tulip

cây (classifier)
bông (classifier)
hoa (classifier)

[tʊw˧˧ lip̚˦˧˥]


song

head

𣙩, 漴, 牕, 窗, 窓, 窻

vi-noun

𣙩, 漴, 牕, 窗, 窓, 窻

𣙩 (CJK)
漴 (CJK)
牕 (CJK)
窗 (CJK)
窓 (CJK)
窻 (CJK)

sau song sắt

Short for chấn song (“upright post in a paling or railing”).


sung

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
𣑁 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *t-ruːŋ. Compare Pacoh tarúng (“fig”).


han

chiếc nồi đồng han xanh


tre

From Proto-Vietic *k-lɛː. Compare also Proto-Katuic *ʔalɛɛ (“type of bamboo”) (whence Pacoh ale (“small bamboo used for spears”)).
Attested as tle in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).
Doublet of le (seen in măng le (“kind of wild bamboo shoots”)).

cog

te

certain coastal Northern dialects, endangered


cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
𦰡 (CJK)

Possibly a direct loan from Spanish anona or through other intermediaries. Compare Thai น้อยหน่า (nɔ́ɔi-nàa) and Malay nona.

Thai น้อยหน่า (nɔ́ɔi-nàa)

Annona squamosa
Annona squamosa#Translingual

(Northern Vietnam) sugar apple (Annona squamosa)


si

From Proto-Vietic *ɟ-riː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɟriiʔ; cognate with Bahnar jri, Khmer ជ្រៃ (crɨy), Khasi jri, Old Mon jrey.

certain members of the Mallotus and Ficus genera


sả

cây (classifier)
củ (classifier)
𦲺 (CJK)
𦵘 (CJK)


sả

The some pairs with ⟨s⟩ vs. ⟨tr⟩ variation, compare sải vs. trải, sống vs. trống, sừng vs. trừng.


ló

North Central Vietnam form of lúa (“rice”)


gai

cái (classifier)
荄 (CJK)
核 (CJK)
𣘃 (CJK)
cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)

From Proto-Vietic *t-keː. Cognate with Arem takeː ("horn"), Proto-Bahnaric *ʔəkɛː (whence Bahnar ake/hơke) and Proto-Katuic *kii, *ʔakii (whence Pacoh ki (“horn on nose, single tusk of rhino”)).


le

head

<i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">phonemic reduplicative</i>

vi-noun

(classifier con) le • (𪅆) (phonemic reduplicative le le)

con (classifier)
𪅆 (CJK)
le le (reduplication)

Nam Giao cổ kim lý hạng ca dao chú giải 南交古金里巷歌謠註解 ("Old and new folk-ballads from the hamlets and alleys in Nanjiao, annotated and explained"), 151a
𡥵𪅆奴𣵰𡥵𪂮奴𱝩
Con le nó lặn; con cò nó bay.
The lesser whistling duck dives; the stork flies.

lesser whistling duck
lesser whistling duck


cam

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)

Citrus aurantium
Citrus aurantium#Translingual

orange, such as Citrus × sinensis or Citrus aurantium (bitter orange)

Short for cam sành (“Citrus reticulata × sinensis”).


sen

From Etymology 2, with owners of cats and dogs perceived humorously as servants to their pets.

(slang, humorous) Owner of cat or dog; hooman


roi

cây (classifier)
cái (classifier)
鞕 (CJK)
𩍢 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *p-rɔːj. Cognate with Chut [Rục] brɔːj¹, Kha Phong urɔːj.


roi

Syzygium samarangense
Syzygium samarangense#Translingual

(Northern Vietnam) wax apple (Syzygium samarangense)


dà

From Proto-Vietic *ɲaː (“house”). See nhà for more.

- Ông ở dà (nhà) khôông đi chơi mô à?
- Biết chơi chiếc với ai, đèng (đành) ở dà rứa thôi rọ!

2010, Nguyễn Tú, Văn hóa dân gian Quảng Bình [Folkloric culture of Quảng Bình], volume 1, Hanoi: National University of Hanoi Publisher, page 140:

- Are you just gonna stay at home and not hang out anywhere?
- I can't think of anyone to hang out with, so i guess i'm just gonna stay at home!

North Central Vietnam form of nhà (“house; home”)


mít

Với nó chỉ có hỏi đâu mít đấy.

They're not going to know anything about what you ask.


hành

cây (classifier)
củ (classifier)
行 (CJK)
荇 (CJK)

Audio (Hà Nội)

Short for hành tây (“onion”, literally “western onion”).


mun

From Proto-Vietic *ɓuːɲ (“ashes”). Cognate with Muong bunh.


é

cây (classifier)
hạt (classifier)
hột (classifier)
薏 (CJK)

bé như hột é

very small (literally, “as small as a lemon basil seed”)


sim

cây (classifier)
枮 (CJK)
槮 (CJK)
𣑷 (CJK)

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa#Translingual


mồng tơi

[məwŋ͡m˨˩ təːj˧˧]

[məwŋ͡m˦˩ təːj˧˧]

[məwŋ͡m˨˩ təːj˧˧]


lim

kind of fine timber native to Vietnam (Erythrophleum fordii)


râu

head

𫘼, 𩭶, 𩅺, 𩯁, 鬍

vi-noun

𫘼, 𩭶, 𩅺, 𩯁, 鬍

bộ (classifier)
𫘼 (CJK)
𩭶 (CJK)
𩅺 (CJK)
𩯁 (CJK)
鬍 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *-soː, from Old Chinese 鬚 (OC *C-[s.n]o) (B-S) (SV: tu). Cognate with Muong thô. Doublet of tua.

vuốt râu hùm

to mess around with someone powerful or dangerous (literally, “to rub a tiger's whiskers”)

(by extension, of another mammal) whiskers

Râu tôm nấu với ruột bầu.
Chồng chan vợ húp gật đầu khen ngon.
A broth of shrimp antennae and gourd core.
The man scoops it, the woman slurps it, both nod in satisfaction.

(by extension, of an arthropod) antennae


lau

From Proto-Vietic *k-luː, cognate with Arem alaw.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-lau.wav


vang

(colloquial) Short for rượu vang (“wine”).


cà

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cà.wav


bàng

Likely from Austronesian. Compare Malay ketapang.

Terminalia catappa
Terminalia catappa#Translingual


bù

(North Central Vietnam) Alternative form of bầu (“gourd”)


lài

(classifier cây, hoa, bông) lài • (𣔦, 𦲒, 𦹹)

cây (classifier)
hoa (classifier)
bông (classifier)
𣔦 (CJK)
𦲒 (CJK)
𦹹 (CJK)

trà lài

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) jasmine


lí

Syzygium jambos
Syzygium jambos#Translingual


sú

to knead (bread or cake dough) with water


táo

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
棗 (CJK)

Sino-Vietnamese word from 棗 (“date tree”).

vi-etym-sino

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-táo.wav

Ziziphus mauritiana
Ziziphus mauritiana#Translingual

Ziziphus jujuba
Ziziphus jujuba#Translingual

Ziziphus nummularia
Wikispecies:Ziziphus nummularia

(rare) jujube (Ziziphus jujuba); jharber (Ziziphus nummularia)


trường

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-trường.wav

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-trường.wav

trường tiểu học/trung học cơ sở/trung học phổ thông/đại học

an elementary school/junior high/senior high/university

đến trường

to physically come to a school, not necessarily to study; (literary) to go to school

nhà trường

Mày đến trường làm gì ?
Học chứ gì ?
Why did you come to the school?
Why else, other than to go to school?

a school (an institution dedicated to teaching and learning)


trường

Sino-Vietnamese word from 長. Doublet of trưởng.

ngày trường

(literary or poetic, only in certain expressions) long


mía

From Proto-Vietic *k-mɛːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *klmiəʔ. Cognate with Muong mỉa, Khmu klmeʔ and Eastern Lawa อเมะ, อมา-อิ, อแมะ.

máy xay nước mía


cây

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cây.wav

From Proto-Vietic *gəl ~ *kəl. Cognate with Central Vietnamese cân, Muong câl, cấl, Kha Phong kɨl². Related to cấy.
Various words with similar shape that have the meaning of "to fell trees" occur in many Austroasiatic branches, including Semai kòl, Temiar kel, Proto-Bahnaric *kal (whence Koho köl) and Proto-Katuic *kəl (whence Pacoh câl); all could be contributed to *kuəl ~ *kəl (“to cut down, fell”), which might be related to the root above. Alternatively, compare Proto-Khmuic *tŋkəl (“stump”) (whence Khmu [Cuang] tŋkɨl), Khmer គល់ (kŭəl), Mon ဓဂဵု.


củ cải trắng

[ku˧˩ kaːj˧˩ t͡ɕaŋ˧˦]

[kʊw˧˨ kaːj˧˨ ʈaŋ˦˧˥]

[kʊw˨˩˦ kaːj˨˩˦ ʈaŋ˦˥]

daikon, the East Asian long white radish, particularly its Vietnamese varieties.


mè

head

mè • (𩹪, 䱊, 𩺍, 眉)

vi-noun

mè • (𩹪, 䱊, 𩺍, 眉)


ngò ôm

[ŋɔ˨˩ ʔom˧˧]

[ŋɔ˦˩ ʔom˧˧]

[ŋɔ˨˩ ʔom˧˧]

ngò + ôm (from Khmer ម្អម (mʼɑɑm)). Compare also mò om (“Limnophila aromatica”).

com

from Khmer <i class="Khmr mention" lang="km">ម្អម</i> (mʼɑɑm)

Limnophila aromatica, used in Vietnamese cuisine, particularly in the sour soup canh chua


thơm

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
𦹳 (CJK)

(Southern Vietnam) species of pineapple commonly found in southern Vietnam


dầu

Likely the same as etymology 1. Dipterocarpus spp. are oil producing plants.

Hết rừng dầu lại tới rừng cao su. Màu xanh lá dầu chỉ có thể so sánh với màu cao su vừa thay lá.

1978, Chu Lai, “Kết thúc”, in Nắng đồng bằng, NXB Quân đội Nhân dân:

After the Dipterocarpus forest came a forest of rubber trees. The green of Dipterocarpus leaves can only be compared to the color of rubber trees that just changed their foliage.


chuối

Hôm qua rượu vào lỡ thú với người ta. Chuối quá đi mất!

I was so drunk up yesterday I confessed to her. Man, that's painful to think about!

Nó bày trò ảo thuật bài mà quên bỏ bài vào trong áo, thành thử khi lên diễn thì chuối cả nải luôn!

He wanted to do a card trick but forgot to hide cards in his jackets, so it was all out cringe when he went upstage!

(slang, Northern Vietnam) cringeworthy; cringy


dó

head

dó • (柚, 楮, 𣜴, 𦾤)

cây (classifier)
柚 (CJK)
楮 (CJK)
𣜴 (CJK)
𦾤 (CJK)

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">chử</i>

vi-etym-sino

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 楮 (“paper mulberry”, SV: chử)

Broussonetia papyrifera
Broussonetia papyrifera#Translingual

paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera)


cau

head

榚, 槁, 槔, 橰, 构

vi-noun

榚, 槁, 槔, 橰, 构

(classifier cây, trái) cau • (榚, 槁, 槔, 橰, 构)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
榚 (CJK)
槁 (CJK)
槔 (CJK)
橰 (CJK)
构 (CJK)


dừa

(classifier cây, trái, quả) dừa • (梌, 椰)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
梌 (CJK)
椰 (CJK)

Compare 椰 (MC yae) (SV: da), itself only attested since the Jin dynasty.


dừa

Bè ngổ đi trước, bè dừa đi sau

water primrose, especially Ludwigia adscendens


sữa

From Proto-Vietic *p-rah. Cognate with Muong khã, Nguôn [Cổ Liêm] rả.
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as ⿰呂巴, composed of 巴 (MC pae) + 呂 (MC ljoX) (modern SV: ba lã), ⿰呂巨, composed of 巨 (MC gjoX) + 呂 (MC ljoX) (modern SV: cự lã) and 呂 (MC ljoX) (modern SV: lã).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sữa.wav

sữa bò

sữa bột

sữa chua

Sữa mẹ là nguồn dinh dưỡng tốt nhất cho sự phát triển của trẻ sơ sinh và trẻ nhỏ.

Mothers' milk is the optimal nutrient for their newborns' and/or infants' development.

milk (white liquid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals to nourish their young)


sữa

From etym 1. Semantically, compare English milkwood, so called because of its milky sap.

