thiên hoàng

[tʰiən˧˧ hwaːŋ˨˩]

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ hwaːŋ˦˩]

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ waːŋ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 天皇, composed of 天 (“heaven”) and 皇 (“sovereign; emperor”), from Japanese 天皇 (tennō), from Literary Chinese 天皇 (tiānhuáng, “the Heavenly Sovereign”, read in modern Japanese as てんこう (Tenkō) for distinction), one of the 三皇 (Sānhuáng, “Three Sovereigns”), together with the 地皇 (“Earthly Sovereign”) and the 人皇 (“Human Sovereign”). Literary Chinese 天皇 (tiānhuáng) was also broadly interpreted as a mortal emperor who is the 天子 (“Child of Heaven”) who receives the 天命 (“Mandate of Heaven”).

der

read in modern Japanese as <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja">てんこう</i> (Tenkō) for distinction

Thiên hoàng Minh Trị

Earthly Sovereign
Heavenly Sovereign
Human Sovereign
Mandate of Heaven
Son of Heaven
Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors


Ix-ra-en

[ʔi˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ʔɛn˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ʔɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ʔɛŋ˧˧]


Xéc-bi-a

[sɛk̚˧˦ ʔɓi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[sɛk̚˦˧˥ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[sɛk̚˦˥ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


San Ma-ri-nô

[ʂaːŋ˧˧ maː˧˧ ʐɪj˧˧ now˧˧]

[saːŋ˧˧ maː˧˧ ʐɪj˧˧ now˧˧]

[ʂaːŋ˧˧ maː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ now˧˧]

[saːŋ˧˧ maː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ now˧˧]


A-rập Thống nhất

[ʔaː˧˧ zəp̚˧˨ʔ tʰəwŋ͡m˧˦ ɲət̚˧˦]

[ʔaː˧˧ ʐəp̚˨˩ʔ tʰəwŋ͡m˦˧˥ ɲək̚˦˧˥]

[ʔaː˧˧ ɹəp̚˨˩˨ tʰəwŋ͡m˦˥ ɲək̚˦˥]


Lít-ten-xơ-tên

[lit̚˧˦ tɛn˧˧ səː˧˧ ten˧˧]

[lit̚˦˧˥ tɛŋ˧˧ səː˧˧ ten˧˧]

[lɨt̚˦˥ tɛŋ˧˧ səː˧˧ təːn˧˧]


Ôn-đu-rát

[ʔon˧˧ ʔɗu˧˧ ɹaːt̚˧˦]

[ʔon˧˧ ʔɗu˧˧ zaːt̚˧˦]

[ʔoŋ˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˧ ɹaːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔoŋ˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˧ ɹaːk̚˦˥]


Gia-mai-ca

[zaː˧˧ maːj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[jaː˧˧ maːj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[jaː˧˧ maːj˧˧ kaː˧˧]


A-déc-bai-dan

[ʔaː˧˧ zɛk̚˧˦ ʔɓaːj˧˧ zaːn˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ jɛk̚˦˧˥ ʔɓaːj˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ jɛk̚˦˥ ʔɓaːj˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]

Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


Cốt-xta-ri-ca

[kot̚˧˦ staː˧˧ ɹi˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[kok̚˦˧˥ staː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[kok̚˦˥ staː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧]


Xy-ri

[sɪj˧˧ ʐɪj˧˧]

[sɪj˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]

Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


Ni-ca-ra-goa

[ni˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧]

[ni˧˧ kaː˧˧ zaː˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧]

[nɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧]

[nɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧]

Nicaragua (a country in Central America)


Cu-ba

[ku˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[kʊw˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[kʊw˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]

Cuba (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Pa-ra-goay

[paː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]

[paː˧˧ zaː˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]

[paː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]

[paː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]


Pa-na-ma

[paː˧˧ naː˧˧ maː˧˧]

[paː˧˧ naː˧˧ maː˧˧]

[paː˧˧ naː˧˧ maː˧˧]


Dăm-bi-a

[zam˧˧ ʔɓi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[zam˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[jam˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[zam˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[jam˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


U-ru-goay

[ʔu˧˧ ɹu˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]

[ʔu˧˧ zu˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ ɹʊw˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ ɹʊw˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]


Ha-i-ti

[haː˧˧ ʔi˧˧ ti˧˧]

[haː˧˧ ʔɪj˧˧ tɪj˧˧]

[haː˧˧ ʔɪj˧˧ tɪj˧˧]


Bê-li-xê

[ʔɓe˧˧ li˧˧ se˧˧]

[ʔɓej˧˧ lɪj˧˧ sej˧˧]

[ʔɓej˧˧ lɪj˧˧ sej˧˧]


Grê-na-đa

[ɣɹe˧˧ naː˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ɣɹej˧˧ naː˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ɣɹej˧˧ naː˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

Grenada (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Bô-li-vi-a

[ʔɓo˧˧ li˧˧ vi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔɓow˧˧ lɪj˧˧ vɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔɓow˧˧ lɪj˧˧ vɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔɓow˧˧ lɪj˧˧ jɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Môn-tê-nê-grô

[mon˧˧ te˧˧ ne˧˧ ɣɹo˧˧]

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Ru-an-đa

[ɹu˧˧ ʔaːn˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ɹʊw˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ɹʊw˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]


Ca-mơ-run

[kaː˧˧ məː˧˧ ɹun˧˧]

[kaː˧˧ məː˧˧ zun˧˧]

[kaː˧˧ məː˧˧ ɹun˧˧]

[kaː˧˧ məː˧˧ ɹʊwŋ͡m˧˧]


Cô-lôm-bi-a

[ko˧˧ lom˧˧ ʔɓi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[kow˧˧ lom˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[kow˧˧ lom˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Cư-rơ-gư-dơ-xtan

[kɨ˧˧ ɹəː˧˧ ɣɨ˧˧ zəː˧˧ staːn˧˧]

[kɨ˧˧ zəː˧˧ ɣɨ˧˧ zəː˧˧ staːn˧˧]

[kɨ˧˧ ɹəː˧˧ ɣɨ˧˧ jəː˧˧ staːŋ˧˧]

[kɨ˧˧ ɹəː˧˧ ɣɨ˧˧ jəː˧˧ staːŋ˧˧]

Alternative form of Cư-rơ-gư-xtan: Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


Xu-ri-nam

[su˧˧ ɹi˧˧ naːm˧˧]

[sʊw˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ naːm˧˧]

[sʊw˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ naːm˧˧]


En Xan-va-đo

[ʔɛn˧˧ saːn˧˧ vaː˧˧ ʔɗɔ˧˧]

[ʔɛŋ˧˧ saːŋ˧˧ vaː˧˧ ʔɗɔ˧˧]

[ʔɛŋ˧˧ saːŋ˧˧ vaː˧˧ ʔɗɔ˧˧]

[ʔɛŋ˧˧ saːŋ˧˧ jaː˧˧ ʔɗɔ˧˧]

El Salvador (a country in Central America)


Buốc-ki-na Pha-xô

[ʔɓuək̚˧˦ ki˧˧ naː˧˧ faː˧˧ so˧˧]

[ʔɓuək̚˦˧˥ kɪj˧˧ naː˧˧ faː˧˧ sow˧˧]

[ʔɓuək̚˦˥ kɪj˧˧ naː˧˧ faː˧˧ sow˧˧]

Burkina Faso (a country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta)


Ga-bông

[ɣaː˧˧ ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ɣaː˧˧ ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ɣaː˧˧ ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧]


Tan-da-ni-a

[taːn˧˧ zaː˧˧ ni˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[taːŋ˧˧ jaː˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[taːŋ˧˧ jaː˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Nam-mi-bi-a

[naːm˧˧ mi˧˧ ʔɓi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ mɪj˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ mɪj˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Gha-na

[ɣaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ɣaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ɣaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Gha-na.wav


Ma-li

[maː˧˧ lɪj˧˧]

[maː˧˧ lɪj˧˧]


Bu-run-đi

[ʔɓu˧˧ ɹun˧˧ ʔɗi˧˧]

[ʔɓu˧˧ zun˧˧ ʔɗi˧˧]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ ɹun˧˧ ʔɗɪj˧˧]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ ɹʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗɪj˧˧]


Xô-ma-li

Somalia (a country in East Africa, in the Horn of Africa)


Xê-nê-gan

[se˧˧ ne˧˧ ɣaːn˧˧]

[sej˧˧ nej˧˧ ɣaːŋ˧˧]

[sej˧˧ nej˧˧ ɣaːŋ˧˧]


Ê-ri-tơ-rê-a

[ʔe˧˧ ɹi˧˧ təː˧˧ ɹe˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔe˧˧ zi˧˧ təː˧˧ ze˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ təː˧˧ ɹej˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ təː˧˧ ɹej˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

Eritrea (a country in East Africa, on the Red Sea)


U-gan-đa

[ʔu˧˧ ɣaːn˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ ɣaːŋ˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ ɣaːŋ˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

From Swahili Uganda (“Buganda, subnational kingdom”), from Luganda Buganda (“land of the Ganda”).


Mô-ri-xơ

[mo˧˧ ɹi˧˧ səː˧˧]

[mo˧˧ zi˧˧ səː˧˧]

[mow˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ səː˧˧]

[mow˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ səː˧˧]

Mauritius (A country in the Indian Ocean, east of East Africa and Madagascar)

Mauritius (The main island of the country of Mauritius)


Xây-sen

[səj˧˧ sɛn˧˧]

[səj˧˧ ʂɛŋ˧˧]

[səj˧˧ sɛŋ˧˧]

[səj˧˧ ʂɛŋ˧˧]

[səj˧˧ sɛŋ˧˧]

Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


Bốt-xoa-na

[ʔɓot̚˧˦ swaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔɓok̚˦˧˥ swaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔɓok̚˦˥ s⁽ʷ⁾aː˧˧ naː˧˧]


Phi-gi

[fɪj˧˧ jɪj˧˧]

[fɪj˧˧ jɪj˧˧]

Fiji (a country and archipelago of over 300 islands in Melanesia in Oceania)


Găm-bi-a

[ɣam˧˧ ʔɓi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ɣam˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ɣam˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Bê-nanh

[ʔɓe˧˧ najŋ̟˧˧]

[ʔɓej˧˧ nɛɲ˧˧]

Benin (a country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey)


Mô-ri-ta-ni

[mo˧˧ ɹi˧˧ taː˧˧ ni˧˧]

[mow˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ taː˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

[mow˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ taː˧˧ nɪj˧˧]


Dim-ba-bu-ê

[zim˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɓu˧˧ ʔe˧˧]

[zim˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔej˧˧]

[jim˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔej˧˧]

[zim˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔej˧˧]

[jim˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔej˧˧]

From Shona dzimba-dze-mabwe (“house of stones”), in reference to Great Zimbabwe.


Xu-đăng

[su˧˧ ʔɗaŋ˧˧]

[sʊw˧˧ ʔɗaŋ˧˧]

[sʊw˧˧ ʔɗaŋ˧˧]

Sudan (a country in North Africa and East Africa)


Pê-ru

[pej˧˧ ɹʊw˧˧]

[pej˧˧ ɹʊw˧˧]


Gi-bu-ti

[zi˧˧ ʔɓu˧˧ ti˧˧]

[jɪj˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ tɪj˧˧]

[jɪj˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ tɪj˧˧]


Si-ê-ra Lê-ôn

[si˧˧ ʔe˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ le˧˧ ʔon˧˧]

[si˧˧ ʔe˧˧ zaː˧˧ le˧˧ ʔon˧˧]

[ʂɪj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ lej˧˧ ʔoŋ˧˧]

[sɪj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ lej˧˧ ʔoŋ˧˧]

[ʂɪj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ lej˧˧ ʔoŋ˧˧]

[sɪj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ lej˧˧ ʔoŋ˧˧]

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone#English:_Q1044


Ni-giê

Niger (a country in West Africa, situated to the north of Nigeria)


Mô-dăm-bích

[mo˧˧ zam˧˧ ʔɓïk̟̚˧˦]

[mow˧˧ zam˧˧ ʔɓïk̟̚˦˧˥]

[mow˧˧ jam˧˧ ʔɓïk̟̚˦˧˥]

[mow˧˧ zam˧˧ ʔɓïk̟̚˦˥]

[mow˧˧ jam˧˧ ʔɓïk̟̚˦˥]

Mozambique (a country in East Africa and Southern Africa)


Guy-a-na

[ɣwi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ɣwɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ɣwɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧ naː˧˧]


Bu-tan

[ʔɓu˧˧ taːn˧˧]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ taːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ taːŋ˧˧]

Bhutan (a country in South Asia, in the Himalayas)


Goa-tê-ma-la

[ɣwaː˧˧ te˧˧ maː˧˧ laː˧˧]

[ɣwaː˧˧ tej˧˧ maː˧˧ laː˧˧]

[ɣwaː˧˧ tej˧˧ maː˧˧ laː˧˧]

Guatemala (a country in Central America)


Bru-nây

[ʔɓɹu˧˧ nəj˧˧]

[ʔɓɹʊw˧˧ nəj˧˧]

[ʔɓɹʊw˧˧ nəj˧˧]


Ba-ranh

[ʔɓaː˧˧ ɹajŋ̟˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ zajŋ̟˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ ɹɛɲ˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ ɹan˧˧]

A misrendering of French Bahreïn that assumes the "eïn" is pronounced the same as the more regular "ein" as /ɛ̃/, for example as in hein.


Y-ê-men

[ʔi˧˧ ʔe˧˧ mɛn˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ mɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ mɛŋ˧˧]

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Gioóc-đa-ni

[zɔk̚˧˦ ʔɗaː˧˧ ni˧˧]

[jɔk̚˦˧˥ ʔɗaː˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

[jɔk̚˦˥ ʔɗaː˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

Jordan (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Đông Ti-mo

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ ti˧˧ mɔ˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ tɪj˧˧ mɔ˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ tɪj˧˧ mɔ˧˧]

East Timor (a country in Southeast Asia occupying half the island of Timor)


I-ran

[ʔi˧˧ ɹaːn˧˧]

[ʔi˧˧ zaːn˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ ɹaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ ɹaːŋ˧˧]

Iran (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


Man-đi-vơ

[maːn˧˧ ʔɗi˧˧ vəː˧˧]

[maːŋ˧˧ ʔɗɪj˧˧ vəː˧˧]

[maːŋ˧˧ ʔɗɪj˧˧ vəː˧˧]

[maːŋ˧˧ ʔɗɪj˧˧ jəː˧˧]

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


Ô-man

[ʔo˧˧ maːn˧˧]

[ʔow˧˧ maːŋ˧˧]

[ʔow˧˧ maːŋ˧˧]

Oman (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Vê-nê-du-ê-la

[ve˧˧ ne˧˧ zu˧˧ ʔe˧˧ laː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Vê-nê-du-ê-la.wav


Ma-đa-gát-xca

[maː˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ ɣaːt̚˧˦ skaː˧˧]

[maː˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ ɣaːk̚˦˧˥ skaː˧˧]

[maː˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ ɣaːk̚˦˥ skaː˧˧]

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


I-xra-en

[ʔi˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ʔɛn˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ʔɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ʔɛŋ˧˧]

French Israël.
The alternative form I-xa-ren (pronounced [ʔi˧˧ saː˧˧ ɹɛn˧˧]) arises by metathesis of /a:/ ⟨-a-⟩ and /ɹ/ ⟨-r-⟩ in pronunciation [ʔi˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ɛn˧˧] of this transcription.

