I-xra-en

[ʔi˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ʔɛn˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ʔɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ʔɛŋ˧˧]

French Israël.
The alternative form I-xa-ren (pronounced [ʔi˧˧ saː˧˧ ɹɛn˧˧]) arises from the metathesis of /a:/ ⟨-a-⟩ and /ɹ/ ⟨-r-⟩ in pronunciation [ʔi˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ɛn˧˧] of this transcription.

IPAfont

􂀿ʔi˧˧ saː˧˧ ɹɛn˧˧􂁀

[ʔi˧˧ saː˧˧ ɹɛn˧˧]

􂀿ʔi˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ɛn˧˧􂁀

[ʔi˧˧ sɹaː˧˧ ɛn˧˧]

Ít-ra-en (alternative)
Y-sơ-ra-ên (alternative)
I-sơ-ra-ên (alternative)
I-xa-ren (alternative)

lực lượng phòng vệ I-xra-en

lực lượng chiếm đóng của I-xra-en

Những hành động xâm lược trắng trợn của Ixraen^([sic]) được đế quốc Mỹ giúp đỡ và khuyến khích đã làm cho tình hình Trung Đông căng thẳng [...] Nhân dân Việt Nam cực lực lên án bọn xâm lược Ixraen^([sic]), đòi chúng rút quần khỏi các đất đai Arập^([sic]) và trao trả nhân dân Palextin^([sic]) các quyền chính đáng và bất khả xâm phạm của họ. [...]

2011 [1969 January 24], Hồ Chí Minh, “Điện mừng Hội Nghị Quốc tế ủng hộ nhân dân các nước Arập [Congratulatory Telegram to the International Conference in Support of the Arab Peoples]”, in Hồ Chí Minh Toàn tập, volumes 15 (1966-1969), pages 538-539; Vietnamese translation by Sony Thang, transl., X, 2023 October 10:

The acts of aggression perpetrated by Israel, supported and encouraged by U.S. imperialism, have intensified the prevailing tension in the Middle East. … The Vietnamese people vehemently condemn the Israeli aggressors; they demand the withdrawal of Israeli troops from the Arab territories they are occupying, and the recovery of the inalienable and legitimate rights of the Palestinian people.

Lực lượng Phòng vệ I-xra-en đã phải bắn đạn hơi cay vào đám đông biểu tình, khiến hơn 1.000 người bị thương và hàng chục người bị bắt giữ.

2018 February 12, Col. Lê Thế Mẫu, “Quyết định của Tổng thống Mỹ về Giê-ru-xa-lem và những hệ lụy [US President's decision about Jerusalem and its repercussions]”, in Tạp chí Quốc phòng toàn dân [National Defence Journal], archived from the original on 2018-03-13:

The Israel Defense Forces had to shoot tear gas rounds into the throng of protesters, wounding over 1,000, and to arrest dozens.

Giờ đây, khi biển máu ở G@z@^([sic]) dâng cao và khi lực lượng chiếm đóng của I-xra-en tiếp tục gây ra những tội ác không thể tha thứ, một số chính trị gia I-xra-en còn yêu cầu thực hiện ‘thay đổi văn hóa ở G@z@^([sic])’, ‘tương tự như ở Đức và Nhật Bản’.

2024 January 25, L'internationale, Facebook:

Now, as the sea of blood in G@z@^([sic]) rises and as the I-sra-eli^([sic]) occupation forces continue to commit unforgivable crimes, some I-sra-eli^([sic]) politicians also demand ‘cultural changes in G@z@’^([sic]), ‘similar to those in Germany and Japan’ [to be made].


Cư-rơ-gư-dơ-xtan

[kɨ˧˧ ɹəː˧˧ ɣɨ˧˧ zəː˧˧ staːn˧˧]

[kɨ˧˧ zəː˧˧ ɣɨ˧˧ zəː˧˧ staːn˧˧]

[kɨ˧˧ ɹəː˧˧ ɣɨ˧˧ jəː˧˧ staːŋ˧˧]

[kɨ˧˧ ɹəː˧˧ ɣɨ˧˧ jəː˧˧ staːŋ˧˧]

alternative form of Cư-rơ-gư-xtan: Kyrgyzstan (a country in Central Asia, bordering on Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and China)


San Ma-ri-nô

[ʂaːŋ˧˧ maː˧˧ ʐɪj˧˧ now˧˧]

[saːŋ˧˧ maː˧˧ ʐɪj˧˧ now˧˧]

[ʂaːŋ˧˧ maː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ now˧˧]

[saːŋ˧˧ maː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ now˧˧]


Xéc-bi-a

[sɛk̚˧˦ ʔɓi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[sɛk̚˦˧˥ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[sɛk̚˦˥ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Lít-ten-xơ-tên

[lit̚˧˦ tɛn˧˧ səː˧˧ ten˧˧]

[lit̚˦˧˥ tɛŋ˧˧ səː˧˧ ten˧˧]

[lɨt̚˦˥ tɛŋ˧˧ səː˧˧ təːn˧˧]


Môn-tê-nê-grô

[mon˧˧ te˧˧ ne˧˧ ɣɹo˧˧]

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Montenegro (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Cu-ba

[ku˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[kʊw˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[kʊw˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]

Cuba (a country, the largest island (based on land area) in the Caribbean)


Cốt-xta-ri-ca

[kot̚˧˦ staː˧˧ ɹi˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[kok̚˦˧˥ staː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[kok̚˦˥ staː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧]


Ni-ca-ra-goa

[ni˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧]

[ni˧˧ kaː˧˧ zaː˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧]

[nɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧]

[nɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧]

Nicaragua (a country in Central America)


Pa-ra-goay

[paː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]

[paː˧˧ zaː˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]

[paː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]

[paː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]


U-ru-goay

[ʔu˧˧ ɹu˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]

[ʔu˧˧ zu˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ ɹʊw˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ ɹʊw˧˧ ɣwaj˧˧]


Bê-li-xê

[ʔɓe˧˧ li˧˧ se˧˧]

[ʔɓej˧˧ lɪj˧˧ sej˧˧]

[ʔɓej˧˧ lɪj˧˧ sej˧˧]

Belize (an English-speaking country in Central America, formerly called British Honduras)


Grê-na-đa

[ɣɹe˧˧ naː˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ɣɹej˧˧ naː˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ɣɹej˧˧ naː˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

Grenada (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Guy-a-na

[ɣwi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ɣwɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ɣwɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧ naː˧˧]


Ôn-đu-rát

[ʔon˧˧ ʔɗu˧˧ ɹaːt̚˧˦]

[ʔon˧˧ ʔɗu˧˧ zaːt̚˧˦]

[ʔoŋ˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˧ ɹaːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔoŋ˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˧ ɹaːk̚˦˥]


Bô-li-vi-a

[ʔɓo˧˧ li˧˧ vi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔɓow˧˧ lɪj˧˧ vɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔɓow˧˧ lɪj˧˧ vɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔɓow˧˧ lɪj˧˧ jɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Cô-lôm-bi-a

[ko˧˧ lom˧˧ ʔɓi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[kow˧˧ lom˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[kow˧˧ lom˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Ha-i-ti

[haː˧˧ ʔi˧˧ ti˧˧]

[haː˧˧ ʔɪj˧˧ tɪj˧˧]

[haː˧˧ ʔɪj˧˧ tɪj˧˧]


Pa-na-ma

[paː˧˧ naː˧˧ maː˧˧]

[paː˧˧ naː˧˧ maː˧˧]

[paː˧˧ naː˧˧ maː˧˧]


Pê-ru

[pej˧˧ ɹʊw˧˧]

[pej˧˧ ɹʊw˧˧]


Vê-nê-du-ê-la

[ve˧˧ ne˧˧ zu˧˧ ʔe˧˧ laː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Vê-nê-du-ê-la.wav


Goa-tê-ma-la

[ɣwaː˧˧ te˧˧ maː˧˧ laː˧˧]

[ɣwaː˧˧ tej˧˧ maː˧˧ laː˧˧]

[ɣwaː˧˧ tej˧˧ maː˧˧ laː˧˧]

Guatemala (a country in Central America)


Gia-mai-ca

[zaː˧˧ maːj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[jaː˧˧ maːj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[jaː˧˧ maːj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

Jamaica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Xu-ri-nam

[su˧˧ ɹi˧˧ naːm˧˧]

[sʊw˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ naːm˧˧]

[sʊw˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ naːm˧˧]


En Xan-va-đo

[ʔɛn˧˧ saːn˧˧ vaː˧˧ ʔɗɔ˧˧]

[ʔɛŋ˧˧ saːŋ˧˧ vaː˧˧ ʔɗɔ˧˧]

[ʔɛŋ˧˧ saːŋ˧˧ vaː˧˧ ʔɗɔ˧˧]

[ʔɛŋ˧˧ saːŋ˧˧ jaː˧˧ ʔɗɔ˧˧]

El Salvador (a country in Central America)


Buốc-ki-na Pha-xô

[ʔɓuək̚˧˦ ki˧˧ naː˧˧ faː˧˧ so˧˧]

[ʔɓuək̚˦˧˥ kɪj˧˧ naː˧˧ faː˧˧ sow˧˧]

[ʔɓuək̚˦˥ kɪj˧˧ naː˧˧ faː˧˧ sow˧˧]

Burkina Faso (a country in West Africa, formerly Upper Volta)


Dăm-bi-a

[zam˧˧ ʔɓi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[zam˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[jam˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[zam˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[jam˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Mô-dăm-bích

[mo˧˧ zam˧˧ ʔɓïk̟̚˧˦]

[mow˧˧ zam˧˧ ʔɓïk̟̚˦˧˥]

[mow˧˧ jam˧˧ ʔɓïk̟̚˦˧˥]

[mow˧˧ zam˧˧ ʔɓïk̟̚˦˥]

[mow˧˧ jam˧˧ ʔɓïk̟̚˦˥]

Mozambique (a country in East Africa and Southern Africa)


Nam-mi-bi-a

[naːm˧˧ mi˧˧ ʔɓi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ mɪj˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ mɪj˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Ru-an-đa

[ɹu˧˧ ʔaːn˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ɹʊw˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ɹʊw˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]


Tan-da-ni-a

[taːn˧˧ zaː˧˧ ni˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[taːŋ˧˧ jaː˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[taːŋ˧˧ jaː˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


U-gan-đa

[ʔu˧˧ ɣaːn˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ ɣaːŋ˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ ɣaːŋ˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

From Swahili Uganda (“Buganda, subnational kingdom”), from Luganda Buganda (“land of the Ganda”).


Ca-mơ-run

[kaː˧˧ məː˧˧ ɹun˧˧]

[kaː˧˧ məː˧˧ zun˧˧]

[kaː˧˧ məː˧˧ ɹun˧˧]

[kaː˧˧ məː˧˧ ɹʊwŋ͡m˧˧]


Ê-ri-tơ-rê-a

[ʔe˧˧ ɹi˧˧ təː˧˧ ɹe˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔe˧˧ zi˧˧ təː˧˧ ze˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ təː˧˧ ɹej˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ təː˧˧ ɹej˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

Eritrea (a country in East Africa, on the Red Sea)


Ga-bông

[ɣaː˧˧ ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ɣaː˧˧ ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ɣaː˧˧ ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧]


Mô-ri-xơ

[mo˧˧ ɹi˧˧ səː˧˧]

[mo˧˧ zi˧˧ səː˧˧]

[mow˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ səː˧˧]

[mow˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ səː˧˧]

Mauritius (a country in the Indian Ocean, east of East Africa and Madagascar)

Mauritius (the main island of the country of Mauritius)


Xô-ma-li

Somalia (a country in East Africa, in the Horn of Africa)


Bu-run-đi

[ʔɓu˧˧ ɹun˧˧ ʔɗi˧˧]

[ʔɓu˧˧ zun˧˧ ʔɗi˧˧]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ ɹun˧˧ ʔɗɪj˧˧]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ ɹʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗɪj˧˧]


Bê-nanh

[ʔɓe˧˧ najŋ̟˧˧]

[ʔɓej˧˧ nɛɲ˧˧]

Benin (a country in West Africa, formerly Dahomey)


Dim-ba-bu-ê

[zim˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɓu˧˧ ʔe˧˧]

[zim˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔej˧˧]

[jim˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔej˧˧]

[zim˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔej˧˧]

[jim˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔej˧˧]

From Shona dzimba-dze-mabwe (“house of stones”), in reference to Great Zimbabwe.


Gha-na

[ɣaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ɣaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ɣaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Gha-na.wav


Ma-li

[maː˧˧ lɪj˧˧]

[maː˧˧ lɪj˧˧]


Ma-đa-gát-xca

[maː˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ ɣaːt̚˧˦ skaː˧˧]

[maː˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ ɣaːk̚˦˧˥ skaː˧˧]

[maː˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ ɣaːk̚˦˥ skaː˧˧]

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


Si-ê-ra Lê-ôn

[si˧˧ ʔe˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ le˧˧ ʔon˧˧]

[si˧˧ ʔe˧˧ zaː˧˧ le˧˧ ʔon˧˧]

[ʂɪj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ lej˧˧ ʔoŋ˧˧]

[sɪj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ lej˧˧ ʔoŋ˧˧]

[ʂɪj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ lej˧˧ ʔoŋ˧˧]

[sɪj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ lej˧˧ ʔoŋ˧˧]

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone#English:_Q1044


Xê-nê-gan

[se˧˧ ne˧˧ ɣaːn˧˧]

[sej˧˧ nej˧˧ ɣaːŋ˧˧]

[sej˧˧ nej˧˧ ɣaːŋ˧˧]


Gi-bu-ti

[zi˧˧ ʔɓu˧˧ ti˧˧]

[jɪj˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ tɪj˧˧]

[jɪj˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ tɪj˧˧]


Găm-bi-a

[ɣam˧˧ ʔɓi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ɣam˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ɣam˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Mô-ri-ta-ni

[mo˧˧ ɹi˧˧ taː˧˧ ni˧˧]

[mow˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ taː˧˧ nɪj˧˧]

[mow˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ taː˧˧ nɪj˧˧]


Ni-giê

Niger (a country in West Africa, situated to the north of Nigeria)


Xu-đăng

[su˧˧ ʔɗaŋ˧˧]

[sʊw˧˧ ʔɗaŋ˧˧]

[sʊw˧˧ ʔɗaŋ˧˧]

Sudan (a country in North Africa and East Africa)


Xây-sen

[səj˧˧ sɛn˧˧]

[səj˧˧ ʂɛŋ˧˧]

[səj˧˧ sɛŋ˧˧]

[səj˧˧ ʂɛŋ˧˧]

[səj˧˧ sɛŋ˧˧]

Seychelles (an archipelago and country in East Africa, in the Indian Ocean)


Bốt-xoa-na

[ʔɓot̚˧˦ swaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔɓok̚˦˧˥ swaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔɓok̚˦˥ s⁽ʷ⁾aː˧˧ naː˧˧]


Phi-gi

[fɪj˧˧ jɪj˧˧]

[fɪj˧˧ jɪj˧˧]

Fiji (a country and archipelago of over 300 islands in Melanesia in Oceania)


Anh Quốc

[ʔajŋ̟˧˧ kuək̚˧˦]

[ʔɛɲ˧˧ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[ʔan˧˧ wək̚˦˥]

United Kingdom
United Kingdom#English:_Q145

synonym of Anh: United Kingdom (a kingdom and country in Northern Europe)


Nam Xu-đăng

[naːm˧˧ su˧˧ ʔɗaŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ sʊw˧˧ ʔɗaŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ sʊw˧˧ ʔɗaŋ˧˧]

South Sudan (a country in East Africa, formerly the southern part of Sudan)


Ma-la-uy

[maː˧˧ laː˧˧ ʔwi˧˧]

[maː˧˧ laː˧˧ ʔwɪj˧˧]

[maː˧˧ laː˧˧ (ʔ)wɪj˧˧]


Cộng hoà Trung Phi

[kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩ t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ fi˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

cộng hoà (“republic”) + Trung Phi (“Central Africa”).

compound

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English:_Q929

Central African Republic (a country in Central Africa)


Xoa-di-len

[swaː˧˧ jɪj˧˧ lɛŋ˧˧]

[s⁽ʷ⁾aː˧˧ jɪj˧˧ lɛŋ˧˧]

(historical) Swaziland (former name of Eswatini: a country in Southern Africa; used until 2018)


Cáp-Ve

[kaːp̚˧˦ vɛ˧˧]

[kaːp̚˦˧˥ vɛ˧˧]

[kaːp̚˦˥ vɛ˧˧]

[kaːp̚˦˥ jɛ˧˧]

Cape Verde (an archipelago and country in West Africa)


I-rắc

[ʔi˧˧ ɹak̚˧˦]

[ʔi˧˧ zak̚˧˦]

[ʔɪj˧˧ ɹak̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɪj˧˧ ɹak̚˦˥]

Iraq (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Hôn-đu-rát

[hon˧˧ ʔɗu˧˧ ɹaːt̚˧˦]

[hon˧˧ ʔɗu˧˧ zaːt̚˧˦]

[hoŋ˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˧ ɹaːk̚˦˧˥]

[hoŋ˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˧ ɹaːk̚˦˥]


Cốt-xta Ri-ca

[kot̚˧˦ staː˧˧ ɹi˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[kok̚˦˧˥ staː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[kok̚˦˥ staː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

Costa Rica (a country in Central America)


Tri-ni-đát và Tô-ba-gô

[t͡ɕi˧˧ ni˧˧ ʔɗaːt̚˧˦ vaː˨˩ to˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ɣo˧˧]

[ʈɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔɗaːk̚˦˧˥ vaː˦˩ tow˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ɣow˧˧]

[ʈɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔɗaːk̚˦˥ vaː˨˩ tow˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ɣow˧˧]

[ʈɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔɗaːk̚˦˥ jaː˨˩ tow˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ ɣow˧˧]

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago#English:_Q754

Trinidad and Tobago (a country consisting of two main islands and several smaller islands in the Caribbean, off the coast of Venezuela)


Ba-ha-mát

[ʔɓaː˧˧ haː˧˧ maːt̚˧˦]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ haː˧˧ maːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ haː˧˧ maːk̚˦˥]

Bahamas (an archipelago and country in the Caribbean)


Bác-ba-đốt

[ʔɓaːk̚˧˦ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɗot̚˧˦]

[ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɗok̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓaːk̚˦˥ ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɗok̚˦˥]

Barbados (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Đô-mi-ni-ca

[ʔɗo˧˧ mi˧˧ ni˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[ʔɗow˧˧ mɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

[ʔɗow˧˧ mɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧]

Dominica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


An-ti-goa và Bác-bu-đa

[ʔaːn˧˧ ti˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧ vaː˨˩ ʔɓaːk̚˧˦ ʔɓu˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ tɪj˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧ vaː˦˩ ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ tɪj˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧ vaː˨˩ ʔɓaːk̚˦˥ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ tɪj˧˧ ɣwaː˧˧ jaː˨˩ ʔɓaːk̚˦˥ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧]

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda#English:_Q781

Antigua and Barbuda (a country consisting of two islands in the Caribbean, Antigua and Barbuda)


晉江

chữ Hán form of Tấn Giang (“Jinjiang (a county-level city and former county of Quanzhou, Fujian, in southeastern China)”)


Mĩ Quốc

[mi˦ˀ˥ kuək̚˧˦]

[mɪj˧˨ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[mɪj˨˩˦ wək̚˦˥]

Trong góc quán, hai người con gái tuổi độ mười tám, tóc cắt ngắn, mặc áo thun có in những hàng chữ U.S.A^([sic]) và lá cờ Mỹ quốc.