Alstonia scholaris
Alstonia scholaris#Translingual


bông

From Proto-Vietic *poːŋ (“flower”). Cognate with Muong pông and Thavung โปง.
This word had been tentatively proposed as being connected etymologically with Hmong-Mien (Proto-Hmong-Mien *bi̯aŋ, whence Iu Mien biangh, White Hmong paj) or Austronesian (Proto-Austronesian *buŋa, whence Malay bunga etc.) (for examples, Hsiu, 2017; H. Hayes, 1999, Hoàng Thị Châu, 2009). Ratliff (2017) connected the Hmong-Mien and Austronesian terms, but did not mention any Austroasiatic comparanda. In any case, the connection is not certain and might just be look-alikes.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bông.wav


hoa

Sino-Vietnamese word from 花. The "capital" sense probably comes from the flourishes of the cursive capital letters that are commonly taught in elementary schools; even cursive lower-case letters don't have as many flourishes, which explains the distinction.
The form ba is attested in some Central dialects, most notably from the placename Đông Ba.

cánh hoa


cải

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 芥 (“mustard”, SV: giới).
From Proto-Vietic *kaːs, borrowed from a post-Old Chinese form. Cognate with Muong cái and Thavung kajh¹.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">giới</i>

vi-etym-sino

cruciferous vegetables (Brassica): coles, mustards, cabbages, radishes, etc.


quả

Sino-Vietnamese word from 果 (“fruit”).
Displaced native giái in the more prestigious inland Northern dialects sometime before the colonial period, likely due to the homophony with dái (“testicles”), eventually also displaced lái from the less prestigious coastal Northern dialects. Southern trái was borrowed as part of certain compounds, such as Trái Đất.
The adverbial sense might be a clipping of quả thật/quả thực.

quả trầu

(Northern Vietnam) round, painted casket (i.e., a jewelry box) with a lid


trái cây

[t͡ɕaːj˧˦ kəj˧˧]

[ʈaːj˨˩˦ kəj˧˧]

[ʈaːj˦˥ kəj˧˧]

From trái (“fruit”) + cây (“plant, tree”).


trái

From Proto-Vietic *k-laːjʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *klaj(ʔ) ~ *klaaj(ʔ) (“to change”), cognate with Muong tlải, Tho [Cuối Chăm] klaːj³, Khmer ក្លាយ (klaay, “to change”), Mon ကၠဲာ (klai, “to translate”). Compare also Thai กลาย (glaai), Lao ກາຍ (kāi).

nắng trái tiết

unseasonably sunny (literally, “sunny despite the climate”)

trái nghĩa

trái với quan niệm thông thường


trái

head

𢁑, 𣛤, 𣡙, 𣡚, 𧀞

vi-noun

𢁑, 𣛤, 𣡙, 𣡚, 𧀞

From Proto-Vietic *p-leːʔ, from Proto-Austroasiatic *pleʔ (“fruit”). Cognate with Muong Bi tlải, Khmer ផ្លែ (phlae), Bahnar plei, Pacoh culay, Mang pløː¹.
This is originally the Southern form. The North Central form trấy is still extensively used in these dialects. The Northern forms giái (inland dialects), lái (as in lái tim, coastal dialects) are also attested, but now are mostly displaced by Sino-Vietnamese quả when used as a stand-alone noun and by Southern trái when used as part of compounds (as in Trái Đất (“the Earth”)).

gài trái


sa kê

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)

[ʂaː˧˧ kej˧˧]

[ʂaː˧˧ kej˧˧]

Possibly borrowed from Thai สาเก (sǎa-gee) “breadfruit”, from Tamil சக்கை (cakkai) or Malayalam ചക്ക (cakka) “jackfruit”. Cognate with Portuguese jaca (“jackfruit”) and French jaque (“jackfruit”).


húng quế

[hʊwŋ͡m˦˧˥ kwej˨˩˦]

From húng + quế, literally “cinnamon/cassia basil”

com

Thai basil (Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora)


rau răm

[ʐaw˧˧ ʐam˧˧]

Vietnamese coriander
Vietnamese coriander

an herb of species Persicaria odorata, used in Vietnamese cuisine; also called Vietnamese coriander


rau muống

[ʐaw˧˧ muəŋ˦˧˥]

[ɹa(ː)w˧˧ muəŋ˦˥]

From rau (“vegetable”) + muống, the latter from Proto-Vietic *ɓɔːŋʔ. Compare also Thai บุ้ง (bûng).

Ipomoea aquatica
Ipomoea aquatica#Translingual

water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), a green leafy vegetable used as a food in several cuisines of East and Southeast Asia


ổi

→ Tai Dam: ꪮ꫁ꪺꪥ

From Proto-Vietic *k-ʔoːs, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *pʔus ~ *pʔuus; cognate with Muong ối, Koho pö'ous, Mang ʔuːj⁶.


quỳnh

Ta mang cho em một đóa quỳnh; quỳnh thơm hay môi em thơm

1974, Trịnh Công Sơn (lyrics and music), “Quỳnh Hương (Ephyllium)”:

I've brought you an epiphyllum blossom; the fragrance, is it the epiphyllum’s or your lips’?


hồng

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
đoá (classifier)

Sino-Vietnamese word from 紅 (“red”).
Semantic shift like this can be seen with other Sino-Vietnamese items that did not displace native terms but were nevertheless borrowed, see trúc (“Phyllostachys spp.”), huyết (“blood curd”).

Theo ghi nhận của PV, hồng chín có lẽ là một trong những món ăn khoái khẩu của loài dơi. Tại nhiều khu vườn, những trái hồng chín căng mọng đều bị dơi cạp lỗ chỗ.

2022, Võ Tùng, “Nông dân khổ sở vì dơi phá hoại mùa hồng [Farmers in Anguish as Bats Ruin the Persimmon Harvest]”, in Báo Pháp Luật TP. Hồ Chí Minh [Ho Chi Minh City Law Newspaper]:

As noted by this reporter, ripe persimmons are possibly among bats' favorite foods. In many gardens, ripe, plump, and juicy persimmon fruits are all bitten full of holes by bats.

Diospyros kaki
Diospyros kaki#Translingual


củ năng

[kʊw˧˨ naŋ˧˧]

[kʊw˨˩˦ naŋ˧˧]

Eleocharis dulcis
Eleocharis dulcis#Translingual


táo tàu

vi-noun

(classifier quả, trái, cây) táo tàu • (棗艚)

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
cây (classifier)
棗艚 (CJK)


đu đủ

head

đu đủ • (𣛦𨇜)

vi-noun

(classifier cây, trái, quả) đu đủ • (𣛦𨇜)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
𣛦𨇜 (CJK)

[ʔɗu˧˧ ʔɗu˧˩]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ ʔɗʊw˧˨]

[ʔɗʊw˧˧ ʔɗʊw˨˩˦]


tiêu

(cooking) several plants – of the genus Xanthoxylum and the family Piperaceae – which are used as spices; pepper (excluding chilli pepper)


ớt

head

ớt • (艺, 𣜶, 乙, 𱾨)

vi-noun

(classifier cây, quả, trái) ớt • (艺, 𣜶, 乙, 𱾨)

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
艺 (CJK)
𣜶 (CJK)
乙 (CJK)
𱾨 (CJK)

→ Tai Dam: ꪹꪮꪒ

Köhler's Medicinal Plants
Neo-Latin
Pigneau de Béhaine
Piper cubeba
referent

From Proto-Vietic *ʔəːt.
Pigneau de Béhaine's Dictionarium anamitico-latinum (1772 manuscript) glosses ớt as pimentum https://archive.org/details/DictionariumAnamiticoLatinumPigneaux/Dictionarium%20Anamitico-Latinum%20-%201772%2C%20P.J.%20Pigneaux/page/n395/mode/2up, a Neo-Latin derivation from French piment (“‘spice’ → ‘chilli pepper’”).
Phạm Đình Hổ's 1827 dictionary Nhật dụng thường đàm (日用常談 "Common Words Used Daily") glosses ớt 乙 as 蓽䔲茄 (SV: tất đăng gia; "tailed pepper, cubeb, Piper cubeba") https://web.archive.org/web/20230721133650/http://www.nomfoundation.org/common/show.php?detail=1202&uiLang=en, also called tiêu thất in Vietnamese; so that plant was probably ớt’s original referent before the introduction of chilli pepper from the Americas.

Lý hạng ca dao 里巷歌謠 (Folk-ballads from the hamlets and alleys), 50a
艺𱜢𱺵艺𫽄𨐮
𡛔𱜢𱺵𡛔𫽄𫨩悭𫯳
Ớt nào là ớt chẳng cay?
Gái nào là gái chẳng hay ghen chồng?
Which tailed pepper (berry) / cubeb (berry) is not spicy?
Which wife is not often possessive of her husband?

(obsolete) tailed pepper, cubeb (Piper cubeba)


súng

cây (classifier)
khẩu (classifier)
銃 (CJK)
𭴤 (CJK)


gạo

From Proto-Vietic *r-koːʔ (“husked rice”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *rk(aw)ʔ (“husked rice”). Cognate with Muong cảo, Khmer អង្ករ (ʼɑɑʼɑngkɑɑ, “uncooked, dehusked rice”), Khasi khaw, Chong rəkʰəw and Gata' rekoˀ ("uncooked rice"). According to Sagart (2003), Proto-Tai *C̬.qawꟲ (“rice”), whence Thai ข้าว (kâao), Lao ເຂົ້າ (khao), Lü ᦃᧁᧉ (ẋaw²), was borrowed from Austroasiatic.

cog

Lü ᦃᧁᧉ (ẋaw²)


măng

From Proto-Vietic *t-ɓaŋ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₁ɓaŋ. Cognate with Muong băng, Thavung บัง, Pacoh abáng, Khmer ទំពាំង (tumpĕəng), Bahnar tơ'băng, Mang ɓaŋ⁶, Mon တ္ၜၚ် (bɛŋ).
Proto-Karen *Ɂbaŋᴮ (whence S'gaw Karen ဘီၣ် (baẁ)) is an Austroasiatic loanword.

Mon တ္ၜၚ် (bɛŋ)


măng

Mon တ္ၜၚ် (bɛŋ)

(only in a few compounds) very young; juvenile


cà rốt

[kaː˨˩ ɹot̚˧˦]

[kaː˦˩ ɹok̚˦˧˥]

[kaː˨˩ ɹok̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-cà-rốt.wav

Borrowed from French carotte. Influenced by cà (“eggplant”), compare cà phê.


bí đao

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)

[ʔɓi˧˦ ʔɗaːw˧˧]

[ʔɓɪj˨˩˦ ʔɗaːw˧˧]

[ʔɓɪj˦˥ ʔɗaːw˧˧]

It is not clear what the second element is. In Nhật dụng thường đàm (日用常談, 1827) and the Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum (1838), bí đao was spelled as 秘刀 and 費刀 respectively. In both cases, the second element is spelled with 刀 (MC taw, “blade”) (SV: đao), which makes little sense if taken literally ("knife gourd" or "sword gourd"), so it is most likely a phonogram used simply for phonetic value (just like the adjacent phonograms 秘 (MC pijH) and 費 (MC phj+jH) used to write bí (“gourd”)).
Considering that winter melon/wax gourd is commonly used to make sweets (Đại Nam quấc âm tự vị (1895) mentions mứt bí (“candied winter melon”)), the second element could be related to Arem atɛːw, Pacoh atao, Bahnar kơtao, all means "sugarcane"; if so, probably developed already into "sugary sweet" when this compound was coined, then became obscure.

費 Bí. n. Loại dây xanh trái lớn.
 ― đao. Thứ bí dài trái, da xanh, người ta hay dùng mà làm mứt.

1895, Huình Tịnh Của, Đại Nam Quấc âm tự vị:

費 Bí. n. Green vines that produce big fruits.
 ― đao. A kind of gourd with long fruit, its skin is green, it is often used to make mứt.

Benincasa hispida
Benincasa hispida#Translingual


gừng

head

薑, 姜, 羌, 𤃥, 𦹱

vi-noun

薑, 姜, 羌, 𤃥, 𦹱

(classifier cây, củ) gừng • (薑, 姜, 羌, 𤃥, 𦹱)

cây (classifier)
củ (classifier)
薑 (CJK)
姜 (CJK)
羌 (CJK)
𤃥 (CJK)
𦹱 (CJK)


khoai tây

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-khoai tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)

khoai (a collective name for yams, sweet potatoes, etc.) + tây (“western”).


mướp

head

mướp • (柉, 𦲾)

vi-noun

(classifier cây, trái, quả) mướp • (柉, 𦲾)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
柉 (CJK)
𦲾 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ɓɨǝp. Compare Muong puôp (“loofah”) and Tho (Làng Lỡ) mɨəp⁷ "loofah".


khoai sọ

[xwaːj˧˧ sɔ˧˨ʔ]

[kʰwaːj˧˧ ʂɔ˨˩ʔ]

[xwaːj˧˧ sɔ˨˩ʔ]

[kʰwaːj˧˧ ʂɔ˨˩˨]

[xwaːj˧˧ sɔ˨˩˨]

From khoai (“yam”) + sọ.
The second fossilized element is from Proto-Vietic *s-roːʔ, from Proto-Austroasiatic *sroʔ. Compare Khmer ត្រាវ (traaw), Mon ကြဴ (krao), Khasi shriew/'riew, Proto-Khmuic *sroʔ.


khoai môn

From khoai + môn, from Proto-Vietic *ɓoːn.


khoai nước

[xwaːj˧˧ nɨək̚˧˦]

[kʰwaːj˧˧ nɨək̚˦˧˥]

[xwaːj˧˧ nɨək̚˦˧˥]

[kʰwaːj˧˧ nɨək̚˦˥]

[xwaːj˧˧ nɨək̚˦˥]


khoai lang

[kʰwaːj˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]

[kʰwaːj˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]


rau lang

[ʐaw˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]

[ɹa(ː)w˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]


cà chua

[kaː˨˩ t͡ɕuə˧˧]

[kaː˦˩ t͡ɕuə˧˧]

[kaː˨˩ cuə˧˧]

cà (“any plant in the family Solanaceae”) + chua (“sour”). Semantically, compare Burmese ခရမ်းချဉ် (hka.ram:hkyany).


hoa kim châm

[hwaː˧˧ kim˧˧ t͡ɕəm˧˧]

[hwaː˧˧ kim˧˧ t͡ɕəm˧˧]

hoa ("flower") + kim ("golden") + châm ("needle"); from Sino-Vietnamese 金針花


sơn tra

[səːn˧˧ t͡ɕaː˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ ʈaː˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ ʈaː˧˧]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ ʈaː˧˧]

[səːŋ˧˧ ʈaː˧˧]

hawthorn (plants in the genus Crataegus)


chà là

[t͡ɕaː˨˩ laː˨˩]

[t͡ɕaː˦˩ laː˦˩]

[caː˨˩ laː˨˩]


ngò

cây (classifier)
吾 (CJK)
𦬶 (CJK)
莪 (CJK)
䓊 (CJK)


ngò gai

[ŋɔ˨˩ ɣaːj˧˧]

[ŋɔ˦˩ ɣaːj˧˧]

[ŋɔ˨˩ ɣaːj˧˧]

ngò (“cilantro”) + gai (“thorn, prickle”).

Eryngium foetidum
Eryngium foetidum#Translingual


vú sữa

[vu˧˦ sɨə˦ˀ˥]

[vʊw˨˩˦ ʂɨə˧˨]

[vʊw˨˩˦ sɨə˧˨]

[vʊw˦˥ ʂɨə˨˩˦]

[jʊw˦˥ sɨə˨˩˦]

vú (“breast”) + sữa (“milk”), perhaps inspired by a folktale about a mother who turned into this tree, or inspires it.