IPAfont

􂀿ʔi˧˧ saː˧˧ ɹɛn˧˧􂁀

[ʔi˧˧ saː˧˧ ɹɛn˧˧]

􂀿ʔi˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ɛn˧˧􂁀

[ʔi˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ɛn˧˧]

lực lượng phòng vệ I-xra-en

lực lượng chiếm đóng của I-xra-en

Hồ Chí Minh (2011) [1969 January 24] “Điện mừng Hội Nghị Quốc tế ủng hộ nhân dân các nước Arập [Congratulatory Telegram to the International Conference in Support of the Arab Peoples]”, in Hồ Chí Minh Toàn tập (in Vietnamese), volumes 15 (1966-1969), pages 538-539; Vietnamese translation by Sony Thang, transl. (2023 October 10), X
Những hành động xâm lược trắng trợn của Ixraen được đế quốc Mỹ giúp đỡ và khuyến khích đã làm cho tình hình Trung Đông căng thẳng [...] Nhân dân Việt Nam cực lực lên án bọn xâm lược Ixraen, đòi chúng rút quần khỏi các đất đai Arập và trao trả nhân dân Palextin các quyền chính đáng và bất khả xâm phạm của họ. [...]
The acts of aggression perpetrated by Israel, supported and encouraged by U.S. imperialism, have intensified the prevailing tension in the Middle East. … The Vietnamese people vehemently condemn the Israeli aggressors; they demand the withdrawal of Israeli troops from the Arab territories they are occupying, and the recovery of the inalienable and legitimate rights of the Palestinian people.

Lực lượng Phòng vệ I-xra-en đã phải bắn đạn hơi cay vào đám đông biểu tình, khiến hơn 1.000 người bị thương và hàng chục người bị bắt giữ.

2018 February 12, Col. Lê Thế Mẫu, “Quyết định của Tổng thống Mỹ về Giê-ru-xa-lem và những hệ lụy [US President's decision about Jerusalem and its repercussions]”, in Tạp chí Quốc phòng toàn dân [National Defence Journal], archived from the original on 2018-03-13:

The Israel Defense Forces had to shoot tear gas rounds into the throng of protesters, wounding over 1,000, and to arrest dozens.

Giờ đây, khi biển máu ở G@z@^([sic]) dâng cao và khi lực lượng chiếm đóng của I-xra-en tiếp tục gây ra những tội ác không thể tha thứ, một số chính trị gia I-xra-en còn yêu cầu thực hiện ‘thay đổi văn hóa ở G@z@’, ‘tương tự như ở Đức và Nhật Bản’.

2024 January 25, L'internationale, Facebook:

Now, as the sea of blood in G@z@^([sic]) rises and as the I-sra-eli^([sic]) occupation forces continue to commit unforgivable crimes, some I-sra-eli^([sic]) politicians also demand ‘cultural changes in G@z@’, ‘similar to those in Germany and Japan’ [to be made].

Israel (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean)


Anh Quốc

[ʔajŋ̟˧˧ kuək̚˧˦]

[ʔɛɲ˧˧ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[ʔan˧˧ wək̚˦˥]


Nam Xu-đăng

[naːm˧˧ su˧˧ ʔɗaŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ sʊw˧˧ ʔɗaŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ sʊw˧˧ ʔɗaŋ˧˧]

South Sudan (a country in East Africa, formerly the southern part of Sudan)


Ma-la-uy

[maː˧˧ laː˧˧ ʔwi˧˧]

[maː˧˧ laː˧˧ ʔwɪj˧˧]

[maː˧˧ laː˧˧ (ʔ)wɪj˧˧]


頤和園

chữ Hán form of Di Hoà viên (“the Summer Palace”).


Cộng hoà Trung Phi

[kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩ t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ fi˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

cộng hoà (“republic”) + Trung Phi (“Central Africa”).

compound

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English:_Q929

Central African Republic (a country in Central Africa)


Cáp-Ve

[kaːp̚˧˦ vɛ˧˧]

[kaːp̚˦˧˥ vɛ˧˧]

[kaːp̚˦˥ vɛ˧˧]

[kaːp̚˦˥ jɛ˧˧]

Cape Verde (an archipelago and country in West Africa)


Xoa-di-len

[swaː˧˧ jɪj˧˧ lɛŋ˧˧]

[s⁽ʷ⁾aː˧˧ jɪj˧˧ lɛŋ˧˧]

(historical) Swaziland (The former name of Eswatini, a country in Southern Africa)


I-rắc

[ʔi˧˧ ɹak̚˧˦]

[ʔi˧˧ zak̚˧˦]

[ʔɪj˧˧ ɹak̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɪj˧˧ ɹak̚˦˥]

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Ba-ha-mát

[ʔɓaː˧˧ haː˧˧ maːt̚˧˦]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ haː˧˧ maːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ haː˧˧ maːk̚˦˥]

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


Bác-ba-đốt

[ʔɓaːk̚˧˦ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɗot̚˧˦]

[ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɗok̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓaːk̚˦˥ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɗok̚˦˥]

Barbados (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Hôn-đu-rát

[hon˧˧ ʔɗu˧˧ ɹaːt̚˧˦]

[hon˧˧ ʔɗu˧˧ zaːt̚˧˦]

[hoŋ˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˧ ɹaːk̚˦˧˥]

[hoŋ˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˧ ɹaːk̚˦˥]


Cốt-xta Ri-ca

[kot̚˧˦ staː˧˧ ɹi˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[kok̚˦˧˥ staː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[kok̚˦˥ staː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

Costa Rica (a country in Central America)


Tri-ni-đát và Tô-ba-gô

[t͡ɕi˧˧ ni˧˧ ʔɗaːt̚˧˦ vaː˨˩ to˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ɣo˧˧]

[ʈɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔɗaːk̚˦˧˥ vaː˦˩ tow˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ɣow˧˧]

[ʈɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔɗaːk̚˦˥ vaː˨˩ tow˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ɣow˧˧]

[ʈɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔɗaːk̚˦˥ jaː˨˩ tow˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ɣow˧˧]

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago#English

Trinidad and Tobago (a country consisting of two main islands in the Caribbean)


Đô-mi-ni-ca

[ʔɗo˧˧ mi˧˧ ni˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[ʔɗow˧˧ mɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[ʔɗow˧˧ mɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

Dominica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


An-ti-goa và Bác-bu-đa

[ʔaːn˧˧ ti˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧ vaː˨˩ ʔɓaːk̚˧˦ ʔɓu˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ tɪj˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧ vaː˦˩ ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ tɪj˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧ vaː˨˩ ʔɓaːk̚˦˥ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ tɪj˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧ jaː˨˩ ʔɓaːk̚˦˥ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English

Antigua and Barbuda (a country in the Caribbean)


thung lũng

[tʰʊwŋ͡m˧˧ lʊwŋ͡m˦ˀ˥]

[tʰʊwŋ͡m˧˧ lʊwŋ͡m˧˨]

[tʰʊwŋ͡m˧˧ lʊwŋ͡m˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-thung lũng.wav

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *luŋ(h) or *luuŋh; cognate with Khmer លុង (lung). See also lủng (“having a hole, be perforated”) and trũng (“be lower than surrounding surface”). Doublet of lũng.


vương đại phi

[vɨəŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ fi˧˧]

[vɨəŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ fɪj˧˧]

[vɨəŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ fɪj˧˧]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ fɪj˧˧]

queen dowager, not mother of a Korean king, but widow of the previous king


vương phi

[vɨəŋ˧˧ fi˧˧]

[vɨəŋ˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

[vɨəŋ˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

a title given to a queen, wife of a Korean king when she is still alive (she will be called vương hậu after her dead)


sông băng

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓaŋ˧˧]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓaŋ˧˧]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓaŋ˧˧]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓaŋ˧˧]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓaŋ˧˧]


sa hoàng

[saː˧˧ hwaːŋ˨˩]

[ʂaː˧˧ hwaːŋ˦˩]

[saː˧˧ hwaːŋ˦˩]

[ʂaː˧˧ waːŋ˨˩]

[saː˧˧ waːŋ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 沙皇. The 沙 part is a transcription of Russian царь (carʹ).

Synonym of Nga hoàng (“tsar; tsarina regnant”)


Mĩ Quốc

[mi˦ˀ˥ kuək̚˧˦]

[mɪj˧˨ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[mɪj˨˩˦ wək̚˦˥]

Trong góc quán, hai người con gái tuổi độ mười tám, tóc cắt ngắn, mặc áo thun có in những hàng chữ U.S.A và lá cờ Mỹ quốc.

2011, Phong Thu, “Sài Gòn, một thuở hẹn hò”, in The Rain Still Falls in Saigon, Xlibris Corporation, page 345:

In the corner of the café, two girls of around eighteen, hair cut short, wearing T-shirts with the letters U.S.A. and an American flag printed on them.

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


suối

vi-noun

(classifier con, dòng) suối • (𤂬, 𣷮, 𱧎, 㵊)

con (classifier)
dòng (classifier)
𤂬 (CJK)
𣷮 (CJK)
𱧎 (CJK)
㵊 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-suối.wav

From a Tai language (cf. Proto-Tai *qrwɤjꟲ (“mountain stream”), whence Thai ห้วย (hûai)).


cù lao

Anonymous, included in 1999, Mã Giang Lân (compiler), Tục ngữ và ca dao Việt Nam (Vietnamese proverbs and folk-ballads), NXB Giáo dục (Vietnam Education Publishing House), 5th edition
Bớt đồng thì bớt cù lao,
Bớt ăn, bớt uống thì tao bớt làm.
Less pay, then less toil;
Less food, less water, then less I'll work.

Cù lao đội đức cao dày,

15th century, Nguyễn Trãi (attributed), Gia huấn ca (Family Training Ode), lines 99-100

Uphold (your parents') lofty, weighty, virtuous toils!
Be steadfastly filial and reverent (towards them) night and day!


Thái Bình

→ English: Thái Bình

[tʰaːj˧˦ ʔɓïŋ˨˩]

[tʰaːj˨˩˦ ʔɓɨn˦˩]

[tʰaːj˦˥ ʔɓɨn˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 太平 (“great peace”). Doublet of Thới Bình.


Thái Nguyên

→ English: Thái Nguyên

[tʰaːj˧˦ ŋwiən˧˧]

[tʰaːj˨˩˦ ŋwiəŋ˧˧]

[tʰaːj˦˥ ŋwiəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 太原 (“Large Plain”). To indicate the midland topography of the province and around the city.

Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China)


Hà Nam

→ English: Hà Nam

Sino-Vietnamese word from 河南 (“South of The River”). Refers to the fact that it is located south of the Red River. Or a combination of Vietnamese Hà Nội and Nam Định because it is located between these two provinces.


ngòi

Ong mật chích để lại ngòi.

Honey bees left behind their stinger after stinging.


Mạnh Tử

[majŋ̟˧˨ʔ tɨ˧˩]

[mɛɲ˨˩ʔ tɨ˧˨]

[man˨˩˨ tɨ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 孟子, from Chinese 孟子 (Mèngzǐ). See also 孟母 (Mạnh mẫu, “Mencius's mother”).

Four Books
w:Four Books and Five Classics

Mencius (one of the Four Books of Confucianism)


Biển Đen

[ʔɓiən˧˩ ʔɗɛn˧˧]

[ʔɓiəŋ˧˨ ʔɗɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓiəŋ˨˩˦ ʔɗɛŋ˧˧]


Mĩ kim

Sino-Vietnamese word from 美金, composed of 美 (“America”) and 金 (“money”)

(dated) Synonym of đô-la Mĩ (“US dollar”)


sông Cửu Long

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ kɨw˧˨ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ kɨw˧˨ lɔŋ˧˧]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ kɨw˨˩˦ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ kɨw˨˩˦ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

sông (“river”) + Cửu Long (九龍, “nine dragons”), literally “River of the Nine Dragons”, referring to the nine main distributaries of the Mekong in its lower reaches before it enters the sea.
An alternative theory holds that Cửu Long 九龍 (MC kjuwX ljowng) is essentially a disyllabified, Sino-Vietnamese phono-semantic matching of Proto-Vietic *k-roːŋ (“river”), whence Modern Vietnamese sông. Although this practice is widely attested (compare Dóng vs. Phù Đổng, Giầu vs. Phù Lưu, Trèm vs. Từ Liêm), the geographical remoteness from the Vietnamese heartland (Northern and North Central Vietnam) and the rather recent settlement history of Vietnamese speakers in the region may cast some doubt on the theory.

psm

The collective name for the distributaries of the Mekong River in Vietnam's territory.


rạch

Possibly nominalized derivative of the verb rạch.


Chăm

dân tộc Chăm


giồng

Northern Vietnam form of trồng (“to plant”)


Thâm Quyến

[tʰəm˧˧ kwiəŋ˦˧˥]

[tʰəm˧˧ wiəŋ˦˥]

Shenzhen (a major subprovincial city in Guangdong, in southeastern China)


sông ngòi

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ŋɔj˨˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ ŋɔj˦˩]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ŋɔj˦˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ ŋɔj˨˩]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ŋɔj˨˩]

rivers and streams; waterway (generally speaking)


Quảng Châu

[kwaːŋ˧˩ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[kwaːŋ˧˨ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[waːŋ˨˩˦ cəw˧˧]

Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China)


liên đoàn

[liən˧˧ ʔɗwaːn˨˩]

[liəŋ˧˧ ʔɗwaːŋ˦˩]

[liəŋ˧˧ ʔɗwaːŋ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 聯 (“united”) and 團 (“team”).

vi-etym-sino

liên đoàn trưởng
liên đoàn trưởng#Vietnamese

all the chi đoàn of a school; the captain is called liên đoàn trưởng

liên đoàn lao động

Liên đoàn Bóng đá Việt Nam

Liên đoàn A-rập / Liên đoàn Ả Rập


bàu

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) pond, pool


hồ Hoàn Kiếm

hồ (“lake”) + hoàn (“to return”) + kiếm (“sword”), from the legend in which Lê Lợi returned the sword he borrowed from the Golden Turtle God after defeating Ming invaders. The turtle god is, of course, fictional, but there is an actual symbolic turtle in the lake.


Y Pha Nho

[ʔi˧˧ faː˧˧ ɲɔ˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ faː˧˧ ɲɔ˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ faː˧˧ ɲɔ˧˧]

(obsolete) Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


đìa

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 池 (“pond”, SV: trì).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">trì</i>

vi-etym-sino

(colloquial) numerous; over head and ears (in debt)


ngôn tình

[ŋon˧˧ tïŋ˨˩]

[ŋoŋ˧˧ tɨn˦˩]

[ŋoŋ˧˧ tɨn˨˩]

truyện/tiểu thuyết ngôn tình

related to young adult romantic literature, especially works from modern Chinese writers


Chân Lạp

[t͡ɕən˧˧ laːp̚˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕəŋ˧˧ laːp̚˨˩ʔ]

[cəŋ˧˧ laːp̚˨˩˨]


xuôi

về xuôi

to go back to the lowlands where one came from


Phúc Kiến

[fʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ kiəŋ˦˧˥]

[fʊwk͡p̚˦˥ kiəŋ˦˥]


Á Đông

Literary derivation of Đông Á (“East Asia”), probably to conform to Vietnamese word order.

[ʔaː˧˦ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔaː˨˩˦ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔaː˦˥ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

Phan Châu Trinh Đạo đức và luân lí Đông Tây [Eastern and Western Ideas on Morality and Ethics]:
Đem so với Á Đông đời xưa duy có mấy ông trong đời Xuân Thu, Chiến Quốc bên nước Tàu như là ông Khổng, ông Mạnh, ông Mặc, ông Lão, ông Trang có thể ngang được với mấy ông kia, còn từ đời Trần trở về sau thì cả Á Đông cũng không có người như thế nữa, chớ đừng nói đến nước Việt Nam ta. Trong nước ta bây giờ có ông nào gọi là nhà đạo đức được không? Nói xa hơn nữa thì trong triều nhà Lê có ông nào gọi là nhà đạo đức như mấy ông tôi đã kể trên không? Thế mà đời nào cũng có người được triều đình khen, được làm miếu thờ.
Now compared to East Asia, in old times there were some Spring-and-Autumn and Warring-States masters in China such as Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Laozi, Zhuangzi who could match the men above, but since the Trần dynasty there've been no men like them in all of East Asia, let alone our Vietnam. Is there now anyone in our country that can be called a morality philosopher? Or maybe if we go back to the Lê dynasty, is there still any morality philosopher like all the men I mentioned above? And yet there've been, still, men praised by courts, revered in their own temples.


bánh rán

[ʔɓajŋ̟˧˦ zaːn˧˦]

[ʔɓɛɲ˦˧˥ ʐaːŋ˦˧˥]

[ʔɓan˦˥ ɹaːŋ˦˥]

bánh (“cake”) + rán (“to fry”). The sense of "dorayaki" was popularized by the Vietnamese translation of the manga Doraemon.