2011, Phong Thu, “Sài Gòn, một thuở hẹn hò”, in The Rain Still Falls in Saigon, Xlibris Corporation, page 345:

In the corner of the café, two girls of around eighteen, hair cut short, wearing T-shirts with the letters U.S.A. and an American flag printed on them.

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


Hội An

[hoj˨ˀ˨ˀ ʔɔŋ˧˧]

[hoj˧˨ʔ ʔaːn˧˧]

[hoj˨˩ʔ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

[hoj˨˩˨ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

Hội An (a city in Quảng Nam Province, Vietnam)


Lào Cai

→ English: Lào Cai

From Hmong, from Chinese 老街 (MC lawX keaj) (SV: lão nhai).


An Giang

→ English: An Giang

→ Khmer: អាងយ៉ាង (ʼaangyaang)

[ʔaːn˧˧ zaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]


Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu

→ English: Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu

[ʔɓaː˨˩ ziə˧˨ʔ vʊwŋ͡m˦ˀ˥ taw˨˩]

[ʔɓaː˦˩ ʐiə˨˩ʔ vʊwŋ͡m˧˨ taw˦˩]

[ʔɓaː˨˩ ɹiə˨˩˨ vʊwŋ͡m˨˩˦ ta(ː)w˨˩]

[ʔɓaː˨˩ ɹiə˨˩˨ jʊwŋ͡m˨˩˦ ta(ː)w˨˩]

Bà Rịa + Vũng Tàu.
:"Bà Rịa": means "Mrs. Rịa", named after Nguyễn Thị Rịa. Ancient Chinese documents such as the New Book of Tang mention the chiefdom of Poli (婆利). Maybe it's Brunei/Borneo, not Bà Rịa.
:"Vũng Tàu": vũng + tàu, means "Bay of Ships" and refers to the nearby Gành Rái Bay.

Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu
Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu#English

Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu (a province of Vietnam)


Bạc Liêu

→ English: Bạc Liêu

[ʔɓaːk̚˧˨ʔ liəw˧˧]

[ʔɓaːk̚˨˩ʔ liw˧˧]

[ʔɓaːk̚˨˩˨ liw˧˧]

Superficially Sino-Vietnamese word from 薄寮 (“poor neighborhood”), but almost certainly of Khmer origin, probably ពលលាវ (pɔɔlliəw, “Laotian post/stronghold”) like what the Khmers still call it, since troops of the Lao Kingdom of Champasak used to maintain a military post here. The Chinese characters are simply phonograms.
In the past, this place name was also written as 北遼 (SV: Bắc Liêu) because the negative connotation of the character 薄.


Bắc Kạn

→ English: Bắc Kạn

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ kaːn˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ kaːŋ˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ kaːŋ˨˩˨]

Non-Sino-Vietnamese word from 北扞 (SV: Bắc Cản). From Tày Pác Kản, of uncertain meaning. According to some documents, the name "Bắc Kạn" is derived from pác cạm (“gateway”) or pác cáp (“the intersection between streams”).


Bắc Giang

→ English: Bắc Giang

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ zaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ jaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ jaːŋ˧˧]


Bắc Ninh

→ English: Bắc Ninh

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ nïŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ nɨn˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ nɨn˧˧]


Bến Tre

→ English: Bến Tre

[ʔɓen˧˦ t͡ɕɛ˧˧]

[ʔɓen˦˧˥ ʈɛ˧˧]

[ʔɓəːn˦˥ ʈɛ˧˧]

bến (“wharf, port”) + tre (“bamboo”), calque of Khmer កំពង់ឫស្សី (kâmpôngrœ̆ssei, “bamboo port”).


Bình Dương

→ English: Bình Dương

[ʔɓïŋ˨˩ zɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓɨn˦˩ jɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓɨn˨˩ jɨəŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Bình Dương.wav


Bình Định

→ English: Bình Định

[ʔɓïŋ˨˩ ʔɗïŋ˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓɨn˦˩ ʔɗɨn˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓɨn˨˩ ʔɗɨn˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 平定 (“subjugation”).
The toponym was coined in 1799 by the first emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty, Nguyễn Ánh, after he had taken this land from the Tây Sơn Dynasty.


Bình Phước

→ English: Bình Phước

[ʔɓïŋ˨˩ fɨək̚˧˦]

[ʔɓɨn˦˩ fɨək̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓɨn˨˩ fɨək̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 平福. Doublet of Bằng Phúc and Bình Phúc.


Bình Thuận

→ English: Bình Thuận

[ʔɓïŋ˨˩ tʰwən˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓɨn˦˩ tʰwəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓɨn˨˩ tʰ⁽ʷ⁾əŋ˨˩˨]


Cao Bằng

→ English: Cao Bằng

[kaːw˧˧ ʔɓaŋ˨˩]

[kaːw˧˧ ʔɓaŋ˦˩]

[kaːw˧˧ ʔɓaŋ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 高平, with Northern reading of the second character.


Cần Thơ

[kən˨˩ tʰəː˧˧]

[kəŋ˦˩ tʰəː˧˧]

[kəŋ˨˩ tʰəː˧˧]

Unknown. One theory proposes that this is a corruption of Cầm Thi in Cầm Thi Giang (literally “river of poems”), a poetic name given by Gia Long for a river nearby. Another legend has it that this is a combination of rau cần (“water dropwort”) + rau thơm (“mint”), both products of the Cần Thơ area in ancient times.
The suggestions above are both certainly folk etymologies. The Cần in placenames almost always reflects a presyllable of the shape kVN- in Khmer (where N is a nasal), compare Cần Giờ (from Khmer កញ្ជើ (kɑɑkɑñcəə)), Cần Giuộc (from Khmer កន្ទួត (kɑɑntuət)), Cần Vọt/Cần Bột (from Khmer កំពត (kɑmpɔɔt)). Still, it is not known which specific Khmer item Cần Thơ was borrowed from.

ncog

Khmer កញ្ជើ (kɑɑkɑñcəə)


Đồng Nai

→ English: Đồng Nai

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ naːj˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˦˩ naːj˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ naːj˧˧]

Per folk/surface etymology, from đồng (“field”) + nai (“deer”), literally “Field of Deer”. Alternatively, from the Mạ word for "river" (comparable to Koho đờng) and the word nai above, if so, originally referred to the Đồng Nai River.
Even if the surface etymology is faulty, it was popular enough that 鹿野 (Lộc Dã) became one of the tên chữ (“literary name”) of the region. See also Đồng Xoài and Đồng Tháp, although it is not clear if the Đồng there are related to that of Đồng Nai (or even to each other) or not.
Compare also Hố Nai (literally “Deer Pit”) (at least superficially), the name of a ward of Biên Hoà, the capital city of Đồng Nai, and a likely related toponym.


Đồng Tháp

→ English: Đồng Tháp

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ tʰaːp̚˧˦]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˦˩ tʰaːp̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ tʰaːp̚˦˥]

Clipping of Đồng Tháp Mười (“field of ten towers”), the name of an area of marshland and wetland in Southwestern Vietnam. See also Tháp Mười, the name of a district in the province.


Điện Biên

→ English: Điện Biên

[ʔɗiən˧˨ʔ ʔɓiən˧˧]

[ʔɗiəŋ˨˩ʔ ʔɓiəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗiəŋ˨˩˨ ʔɓiəŋ˧˧]


Hà Giang

→ English: Hà Giang

[haː˨˩ zaːŋ˧˧]

[haː˦˩ jaːŋ˧˧]

[haː˨˩ jaːŋ˧˧]

Perhaps a combination of Sino-Vietnamese word from 河 and non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 楊 (SV: dương), as written in Đồng Khánh địa dư chí in 1887.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">dương</i>


Hà Nam

→ English: Hà Nam

Sino-Vietnamese word from 河南 (“South of The River”). Refers to the fact that it is located south of the Red River. Or a combination of Vietnamese Hà Nội and Nam Định because it is located between these two provinces.


Hải Dương

→ English: Hải Dương

[haːj˧˩ zɨəŋ˧˧]

[haːj˧˨ jɨəŋ˧˧]

[haːj˨˩˦ jɨəŋ˧˧]

城東𩈘鎮海陽
暈紅𣋽𤍊𡬷󰱺威𡗶
𨑮糁縣滝𣳢𦂾錦
城六稜高湿鐄磋

19th century, Hải Dương phong vật khúc dụng quốc âm ca (海陽風物曲用國音歌):

The Eastern Fort in the province of Hải Dương,
Received the early sunlight, always inches away from the power of Heaven.
Rivers and streams weave into brocade throughout [the province's] eighteen districts,
The hexagonal fort, tall or low, was painted golden.

Thành Đông mặt trấn Hải Dương,
Vầng hồng sớm tỏ, tấc gang oai Trời.
Mười tám huyện, sông ngòi dệt gấm,
Thành lục lăng, cao thấp vàng xây.


Hoà Bình

→ English: Hoà Bình, Hoabinhian

[hwaː˨˩ ʔɓïŋ˨˩]

[hwaː˦˩ ʔɓɨn˦˩]

[waː˨˩ ʔɓɨn˨˩]


Hậu Giang

→ English: Hậu Giang

[həw˧˨ʔ zaːŋ˧˧]

[həw˨˩ʔ jaːŋ˧˧]

[həw˨˩˨ jaːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 後江 (“back river”). Piecewise doublet of sông Hậu.

piecewise doublet

<i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">sông Hậu</i>


Hưng Yên

→ English: Hưng Yên

[hɨŋ˧˧ ʔiən˧˧]

[hɨŋ˧˧ ʔiəŋ˧˧]

[hɨŋ˧˧ ʔiəŋ˧˧]


Khánh Hoà

→ English: Khánh Hoà

[kʰɛɲ˦˧˥ hwaː˦˩]

[xɛɲ˦˧˥ hwaː˦˩]


Kiên Giang

→ English: Kiên Giang

[kiən˧˧ zaːŋ˧˧]

[kiəŋ˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]

[kiəŋ˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]


Kon Tum

→ English: Kon Tum

[kɔŋ˧˧ tum˧˧]

[kɔŋ˧˧ tʊm˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˧˧ tʊm˧˧]

Explained in some Vietnamese sources as being from a Bahnar phrase meaning "lake village". However, no such matching elements can be found, the closest is probably kơtu (“old abandoned village”). Even using possible "variants" of the first syllable (such as kông and kom, Bahnar's vowel length distinction also taken into account) yields little, except for maybe akŏm (“to meet together, to gather things”). In Bahnar, "village" is pơlei, while "lake, pond" is dơnŏu.


Lai Châu

→ English: Lai Châu

[laːj˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[laːj˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 萊州. From Tai Dam Mường Lay, the capital of the former Lai Châu Province (1962-1992). From ꪹꪣꪉ + lay.
 Currently Mường Lay Town belongs to Điện Biên Province.


Lạng Sơn

→ English: Lạng Sơn

[laːŋ˧˨ʔ səːn˧˧]

[laːŋ˨˩ʔ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[laːŋ˨˩ʔ səːŋ˧˧]

[laːŋ˨˩˨ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[laːŋ˨˩˨ səːŋ˧˧]

Non-Sino-Vietnamese word from 諒山 (SV: Lượng Sơn). "諒" is a phonetic transcription from Tày lủng (“valley”).


Lâm Đồng

→ English: Lâm Đồng

[ləm˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩]

[ləm˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˦˩]

[ləm˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩]


Long An

→ English: Long An

[lawŋ͡m˧˧ ʔaːn˧˧]

[lawŋ͡m˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

[lɔŋ˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

[lawŋ͡m˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧]


Nam Định

→ English: Nam Định

[naːm˧˧ ʔɗïŋ˧˨ʔ]

[naːm˧˧ ʔɗɨn˨˩ʔ]

[naːm˧˧ ʔɗɨn˨˩˨]


Ninh Bình

→ English: Ninh Bình

[nïŋ˧˧ ʔɓïŋ˨˩]

[nɨn˧˧ ʔɓɨn˦˩]

[nɨn˧˧ ʔɓɨn˨˩]


Ninh Thuận

→ English: Ninh Thuận

[nïŋ˧˧ tʰwən˧˨ʔ]

[nɨn˧˧ tʰwəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[nɨn˧˧ tʰ⁽ʷ⁾əŋ˨˩˨]


Phú Yên

→ English: Phú Yên

[fu˧˦ ʔiən˧˧]

[fʊw˨˩˦ ʔiəŋ˧˧]

[fʊw˦˥ ʔiəŋ˧˧]


Quảng Bình

→ English: Quảng Bình

[kwaːŋ˧˩ ʔɓïŋ˨˩]

[kwaːŋ˧˨ ʔɓɨn˦˩]

[waːŋ˨˩˦ ʔɓɨn˨˩]


Quảng Nam

→ English: Quảng Nam

[waːŋ˨˩˦ naːm˧˧]

Phố cổ Hội An nằm ở tỉnh Quảng Nam, đã tồn tại từ hơn năm thế kỉ.

The old quarter of Hội An is located at Quảng Nam province and existed for more than five centuries.


Quảng Ngãi

→ English: Quảng Ngãi

[kwaːŋ˧˩ ŋaːj˦ˀ˥]

[kwaːŋ˧˨ ŋaːj˧˨]

[waːŋ˨˩˦ ŋaːj˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 廣義, with the South Central-Southern form of the second character.


Quảng Ninh

→ English: Quảng Ninh

[kwaːŋ˧˩ nïŋ˧˧]

[kwaːŋ˧˨ nɨn˧˧]

[waːŋ˨˩˦ nɨn˧˧]


Quảng Trị

→ English: Quảng Trị

[kwaːŋ˧˩ t͡ɕi˧˨ʔ]

[kwaːŋ˧˨ ʈɪj˨˩ʔ]

[waːŋ˨˩˦ ʈɪj˨˩˨]

a district-level town in Quảng Trị Province, Vietnam


Sơn La

→ English: Sơn La

[səːn˧˧ laː˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ laː˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ laː˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ laː˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ laː˧˧]


Tây Ninh

→ English: Tây Ninh

[təj˧˧ nïŋ˧˧]

[təj˧˧ nɨn˧˧]

[təj˧˧ nɨn˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 西寧 (“West Peaceful”). Because the province is located on the western border of Vietnam, the name prays for the peace and stability of the border area.


Thái Bình

→ English: Thái Bình

[tʰaːj˧˦ ʔɓïŋ˨˩]

[tʰaːj˨˩˦ ʔɓɨn˦˩]

[tʰaːj˦˥ ʔɓɨn˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 太平 (“great peace”). Doublet of Thới Bình.

Thái Bình (a city, the capital of Thái Bình Province, Vietnam)


Thái Nguyên

→ English: Thái Nguyên

[tʰaːj˧˦ ŋwiən˧˧]

[tʰaːj˨˩˦ ŋwiəŋ˧˧]

[tʰaːj˦˥ ŋwiəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 太原 (“Large Plain”). To indicate the midland topography of the province and around the city.

Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China)


Thừa Thiên Huế

→ English: Thừa Thiên Huế

[tʰɨə˨˩ tʰiən˧˧ hwe˧˦]

[tʰɨə˦˩ tʰiəŋ˧˧ hwej˨˩˦]

[tʰɨə˨˩ tʰiəŋ˧˧ wej˦˥]

Thừa Thiên Huế (a former province of Vietnam)


Tiền Giang

→ English: Tiền Giang

[tiən˨˩ zaːŋ˧˧]

[tiəŋ˦˩ jaːŋ˧˧]

[tiəŋ˨˩ jaːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 前江 (“front river”). Piecewise doublet of sông Tiền.


Tuyên Quang

→ English: Tuyên Quang

[twiəŋ˧˧ kwaːŋ˧˧]

[t⁽ʷ⁾iəŋ˧˧ waːŋ˧˧]


Vĩnh Long

→ English: Vĩnh Long

[vïŋ˦ˀ˥ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[vɨn˧˨ lɔŋ˧˧]

[vɨn˨˩˦ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[jɨn˨˩˦ lawŋ͡m˧˧]


Vĩnh Phúc

→ English: Vĩnh Phúc

[vïŋ˦ˀ˥ fʊwk͡p̚˧˦]

[vɨn˧˨ fʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[vɨn˨˩˦ fʊwk͡p̚˦˥]

[jɨn˨˩˦ fʊwk͡p̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 永福. Doublet of Vĩnh Phước.


Yên Bái

→ English: Yên Bái

[ʔiən˧˧ ʔɓaːj˧˦]

[ʔiəŋ˧˧ ʔɓaːj˨˩˦]

[ʔiəŋ˧˧ ʔɓaːj˦˥]


Nha Trang

[ɲaː˧˧ t͡ɕaːŋ˧˧]

[ɲaː˧˧ ʈaːŋ˧˧]

[ɲaː˧˧ ʈaːŋ˧˧]

Possibly from Eastern Cham ꨀꨳꨩꨓꨴꩃ (Aia-Trang, literally “Reed River”), the Cham name for the Cái River.