Chrysophyllum cainito
Chrysophyllum cainito#Translingual

the star apple fruit, Chrysophyllum cainito


trứng gà

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
cây (classifier)

[t͡ɕɨŋ˧˦ ɣaː˨˩]

[ʈɨŋ˦˧˥ ɣaː˦˩]

[ʈɨŋ˦˥ ɣaː˨˩]

trái trứng gà
a canistel

cây trứng gà

the canistel, a tropical fruit (Pouteria campechiana)


hoa lơ

[hwaː˧˧ ləː˧˧]

[hwaː˧˧ ləː˧˧]

[waː˧˧ ləː˧˧]

hoa ("flower") + lơ (prob. a phonetic borrowing from French fleur); the word is probably derived from the French chou-fleur (cauliflower; literally "flower cabbage")


hoa lơ trắng

[hwaː˧˧ ləː˧˧ t͡ɕaŋ˧˦]

[hwaː˧˧ ləː˧˧ ʈaŋ˦˧˥]

[waː˧˧ ləː˧˧ ʈaŋ˦˥]

hoa ("flower") + lơ (prob. a phonetic borrowing from French fleur) + trắng ("white"); the word is probably derived from the French chou-fleur (cauliflower; literally "flower cabbage")


bông cải trắng

[ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˧˩ t͡ɕaŋ˧˦]

[ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˧˨ ʈaŋ˦˧˥]

[ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˨˩˦ ʈaŋ˦˥]

bông (“bloom, flower”) + cải + trắng (“white”).


bắp

vi-noun

(classifier cây (“maize, corn”)) bắp • (𥟼, 芣)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bắp.wav

(by extension, Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) maize, corn


bắp non

[ʔɓap̚˧˦ nɔn˧˧]

[ʔɓap̚˦˧˥ nɔŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓap̚˦˥ nɔŋ˧˧]


cải bẹ xanh

[kaːj˧˩ ʔɓɛ˧˨ʔ sajŋ̟˧˧]

[kaːj˧˨ ʔɓɛ˨˩ʔ sɛɲ˧˧]

[kaːj˨˩˦ ʔɓɛ˨˩˨ san˧˧]

cải (“Brassica”) + bẹ (“sheath”) + xanh (“grue”).

com

Brassica juncea
Brassica juncea#Translingual

brown mustard; Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)


đương quy

[ʔɗɨəŋ˧˧ kwi˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˧˧ kwɪj˧˧]

[ʔɗɨəŋ˧˧ wɪj˧˧]

A. sinensis
Angelica sinensis#Translingual

various plants of the genus Angelica (esp. A. sinensis and A. polymorpha)


bầu

head

bầu • (蔀, ⿱艹瓿)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 匏 (“gourd”, SV: biều, bào).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">biều, bào</i>

vi-etym-sino

Lagenaria siceraria
Lagenaria siceraria#Translingual

Lagenaria siceraria (calabash vine, bottle gourd)

(by extension) Any plant of genus Lagenaria

Various varieties of Oryza sativa rice that are usually planted as lúa Chiêm in deep paddies, and are relatively colorful, rather strong, and can be planted in paddies high in alum, for red rice or low-quality rice.


bầu

head

bầu • (蔀, ⿱艹瓿)

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
蔀 (CJK)

gourd (hard-shelled fruit from a plant in Lagenaria)

gourd (dried and hardened shell of a gourd fruit)


lúa mạch

[luə˧˦ majk̟̚˧˨ʔ]

[luə˨˩˦ mat̚˨˩ʔ]

[luə˦˥ mat̚˨˩˨]


hoa hồng

[hwaː˧˧ həwŋ͡m˨˩]

[hwaː˧˧ həwŋ͡m˦˩]

[waː˧˧ həwŋ͡m˨˩]


bơ

bơ • (巴,吧,𠀧,𪩬)

vi-verb

bơ • (巴,吧,𠀧,𪩬)


cải làn

[kaːj˧˨ laːŋ˦˩]

[kaːj˨˩˦ laːŋ˨˩]

From Cantonese 芥蘭 /芥兰 (gaai3 laan4; giới lan).


măng tây

[maŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[maŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[maŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-măng tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)

măng (“bamboo shoot”) + tây (“Western”). Compare Khmer ទំពាំងបារាំង (tumpĕəngbaarĕəng, literally “French bamboo shoot”) and Thai หน่อไม้ฝรั่ง (nɔ̀ɔ-máai-fà-ràng, literally “foreign/Western bamboo shoot”).

cog

ទំពាំងបារាំង

ncog

หน่อไม้ฝรั่ง


dứa

vi-noun

(classifier cây, quả, trái) dứa • (𦼥, 架)

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
𦼥 (CJK)
架 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *-caːʔ (“pandanus”), with pandanus now being called dứa dại.
Attested as giứa in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).
The etymological spelling giứa is now virtually never used, being replaced by dứa.


bưởi

head

bưởi • (𣘓, 𣞻)

vi-noun

(classifier cây, quả, trái) bưởi • (𣘓, 𣞻)

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
𣘓 (CJK)
𣞻 (CJK)

Nó có bưởi to.

(anatomy, euphemistic, humorous, of a woman) a boob; a jug


lúa

cây (classifier)
穭 (CJK)
𧀦 (CJK)
魯 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ʔa-lɔːʔ (“paddy rice”). Cognate with Arem alɑːˀ.
According to Ferlus, it is a loanword from Old Chinese 稻 (OC *[l]ˤuʔ) (B-S) (SV: đạo), in turn related to Proto-Mon-Khmer *sruʔ (“paddy rice”) and Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₂rawʔ ~ *t₂raaw() (“taro”). Ferlus reasons that the two different plants share the same ecological farming niche, thus facilitating semantic shift from "taro" to "rice". Shorto notes a dubious connection between Proto-Vietic *ʔa-lɔːʔ and Proto-Mon-Khmer *s-ruʔ (“paddy”).

cog

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) paddy; unhusked rice


lúa

Đúng là nhìn hơi lúa, mà vẫn bán hàng ầm ầm...

It really does look shabby, but it's still selling wildly...

Chàng trai 30 tuổi nhìn hơi lúa hứa sẽ không để bạn gái chịu khổ.

The guy is thirty years old, looks rather plain, and promises not to let his girlfriend suffer.

Short for hai lúa (“rustic; bumpkinish”).

Kem hộp màu vàng, nhựa rẻ tiền, nhìn hơi lúa...

The cream is in a yellow pack, cheap plastic, looks rather low quality...


mỡ

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mỡ.wav


khúc

Sino-Vietnamese word from 麴. Compare Chinese 鼠麴草 /鼠曲草 (thử khúc thảo, “Pseudognaphalium affine”).

ncog

[kʰʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[xʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[kʰʊwk͡p̚˦˥]

(rare in isolation) Pseudognaphalium affine


nứa

Neohouzeaua (a genus of medium-sized tropical bamboo)


khoai

củ (classifier)
芌 (CJK)
𧃷 (CJK)
䓙 (CJK)
𬞲 (CJK)

Borrowed from a Khmuic language, compare Mal kʰwaːj, or directly descended from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kwaaj (“yam”). The first scenario is more likely, but it is also possible that this now mainstream Vietnamese word is an internal borrowing, originated from the North Central region (where secondary aspiration frequently occurs) and replaced the Northern form without aspiration: it was spelt as 䓙 (phonetic 乖 (MC kweaj), SV reading quai) in a poem by Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm, a native of Northern Vietnam, while later works use various characters that clearly show aspiration.
Cognate with Mon ကွဲာ (kwai).


mãng cầu ta

[maːŋ˦ˀ˥ kəw˨˩ taː˧˧]

[maːŋ˧˨ kəw˦˩ taː˧˧]

[maːŋ˨˩˦ kəw˨˩ taː˧˧]

Annona squamosa
Annona squamosa#Translingual


mãng cầu

[maːŋ˦ˀ˥ kəw˨˩]

[maːŋ˧˨ kəw˦˩]

[maːŋ˨˩˦ kəw˨˩]


mãng cầu xiêm

[maːŋ˦ˀ˥ kəw˨˩ siəm˧˧]

[maːŋ˧˨ kəw˦˩ siəm˧˧]

[maːŋ˨˩˦ kəw˨˩ sim˧˧]

mãng cầu (“sugar apple”) + Xiêm (“Siam”)

af

Annona muricata
Annona muricata#Translingual


mãng cầu tây

[maːŋ˦ˀ˥ kəw˨˩ təj˧˧]

[maːŋ˧˨ kəw˦˩ təj˧˧]

[maːŋ˨˩˦ kəw˨˩ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-mãng cầu tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)

Annona cherimola
Annona cherimola#Translingual


bình bát

[ʔɓïŋ˨˩ ʔɓaːt̚˧˦]

[ʔɓɨn˦˩ ʔɓaːk̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓɨn˨˩ ʔɓaːk̚˦˥]

Annona reticulata
Annona reticulata#Translingual


hồng xiêm

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ siəm˧˧]

[həwŋ͡m˦˩ siəm˧˧]

Manilkara zapota
Manilkara zapota#Translingual


thanh long

[tʰajŋ̟˧˧ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[tʰɛɲ˧˧ lawŋ͡m˧˧]

[tʰɛɲ˧˧ lɔŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 青龍 (“Azure Dragon”).


chùm ruột

[t͡ɕum˨˩ zuət̚˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕum˦˩ ʐuək̚˨˩ʔ]

[cʊm˨˩ ɹuək̚˨˩˨]


xoài

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
𣒱 (CJK)

Borrowed from Khmer ស្វាយ (svaay). Compare Hokkien 檨 (soāiⁿ, soān, soǎiⁿ).


chanh

(neologism) a non-binary pronoun meant to act in the place of chị and anh.


chanh tây

[t͡ɕajŋ̟˧˧ təj˧˧]

[t͡ɕɛɲ˧˧ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-chanh tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)


cần tây

[kən˨˩ təj˧˧]

[kəŋ˦˩ təj˧˧]

[kəŋ˨˩ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-cần tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)

cần (“water parsnip”) + tây (“western”).


tỏi tây

[tɔj˧˩ təj˧˧]

[tɔj˧˨ təj˧˧]

[tɔj˨˩˦ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-tỏi tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)


đậu bắp

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ ʔɓap̚˧˦]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ ʔɓap̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ ʔɓap̚˦˥]

đậu bắp luộc chấm chao

boiled okra and fermented bean curd for dipping

Abelmoschus esculentus
Abelmoschus esculentus#Translingual


mướp tây

[mɨəp̚˧˦ təj˧˧]

[mɨəp̚˦˧˥ təj˧˧]

[mɨəp̚˦˥ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-mướp tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)


đinh hương

[ʔɗïŋ˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗɨn˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗɨn˧˧ hɨəŋ˧˧]


trầm hương

[t͡ɕəm˨˩ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʈəm˦˩ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʈəm˨˩ hɨəŋ˧˧]

Aquilaria malaccensis
Aquilaria malaccensis#Translingual

various Aquilaria trees such as Aquilaria malaccensis and Aquilaria crassna, sources of agarwood


đậu tương

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ tɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ tɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ tɨəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 豆漿 (“soy milk”).


mùi tây

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-mùi tây.wav


tiểu hồi hương

[tiəw˧˩ hoj˨˩ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[tiw˧˨ hoj˦˩ hɨəŋ˧˧]

[tiw˨˩˦ hoj˨˩ hɨəŋ˧˧]


mộc qua

[məwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ kwaː˧˧]

[məwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ kwaː˧˧]

[məwk͡p̚˨˩˨ waː˧˧]


hoàng lan

cây (classifier)
bông (classifier)
hoa (classifier)

[hwaːŋ˦˩ laːŋ˧˧]

[waːŋ˨˩ laːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 黃蘭, composed of 黃 (“yellow”) and 蘭 (“orchid”).

Cananga odorata
Cananga odorata#Translingual

ylang ylang (a tree of the species Cananga odorata)


ngọc lan tây

vi-noun

(classifier cây, bông, hoa) ngọc lan tây • (玉蘭西)

cây (classifier)
bông (classifier)
hoa (classifier)
玉蘭西 (CJK)

[ŋawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ laːn˧˧ təj˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ laːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩˨ laːŋ˧˧ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-ngọc lan tây.wav

ngọc lan (“magnolia”) + tây (“Western”).


đào

(historical) a songstress or an actress in certain types of Vietnamese performance art


đào lộn hột

[ʔɗaːw˨˩ lon˧˨ʔ hot̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗaːw˦˩ loŋ˨˩ʔ hok̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩ loŋ˨˩˨ hok̚˨˩˨]

From đào (“peach”) + lộn (“to turn the inside out”) + hột (“seed”).


cóc

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
㭲 (CJK)

Compare Proto-Katuic *ʔakɔk, Khmu [Cuang] kok, Thai กอก (gɔ̀ɔk).

Spondias dulcis
Spondias dulcis#Translingual

species in the genus Spondias, such as Spondias dulcis


lách

cây (classifier)
𥷒 (CJK)
𮒃 (CJK)
藶 (CJK)

Saccharum spontaneum
Saccharum spontaneum#Translingual


gáo

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
梏 (CJK)

Neolamarckia cadamba
Neolamarckia cadamba#Translingual


tần ô

[tən˨˩ ʔo˧˧]

[təŋ˦˩ ʔow˧˧]

[təŋ˨˩ ʔow˧˧]

garland chrysanthemum
garland chrysanthemum

Glebionis coronaria
Glebionis coronaria#Translingual

garland chrysanthemum (Glebionis coronaria)


白芷

白芷chữ Hán form of bạch chỉ . (canonical)


bưởi chùm

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)

[ʔɓɨəj˧˩ t͡ɕum˨˩]

[ʔɓɨj˧˨ t͡ɕum˦˩]

[ʔɓɨj˨˩˦ cʊm˨˩]

bưởi (“pomelo”) + chùm (“cluster, bunch”).


thích

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 槭 (SV: túc). Likely borrowed from a southern Sinitic form with aspiration and high front vowel.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">túc</i>


cỏ

head

cỏ • (𦹵, 𦹯, 古, 苦)

vi-noun

(classifier lá, cây, ngọn) cỏ • (𦹵, 𦹯, 古, 苦)

lá (classifier)
cây (classifier)
ngọn (classifier)
𦹵 (CJK)
𦹯 (CJK)
古 (CJK)
苦 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cỏ.wav

From Proto-Vietic *kɔh (“grass”). Cognate with Thavung ก็อฮ.
Attested as cỏ in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).
The sense "marijuana" is probably a calque of English weed.