A deep-fried glutinous rice ball in northern Vietnamese cuisine, filled with mung bean paste, scented with jasmine flower essence, and doused in syrup.


Mễ

(Overseas Vietnamese or obsolete) Mexico (a country in North America)


Davao

[ʔɗaː˧˦ vaːw˧˧]

[ʔɗaː˨˩˦ vaːw˧˧]

[ʔɗaː˦˥ vaːw˧˧]

[ʔɗaː˦˥ jaːw˧˧]

Davao City (an independent city, the largest in Davao del Sur, Philippines)


Cộng hoà Nhân dân Trung Hoa

共和人民中華 (CJK)

[kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩ ɲən˧˧ zən˧˧ t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ hwaː˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩ ɲəŋ˧˧ jəŋ˧˧ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ hwaː˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩ ɲəŋ˧˧ jəŋ˧˧ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ waː˧˧]

cộng hoà (“republic”) + nhân dân (“people”) + Trung Hoa (“China”), calque of Mandarin 中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó, Trung Hoa Nhân dân Cộng hoà quốc).

cal

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English


Kinh

Sino-Vietnamese word from 京 (“capital”). Doublet of kinh.
Originally used by lowlanders to distinguish themselves from those from the highlands, whom they dubbed người Trại (“outpost people”) or người Mường (“mountain villagers”).
Muong speakers (or at least, speakers of Mường Bi) call Vietnamese Chỡ (literally “market”), also referring to their capital Kẻ Chợ.

người Kinh

dân tộc Kinh


Pháp thuộc

[faːp̚˧˦ tʰuək̚˧˨ʔ]

[faːp̚˦˧˥ tʰuək̚˨˩ʔ]

[faːp̚˦˥ tʰuək̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 法屬 (“dependent on France”)

vi-etym-sino

thời Pháp thuộc

(historical, chiefly of a period of time) when Vietnam was colonized by France


Bắc thuộc

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ tʰuək̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ tʰuək̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ tʰuək̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 北屬, composed of 北 (“north; Chinese”) and 屬 (“to be subjugated by”).

thời Bắc thuộc

(historical, chiefly of a period of time) when the ethnic Vietnamese were colonized by the Chinese


Mĩ nguỵ

[mi˦ˀ˥ ŋwi˧˨ʔ]

[mɪj˧˨ ŋwɪj˨˩ʔ]

[mɪj˨˩˦ ŋwɪj˨˩˨]

Mĩ (“America”) + nguỵ (“fake”), the latter being clipped from nguỵ quyền (“fake, false → puppet regime”) and nguỵ binh ~ nguỵ quân (“puppet army”), as the Republic of Vietnam was considered and denounced as "fake", illegal, illegitimate, and puppets of the US imperialists by Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam.

military advisors
w:Military Assistance Advisory Group

Republic of Vietnam
Republic of Vietnam#English

(collective, history, derogatory) Yanks and puppets (United States' military advisors and expeditionary soldiers as well as Vietnamese who worked in Republic of Vietnam's government and military)


đế quốc Mĩ

head

đế quốc Mĩ • (帝國美)

vi-noun

đế quốc Mĩ • (帝國美)

[ʔɗe˧˦ kuək̚˧˦ mi˦ˀ˥]

[ʔɗej˨˩˦ kuək̚˦˧˥ mɪj˧˨]

[ʔɗej˦˥ wək̚˦˥ mɪj˨˩˦]

đế quốc (“empire; imperialists”, from chủ nghĩa đế quốc (“imperialism”)) + Mĩ (“America”). Compare Chinese 美帝國主義／美帝国主义 (Mĩ đế quốc chủ nghĩa), 美帝 (Mĩ đế).

cog

(collective, history) American imperialists, a name for Americans during the Vietnam War, often used comparatively with thực dân Pháp (“French colonists and colonialists”), and sometimes also with phát xít Nhật (“Japanese fascists”)


sông suối

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ suəj˧˦]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʂuj˨˩˦]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ suj˨˩˦]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʂuj˦˥]


Đội

Short for Đội Thiến niên Tiền phong Hồ Chí Minh (“Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneer Organization”).


Đội viên

[ʔɗoj˧˨ʔ viən˧˧]

[ʔɗoj˨˩ʔ viəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗoj˨˩˨ viəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗoj˨˩˨ jiəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 隊員, composed of 隊 (“troop; legion”) and 員 (“-ist”), from Đội.


Đoàn viên

[ʔɗwaːn˨˩ viən˧˧]

[ʔɗwaːŋ˦˩ viəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗwaːŋ˨˩ viəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗwaːŋ˨˩ jiəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 團員, composed of 團 (“group; team”) and 員 (“-ist”), from Đoàn.


Đảng viên

[ʔɗaːŋ˧˩ viən˧˧]

[ʔɗaːŋ˧˨ viəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːŋ˨˩˦ viəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːŋ˨˩˦ jiəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 黨員, composed of 黨 (“political party”) and 員 (“-ist”), equivalent to a blend of Đảng + đảng viên.


muôn năm

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-muôn năm.wav

From muôn (“myriad; countless”) + năm (“year”). Compare vạn tuế (literally “ten thousand years of age”).

af

Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam muôn năm!

All hail the Communist Party of Vietnam!


Gô-loa

[ɣo˧˧ lwaː˧˧]

[ɣow˧˧ l⁽ʷ⁾aː˧˧]

gà trống Gô-loa

những chú gà trống Gô-loa

"the Gallic roosters;" the French footballers


Tây Úc

[təj˧˧ ʔʊwk͡p̚˧˦]

[təj˧˧ ʔʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[təj˧˧ ʔʊwk͡p̚˦˥]


Đại Liên

[ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ liən˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ liəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ liəŋ˧˧]

Dalian (a major subprovincial city in Liaoning, in northeastern China)


Hồ Gươm

[ho˨˩ ɣɨəm˧˧]

[how˦˩ ɣɨəm˧˧]

[how˨˩ ɣɨəm˧˧]

Synonym of hồ Hoàn Kiếm (“Hoàn Kiếm Lake”)


đụn

head

đụn • (囤, 庉, 𣜲, 𫃉)

vi-noun

đụn • (囤, 庉, 𣜲, 𫃉)

[ʔɗʊwŋ͡m˨˩˨]

đụn cát


eo biển

[ʔɛw˧˧ ʔɓiən˧˩]

[ʔɛw˧˧ ʔɓiəŋ˧˨]

[ʔɛw˧˧ ʔɓiəŋ˨˩˦]

eo (“waist”) + biển (“sea”), literally “waist of the sea”.


Tân Cương

[tən˧˧ kɨəŋ˧˧]

[təŋ˧˧ kɨəŋ˧˧]

[təŋ˧˧ kɨəŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Tân Cương.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)

Xinjiang (an autonomous region of China)


Đài Trung

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˦˩ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧]


liên đội

[liən˧˧ ʔɗoj˧˨ʔ]

[liəŋ˧˧ ʔɗoj˨˩ʔ]

[liəŋ˧˧ ʔɗoj˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 聯隊 (“regiment”).

vi-etym-sino

liên đội trưởng
liên đội trưởng#Vietnamese

all the chi đội of a school; the captain is called liên đội trưởng


chi đội

[t͡ɕi˧˧ ʔɗoj˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕɪj˧˧ ʔɗoj˨˩ʔ]

[cɪj˧˧ ʔɗoj˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 支隊 (“detachment”).

(historical, military) a small detachment equivalent to a tiểu đoàn (“battalion”) or a trung đoàn (“regiment”)


chi đội trưởng

[t͡ɕi˧˧ ʔɗoj˧˨ʔ t͡ɕɨəŋ˧˩]

[t͡ɕɪj˧˧ ʔɗoj˨˩ʔ ʈɨəŋ˧˨]

[cɪj˧˧ ʔɗoj˨˩˨ ʈɨəŋ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 支隊 (“detachment”) and 長 (“head”), equivalent to chi đội + -trưởng.


chi đoàn

[t͡ɕi˧˧ ʔɗwaːn˨˩]

[t͡ɕɪj˧˧ ʔɗwaːŋ˦˩]

[cɪj˧˧ ʔɗwaːŋ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 支 (“branch”) and 團 (“team”).

chi đoàn trưởng
chi đoàn trưởng#Vietnamese

the smallest body that makes up Đoàn; itself is made up of a class of high school student members; its captain is called chi đoàn trưởng and that's not necessarily the same student as the class president


liên đội trưởng

[liən˧˧ ʔɗoj˧˨ʔ t͡ɕɨəŋ˧˩]

[liəŋ˧˧ ʔɗoj˨˩ʔ ʈɨəŋ˧˨]

[liəŋ˧˧ ʔɗoj˨˩˨ ʈɨəŋ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 聯隊 (“regiment”) and 長 (“head”), equivalent to liên đội + -trưởng.


cửa sông

[kɨə˧˩ səwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kɨə˧˨ ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kɨə˧˨ səwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kɨə˨˩˦ ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[kɨə˨˩˦ səwŋ͡m˧˧]


Chiết Giang

[t͡ɕiət̚˧˦ zaːŋ˧˧]

[t͡ɕiək̚˦˧˥ jaːŋ˧˧]

[ciək̚˦˥ jaːŋ˧˧]


Giang Tô

[zaːŋ˧˧ to˧˧]


Tô Châu

[to˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[tow˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

Suzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, China)


Lạc Việt

[laːk̚˧˨ʔ viət̚˧˨ʔ]

[laːk̚˨˩ʔ viək̚˨˩ʔ]

[laːk̚˨˩˨ viək̚˨˩˨]

[laːk̚˨˩˨ jiək̚˨˩˨]

(historical) an ancient population of the Baiyue that was, along with the Âu Việt, considered the ancestors of the Vietnamese


lãnh chúa

[lajŋ̟˦ˀ˥ t͡ɕuə˧˦]

[lɛɲ˧˨ t͡ɕuə˨˩˦]

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 領主 (“laird”, SV: lĩnh chủ, lãnh chủ)

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">lĩnh chủ, lãnh chủ</i>


Đông Lào

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ laːw˨˩]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ laːw˦˩]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ laːw˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Đông Lào.wav

đông (“east”) + Lào (“Laos”), literally “East Laos”.

similar concept mocking ultranationalism in Mainland China


bưng biền

[ʔɓɨŋ˧˧ ʔɓiən˨˩]

[ʔɓɨŋ˧˧ ʔɓiəŋ˦˩]

[ʔɓɨŋ˧˧ ʔɓiəŋ˨˩]

- Nhưng con không đành lòng ngồi học khi cha chú đều rời thành phố, vô bưng biền kháng chiến…

2016, Trầm Hương, Trong cơn lốc xoáy, part I, NXB Phụ nữ, page 397:

"But I don't feel like studying while father and you are out of the city into the mangrove swamps with the resistance…"


Đại Hàn Dân Quốc

[ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ haːn˨˩ zən˧˧ kuək̚˧˦]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ haːŋ˦˩ jəŋ˧˧ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ haːŋ˨˩ jəŋ˧˧ wək̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Đại Hàn Dân Quốc.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 大韓民國, composed of 大 (“great”), 韓 (“Korea”) and 民國 (“republic”), from Korean 대한민국 (Daehanmin'guk, literally “People's State of Great Han”), coined by Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea perhaps on the model of both or either of:
* The already established Chinese 中華民國／中华民国 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó, “Republic of China”, literally “People's State of Zhonghua”) (Trung Hoa Dân Quốc), whose name was purposefully coined by Sun Yat-sen.
* The antecedent 대한 제국 (Daehan jeguk, “Korean Empire”, literally “Emperor's State of Great Han”), whose name and governance were inspired by the Japanese 大日本帝國 (Dai-Nippon-Teikoku, “Empire of Japan”, literally “Emperor's State of Great Japan”).
The very first article of the current Constitution of the Republic of Korea references the terms 민국 (min'guk, “republic”), 민주 (minju, “democratic; republican”) and 공화국 (gonghwaguk, “republic”) just like its counterpart of the Republic of China.
대한민국은 민주공화국이다.
Daehanmin'gugeun minjugonghwagugida.
The Republic of Korea shall be a democratic republic.

quote

대한민국은 민주공화국이다.


Cao Man

[kaːw˧˧ maːŋ˧˧]

[kaːw˧˧ maːŋ˧˧]


nước Tàu

[nɨək̚˧˦ taw˨˩]

[nɨək̚˦˧˥ taw˦˩]


nước Nam

[nɨək̚˧˦ naːm˧˧]

[nɨək̚˦˧˥ naːm˧˧]

[nɨək̚˦˥ naːm˧˧]

"Nam quốc sơn hà", 1076 version, anonymous; Vietnamese translation attributed to either Trần Trọng Kim or Hoàng Xuân Hãn;
Sông núi nước Nam, vua Nam ở;
Rành rành định phận ở sách trời.
Cớ sao lũ giặc sang xâm phạm,
Chúng bây sẽ bị đánh tơi bời.
The Southern countryʼs rivers and mountains, the Southern Emperor inhabits;
The separation is manifestly allotted in the Heavenly Book.
How dare you insolent bandits come to invade it?
You lot will be utterly beaten and routed.


địa tâm

[ʔɗiə˧˨ʔ təm˧˧]

[ʔɗiə˨˩ʔ təm˧˧]

[ʔɗiə˨˩˨ təm˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 地心, composed of 地 (“earth”) and 心 (“center”). Compare Chinese 地心說／地心说 (“geocentrism”) and 地心 (dìxīn, “Earth's core”).


sông Hàn

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ haːn˨˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ haːŋ˦˩]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ haːŋ˦˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ haːŋ˨˩]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ haːŋ˨˩]

sông (“river”) + Cửa Hàn (“one of the old names of Đà Nẵng”). In the past, Hàn was written in chữ Hán as 瀚 (SV: hãn).
The eggcorn sense comes from confusion between Hán (漢, the character used for China/Han or the Han River in Korea) and Hàn (韓, the character used for the nation of (South) Korea).

com

the Hàn River (a river in Danang, Vietnam)


Đức Quốc Xã

[ʔɗɨk̚˧˦ kuək̚˧˦ saː˦ˀ˥]

[ʔɗɨk̚˦˧˥ kuək̚˦˧˥ saː˧˨]

[ʔɗɨk̚˦˥ wək̚˦˥ saː˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 德國社, composed of 德 and 國社, blend of Đức (“Germany”) + quốc gia (“nation”) + xã hội chủ nghĩa (“socialism”). See also German Nationalsozialismus (“National Socialism”).

cog

Vào lúc 4 giờ sáng ngày 22-6-1941, Đức quốc xã đã xâm phạm biên giới Liên Xô trong Chiến dịch Barbarossa và tiến về phía 3 thành phố chính là: Moscow, Leningrad và Kiev. Cuộc tấn công của quân phát xít hoàn toàn bất ngờ về mặt quân sự và chiến thuật.