đình

(Northern Vietnam, Central Vietnam) village shrine


Quy Nhơn

[kwi˧˧ ɲəːn˧˧]

[kwɪj˧˧ ɲəːŋ˧˧]

[wɪj˧˧ ɲəːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 歸仁, literally, “to return to humanity/compassion/benevolence”, with the Central-Southern reading of the second character. An earlier name was 懷仁 /怀仁 (Hoài Nhơn), with a similar literal meaning.


Phan Rang

[faːn˧˧ ɹaːŋ˧˧]

[faːn˧˧ zaːŋ˧˧]

[faːŋ˧˧ ɹaːŋ˧˧]

[faːŋ˧˧ ɹaːŋ˧˧]

From Eastern Cham Pan(da)rang, from Old Cham Paṅrauṅ/Panrāṅ, from Sanskrit पाण्डुरङ्ग (pāṇḍuraṅga, another epithet for the Hindu god Vithoba).

cog

Phan Rang - Tháp Chàm
Phan Rang - Tháp Chàm#English

(colloquial) Phan Rang - Tháp Chàm (a city in Vietnam)


Gò Vấp

[ɣɔ˨˩ vəp̚˧˦]

[ɣɔ˦˩ vəp̚˦˧˥]

[ɣɔ˨˩ vəp̚˦˥]

[ɣɔ˨˩ jəp̚˦˥]

gò (“mound”) + vấp (“Mesua ferrea”), literally "Ceylon ironwood mound". There is an etymology that this place was formerly a hill of Ceylon ironwood. Currently, in HCMC, there are two Ceylon ironwood tree in the Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens.
According to a folk etymology, this area is a high mound, so it is easy to stumble, so gò (“mound”) + vấp (“to stumble”).

Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City#English

Gò Vấp (an urban district of Ho Chi Minh City)


sông Cửu Long

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ kɨw˧˨ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ kɨw˧˨ lɔŋ˧˧]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ kɨw˨˩˦ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ kɨw˨˩˦ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

sông (“river”) + Cửu Long (九龍, “nine dragons”), literally “River of the Nine Dragons”, referring to the nine main distributaries of the Mekong in its lower reaches before it enters the sea.
An alternative theory holds that Cửu Long 九龍 (MC kjuwX ljowng) is essentially a disyllabified, Sino-Vietnamese phono-semantic matching of Proto-Vietic *k-roːŋ (“river”), whence Modern Vietnamese sông. Although this practice is widely attested (compare Dóng vs. Phù Đổng, Giầu vs. Phù Lưu, Trèm vs. Từ Liêm), the geographical remoteness from the Vietnamese heartland (Northern and North Central Vietnam) and the rather recent settlement history of Vietnamese speakers in the region may cast some doubt on the theory.

psm

The collective name for the distributaries of the Mekong River in Vietnam's territory.


Nam Vang

[naːm˧˧ vaːŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ vaːŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ vaːŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]

Corruption of Khmer ភ្នំពេញ (phnum pɨñ).

Ðể đi mua ít ổ bánh mì, vài hộp cá mòi, đem lên xe mình ăn, rồi chiều lên Nam Vang sẽ ăn cơm.

1929, Hồ Biểu Chánh, “Vợ chồng trái ý [The disagreeing couple]”, in Khóc thầm [Crying in the dark], via Vietnamese Wikisource:

Let me go buy a small number of loaves of bread and a few sardine cans; we can eat it on the road, and when we get to Phnom Penh this afternoon we can eat a proper meal.


Thâm Quyến

[tʰəm˧˧ kwiəŋ˦˧˥]

[tʰəm˧˧ wiəŋ˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 深圳; element 圳 is pronounced Quyến because it's considered a variant form of 畎, whose Middle Chinese pronunciation *kwenX yielded early Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation quyến.

Shenzhen (a major subprovincial city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


Đất Mũi

[ʔɗət̚˧˦ muj˦ˀ˥]

[ʔɗək̚˦˧˥ muj˧˨]

[ʔɗək̚˦˥ muj˨˩˦]

From đất (“land”) + mũi (“cape”, as in mũi Cà Mau (“Cape Cà Mau”)).

com

as in <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">mũi Cà Mau</i> (“Cape Cà Mau”)

Đất Mũi (a commune of Cà Mau Province, Vietnam)


Mãn Châu

[maːn˦ˀ˥ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[maːŋ˧˨ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[maːŋ˨˩˦ cəw˧˧]

Manchuria (a historical region of northeastern China comprising the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia)


Quảng Châu

[kwaːŋ˧˩ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[kwaːŋ˧˨ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[waːŋ˨˩˦ cəw˧˧]

Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China)


Vũng Tàu

[vʊwŋ͡m˦ˀ˥ taw˨˩]

From vũng + tàu, literally "ship's puddle".


Rạch Giá

[zajk̟̚˧˨ʔ zaː˧˦]

[ʐat̚˨˩ʔ jaː˨˩˦]

[ɹat̚˨˩˨ jaː˦˥]

From rạch (“small irrigation canal”) + giá (“bean sprouts”).
According to another etymology, the city name possibly from Khmer ក្រមួនស (krâmuŏnsâ, “white wax”). But, this phonological change lacks conviction. Specifically, ក្រមួន (*kra) is easier to become *tra / *trác and ស (*sa) is easier to become *sa. In the Southern dialects, giá is pronounced with a voiced palatal consonant approximant /j/, so it is unlikely that the voiceless /s/ becomes voiced /z/. (compare Sóc Trăng, Trà Vinh, Sa Đéc, etc).


Y Pha Nho

[ʔi˧˧ faː˧˧ ɲɔ˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ faː˧˧ ɲɔ˧˧]

[ʔɪj˧˧ faː˧˧ ɲɔ˧˧]

(obsolete) Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


Pleiku

[pəː˨˩ ləj˧˧ ku˧˧]

[pəː˦˩ ləj˧˧ kʊw˧˧]

[pəː˨˩ ləj˧˧ kʊw˧˧]

Borrowed from Jarai Plơi Kơdưr (literally “northern or high village”); the spelling is adapted from earlier Plei-Kou-Derr, Plei Ku Der, used during the French colonial period.

bor

Pleiku (city in the central highland region of Vietnam)


Tây Nguyên

[təj˧˧ ŋwiən˧˧]

[təj˧˧ ŋwiəŋ˧˧]

[təj˧˧ ŋwiəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 西原, composed of 西 (“west”) and 原 (“field”), equivalent to a blend of tây (“west”) + cao nguyên (“highland”).

blend

Central Highlands (a region in Southwestern Central Vietnam)


U Minh

[ʔu˧˧ mïŋ˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ mɨn˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ mɨn˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 幽冥, composed of 幽 (“gloomy”) and 冥 (“darkness”).


Chân Lạp

[t͡ɕən˧˧ laːp̚˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕəŋ˧˧ laːp̚˨˩ʔ]

[cəŋ˧˧ laːp̚˨˩˨]


Cửa Hàn

→ French: Tourane, Touron

→ English: Tourane, Touron

[kɨə˧˩ haːn˨˩]

[kɨə˧˨ haːŋ˦˩]

[kɨə˨˩˦ haːŋ˨˩]

From cửa (“entrance; mouth”) + Hàn (“Hàn River”), literally “the mouth of the Hàn River”.

com

Đà Nẵng
Đà Nẵng


Hạ Long

[haː˧˨ʔ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[haː˨˩ʔ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[haː˨˩ʔ lɔŋ˧˧]

[haː˨˩˨ lawŋ͡m˧˧]


Phúc Kiến

[fʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ kiəŋ˦˧˥]

[fʊwk͡p̚˦˥ kiəŋ˦˥]

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

Fujian (a province of the People's Republic of China (mainland China), located on the southeastern coast)


Á Đông

Sino-Vietnamese word from 亞東, composed of 亞 and 東 (“east”), from Chinese 亞東 /亚东 (yàdōng).

vi-etym-sino

[ʔaː˧˦ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔaː˨˩˦ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔaː˦˥ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

Yadong (a county of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


Mễ

(Overseas Vietnamese or obsolete) Mexico (a country in North America)


Davao

[ʔɗaː˧˦ vaːw˧˧]

[ʔɗaː˨˩˦ vaːw˧˧]

[ʔɗaː˦˥ vaːw˧˧]

[ʔɗaː˦˥ jaːw˧˧]

Davao City (an independent city, the largest in Davao del Sur, Philippines)


Cộng hoà Nhân dân Trung Hoa

共和人民中華 (CJK)

[kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩ ɲən˧˧ zən˧˧ t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ hwaː˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩ ɲəŋ˧˧ jəŋ˧˧ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ hwaː˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩ ɲəŋ˧˧ jəŋ˧˧ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ waː˧˧]

cộng hoà (“republic”) + nhân dân (“people”) + Trung Hoa (“China”), calque of Mandarin 中華人民共和國 /中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó, Trung Hoa Nhân dân Cộng hoà quốc).


Thái Sơn

[tʰaːj˧˦ səːn˧˧]

[tʰaːj˨˩˦ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[tʰaːj˨˩˦ səːŋ˧˧]

[tʰaːj˦˥ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[tʰaːj˦˥ səːŋ˧˧]

Vietnamese folk poem (ca dao)
Công cha như núi Thái Sơn,
Nghĩa mẹ như nước trong nguồn chảy ra.
Một lòng thờ mẹ, kính cha,
Cho tròn chữ hiếu mới là đạo con.
A father’s sacrifice is as strong as the Tai Mountain,
A mother’s love is like water flowing from the source.
With all my heart I respect and honour my parents,
To uphold the filial piety is my duty as a son/daughter.

Mount Tai (a mountain in Shandong, China)


Thường Nga

[tʰɨəŋ˨˩ ŋaː˧˧]

[tʰɨəŋ˦˩ ŋaː˧˧]

[tʰɨəŋ˨˩ ŋaː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 嫦娥, from Chinese 嫦娥 (Cháng'é).

a commune of Can Lộc district, Hà Tĩnh, Vietnam


Cộng hòa Nam Phi

[kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩ naːm˧˧ fi˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩ naːm˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

[kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩ naːm˧˧ fɪj˧˧]

Cộng hoà Nam Phi
Cộng hoà Nam Phi#Vietnamese

Republic of South Africa
Republic of South Africa#English:_Q258

alternative spelling of Cộng hoà Nam Phi: Republic of South Africa (official name of South Africa: a country in Southern Africa)


Mỹ Lợi Gia

alternative spelling of Mĩ Lợi Gia: America, United States of America (a country in North America; in full, United States of America)


Tây Úc

[təj˧˧ ʔʊwk͡p̚˧˦]

[təj˧˧ ʔʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[təj˧˧ ʔʊwk͡p̚˦˥]

Western Australia
Western Australia#English:_Q3206

Western Australia (a state of Australia, occupying the western third of the continent; a former British colony until 1901)


Đại Liên

[ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ liən˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ liəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ liəŋ˧˧]

Dalian (a major subprovincial city of Liaoning, in northeastern China)


Nam Bộ

[naːm˧˧ ʔɓo˧˨ʔ]

[naːm˧˧ ʔɓow˨˩ʔ]

[naːm˧˧ ʔɓow˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Nam Bộ.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 南部, composed of 南 (“southern”) and 部 (“portion”).


Bắc Bộ

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ ʔɓo˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ ʔɓow˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ ʔɓow˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 北部, composed of 北 (“northern”) and 部 (“portion”).

vịnh Bắc Bộ


Trung Bộ

[t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓo˧˨ʔ]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓow˨˩ʔ]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓow˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 中部, composed of 中 (“central”) and 部 (“portion”).


Tây Nam Bộ

[təj˧˧ naːm˧˧ ʔɓo˧˨ʔ]

[təj˧˧ naːm˧˧ ʔɓow˨˩ʔ]

[təj˧˧ naːm˧˧ ʔɓow˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 西 (“west”) and 南部 (“Southern Vietnam”).

(formal) Southwestern Vietnam; Mekong Delta (a region of Vietnam)


Bắc Trung Bộ

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓo˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓow˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓow˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 北中部, composed of 北 (“north; northern”) and 中部 (“Central Vietnam”).

North Central Coast
w:North Central Coast

North Central Coast (a region of Vietnam)


Fansipan

[faːŋ˧˧ sɪj˧˧ paŋ˧˧]

[faːŋ˧˧ sɪj˧˧ paŋ˧˧]

Fansipan (the highest mountain in Vietnam and in the Indochinese peninsula)


Dương Sóc

[zɨəŋ˧˧ sawk͡p̚˧˦]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ ʂawk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ sawk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ ʂawk͡p̚˦˥]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ sawk͡p̚˦˥]

Yangshuo (a county of Guilin, Guangxi, China)


Quế Lâm

Guilin (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


Tân Cương

[tən˧˧ kɨəŋ˧˧]

[təŋ˧˧ kɨəŋ˧˧]

[təŋ˧˧ kɨəŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Tân Cương.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)

Xinjiang (a Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)


Nội Mông

[noj˧˨ʔ məwŋ͡m˧˧]

[noj˨˩ʔ məwŋ͡m˧˧]

[noj˨˩˨ məwŋ͡m˧˧]

ellipsis of Nội Mông Cổ (= Inner Mongolia): an autonomous region of China


Đài Trung

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˦˩ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧]


Chiết Giang

[t͡ɕiət̚˧˦ zaːŋ˧˧]

[t͡ɕiək̚˦˧˥ jaːŋ˧˧]

[ciək̚˦˥ jaːŋ˧˧]


Giang Tô

[zaːŋ˧˧ to˧˧]

Jiangsu (a province of China, northeast of the mouth of the Yangtze River)


Tô Châu

[to˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[tow˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

Suzhou (a prefecture-level city of Jiangsu, China)


Kinh Đô

[kïŋ˧˧ ʔɗo˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ ʔɗow˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ ʔɗow˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 京都, from Japanese 京都 (Kyōto).

Chim đỗ quyên hót
ở Kinh đô

Matsuo Bashō's haiku, translated by Đoàn Lê Giang

even in Kyoto
hearing the cuckoo's cry
I long for Kyoto.
(literally, “The cuckoo's singing
here in Kyoto
I long for Kyoto.”)

(rare, literary) synonym of Ki-ô-tô (“Kyoto”), the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, and former capital of Japan


Hà thành

[haː˨˩ tʰajŋ̟˨˩]

[haː˦˩ tʰɛɲ˦˩]

Blend of Hà Nội + thành phố; Sino-Vietnamese word from 河城, composed of 河 and 城.


Hán Thành

[haːn˧˦ tʰajŋ̟˨˩]

[haːŋ˦˧˥ tʰɛɲ˦˩]

[haːŋ˦˥ tʰan˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Hán Thành.wav

(historical) Hanseong (Seoul during the Joseon dynasty)


Đại Hàn Dân Quốc

[ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ haːn˨˩ zən˧˧ kuək̚˧˦]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ haːŋ˦˩ jəŋ˧˧ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ haːŋ˨˩ jəŋ˧˧ wək̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Đại Hàn Dân Quốc.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 大韓民國, composed of 大 (“great”), 韓 (“Korea”) and 民國 (“republic”), from Korean 대한민국 (Daehanmin'guk, literally “People's State of Great Han”), coined by Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea perhaps on the model of both or either of:
* The already established Chinese 中華民國 /中华民国 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó, “Republic of China”, literally “People's State of Zhonghua”) (Trung Hoa Dân Quốc), whose name was purposefully coined by Sun Yat-sen.
* The antecedent 대한 제국 (Daehan jeguk, “Korean Empire”, literally “Emperor's State of Great Han”), whose name and governance were inspired by the Japanese 大日本帝國 (Dai-Nippon-Teikoku, “Empire of Japan”, literally “Emperor's State of Great Japan”).
The very first article of the current Constitution of the Republic of Korea references the terms 민국 (min'guk, “republic”), 민주 (minju, “democratic; republican”) and 공화국 (gonghwaguk, “republic”) just like its counterpart of the Republic of China.
대한민국은 민주공화국이다.
Daehanmin'gugeun minjugonghwagugida.
The Republic of Korea shall be a democratic republic.

quote

대한민국은 민주공화국이다.

Republic of Korea
Republic of Korea#English:_Q884

Republic of Korea (official name of South Korea: a country in East Asia)


nước Tàu

head

nước Tàu • (渃艚)

vi-noun

nước Tàu • (渃艚)

[nɨək̚˧˦ taw˨˩]

[nɨək̚˦˧˥ taw˦˩]

Thiên Nam toàn quốc diễn âm 天南全國演音, pg. 7
北方夾界渃艚
Bắc phương giáp giới nước Tàu
The north borders China.

(derogatory, sometimes ethnic slur) China


Cao Man

[kaːw˧˧ maːŋ˧˧]

[kaːw˧˧ maːŋ˧˧]


Phú Quý

[fʊw˨˩˦ kwɪj˨˩˦]

[fʊw˦˥ wɪj˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 富貴 (“wealthy and respectable”).

vi-etym-sino

Phú Quý (an island district in Bình Thuận Province, Vietnam)


巴川

chữ Hán form of Ba Xuyên (“Ba Xuyên (a province of South Vietnam)”)


sông Hàn

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ haːn˨˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ haːŋ˦˩]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ haːŋ˦˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ haːŋ˨˩]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ haːŋ˨˩]

sông (“river”) + Cửa Hàn (“one of the old names of Đà Nẵng”). In the past, Hàn was written in chữ Hán as 瀚 (SV: hãn).
The eggcorn sense comes from confusion between Hán (漢, the character used for China/Han or the Han River in Korea) and Hàn (韓, the character used for the nation of (South) Korea).

com

the Hàn River (a river in Da Nang, Vietnam)


Hồng Bàng

An Dương Vương
Early Lê dynasty
Early Lý dynasty
Hồ dynasty
Hồng Bàng dynasty
Later Trần dynasty
Lê dynasty
Lý dynasty
Mạc dynasty
Nguyễn dynasty
Ngô dynasty
Revival Lê dynasty
Triệu dynasty
Trần dynasty
Tây Sơn dynasty
Đinh dynasty

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ ʔɓaːŋ˨˩]

[həwŋ͡m˦˩ ʔɓaːŋ˦˩]

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ ʔɓaːŋ˨˩]

Hồng Bàng (an urban district of Haiphong, Vietnam)


Tiệp

Một hai năm gần đây khủng hoảng kinh tế khiến đời sống của người lao động, người công nhân Việt Nam nói riêng và nước ngoài nói chung tại Tiệp càng khó khăn hơn.