Nhổ cỏ.

weed (any plant unwanted at the place where and at the time when it is growing)


mây

cây (classifier)
𣛠 (CJK)
𬨿 (CJK)
𫂗 (CJK)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mây.wav


xương rồng

[sɨəŋ˧˧ zəwŋ͡m˨˩]

[sɨəŋ˧˧ ʐəwŋ͡m˦˩]

[sɨəŋ˧˧ ɹəwŋ͡m˨˩]

xương (“bone”) + rồng (“dragon”). Compare Chinese 龍骨花 /龙骨花 (long cốt hoa).
In the Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum (1838), it was glossed as species euphorbiæ (“Euphorbia species”).


giống

From Proto-Vietic *k-coːŋʔ, from a descendant of reconstructed Old Chinese 種 (OC *k.toŋʔ) when the dental stop already palatalized; non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 種 (“seed; species”, SV: chủng). Doublet of chủng.
The same sound change also yields Vietnamese giấy, from Proto-Vietic *k-cajʔ, from a descendant of ultimately Old Chinese 紙 (OC *k.teʔ).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">chủng</i>


mướp đắng

[mɨəp̚˧˦ ʔɗaŋ˧˦]

[mɨəp̚˦˧˥ ʔɗaŋ˦˧˥]

[mɨəp̚˦˥ ʔɗaŋ˦˥]

From mướp (“luffa”) + đắng (“bitter”), probably calque of Chinese 苦瓜 (khổ qua).

cal

<i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">khổ qua</i>

(Northern Vietnam, Central Vietnam) bitter melon; bitter gourd


khổ qua

[kʰow˨˩˦ waː˧˧]

khổ qua nhồi thịt

(Southern Vietnam) bitter melon; bitter gourd


cam sành

[kaːm˧˧ ʂɛɲ˦˩]

[kaːm˧˧ sɛɲ˦˩]


dưa chuột

[zɨə˧˧ t͡ɕuət̚˧˨ʔ]

[jɨə˧˧ t͡ɕuək̚˨˩ʔ]

[jɨə˧˧ cuək̚˨˩˨]


dưa

Cognate with Muong Bi tưa (“pickles”).
Unlikely from Eastern Han Chinese 菹 (*tsra) and thus non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 菹 (“salted and pickled vegetables”, SV: trư, thư) (as proposed by Alves, 2022).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">trư, thư</i>


thực vật

[tʰɨk̚˧˨ʔ vət̚˧˨ʔ]

[tʰɨk̚˨˩ʔ vək̚˨˩ʔ]

[tʰɨk̚˨˩˨ vək̚˨˩˨]

[tʰɨk̚˨˩˨ jək̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 植物, composed of 植 (“to plant”) and 物 (“thing”).

(chiefly biology, botany) a plant (organism capable of photosynthesis)


thông

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 松 (“pine”, SV: tùng).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tùng</i>


kê

cây (classifier)
hạt (classifier)
嵇 (CJK)
稽 (CJK)


kê

Cognate with Muong Bi kêl.
Unrelated to Old Chinese 支 (OC *ke) (B-S).

kê chân lên ghế

to rest (a part of one's body) on something

(furniture) to place; to arrange; to put


sâm

Sino-Vietnamese word from 蔘 (“ginseng”).

xứ củ sâm


nhân sâm

[ɲən˧˧ səm˧˧]

[ɲəŋ˧˧ ʂəm˧˧]

[ɲəŋ˧˧ səm˧˧]

[ɲəŋ˧˧ ʂəm˧˧]

[ɲəŋ˧˧ səm˧˧]


mọc

cục (classifier)
viên (classifier)
𦙣 (CJK)

According to folk etymology: derived from the name of the Kẻ Mọc area (tên Nôm of the Nhân Mục (仁睦) villages) in current-day Hanoi, where the dish bún mọc is said to originate.

(cooking) meatballs served in some noodle dishes


hóp

certain bamboo species, especially Bambusa textilis


phong

xi-rô phong


thông rụng lá

[tʰəwŋ͡m˧˧ zʊwŋ͡m˧˨ʔ laː˧˦]

[tʰəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʐʊwŋ͡m˨˩ʔ laː˨˩˦]

[tʰəwŋ͡m˧˧ ɹʊwŋ͡m˨˩˨ laː˦˥]

thông (pine) + rụng (drop) + (lá) (leaf), so named for the fact that, despite the fact that the larch is a conifer, it is deciduous, shedding its leaves each year


đười ươi

head

đười ươi • (代埃)

[ʔɗɨəj˨˩ ʔɨəj˧˧]

[ʔɗɨj˦˩ ʔɨj˧˧]

[ʔɗɨj˨˩ ʔɨj˧˧]

Chỉ nam ngọc âm giải nghĩa (指南玉音解義)
狸狸号丐代埃
命㹥密㝵咍説𱐍於
"Li li" hiệu cái đười ươi,Mình chó mặt người hay thốt u ơ.
The "lílí" is called "đười ươi".With dog body and a human face, they often make unintelligible noise.

(obsolete, cryptozoology) cryptid or animal with human characteristics


đười ươi

[ʔɗɨəj˨˩ ʔɨəj˧˧]

[ʔɗɨj˦˩ ʔɨj˧˧]

[ʔɗɨj˨˩ ʔɨj˧˧]


mơ

From Old Chinese 梅 (OC *C.mˤə) (B-S) (SV: mai).

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mơ.wav


mận

vi-noun

(classifier cây, trái, quả) mận • (槾, 𪴏)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
槾 (CJK)
𪴏 (CJK)

From a Tai language. Compare Proto-Tai *manꟲ (“plum”) (whence Zhuang maenj as in makmaenj and Lao ໝັ້ນ (man) in ໝາກໝັ້ນ (māk man)).

Syzygium samarangense
Syzygium samarangense#Translingual

(Southern Vietnam) wax apple (Syzygium samarangense)


điều

Chương I, Điều 1


cải rổ

[kaːj˨˩˦ ɹow˨˩˦]


riềng

cây (classifier)
củ (classifier)
楹 (CJK)
萾 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *b-riɛŋ. Cognate with Muong Bi khiềng. Compare Proto-Katuic *-rɨɨŋ (“galangal”) (whence Eastern Bru curưng).


lệ chi

[le˧˨ʔ t͡ɕi˧˧]

[lej˨˩ʔ t͡ɕɪj˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 荔枝 (“lychee”).

Người xưa mô tả quả lệ chi có vỏ như nhiễu đỏ, da mỏng như lụa tím, thịt trắng sáng như băng tuyết, nước ngọt hơi chua như cơm rượu.

Of old, people described lychees as having a peel like red crêpe paper, a skin as thin as purple silk, flesh white and bright as ice and snow, and a juice sweet and slightly sour like fermented rice.


vải

head

𦃿, 𡲫, 𢅄, 罢, 󰬸, 𬘊

vi-noun

𦃿, 𡲫, 𢅄, 罢, 󰬸, 𬘊

From Proto-Vietic *k-paːs, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kpaas (“cotton”). Attested as ꞗĕải, ꞗải in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651). Cognate with Muong pái, Bahnar kơpaih, Pacoh capaih, Khasi kynphad.
Compare Sanskrit कर्पास (karpāsa) and Old Chinese 布 (OC *pˤa-s) (B-S), both of which are probably Austroasiatic loans. Doublet of bố (as in vải bố).


vải

(classifier cây, trái, quả) vải • (𣞻, 𣘓)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
𣞻 (CJK)
𣘓 (CJK)

Attested as ꞗĕải, ꞗải in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).
Compare Proto-Katuic *kpias (“lychee”) (whence Pacoh cupiêih).
Unlike what some modern sources seem to suggest, there is little to no evidence that lệ chi (荔枝 (lìzhī)) was used as a word for "lychee" in Vietnamese, even historically. This confusion is most likely due speakers' conflation between Written Chinese texts and actual Vietnamese texts.


long nhãn

[lawŋ͡m˧˧ ɲaːn˦ˀ˥]

[lawŋ͡m˧˧ ɲaːŋ˧˨]

[lɔŋ˧˧ ɲaːŋ˧˨]

[lawŋ͡m˧˧ ɲaːŋ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 龍眼 (“longan”).


măng cụt

[maŋ˧˧ kut̚˧˨ʔ]

[maŋ˧˧ kʊk̚˨˩ʔ]

[maŋ˧˧ kʊk͡p̚˨˩˨]

Borrowed from a neighbouring language, ultimately from Malay manggustan.
Compare Thai มังคุด (mang-kút), Lao ມັງຄຸດ (mang khut), Burmese မင်းကွတ် (mang:kwat), Khmer មង្ឃុត (mɔɔmŭəngkhut) and words in European languages derived from the same source.


khế

(classifier cây, trái, quả) khế • (契, 楔, 󱬖)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
契 (CJK)
楔 (CJK)


lạc tiên

[laːk̚˧˨ʔ tiən˧˧]

[laːk̚˨˩ʔ tiəŋ˧˧]

[laːk̚˨˩˨ tiəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 落 (“to be lost”) and 仙 (“immortal; paradise”), i.e. as if “lost in paradise”, in reference to the sleep-promoting effect of the plant extract.


nhàu

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɲɔʔ (“noni”), cognate with Khmer ញ (ñɔɔ).

Morinda citrifolia
Morinda citrifolia#Translingual


chôm chôm

vi-noun

(classifier cây, trái, quả (“rambutan”)) chôm chôm • (𣚽𣚽, 苫苫, 橬橬)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
𣚽𣚽 (CJK)
苫苫 (CJK)
橬橬 (CJK)

It is not obvious whether the sense "sponge" or "rambutan" is more primary.

[t͡ɕom˧˧ t͡ɕom˧˧]

[t͡ɕom˧˧ t͡ɕom˧˧]

Khi chơi gái phải cẩn thận kẻo dính chôm chôm.

When chasing skirt, be careful not to get HIV.


sầu riêng

[səw˨˩ ziəŋ˧˧]

[ʂəw˦˩ ʐiəŋ˧˧]

[səw˦˩ ʐiəŋ˧˧]

[ʂəw˨˩ ɹiəŋ˧˧]

[səw˨˩ ɹiəŋ˧˧]

From a neighbour language, most likely Khmer ទុរេន (turein), ultimately from Malay durian.
According to folk etymology, from sầu (“sorrow”) + riêng (“private”), literally “one's own sorrow”. Durian was named sầu riêng after an ancient commemorative love story from the Tây Sơn dynasty, in which a man that stayed faithful to his wife after death and had a strong memory of both eating the stinky-but-delicious tu-rên (durian) that represented their love at first sight.

af

Nhà ai vừa chín quả đầu.
Đã nghe gió thổi vườn sau thơm lừng.
Lá chiều khép ngủ ung dung
Để cùng dậy với tưng bừng nắng mai.
Vàng thơm sau lớp vỏ gai
Múi to, mật ngọt cho ai thỏa lòng.
Mời cô, mời bác ăn cùng
Sầu riêng mà hóa vui chung trăm nhà.

Who's got some freshly ripe fruit?
Smellin' the delicious aroma carried by the wind.
Evening leaves were sleepin' cavalierly
Just to rise awoken with tomorrow's jubilant sunshine.
Hidden, yellowish and fragrant, under those thorny husks
Big bundles of flesh, just like pleasant honey.
Please join the party, everybody
"One's sorrow" (durian) turns out to be all's joy.


anh đào

[ʔajŋ̟˧˧ ʔɗaːw˨˩]

[ʔɛɲ˧˧ ʔɗaːw˦˩]

[ʔan˧˧ ʔɗaːw˨˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-anh đào.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 櫻桃 (“species of Prunus”).

vi-etym-sino

(archaic) species of Prunus; their fruits


xuân đào

[swən˧˧ ʔɗaːw˨˩]

[swəŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːw˦˩]

[s⁽ʷ⁾əŋ˧˧ ʔɗaːw˨˩]


bứa

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)


gấc

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
棘 (CJK)


cúc

[kʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]


mẫu đơn

[məw˦ˀ˥ ʔɗəːn˧˧]

[məw˧˨ ʔɗəːŋ˧˧]

[məw˨˩˦ ʔɗəːŋ˧˧]

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see mẫu, đơn.


bổ

See vỗ. This is a form that did not undergo lenition.

滇 Xan. n.
 […]
 Sóng ― sóng bổ, sóng đánh.

滇 Xan. n.
 […]
 Sóng ― the waves hitting the shore.

Làng Phước-hãi, lưới bạc muôn, Ở theo mé biển tuy buồn mà vui.
Buồn nghe sóng bỗ từ hồi, Vui vì đông đão tới lui chĩnh tề.

1909, Nguyễn Liên Phong, “Bà-Rịa”, in Nam Kỳ phong tục nhơn vật diễn ca:

At the village of Phước-hãi, [although] the nets are always silvery [due to the reflection from fishscales], living by the sea has its ups and downs.
The repetitive sound of the waves hitting the shore brings you down, [but] the constant throngs of people coming and leaving lifts you up.


quất

Sino-Vietnamese word from 橘 (“orange, tangerine”).

(Northern Vietnam, Central Vietnam) calamansi (Citrus x microcarpa)


thị

Sino-Vietnamese word from 柿 (“persimmon”).

yellow persimmon (gold apple), Diospyros decandra


bao báp

[ʔɓaːw˧˧ ʔɓaːp̚˧˦]

[ʔɓaːw˧˧ ʔɓaːp̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓaːw˧˧ ʔɓaːp̚˦˥]


sồi

cửa gỗ sồi


việt quất

[viət̚˧˨ʔ kwət̚˧˦]

[viək̚˨˩ʔ kwək̚˦˧˥]

[viək̚˨˩˨ wək̚˦˥]

[jiək̚˨˩˨ wək̚˦˥]


dâu tằm

dâu (“mulberry”) + tằm (“silkworm”), so named because mulberry is cultivated to feed silkworms.


dâu trắng

[zəw˧˧ t͡ɕaŋ˧˦]

[jəw˧˧ ʈaŋ˦˧˥]

[jəw˧˧ ʈaŋ˦˥]

dâu (mulberry) + trắng (white), named for the white mulberry (Morus alba)


dâu

From Proto-Vietic *-juː. Compare North Central Vietnamese du.


củ đậu

[ku˧˩ ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ]

[kʊw˧˨ ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ]

[kʊw˨˩˦ ʔɗəw˨˩˨]


su su

→ Khmer: ស៊ូ (suu)

[ʂʊw˧˧ ʂʊw˧˧]

[sʊw˧˧ sʊw˧˧]

[ʂʊw˧˧ ʂʊw˧˧]

[sʊw˧˧ sʊw˧˧]


trắc

rosewood (esp. Dalbergia cochinchinensis)


hải đường

[haːj˧˩ ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩]

[haːj˧˨ ʔɗɨəŋ˦˩]

[haːj˨˩˦ ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩]


nhài

vi-noun

(classifier cây, hoa, bông) nhài • (𣔦, 𦲒, 𦹹)

cây (classifier)
hoa (classifier)
bông (classifier)
𣔦 (CJK)
𦲒 (CJK)
𦹹 (CJK)

From ultimately from Sanskrit मल्लि (malli, “jasmine”), perhaps through Chinese 茉莉 (mạt lị, “jasmine”). The reduction of the first syllable can also be seen in Khmer ម្លិះ (mlih, “jasmine”).
Attested as mlài in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).