2024, Tuấn Sơn, “Hồng quân Liên Xô giành chiến thắng trong Chiến tranh Vệ quốc vĩ đại như thế nào? [How Did the Soviet Union's Red Army Win the Great Patriotic War?]”, in Báo Quân Đội Nhân Dân Điện Tử [The People's Army Newspaper Online]:

At 4 AM on 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union's borders as part of Operation Barbarossa and advanced towards three main cities: Moscow, Leningrad, and Kyiv. From a military and tactical perspective, the fascists' attack was a total surprise.


chim Lạc

[t͡ɕim˧˧ laːk̚˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕim˧˧ laːk̚˨˩ʔ]

(mythology) a mythical bird that's generally considered the symbol of the Lạc Việt


con Lạc cháu Hồng

[kɔn˧˧ laːk̚˧˨ʔ t͡ɕaw˧˦ həwŋ͡m˨˩]

[kɔŋ˧˧ laːk̚˨˩ʔ t͡ɕaw˨˩˦ həwŋ͡m˦˩]

[kɔŋ˧˧ laːk̚˨˩˨ ca(ː)w˦˥ həwŋ͡m˨˩]

Blend of con cháu (“descendants”) + Lạc Việt + Hồng Bàng.

blend

(literary) Vietnamese people of noble ancestry


Âu Lạc

[ʔəw˧˧ laːk̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔəw˧˧ laːk̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔəw˧˧ laːk̚˨˩˨]

Blend of Âu Việt + Lạc Việt, Sino-Vietnamese word from 甌貉.

(history) an ancient precursor of Vietnam, formed by unifying the tribespeople Âu Việt and Lạc Việt


Âu Việt

[ʔəw˧˧ viət̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔəw˧˧ viək̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔəw˧˧ viək̚˨˩˨]

[ʔəw˧˧ jiək̚˨˩˨]

(historical) an ancient population of the Baiyue that was, along with the Lạc Việt, considered the ancestors of the Vietnamese


Nga hoàng

[ŋaː˧˧ hwaːŋ˨˩]

[ŋaː˧˧ hwaːŋ˦˩]

[ŋaː˧˧ waːŋ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 俄 (“Russia”) and 皇 (“emperor”)


Nhật hoàng

[ɲət̚˧˨ʔ hwaːŋ˨˩]

[ɲək̚˨˩ʔ hwaːŋ˦˩]

[ɲək̚˨˩˨ waːŋ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 日皇, composed of 日 (“Japan”) and 皇 (“emperor”)

Synonym of thiên hoàng (“Emperor or Empress Regnant of Japan”)


Minh Trị

[mïŋ˧˧ t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ]

[mɨn˧˧ ʈɪj˨˩ʔ]

[mɨn˧˧ ʈɪj˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 明治, from Japanese 明治 (Meiji).

Thiên hoàng Minh Trị

thời Minh Trị


Bắc Ai-len

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ ʔaːj˧˧ lɛn˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ ʔaːj˧˧ lɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ ʔaːj˧˧ lɛŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Bắc Ai-len.wav

bắc (“north”) + Ai-len (“Ireland”), calque of English Northern Ireland.


xứ Uên

[sɨ˧˦ ʔwen˧˧]

[sɨ˨˩˦ ʔwen˧˧]

[sɨ˦˥ (ʔ)wəːn˧˧]

From xứ (“land; country”) + Uên (“Wales”), calque of French pays de Galles (literally “country of Wales”).


Tô Cách Lan

[tow˧˧ kat̚˦˧˥ laːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 蘇格蘭, from Mandarin 蘇格蘭／苏格兰 (Sūgélán), from English Scotland.

Đức Thánh Cha Phanxicô cũng đang lên kế hoạch cho một số chuyến đi trong những tháng tới: đầu tiên đến Hung Gia Lợi và Slovakia vào tháng 9 và sau đó là Tô Cách Lan vào tháng 11.

2021 July 13, “Chung quanh tin Đức Giáo Hoàng sẽ thoái vị trong vài giờ nữa”, in VietCatholic News, Garden Grove, California, sourced from Catholic News Agency, retrieved 2022-02-05:

The Holy Father Pope Francis is also planning some trips in the next months: first to Hungary and Slovakia in September, then to Scotland in November.


Tạng

Sino-Vietnamese word from 藏, clipping of Tây Tạng.


Xiêm La

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 暹羅 (SV: Tiêm La). The regular reading was abundantly attested, but is now obsolete.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">Tiêm La</i>


米西基

chữ Hán form of Mễ Tây Cơ (“(Overseas Vietnamese or obsolete) Mexico (a country in North America)”).


Kim Nhật Thành

[kim˧˧ ɲət̚˧˨ʔ tʰajŋ̟˨˩]

[kim˧˧ ɲək̚˨˩ʔ tʰɛɲ˦˩]

[kim˧˧ ɲək̚˨˩˨ tʰan˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 金日成, from Korean 김일성 (Gimilseong). One of the few modern Koreans that are better known by their Sino-Vietnamese names.


Lốt

Clipping of Lốt An-giơ-lét, from English Los Angeles

(informal, US) LA, Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


Xăng Phăng

[saŋ˧˧ faŋ˧˧]

[saŋ˧˧ faŋ˧˧]

[saŋ˧˧ faŋ˧˧]

Nhưng khi vừa xuống phi trường Xăng Phăng…

2005 October 15, Kiêm Ái, “Nếu… [If…]”, in Tiếng Dân, number 174, San Jose, California: SaigonUSA News:

But as soon as he stepped foot outside the San Francisco airport…

Vì vùng San Jose, “Xăng Phăng” đất đai nhà cửa quá mắc nên nhiều hãng xưởng dọn về đây và chợ Việt, chợ Tàu mọc lên như nấm. Không như Bolsa khu chợ Việt nằm gần nhau, ở “Sắc Tô” khu thương mại Việt Nam nằm rải rác trên con đường Stockton.

2008 September 8, Trịnh Hảo Tâm, “Về Thủ Đô Sacramento”, in Vietnam Daily News, San Jose, California: Pacific Press, archived from the original on 2017-11-18:

Because housing around San Jose and "San Fran" is so expensive, many companies have moved here, and Vietnamese and Chinese markets have popped up like mushrooms. Unlike how the Vietnamese districts on Bolsa [in Little Saigon] are located close to each other, in "Sac" the Vietnamese commercial districts are scattered along Stockton Boulevard.

(informal, US) San Francisco (a city in California), San Fran


Cựu Kim Sơn

[kɨw˨˩ʔ kim˧˧ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[kɨw˨˩ʔ kim˧˧ səːŋ˧˧]

[kɨw˨˩˨ kim˧˧ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[kɨw˨˩˨ kim˧˧ səːŋ˧˧]

Chúng tôi tin rằng các nước Đồng minh đã công nhận những nguyên tắc dân tộc bình đẳng ở các Hội nghị Têhêrăng và Cựu Kim Sơn, quyết không thể không công nhận quyền độc lập của dân Việt Nam.

1945 September 2, Ho Chi Minh, Tuyên ngôn độc lập Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa [Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam], Hanoi:

We are convinced that the Allied nations, which at Tehran and San Francisco have acknowledged the principles of self-determination and equality of nations, will not refuse to acknowledge the independence of Vietnam.

Hội Người Việt Cao Niên Vùng Vịnh Cựu Kim Sơn phối hợp với các hội đoàn khác tổ chức Lễ Giỗ Quốc Tổ Hùng Vương lúc 11 giờ sáng tại Yerba Buena High School…

2019 March 23, “Sinh hoạt cộng đồng [Community activities]”, in Vietnam Daily News, San Jose, California:

The San Francisco Bay Area Elderly Vietnamese Association will meet with other groups to commemorate the Hùng Kings' Festival at 11 in the morning at Yerba Buena High School…

(dated) San Francisco (a city in California)


Ngọc Lân

[ŋawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ lən˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ ləŋ˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩˨ ləŋ˧˧]

From English New Orleans, in the style of a Vietnamese place name.

Ngọc-Lân không phải con kỳ-lân bằng ngọc mà là một loại phiên âm lạ đời của đồng bào ta ở đây để chỉ New Orleans.

1987 July 20, P.D.T., “Ngọc Lân, tình lắm anh ơi”, in Lá Thư Ái Hữu Công Chánh, number 39, page 30:

Ngọc Lân is not a unicorn made of jade but rather a bizarre phonetic transcription by our compatriots here to refer to New Orleans.

Thành-phố New Orleans, được đồng-hương đặt tên lại là NGỌC-LÂN cho dễ đọc, là một trong những thành-phố có nhiều màu sắc tại Mỹ.

1996 May 20, Lê Thành Trinh, “Thành phố Ngọc Lân tại Louisiana [The City of New Orleans, Louisiana]”, in Ái Hữu Công Chánh, number 67 (PDF), page 73:

The city of New Orleans, named Ngọc Lân by compatriots for convenience, is one of the most colorful cities in America.

Cuối năm 1975, đã có 600 người Việt cư ngụ tại Châu thành Ngọc Lân nhỏ bé thân thương này.

2014 May 21, Phaolô Nguyễn Văn Tùng, “Giáo Đoàn Công Giáo Việt Nam Tổng Giáo Phận New Orleans [Vietnamese Catholic Congregation in the Archdiocese of New Orleans]”, in VietCatholic News:

By the end of 1975, there were 600 Vietnamese residents in this tiny, beloved part of New Orleans.

Riêng trong vùng New Orleans, sau sáu (6) năm êm ấm sinh sống ổn định, hàng ngàn người Việt từ khắp nơi nghe đến xứ sở Ngọc Lân vùng nắng ấm tình người đều muốn tuôn về cư ngụ.

2021, “Lịch Sử Giáo Xứ [Parish History]”, in Giáo Xứ Maria Nữ Vương Việt Nam [Mary Queen of Vietnam Church], Mary Queen of Vietnam Church, retrieved 2023-02-04:

In New Orleans alone, after six (6) years living in harmony and stability, thousands of Vietnamese from all over heard of New Orleans, a land of sun and warmth, and all wanted to stream in to live there.

(US) New Orleans (a city in Louisiana, United States)


Hốt Tất Liệt

[hot̚˧˦ tət̚˧˦ liət̚˧˨ʔ]

[hok̚˦˧˥ tək̚˦˧˥ liək̚˨˩ʔ]

[hok̚˦˥ tək̚˦˥ liək̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 忽必烈, from Literary Chinese 忽必烈 (Hūbìliè), from Mongolian ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠠᠢ (qubilai), Хубилай (Xubilaj). Compare Mandarin 忽必烈 (Hūbìliè).


Ngũ Đại Hồ

[ŋu˦ˀ˥ ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ ho˨˩]

[ŋʊw˧˨ ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ how˦˩]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ how˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 五大湖 (“five great lakes”).

Great Lakes (group of five lakes on the United States-Canada border)


Nội Mông Cổ

[noj˧˨ʔ məwŋ͡m˧˧ ko˧˩]

[noj˨˩˨ məwŋ͡m˧˧ kow˨˩˦]

Inner Mongolia (an autonomous region of China)


Nam Triều Tiên

[naːm˧˧ t͡ɕiəw˨˩ tiən˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ ʈiw˦˩ tiəŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ ʈiw˨˩ tiəŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Nam Triều Tiên.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 南朝鮮, from Korean 남조선 (Namjoseon).


Nam Triều Tiên

[naːm˧˧ t͡ɕiəw˨˩ tiən˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ ʈiw˦˩ tiəŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ ʈiw˨˩ tiəŋ˧˧]


Ninh Hạ

[nïŋ˧˧ haː˧˨ʔ]

[nɨn˧˧ haː˨˩ʔ]

[nɨn˧˧ haː˨˩˨]


Quảng Tây

[kwaːŋ˧˩ təj˧˧]

[kwaːŋ˧˨ təj˧˧]

[waːŋ˨˩˦ təj˧˧]


Thanh Hải

[tʰajŋ̟˧˧ haːj˧˩]

[tʰɛɲ˧˧ haːj˧˨]


Vân Nam

[vəŋ˧˧ naːm˧˧]

[vəŋ˧˧ naːm˧˧]

[jəŋ˧˧ naːm˧˧]


Hắc Long Giang

[hak̚˧˦ lawŋ͡m˧˧ zaːŋ˧˧]

[hak̚˦˧˥ lawŋ͡m˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]

[hak̚˦˧˥ lɔŋ˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]

[hak̚˦˥ lawŋ͡m˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]


Liêu Ninh

[liəw˧˧ nïŋ˧˧]


Hà Bắc

[haː˨˩ ʔɓak̚˧˦]

[haː˦˩ ʔɓak̚˦˧˥]

[haː˨˩ ʔɓak̚˦˥]


Quý Châu

[kwi˧˦ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[kwɪj˨˩˦ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[wɪj˦˥ cəw˧˧]


An Huy

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ hwɪj˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ wɪj˧˧]


Sơn Đông

[səːn˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]


Hồ Bắc

[ho˨˩ ʔɓak̚˧˦]

[how˦˩ ʔɓak̚˦˧˥]

[how˨˩ ʔɓak̚˦˥]


Thiểm Tây

[tʰiəm˧˩ təj˧˧]

[tʰiəm˧˨ təj˧˧]

[tʰim˨˩˦ təj˧˧]


Cam Túc

[kaːm˧˧ tʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Cam Túc.wav


Sơn Tây

[səːn˧˧ təj˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]


Giang Tây

[zaːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[jaːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[jaːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]


Bách Tế

[ʔɓajk̟̚˧˦ te˧˦]

[ʔɓat̚˦˧˥ tej˨˩˦]

[ʔɓat̚˦˥ tej˦˥]

Three Kingdoms of Korea
w:Three Kingdoms of Korea

Baekje (one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea)


Tân La

[tən˧˧ laː˧˧]

[təŋ˧˧ laː˧˧]

[təŋ˧˧ laː˧˧]

Silla (one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea)


Xi-be-ri-a

[si˧˧ ʔɓɛ˧˧ ɹi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[si˧˧ ʔɓɛ˧˧ zi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[sɪj˧˧ ʔɓɛ˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[sɪj˧˧ ʔɓɛ˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Tây Bá Lợi Á

[təj˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˦ ləːj˧˨ʔ ʔaː˧˦]

[təj˧˧ ʔɓaː˨˩˦ ləːj˨˩ʔ ʔaː˨˩˦]

[təj˧˧ ʔɓaː˦˥ ləːj˨˩˨ ʔaː˦˥]

(obsolete) Siberia (the region of Russia in Asia)


愛國歌

chữ Hán form of Ái quốc ca (“Aegukka, the North Korean national anthem”).

chữ Hán form of Ái quốc ca (“Aegukga, the South Korean national anthem”).


Úc Châu

Nhà nghiên cứu hàng đầu tại Đại học Quốc gia Úc Châu (ANU) là giáo sư Emma Banks cho biết, cuộc nghiên cứu được xem là sâu xa nhất từ trước đến nay trên thế giới, đã nêu bật việc hút thuốc gây nguy cơ đến hệ thống tim mạch như thế nào.

2019, “Vẫn còn hút thuốc? Có nguy cơ đột quỵ hay bệnh tim gấp 3 lần”SBS Việt Ngữ:

Professor Emma Banks, leading researcher from the Australian National University (ANU), says the study, considered most in-depth in the world thus far, has highlighted just how dangerous smoking is to the cardiovascular system.

Cộng đồng người Việt Úc Châu vừa vinh dự có thêm một thành viên được trao tặng Huy chương Phục vụ cộng đồng và nhân sinh.

2019, “Hạt giống yêu thương (256) Từ anh thợ sơn đến Bác sĩ chuyên khoa và Huy Chương OAM của Nữ Hoàng”SBS Việt Ngữ:

The Vietnamese Australian community is honoured to have another member just awarded the Medal (of the Order of Australia) for his community services.