2010 October 11, Nhật Hiên, “Người Việt ở Tiệp [Vietnamese people in Czechia]”, in Radio Free Asia, Washington, D.C., retrieved 2022-06-05:

In the past year or two, the economic crisis has made the lives of laborers and workers [working] in foreign countries as a whole and in the Czech Republic in particular even harder.

MC Bình Minh vừa có chuyến công tác tại Tiệp, Ý, Pháp. Sau khi trở về Việt Nam MC Bình Minh đã tự cách ly.

2021 November 4, “MC Bình Minh đăng ảnh làm việc ở khu cách ly [Host Bình Minh working from his 'isolation facility']”, in VietNamNet, Hanoi, retrieved 2022-06-05:

Host Bình Minh just took a business trip to Czechia, Italy, and France. Upon his return to Vietnam, he quarantined himself.

Chả quen ai em ạ. Mình cứ đi thôi. Sang Tiệp [Séc]^([sic]) thì còn có người quen chứ sang Đức thì chẳng có ai quen cả, […]

2022 March 7, Quang Dũng, “Người Việt chạy nạn từ Ukraine: Đau đáu chuyện Đi-Về [Vietnamese people evacuating Ukraine: The anxiety of returning home]”, in Báo Điện tử Tiếng nói Việt Nam, Hanoi, retrieved 2022-06-05:

No, I don't know anyone. I just go [with them]. Over in Czechia at least I have people [I] knew, but in Germany [I] knew no one.

Czech Republic, Czechia (a country in Central Europe)


Tô Cách Lan

[tow˧˧ kat̚˦˧˥ laːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 蘇格蘭, from Mandarin 蘇格蘭 /苏格兰 (Sūgélán), from English Scotland.

Đức Thánh Cha Phanxicô cũng đang lên kế hoạch cho một số chuyến đi trong những tháng tới: đầu tiên đến Hung Gia Lợi và Slovakia vào tháng 9 và sau đó là Tô Cách Lan vào tháng 11.

2021 July 13, “Chung quanh tin Đức Giáo Hoàng sẽ thoái vị trong vài giờ nữa”, in VietCatholic News, Garden Grove, California, sourced from Catholic News Agency, retrieved 2022-02-05:

The Holy Father Pope Francis is also planning some trips in the next months: first to Hungary and Slovakia in September, then to Scotland in November.

(dated) Scotland (a constituent country of the United Kingdom)


xứ Uên

[sɨ˧˦ ʔwen˧˧]

[sɨ˨˩˦ ʔwen˧˧]

[sɨ˦˥ (ʔ)wəːn˧˧]

From xứ (“land; country”) + Uên (“Wales”), calque of French pays de Galles (literally “country of Wales”).


Bắc Ai-len

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ ʔaːj˧˧ lɛn˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ ʔaːj˧˧ lɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ ʔaːj˧˧ lɛŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Bắc Ai-len.wav

bắc (“north”) + Ai-len (“Ireland”), calque of English Northern Ireland.


Bắc Hà

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ haː˨˩]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ haː˦˩]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ haː˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 北河.
bắc (“north”) + hà (“river”).

Lào Cai Province
Lào Cai Province#English


Xiêm La

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 暹羅 (SV: Tiêm La). The regular reading was abundantly attested, but is now obsolete.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">Tiêm La</i>

vi-etym-sino

(historical) Siam (former name of Thailand: a country in Southeast Asia)


米西基

chữ Hán form of Mễ Tây Cơ (“(Overseas Vietnamese or obsolete) Mexico (a country in North America)”)


Xăng Phăng

[saŋ˧˧ faŋ˧˧]

[saŋ˧˧ faŋ˧˧]

[saŋ˧˧ faŋ˧˧]

Nhưng khi vừa xuống phi trường Xăng Phăng…

2005 October 15, Kiêm Ái, “Nếu… [If…]”, in Tiếng Dân, number 174, San Jose, California: SaigonUSA News:

But as soon as he stepped foot outside the San Francisco airport…

Vì vùng San Jose, “Xăng Phăng” đất đai nhà cửa quá mắc nên nhiều hãng xưởng dọn về đây và chợ Việt, chợ Tàu mọc lên như nấm. Không như Bolsa khu chợ Việt nằm gần nhau, ở “Sắc Tô” khu thương mại Việt Nam nằm rải rác trên con đường Stockton.

2008 September 8, Trịnh Hảo Tâm, “Về Thủ Đô Sacramento”, in Vietnam Daily News, San Jose, California: Pacific Press, archived from the original on 2017-11-18:

Because housing around San Jose and "San Fran" is so expensive, many companies have moved here, and Vietnamese and Chinese markets have popped up like mushrooms. Unlike how the Vietnamese districts on Bolsa [in Little Saigon] are located close to each other, in "Sac" the Vietnamese commercial districts are scattered along Stockton Boulevard.

(informal, US) San Francisco (a city in California), San Fran


Cựu Kim Sơn

[kɨw˨˩ʔ kim˧˧ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[kɨw˨˩ʔ kim˧˧ səːŋ˧˧]

[kɨw˨˩˨ kim˧˧ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[kɨw˨˩˨ kim˧˧ səːŋ˧˧]

Chúng tôi tin rằng các nước Đồng minh đã công nhận những nguyên tắc dân tộc bình đẳng ở các Hội nghị Têhêrăng và Cựu Kim Sơn, quyết không thể không công nhận quyền độc lập của dân Việt Nam.

1945 September 2, Ho Chi Minh, Tuyên ngôn độc lập Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa [Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam], Hanoi:

We are convinced that the Allied nations, which at Tehran and San Francisco have acknowledged the principles of self-determination and equality of nations, will not refuse to acknowledge the independence of Vietnam.

Hội Người Việt Cao Niên Vùng Vịnh Cựu Kim Sơn phối hợp với các hội đoàn khác tổ chức Lễ Giỗ Quốc Tổ Hùng Vương lúc 11 giờ sáng tại Yerba Buena High School…

2019 March 23, “Sinh hoạt cộng đồng [Community activities]”, in Vietnam Daily News, San Jose, California:

The San Francisco Bay Area Elderly Vietnamese Association will meet with other groups to commemorate the Hùng Kings' Festival at 11 in the morning at Yerba Buena High School…

(dated) San Francisco (a city in California)


Têhêrăng

[te˧˧ he˧˧ ɹaŋ˧˧]


Lốt

Clipping of Lốt An-giơ-lét, from English Los Angeles

(informal, US) LA, Los Angeles (a large city in California, United States)


Ngọc Lân

[ŋawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ lən˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ ləŋ˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩˨ ləŋ˧˧]

From English New Orleans, in the style of a Vietnamese place name.

Ngọc-Lân không phải con kỳ-lân bằng ngọc mà là một loại phiên âm lạ đời của đồng bào ta ở đây để chỉ New Orleans.

1987 July 4, P.D.T., “Ngọc Lân, tình lắm anh ơi”, in Lá Thư Ái Hữu Công Chánh, number 39, page 30:

Ngọc Lân is not a unicorn made of jade but rather a bizarre phonetic transcription by our compatriots here to refer to New Orleans.

Thành-phố New Orleans, được đồng-hương đặt tên lại là NGỌC-LÂN cho dễ đọc, là một trong những thành-phố có nhiều màu sắc tại Mỹ.

1996 May 4, Lê Thành Trinh, “Thành phố Ngọc Lân tại Louisiana [The City of New Orleans, Louisiana]”, in Ái Hữu Công Chánh, number 67 (PDF), page 73:

The city of New Orleans, named Ngọc Lân by compatriots for convenience, is one of the most colorful cities in America.

Cuối năm 1975, đã có 600 người Việt cư ngụ tại Châu thành Ngọc Lân nhỏ bé thân thương này.

2014 May 21, Phaolô Nguyễn Văn Tùng, “Giáo Đoàn Công Giáo Việt Nam Tổng Giáo Phận New Orleans [Vietnamese Catholic Congregation in the Archdiocese of New Orleans]”, in VietCatholic News:

By the end of 1975, there were 600 Vietnamese residents in this tiny, beloved part of New Orleans.

Riêng trong vùng New Orleans, sau sáu (6) năm êm ấm sinh sống ổn định, hàng ngàn người Việt từ khắp nơi nghe đến xứ sở Ngọc Lân vùng nắng ấm tình người đều muốn tuôn về cư ngụ.

2021, “Lịch Sử Giáo Xứ [Parish History]”, in Giáo Xứ Maria Nữ Vương Việt Nam [Mary Queen of Vietnam Church], Mary Queen of Vietnam Church, retrieved 2023-02-04:

In New Orleans alone, after six (6) years living in harmony and stability, thousands of Vietnamese from all over heard of New Orleans, a land of sun and warmth, and all wanted to stream in to live there.

(US) New Orleans (a city in Louisiana, United States)


Hạ Uy Di

[haː˧˨ʔ ʔwi˧˧ zi˧˧]

[haː˨˩ʔ ʔwɪj˧˧ jɪj˧˧]

[haː˨˩˨ (ʔ)wɪj˧˧ jɪj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Hạ Uy Di.wav

(dated) Hawaii (an insular state of the United States, formerly a territory)


Hai Bà Trưng

[haːj˧˧ ʔɓaː˨˩ t͡ɕɨŋ˧˧]

[haːj˧˧ ʔɓaː˦˩ ʈɨŋ˧˧]

[haːj˧˧ ʔɓaː˨˩ ʈɨŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Hai Bà Trưng.wav

hai (“two”) + bà (“lady”) + Trưng, literally “The Two Ladies of the Trưng family”.

af

Hai Bà Trưng (a district of Hanoi, Vietnam)


Nội Mông Cổ

[noj˧˨ʔ məwŋ͡m˧˧ ko˧˩]

[noj˨˩˨ məwŋ͡m˧˧ kow˨˩˦]

Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia#English:_Q41079

Inner Mongolia (a Mongolian autonomous region of China)


Hoàn Kiếm

[hwaːŋ˦˩ kiəm˦˧˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 還劍, composed of 還 (“to return”) and 劍 (“sword”), from hồ Hoàn Kiếm.


Ninh Hạ

[nïŋ˧˧ haː˧˨ʔ]

[nɨn˧˧ haː˨˩ʔ]

[nɨn˧˧ haː˨˩˨]

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
w:Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Ningxia, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (a Hui autonomous region of China)


Quảng Tây

[kwaːŋ˧˩ təj˧˧]

[kwaːŋ˧˨ təj˧˧]

[waːŋ˨˩˦ təj˧˧]

Guangxi (a Zhuang autonomous region of China)


Vân Nam

[vəŋ˧˧ naːm˧˧]

[vəŋ˧˧ naːm˧˧]

[jəŋ˧˧ naːm˧˧]

Yunnan (a province in southwestern China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam)


Thanh Hải

[tʰajŋ̟˧˧ haːj˧˩]

[tʰɛɲ˧˧ haːj˧˨]

Qinghai (a province in northwestern China)


Hắc Long Giang

[hak̚˧˦ lawŋ͡m˧˧ zaːŋ˧˧]

[hak̚˦˧˥ lawŋ͡m˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]

[hak̚˦˧˥ lɔŋ˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]

[hak̚˦˥ lawŋ͡m˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]

Heilongjiang (a province in northeastern China)


Liêu Ninh

[liəw˧˧ nïŋ˧˧]

Liaoning (a province in northeastern China)


Hà Bắc

[haː˨˩ ʔɓak̚˧˦]

[haː˦˩ ʔɓak̚˦˧˥]

[haː˨˩ ʔɓak̚˦˥]


Sơn Đông

[səːn˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧]

Shandong (a coastal province in eastern China)


Giang Tây

[zaːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[jaːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[jaːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]


Quý Châu

[kwi˧˦ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[kwɪj˨˩˦ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[wɪj˦˥ cəw˧˧]

Guizhou (a province in southwestern China)


An Huy

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ hwɪj˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ wɪj˧˧]


Sơn Tây

[səːn˧˧ təj˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

Sơn Tây (a town in the municipality of Hanoi, Vietnam)

Sơn Tây (a district of Quảng Ngãi Province, Vietnam)

Shanxi (a province in the northern part of China)


Thiểm Tây

[tʰiəm˧˩ təj˧˧]

[tʰiəm˧˨ təj˧˧]

[tʰim˨˩˦ təj˧˧]


Hồ Bắc

[ho˨˩ ʔɓak̚˧˦]

[how˦˩ ʔɓak̚˦˧˥]

[how˨˩ ʔɓak̚˦˥]


Cam Túc

[kaːm˧˧ tʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Cam Túc.wav

Gansu (a province in northwestern China)


Tân La

[tən˧˧ laː˧˧]

[təŋ˧˧ laː˧˧]

[təŋ˧˧ laː˧˧]

Silla (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 57 BCE to 935 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of modern South Korea and most of modern North Korea)


Bách Tế

[ʔɓajk̟̚˧˦ te˧˦]

[ʔɓat̚˦˧˥ tej˨˩˦]

[ʔɓat̚˦˥ tej˦˥]

(historical) Baekje (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 18 BCE to 660 C.E.; at its maximum covering most of modern western South Korea)


Di Lặc

[jɪj˧˧ lak̚˨˩ʔ]

[jɪj˧˧ lak̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 彌勒, from Literary Chinese 彌勒 (mjie lok).

Honghe Hani and Yi
Honghe Hani and Yi#English

Mile (a county-level city of Honghe Hani and Yi prefecture, Yunnan, China)


Xi-be-ri-a

[si˧˧ ʔɓɛ˧˧ ɹi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[si˧˧ ʔɓɛ˧˧ zi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[sɪj˧˧ ʔɓɛ˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[sɪj˧˧ ʔɓɛ˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Tây Bá Lợi Á

[təj˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˦ ləːj˧˨ʔ ʔaː˧˦]

[təj˧˧ ʔɓaː˨˩˦ ləːj˨˩ʔ ʔaː˨˩˦]

[təj˧˧ ʔɓaː˦˥ ləːj˨˩˨ ʔaː˦˥]

(obsolete) Siberia (the region of Russia in Asia)


Hồ Nam

Hunan (a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting)


Úc Châu

Nhà nghiên cứu hàng đầu tại Đại học Quốc gia Úc Châu (ANU) là giáo sư Emma Banks cho biết, cuộc nghiên cứu được xem là sâu xa nhất từ trước đến nay trên thế giới, đã nêu bật việc hút thuốc gây nguy cơ đến hệ thống tim mạch như thế nào.

2019, “Vẫn còn hút thuốc? Có nguy cơ đột quỵ hay bệnh tim gấp 3 lần”SBS Việt Ngữ:

Professor Emma Banks, leading researcher from the Australian National University (ANU), says the study, considered most in-depth in the world thus far, has highlighted just how dangerous smoking is to the cardiovascular system.

Cộng đồng người Việt Úc Châu vừa vinh dự có thêm một thành viên được trao tặng Huy chương Phục vụ cộng đồng và nhân sinh.

2019, “Hạt giống yêu thương (256) Từ anh thợ sơn đến Bác sĩ chuyên khoa và Huy Chương OAM của Nữ Hoàng”SBS Việt Ngữ:

The Vietnamese Australian community is honoured to have another member just awarded the Medal (of the Order of Australia) for his community services.

alternative spelling of Úc châu: Australia (a country consisting of a main island, the island of Tasmania and other smaller islands, located in Oceania; historically, a collection of former colonies of the British Empire)


高綿

Alternative form of Sino-Vietnamese word 高棉 (Gāomián).

chữ Hán form of Cao Miên (“(dated) Cambodia (a country in Southeast Asia)”)


Phan Thiết

[faːn˧˧ tʰiət̚˧˦]

[faːŋ˧˧ tʰiək̚˦˧˥]

[faːŋ˧˧ tʰiək̚˦˥]

Phan + Thiết.
:"Phan": From Eastern Cham Pan(da)rang, from Old Cham Paṅrauṅ/Panrāṅ, from Sanskrit पाण्डुरङ्ग (pāṇḍuraṅga, another epithet for the Hindu god Vithoba). This element also appears in other place names such as: Phan Rang - Tháp Chàm, Phan River, Phan Rí Cửa, Phan Rí Thành, Phan Lâm, Phan Sơn, etc.
:"Thiết": From Eastern Cham ꨨꨟꨭꨩꨤꨪꨔꨪꩅ (Hamū-Lithit, “farming neighborhood”).
According to another etymology, this place name is derived from Eastern Cham Po Thit. Po Thit is the Prince of the Princess Po Sah Inư, the daughter of the King Para Chanh.

bor

Phan Thiết (the capital city of Bình Thuận Province, Vietnam)


đặc khu hành chính

[ʔɗak̚˧˨ʔ xu˧˧ hajŋ̟˨˩ t͡ɕïŋ˧˦]

[ʔɗak̚˨˩ʔ kʰʊw˧˧ hɛɲ˦˩ t͡ɕɨn˦˧˥]

[ʔɗak̚˨˩ʔ xʊw˧˧ hɛɲ˦˩ t͡ɕɨn˦˧˥]

[ʔɗak̚˨˩˨ kʰʊw˧˧ han˨˩ cɨn˦˥]

[ʔɗak̚˨˩˨ xʊw˧˧ han˨˩ cɨn˦˥]

Calque of Chinese 特別行政區 /特别行政区 (đặc biệt hành chính khu). Compare Chinese 特區 /特区 (đặc khu).

cal

<i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">đặc biệt</i> hành chính khu


Thành Đô

[tʰajŋ̟˨˩ ʔɗo˧˧]

[tʰɛɲ˦˩ ʔɗow˧˧]

[tʰan˨˩ ʔɗow˧˧]

Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)


Hoàng Hà

[hwaːŋ˨˩ haː˨˩]

[hwaːŋ˦˩ haː˦˩]

[waːŋ˨˩ haː˨˩]

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)


thành phố trực thuộc trung ương

[tʰajŋ̟˨˩ fo˧˦ t͡ɕɨk̚˧˨ʔ tʰuək̚˧˨ʔ t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɨəŋ˧˧]

[tʰɛɲ˦˩ fow˨˩˦ ʈɨk̚˨˩ʔ tʰuək̚˨˩ʔ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɨəŋ˧˧]

[tʰan˨˩ fow˦˥ ʈɨk̚˨˩˨ tʰuək̚˨˩˨ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɨəŋ˧˧]

thành phố (“city”) + trực thuộc (“to be directly administered by”) + trung ương (“central government”).

com

thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh
thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh#Vietnamese

one of the highest administrative divisions in Vietnam, opposed to tỉnh (“province”), as well as thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh (“provincial capital”); itself is divided into quận (“district”)


CHNDTH

Cộng hoà Nhân dân Trung Hoa
Cộng hoà Nhân dân Trung Hoa#Vietnamese

initialism of Cộng hoà Nhân dân Trung Hoa (“People’s Republic of China”), official name of China: a country in East Asia


mũi Hảo Vọng

[muj˧˨ haːw˧˨ vɔŋ˨˩ʔ]

[muj˨˩˦ haːw˨˩˦ vawŋ͡m˨˩˨]

[muj˨˩˦ haːw˨˩˦ jawŋ͡m˨˩˨]

mũi (“cape”) + Sino-Vietnamese word from 好 (“good”) and 望 (“hope”), calque of Chinese 好望角 (Hảo Vọng Giác).

vi-etym-sino

Cape of Good Hope
Cape of Good Hope#English

the Cape of Good Hope (a cape in southwestern South Africa)


Tân Thế Giới

[tən˧˧ tʰe˧˦ zəːj˧˦]

[təŋ˧˧ tʰej˨˩˦ jəːj˨˩˦]

[təŋ˧˧ tʰej˦˥ jəːj˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 新世界. From tân (“new”) + thế giới (“world”).