(Northern Vietnam) paper fan pin (fastening slats, originally jasmine-shaped)


dưa hấu

[zɨə˧˧ həw˧˦]

[jɨə˧˧ həw˨˩˦]

[jɨə˧˧ həw˦˥]

According to the Vietnamese folktale Sự tích trái dưa hấu (Legend of the Watermelon), the name dưa hấu derives from dưa (“melon”) + a non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of 好 (SV: hảo), but this is most likely just folk etymology.
Compare also 煦 (SV: hú), which has an uncommon meaning 赤 "red" (according to Shuowen Jiezi and Yupian) and one of whose Old Chinese pronunciations was *qʰoʔ (ZS). If hấu indeed reflexed 煦 (OC *qʰoʔ), then dưa hấu would have been a compound of dưa (“melon”) + hấu ("red (obsolete)"), the latter referring to the color of the fruit's fresh.


kim ngân

[kim˧˧ ŋən˧˧]

[kim˧˧ ŋəŋ˧˧]

[kim˧˧ ŋəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 金銀 (“gold and silver”).


thuốc lá

[tʰuək̚˧˦ laː˧˦]

[tʰuək̚˦˧˥ laː˨˩˦]

[tʰuək̚˦˥ laː˦˥]


cốc

Uncertain. Glossed in Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum [Anmamese-Latin Dictionary] by Jean-Louis Taberd (1838).

[kəwk͡p̚˦˧˥]


sơn

vi-noun

(classifier cây (“the tree”)) sơn • (山, 杣, 𦘹)

cây (classifier)
山 (CJK)
杣 (CJK)
𦘹 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *k-rəːn (“black varnish tree”). Cognate with Tho [Cuối Chăm] kʰrəːn¹.

inh

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-sơn.wav


ngọc lan

cây (classifier)
bông (classifier)
hoa (classifier)

[ŋawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ laːn˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ laːŋ˧˧]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩˨ laːŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 玉蘭, composed of 玉 (“jade”) and 蘭 (“orchid”).


thảo

Sino-Vietnamese word from 草. Doublet of tháu.


sầu đâu

[səw˨˩ ʔɗəw˧˧]

[ʂəw˦˩ ʔɗəw˧˧]

[səw˦˩ ʔɗəw˧˧]

[ʂəw˨˩ ʔɗəw˧˧]

[səw˨˩ ʔɗəw˧˧]

Borrowed from a neighbouring language. Compare Khmer ស្ដៅ (sdaw), Thai สะเดา (sà-dao).


sơ ri

[səː˧˧ ɹi˧˧]

[səː˧˧ zi˧˧]

[ʂəː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]

[səː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]

[ʂəː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]

[səː˧˧ ɹɪj˧˧]


mơ tây

[məː˧˧ təj˧˧]

[məː˧˧ təj˧˧]

[məː˧˧ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-mơ tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)


dưa vàng

[zɨə˧˧ vaːŋ˨˩]

[jɨə˧˧ vaːŋ˦˩]

[jɨə˧˧ vaːŋ˨˩]

[jɨə˧˧ jaːŋ˨˩]


hành tây

[hajŋ̟˨˩ təj˧˧]

[hɛɲ˦˩ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-hành tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)

hành (“scallion, spring onion”) + tây (“Western”).


cúc vu

[kʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ vʊw˧˧]

[kʊwk͡p̚˦˥ vʊw˧˧]

[kʊwk͡p̚˦˥ jʊw˧˧]


cải xoong

[kaːj˧˩ sɔŋ˧˧]

[kaːj˧˨ sɔŋ͡m˧˧]

[kaːj˨˩˦ sɔŋ˧˧]

cải + xoong, the second element is from the second syllable of French cresson.


súp lơ

[sup̚˧˦ ləː˧˧]

[ʂup̚˦˧˥ ləː˧˧]

[sup̚˦˧˥ ləː˧˧]

[ʂʊp̚˦˥ ləː˧˧]

[sʊp̚˦˥ ləː˧˧]


cải bắp

[kaːj˧˩ ʔɓap̚˧˦]

[kaːj˧˨ ʔɓap̚˦˧˥]

[kaːj˨˩˦ ʔɓap̚˦˥]


kiệu

bông (classifier)
củ (classifier)
cây (classifier)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 韭 (SV: cửu).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">cửu</i>

vi-etym-sino

Allium chinense
Allium chinense#Translingual


ngô

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-ngô.wav


mộc tê

[məwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ te˧˧]


bồ công anh

[ʔɓo˨˩ kəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔajŋ̟˧˧]

[ʔɓow˦˩ kəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔɛɲ˧˧]

[ʔɓow˨˩ kəwŋ͡m˧˧ ʔan˧˧]


diên vĩ

[jiəŋ˧˧ vɪj˧˨]

[jiəŋ˧˧ vɪj˨˩˦]

[jiəŋ˧˧ jɪj˨˩˦]


nghệ

cây (classifier)
củ (classifier)
乂 (CJK)
艾 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *ŋɛːlʔ (“turmeric”). Probably of Kra-Dai origin, compare Proto-Kra *C-ŋilꟲ ("yellow").


nghệ tây

[ŋe˧˨ʔ təj˧˧]

[ŋej˨˩ʔ təj˧˧]

[ŋej˨˩˨ təj˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-nghệ tây.wav

Audio (Hà Nội)

Crocus sativus
Crocus sativus#Translingual


kinh giới

[kïŋ˧˧ zəːj˧˦]

[kɨn˧˧ jəːj˨˩˦]

[kɨn˧˧ jəːj˦˥]


nhót tây

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)

[ɲɔt̚˧˦ təj˧˧]

[ɲɔk̚˦˧˥ təj˧˧]

[ɲɔk̚˦˥ təj˧˧]

nhót (“bastard oleaster”) + tây (“Western”).


cây Nô-en

[kəj˧˧ no˧˧ ʔɛn˧˧]

[kəj˧˧ now˧˧ ʔɛŋ˧˧]

[kəj˧˧ now˧˧ ʔɛŋ˧˧]


nho

Alternative letter-case form of Nho (“Ruist; Confucianist”)


cải thìa

[kaːj˧˩ tʰiə˨˩]

[kaːj˧˨ tʰiə˦˩]

[kaːj˨˩˦ tʰiə˨˩]


trám

vi-noun

(classifier cây, quả, trái) trám • (𬄦, 簪, 蘸)

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
𬄦 (CJK)
簪 (CJK)
蘸 (CJK)

Related to Zhuang gyamj (as in makgyamj) and Chinese 橄欖 (MC kamX lamX) (originally borrowed from a southern language).

(Northern Vietnam) plants of the genus Canarium


buồng

From Proto-Vietic *bɔːŋ, from Proto-Austroasiatic *bu:ŋˀ (“bunch, cluster”).
Attested as buầng in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).


bạch dương

[ʔɓajk̟̚˧˨ʔ zɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩ʔ jɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩˨ jɨəŋ˧˧]


khóm

a species of pineapple commonly found in southern Vietnam


củ cải

[kʊw˨˩˦ kaːj˨˩˦]

củ (“root, tuber”) + cải (“cruciferous vegetables: coles, mustards, cabbages”).

com

Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus#Translingual

Raphanus sativus
Raphanus sativus#Translingual

radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus, syn. Raphanus sativus), particularly the Vietnamese varieties of daikon, the East Asian long white radish.


mét

(North Central Vietnam) a kind of bamboo


đậu ve

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ vɛ˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ vɛ˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ vɛ˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ jɛ˧˧]

đậu + ve, the later from French haricot vert. Shortened from đậu cô ve.


đậu cô ve

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ ko˧˧ vɛ˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ kow˧˧ vɛ˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ kow˧˧ vɛ˧˧]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ kow˧˧ jɛ˧˧]

đậu + cô ve, the later from French haricot vert.


mù tạc

[mu˨˩ taːk̚˧˨ʔ]

[mʊw˦˩ taːk̚˨˩ʔ]

[mʊw˨˩ taːk̚˨˩˨]


mù tạt

[mu˨˩ taːt̚˧˨ʔ]

[mʊw˦˩ taːk̚˨˩ʔ]

[mʊw˨˩ taːk̚˨˩˨]


trúc

[t͡ɕʊwk͡p̚˧˦]

[ʈʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 竹 (“bamboo”).
This is an instance of semantic narrowing or alteration sometimes occurs with Sino-Vietnamese items. Compare also hồng (“pink”), from 紅 /红 (“red”).

Trúc xinh, trúc mọc đầu đình. Em xinh, em đứng một mình cũng xinh.

Cute bamboo grows in front of the village portal. You're cute, too, but you're already cute by yourself.

a member of the genus of bamboo, Phyllostachys


mạ

head

mạ • (𣟭, 𥡗, 𥢂)

vi-noun

mạ • (𣟭, 𥡗, 𥢂)

From Proto-Vietic *s-maːʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *maʔ (“seed”); cognate with Old Mon ma (modern Mon မ (mɛ̀ˀ, “seed, kernel”), Proto-Katuic *hamaa (“seed; breed”) (whence Pacoh mma) and possibly Semelai smaʔ ("person").
Compare also the má element in giống má, lúa má, thuế má.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-mạ.wav


bướm

head

𧊉, 𠰏, 𧒅, 蝶, 乏

vi-noun

𧊉, 𠰏, 𧒅, 蝶, 乏

(classifier con) bướm • (𧊉, 𠰏, 𧒅, 蝶, 乏) (phonemic reduplicative bươm bướm)

con (classifier)
𧊉 (CJK)
𠰏 (CJK)
𧒅 (CJK)
蝶 (CJK)
乏 (CJK)
bươm bướm (reduplication)

From Proto-Vietic *paːmʔ. Cognates including Proto-Pong *paːm³, Thổ pəmpɨam³, Hoà Bình Muong pɨəm¹ pɨəm³, Sơn La Muong pɨəm³, Thanh Hoá Muong bɨəm³, Muong Bi pươm pưởm.
Compare also Khmu [Cuang] tlaːmpaːm.


đoá

Sino-Vietnamese word from 朵/朶 (“cluster of flower”)

Nếu là hoa, tôi sẽ là một đoá hướng dương.

If I were to be a flower, I wish I were a sunflower.


vẹt

Bruguiera, six species of mangrove plants of coastal areas from east Africa to northern Australia.


chìa vôi

[t͡ɕiə˨˩ voj˧˧]

[t͡ɕiə˦˩ voj˧˧]

(by extension) any birds of the family Motacillidae


xà lách

[saː˦˩ lat̚˦˧˥]


ác-ti-sô

[ʔaːk̚˧˦ ti˧˧ so˧˧]

[ʔaːk̚˦˧˥ tɪj˧˧ ʂow˧˧]

[ʔaːk̚˦˧˥ tɪj˧˧ sow˧˧]

[ʔaːk̚˦˥ tɪj˧˧ ʂow˧˧]

[ʔaːk̚˦˥ tɪj˧˧ sow˧˧]


bo bo

[ʔɓɔ˧˧ ʔɓɔ˧˧]

[ʔɓɔ˧˧ ʔɓɔ˧˧]

[ʔɓɔ˧˧ ʔɓɔ˧˧]


minh ti

[mïŋ˧˧ ti˧˧]

[mɨn˧˧ tɪj˧˧]

[mɨn˧˧ tɪj˧˧]


trứng cá

(classifier cây, trái, quả (“Muntingia calabura”)) trứng cá

[t͡ɕɨŋ˧˦ kaː˧˦]

[ʈɨŋ˦˧˥ kaː˨˩˦]

[ʈɨŋ˦˥ kaː˦˥]

trứng (“egg”) + cá (“fish”). Muntingia calabura is so called as the inside of the fruit resembles roe.


dẻ

cây (classifier)
hạt (classifier)
quả (classifier)
圯 (CJK)
底 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *-tɛh. Cognate with Tho [Cuối Chăm] tɛː⁵.
Although glossed as "chestnut" by Ferlus (2007), the term might originally have designated a similar tree.

Tuy nhiên, trồng dẻ ngoài chăm sóc đúng kỹ thuật thì còn phụ thuộc nhiều vào thời tiết nên sản lượng không ổn định từng năm.