Alternative spelling of Úc châu: Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)


bốn bể

[ʔɓon˧˦ ʔɓe˧˩]

[ʔɓoŋ˦˧˥ ʔɓej˧˨]

[ʔɓoŋ˦˥ ʔɓej˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-bốn bể.wav

bốn (“four”) + bể (“sea; ocean”), calque of Chinese 四海 (tứ hải, “four seas”).


Bắc Âu

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ ʔəw˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ ʔəw˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ ʔəw˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 北歐, composed of 北 (“north”) and 歐 (“Europe”).


Bắc Âu

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ ʔəw˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ ʔəw˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ ʔəw˧˧]


Thành Đô

[tʰajŋ̟˨˩ ʔɗo˧˧]

[tʰɛɲ˦˩ ʔɗow˧˧]

[tʰan˨˩ ʔɗow˧˧]

Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)


Hán ngữ

[haːn˧˦ ŋɨ˦ˀ˥]

[haːŋ˦˧˥ ŋɨ˧˨]

[haːŋ˦˥ ŋɨ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 漢語, composed of 漢 (“Han”) and 語 (“language”)

the "Chinese language"; Standard (Mandarin) Chinese


Đế quốc Áo-Hung

[ʔɗe˧˦ kuək̚˧˦ ʔaːw˧˦ hʊwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɗej˨˩˦ kuək̚˦˧˥ ʔaːw˨˩˦ hʊwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɗej˦˥ wək̚˦˥ ʔaːw˦˥ hʊwŋ͡m˧˧]

đế quốc + Áo + Hung. Calque of Chinese 奧匈帝國／奥匈帝国 (Ào-Xiōng Dìguó).


Tứ Hải

[tɨ˧˦ haːj˧˩]

[tɨ˨˩˦ haːj˧˨]

[tɨ˦˥ haːj˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Tứ Hải.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 四海, composed of 四 (“four”) and 海 (“sea”).

vi-etym-sino

(Chinese mythology) the four major seas where the four Dragon Kings reign


Trung Quốc đại lục

[t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ kuək̚˧˦ ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ lʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ kuək̚˦˧˥ ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ lʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ wək̚˦˥ ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ lʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 中國大陸, composed of 中國 (“China”) and 大陸 (“continent; mainland”), from Mandarin 中國大陸／中国大陆 (Zhōngguó dàlù).


Hồng Hải

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ haːj˧˩]

[həwŋ͡m˦˩ haːj˧˨]

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ haːj˨˩˦]


cao khảo

[kaːw˧˧ kʰaːw˨˩˦]

(education) China's annual National Higher Education Entrance Examination.


Đế quốc La Mã Thần thánh

帝國羅馬神聖 (CJK)

[ʔɗe˧˦ kuək̚˧˦ laː˧˧ maː˦ˀ˥ tʰən˨˩ tʰajŋ̟˧˦]

[ʔɗej˨˩˦ kuək̚˦˧˥ laː˧˧ maː˧˨ tʰəŋ˦˩ tʰɛɲ˦˧˥]

[ʔɗej˦˥ wək̚˦˥ laː˧˧ maː˨˩˦ tʰəŋ˨˩ tʰan˦˥]

Đế quốc La Mã (“the Roman Empire”) + thần thánh (“holy”), calque of Chinese 神聖羅馬帝國／神圣罗马帝国 (Thần thánh La Mã Đế quốc). Compare Japanese 神聖ローマ帝国 (Shinsei Rōma Teikoku) and Korean 신성 로마 제국 (Sinseong Roma Jeguk).

cal

Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire#English


Hàn lưu

[haːŋ˦˩ lɨw˧˧]

[haːŋ˨˩ lɨw˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Hàn lưu.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 韓流, from Korean 한류 (hallyu).

the Korean Wave (spread of South Korean entertainment in other parts of the world)


Tôn Tử

[toŋ˧˧ tɨ˧˨]

[toŋ˧˧ tɨ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 孫子, from Chinese 孫子／孙子


eo biển Manche

[ʔɛw˧˧ ʔɓiən˧˩ maŋ˧˧ səː˧˧]

[ʔɛw˧˧ ʔɓiəŋ˧˨ maŋ˧˧ ʂəː˧˧]

[ʔɛw˧˧ ʔɓiəŋ˧˨ maŋ˧˧ səː˧˧]

[ʔɛw˧˧ ʔɓiəŋ˨˩˦ maŋ˧˧ ʂəː˧˧]

[ʔɛw˧˧ ʔɓiəŋ˨˩˦ maŋ˧˧ səː˧˧]

Calque of French La Manche; compound of eo biển (“strait”) + Manche.


Đa Đảo

[ʔɗaː˧˧ ʔɗaːw˧˩]

[ʔɗaː˧˧ ʔɗaːw˧˨]

[ʔɗaː˧˧ ʔɗaːw˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 多 (“poly-”) and 島 (“island”), calque of French Polynésie.

vi-etym-sino

(now uncommon) Polynesia (a region of Oceania)


Nhân Xuyên

[ɲən˧˧ swiən˧˧]

[ɲəŋ˧˧ swiəŋ˧˧]

[ɲəŋ˧˧ s⁽ʷ⁾iəŋ˧˧]


Guy-an

[ɣwi˧˧ ʔaːn˧˧]

[ɣwɪj˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

[ɣwɪj˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

administrative region
administrative region

French Guiana (an overseas department and administrative region of France in South America)


châu Mĩ

[t͡ɕəw˧˧ mi˦ˀ˥]

[t͡ɕəw˧˧ mɪj˧˨]

[cəw˧˧ mɪj˨˩˦]

châu (“continent”) + Mĩ (“America”), calque of Chinese 美洲 (Mĩ châu).

So với các châu lục khác, châu Mĩ nằm trải dài trên nhiều vĩ độ hơn cả, từ vùng cực Bắc đến tận vùng cực Nam.

2011, “Phần ba - Thiên nhiên và con người ở các châu lục / Chương VII - Châu Mĩ / Bài 35 : Khái quát châu Mĩ / 1. Một lãnh thổ rộng lớn [Part Three - Nature and Peoples in the Continents / Chapter VII - The Americas / Lesson 35: The Americas, in General / 1. A Vast Territory]”, in Địa lí 7 [Geography 7], Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục Việt Nam, page 109:

Compared to other "geopolitical continents", the Americas span the most latitudes, from their northernmost point all the way to their southernmost point.


châu Phi

[t͡ɕəw˧˧ fi˧˧]

[t͡ɕəw˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

[cəw˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

châu + Phi, calque of Chinese 非洲 (Phi châu).

Đường bờ biển châu Phi ít bị chia cắt, rất ít các vịnh biển, bán đảo và đảo ; lớn hơn cả là đảo Ma-đa-ga-xca và bán đảo Xô-ma-li.

2011, “Phần ba - Thiên nhiên và con người ở các châu lục / Chương VI - Châu Phi / Bài 26 : Thiên nhiên châu Phi / 1. Vị trí địa lí [Part Three - Nature and Peoples in the Continents / Lesson 26: Nature of Africa / 1. Geographic Location]”, in Địa lí 7 [Geography 7], Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục Việt Nam, page 82:

The overall coastline of Africa is quite contiguous, with few gulfs, peninsulas and islands; the largest ones are the island of Madagascar and the Somali Peninsula.


mị nương

[mi˧˨ʔ nɨəŋ˧˧]

[mɪj˨˩ʔ nɨəŋ˧˧]

[mɪj˨˩˨ nɨəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 媚 (“pretty; darling”) and 娘 (“daughter”).


Ngưỡng Quang

[ŋɨəŋ˦ˀ˥ kwaːŋ˧˧]

[ŋɨəŋ˧˨ kwaːŋ˧˧]

[ŋɨəŋ˨˩˦ waːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 仰光 (“Yangon”), from Burmese ရန်ကုန် (rankun).


Nê-đéc-lan

[ne˧˧ ʔɗɛk̚˧˦ laːn˧˧]

[nej˧˧ ʔɗɛk̚˦˧˥ laːŋ˧˧]

[nej˧˧ ʔɗɛk̚˦˥ laːŋ˧˧]


Nam Âu

[naːm˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 南歐, composed of 南 (“south”) and 歐 (“Europe”).


Nam Âu

[naːm˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]


Đông Âu

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 東歐, composed of 東 (“east”) and 歐 (“Europe”).


Tây Âu

[təj˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

[təj˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

[təj˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 西歐, composed of 西 (“west”) and 歐 (“Europe”).


Tây Âu

[təj˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

[təj˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

[təj˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]


Trung Âu

[t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔəw˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 中歐, composed of 中 (“center”) and 歐 (“Europe”).


Phi châu

[fi˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[fɪj˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[fɪj˧˧ cəw˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 非洲, composed of 非 (“Africa”) and 洲 (“continent”).


Mĩ châu

[mi˦ˀ˥ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[mɪj˧˨ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[mɪj˨˩˦ cəw˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 美洲, composed of 美 (“America”) and 洲 (“continent”).


Pa-lét-xtin

[paː˧˧ lɛt̚˦˧˥ stin˧˧]

[paː˧˧ lɛk̚˦˥ stɨn˧˧]


Khải Hoàn Môn

[kʰaːj˧˨ hwaːŋ˦˩ moŋ˧˧]

[xaːj˧˨ hwaːŋ˦˩ moŋ˧˧]

[kʰaːj˨˩˦ waːŋ˨˩ moŋ˧˧]

[xaːj˨˩˦ waːŋ˨˩ moŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 凱 (“victorious”), 還 (“return”) and 門 (“gate”). Compare Chinese 凱旋門／凯旋门 (kǎixuánmén, “triumphal arch”).


tượng Nữ thần Tự do

[tɨəŋ˧˨ʔ nɨ˦ˀ˥ tʰən˨˩ tɨ˧˨ʔ zɔ˧˧]

[tɨəŋ˨˩ʔ nɨ˧˨ tʰəŋ˦˩ tɨ˨˩ʔ jɔ˧˧]

[tɨəŋ˨˩˨ nɨ˨˩˦ tʰəŋ˨˩ tɨ˨˩˨ jɔ˧˧]

Calque of Chinese 自由女神像 (Zìyóunǚshénxiàng), tượng (“statue”) + nữ thần (“goddess”) + tự do (“liberty”).


Nguỵ

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (266–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

(historical) Wei, an ancient Chinese state

(historical) the Northern Wei dynasty (386–535 C.E.)


Hòn Vọng Phu

[hɔn˨˩ vawŋ͡m˧˨ʔ fu˧˧]

[hɔŋ˦˩ vawŋ͡m˨˩ʔ fʊw˧˧]

[hɔŋ˦˩ vɔŋ˨˩ʔ fʊw˧˧]

[hɔŋ˨˩ vawŋ͡m˨˩˨ fʊw˧˧]

[hɔŋ˨˩ jawŋ͡m˨˩˨ fʊw˧˧]

hòn (rock/stone/pebble classifier) + Chinese 望夫 (literally “to wait for the husband”), calque of Chinese 望夫石 (Vọng Phu Thạch, “Amah Rock”), from the myth about a woman who faithfully waited for her husband for so long that she became petrified.


Tân Đảo

head

Tân Đảo • (新島)

[tən˧˧ ʔɗaːw˧˩]

[təŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːw˧˨]

[təŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːw˨˩˦]

From tân (“new in Sino-Vietnamese”) + đảo (“island”).

com

(archaic) Vanuatu, New Hebrides (a country and archipelago in Melanesia in Oceania)


hồng vệ binh

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ ve˧˨ʔ ʔɓïŋ˧˧]

[həwŋ͡m˦˩ vej˨˩ʔ ʔɓɨn˧˧]

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ vej˨˩˨ ʔɓɨn˧˧]

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ jej˨˩˨ ʔɓɨn˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 紅衛兵, composed of 紅 (“red”) and 衛兵 (“guard”), an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 紅衛兵／红卫兵 (hóngwèibīng).

zh-l

紅衛兵／红卫兵 (hóngwèibīng)


Đông Bắc Á

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓak̚˧˦ ʔaː˧˦]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ ʔaː˨˩˦]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓak̚˦˥ ʔaː˦˥]


sông Hương

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

the Perfume River (a river in Hue, Thừa Thiên Huế, Vietnam)


bể bơi

[ʔɓe˧˩ ʔɓəːj˧˧]

[ʔɓej˧˨ ʔɓəːj˧˧]

[ʔɓej˨˩˦ ʔɓəːj˧˧]


sông Đà

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗaː˨˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗaː˦˩]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗaː˦˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗaː˨˩]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗaː˨˩]

the Black River (a river in Vietnam, China)


Ba-ren

[ʔɓaː˧˧ ɹɛn˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ zɛn˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ ɹɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ ɹɛŋ˧˧]

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


Ê-rê-van

[ʔe˧˧ ɹe˧˧ vaːn˧˧]

[ʔe˧˧ ze˧˧ vaːn˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ɹej˧˧ vaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ɹej˧˧ vaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ɹej˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]


Pra-ha

[pɹaː˧˧ haː˧˧]

[pɹaː˧˧ haː˧˧]

[pɹaː˧˧ haː˧˧]

Prague (the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic)


Bu-đa-pét

[ʔɓu˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ pɛt̚˧˦]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ pɛt̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ pɛk̚˦˥]

Budapest (the capital and largest city of Hungary)


Li-xboa

[li˧˧ sʔɓwaː˧˧]

[lɪj˧˧ sʔɓwaː˧˧]

[lɪj˧˧ sʔɓwaː˧˧]


Bu-ca-rét

[ʔɓu˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹɛt̚˧˦]

[ʔɓu˧˧ kaː˧˧ zɛt̚˧˦]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹɛt̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹɛk̚˦˥]

Bucharest (the capital and largest city of Romania)


Ma-đrít

[maː˧˧ ʔɗɹit̚˧˦]

[maː˧˧ ʔɗɹit̚˦˧˥]

[maː˧˧ ʔɗɹɨt̚˦˥]

Madrid (the capital and largest city of Spain)


Da-grép

[zaː˧˧ ɣɹɛp̚˧˦]

[jaː˧˧ ɣɹɛp̚˦˧˥]

[jaː˧˧ ɣɹɛp̚˦˥]

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


Sách Phi Á

[sajk̟̚˧˦ fi˧˧ ʔaː˧˦]

[ʂat̚˦˧˥ fɪj˧˧ ʔaː˨˩˦]

[sat̚˦˧˥ fɪj˧˧ ʔaː˨˩˦]

[ʂat̚˦˥ fɪj˧˧ ʔaː˦˥]

[sat̚˦˥ fɪj˧˧ ʔaː˦˥]

索非亞／索非亚 (Suǒfēiyà)


Xô-phi-a

[so˧˧ fi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[sow˧˧ fɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[sow˧˧ fɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Brúc-xen

[ʔɓɹʊwk͡p̚˧˦ sɛn˧˧]

[ʔɓɹʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ sɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓɹʊwk͡p̚˦˥ sɛŋ˧˧]


Cô-pen-ha-ghen

[ko˧˧ pɛn˧˧ haː˧˧ ɣɛn˧˧]

[kow˧˧ pɛŋ˧˧ haː˧˧ ɣɛŋ˧˧]

[kow˧˧ pɛŋ˧˧ haː˧˧ ɣɛŋ˧˧]

Copenhagen (the capital and largest city of Denmark)


Cô-pen-ha-gen

[ko˧˧ pɛn˧˧ haː˧˧ ɣɛn˧˧]

[kow˧˧ pɛŋ˧˧ haː˧˧ ɣɛŋ˧˧]

[kow˧˧ pɛŋ˧˧ haː˧˧ ɣɛŋ˧˧]


Am-xtéc-đam

[ʔaːm˧˧ stɛk̚˧˦ ʔɗaːm˧˧]

[ʔaːm˧˧ stɛk̚˦˧˥ ʔɗaːm˧˧]

[ʔaːm˧˧ stɛk̚˦˥ ʔɗaːm˧˧]

Amsterdam (the capital city of the Netherlands)


Bắc Ma-xê-đô-ni-a

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ maː˧˧ se˧˧ ʔɗo˧˧ ni˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ maː˧˧ sej˧˧ ʔɗow˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ maː˧˧ sej˧˧ ʔɗow˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

North Macedonia
North Macedonia#English:_Q221

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

North Macedonia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Can-bơ-rơ

[kaːn˧˧ ʔɓəː˧˧ ɹəː˧˧]

[kaːn˧˧ ʔɓəː˧˧ zəː˧˧]

[kaːŋ˧˧ ʔɓəː˧˧ ɹəː˧˧]

[kaːŋ˧˧ ʔɓəː˧˧ ɹəː˧˧]

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

Canberra (the capital city of Australia; located in the Australian Capital Territory)


Ma Ní

[maː˧˧ nɪj˨˩˦]

[maː˧˧ nɪj˦˥]

Nó rước ban nhạc Ma-Ní (Manille, ý nói ban nhạc Phi Luật Tân) tài tình; nó lại còn kêu bọn xẩm khiêu vũ Thượng Hãi, để ăn uống xong rồi chúng ta nhảy đầm chơi tới sáng.