New Caledonia (an archipelago and overseas territory of France in Oceania)


Khe Sanh

English: Khe Sanh

French: Khe Sanh

[xɛ˧˧ sajŋ̟˧˧]

[kʰɛ˧˧ ʂɛɲ˧˧]

[xɛ˧˧ sɛɲ˧˧]

[kʰɛ˧˧ ʂan˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Khe Sanh.wav

Khe Sanh (a township in Hướng Hoá district, Quảng Trị Province, Vietnam)


Nam Úc

[naːm˧˧ ʔʊwk͡p̚˧˦]

[naːm˧˧ ʔʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[naːm˧˧ ʔʊwk͡p̚˦˥]

South Australia
South Australia#English:_Q3206

South Australia (a state of Australia, located in the central southern part of the continent; a former British colony until 1901)


Nhân Xuyên

[ɲən˧˧ swiən˧˧]

[ɲəŋ˧˧ swiəŋ˧˧]

[ɲəŋ˧˧ s⁽ʷ⁾iəŋ˧˧]


Guy-an

[ɣwi˧˧ ʔaːn˧˧]

[ɣwɪj˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

[ɣwɪj˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

administrative region
administrative region

French Guiana (an overseas department and administrative region of France in South America)


Đô-mi-ni-ca-na

[ʔɗo˧˧ mi˧˧ ni˧˧ kaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔɗow˧˧ mɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔɗow˧˧ mɪj˧˧ nɪj˧˧ kaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

From Spanish dominicana f (“Dominican”, adjective).

bor

Cộng hoà Đô-mi-ni-ca-na
Cộng hoà Đô-mi-ni-ca-na#Vietnamese

Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic#English:_Q786

short for Cộng hoà Đô-mi-ni-ca-na (“Dominican Republic”): Dominican Republic (a country in the Caribbean)


Thừa Thiên

[tʰɨə˨˩ tʰiən˧˧]

[tʰɨə˦˩ tʰiəŋ˧˧]

[tʰɨə˨˩ tʰiəŋ˧˧]

(history) an feudal province of Vietnam, later part of Bình Trị Thiên Province (along with Quảng Bình and Quảng Trị), now part of Thừa Thiên Huế Province


Pa-lét-xtin

[paː˧˧ lɛt̚˦˧˥ stin˧˧]

[paː˧˧ lɛk̚˦˥ stɨn˧˧]


Nam Trung Bộ

[naːm˧˧ t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓo˧˨ʔ]

[naːm˧˧ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓow˨˩ʔ]

[naːm˧˧ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɓow˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 南中部, composed of 南 (“south”) and 中部 (“Central Vietnam”).


Nguỵ

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (266–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty


Viễn Tây

[viən˦ˀ˥ təj˧˧]

[viəŋ˧˨ təj˧˧]

[viəŋ˨˩˦ təj˧˧]

[jiəŋ˨˩˦ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Viễn Tây.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 遠 (“far”) and 西 (“west”).

cao bồi miền Viễn Tây


Tân Đảo

head

Tân Đảo • (新島)

[tən˧˧ ʔɗaːw˧˩]

[təŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːw˧˨]

[təŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːw˨˩˦]

From tân (“new in Sino-Vietnamese”) + đảo (“island”).

com

(archaic) Vanuatu, New Hebrides (a country and archipelago of Melanesia in Oceania)


xứ Quảng

[sɨ˧˦ kwaːŋ˧˩]

[sɨ˨˩˦ kwaːŋ˧˨]

[sɨ˦˥ waːŋ˨˩˦]

Anh thợ đào đất xứ Quảng làm nhiều hơn nói này trước đây nguyên là quản lý tiểu đoàn.

1978, Chu Lai, chapter 9, in Nắng đồng bằng, NXB Quân đội Nhân dân:

This man-of-action digger from the Quảng Nam–Quảng Ngãi region previously managed a battalion.

The geographic region in Vietnam comprised of Đà Nẵng city, Quảng Nam Province, and Quảng Ngãi Province


sông Hương

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

the Perfume River (a river in Hue, Thừa Thiên Huế, Vietnam)


sông Đà

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗaː˨˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗaː˦˩]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗaː˦˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗaː˨˩]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɗaː˨˩]

the Black River (a river in Vietnam, China)


Xa-na

[saː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[saː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[saː˧˧ naː˧˧]

Sanaa (the capital and largest city of Yemen)


Kê Thành

[ke˧˧ tʰajŋ̟˨˩]

[kej˧˧ tʰɛɲ˦˩]

Borrowed from French (Le) Caire. Possibly a Sino-Vietnamese reading or a translation from Tây hành nhật ký (Diary of a Voyage to the West), an account of the embassy of Phan Thanh Giản.

(obsolete) Cairo (the capital city of Egypt)


Bây-rút

[ʔɓəj˧˧ ɹut̚˧˦]

[ʔɓəj˧˧ zut̚˧˦]

[ʔɓəj˧˧ ɹʊk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓəj˧˧ ɹʊk͡p̚˦˥]


Am-man

[ʔaːm˧˧ maːn˧˧]

[ʔaːm˧˧ maːŋ˧˧]

[ʔaːm˧˧ maːŋ˧˧]


Ma-xcát

[maː˧˧ skaːk̚˦˧˥]


A-bu Đa-bi

[ʔaː˧˧ ʔɓu˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ ʔɓi˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ ʔɓɪj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-A-bu Đa-bi.wav

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English

Abu Dhabi (an emirate of the United Arab Emirates)

Abu Dhabi (the capital city of the United Arab Emirates; the capital city of Abu Dhabi emirate, United Arab Emirates)


Ma-na-ma

[maː˧˧ naː˧˧ maː˧˧]

[maː˧˧ naː˧˧ maː˧˧]

[maː˧˧ naː˧˧ maː˧˧]


Ra-bát

[ɹaː˧˧ ʔɓaːt̚˧˦]

[ɹaː˧˧ ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥]

[ɹaː˧˧ ʔɓaːk̚˦˥]

Rabat (the capital city of Morocco, and capital city of the region of Rabat-Sale-Kenitra, Morocco)


Ba-ren

[ʔɓaː˧˧ ɹɛn˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ zɛn˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ ɹɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ ɹɛŋ˧˧]

Bahrain (an archipelago, island, and country in Western Asia, in the Persian Gulf)


Đô-ha

[ʔɗo˧˧ haː˧˧]

[ʔɗow˧˧ haː˧˧]

[ʔɗow˧˧ haː˧˧]


Nu-ác-sốt

[nu˧˧ ʔaːk̚˧˦ sot̚˧˦]

[nʊw˧˧ ʔaːk̚˦˧˥ ʂok̚˦˧˥]

[nʊw˧˧ ʔaːk̚˦˧˥ sok̚˦˧˥]

[nʊw˧˧ ʔaːk̚˦˥ ʂok̚˦˥]

[nʊw˧˧ ʔaːk̚˦˥ sok̚˦˥]

Nouakchott (the capital city of Mauritania)


Tơ-ri-pô-li

[təː˧˧ ɹi˧˧ po˧˧ li˧˧]

[təː˧˧ zi˧˧ po˧˧ li˧˧]

[təː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ pow˧˧ lɪj˧˧]

[təː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ pow˧˧ lɪj˧˧]


Mô-ga-đi-su

[mo˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ ʔɗi˧˧ su˧˧]

[mow˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ ʔɗɪj˧˧ ʂʊw˧˧]

[mow˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ ʔɗɪj˧˧ sʊw˧˧]

[mow˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ ʔɗɪj˧˧ ʂʊw˧˧]

[mow˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ ʔɗɪj˧˧ sʊw˧˧]


Khắc-tum

[kʰak̚˦˥ tʊm˧˧]


Ê-rê-van

[ʔe˧˧ ɹe˧˧ vaːn˧˧]

[ʔe˧˧ ze˧˧ vaːn˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ɹej˧˧ vaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ɹej˧˧ vaːŋ˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ɹej˧˧ jaːŋ˧˧]


Tbi-li-xi

[təː˨˩ ʔɓi˧˧ li˧˧ si˧˧]

[təː˦˩ ʔɓɪj˧˧ lɪj˧˧ sɪj˧˧]

[təː˨˩ ʔɓɪj˧˧ lɪj˧˧ sɪj˧˧]

Tbilisi (the capital of the country of Georgia)


Ti-ra-na

[ti˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ti˧˧ zaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[tɪj˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[tɪj˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ naː˧˧]


Da-grép

[zaː˧˧ ɣɹɛp̚˧˦]

[jaː˧˧ ɣɹɛp̚˦˧˥]

[jaː˧˧ ɣɹɛp̚˦˥]

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


Xô-phi-a

[so˧˧ fi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[sow˧˧ fɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[sow˧˧ fɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Sách Phi Á

[sajk̟̚˧˦ fi˧˧ ʔaː˧˦]

[ʂat̚˦˧˥ fɪj˧˧ ʔaː˨˩˦]

[sat̚˦˧˥ fɪj˧˧ ʔaː˨˩˦]

[ʂat̚˦˥ fɪj˧˧ ʔaː˦˥]

[sat̚˦˥ fɪj˧˧ ʔaː˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 索非亞. Borrowed from Chinese 索非亞 /索非亚 (Suǒfēiyà).

bor+

(obsolete) Sofia (the capital city of Bulgaria)


Xa-rai-ê-vô

[saː˧˧ ɹaːj˧˧ ʔe˧˧ vo˧˧]

[saː˧˧ zaːj˧˧ ʔe˧˧ vo˧˧]

[saː˧˧ ɹaːj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ vow˧˧]

[saː˧˧ ɹaːj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ vow˧˧]

[saː˧˧ ɹaːj˧˧ ʔej˧˧ jow˧˧]

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina#English

Sarajevo (the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina)


Bra-ti-xla-va

[ʔɓɹaː˧˧ ti˧˧ slaː˧˧ vaː˧˧]

[ʔɓɹaː˧˧ tɪj˧˧ slaː˧˧ vaː˧˧]

[ʔɓɹaː˧˧ tɪj˧˧ slaː˧˧ vaː˧˧]

[ʔɓɹaː˧˧ tɪj˧˧ slaː˧˧ jaː˧˧]

Bratislava (the capital city of Slovakia)


Pra-ha

[pɹaː˧˧ haː˧˧]

[pɹaː˧˧ haː˧˧]

[pɹaː˧˧ haː˧˧]

Prague (the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic)


Bu-đa-pét

[ʔɓu˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ pɛt̚˧˦]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ pɛt̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ ʔɗaː˧˧ pɛk̚˦˥]

Budapest (the capital and largest city of Hungary)


Bu-ca-rét

[ʔɓu˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹɛt̚˧˦]

[ʔɓu˧˧ kaː˧˧ zɛt̚˧˦]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹɛt̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹɛk̚˦˥]

Bucharest (the capital and largest city of Romania)


Ma-đrít

[maː˧˧ ʔɗɹit̚˧˦]

[maː˧˧ ʔɗɹit̚˦˧˥]

[maː˧˧ ʔɗɹɨt̚˦˥]

Madrid (the capital and largest city of Spain)


Li-xboa

[li˧˧ sʔɓwaː˧˧]

[lɪj˧˧ sʔɓwaː˧˧]

[lɪj˧˧ sʔɓwaː˧˧]


Ka-bun

[kaː˧˧ ʔɓun˧˧]

[kaː˧˧ ʔɓun˧˧]

[kaː˧˧ ʔɓʊwŋ͡m˧˧]


I-xla-ma-bát

[ʔi˧˧ slaː˧˧ maː˧˧ ʔɓaːt̚˧˦]

[ʔɪj˧˧ slaː˧˧ maː˧˧ ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɪj˧˧ slaː˧˧ maː˧˧ ʔɓaːk̚˦˥]

Islamabad (the capital city of Pakistan)


A-sơ-ga-bát

[ʔaː˧˧ səː˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ ʔɓaːt̚˧˦]

[ʔaː˧˧ ʂəː˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔaː˧˧ səː˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔaː˧˧ ʂəː˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ ʔɓaːk̚˦˥]

[ʔaː˧˧ səː˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ ʔɓaːk̚˦˥]

Ashgabat (the capital city of Turkmenistan)


Phnôm Pênh

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Phnôm Pênh.wav

Phnom Penh (the capital and largest city of Cambodia)


Vạn Tượng

[vaːn˧˨ʔ tɨəŋ˧˨ʔ]

[vaːŋ˨˩ʔ tɨəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[vaːŋ˨˩˨ tɨəŋ˨˩˨]

[jaːŋ˨˩˨ tɨəŋ˨˩˨]

Vientiane (the capital and largest city of Laos)


Brúc-xen

[ʔɓɹʊwk͡p̚˧˦ sɛn˧˧]

[ʔɓɹʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ sɛŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓɹʊwk͡p̚˦˥ sɛŋ˧˧]


Am-xtéc-đam

[ʔaːm˧˧ stɛk̚˧˦ ʔɗaːm˧˧]

[ʔaːm˧˧ stɛk̚˦˧˥ ʔɗaːm˧˧]

[ʔaːm˧˧ stɛk̚˦˥ ʔɗaːm˧˧]

Amsterdam (the capital city of the Netherlands)


Cô-pen-ha-ghen

[ko˧˧ pɛn˧˧ haː˧˧ ɣɛn˧˧]

[kow˧˧ pɛŋ˧˧ haː˧˧ ɣɛŋ˧˧]

[kow˧˧ pɛŋ˧˧ haː˧˧ ɣɛŋ˧˧]

Copenhagen (the capital and largest city of Denmark)


Cô-pen-ha-gen

[ko˧˧ pɛn˧˧ haː˧˧ ɣɛn˧˧]

[kow˧˧ pɛŋ˧˧ haː˧˧ ɣɛŋ˧˧]

[kow˧˧ pɛŋ˧˧ haː˧˧ ɣɛŋ˧˧]


Béc-nơ

[ʔɓɛk̚˧˦ nəː˧˧]

[ʔɓɛk̚˦˧˥ nəː˧˧]

[ʔɓɛk̚˦˥ nəː˧˧]


Liu-bli-an-na

[liw˧˧ ʔɓli˧˧ ʔaːn˧˧ naː˧˧]

[liw˧˧ ʔɓlɪj˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧ naː˧˧]

[liw˧˧ ʔɓlɪj˧˧ ʔaːŋ˧˧ naː˧˧]

Ljubljana (the capital and largest city of Slovenia)


Pốt-gô-ri-xa

[pot̚˧˦ ɣo˧˧ ɹi˧˧ saː˧˧]

[pot̚˧˦ ɣo˧˧ zi˧˧ saː˧˧]

[pok̚˦˧˥ ɣow˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ saː˧˧]

[pok̚˦˥ ɣow˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ saː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Pốt-gô-ri-xa.wav

Podgorica (the capital city of Montenegro)


Xcốp-pi-ê

[skop̚˦˧˥ pɪj˧˧ ʔej˧˧]

Skopje (the capital and largest city of North Macedonia)


Bắc Ma-xê-đô-ni-a

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ maː˧˧ se˧˧ ʔɗo˧˧ ni˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ maː˧˧ sej˧˧ ʔɗow˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ maː˧˧ sej˧˧ ʔɗow˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

North Macedonia
North Macedonia#English:_Q221

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

North Macedonia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Ma Ní

[maː˧˧ nɪj˨˩˦]

[maː˧˧ nɪj˦˥]

Nó rước ban nhạc Ma-Ní (Manille, ý nói ban nhạc Phi Luật Tân) tài tình; nó lại còn kêu bọn xẩm khiêu vũ Thượng Hãi, để ăn uống xong rồi chúng ta nhảy đầm chơi tới sáng.

