𤳆(trai)𡥵(con)次(thứ)卒(rốt)𢚸(lòng)
王(Vương)󰞹(Quan)󰑼(là)𡦂(chữ)綏(nối)𣳔(dòng)儒(nho)家(gia)

1820, Nguyễn Du (阮攸), Đoạn trường tân thanh (Truyện Kiều)^(https://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/Truyện_Kiều_(bản_Liễu_Văn_Ðường_1866)), published 1866, lines 13–14:

He had a son, the youngest, named Vuong Quan,
 to carry on the family lineage of Confucian scholars.


Kinh Thi

[kïŋ˧˧ tʰi˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ tʰɪj˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ tʰɪj˧˧]

kinh + Thi, calque of Chinese 詩經 /诗经 (Thi kinh), following the head-initial structure of Vietnamese, instead of head-final in the original language.

(literature) the Classic of Poetry (the oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry)


Tứ thư Ngũ kinh

[tɨ˧˦ tʰɨ˧˧ ŋu˦ˀ˥ kïŋ˧˧]

[tɨ˨˩˦ tʰɨ˧˧ ŋʊw˧˨ kɨn˧˧]

[tɨ˦˥ tʰɨ˧˧ ŋʊw˨˩˦ kɨn˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 四書五經, composed of 四書 (“Four Books”) and 五經 (“Five Classics”).

Four Books and Five Classics#English:_Q1377760

(Confucianism) Four Books and Five Classics (chinese texts that serve as the authoritative works of Confucianism)


Tứ thư

[tɨ˧˦ tʰɨ˧˧]

[tɨ˨˩˦ tʰɨ˧˧]

[tɨ˦˥ tʰɨ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 四書, composed of 四 (“four”) and 書 (“book”).

(Confucianism) the Four Books (Chinese classic texts illustrating the core value and belief systems in Confucianism)


Ngũ kinh

[ŋu˦ˀ˥ kïŋ˧˧]

[ŋʊw˧˨ kɨn˧˧]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ kɨn˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 五經, composed of 五 (“five”) and 經 (“classics”).

(Confucianism) the Five Classics (pre-Qin Chinese books that form part of the traditional Confucian canon)


lí học

[lɪj˨˩˦ hawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 理學, composed of 理 (“reason, logic, truth, science”) and 學 (“school, theory, doctrine”).


Kinh Thư

[kïŋ˧˧ tʰɨ˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ tʰɨ˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ tʰɨ˧˧]

kinh + Thư, calque of Chinese 書經 /书经 (Thư kinh), following the head-initial structure of Vietnamese, instead of head-final in the original language.

(literature) the Book of Documents (a collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early Zhou Dynasty and before)


Kinh Xuân Thu

[kïŋ˧˧ swən˧˧ tʰu˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ swəŋ˧˧ tʰʊw˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ s⁽ʷ⁾əŋ˧˧ tʰʊw˧˧]

kinh (“classic”) + Xuân Thu (“spring and autumn”).

com

(literature) the Spring and Autumn Annals (the chronicle of the state of Lu)


lục nghệ

[lʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ ŋe˧˨ʔ]

[lʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ ŋej˨˩ʔ]

[lʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨ ŋej˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-lục nghệ.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 六藝, composed of 六 (“six”) and 藝 (“ability, skill”).

vi-etym-sino

the Six Arts which form the basis of education in ancient Chinese culture:


tam giáo

Sino-Vietnamese word from 三教, composed of 三 (“three”) and 教 (“teachings; religions”).

(religion, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Caodaism) the three principal philosophies originated from China:


đạo Nho

[ʔɗaːw˧˨ʔ ɲɔ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩ʔ ɲɔ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩˨ ɲɔ˧˧]


nho lâm

[ɲɔ˧˧ ləm˧˧]

[ɲɔ˧˧ ləm˧˧]

[ɲɔ˧˧ ləm˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-nho lâm.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 儒林, composed of 儒 and 林.

(historical) Confucian scholars; scholars; academic circles


tam cương ngũ thường

[taːm˧˧ kɨəŋ˧˧ ŋu˦ˀ˥ tʰɨəŋ˨˩]

[taːm˧˧ kɨəŋ˧˧ ŋʊw˧˨ tʰɨəŋ˦˩]

[taːm˧˧ kɨəŋ˧˧ ŋʊw˨˩˦ tʰɨəŋ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 三綱五常, composed of 三綱 and 五常.

(Confucianism) the three fundamental bonds and five constant virtues


tam cương

[taːm˧˧ kɨəŋ˧˧]

[taːm˧˧ kɨəŋ˧˧]

[taːm˧˧ kɨəŋ˧˧]

(Confucianism) the three bonds:
quân thần (君臣, “ruler and subject”)

(Confucianism) the three bonds:
phụ tử (父子, “father and son”)

(Confucianism) the three bonds:
phu phụ (夫婦, “husband and wife”)


ngũ thường

[ŋu˦ˀ˥ tʰɨəŋ˨˩]

[ŋʊw˧˨ tʰɨəŋ˦˩]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ tʰɨəŋ˨˩]

(Confucianism) the five virtues:
nhân (仁, “benevolence”)

(Confucianism) the five virtues:
nghĩa (義, “righteousness”)

(Confucianism) the five virtues:
lễ (禮, “propriety”)

(Confucianism) the five virtues:
trí (智, “wisdom”)

(Confucianism) the five virtues:
tín (信, “trustworthiness”)


ngũ luân

[ŋu˦ˀ˥ lwən˧˧]

[ŋʊw˧˨ lwəŋ˧˧]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ l⁽ʷ⁾əŋ˧˧]

(Confucianism) five cardinal relationships:

five cardinal relationships:
quân thần (君臣, “ruler and subject”)

five cardinal relationships:
phụ tử (父子, “father and son”)

five cardinal relationships:
phu phụ (夫婦, “husband and wife”)

trưởng ấu (長幼) or huynh đệ (兄弟) ("elder and younger brothers")

five cardinal relationships:
bằng hữu (朋友, “friends”)


Thập tam kinh

[tʰəp̚˧˨ʔ taːm˧˧ kïŋ˧˧]

[tʰəp̚˨˩ʔ taːm˧˧ kɨn˧˧]

[tʰəp̚˨˩˨ taːm˧˧ kɨn˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 十三經, composed of 十三 (“thirteen”) and 經 (“classics”).

(Confucianism) the Thirteen Classics (thirteen classics of Confucian tradition)