1940, Hồ Biểu Chánh, “Chương II”, in Đoạn tình:

Manila (the capital city of the Philippines)


Ri-ga

[ɹi˧˧ ɣaː˧˧]

[ɹɪj˧˧ ɣaː˧˧]

[ɹɪj˧˧ ɣaː˧˧]


Hen-xin-ki

[hɛŋ˧˧ sin˧˧ kɪj˧˧]

[hɛŋ˧˧ sɨn˧˧ kɪj˧˧]


Đạp Lân

[ʔɗaːp̚˧˨ʔ lən˧˧]

[ʔɗaːp̚˨˩ʔ ləŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːp̚˨˩˨ ləŋ˧˧]


Xan Ma-ri-nô

[saːn˧˧ maː˧˧ ɹi˧˧ no˧˧]

[saːŋ˧˧ maː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ now˧˧]

[saːŋ˧˧ maː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ now˧˧]

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


Đu-blin

[ʔɗu˧˧ ʔɓlin˧˧]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ ʔɓlin˧˧]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ ʔɓlɨn˧˧]


Cô-xô-vô

Kosovo (A partly-recognized country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


quan lang

[kwaːŋ˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]

[waːŋ˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 官 (“official”) and 郎 (“son”).


Min-xcơ

[mɨn˧˧ skəː˧˧]


Uy Nhĩ Sĩ

[ʔwi˧˧ ɲi˦ˀ˥ si˦ˀ˥]

[ʔwɪj˧˧ ɲɪj˧˨ ʂɪj˧˨]

[ʔwɪj˧˧ ɲɪj˧˨ sɪj˧˨]

[(ʔ)wɪj˧˧ ɲɪj˨˩˦ ʂɪj˨˩˦]

[(ʔ)wɪj˧˧ ɲɪj˨˩˦ sɪj˨˩˦]

(obsolete) Wales (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


Ki-ép

[ki˧˧ ʔɛp̚˧˦]

[kɪj˧˧ ʔɛp̚˦˧˥]

[kɪj˧˧ ʔɛp̚˦˥]


Ê-đin-brơ

[ʔe˧˧ ʔɗin˧˧ ʔɓɹəː˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ʔɗin˧˧ ʔɓɹəː˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ʔɗɨn˧˧ ʔɓɹəː˧˧]

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland)


Trung Á

[t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔaː˧˦]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔaː˨˩˦]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔaː˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 中亞, composed of 中 (“center”) and 亞 (“Asia”).


Chí Lợi

[t͡ɕi˧˦ ləːj˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕɪj˨˩˦ ləːj˨˩ʔ]

[cɪj˦˥ ləːj˨˩˨]

Trước đó, năm 1999, thi thể đông lạnh của ba em đã do các nhà nhân chủng và khảo cổ học tìm thấy trên đỉnh một ngọn núi lửa tên Llullaillaco ở Á Căn Đình (Argentina) gần biên giới Chí Lợi (Chile).

2015 February 27, Trịnh Thanh Thủy, “Tìm Về ‘Thành Phố Mất Tích’ Của Người Inca”, in Việt Báo, Garden Grove, California, retrieved 2022-02-14:

Earlier, in 1999, the frozen corpses of the three sisters were discovered by anthropologists and archaeologists atop a peak named Llullaillaco in Argentina near the border with Chile.

Sau nghi thức tiễn biệt, lúc 5h05, ngài giã từ Chí Lợi để bay tới thủ đô Lima của Peru.

2018 January 11, Đặng Tự Do, “Thành phố Iquique, thủ đô của các lễ hội Công Giáo ở Chí Lợi”, in VietCatholic News, Garden Grove, California, retrieved 2022-02-14:

After the sendoff, at 5:05, his holiness bid farewell to Chile en route to Lima, the capital of Peru.

(dated) Chile (a country in South America)


Uy Kiên

[ʔwɪj˧˧ kiəŋ˧˧]

[(ʔ)wɪj˧˧ kiəŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Uy Kiên.wav

(dated) Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


u cà

[ʔu˧˧ kaː˨˩]

[ʔʊw˧˧ kaː˦˩]

[ʔʊw˧˧ kaː˨˩]

Clipping of U-crai-na, from Russian Украина (Ukraina).


Gioóc-gia

[zɔk̚˧˦ zaː˧˧]

[jɔk̚˦˧˥ jaː˧˧]

[jɔk̚˦˥ jaː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Gioóc-gia.wav

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)

Ở một số hệ thống, người ta sử dụng các mẫu kê khai đặc biệt dành cho các ứng cử viên vào các chức vụ công, thí dụ như ở Bê-la-rút và Gioóc-gia.

2015, Quy định về kê khai tài sản đối với công chức: một công cụ để phòng ngừa tham nhũng [Asset Declarations for Public Officials: A Tool to Prevent Corruption], Hanoi: Labour Publishing House, page 62:

In some systems special forms are used for candidates for official positions, for example in Belarus and Georgia.

Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


tả ngạn

[taː˧˩ ŋaːn˧˨ʔ]

[taː˧˨ ŋaːŋ˨˩ʔ]

[taː˨˩˦ ŋaːŋ˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 左岸, composed of 左 (“left”) and 岸 (“bank”).

the left bank (river bank to the left when facing downstream)


Xanh Kít và Nê-vít

[sajŋ̟˧˧ kit̚˧˦ vaː˨˩ ne˧˧ vit̚˧˦]

[sɛɲ˧˧ kit̚˦˧˥ vaː˦˩ nej˧˧ vit̚˦˧˥]

[san˧˧ kɨt̚˦˥ vaː˨˩ nej˧˧ vɨt̚˦˥]

[san˧˧ kɨt̚˦˥ jaː˨˩ nej˧˧ jɨt̚˦˥]

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English

Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country consisting of two islands in the Caribbean)


Thu Bồn

[tʰu˧˧ ʔɓon˨˩]

[tʰʊw˧˧ ʔɓoŋ˦˩]

[tʰʊw˧˧ ʔɓoŋ˨˩]

lưu vực Thu Bồn

(sông ～) A river in Quảng Nam province, Vietnam.


Phú Lãng Sa

[fu˧˦ laːŋ˦ˀ˥ saː˧˧]

[fʊw˨˩˦ laːŋ˧˨ ʂaː˧˧]

[fʊw˨˩˦ laːŋ˧˨ saː˧˧]

[fʊw˦˥ laːŋ˨˩˦ ʂaː˧˧]

[fʊw˦˥ laːŋ˨˩˦ saː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 富浪沙, from French France. Attested in the treaty of Saigon, 1862

The Emperor of France, Emperor of Spain, and Emperor of Đại Nam hereby urgently express their wish to conciliate the dispute and achieve longlasting peace.

今大富浪沙國大皇帝、大衣坡儒國大皇帝、大南國大皇帝切願將三國不協之處調和，以敦永好。


Á Tế Á

[ʔaː˧˦ te˧˦ ʔaː˧˦]

[ʔaː˨˩˦ tej˨˩˦ ʔaː˨˩˦]

[ʔaː˦˥ tej˦˥ ʔaː˦˥]

Nước Việt-nam ở về phía đông-nam châu Á-tế-á[…]

1920, Trần Trọng Kim, Việt Nam sử lược, volume I, Trung Bắc Tân Văn, page 4:

The country of Vietnam is located in the southeast of the continent of Asia […]


Chi Na

[t͡ɕi˧˧ naː˧˧]

[t͡ɕɪj˧˧ naː˧˧]

[cɪj˧˧ naː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Chi Na.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 支那. Much of its usage is based on that of Japanese 支那 (Shina).

1884, Hikita Toshiaki (Dẫn Điền Lợi Chương) "Bài tựa thứ hai (Second preface)" to Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (Complete Historical Records of Đại Việt); c. 1906 Vietnamese translation by Phan Chu Trinh
Nước Nhật Bản ta cùng với các nước đồng văn là Chi Na, là Triều Tiên, là An Nam.

Our country, Japan, shares the same writing system with these other countries, which are China, Joseon, and Annam.

Người Nhựt từ xưa họ kêu người Tàu là "Đường", bởi họ thông với Trung Quốc bắt đầu từ đời Đường vậy. Thế nhưng gần đây, từ hồi có giao thiệp với các nước trong thế giới thì họ kêu Tàu bằng "Chi-na".

1932 February 27, Phan Khôi, “Người Nhựt đặt tên Mãn Châu là Đại Trung Quốc, có ý gì? [What is the reason for the Japanese to rename Manchuria "Great Middle Country"?]”, in Trung lập, number 6667, Saigon:

Since time immemorial, the Japanese have referred to Chinamen as "Tang" as they had established relations with the Middle Country since the Tang Dynasty. Recently, however, that they have established relations with the other countries of the world, they have decided to call that Chinamen['s country] "China".

(rare, obsolete) China (in certain contexts)


Tiểu Á Tế Á

[tiəw˧˩ ʔaː˧˦ te˧˦ ʔaː˧˦]

[tiw˧˨ ʔaː˨˩˦ tej˨˩˦ ʔaː˨˩˦]

[tiw˨˩˦ ʔaː˦˥ tej˦˥ ʔaː˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 小亞細亞, composed of 小 (“small”) and 亞細亞 (“Asia”).

Nguyên dân Do-Thái (Juifs) ở về phía tây Tiểu-á-tế-á, xưa nay vẫn sùng phụng một vị thần Jehovah.

1915, Phan Kế Bính, Việt Nam phong tục [Vietnamese customs]:

The Jewish people hail from the region of Asia Minor and continue to worship Jehovah.

Sanh viên của những nước A phú hãn, Trung Á, Hy lạp và Tiểu Á tế Á đều đến đó học tập.

1958, Van-hóa Á-châu [Asian culture], Hội Việt-Nam nghiên-cứu liên-lạc văn-hoá Á-châu, page 79:

Students from the countries of Afghanistan, Central Asia, Greece, and Asia Minor all went there to study.

Thiên chúa giáo khởi nguyên ở Tiểu Á Tế Á, Hồi giáo ở A Ra Ba , Phật giáo ở Ấn Độ , Lạt Ma giáo ở Tây Tạng , Nho giáo ở Trung Quốc , đó là chưa kể những bàng môn ngoại đạo ở các nước nhỏ[…]

2003, Xuân Huy Cao, Tác phẩm được tặng giải thưởng Hồ Chí Minh: tư tưởng phương Đông gợi những điểm nhìn tham chiếu:

The Christian faith originated in Asia Minor, Islam in Arabia, Buddhism in India, "Lamaism" (Tibetan Buddhism) in Tibet, Ruism (Confucianism) in China, not to mention the numerous other religions in the small countries […]


hữu ngạn

[hiw˦ˀ˥ ŋaːn˧˨ʔ]

[hɨw˧˨ ŋaːŋ˨˩ʔ]

[hɨw˨˩˦ ŋaːŋ˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 右岸, composed of 右 (“right”) and 岸 (“bank”).

the right bank (river bank to the right when facing downstream)


Cao Hùng

[kaːw˧˧ hʊwŋ͡m˨˩]

[kaːw˧˧ hʊwŋ͡m˦˩]

[kaːw˧˧ hʊwŋ͡m˨˩]


Bạch Đằng

[ʔɓajk̟̚˧˨ʔ ʔɗaŋ˨˩]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩ʔ ʔɗaŋ˦˩]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩˨ ʔɗaŋ˨˩]

(sông ～) A river in Quảng Ninh and Hải Phòng provinces, Vietnam.


tuyền

(only in compounds) spring (source of water)


sông Cái

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˧˦]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˨˩˦]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˨˩˦]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˦˥]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˦˥]

sông (“river”) + cái (“mother”), literally "mother river", or, sông (“river”) + cái (“great, main”), means "Great River"; both interpretations might be correct, because both meanings are from the same etymology. This word was transliterated by the French as Song-Koï and Song-Coï.
This was the original name of the Red River, but later used to refer to many other rivers of Vietnam. May be related to other Vietnamese river names such as Cái Lớn, Cái Bé, Cái Mép, Cái Vùng, Cái Tàu and Cái Cối.
For some semantic parallels, compare Coptic ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ (peiero), ⲫ̀ⲓⲁⲣⲟ (ph̀iaro, “the Nile”), Spanish Río Grande, Korean 한강(漢江) (han'gang, “Han river”) (where 漢 is a phonogram used to write the native Korean morpheme for "big", see Middle Korean 하다〮 (hàtá)).

(historical) Red River (a river in northern Vietnam and Yunnan, southern China)

The Cái River (a river in Quảng Nam, Vietnam)

The Cái River (a river in Bình Định, Vietnam)

The Cái River (a river in Phú Yên, Vietnam)

The Cái River (a river in Ninh Hoà, Khánh Hoà, Vietnam)

The Cái River (a river in Nha Trang, Khánh Hoà, Vietnam)

The Cái River (a river in Bình Thuận, Vietnam)


Úc châu

[ʔʊwk͡p̚˧˦ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[ʔʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[ʔʊwk͡p̚˦˥ cəw˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 澳洲 (“Australia”).

(formal, now chiefly Overseas Vietnamese) Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)


Hạ Lan

[haː˧˨ʔ laːn˧˧]

[haː˨˩ʔ laːŋ˧˧]

[haː˨˩˨ laːŋ˧˧]

Eggcorn of Hà Lan. Calque of Dutch Nederland, Sino-Vietnamese word from 下 (“nether”) and 蘭 (“-land”).


Vẹc Sai

[vɛk̚˧˨ʔ saːj˧˧]

[vɛk̚˨˩ʔ ʂaːj˧˧]

[vɛk̚˨˩ʔ saːj˧˧]

[vɛk̚˨˩˨ ʂaːj˧˧]

[jɛk̚˨˩˨ saːj˧˧]

Named by Vietnamese-American residents in the 1970s after the Versailles Arms apartment complex where they first settled upon arriving in New Orleans.