2022, Công Hải, Toán Nguyễn, “Cây dẻ không... 'hạt dẻ'!”, in Nông nghiệp Việt Nam:

However, besides proper technical care, chestnut orcharding also depends heavily on the weather, which is why yield is highly variable over the years.


táo tây

(classifier quả, trái, cây) táo tây • (棗西)

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
cây (classifier)
棗西 (CJK)

[taːw˨˩˦ təj˧˧]

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual


bôm

trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
cây (classifier)

Borrowed from French pomme; the phoneme /p/ is changed into /ɓ/ as it is not a native onset consonant.


táo ta

(classifier quả, trái, cây) táo ta • (棗𢧲)

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
cây (classifier)
棗𢧲 (CJK)

[taːw˨˩˦ taː˧˧]

Ziziphus mauritiana
Ziziphus mauritiana#Translingual

Indian jujube; Indian plum; Chinese apple; dunks (of the species Ziziphus mauritiana)

jharber (of the species Ziziphus nummularia)

a tree of the genus Ziziphus (generally)


thạch lựu

[tʰajk̟̚˧˨ʔ liw˧˨ʔ]

[tʰat̚˨˩ʔ lɨw˨˩ʔ]

[tʰat̚˨˩˨ lɨw˨˩˨]

(literary, otherwise uncommon) pomegranate


bạc hà

[ʔɓaːk̚˧˨ʔ haː˨˩]

[ʔɓaːk̚˨˩ʔ haː˦˩]

[ʔɓaːk̚˨˩˨ haː˨˩]


lúa mì

[luə˨˩˦ mɪj˦˩]

[luə˦˥ mɪj˨˩]


cam thảo

[kaːm˧˧ tʰaːw˨˩˦]


chàm

From Proto-Vietic *ɟaːm. Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 藍 (SV: lam). Doublet of lam.
The same phonological development can be also seen with chàng and chạp.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">lam</i>

vi-etym-sino

(cây~) tree of the genus Indigofera, commonly used to make indigo dye


tếch

Vì cơ thương cẩu, lang quân tếch ngàn


ngũ cốc

[ŋu˦ˀ˥ kəwk͡p̚˧˦]

[ŋʊw˧˨ kəwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ kəwk͡p̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-ngũ cốc.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 五穀, composed of 五 (“five”) and 穀 (“grain”).


bèo

Norman & Mei (1976) proposes a native Austroasiatic origin and compares it to Mon ဗေဝ် (“to ride low in the water”) (< Proto-Mon-Khmer *ber (“to float”)); they also consider Chinese 薸 (OC *bew) to be a loanword from Austroasiatic.
However, Liu (1999) proposes a possible relation of 薸 (OC *bew) to 漂 (OC *pʰew, “to float; to drift”), and Sagart (2008) counts 薸 (OC *bew) among "either East Asian areal words if not Chinese words in disguise"; so the loan direction might have been in reverse, i.e. from Old Chinese.


đước

head

󰊋, 㯖, 𱤰, 󰌽, 特

đước • (󰊋, 㯖, 𱤰, 󰌽, 特)

vi-noun

󰊋, 㯖, 𱤰, 󰌽, 特

cây (classifier)
㯖 (CJK)
𱤰 (CJK)
特 (CJK)


dọc

In spite of Baxter-Sagart (2014)'s proposal, this term certainly was not directly derived from Old Chinese 脰 (OC *kə.dˤok-s) (B-S) (SV: đậu) (which yielded nóc (“rooftop”) instead). If there was even a relationship, it must be a borrowing from a fellow Vietic language, and from there to the Old Chinese term.

sống mũi dọc dừa

tall, slender nosebridge resembling a coconut plant's leafstalk


quýt

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 橘 (SV: quất).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">quất</i>


nha đam

[ɲaː˧˧ ʔɗaːm˧˧]

[ɲaː˧˧ ʔɗaːm˧˧]

[ɲaː˧˧ ʔɗaːm˧˧]


sống đời

[səwŋ͡m˧˦ ʔɗəːj˨˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˦˧˥ ʔɗəːj˦˩]

[səwŋ͡m˦˧˥ ʔɗəːj˦˩]

[ʂəwŋ͡m˦˥ ʔɗəːj˨˩]

[səwŋ͡m˦˥ ʔɗəːj˨˩]

sống (“to live; to be alive”) + đời (“generation”); so named because of the plant's remarkable ability for produce bulbils.


dại

Mày lớn/to đầu mà dại lắm con ạ!

(of a person) naive and lacking in common sense


vả

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
𣛢 (CJK)

From Proto-Austroasiatic *lwa(ː)ʔ. Cognate with Chut [Rục] ʔavᵊah, Khmer ល្វា (lviə) and Mon ဝိ.


rau má

[ʐaw˧˧ maː˨˩˦]

Compare Muong Bi bả (as in tắc bả (“pennywort”)).

rau má đậu xanh

Asiatic pennywort juice with mung bean paste

Centella asiatica
Centella asiatica#Translingual


thanh yên

[tʰajŋ̟˧˧ ʔiən˧˧]

[tʰɛɲ˧˧ ʔiəŋ˧˧]

[tʰan˧˧ ʔiəŋ˧˧]

Citrus hystrix
Citrus hystrix#Translingual


bông cải xanh

[ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˧˩ sajŋ̟˧˧]

[ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˧˨ sɛɲ˧˧]

[ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧ kaːj˨˩˦ san˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-bông cải xanh.wav

bông (“classifier for flowers”) + cải (“cruciferous vegetable”) + xanh (“grue”).


cậy

Diospyros lotus
Diospyros lotus#Translingual


cầy

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *cgəj. Cognate with Khmer ឆ្កែ (chkae, “dog”), Bahnar sơke (“wild boar”) and Ngeq cakɛː ("dog").
Khasi skei (“Indian muntjac, barking deer”) might be a loanword from a Sino-Tibetan language, cf. Burmese ချေ (hkye, “barking deer”), S'gaw Karen တခံ (takhee, “deer”), Jingpho chäkhji (“barking deer”), and is not directly related to the other Austroasiatic items.

cog

giả cầy


sưa

timber trees of the genus Dalbergia (D. tonkinensis and D. boniana)


bóng nước

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˦ nɨək̚˧˦]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˧˥ nɨək̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓɔŋ˦˧˥ nɨək̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˥ nɨək̚˦˥]

Impatiens balsamina
Impatiens balsamina#Translingual


cọ

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-cọ.wav

1970, Hoàng Minh Chính (lyrics) & Bùi Đình Thảo (music), Đi Học (Going to School); 1971 performance by Minh Hà
Hương rừng thơm đồi vắng,
Nước suối trong thầm thì,
Cọ xoè ô che nắng,
Râm mát đường em đi.
The forest's fragrance scents the empty hills,
The brooks' clear waters murmur;
The palms’ fronds block sunlight,


liễu

Ивушка зелёная,
Над рекой склонённая,
Ты скажи, скажи, не тая,
Где любовь моя?

1957, “Cây Liễu [The Willow Tree]”, Thanh Xuân, transl., Василий Алфёров (Vasilij Alfjorov) (lyrics), Григорий Пономаренко (Grigorij Ponomarenko) (music), translation of Ивушка (in Russian):

Dear willow, green and gentle,
Standing by the river, leaning lightly,
Tell me, little one, hide not,
Where is my love?

Ivuška zeljónaja,
Nad rekoj sklonjónnaja,
Ty skaži, skaži, ne taja,
Gde ljubovʹ moja?


bòn bon

[ʔɓɔn˨˩ ʔɓɔn˧˧]

[ʔɓɔŋ˦˩ ʔɓɔŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓɔŋ˨˩ ʔɓɔŋ˧˧]

According to a folk etymology recorded by Bùi Minh Đức in his work Từ điển tiếng Huế (2001), the fruit name was adapted from French bon (“good; tasty”):
2001, Bùi Minh Đức, Từ điển tiếng Huế [Dictionary of Hue lects], page 33:
Tương truyền vua Gia Long đi lánh nạn gặp lúc đói, phải ăn trái cây này trong rừng. Vua ăn thử thấy ngon, chuyền cho người Pháp tùy tùng vài trái. Ăn thấy ngon, người Pháp thốt lên "bon, bon" tức "ngon" và từ đó về sau, người dân gọi là trái "bòn bon", mặc dầu vua đã đặt tên là "trái Nam Trân".
It was said that, one-time while fleeing [from the Tây Sơn troops], Emperor Gia Long was so starving that he had no other choices but to eat this fruit in the forest. Finding its taste pleasing, he gave his French entourage some to try. After tasting them, the French remarked "bon, bon" [good, good], hence the name "bòn bon" used by the locals, even though the Emperor had decided to name the fruit "Nam Trân".

quote-book

Từ điển tiếng Huế

It was said that, one-time while fleeing 􂀿from the Tây Sơn troops􂁀, Emperor Gia Long was so starving that he had no other choices but to eat this fruit in the forest. Finding its taste pleasing, he gave his French entourage some to try. After tasting them, the French remarked "bon, bon" 􂀿good, good􂁀, hence the name "bòn bon" used by the locals, even though the Emperor had decided to name the fruit "Nam Trân".

Lansium domesticum
Lansium domesticum#Translingual

(Central Vietnam, Southern Vietnam) langsat (Lansium domesticum)


báng

From Proto-Vietic *k-paːŋʔ, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kpa[a]ŋ. Cognates within Vietic include Thavung kəpaːŋ³, Hung kpaːŋ, and Tho [Cuối Chăm & Làng Lỡ] paːŋ³.

Arenga pinnata
Arenga pinnata#Translingual


thầu dầu

[tʰəw˨˩ zəw˨˩]

[tʰəw˦˩ jəw˦˩]

[tʰəw˨˩ jəw˨˩]

Compare Tho [Cuối Chăm] tʌw² tʌw².
The second syllable is likely the same as dầu (“oil, Dipterocarpus spp.”). The first syllable might be the aspirated variant of the same morpheme.

Ricinus communis
Ricinus communis#Translingual

castor oil plant; castor bean (Ricinus communis)


vừng

vi-noun

(classifier cây, hạt, hột) vừng • (𣜸, 𥣐, 𦾥, 𧁸)

cây (classifier)
hạt (classifier)
hột (classifier)
𣜸 (CJK)
𥣐 (CJK)
𦾥 (CJK)
𧁸 (CJK)

From Proto-Vietic *vɨŋ (“sesame”). Compare Proto-Katuic *lawɨŋ and Proto-Be *vəŋᴬ².

Vừng ơi, mở ra!


niễng

Manchurian wild rice
Manchurian wild rice

Zizania latifolia
Zizania latifolia#Translingual

Manchurian wild rice (Zizania latifolia)


phật thủ

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)

[fət̚˧˨ʔ tʰu˧˩]

[fək̚˨˩ʔ tʰʊw˧˨]

[fək̚˨˩˨ tʰʊw˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 佛手, composed of 佛 (“Buddha”) and 手 (“hand”).


luồng

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">lung, lộng</i>

vi-etym-sino

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 籠 (“bamboo-made object”, SV: lung, lộng)

kind of bamboo commonly found in Thanh Hóa (Dendrocalamus membranaceus)


diếp cá

[ziəp̚˧˦ kaː˧˦]

[jiəp̚˦˧˥ kaː˨˩˦]

Houttuynia cordata
Houttuynia cordata#Translingual


diếp

Sino-Vietnamese word from 葉. Doublet of diệp.


hướng dương

[hɨəŋ˧˦ zɨəŋ˧˧]

[hɨəŋ˦˧˥ jɨəŋ˧˧]

[hɨəŋ˦˥ jɨəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 向陽 (“to orient toward the sun”). Compare Chinese 向日葵 (hướng nhật quỳ, literally “sun-oriented flower”).


su hào

[ʂʊw˧˧ haːw˦˩]

[ʂʊw˧˧ haːw˨˩]


bồ kết

[ʔɓo˨˩ ket̚˧˦]

[ʔɓow˦˩ ket̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓow˨˩ kəːt̚˦˥]


trẩu

Quả tóc của mày trông trẩu vãi lìn.

That hair of yours is fucking ridiculous.

(neologism, slang) showy but ridiculous; Contraction of trẻ trâu.


xấu hổ

Mimosa pudica
Mimosa pudica#Translingual


ý dĩ

[ʔi˧˦ zi˦ˀ˥]

[ʔɪj˨˩˦ jɪj˧˨]

[ʔɪj˦˥ jɪj˨˩˦]

Coix lacryma-jobi
Coix lacryma-jobi#Translingual


tráng miệng

[t͡ɕaːŋ˧˦ miəŋ˧˨ʔ]

[ʈaːŋ˦˧˥ miəŋ˨˩ʔ]

[ʈaːŋ˦˥ miəŋ˨˩˨]

From tráng (“to rinse”) + miệng (“mouth”), in the sense of "cleansing your palate of savor with juicy fruit or sweet dessert".

ăn nho tráng miệng

món/đồ tráng miệng

fruit or dessert for after the main meal

Có gì tráng miệng không ?
Có chuối.
Got some after-meal food?
I got bananas.

Bạch đậu khấu thường được sử dụng làm nguyên liệu nấu ăn hoặc làm món tráng miệng nhờ hương vị tuyệt vời.

2018 January 17, “Trà bạch đậu khấu thơm ngon với những lợi ích 'vàng' cho sức khỏe”, in Tiền Phong Online:

Cardamom is often used as an ingredient in cooking (main meals) or desserts owing to its excellent flavour.

to have some fruit or dessert after the main meal


lốt

bò nướng lá lốt

2013, Xuân Sơn, “Một số bài thuốc chữa bệnh bằng lá lốt (a few therapeutic formulas from piper lolot leaves)”, Đắk Lắk Newspaper
Theo các thầy thuốc, lá và thân cây lốt chứa các chất ancaloit, flavonoid và tinh dầu, với thành phần chủ yếu là beta-caryophylen; rễ cũng có chứa tinh dầu nhưng thành phần chính là benzylaxetat.
According to physicians, the piper lolot plant's leaves and stem contain alkaloids, flavonoids, and an essential oil whose main component is β-caryophyllene; its roots also contain an essential oil whose main component is benzyl acetate.

(rare) Piper sarmentosum (syn. Piper lolot)


hoa quả

[waː˧˧ waː˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 花果, composed of 花 (“flower”) and 果 (“fruit”).


cà pháo

[kaː˦˩ faːw˨˩˦]


cói

chiếu cói

certain species in the family Cyperaceae, chiefly within the genus Cyperus


dâu tây

[zəw˧˧ təj˧˧]

[jəw˧˧ təj˧˧]

[jəw˧˧ təj˧˧]


muống

From Proto-Vietic *ɓɔːŋʔ (“water spinach (Ipomoea)”); cognate with Muong bỏng. Compare also Thai บุ้ง (bûng).

inh

Short for rau muống (“water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)”).


thùa

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 繡 (SV: tú).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">tú</i>


nụ

Garcinia gummi-gutta
Garcinia gummi-gutta#Translingual

Garcinia cambogia
Garcinia cambogia#Translingual

Any of species Garcinia gummi-gutta (syn. Garcinia cambogia)


long não

[lɔŋ˧˧ naːw˧˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 龍腦, composed of 龍 (“dragon”) and 腦 (“brain”).