1940, Hồ Biểu Chánh, “Chương II”, in Đoạn tình:

Manila (the capital city of the Philippines)


Can-bơ-rơ

[kaːn˧˧ ʔɓəː˧˧ ɹəː˧˧]

[kaːn˧˧ ʔɓəː˧˧ zəː˧˧]

[kaːŋ˧˧ ʔɓəː˧˧ ɹəː˧˧]

[kaːŋ˧˧ ʔɓəː˧˧ ɹəː˧˧]

Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory#English

Canberra (the capital city of Australia; located in the Australian Capital Territory)


Oen-linh-tơn

[ʔwɛn˧˧ lïŋ˧˧ təːn˧˧]

[ʔwɛŋ˧˧ lɨn˧˧ təːŋ˧˧]

[(ʔ)wɛŋ˧˧ lɨn˧˧ təːŋ˧˧]

Wellington (the capital city of New Zealand)


A-xta-na

[ʔaː˧˧ staː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ staː˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ staː˧˧ naː˧˧]


Cát-man-đu

[kaːt̚˧˦ maːn˧˧ ʔɗu˧˧]

[kaːk̚˦˧˥ maːŋ˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˧]

[kaːk̚˦˥ maːŋ˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˧]


U-lan Ba-to

[ʔu˧˧ laːn˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ tɔ˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ laːŋ˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ tɔ˧˧]

[ʔʊw˧˧ laːŋ˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ tɔ˧˧]

Ulaanbaatar (the capital city of Mongolia)


Bát-đa

[ʔɓaːt̚˧˦ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔɓaːk̚˦˥ ʔɗaː˧˧]


Bác Đạt

[ʔɓaːk̚˧˦ ʔɗaːt̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥ ʔɗaːk̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓaːk̚˦˥ ʔɗaːk̚˨˩˨]


Bi-sơ-kếch

[ʔɓi˧˧ səː˧˧ kəjk̟̚˧˦]

[ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʂəː˧˧ ket̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓɪj˧˧ səː˧˧ ket̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓɪj˧˧ ʂəː˧˧ kəːt̚˦˥]

[ʔɓɪj˧˧ səː˧˧ kəːt̚˦˥]

Bishkek (the capital city of Kyrgyzstan)


Đu-san-be

[ʔɗu˧˧ saːn˧˧ ʔɓɛ˧˧]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ ʂaːŋ˧˧ ʔɓɛ˧˧]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ saːŋ˧˧ ʔɓɛ˧˧]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ ʂaːŋ˧˧ ʔɓɛ˧˧]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ saːŋ˧˧ ʔɓɛ˧˧]

Dushanbe (the capital city of Tajikistan)


Ta-xken

[taː˧˧ skɛŋ˧˧]

[taː˧˧ skɛŋ˧˧]

Tashkent (the capital city of Uzbekistan)


Ki-si-nhốp

[ki˧˧ si˧˧ ɲop̚˧˦]

[kɪj˧˧ ʂɪj˧˧ ɲop̚˦˧˥]

[kɪj˧˧ sɪj˧˧ ɲop̚˦˧˥]

[kɪj˧˧ ʂɪj˧˧ ɲop̚˦˥]

[kɪj˧˧ sɪj˧˧ ɲop̚˦˥]


Vin-ni-út

[vin˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔʊk̚˦˧˥]

[vɨn˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔʊk͡p̚˦˥]

[jɨn˧˧ nɪj˧˧ ʔʊk͡p̚˦˥]


Ri-ga

[ɹi˧˧ ɣaː˧˧]

[ɹɪj˧˧ ɣaː˧˧]

[ɹɪj˧˧ ɣaː˧˧]


Ta-lin

[taː˧˧ lɨn˧˧]


Hen-xin-ki

[hɛŋ˧˧ sin˧˧ kɪj˧˧]

[hɛŋ˧˧ sɨn˧˧ kɪj˧˧]


Rây-ki-a-vích

[ɹəj˧˧ ki˧˧ ʔaː˧˧ vïk̟̚˧˦]

[ɹəj˧˧ kɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧ vɨt̚˦˧˥]

[ɹəj˧˧ kɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧ vɨt̚˦˥]

[ɹəj˧˧ kɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧ jɨt̚˦˥]


Đu-blin

[ʔɗu˧˧ ʔɓlin˧˧]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ ʔɓlin˧˧]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ ʔɓlɨn˧˧]


Đạp Lân

[ʔɗaːp̚˧˨ʔ lən˧˧]

[ʔɗaːp̚˨˩ʔ ləŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːp̚˨˩˨ ləŋ˧˧]


Ni-cô-xi-a

[ni˧˧ ko˧˧ si˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[nɪj˧˧ kow˧˧ sɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[nɪj˧˧ kow˧˧ sɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

Nicosia (the capital city of Northern Cyprus)


Va-đu-dơ

[vaː˧˧ ʔɗu˧˧ zəː˧˧]

[vaː˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˧ jəː˧˧]

[vaː˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˧ jəː˧˧]

[jaː˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˧ jəː˧˧]

Vaduz (the capital city of Liechtenstein)


Xan Ma-ri-nô

[saːn˧˧ maː˧˧ ɹi˧˧ no˧˧]

[saːŋ˧˧ maː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ now˧˧]

[saːŋ˧˧ maː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ now˧˧]

San Marino (a landlocked microstate in Southern Europe, located within the borders of Italy)

San Marino (the capital city of San Marino)


Va-lét-ta

[vaː˧˧ lɛt̚˧˦ taː˧˧]

[vaː˧˧ lɛt̚˦˧˥ taː˧˧]

[vaː˧˧ lɛk̚˦˥ taː˧˧]

[jaː˧˧ lɛk̚˦˥ taː˧˧]


An-đô-ra La Vê-la

[ʔaːn˧˧ ʔɗo˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ laː˧˧ ve˧˧ laː˧˧]

[ʔaːn˧˧ ʔɗo˧˧ zaː˧˧ laː˧˧ ve˧˧ laː˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ ʔɗow˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ laː˧˧ vej˧˧ laː˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ ʔɗow˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ laː˧˧ vej˧˧ laː˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ ʔɗow˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ laː˧˧ jej˧˧ laː˧˧]

Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella#English

Andorra la Vella (the capital city of Andorra)


Ăng-ca-ra

[ʔaŋ˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧]

[ʔaŋ˧˧ kaː˧˧ zaː˧˧]

[ʔaŋ˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧]

[ʔaŋ˧˧ kaː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧]


Cô-lôm-bô

[ko˧˧ lom˧˧ ʔɓo˧˧]


Thim-bu

[tʰim˧˧ ʔɓu˧˧]

[tʰim˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧]

[tʰim˧˧ ʔɓʊw˧˧]


Nam Hàn

[naːm˧˧ haːŋ˦˩]

[naːm˧˧ haːŋ˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Nam Hàn.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 南韓, from Korean 남한 (Namhan). This term was adopted by the former country of South Vietnam and survives in Overseas Vietnamese communities.

Ở Nam-Hàn, lãnh tụ Cộng-sản Kim-Nhật-Thành...

1970, Đỗ Ngọc Nhận, Van de Chi dao chien luoc trong Chien tranh Viet-Nam, page 463:

In South Korea, Communist supreme leader Kim Il-sung...

Tàu Nam Hàn phản pháo, bắn trả mấy phát vào khu vực gần chiếc tàu Bắc Hàn.

2014 May 22, “Chiến hạm Nam, Bắc Hàn bắn nhau trên biển”, in Nguoi Viet Daily News:

The South Korean ship returned fire and shot in the vicinity of̀ the North Korean ship several times.

Bắc Hàn

Overseas Vietnamese, previously South Vietnam

(previously South Vietnam, Overseas Vietnamese) South Korea (a country in East Asia, comprising the southern part of the Korean Peninsula)

previously South Vietnam; Overseas Vietnamese; previously South Vietnam; Overseas Vietnamese


đại giáo đường

head

đại giáo đường

đại giáo đường

vi-noun

đại giáo đường

đại giáo đường

[ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ zaːw˧˦ ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ jaːw˨˩˦ ʔɗɨəŋ˦˩]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ jaːw˦˥ ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 大教堂 (“a large church/cathedral”).

vi-etym-sino

a large religious building (such as a cathedral, basilica, synagogue, or mosque)


giáo đường

[zaːw˧˦ ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩]

[jaːw˨˩˦ ʔɗɨəŋ˦˩]

[jaːw˦˥ ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 教堂 (“ecclesiastical building”).

(especially from a Western religion) a temple; church; chapel; synagogue; place of worship


Cô-xô-vô

Kosovo (a partly-recognized country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Pri-xti-na

[pɹɪj˧˧ stɪj˧˧ naː˧˧]

[pɹɪj˧˧ stɪj˧˧ naː˧˧]


Prê-tô-ri-a

[pɹe˧˧ to˧˧ ɹi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[pɹe˧˧ to˧˧ zi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[pɹej˧˧ tow˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[pɹej˧˧ tow˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

Pretoria (the administrative capital of South Africa)


Pri-tơ-ri-a

[pɹi˧˧ təː˧˧ ɹi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[pɹi˧˧ təː˧˧ zi˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[pɹɪj˧˧ təː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]

[pɹɪj˧˧ təː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ ʔaː˧˧]


Nu-xun-tan

[nʊw˧˧ sun˧˧ taːŋ˧˧]

[nʊw˧˧ sʊwŋ͡m˧˧ taːŋ˧˧]

Nur-Sultan (former name of Astana, the capital city of Kazakhstan)


Hợp Thành

[həːp̚˧˨ʔ tʰajŋ̟˨˩]

[həːp̚˨˩ʔ tʰɛɲ˦˩]

[həːp̚˨˩˨ tʰan˨˩]

a commune of Phú Lương district, Thái Nguyên Province, Vietnam


Giu ba

[zu˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[jʊw˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[jʊw˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]


Ki-ép

[ki˧˧ ʔɛp̚˧˦]

[kɪj˧˧ ʔɛp̚˦˧˥]

[kɪj˧˧ ʔɛp̚˦˥]


Min-xcơ

[mɨn˧˧ skəː˧˧]


Bắc Ái Nhĩ Lan

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ ʔaːj˧˦ ɲi˦ˀ˥ laːn˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ ʔaːj˨˩˦ ɲɪj˧˨ laːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ ʔaːj˦˥ ɲɪj˨˩˦ laːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 北愛爾蘭, Bắc + Ái Nhĩ Lan.

Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland#English:_Q26

Northern Ireland (a constituent country and province of the United Kingdom, situated in the northeastern part of the island of Ireland)


Ê-đin-brơ

[ʔe˧˧ ʔɗin˧˧ ʔɓɹəː˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ʔɗin˧˧ ʔɓɹəː˧˧]

[ʔej˧˧ ʔɗɨn˧˧ ʔɓɹəː˧˧]

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland)


Crưm

Crimea (a geographic region and peninsula in Eastern Europe, jutting out into the Black Sea; de facto occupied and annexed in 2014 as a republic of Russia, but internationally recognized as an autonomous republic of Ukraine :)


Hồng Kông bên hông Chợ Lớn

Literally, “Hong Kong next to the big market (Chợ Lớn)”, referring to the area around Bình Tây Market, which is the Chinatown of Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), and possibly referencing that the Hoa (Vietnamese Chinese) population consists primarily of Cantonese people.

lit

Ngân Hàng Đông Á có Mộng Trinh là nhân viên là một ngân hàng Ba Tầu^([sic – meaning Ba Tàu]), Tổng Giám Đốc Ngân Hàng là một anh Ba Tầu Hồng Kông bên hông Chợ Lớn.

2000, Hoàng Hải Thủy, Dữ Hơn Rắn Độc, page 72:

Nói điểm tâm kiểu Hồng Kông bên hông… Chợ Lớn, hồi trước chỉ là nói chơi.

2016 October 29, Văn Lang, “Điểm tâm kiểu ‘Hồng Kông bên hông Chợ Lớn’ ở Sài Gòn”, in Người Việt:

Bây giờ Sài Gòn có "Hong Kong bên hông chợ lớn" thì Hà Nội cũng có "Hong Kong bên hông chợ Gạo" rồi nhé!

2019 December 3, “Xuất hiện hẻm bia "Hong Kong bên hông chợ Gạo" mới toanh ở Hà Nội, giới trẻ đã bắt đầu check in ầm ầm”, in Kenh14.vn:

Saigon already has a "Hong Kong next to the big market", now Hanoi also has a "Hong Kong next to the rice market"!

Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City#English

(informal) nickname for Cholon: an area of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, known as the Chinatown of Ho Chi Minh City as its population is largely of Chinese ethnicity; despite the literal meaning, referring to the entire area and not just the market


Đại Hàn

head

Đại Hàn • (大韓)

[ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ haːn˨˩]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ haːŋ˦˩]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ haːŋ˨˩]

Clipping of Đại Hàn Dân Quốc (“Republic of Korea”).

clipping

(dated) South Korea (a country in East Asia, comprising the southern part of the Korean Peninsula)


Chí Lợi

[t͡ɕi˧˦ ləːj˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕɪj˨˩˦ ləːj˨˩ʔ]

[cɪj˦˥ ləːj˨˩˨]

Trước đó, năm 1999, thi thể đông lạnh của ba em đã do các nhà nhân chủng và khảo cổ học tìm thấy trên đỉnh một ngọn núi lửa tên Llullaillaco ở Á Căn Đình (Argentina) gần biên giới Chí Lợi (Chile).

2015 February 27, Trịnh Thanh Thủy, “Tìm Về ‘Thành Phố Mất Tích’ Của Người Inca”, in Việt Báo, Garden Grove, California, retrieved 2022-02-14:

Earlier, in 1999, the frozen corpses of the three sisters were discovered by anthropologists and archaeologists atop a peak named Llullaillaco in Argentina near the border with Chile.

Sau nghi thức tiễn biệt, lúc 5h05, ngài giã từ Chí Lợi để bay tới thủ đô Lima của Peru.

2018 January 11, Đặng Tự Do, “Thành phố Iquique, thủ đô của các lễ hội Công Giáo ở Chí Lợi”, in VietCatholic News, Garden Grove, California, retrieved 2022-02-14:

After the sendoff, at 5:05, his holiness bid farewell to Chile en route to Lima, the capital of Peru.

(dated) Chile (a country in South America)


Uy Kiên

[ʔwɪj˧˧ kiəŋ˧˧]

[(ʔ)wɪj˧˧ kiəŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Uy Kiên.wav

(dated) Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


Ha-oai

[haː˧˧ ʔwaːj˧˧]

[haː˧˧ ʔwaːj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Ha-oai.wav

Bang Alaxka (Alaska) có địa hình núi và thung lũng rộng, bang Haoai (Hawaii) có địa hình đồi núi lửa.

2011, “Hoa Kì”, in Từ điển bách khoa Việt Nam, Hanoi: Vietnam Institute of Lexicography and Encyclopedia, archived from the original on 2022-03-04:

The state of Alaska has mountainous terrain and broad valleys, while Hawaii has volcanic terrain.

Hawaii (an insular state of the United States, formerly a territory)


Gioóc-gia

[zɔk̚˧˦ zaː˧˧]

[jɔk̚˦˧˥ jaː˧˧]

[jɔk̚˦˥ jaː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Gioóc-gia.wav

Georgia (a state in the Southern United States)

Ở một số hệ thống, người ta sử dụng các mẫu kê khai đặc biệt dành cho các ứng cử viên vào các chức vụ công, thí dụ như ở Bê-la-rút và Gioóc-gia.

2015, Quy định về kê khai tài sản đối với công chức: một công cụ để phòng ngừa tham nhũng [Asset Declarations for Public Officials: A Tool to Prevent Corruption], Hanoi: Labour Publishing House, page 62:

In some systems special forms are used for candidates for official positions, for example in Belarus and Georgia.

Georgia (a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


Xanh Kít và Nê-vít

[sajŋ̟˧˧ kit̚˧˦ vaː˨˩ ne˧˧ vit̚˧˦]

[sɛɲ˧˧ kit̚˦˧˥ vaː˦˩ nej˧˧ vit̚˦˧˥]

[san˧˧ kɨt̚˦˥ vaː˨˩ nej˧˧ vɨt̚˦˥]

[san˧˧ kɨt̚˦˥ jaː˨˩ nej˧˧ jɨt̚˦˥]

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis#English:_Q763

Saint Kitts and Nevis (a country comprising the islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the Caribbean)


Đông Sơn

→ English: Dongsonian

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ səːn˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ səːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˧ səːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 東山 (“eastern mountain”).

vi-etym-sino

A small village on the banks of the Mã river in Hàm Rồng ward, Thanh Hoá city, Thanh Hoá Province province, Vietnam.


Thu Bồn

[tʰu˧˧ ʔɓon˨˩]

[tʰʊw˧˧ ʔɓoŋ˦˩]

[tʰʊw˧˧ ʔɓoŋ˨˩]

lưu vực Thu Bồn

(sông ～) a river in Quảng Nam Province, Vietnam


富浪沙

chữ Hán form of Phú Lãng Sa (“(obsolete)
a country in Western Europe; official name: French Republic; capital and largest city: Paris.”)


Phú Lãng Sa

[fu˧˦ laːŋ˦ˀ˥ saː˧˧]

[fʊw˨˩˦ laːŋ˧˨ ʂaː˧˧]

[fʊw˨˩˦ laːŋ˧˨ saː˧˧]

[fʊw˦˥ laːŋ˨˩˦ ʂaː˧˧]

[fʊw˦˥ laːŋ˨˩˦ saː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 富浪沙, from French France. Attested in the treaty of Saigon, 1862

The Emperor of France, Emperor of Spain, and Emperor of Đại Nam hereby urgently express their wish to conciliate the dispute and achieve longlasting peace.

今大富浪沙國大皇帝、大衣坡儒國大皇帝、大南國大皇帝切願將三國不協之處調和，以敦永好。


衣坡儒

chữ Hán form of Y Pha Nho (“(obsolete) Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)”)


miễu

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 廟 (SV: miếu). Doublet of miếu.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">miếu</i>

vi-etym-sino

Rằm tháng này người ta đi cúng miễu Bà đông lắm.

This mid-month, many people went to the "village shrine of the Lady" to give offerings.

Ngoài cửa có cái hồ Hoàn-gươm rộng lớn; giữa hồ lại có cái cù-lao nho-nhỏ có cất cái miễu Ngọc-sơn, cây cối im-rợp huyền vũ coi tươi-tốt. Nhà thiên hạ, phố-xá ở bao lấy miệng hồ.

1881, Trương Vĩnh Ký, Chuyến đi Bắc-kỳ năm Ất-hợi (1876):

Just outside the temple's gate is the large Lake Hoàn-gươm; in the middle of the lake there is an islet on which built a small temple called Ngọc-sơn, where vegetation grows lush under the eyes of the Black Tortoise. Houses and streets surround the lake.


Gia Hưng

[zaː˧˧ hɨŋ˧˧]

[jaː˧˧ hɨŋ˧˧]

[jaː˧˧ hɨŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Gia Hưng.wav

a commune of Gia Viễn district, Ninh Bình Province, Vietnam

[…] sau khi nhà Tống chạy về phương Nam, Gia Hưng gần kinh sư, quang cảnh lại càng náo nhiệt.

2005 [1957–1959], chapter 1, in Cao Tự Thanh, transl., Anh hùng xạ điêu, Nhà xuất bản Văn học, translation of 射雕英雄传 by Kim Dung [Jin Yong]:

[…] after the Song empire retreated south, Jiāxīng found itself close to the capital and the place grew even more bustling.