(US) Versailles (a neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States)


Lát Vê-gát

[laːt̚˧˦ ve˧˧ ɣaːt̚˧˦]

[laːk̚˦˧˥ vej˧˧ ɣaːk̚˦˧˥]

[laːk̚˦˥ vej˧˧ ɣaːk̚˦˥]

[laːk̚˦˥ jej˧˧ ɣaːk̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Lát Vê-gát.wav

Las Vegas (a city in Nevada, United States)


ốc đảo

[ʔəwk͡p̚˧˦ ʔɗaːw˧˩]

[ʔəwk͡p̚˦˧˥ ʔɗaːw˧˨]

[ʔəwk͡p̚˦˥ ʔɗaːw˨˩˦]


Hàng Châu

[haːŋ˨˩ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[haːŋ˦˩ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[haːŋ˨˩ cəw˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Hàng Châu.wav

Hangzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, in eastern China)


Đường Sơn

[ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩ səːn˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˦˩ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˦˩ səːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩ səːŋ˧˧]

Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)


Xin-ga-po

[sin˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ pɔ˧˧]

[sin˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ pɔ˧˧]

[sɨn˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ pɔ˧˧]

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


sở trưởng

[səː˧˩ t͡ɕɨəŋ˧˩]

[ʂəː˧˨ ʈɨəŋ˧˨]

[səː˧˨ ʈɨəŋ˧˨]

[ʂəː˨˩˦ ʈɨəŋ˨˩˦]

[səː˨˩˦ ʈɨəŋ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 所長, composed of 所 (“department; institute; agency”) and 長 (“chief”), from Chinese 所長／所长. Doublet of sở trường.

the head of a 所 (suǒ, “department; institute”) in China


chủ thể

[t͡ɕu˧˩ tʰe˧˩]

[t͡ɕʊw˧˨ tʰej˧˨]

[cʊw˨˩˦ tʰej˨˩˦]

Juche (the state ideology of North Korea)


Béc-lanh

[ʔɓɛk̚˧˦ lajŋ̟˧˧]

[ʔɓɛk̚˦˧˥ lɛɲ˧˧]

[ʔɓɛk̚˦˥ lan˧˧]


Béc-lin

[ʔɓɛk̚˧˦ lin˧˧]

[ʔɓɛk̚˦˧˥ lin˧˧]

[ʔɓɛk̚˦˥ lɨn˧˧]


Bá Linh

[ʔɓaː˧˦ lïŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˨˩˦ lɨn˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˦˥ lɨn˧˧]

Cựu Tổng thống Đức Richard von Weizsäcker qua đời ở tuổi 94 tại Bá Linh.

2015 January 31, Lê Ngọc Châu, “Lá Thư từ Đức Quốc: Cựu Tổng Thống Đức, von Weizsaecker qua đời [Letter from Germany: Former German president von Weizsaecker has died]”, in Việt Báo Daily News, Garden Grove, California, retrieved 2023-01-14:

Former German president Richard von Weizsäcker died at the age of 94 in Berlin.

(dated or historical) Berlin (the capital city of Germany)


Tây Xa-ha-ra

[təj˧˧ saː˧˧ haː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧]

[təj˧˧ saː˧˧ haː˧˧ zaː˧˧]

[təj˧˧ saː˧˧ haː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧]

[təj˧˧ saː˧˧ haː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧]

Western Sahara
Western Sahara#English:_Q6250

Western Sahara (A territory and former Spanish colony in North Africa, now mostly occupied by Morocco, which claims ownership over the territory)

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic#English:_Q40362

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (A country in North Africa, a partially recognised state in Western Sahara)


Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hoà

[viət̚˧˨ʔ naːm˧˧ zən˧˧ t͡ɕu˧˩ kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩]

[viək̚˨˩ʔ naːm˧˧ jəŋ˧˧ t͡ɕʊw˧˨ kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩]

[viək̚˨˩˨ naːm˧˧ jəŋ˧˧ cʊw˨˩˦ kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩]

[jiək̚˨˩˨ naːm˧˧ jəŋ˧˧ cʊw˨˩˦ kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 越南 (“Vietnam”), 民主 (“democratic”) and 共和 (“republic”).

Coordinate term: Việt Nam Cộng hoà

Cách mạng tháng Tám thành công, ngày 2 tháng 9 năm 1945, Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh đọc Tuyên ngôn độc lập, khai sinh ra nước Việt Nam dân chủ cộng hòa^([sic]), nay là Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam.

2013 December 11, “Hiến pháp nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam [Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam]”, in Cổng Thông tin điện tử Chính phủ [Vietnam Government Portal], page 1:

In the wake of the triumph of the August Revolution, on 2 September 1945, President Ho Chi Minh announced the Declaration of Independence, declaring the birth of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam which is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Democratic Republic of Vietnam#English

(historical) the Democratic Republic of Vietnam


Việt Nam Cộng hoà

[viət̚˧˨ʔ naːm˧˧ kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩]

[viək̚˨˩ʔ naːm˧˧ kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩]

[viək̚˨˩˨ naːm˧˧ kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩]

[jiək̚˨˩˨ naːm˧˧ kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 越南 (“Vietnam”) and 共和 (“republic”).

Coordinate term: Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hoà


Đuống

(sông ~) A river in northern Vietnam, a distributary of the Red River and tributary of the Thái Bình River.


hồng quân

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ kwən˧˧]

[həwŋ͡m˦˩ kwəŋ˧˧]

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ wəŋ˧˧]

(historical, military, Soviet Union) Red Army


Ôn Châu

[ʔon˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[ʔoŋ˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[ʔoŋ˧˧ cəw˧˧]

Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


Việt phục

[viət̚˧˨ʔ fʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[viək̚˨˩ʔ fʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[viək̚˨˩˨ fʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

[jiək̚˨˩˨ fʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 越服, composed of 越 (“Vietnamese”) and 服 (“clothes”).

(neologism, uncommon) Vietnamese "traditional clothings"


Đông Phi

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ fi˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 東非, composed of 東 (“east”) and 非 (“Africa”).


Tây Phi

[təj˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

[təj˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 西非, composed of 西 (“west”) and 非 (“Africa”).


Hồng bảo thư

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ ʔɓaːw˧˩ tʰɨ˧˧]

[həwŋ͡m˦˩ ʔɓaːw˧˨ tʰɨ˧˧]

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ ʔɓaːw˨˩˦ tʰɨ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 紅寶書, composed of 紅 (“red”), 寶 (“precious”) and 書 (“book”).

(communism) Little Red Book (a book of statements from speeches and writings by Mao Zedong)


bán đảo Đông Dương

head

bán đảo Đông Dương • (半島東洋)

vi-proper noun

bán đảo Đông Dương • (半島東洋)

[ʔɓaːn˧˦ ʔɗaːw˧˩ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ zɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓaːŋ˦˧˥ ʔɗaːw˧˨ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ jɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓaːŋ˦˥ ʔɗaːw˨˩˦ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ jɨəŋ˧˧]

bán đảo (“peninsula”) + Đông Dương (“Indochina”).

com

mainland Southeast Asia; Indochina; Indochinese Peninsula


một quốc gia, hai chế độ

[mot̚˧˨ʔ kuək̚˧˦ zaː˧˧ haːj˧˧ t͡ɕe˧˦ ʔɗo˧˨ʔ]

[mok̚˨˩ʔ kuək̚˦˧˥ jaː˧˧ haːj˧˧ t͡ɕej˨˩˦ ʔɗow˨˩ʔ]

[mok̚˨˩˨ wək̚˦˥ jaː˧˧ haːj˧˧ cej˦˥ ʔɗow˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-một quốc gia, hai chế độ.wav

Calque of Chinese 一國兩制／一国两制 (nhất quốc lưỡng chế).

cal

one country, two systems
one country, two systems

"one country, two systems" (the principle that Hong Kong and Macau can have political and economic systems distinct from Mainland China's socialism)


Nam Xương

[naːm˧˧ sɨəŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ sɨəŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ sɨəŋ˧˧]

Nanchang (the capital city of Jiangxi, China)


Mường Thanh

[mɨəŋ˨˩ tʰajŋ̟˧˧]

[mɨəŋ˦˩ tʰɛɲ˧˧]

[mɨəŋ˨˩ tʰan˧˧]


rặng núi

[ʐaŋ˨˩ʔ nuj˨˩˦]

[ɹaŋ˨˩˨ nuj˦˥]


sơn mạch

[səːn˧˧ majk̟̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ mat̚˨˩ʔ]

[səːŋ˧˧ mat̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ mat̚˨˩˨]

[səːŋ˧˧ mat̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 山脈, composed of 山 and 脈.
This is one of the cases where a Sino-Vietnamese term sometimes pops up in modern texts, yet pretty much completely absent in older texts, becoming somewhat more common in modern literature due to the fact that it is Sino-Vietnamese and therefore sounds "fancy" and "literary".

vi-etym-sino

(geography, literary, rare) mountain range


cừ

a row of stakes consisting of wood, steel or bamboo used to prevent water from seeping through or to retain soil and rocks


A-lát-xca

[ʔaː˧˧ laːt̚˧˦ skaː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ laːk̚˦˧˥ skaː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ laːk̚˦˥ skaː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-A-lát-xca.wav

Tiểu bang: A-la-ba-ma · A-lát-xca · A-ri-xô-na · A-can-xò · Ca-li-phoóc-ni-a · Cô-lô-ra-đô · Con-nếch-ti-cớt · Đe-la-oe · Phlo-ri-đa · Gióoc-gia · Ha-oai · Ai-đa-hô · I-li-noi · In-đi-a-na · Ai-ô-oa · Can-xát · Ken-tắc-ky · Lu-i-di-a-na · Mên · Me-ri-len · Me-xơ-chu-xít · Mi-si-gân · Min-nê-xô-ta · Mít-xi-xi-pi · Mít-xu-ri · Môn-ta-na · Nê-brát-xca · Nê-va-đa · Niu Hem-sơ · Niu Giơ-xi · Niu Mê-hi-cô · Niu Oóc · Bắc Ca-rô-li-na · Bắc Đa-cô-ta · Ô-hai-ô · Ốc-la-hô-ma · Ô-rê-gân · Pen-xin-va-ni-a · Rốt Ai-len · Nam Ca-rô-li-na · Nam Đa-cô-ta · Ten-nét-xi · Tếch-dớt · U-ta · Vơ-môn · Vơ-gi-ni-a · Oa-sinh-tơn · Tây Vơ-gi-ni-a · Uýt-côn-xin · Oai-ô-minh

Lãnh thổ: Xa-moa thuộc Mĩ · Gu-am · quần đảo Bắc Ma-ri-a-na · Pu-éc-tô Ri-cô · Các tiểu đảo xa của Hoa Kì · quần đảo Vơ-gin thuộc Mĩ


A-can-xò

[ʔaː˧˧ kaːn˧˧ sɔ˨˩]

[ʔaː˧˧ kaːŋ˧˧ sɔ˦˩]

[ʔaː˧˧ kaːŋ˧˧ sɔ˨˩]


Bắc Đại Dương

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ zɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ jɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ jɨəŋ˧˧]


A-ri-xô-na

[ʔaː˧˧ ɹi˧˧ so˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ zi˧˧ so˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ sow˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ sow˧˧ naː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-A-ri-xô-na.wav


giấc mơ Mĩ

[zək̚˧˦ məː˧˧ mi˦ˀ˥]

[jək̚˦˧˥ məː˧˧ mɪj˧˨]

[jək̚˦˥ məː˧˧ mɪj˨˩˦]

the American Dream (an American social ideal that stresses egalitarianism and especially material prosperity)


vịnh Hạ Long

[vïŋ˧˨ʔ haː˧˨ʔ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[vɨn˨˩ʔ haː˨˩ʔ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[vɨn˨˩ʔ haː˨˩ʔ lɔŋ˧˧]

[vɨn˨˩˨ haː˨˩˨ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[jɨn˨˩˨ haː˨˩˨ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

Hạ Long Bay (a bay in the Gulf of Tonkin, South China Sea, Pacific Ocean)


Toà tháp đôi

[twaː˨˩ tʰaːp̚˧˦ ʔɗoj˧˧]

[twaː˦˩ tʰaːp̚˦˧˥ ʔɗoj˧˧]

[t⁽ʷ⁾aː˨˩ tʰaːp̚˦˥ ʔɗoj˧˧]

toà (“classifier”) + tháp (“tower”) + đôi (“double”).

com

the Twin Towers (two main buildings of the World Trade Center)


eo biển Đài Loan

[ʔɛw˧˧ ʔɓiən˧˩ ʔɗaːj˨˩ lwaːn˧˧]

[ʔɛw˧˧ ʔɓiəŋ˧˨ ʔɗaːj˦˩ lwaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɛw˧˧ ʔɓiəŋ˨˩˦ ʔɗaːj˨˩ l⁽ʷ⁾aːŋ˧˧]

eo biển (“strait”) + Đài Loan (“Taiwan”).


vùng văn hoá Á Đông

head

vùng văn hoá Á Đông • (塳文化亞東)

vi-noun

vùng văn hoá Á Đông • (塳文化亞東)

[vʊwŋ͡m˨˩ van˧˧ hwaː˧˦ ʔaː˧˦ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[vʊwŋ͡m˦˩ vaŋ˧˧ hwaː˨˩˦ ʔaː˨˩˦ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[vʊwŋ͡m˨˩ vaŋ˧˧ waː˦˥ ʔaː˦˥ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[jʊwŋ͡m˨˩ jaŋ˧˧ waː˦˥ ʔaː˦˥ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

vùng (“region, area”) + văn hoá (“culture”) + Á Đông (“East Asia”).


vùng văn hoá Đông Á

head

vùng văn hoá Đông Á • (塳文化東亞)

vi-noun

vùng văn hoá Đông Á • (塳文化東亞)

[vʊwŋ͡m˨˩ van˧˧ hwaː˧˦ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔaː˧˦]

[vʊwŋ͡m˦˩ vaŋ˧˧ hwaː˨˩˦ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔaː˨˩˦]

[vʊwŋ͡m˨˩ vaŋ˧˧ waː˦˥ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔaː˦˥]

[jʊwŋ͡m˨˩ jaŋ˧˧ waː˦˥ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔaː˦˥]

vùng (“region, area”) + văn hoá (“culture”) + Đông Á (“East Asia”).


vùng văn hoá chữ Hán

[vʊwŋ͡m˨˩ van˧˧ hwaː˧˦ t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ haːn˧˦]

[vʊwŋ͡m˦˩ vaŋ˧˧ hwaː˨˩˦ t͡ɕɨ˧˨ haːŋ˦˧˥]

[vʊwŋ͡m˨˩ vaŋ˧˧ waː˦˥ cɨ˨˩˦ haːŋ˦˥]

[jʊwŋ͡m˨˩ jaŋ˧˧ waː˦˥ cɨ˨˩˦ haːŋ˦˥]

vùng (“region, area”) + văn hoá (“culture”) + chữ Hán (“Chinese character”).


Một vành đai, một con đường

[mot̚˧˨ʔ vajŋ̟˨˩ ʔɗaːj˧˧ mot̚˧˨ʔ kɔn˧˧ ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩]

[mok̚˨˩ʔ vɛɲ˦˩ ʔɗaːj˧˧ mok̚˨˩ʔ kɔŋ˧˧ ʔɗɨəŋ˦˩]

[mok̚˨˩˨ van˨˩ ʔɗaːj˧˧ mok̚˨˩˨ kɔŋ˧˧ ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩]

[mok̚˨˩˨ jan˨˩ ʔɗaːj˧˧ mok̚˨˩˨ kɔŋ˧˧ ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Một vành đai, một con đường.wav

Calque of Chinese 一帶一路／一带一路 (Nhất đái, nhất lộ).

cal

(neologism) Belt and Road Initiative (development strategy adopted by the Chinese government)


Trường Sa

→ English: Truong Sa, Trường Sa

[t͡ɕɨəŋ˨˩ saː˧˧]

[ʈɨəŋ˦˩ ʂaː˧˧]

[ʈɨəŋ˦˩ saː˧˧]

[ʈɨəŋ˨˩ ʂaː˧˧]

[ʈɨəŋ˨˩ saː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 長沙, composed of 長 and 沙.

vi-etym-sino

Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, China)


Đảng Cộng sản Trung Quốc

[ʔɗaːŋ˧˩ kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ saːn˧˩ t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ kuək̚˧˦]

[ʔɗaːŋ˧˨ kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ ʂaːŋ˧˨ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗaːŋ˧˨ kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ saːŋ˧˨ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗaːŋ˨˩˦ kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ ʂaːŋ˨˩˦ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ wək̚˦˥]

[ʔɗaːŋ˨˩˦ kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ saːŋ˨˩˦ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ wək̚˦˥]

From đảng cộng sản (“communist party”) + Trung Quốc (“China”).

af

Communist Party of China
Communist Party of China


Ê-díp-tô

[ʔe˧˧ zip̚˧˦ to˧˧]

Given the uncanny resemblance of the Vietnamese Protestant title of Exodus, Xuất Ê-díp-tô Ký, to its Japanese counterpart, perhaps from Japanese エジプト (Ejiputo), from English Egypt. Most proper names in the Vietnamese Protestant translation of the Bible were derived from French, however, French Égypte seems implausible here given the final <ô>.