(cây~) camphor tree (Camphora officinarum)


nải

From Proto-Vietic *c-naːs < *c-rn-aːs (an infixed form of *caːs (“to comb”)). Doublet of chải.
For the semantic relationship, compare Khmer សិត (sət, “to comb”) and ស្និត (snət, “classifier for hands of bananas”).


sến

kind of fine timber native to Vietnam (Madhuca pasquieri)


bòng bòng

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˨˩ ʔɓawŋ͡m˨˩]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˩ ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˩]

[ʔɓɔŋ˦˩ ʔɓɔŋ˦˩]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˨˩ ʔɓawŋ͡m˨˩]


dành dành

vi-noun

(classifier cây, bông, hoa) dành dành • (𦱊𦱊)

cây (classifier)
bông (classifier)
hoa (classifier)
𦱊𦱊 (CJK)

[zajŋ̟˨˩ zajŋ̟˨˩]

[jɛɲ˦˩ jɛɲ˦˩]

Gardenia jasminoides
Gardenia jasminoides#Translingual


bánh giầy

[ʔɓajŋ̟˧˦ zəj˨˩]

[ʔɓɛɲ˦˧˥ jəj˦˩]

[ʔɓan˦˥ jəj˨˩]

A white, flat, round cake in traditional Vietnamese cuisine, made of glutinous rice and wrapped in banana leaves.


xa pô chê

[saː˧˧ po˧˧ t͡ɕe˧˧]

Manilkara zapota
Manilkara zapota#Translingual

(Southern Vietnam) sapodilla (Manilkara zapota)


tre pheo

[t͡ɕɛ˧˧ fɛw˧˧]

[ʈɛ˧˧ fɛw˧˧]

[ʈɛ˧˧ fɛw˧˧]

tre (“bamboo”) + pheo. The second element is a fossil word inherited from Proto-Vietic *p-hɛːw (“bamboo”), cognate with Muong pheo and Nguôn pheo.

Thị trấn trải dài theo đường đá, có những phố ngang rồi đến những ngõ phố còn tre pheo, rặng rào cúc tần, [...]

2003, Nguyễn Kiên, Tác phẩm chọn lọc [Selected works], Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Hội nhà văn, page 468:

The town stretches along the stone-paved road, there are cross-streets and then alleyways with bamboos, pluchea-covered fences, that are still preserved, …


chanh leo

[t͡ɕajŋ̟˧˧ lɛw˧˧]

[t͡ɕɛɲ˧˧ lɛw˧˧]


chanh dây

[t͡ɕajŋ̟˧˧ zəj˧˧]

[t͡ɕɛɲ˧˧ jəj˧˧]


dưa lê

[zɨə˧˧ le˧˧]

[jɨə˧˧ lej˧˧]

[jɨə˧˧ lej˧˧]


lá ngón

[laː˧˦ ŋɔn˧˦]

[laː˨˩˦ ŋɔŋ˦˧˥]

[laː˦˥ ŋɔŋ˦˥]


nắp ấm

(classifier cái, cây (“the plant”)) nắp ấm

[nap̚˧˦ ʔəm˧˦]

[nap̚˦˧˥ ʔəm˦˧˥]

[nap̚˦˥ ʔəm˦˥]


tầm gửi

[təm˨˩ ɣɨj˧˩]

[təm˦˩ ɣɨj˧˨]

[təm˨˩ ɣɨj˨˩˦]

tầm (尋) (“to seek”) + gửi (“to entrust”).


dây gắm

vi-noun

(classifier quả, trái, hoa, cây) dây gắm • (𦀊𥋴)

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
hoa (classifier)
cây (classifier)
𦀊𥋴 (CJK)

[zəj˧˧ ɣam˧˦]

[jəj˧˧ ɣam˦˧˥]

[jəj˧˧ ɣam˦˥]

vi:Chi Dây gắm
vi:Lớp Dây gắm
vi:dây gắm


cây cỏ

[kəj˧˧ kɔ˧˩]

[kəj˧˧ kɔ˧˨]

[kəj˧˧ kɔ˨˩˦]

Probably a calque of Chinese 草木 (cǎomù).

plant; herbaceous plant (generally speaking)


bẹ

head

bẹ • (備, 梐, 瓣, 𠹯)

vi-noun

(classifier cây (“corn, maize”)) bẹ • (備, 梐, 瓣, 𠹯)

cây (classifier)
備 (CJK)
梐 (CJK)
瓣 (CJK)
𠹯 (CJK)


lá lốt

→ English: lolot

[laː˨˩˦ lok̚˦˧˥]


ngọc nữ

[ŋawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ nɨ˦ˀ˥]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ nɨ˧˨]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩˨ nɨ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 玉女, composed of 玉 (“gem”) and 女 (“female person”), from Literary Chinese 玉女 (yùnǚ, “beautiful girl”). Doublet of Ngọc Nữ.


bạch đàn

[ʔɓajk̟̚˧˨ʔ ʔɗaːn˨˩]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩ʔ ʔɗaːŋ˦˩]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩˨ ʔɗaːŋ˨˩]

Santalum album
Santalum album#Translingual


kơ nia

[kəː˧˧ niə˧˧]

[kəː˧˧ niə˧˧]

[kəː˧˧ niə˧˧]


chín muồi

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-chín muồi.wav

chín (“ripe”) + muồi (“ripe; favorable”).

com

(literal) ripe (ready for reaping or gathering, of fruits and seeds)


duối

Ngoài bụi duối sau hè, trong tầm tã mưa rơi, có con chim cú cất tiếng kêu bi thảm.

2016, Trầm Hương, Trong cơn lốc xoáy, part I, NXB Phụ nữ, page 61:

Outside in the Streblus asper bush behind the veranda, beneath a rain of thick drops, an owl cried out tragically.


phượng vĩ

cây (classifier)
hoa (classifier)
bông (classifier)

[fɨəŋ˧˨ʔ vi˦ˀ˥]

[fɨəŋ˨˩ʔ vɪj˧˨]

[fɨəŋ˨˩˨ vɪj˨˩˦]

[fɨəŋ˨˩˨ jɪj˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 鳳 (“phoenix, fenghuang”) and 尾 (“tail”).


dưa gang

[zɨə˧˧ ɣaːŋ˧˧]

[jɨə˧˧ ɣaːŋ˧˧]

[jɨə˧˧ ɣaːŋ˧˧]

kind of cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. conomon)


rau dớn

[ʐaw˧˧ jəːŋ˦˧˥]

[ɹa(ː)w˧˧ jəːŋ˦˥]


ráy

cây (classifier)
củ (classifier)
𦵜 (CJK)
𫇶 (CJK)
𫈨 (CJK)

Alocasia macrorrhizos
Alocasia macrorrhizos#Translingual

other similar plants of the family Araceae


nhuỵ

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 蕊 (“stamen; pistil”, SV: nhị). Doublet of nhị.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">nhị</i>


nhị cái

[ɲi˧˨ʔ kaːj˧˦]

[ɲɪj˨˩ʔ kaːj˨˩˦]

[ɲɪj˨˩˨ kaːj˦˥]

nhị (“stamen; pistil”) + cái (“female”), calque of Chinese 雌蕊 (thư nhị)


nhị đực

[ɲi˧˨ʔ ʔɗɨk̚˧˨ʔ]

[ɲɪj˨˩ʔ ʔɗɨk̚˨˩ʔ]

[ɲɪj˨˩˨ ʔɗɨk̚˨˩˨]

nhị (“stamen; pistil”) + đực (“male”), calque of Chinese 雄蕊 (hùng nhị)


bu-lô

[ʔɓu˧˧ lo˧˧]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ low˧˧]

[ʔɓʊw˧˧ low˧˧]


chò

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">chu, châu</i>

vi-etym-sino

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 株 (“stump; root”, SV: chu, châu)

a three-legged device for raising plates on the altar


tầm vông

[təm˨˩ vəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[təm˦˩ vəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[təm˨˩ vəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[təm˨˩ jəwŋ͡m˧˧]


hà thủ ô

[haː˨˩ tʰu˧˩ ʔo˧˧]

[haː˦˩ tʰʊw˧˨ ʔow˧˧]

[haː˨˩ tʰʊw˨˩˦ ʔow˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 何首烏, from Chinese 何首烏 /何首乌 (héshǒuwū).

Reynoutria multiflora (Chinese knotweed)


thì là

head

thì là • (蒔蘿)

[tʰi˨˩ laː˨˩]

[tʰɪj˦˩ laː˦˩]

[tʰɪj˨˩ laː˨˩]


phi lao

1956, "Việt Nam quê hương tôi (Vietnam, Our Homeland)", lyrics and music by Đỗ Nhuận
Nghe sóng vỗ dạt dào biển cả, vút phi lao gió thổi trên bờ.

Hear the waves bellowing on the wide broad sea, and the winds blowing swiftly through the soaring casuarinas ashore.


a-ti-sô

[ʔaː˧˧ ti˧˧ so˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ tɪj˧˧ ʂow˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ tɪj˧˧ sow˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ tɪj˧˧ ʂow˧˧]

[ʔaː˧˧ tɪj˧˧ sow˧˧]


tiểu mạch

Sino-Vietnamese word from 小麥, composed of 小 (“small”) and 麥 (“wheat”), from Chinese 小麥 /小麦 (xiǎomài). Compare Japanese 小麦 (komugi).

vi-etym-sino

Coordinate term: đại mạch


thường xanh

[tʰɨəŋ˨˩ sajŋ̟˧˧]

[tʰɨəŋ˦˩ sɛɲ˧˧]

[tʰɨəŋ˨˩ san˧˧]

thường (“normally; usually”) + xanh (“grue”).


lồ ô

certain species of bamboo, such as Bambusa procera


ớt chuông

[ʔəːt̚˧˦ t͡ɕuəŋ˧˧]

[ʔəːk̚˦˧˥ t͡ɕuəŋ˧˧]

[ʔəːk̚˦˥ cuəŋ˧˧]

ớt + chuông, calque of English bell pepper.


rau sam

[ʐaw˧˧ ʂaːm˧˧]

[ɹa(ː)w˧˧ ʂaːm˧˧]

Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea#Translingual


thạch tùng

[tʰajk̟̚˧˨ʔ tʊwŋ͡m˨˩]

[tʰat̚˨˩ʔ tʊwŋ͡m˦˩]

[tʰat̚˨˩˨ tʊwŋ͡m˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 石松, composed of 石 and 松.

vi-etym-sino

Màu xanh ấy và đôi chữ cũng xanh ấy gợi nhớ tới loài hoa thạch-tùng-xoan trung trinh trong lòng anh trai làng vừa tròn mười tám.

1978, Chu Lai, chapter 2, in Nắng đồng bằng, NXB Quân đội Nhân dân:

The shade of green and those two words, also green, brought memories of the faithful egg-leafed club moss flowers to the heart of the only just eighteen-year-old village boy.

Lycopodium clavatum
Lycopodium clavatum#Translingual


lau lách

Cả ngày đêm chỉ nghe gió xào xạc trên lau lách, nghe ràn rạt nước lớn lại ròng.

1978, Chu Lai, chapter 5, in Nắng đồng bằng, NXB Quân đội Nhân dân:

Day and night the only sounds were the wind rustling in the reed and the water rising and ebbing.

reed (tall stiff perennial grass-like plants growing together in groups near water)


đậu đũa

head

đậu đũa • (豆𪳌)

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ ʔɗuə˦ˀ˥]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ ʔɗuə˧˨]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ ʔɗuə˨˩˦]

Giữa ván đã để sẵn gô cơm gạo mới thơm ngào ngạt và mấy lát đậu đũa, đậu xương rồng chiên dầu đậu nành rải lên trên.

In the middle of the plank a billycan of strongly fragrant rice sprinkled with some slices of yardlong beans and Manila beans fried in soybean oil stood ready.

Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis#Translingual

yardlong bean, asparagus bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)


cây trinh nữ

[kəj˧˧ t͡ɕïŋ˧˧ nɨ˦ˀ˥]

[kəj˧˧ ʈɨn˧˧ nɨ˧˨]

[kəj˧˧ ʈɨn˧˧ nɨ˨˩˦]

cây (“plant”) + trinh nữ (“female virgin”), perhaps in reference to a timid maiden covering her face.


cây xấu hổ

[kəj˧˧ səw˧˦ ho˧˩]

[kəj˧˧ səw˨˩˦ how˧˨]

[kəj˧˧ səw˦˥ how˨˩˦]

cây (“plant”) + xấu hổ (“embarrassed; ashamed”)


cây mắc cỡ

[kəj˧˧ mak̚˧˦ kəː˦ˀ˥]

[kəj˧˧ mak̚˦˧˥ kəː˧˨]

[kəj˧˧ mak̚˦˥ kəː˨˩˦]


mít ướt

[mit̚˧˦ ʔɨət̚˧˦]

[mit̚˦˧˥ ʔɨək̚˦˧˥]

[mɨt̚˦˥ ʔɨək̚˦˥]

mít (“jackfruit”) + ướt (“wet”), because it's wet as opposed to mít dai (“chewy jackfruit”)/mít ráo (“dry jackfruit”).

To đầu mà mít ướt !

You're/They're such a grown-ass crybaby!


bồ đề

[ʔɓo˨˩ ʔɗe˨˩]

[ʔɓow˦˩ ʔɗej˦˩]

[ʔɓow˨˩ ʔɗej˨˩]

Ficus religiosa
Ficus religiosa#Translingual


cải củ

[kaːj˨˩˦ kʊw˨˩˦]

Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus#Translingual

Raphanus sativus
Raphanus sativus#Translingual

Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus, syn. Raphanus sativus), particularly the Vietnamese varieties of daikon, the East Asian long white radish.


ba kích

vi-noun

(classifier cây, hoa, trái, quả) ba kích

cây (classifier)
hoa (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)

[ʔɓaː˧˧ kïk̟̚˧˦]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ kɨt̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ kɨt̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 巴戟 (“root of Morinda officinalis”).

vi-etym-sino

kind of Indian mulberry (Morinda officinalis)


bạch chỉ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 白芷 (“Angelica dahurica”).

vi:Bạch chỉ (Phật giáo)
vi:Bạch chỉ (thuốc Bắc)

[ʔɓajk̟̚˧˨ʔ t͡ɕi˧˩]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩ʔ t͡ɕɪj˧˨]

[ʔɓat̚˨˩˨ cɪj˨˩˦]

rễ bạch chỉ


chỉ thiên

[t͡ɕi˧˩ tʰiən˧˧]

[t͡ɕɪj˧˨ tʰiəŋ˧˧]

[cɪj˨˩˦ tʰiəŋ˧˧]

chỉ (“to point”) + thiên (“sky”). Compare 指天椒 (zhǐtiānjiāo, “facing heaven pepper”).


chò chỉ

[t͡ɕɔ˨˩ t͡ɕi˧˩]

[t͡ɕɔ˦˩ t͡ɕɪj˧˨]

[cɔ˨˩ cɪj˨˩˦]

chò (Parashorea) + chỉ. The second element is of uncertain origin.


hồng táo

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
cây (classifier)

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ taːw˧˦]

[həwŋ͡m˦˩ taːw˨˩˦]

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ taːw˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 紅棗 (“red jujube”).