Jiāxīng (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, China)


Ngọc Linh

From a Bahnaric language. The first syllable originated from the word "mountain" (cf. Halang ngŏk, Sedang ngo).
The current pronunciation is due to Sino-Vietnamization, compare Vọng Các (“Bangkok”), Nam Vang (“Phnom Penh”).

[ŋawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ lïŋ˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ lɨn˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩˨ lɨn˧˧]

a mountain in Quảng Nam Province and Kon Tum Province, Vietnam

a commune of Đăk Glei district, Kon Tum Province, Vietnam


Ngọc Linh

[ŋawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ lïŋ˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ lɨn˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩˨ lɨn˧˧]

a commune of Vị Xuyên district, Hà Giang Province, Vietnam


Hà Trung

[haː˨˩ t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧]

[haː˦˩ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧]

[haː˨˩ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Hà Trung.wav

a commune-level town and administrative center of Hà Trung district, Thanh Hoá Province, Vietnam

a district of Thanh Hoá Province, Vietnam


Hải Châu

[haːj˧˩ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[haːj˧˨ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[haːj˨˩˦ cəw˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 海洲, composed of 海 and 洲.


Sơn Trà

[səːn˧˧ t͡ɕaː˨˩]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ ʈaː˦˩]

[səːŋ˧˧ ʈaː˦˩]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ ʈaː˨˩]

[səːŋ˧˧ ʈaː˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 山茶, composed of 山 and 茶. Some ancient sources give the name as 茶山 (Trà Sơn). Ultimate origin of the element trà is disputed. The name could be a mispronunciation of Sơn Chà (or Sơn Chà could be a mispronunciation of Sơn Trà). Various theories exist for the origin of the element trà/chà. Many toponyms in the region contain trà, and this could be of Cham origin.

(quận ～) an urban district of Da Nang, Vietnam

(núi ～) Monkey Mountain (a mountain in the peninsula of Sơn Trà, Sơn Trà district, Da Nang, Vietnam)

(bán đảo ～) a peninsula in Da Nang, Vietnam


Ngũ Hành Sơn

[ŋu˦ˀ˥ hajŋ̟˨˩ səːn˧˧]

[ŋʊw˧˨ hɛɲ˦˩ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[ŋʊw˧˨ hɛɲ˦˩ səːŋ˧˧]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ han˨˩ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ han˨˩ səːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 五行山, composed of 五行 (“five elements, wuxing”) and 山.

Marble Mountains
Marble Mountains#English

Marble Mountains (a cluster of five mountains in Ngũ Hành Sơn district, Da Nang, Vietnam)


An Ngãi

[ʔaːn˧˧ ŋaːj˦ˀ˥]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ ŋaːj˧˨]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ ŋaːj˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 安義, composed of 安 and 義, with the Central-Southern reading of both characters. Doublet of Yên Nghĩa.

Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu
Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu#English

An Ngãi (a commune of Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu, Vietnam)


Yên Nghĩa

[ʔiən˧˧ ŋiə˦ˀ˥]

[ʔiəŋ˧˧ ŋiə˧˨]

[ʔiəŋ˧˧ ŋiə˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Yên Nghĩa.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 安義, composed of 安 and 義, with the Northern reading of both characters. Doublet of An Ngãi.

Yên Nghĩa (a commune of Nam Định Province, Vietnam)


Cao Hùng

[kaːw˧˧ hʊwŋ͡m˨˩]

[kaːw˧˧ hʊwŋ͡m˦˩]

[kaːw˧˧ hʊwŋ͡m˨˩]


Đài Sơn

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ səːn˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˦˩ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˦˩ səːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ səːŋ˧˧]

Taishan (a county-level city of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China)


Tuyền Châu

[twiən˨˩ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[twiəŋ˦˩ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[t⁽ʷ⁾iəŋ˨˩ cəw˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 泉州, composed of 泉 (“spring”) and 州 (“province”).

Quanzhou (a prefecture-level city in southeastern Fujian, China)


Ba Đình

[ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɗïŋ˨˩]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɗɨn˦˩]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ ʔɗɨn˨˩]

ba (“three”) + đình (“village communal temple”), literally "three communal temples".
This name comes from the Ba Đình Uprising (1886-1887) of three villages: Mậu Thịnh, Thượng Thọ and Mỹ Khê (now in Nga Sơn District, Thanh Hoá Province).


Cầu Giấy

[kəw˨˩ zəj˧˦]

[kəw˦˩ jəj˨˩˦]

[kəw˨˩ jəj˦˥]

cầu (“bridge”) + giấy (“paper”), literally "paper bridge". This name is derived from Giấy Bridge - a small bridge spanning the Tô Lịch River at Cầu Giấy Street, Cầu Giấy District. During the Nguyễn Dynasty, the bridge was located in Thượng Yên Quyết Village, which has been a traditional paper-making village since the 13th century.


Đống Đa

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˧˦ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˦˧˥ ʔɗaː˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˦˥ ʔɗaː˧˧]

đống (“pile”) + đa (“banyan”), literally “Piles of Banyan”
According to folk etymology, after the defeat of the Qing army (1788-1789), Emperor Quang Trung ordered his soldiers to collect enemy's corpses into 12 wide pits for burial. But due to too many enemy corpses, high mounds were formed. Later on these mounds were overgrown with banyan trees.


Ba Vì

head

Ba Vì • (𠀧𡸏, 󰬾位)

vi-proper noun

Ba Vì • (𠀧𡸏, 󰬾位)

[ʔɓaː˧˧ vi˨˩]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ vɪj˦˩]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ vɪj˨˩]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ jɪj˨˩]

ba (“three”) + vì (“place, seat, throne”), the later element is now mostly used as a classifier. The name refers collectively to the three largest peaks of the mountain range: Vua Mountain, Tản Mountain and Ngọc Hoa Mountain.
This is the tên Nôm. The tên chữ is Tản Viên (傘圓).


Cần Giờ

[kən˨˩ zəː˨˩]

[kəŋ˦˩ jəː˦˩]

[kəŋ˨˩ jəː˨˩]

From Khmer កញ្ជើ (kɑɑkɑñcəə, “basket”), as the local people often used "basket boats" to commute.
According to a folk etymology, when Nguyễn Ánh ran to the land of Cần Giờ to avoid the Tây Sơn army. He used big vases of water to make clocks, inside these vases contained water and hung a rod with ink engraved on it, so cần (“rod”) + giờ (“hour”).
According to another folk etymology, when the merchant ships went to Saigon, to this land, they had to wait a while for the tide to rise, so cần (“to need”) + giờ (“time”).

Cần Giờ (a district of Ho Chi Minh City)


Củ Chi

[ku˧˩ t͡ɕi˧˧]

[kʊw˧˨ t͡ɕɪj˧˧]

[kʊw˨˩˦ cɪj˧˧]

củ (“root”) + chi, literally "Strychnine tree (Strychnos nux-vomica)" - plants that grow abundantly in that area.


Hóc Môn

From Vietnamese Hốc Môn, hốc (“creephole”) + môn (“taro”), literally "taro creephole" to refer to the wilderness of this area in the early 19th century.
hóc is a regional development from hốc through the vowel shift (-ok > -ɔk) when a vowel is preceded by a velar consonant (characteristic of Southern Vietnamese). Compare đọc and độc (“讀”).

Hóc Môn (a district of Ho Chi Minh City)


Nhà Bè

[ɲaː˨˩ ʔɓɛ˨˩]

[ɲaː˦˩ ʔɓɛ˦˩]

[ɲaː˨˩ ʔɓɛ˨˩]

From Vietnamese nhà bè (“hut built atop a wooden raft”). In the past, many people from Đàng Ngoài went down the boat to the Soài Rạp River, meet the reverse current, so they built rafts on the river, serving as a place for cooking and living for the whole fleet. Nowadays, "nhà bè" are only seen in the Mekong Delta but are no longer seen in HCMC.


Tuy Hoà

[t⁽ʷ⁾ɪj˧˧ waː˨˩]

a city, the capital of Phú Yên Province, Vietnam


núi Nhạn

[nuj˧˦ ɲaːn˧˨ʔ]

[nuj˨˩˦ ɲaːŋ˨˩ʔ]

[nuj˦˥ ɲaːŋ˨˩˨]

a mountain in Tuy Hoà city, Phú Yên Province, Vietnam


Bạch Đằng

[ʔɓajk̟̚˧˨ʔ ʔɗaŋ˨˩]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩ʔ ʔɗaŋ˦˩]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩˨ ʔɗaŋ˨˩]

(sông ～) a river in Quảng Ninh Province and Hải Phòng provinces, Vietnam


sông Cái

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˧˦]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˨˩˦]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˨˩˦]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˦˥]

[səwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˦˥]

sông (“river”) + cái (“mother”), literally "mother river", or, sông (“river”) + cái (“great, main”), means "Great River"; both interpretations might be correct, because both meanings are from the same etymology. This word was transliterated by the French as Song-Koï and Song-Coï.
This was the original name of the Red River, but later used to refer to many other rivers of Vietnam. May be related to other Vietnamese river names such as Cái Lớn, Cái Bé, Cái Mép, Cái Vùng, Cái Tàu and Cái Cối.
For some semantic parallels, compare Coptic ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ (peiero), ⲫ̀ⲓⲁⲣⲟ (ph̀iaro, “the Nile”), Spanish Río Grande, Korean 한강(漢江) (han'gang, “Han river”) (where 漢 is a phonogram used to write the native Korean morpheme for "big", see Middle Korean 하다〮 (hàtá)).

(historical) Red River (a river in northern Vietnam and Yunnan, southern China)

a river in Quảng Nam Province, Vietnam; main tributary of the Vu Gia River.

Portion of the Vĩnh Điện River inside Da Nang, Vietnam.

a river in Ninh Hoà, Khánh Hoà Province, Vietnam

Cái River (a river in Nha Trang, Khánh Hoà Province, Vietnam)


head

thành phố thuộc thành phố trực thuộc trung ương

[tʰajŋ̟˨˩ fo˧˦ tʰuək̚˧˨ʔ tʰajŋ̟˨˩ fo˧˦ t͡ɕɨk̚˧˨ʔ tʰuək̚˧˨ʔ t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɨəŋ˧˧]

[tʰɛɲ˦˩ fow˨˩˦ tʰuək̚˨˩ʔ tʰɛɲ˦˩ fow˨˩˦ ʈɨk̚˨˩ʔ tʰuək̚˨˩ʔ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɨəŋ˧˧]

[tʰan˨˩ fow˦˥ tʰuək̚˨˩˨ tʰan˨˩ fow˦˥ ʈɨk̚˨˩˨ tʰuək̚˨˩˨ ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɨəŋ˧˧]

thành phố + thuộc + thành phố trực thuộc trung ương, literally “city under thành phố trực thuộc trung ương”.

af

a so-called "municipal city" or "city within city", a novel designation for former districts in a thành phố trực thuộc trung ương, whose size and significance grew large enough to be considered a đô thị, currently held only by Thủ Đức


Điện Biên Phủ

[ʔɗiən˧˨ʔ ʔɓiən˧˧ fu˧˩]

[ʔɗiəŋ˨˩ʔ ʔɓiəŋ˧˧ fʊw˧˨]

[ʔɗiəŋ˨˩˨ ʔɓiəŋ˧˧ fʊw˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 奠邊府, composed of 奠邊 (“Điện Biên”) and 府 (“prefecture”).

vi-etym-sino

Điện Biên Phủ (the provincial capital of Điện Biên Province, Vietnam)


Phan Rang - Tháp Chàm

[faːn˧˧ zaːŋ˧˧ tʰaːp̚˧˦ t͡ɕaːm˨˩]

[faːŋ˧˧ ʐaːŋ˧˧ tʰaːp̚˦˧˥ t͡ɕaːm˦˩]

[faːŋ˧˧ ɹaːŋ˧˧ tʰaːp̚˦˥ caːm˨˩]

Phan Rang + Tháp Chàm.
:"Phan Rang": From Eastern Cham Pan(da)rang, from Old Cham Paṅrauṅ/Panrāṅ, from Sanskrit पाण्डुरङ्ग (pāṇḍuraṅga, another epithet for the Hindu god Vithoba).
:"Tháp Chàm": tháp + Chàm, literally "Cham Tower", named after the Po Klong Garai Temple in the northern part of the city.

cog

Phan Rang - Tháp Chàm
Phan Rang - Tháp Chàm#English

(formal) Phan Rang - Tháp Chàm (the provincial capital of Ninh Thuận Province, Vietnam)

Old Cham
Vithoba
vi:Phan Rang - Tháp Chàm


Phú Quốc

[fʊw˨˩˦ kuək̚˦˧˥]

[fʊw˦˥ wək̚˦˥]

Phú Quốc (an island city in Kiên Giang Province, Vietnam), includes the Phú Quốc archipelago and the Thổ Chu archipelago


Úc châu

[ʔʊwk͡p̚˧˦ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[ʔʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[ʔʊwk͡p̚˦˥ cəw˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 澳洲 (“Australia”).

vi-etym-sino

(formal, now chiefly Overseas Vietnamese) Australia (a country consisting of a main island, the island of Tasmania and other smaller islands, located in Oceania; historically, a collection of former colonies of the British Empire)


Hạ Lan

[haː˧˨ʔ laːn˧˧]

[haː˨˩ʔ laːŋ˧˧]

[haː˨˩˨ laːŋ˧˧]

eggcorn of Hà Lan Calque of Dutch Nederland, Sino-Vietnamese word from 下 (“nether”) and 蘭 (“-land”)


Mỹ Sơn

[mi˦ˀ˥ səːn˧˧]

[mɪj˧˨ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[mɪj˧˨ səːŋ˧˧]

[mɪj˨˩˦ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[mɪj˨˩˦ səːŋ˧˧]

Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary (a ruins of Cham temples in Quảng Nam Province, Vietnam)


Tràng An

[t͡ɕaːŋ˨˩ ʔaːn˧˧]

[ʈaːŋ˦˩ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

[ʈaːŋ˨˩ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 長安. Doublet of Trường An.

Tràng An Scenic Landscape Complex (an UNESCO World Heritage Site in Ninh Bình Province, Vietnam)


Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng

[fawŋ͡m˧˧ ɲaː˧˧ kɛ˧˩ ʔɓaːŋ˨˩]

[fawŋ͡m˧˧ ɲaː˧˧ kɛ˧˨ ʔɓaːŋ˦˩]

[fɔŋ˧˧ ɲaː˧˧ kɛ˧˨ ʔɓaːŋ˦˩]

[fawŋ͡m˧˧ ɲaː˧˧ kɛ˨˩˦ ʔɓaːŋ˨˩]

Phong Nha + Kẻ Bàng.
:"Phong Nha": Sino-Vietnamese word from 風牙 (“wind teeth”) (the wind blowing in the cave makes stalactites like teeth) or Sino-Vietnamese word from 峰衙 (“peak mandarins”) (the mountains are arranged in regular rows like the image of mandarins standing in rows on the courtyard or in the officer mansion). All of these are some people's own opinions on the place name etymologies. See the Vietnamese Wikipedia for more.
:"Kẻ Bàng": Maybe kẻ (“village”) + bàng (“country almond”)? Compare Kẻ Chợ.

com

Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng
Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng#English

Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng National Park (a national park in Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam)

vi:Vườn quốc gia Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng#Nguồn gốc tên gọi


Mít-xu-ri

[mit̚˧˦ su˧˧ ɹi˧˧]

[mit̚˦˧˥ sʊw˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]

[mɨt̚˦˥ sʊw˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Mít-xu-ri.wav

Missouri (a state in the Midwestern region of the United States)

Tiểu bang: A-la-ba-ma · A-lát-xca · A-ri-xô-na · A-can-xò · Ca-li-phoóc-ni-a · Cô-lô-ra-đô · Con-nếch-ti-cớt · Đe-la-oe · Phlo-ri-đa · Gióoc-gia · Ha-oai · Ai-đa-hô · I-li-noi · In-đi-a-na · Ai-ô-oa · Can-xát · Ken-tắc-ky · Lu-i-di-a-na · Mên · Me-ri-len · Me-xơ-chu-xít · Mi-si-gân · Min-nê-xô-ta · Mít-xi-xi-pi · Mít-xu-ri · Môn-ta-na · Nê-brát-xca · Nê-va-đa · Niu Hem-sơ · Niu Giơ-xi · Niu Mê-hi-cô · Niu Oóc · Bắc Ca-rô-li-na · Bắc Đa-cô-ta · Ô-hai-ô · Ốc-la-hô-ma · Ô-rê-gân · Pen-xin-va-ni-a · Rốt Ai-len · Nam Ca-rô-li-na · Nam Đa-cô-ta · Ten-nét-xi · Tếch-dớt · U-ta · Vơ-môn · Vơ-gi-ni-a · Oa-sinh-tơn · Tây Vơ-gi-ni-a · Uýt-côn-xin · Oai-ô-minh

Lãnh thổ: Xa-moa thuộc Mĩ · Gu-am · quần đảo Bắc Ma-ri-a-na · Pu-éc-tô Ri-cô · Các tiểu đảo xa của Hoa Kì · quần đảo Vơ-gin thuộc Mĩ


Cô-lô-ra-đô

[ko˧˧ lo˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ʔɗo˧˧]

[ko˧˧ lo˧˧ zaː˧˧ ʔɗo˧˧]

[kow˧˧ low˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ʔɗow˧˧]

[kow˧˧ low˧˧ ɹaː˧˧ ʔɗow˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Cô-lô-ra-đô.wav

Colorado (a state in the western United States, the 38th state)


A-la-ba-ma

[ʔaː˧˧ laː˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ maː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ laː˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ maː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ laː˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧ maː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-A-la-ba-ma.wav


Lát Vê-gát

[laːt̚˧˦ ve˧˧ ɣaːt̚˧˦]

[laːk̚˦˧˥ vej˧˧ ɣaːk̚˦˧˥]

[laːk̚˦˥ vej˧˧ ɣaːk̚˦˥]

[laːk̚˦˥ jej˧˧ ɣaːk̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Lát Vê-gát.wav

Las Vegas (a city in Nevada, United States)


Vẹc Sai

[vɛk̚˧˨ʔ saːj˧˧]

[vɛk̚˨˩ʔ ʂaːj˧˧]

[vɛk̚˨˩ʔ saːj˧˧]

[vɛk̚˨˩˨ ʂaːj˧˧]

[jɛk̚˨˩˨ saːj˧˧]

Named by Vietnamese-American residents in the 1970s after the Versailles Arms apartment complex where they first settled upon arriving in New Orleans.