Ta là Giê-hô-va Đức Chúa Trời ngươi, đã rút ngươi ra khỏi xứ Ê-díp-tô, là nhà nô-lệ.

1925, “Xuất Ê-díp-tô Ký 20 [Exodus 20]”, in Kinh Thánh [the Holy Bible]:

I am Jehovah your God who liberated you from the land of Egypt, the house of slavery.

(Protestantism) Synonym of Ai Cập (“Egypt”) (the land itself; compare Mích-ra-im (“Mizraim/Egypt”, one of Ham's sons))


Côn Minh

[kon˧˧ mïŋ˧˧]

[koŋ˧˧ mɨn˧˧]

[koŋ˧˧ mɨn˧˧]

Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southern China)


Quý Dương

[kwi˧˦ zɨəŋ˧˧]

[kwɪj˨˩˦ jɨəŋ˧˧]

[wɪj˦˥ jɨəŋ˧˧]

Guiyang (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Guizhou, in southwestern China)


Ma Cao

Macau (a special administrative region of China)


Sán Đầu

[saːn˧˦ ʔɗəw˨˩]

[ʂaːŋ˦˧˥ ʔɗəw˦˩]

[saːŋ˦˧˥ ʔɗəw˦˩]

[ʂaːŋ˦˥ ʔɗəw˨˩]

[saːŋ˦˥ ʔɗəw˨˩]

Shantou (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, in southern China)


Cơ Long

[kəː˧˧ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[kəː˧˧ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[kəː˧˧ lɔŋ˧˧]

[kəː˧˧ lawŋ͡m˧˧]


Phúc Châu

[fʊwk͡p̚˧˦ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[fʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[fʊwk͡p̚˦˥ cəw˧˧]

Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, in southeastern China)


Đông Hoản

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ hwaːn˧˩]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ hwaːŋ˧˨]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ waːŋ˨˩˦]

Dongguan (a prefecture-level city in Guangdong, in southern China)


Tân Trúc

[tən˧˧ t͡ɕʊwk͡p̚˧˦]

[təŋ˧˧ ʈʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[təŋ˧˧ ʈʊwk͡p̚˦˥]


Hạ Môn

[haː˨˩ʔ moŋ˧˧]

[haː˨˩˨ moŋ˧˧]

Xiamen (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city in Fujian, in southeastern China)


Hoa Liên

[hwaː˧˧ liəŋ˧˧]

[waː˧˧ liəŋ˧˧]


Cửu Long

[kɨw˧˨ lɔŋ˧˧]

[kɨw˨˩˦ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 九龍. Literally, “nine dragons”.

the name of the Mekong and its distributaries flowing SE through Vietnam


Tân Giới

[tən˧˧ zəːj˧˦]

[təŋ˧˧ jəːj˨˩˦]

[təŋ˧˧ jəːj˦˥]


đu càng

→ English: ducanger

[ʔɗu˧˧ kaːŋ˨˩]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ kaːŋ˦˩]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ kaːŋ˨˩]

đu (“to swing”) + càng (“‘shaft’ → ‘landing skid (of a helicopter)’”). Meaning literally, “to swing on a helicopter's landing skid”, this phrase invokes images of the Vietnam War — of those South Vietnamese soldiers and civilians who tried to evacuate during the Fall of Saigon by "swinging" on the "landing skids" of retreating American helicopters.

lit

(figurative, derogatory) of refugees who emigrated from Vietnam during and after the Vietnam War


Toà Thánh

Calque of Chinese 聖座／圣座 (Thánh Toạ, literally “Holy Seat”)

cal

Toà Thánh Tây Ninh
the Tây Ninh Holy See

(Roman Catholicism, Caodaism) the Holy See


Pháp quốc

[faːp̚˧˦ kuək̚˧˦]

[faːp̚˦˧˥ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[faːp̚˦˥ wək̚˦˥]

Từ khi Bắc Kỳ do chính phủ Pháp bảo hộ và Hà Nội trở thành nhượng địa vào năm 1888, thì các quy định của triều Nguyễn không có giá trị trong đời sống, dân Hà Nội sống theo luật Pháp quốc và luật nước Pháp cấm giết, ăn thịt chó.

2015, Nguyễn Ngọc Tiến, chapter 5, in Đi Xuyên Hà Nội [Traversing Hanoi]:

Ever since Tonkin became a French protectorate and Hanoi was ceded in 1888, the Nguyễn dynasty's laws held no value in daily life; the Hanoians lived by the French law and the law of France prohibited killing and eating dog meat.

(rare) France (a country in Western Europe)


Nại Lương

Sino-Vietnamese word from 奈良, orthographic borrowing from Japanese 奈良 (Nara)

obor

Obsolete form of Na-ra (“Nara (a prefecture of Japan)”).


Bình An

Sino-Vietnamese word from 平安 (“peaceful”), Literary Chinese 平安, also a semantic loan from Mandarin 平安 (Píng'ān) and semantic loan from Japanese 平安 (Heian). Doublet of bình yên, Bình Yên, and Bằng An.

doublet

A commune of Thăng Bình district, Quảng Nam, Vietnam


chuôm

plants' debris on the surface of a pond, serving as hiding places for fish


Nam Việt Nam

Either a Sino-Vietnamese word from 南 (“south”) and 越南 (“Vietnam”), or simply clipped from miền Nam (“the South”) + Việt Nam.

vi-etym-sino

Coordinate term: Bắc Việt Nam

Cộng hoà (miền) Nam Việt Nam


đồng bằng duyên hải

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ ʔɓaŋ˨˩ zwiən˧˧ haːj˧˩]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˦˩ ʔɓaŋ˦˩ jwiəŋ˧˧ haːj˧˨]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ ʔɓaŋ˨˩ j⁽ʷ⁾iəŋ˧˧ haːj˨˩˦]

đồng bằng (“plain”) + duyên hải (“coastal”).


sông Lô

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ lo˧˧]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ low˧˧]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ low˧˧]

Lô River (a river in northern Vietnam and Yunnan, southern China)


sông Đồng Nai

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ naːj˧˧]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˦˩ naːj˧˧]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˦˩ naːj˧˧]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ naːj˧˧]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ naːj˧˧]

Đồng Nai River (a river in southern Vietnam)


sông Tiền

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ tiən˨˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ tiəŋ˦˩]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ tiəŋ˦˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ tiəŋ˨˩]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ tiəŋ˨˩]

Tiền River (a distributary of the Mekong River)


sông Hậu

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ həw˧˨ʔ]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ həw˨˩ʔ]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ həw˨˩ʔ]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ həw˨˩˨]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ həw˨˩˨]

sông (“river”) + hậu (“behind; rear; back”). Piecewise doublet of Hậu Giang.

Bassac River (a distributary of the Tonlé Sap and Mekong River)


Tây Á

[təj˧˧ ʔaː˧˦]

[təj˧˧ ʔaː˨˩˦]

[təj˧˧ ʔaː˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 西亞, composed of 西 (“west”) and 亞 (“Asia”).


Truồi

(sông ～) A river in Thừa Thiên Huế, Vietnam.


Thiên Đàn

[tʰiən˧˧ ʔɗaːn˨˩]

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːŋ˦˩]

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːŋ˨˩]

the Temple of Heaven (religious complex in Beijing)


tứ trụ

[tɨ˧˦ t͡ɕu˧˨ʔ]

[tɨ˨˩˦ ʈʊw˨˩ʔ]

[tɨ˦˥ ʈʊw˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 四柱, composed of 四 (“four”) and 柱 (“pillar”).

the four highest-ranking court officials in imperial Vietnam and China


Biển Chết

[ʔɓiən˧˩ t͡ɕet̚˧˦]

[ʔɓiəŋ˧˨ t͡ɕet̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓiəŋ˨˩˦ cəːt̚˦˥]

Dead Sea (a highly saline lake in Israel, Palestine and Jordan)


Tháp nghiêng Pisa

[tʰaːp̚˧˦ ŋiəŋ˧˧ pi˧˧ saː˧˧]

[tʰaːp̚˦˧˥ ŋiəŋ˧˧ pɪj˧˧ ʂaː˧˧]

[tʰaːp̚˦˧˥ ŋiəŋ˧˧ pɪj˧˧ saː˧˧]

[tʰaːp̚˦˥ ŋiəŋ˧˧ pɪj˧˧ ʂaː˧˧]

[tʰaːp̚˦˥ ŋiəŋ˧˧ pɪj˧˧ saː˧˧]

Leaning Tower of Pisa
Leaning Tower of Pisa


Biển Bắc

[ʔɓiən˧˩ ʔɓak̚˧˦]

[ʔɓiəŋ˧˨ ʔɓak̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓiəŋ˨˩˦ ʔɓak̚˦˥]


Vương quốc Na Uy

[vɨəŋ˧˧ kuək̚˧˦ naː˧˧ ʔwi˧˧]

[vɨəŋ˧˧ kuək̚˦˧˥ naː˧˧ ʔwɪj˧˧]

[vɨəŋ˧˧ wək̚˦˥ naː˧˧ (ʔ)wɪj˧˧]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ wək̚˦˥ naː˧˧ (ʔ)wɪj˧˧]


Biển Na Uy

[ʔɓiən˧˩ naː˧˧ ʔwi˧˧]

[ʔɓiəŋ˧˨ naː˧˧ ʔwɪj˧˧]

[ʔɓiəŋ˨˩˦ naː˧˧ (ʔ)wɪj˧˧]


Dương Châu

[zɨəŋ˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ cəw˧˧]

Yangzhou (a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu, in eastern China).


Huệ Châu

[hwe˧˨ʔ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[hwej˨˩ʔ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

Huizhou (a prefecture-level city in southeastern Guangdong, China)


sông Chảy

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ t͡ɕaj˧˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ t͡ɕaj˧˨]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ t͡ɕaj˧˨]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ ca(ː)j˨˩˦]

sông (“river”) + chảy (“to flow”).
A tên chữ (“literary name”) of this river was 㵢江 (now common read in Sino-Vietnamese as Lôi giang), where the first element is a phonogram for the verb trôi (“to float”).

Chảy River (a river in northern Vietnam)


Tây An

[təj˧˧ ʔaːn˧˧]

[təj˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

[təj˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧]


Thanh Đảo

[tʰajŋ̟˧˧ ʔɗaːw˧˩]

[tʰɛɲ˧˧ ʔɗaːw˧˨]

[tʰan˧˧ ʔɗaːw˨˩˦]

Qingdao (a major prefecture-level city and subprovincial city in eastern Shandong, in eastern China)


Vu Gia

→ English: Vu Gia

[vʊw˧˧ jaː˧˧]

[vʊw˧˧ jaː˧˧]

[jʊw˧˧ jaː˧˧]

(sông ～) A river in Đại Lộc district, Quảng Nam province, Vietnam.


Hung Gia Lợi

[hʊwŋ͡m˧˧ zaː˧˧ ləːj˧˨ʔ]

[hʊwŋ͡m˧˧ jaː˧˧ ləːj˨˩ʔ]

[hʊwŋ͡m˧˧ jaː˧˧ ləːj˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 匈加利 (“Hungary”),from English Hungary.


Hung Nha Lợi

[hʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ɲaː˧˧ ləːj˧˨ʔ]

[hʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ɲaː˧˧ ləːj˨˩ʔ]

[hʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ɲaː˧˧ ləːj˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 匈牙利 (“Hungary”), from English Hungary.


Bắc Hà Lan

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ haː˨˩ laːn˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ haː˦˩ laːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ haː˨˩ laːŋ˧˧]

North Holland (a province of the Netherlands)


Yên

(sông ～) A river in Quảng Nam province and Da Nang, Vietnam.

(sông ～) A river in Thanh Hoá province, Vietnam.


Nam Hà Lan

[naːm˧˧ haː˦˩ laːŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ haː˨˩ laːŋ˧˧]

South Holland (a province of the Netherlands)


Thạch Bồ

[tʰajk̟̚˧˨ʔ ʔɓo˨˩]

[tʰat̚˨˩ʔ ʔɓow˦˩]

[tʰat̚˨˩˨ ʔɓow˨˩]

(sông ～) Yên river (a river in Quảng Nam province and Da Nang, Vietnam).


Lan Xang

[laːn˧˧ saːŋ˧˧]

[laːŋ˧˧ saːŋ˧˧]

[laːŋ˧˧ saːŋ˧˧]

bor

Lao ລ້ານຊ້າງ (lān sāng)

(historical) Lan Xang, a former Laotian kingdom


Bồn Man

[ʔɓon˨˩ maːn˧˧]

[ʔɓoŋ˦˩ maːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓoŋ˨˩ maːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 盆 (“pot; jar; basin”) and 蠻 (“babarians”), alluding to the famous Plain of Jars in Laos

vi-etym-sino

(historical) Muang Phuan, former Laotian kingdom located on the Xiangkhoang Plateau


Xiêng Khoảng

[siəŋ˧˧ xwaːŋ˧˩]

[siəŋ˧˧ kʰwaːŋ˧˨]

[siəŋ˧˧ xwaːŋ˧˨]

[siəŋ˧˧ kʰwaːŋ˨˩˦]

[siəŋ˧˧ xwaːŋ˨˩˦]


CAND

Initialism of Công an Nhân dân Việt Nam (“Vietnam People's Public Security”).


THVN

w:vi:Đài Truyền hình Việt Nam (Việt Nam Cộng hòa)

(historical) Abbreviation of Đài Truyền hình Việt Nam (Việt Nam Cộng hòa) (“Vietnam Television Network”).

Đài Truyền hình Việt Nam

Đài Truyền hình Việt Nam
w:vi:Đài Truyền hình Việt Nam

(Đài ～) Abbreviation of Đài Truyền hình Việt Nam (“Vietnam Television”).


Cầu Đỏ

[kəw˨˩ ʔɗɔ˧˩]

[kəw˦˩ ʔɗɔ˧˨]

[kəw˨˩ ʔɗɔ˨˩˦]

cầu + đỏ, literally “red bridge”, from the name of one of the bridges spanning the river. This bridge used to be red, but is now white.

Near-synonym: sông Cẩm Lệ

(sông ～) A river in Da Nang, Vietnam, especially the part of that river that flows on the boundary between Hoà Vang district and Cẩm Lệ district.


Cẩm Lệ

[kəm˧˩ le˧˨ʔ]

[kəm˨˩˦ lej˨˩˨]

Originally the name of a fruit that was sold there: either a black-skinned bitter melon or a type of lychee. A folk etymology traces the name to the tears (Vietnamese: lệ) shed for a girl named Cẩm.

Near-synonym: sông Cầu Đỏ

(sông ～) A river in Da Nang, Vietnam, especially the part of that river that is entirely inside Cẩm Lệ district.


ANTV

Kênh Truyền hình Công an nhân dân
w:vi:Kênh Truyền hình Công an nhân dân

Abbreviation of Kênh Truyền hình Công an nhân dân (“People's Public Security Television”).


QPVN

w:vi:Kênh Truyền hình Quốc phòng Việt Nam

Abbreviation of Kênh Truyền hình Quốc phòng Việt Nam (“Vietnam National Defense Television”).