(US) Versailles (a neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States)


Hàng Châu

[haːŋ˨˩ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[haːŋ˦˩ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[haːŋ˨˩ cəw˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Hàng Châu.wav

Hangzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, in eastern China)


Đường Sơn

[ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩ səːn˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˦˩ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˦˩ səːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩ səːŋ˧˧]

Tangshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China)


Xin-ga-po

[sin˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ pɔ˧˧]

[sin˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ pɔ˧˧]

[sɨn˧˧ ɣaː˧˧ pɔ˧˧]

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony and state of Malaysia (1963-1965))


Móng Cái

[mawŋ͡m˦˧˥ kaːj˨˩˦]

[mɔŋ˦˧˥ kaːj˨˩˦]

From Cantonese 硭街 (“town of mườngs”) (SV: Mang Nhai).
During the Nguyễn Dynasty, this area was the Vạn Ninh (萬寧) Canton, the Bát Tràng (鉢塲) Canton and a part of the Hà Môn (河門) Canton.
The name Móng Cái began to appear in 1947 during the period of French Indochina.

bor

town of <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">mường</i>s

Móng Cái (a city in Quảng Ninh Province, Vietnam)


Hồng Lĩnh

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ lïŋ˦ˀ˥]

[həwŋ͡m˦˩ lɨn˧˨]

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ lɨn˨˩˦]

Superfically Sino-Vietnamese word from 鴻 (“proper noun”) and 嶺 (“mountain”).
The name of the mountain range is a tên chữ and a mix between a translation and a phonetic matching of the tên Nôm rú Hống (“Hống mountain”) and ngàn Hống.
The town name is taken from the name of mountain range.

vi-etym-sino

Hồng Lĩnh (a mountain range in Hà Tĩnh Province, Vietnam)

Hồng Lĩnh (a town in Hà Tĩnh Province, Vietnam)


Quảng Nôm

[waːŋ˧˩˧ nom˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 廣南, with the South Central form of the second character.

(Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, partially also Đà Nẵng, humorous or endearing in other dialects) Quảng Nam (a province of Vietnam)


Bạch Long Vĩ

English: Bach Long Vi, Bạch Long Vĩ

[ʔɓajk̟̚˧˨ʔ lawŋ͡m˧˧ vi˦ˀ˥]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩ʔ lawŋ͡m˧˧ vɪj˧˨]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩ʔ lɔŋ˧˧ vɪj˧˨]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩˨ lawŋ͡m˧˧ vɪj˨˩˦]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩˨ lawŋ͡m˧˧ jɪj˨˩˦]

Bạch Long Vĩ (an island district in Hải Phòng, Vietnam)


Cát Hải

[kaːk̚˦˧˥ haːj˧˨]

[kaːk̚˦˥ haːj˨˩˦]

Blend of Cát Bà + hải. Cát Bà is the largest island of the district.
* According to folk etymology, Cát Bà is a "misread" of các bà (“ladies”). During the Trần Dynasty, the women here took care of the logistics for the men to fight during the war. This is very unlikely, since this place is in Northern Vietnam, where there the coda /t/-/k/ merger never happened, unlike placenames like Cát Lái (which is probably indeed các lái (“traders”)) in Southern Vietnam, where this merger did actually occur.
* Compared to the nearby island named Cát Ông (các ông (“men”)). Possibly modelled after the false "etymology" above.

Cát Hải (an island district in Hải Phòng, Vietnam), includes the Cát Bà archipelago and the Long Châu archipelago


Cô Tô

Cô Tô (an island district in Quảng Ninh Province, Vietnam)


Cồn Cỏ

[koŋ˦˩ kɔ˧˨]

[koŋ˨˩ kɔ˨˩˦]

Cồn Cỏ (an island district in Quảng Trị Province, Vietnam)


Côn Đảo

[kon˧˧ ʔɗaːw˧˩]

[koŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːw˧˨]

[koŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːw˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 崑島. From Malay pulau kundur possibly via French Poulo Condor.

Côn Đảo (an island district in Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu, Vietnam)


Kiên Hải

[kiəŋ˧˧ haːj˧˨]

[kiəŋ˧˧ haːj˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 堅海. Kiên Giang + hải.

Kiên Hải (an island district in Kiên Giang Province, Vietnam) includes the Nam Du archipelago, the Hòn Tre island and the Hòn Sơn island


Lý Sơn

[li˧˦ səːn˧˧]

[lɪj˨˩˦ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[lɪj˨˩˦ səːŋ˧˧]

[lɪj˦˥ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[lɪj˦˥ səːŋ˧˧]

Superficially Sino-Vietnamese word from 理 and 山.
The first element of the name is the phonetic rendering of the tên Nôm cù lao Ré using Chinese character. cù lao (“islet”) + ré (“a plant called ré (possibly Alpinia tonkinensis)”). Cù lao Ré is the largest of the three islands (the archipelago).

com

Lý Sơn (an island district in Quảng Ngãi Province, Vietnam)


Vân Đồn

[vən˧˧ ʔɗon˨˩]

[vəŋ˧˧ ʔɗoŋ˦˩]

[vəŋ˧˧ ʔɗoŋ˨˩]

[jəŋ˧˧ ʔɗoŋ˨˩]

Vân Đồn (an island district in Quảng Ninh Province, Vietnam), includes the Cái Bầu archipelago and the Vân Hải archipelago


Bá Linh

[ʔɓaː˧˦ lïŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˨˩˦ lɨn˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˦˥ lɨn˧˧]

Cựu Tổng thống Đức Richard von Weizsäcker qua đời ở tuổi 94 tại Bá Linh.

2015 January 31, Lê Ngọc Châu, “Lá Thư từ Đức Quốc: Cựu Tổng Thống Đức, von Weizsaecker qua đời [Letter from Germany: Former German president von Weizsaecker has died]”, in Việt Báo Daily News, Garden Grove, California, retrieved 2023-01-14:

Former German president Richard von Weizsäcker died at the age of 94 in Berlin.

(dated or historical) Berlin (the capital city of Germany)


Béc-lin

[ʔɓɛk̚˧˦ lin˧˧]

[ʔɓɛk̚˦˧˥ lin˧˧]

[ʔɓɛk̚˦˥ lɨn˧˧]


Béc-lanh

[ʔɓɛk̚˧˦ lajŋ̟˧˧]

[ʔɓɛk̚˦˧˥ lɛɲ˧˧]

[ʔɓɛk̚˦˥ lan˧˧]

From French Berlin. Probably originally used in Northern Vietnamese since -anh is pronounced more similarly to French when using the accent.


Vĩnh Nguơn

[vïŋ˦ˀ˥ ŋwəːn˧˧]

[vɨn˧˨ ŋwəːŋ˧˧]

[vɨn˨˩˦ ŋwəːŋ˧˧]

[jɨn˨˩˦ ŋwəːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 永元, with Southern reading of the second character. Doublet of Vĩnh Nguyên.

a ward of Châu Đốc, An Giang Province, Vietnam


Tây Xa-ha-ra

[təj˧˧ saː˧˧ haː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧]

[təj˧˧ saː˧˧ haː˧˧ zaː˧˧]

[təj˧˧ saː˧˧ haː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧]

[təj˧˧ saː˧˧ haː˧˧ ɹaː˧˧]

Western Sahara
Western Sahara#English:_Q6250

Western Sahara (a territory and former Spanish colony in North Africa, now mostly occupied by Morocco, which claims ownership over the territory)

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic#English:_Q40362

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (a country in North Africa, a partially recognised state in Western Sahara)


Việt Nam Cộng hoà

越南共和 (CJK)
Việt Nam Cộng hòa (alternative)
VNCH (alternative)

[viət̚˧˨ʔ naːm˧˧ kəwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ hwaː˨˩]

[viək̚˨˩ʔ naːm˧˧ kəwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ hwaː˦˩]

[viək̚˨˩˨ naːm˧˧ kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩]

[jiək̚˨˩˨ naːm˧˧ kəwŋ͡m˨˩˨ waː˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 越南共和, composed of 越南 (“Vietnam”) and 共和 (“republic”).

vi-etym-sino

Republic of Vietnam
Republic of Vietnam#English

(historical) Republic of Vietnam (a former country in Southeast Asia that governed southern Vietnam from 1955 to 1975)


Đuống

(sông ~) a river in northern Vietnam, a distributary of the Red River and tributary of the Thái Bình River


Cái Răng

[kaːj˨˩˦ ʐaŋ˧˧]

[kaːj˦˥ ɹaŋ˧˧]

According to folk etymology, the name originates from a story that in the early days of the Vietnamese settlement, there was a very large crocodile washed up here, its teeth stuck on this land.
In Tự vị tiếng nói miền Nam by Vương Hồng Sển, the name is said to be derived from Khmer ចង្ក្រាន (cɑɑcɑngkraan, “stove, furnace”) (whence also cà ràng). The Khmers in Xà Tôn (Tri Tôn) used to make and sell their own kind of furnaces. Over time, people started to pronounce kraan as Cái Răng.


Ôn Châu

[ʔon˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[ʔoŋ˧˧ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[ʔoŋ˧˧ cəw˧˧]

Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


Nam Sách

[naːm˧˧ ʂat̚˦˧˥]

[naːm˧˧ ʂat̚˦˥]

Nam Sách (a rural district of Hải Dương Province, Vietnam)

Nam Sách (a township and capital of Nam Sách district, Hải Dương Province, Vietnam)


Nam Xương

[naːm˧˧ sɨəŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ sɨəŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ sɨəŋ˧˧]

Nanchang (the capital city of Jiangxi, China)


Suối Hoa

[ʂuj˨˩˦ hwaː˧˧]

[ʂuj˦˥ waː˧˧]

a ward of Bắc Ninh, Bắc Ninh Province, Vietnam


Mường Thanh

[mɨəŋ˨˩ tʰajŋ̟˧˧]

[mɨəŋ˦˩ tʰɛɲ˧˧]

[mɨəŋ˨˩ tʰan˧˧]


Thanh Quang

[tʰajŋ̟˧˧ kwaːŋ˧˧]

[tʰɛɲ˧˧ kwaːŋ˧˧]

[tʰan˧˧ waːŋ˧˧]

Thanh Quang (a commune of Nam Sách district, Hải Dương Province, Vietnam)

Thanh Quang (a commune of Thanh Hà district, Hải Dương Province, Vietnam)


Lê Chân

[le˧˧ t͡ɕən˧˧]

[lej˧˧ t͡ɕəŋ˧˧]

[lej˧˧ cəŋ˧˧]

Lê Chân (an urban district of Haiphong, Vietnam)


Dương Kinh

[zɨəŋ˧˧ kïŋ˧˧]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ kɨn˧˧]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ kɨn˧˧]

Dương Kinh (an urban district of Haiphong, Vietnam)


Đồ Sơn

[ʔɗo˨˩ səːn˧˧]

[ʔɗow˦˩ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗow˦˩ səːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗow˨˩ ʂəːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗow˨˩ səːŋ˧˧]

Đồ Sơn (an urban district of Haiphong, Vietnam)

Đồ Sơn (a district-level town of Haiphong, Vietnam)

Đồ Sơn (a peninsula in Haiphong, Vietnam)


Hải An

[haːj˧˩ ʔaːn˧˧]

[haːj˧˨ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

[haːj˨˩˦ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

Hải An (an urban district of Haiphong, Vietnam)


Cát Dài

[kaːk̚˦˧˥ jaːj˦˩]

cát (“sand”) + dài (“long”).
Named after the main street in the area, now formally called Hai Bà Trưng street, which used to be a sandy route.

Cát Dài (a ward of Lê Chân district, Haiphong, Vietnam)


Kiến An

[kiən˧˦ ʔaːn˧˧]

[kiəŋ˦˧˥ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

[kiəŋ˦˥ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

vi:Kiến An
vi:Kiến An (xã)
vi:Kiến An, Hứa Xương

Kiến An (an urban district of Haiphong, Vietnam)

Kiến An (a rural commune of Chợ Mới district, An Giang Province, Vietnam)

(historical) Kiến An (a former province in Northern Vietnam, which is nowadays a part of Haiphong)

Jian'an (a district of Xuchang, Henan, China)


A-lát-xca

[ʔaː˧˧ laːt̚˧˦ skaː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ laːk̚˦˧˥ skaː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ laːk̚˦˥ skaː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-A-lát-xca.wav

Alaska (a state of the United States, formerly a territory)


A-ri-xô-na

[ʔaː˧˧ ɹi˧˧ so˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ zi˧˧ so˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ sow˧˧ naː˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧ sow˧˧ naː˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-A-ri-xô-na.wav

Arizona (a state in the southwestern United States, established 1912)


A-can-xò

[ʔaː˧˧ kaːn˧˧ sɔ˨˩]

[ʔaː˧˧ kaːŋ˧˧ sɔ˦˩]

[ʔaː˧˧ kaːŋ˧˧ sɔ˨˩]

Arkansas (a state in the South Central region of the United States)


Trung tâm Thương mại Thế giới

[t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˧˧ təm˧˧ tʰɨəŋ˧˧ maːj˧˨ʔ tʰe˧˦ zəːj˧˦]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ təm˧˧ tʰɨəŋ˧˧ maːj˨˩ʔ tʰej˨˩˦ jəːj˨˩˦]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˧˧ təm˧˧ tʰɨəŋ˧˧ maːj˨˩˨ tʰej˦˥ jəːj˦˥]

trung tâm (“center”) + thương mại (“trade”) + thế giới (“world”).

com

the World Trade Center (a complex of buildings in New York City, three of which were destroyed in the 9/11 attacks)

vi:Trung tâm Thương mại Thế giới (1973–2001)

vi:Trung tâm Thương mại Thế giới (2001–nay)


Chợ Gạo

[t͡ɕəː˧˨ʔ ɣaːw˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕəː˨˩ʔ ɣaːw˨˩ʔ]

[cəː˨˩˨ ɣaːw˨˩˨]

Chợ Gạo (a district of Tiền Giang Province, Vietnam)


Cái Bè

[kaːj˧˦ ʔɓɛ˨˩]

[kaːj˨˩˦ ʔɓɛ˦˩]

[kaːj˦˥ ʔɓɛ˨˩]

Cái Bè (a district of Tiền Giang Province, Vietnam)


Đồng Xuân

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ swən˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˦˩ swəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩ s⁽ʷ⁾əŋ˧˧]

Đồng Xuân (a rural district of Phú Yên Province, Vietnam)

chợ Đồng Xuân

Đồng Xuân (a ward of Hoàn Kiếm district, Hanoi, Vietnam)

Đồng Xuân (a ward of Phúc Yên, Vĩnh Phúc Province, Vietnam)

Đồng Xuân (a commune of Thanh Ba district, Phú Thọ Province, Vietnam)


Bến Thành

→ English: Bến Thành

[ʔɓen˧˦ tʰajŋ̟˨˩]

[ʔɓen˦˧˥ tʰɛɲ˦˩]

[ʔɓəːn˦˥ tʰan˨˩]

bến (“port”) + thành (“citadel; fort”).
Named after a port near the Bát Quái fort, now no longer exists.

chợ Bến Thành

Bến Thành (a ward of District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)


Hoàng Sa

→ English: Hoang Sa, Hoàng Sa

[hwaːŋ˨˩ saː˧˧]

[hwaːŋ˦˩ ʂaː˧˧]

[hwaːŋ˦˩ saː˧˧]

[waːŋ˨˩ ʂaː˧˧]

[waːŋ˨˩ saː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 黃砂.
This word most likely originated as a tên chữ used in adminstrative records, translated from the tên Nôm (bãi) Cát Vàng (“Yellow Sand (Bars)”). Since adminstrative records in pre-modern Vietnam were (mostly) written in Chinese, it was common to translate the Vietnamese tên Nôm into Chinese (alternatively, phonetic transcription was also common). This tên Nôm (spelled 𪤄葛鐄 (bãi Cát Vàng)) was attested first in a map from Toản tập Thiên Nam tứ chí lộ đồ thư (纂集天南四至路圖書, 1686) by Đỗ Bá, and was still attested in Dubois de Jancigny's work from 1850 titled L'Univers. Histoire et description de tous les peuples. Japon, Indo-Chine, Empire Birman (ou Ava), Siam, Annam (ou Cochinchine), Péninsule Malaise, etc., Ceylan, par M. Dubois de Jancigny, Aide de camp du roi d'Oude.

Hoàng Sa (an island district of Da Nang, Vietnam)


Trường Sa

→ English: Truong Sa, Trường Sa

[t͡ɕɨəŋ˨˩ saː˧˧]

[ʈɨəŋ˦˩ ʂaː˧˧]

[ʈɨəŋ˦˩ saː˧˧]

[ʈɨəŋ˨˩ ʂaː˧˧]

[ʈɨəŋ˨˩ saː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 長沙, composed of 長 and 沙.

vi-etym-sino

Trường Sa (an island district of Khánh Hoà Province, Vietnam)

Trường Sa (a township in Trường Sa district, Khánh Hoà Province, Vietnam)

Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, China)

Changsha (a county of Changsha, Hunan, China)


Sa Huỳnh

→ English: Sa Huỳnh

[saː˧˧ hwïŋ̟˨˩]

[ʂaː˧˧ hwɨn˦˩]

[ʂaː˧˧ wɨn˨˩]

[saː˧˧ wɨn˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 沙 and 黃, with the South Central-Southern reading of the second character instead of Northern hoàng.

Sa Huỳnh (an estuary in Quảng Ngãi Province, Vietnam)

(archaeology) Sa Huỳnh (a cluster of archaeological sites in Đức Phổ, Quảng Ngãi Province, Vietnam)


An Dương

[ʔaːn˧˧ zɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ jɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔaːŋ˧˧ jɨəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 安陽, composed of 安 and 陽.

An Dương (a rural district of Haiphong, Vietnam)

An Dương (a ward of Lê Chân district, Haiphong, Vietnam)

An Dương (a township, the capital of An Dương district, Haiphong, Vietnam)

An Dương (a commune of Tân Yên district, Bắc Giang Province, Vietnam)

Anyang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)

Anyang (a county of Anyang, Henan, China)