Ziziphus jujuba
Ziziphus jujuba#Translingual


dầu giun

[jəw˨˩ jʊwŋ͡m˧˧]

Dysphania ambrosioides
Dysphania ambrosioides#Translingual

Jesuit's tea; Mexican-tea (Dysphania ambrosioides)


gắm

kind of climbing shrub (Gnetum montanum)


nguyệt quế

[ŋwiət̚˧˨ʔ kwe˧˦]

[ŋwiək̚˨˩ʔ kwej˨˩˦]

[ŋwiək̚˨˩˨ wej˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 月桂, composed of 月 (“moon”) and 桂 (“cinnamon”).

vòng nguyệt quế


ớt chỉ thiên

vi-noun

(classifier quả, trái, cây) ớt chỉ thiên

[ʔəːt̚˧˦ t͡ɕi˧˩ tʰiən˧˧]

[ʔəːk̚˦˧˥ t͡ɕɪj˧˨ tʰiəŋ˧˧]

[ʔəːk̚˦˥ cɪj˨˩˦ tʰiəŋ˧˧]

ớt (“chili”) + chỉ thiên (“skyward”), calque of Chinese 指天椒 (facing heaven pepper).

cal

facing heaven pepper
w:en:facing heaven pepper

Capsicum annuum
Capsicum annuum#Translingual


ăn quả nhớ kẻ trồng cây

[ʔan˧˧ kwaː˧˩ ɲəː˧˦ kɛ˧˩ t͡ɕəwŋ͡m˨˩ kəj˧˧]

[ʔaŋ˧˧ kwaː˧˨ ɲəː˨˩˦ kɛ˧˨ ʈəwŋ͡m˦˩ kəj˧˧]

[ʔaŋ˧˧ waː˨˩˦ ɲəː˦˥ kɛ˨˩˦ ʈəwŋ͡m˨˩ kəj˧˧]

(literal) to eat fruit and remember who planted the tree


bầu hồ lô

[ʔɓəw˨˩ ho˨˩ lo˧˧]

[ʔɓəw˦˩ how˦˩ low˧˧]

[ʔɓəw˨˩ how˨˩ low˧˧]

bầu (“gourd”) + hồ lô (“calabash bottle”). See 葫蘆 /葫芦 (húlu, “bottle gourd”).

com

Lagenaria siceraria
Lagenaria siceraria#English

a bottle gourd; calabash (Lagenaria siceraria)


bòng bong

vi-noun

(classifier quả, trái, cây) bòng bong • (𣠑𤂧)

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
cây (classifier)
𣠑𤂧 (CJK)

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˨˩ ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˩ ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɓɔŋ˦˩ ʔɓɔŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˨˩ ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˧]

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 蓬蓬 (“overgrown; unkempt”, SV: bồng bông).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">bồng bông</i>

vi-etym-sino

a climbing fern, of the species Lygodium flexuosum

(by extension) any climbing ferns the genus Lygodium


bòng bong

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˨˩ ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˦˩ ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˧]

[ʔɓɔŋ˦˩ ʔɓɔŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓawŋ͡m˨˩ ʔɓawŋ͡m˧˧]


chòi mòi

[t͡ɕɔj˨˩ mɔj˨˩]

[t͡ɕɔj˦˩ mɔj˦˩]

[cɔj˨˩ mɔj˨˩]

chòi (“to emerge”) + mòi (“air bubble underwater”).


cải xanh

[kaːj˧˨ sɛɲ˧˧]

brown mustard; Indian mustard (plant of the species Brassica juncea)


bìm nắp

vi-noun

(classifier quả, trái, hoa, cây) bìm nắp • (𦹴𠖘)

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
hoa (classifier)
cây (classifier)
𦹴𠖘 (CJK)

[ʔɓim˨˩ nap̚˧˦]

[ʔɓim˦˩ nap̚˦˧˥]

[ʔɓim˨˩ nap̚˦˥]

Operculina turpethum
Wikispecies:Operculina turpethum


bìm bìm

(classifier quả, trái, hoa, cây) bìm bìm • (𦹴𦹴)

quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)
hoa (classifier)
cây (classifier)
𦹴𦹴 (CJK)

[ʔɓim˨˩ ʔɓim˨˩]

[ʔɓim˦˩ ʔɓim˦˩]

[ʔɓim˨˩ ʔɓim˨˩]

a plant of the family Convolvulaceae (especially bindweed or morning glory)


đậu dải áo

head

đậu dải áo • (豆𦄂𬡢)

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ zaːj˧˩ ʔaːw˧˦]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ jaːj˧˨ ʔaːw˨˩˦]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ jaːj˨˩˦ ʔaːw˦˥]


đậu dải

đậu dải • (豆𦄂)

[ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ zaːj˧˩]

[ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ jaːj˧˨]

[ʔɗəw˨˩˨ jaːj˨˩˦]

Vigna unguiculata
Vigna unguiculata#Translingual


bọ chó

[ʔɓɔ˧˨ʔ t͡ɕɔ˧˦]

[ʔɓɔ˨˩ʔ t͡ɕɔ˨˩˦]

[ʔɓɔ˨˩˨ cɔ˦˥]


minh quyết

vi-noun

(classifier cây, hoa, trái, quả) minh quyết

[mïŋ˧˧ kwiət̚˧˦]

[mɨn˧˧ kwiək̚˦˧˥]

[mɨn˧˧ wiək̚˦˥]

Ceratonia siliqua
Ceratonia siliqua#Translingual


bầu sao

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)

[ʔɓəw˨˩ saːw˧˧]

[ʔɓəw˦˩ ʂaːw˧˧]

[ʔɓəw˦˩ saːw˧˧]

[ʔɓəw˨˩ ʂaːw˧˧]

[ʔɓəw˨˩ saːw˧˧]

a mottled bottle gourd; long opo squash (a kind of gourd that tends to have light spots)


cẩn

cây (classifier)
bông (classifier)
hoa (classifier)


thiên điểu

[tʰiən˧˧ ʔɗiəw˧˩]

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ ʔɗiw˧˨]

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ ʔɗiw˨˩˦]


nguyên cám

[ŋwiəŋ˧˧ kaːm˦˧˥]

[ŋwiəŋ˧˧ kaːm˦˥]


dương xỉ

[zɨəŋ˧˧ si˧˩]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ sɪj˧˨]

[jɨəŋ˧˧ sɪj˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 羊 (“sheep”) and 齒 (“tooth”), apparently a rather recent borrowing from Mandarin.
Earlier terms for "fern" are đuôi chồn, lit. "weasel tail" and quán trọng (貫仲), as listed in Dictionarium latino-anamiticum (1838) for Latin filix. In Đại Nam Quấc âm tự vị (1895), quán trọng is defined as "medicinal ingredient" (vị thuốc).


bấc

It is not clear which was the original sense, although it is obvious they are of the same etymology. Compare Chinese 燈心草 /灯心草 (dēngxīncǎo, “rush”) and 燈芯 /灯芯 (dēngxīn, “wick”).

Juncus effusus
Juncus effusus#Translingual


ngũ sắc

[ŋu˦ˀ˥ sak̚˧˦]

[ŋʊw˧˨ ʂak̚˦˧˥]

[ŋʊw˧˨ sak̚˦˧˥]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ ʂak̚˦˥]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ sak̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 五色, composed of 五 (“five”) and 色 (“color”).


vầu

Người Dao dùng cây vầu phục vụ đời sống rất nhiều thứ.

1994, Bàn Tài Đoàn, Lô Quang Kháng, Khu Quang Trung, căn cứ địa Việt Minh trong vùng đồng bào Dao trước 1945: Hồi ký, Văn hóa dân tộc, page 17:

Yao people use vầu for a variety of applications.

Imprimerie d'Extrême-Orient
fr:Imprimerie d'Extrême-Orient

kind of bamboo commonly found in Northern Vietnam (Bambusa nutans)


củ từ

[kʊw˧˨ tɨ˦˩]

[kʊw˨˩˦ tɨ˨˩]

Dioscorea esculenta
Dioscorea esculenta#Translingual


khoai từ

[kʰwaːj˧˧ tɨ˦˩]

[kʰwaːj˧˧ tɨ˨˩]


đăng tiêu hoa to

[ʔɗaŋ˧˧ tiəw˧˧ hwaː˧˧ tɔ˧˧]

[ʔɗaŋ˧˧ tiw˧˧ hwaː˧˧ tɔ˧˧]

[ʔɗaŋ˧˧ tiw˧˧ waː˧˧ tɔ˧˧]

Chinese trumpet vine
Chinese trumpet vine

Campsis grandiflora
Campsis grandiflora#Translingual

Chinese trumpet vine (Campsis grandiflora)


muỗm

vi-noun

(classifier cây, trái, quả) muỗm • (檬, 梚)

cây (classifier)
trái (classifier)
quả (classifier)
檬 (CJK)
梚 (CJK)

Trông lên trên cây muỗm xanh um tùm quả sai trên đó.
Ngày mai vui tươi tôi rủ bạn tôi tới cây nô đùa.
Tôi lên trên cây hái nhanh cho nhiều quả tặng người đây.
Bạn ăn mê say riêng loại quả ngon muỗm sai nơi này.

1997, “Cây Muỗm [The Horse Mango Tree]”performed by Trúc Linh, to the tune of ឱស្វាយចន្ទី (ʼaô svaay cantii):

I look up at the lush green horse mango tree abounding with fruits.
On the joyful morrow, I'll invite my friends to come and play underneath it.
I'll climb up that tree to quickly pluck its many fruits as gifts for them.
My friends will enjoy eating plenty of tasty horse mangoes only here.

Mangifera foetida, a species of flowering plants in the Mangifera (mango genus).


cát cánh

[kaːt̚˧˦ kajŋ̟˧˦]

[kaːk̚˦˧˥ kɛɲ˦˧˥]

Platycodon grandiflorus
Platycodon grandiflorus#Translingual

Chinese bellflower, balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorus)


phong lan

[fawŋ͡m˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]

[fɔŋ˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]

[fawŋ͡m˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]


tu-líp

[tʊw˧˧ lip̚˦˧˥]


vạn thọ

[vaːn˧˨ʔ tʰɔ˧˨ʔ]

[vaːŋ˨˩ʔ tʰɔ˨˩ʔ]

[vaːŋ˨˩˨ tʰɔ˨˩˨]

[jaːŋ˨˩˨ tʰɔ˨˩˨]

Tagetes erecta
Tagetes erecta#Translingual


râm bụt

[zəm˧˧ ʔɓut̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʐəm˧˧ ʔɓʊk̚˨˩ʔ]

[ɹəm˧˧ ʔɓʊk͡p̚˨˩˨]

râm (“shady”) + Bụt (“Buddha”), roughly "to provide shades for the Buddha", due to the similar shape of the hibiscus flower to the traditional lọng.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis#Translingual

a flowering plant of the genus Hibiscus, especially the Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)


thược dược

[tʰɨək̚˧˨ʔ zɨək̚˧˨ʔ]

[tʰɨək̚˨˩ʔ jɨək̚˨˩ʔ]

[tʰɨək̚˨˩˨ jɨək̚˨˩˨]


cẩm chướng

[kəm˧˩ t͡ɕɨəŋ˧˦]

[kəm˧˨ t͡ɕɨəŋ˦˧˥]

[kəm˨˩˦ cɨəŋ˦˥]

any plants, such as carnations and pinks, of the genus Dianthus


lay ơn

[laj˧˧ ʔəːn˧˧]

[laj˧˧ ʔəːŋ˧˧]

[la(ː)j˧˧ ʔəːŋ˧˧]


hoa trà

[hwaː˧˧ t͡ɕaː˨˩]

[hwaː˧˧ ʈaː˦˩]

[waː˧˧ ʈaː˨˩]

hoa (花, “flower”) + trà (茶, “tea”), calque of Chinese 茶花 (cháhuā).


hoa chè

[hwaː˧˧ t͡ɕɛ˨˩]

[hwaː˧˧ t͡ɕɛ˦˩]

[waː˧˧ cɛ˨˩]

hoa (花, “flower”) + chè (茶, “tea”), calque of Chinese 茶花 (cháhuā).


hoa bất tử

[hwaː˧˧ ʔɓət̚˧˦ tɨ˧˩]

[hwaː˧˧ ʔɓək̚˦˧˥ tɨ˧˨]

[waː˧˧ ʔɓək̚˦˥ tɨ˨˩˦]


mộc lan

[məwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ laːn˧˧]

[məwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ laːŋ˧˧]

[məwk͡p̚˨˩˨ laːŋ˧˧]


hoa hiên

[hwaː˧˧ hiəŋ˧˧]

[waː˧˧ hiəŋ˧˧]


hoa giấy

[hwaː˧˧ jəj˨˩˦]

[waː˧˧ jəj˦˥]


cải xoăn

[kaːj˨˩˦ s⁽ʷ⁾aŋ˧˧]


củ cải đường

head

củ cải đường

củ cải đường

vi-noun

củ cải đường

củ cải đường

[ku˧˩ kaːj˧˩ ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩]

[kʊw˧˨ kaːj˧˨ ʔɗɨəŋ˦˩]

[kʊw˨˩˦ kaːj˨˩˦ ʔɗɨəŋ˨˩]


cỏ bợ

[kɔ˧˩ ʔɓəː˧˨ʔ]

[kɔ˧˨ ʔɓəː˨˩ʔ]

[kɔ˨˩˦ ʔɓəː˨˩˨]

European waterclover (Marsilea quadrifolia)


hương thảo

[hɨəŋ˧˧ tʰaːw˧˩]

[hɨəŋ˧˧ tʰaːw˧˨]

[hɨəŋ˧˧ tʰaːw˨˩˦]

Salvia rosmarinus
Salvia rosmarinus#Translingual


mâm xôi

berries of the genus Rubus, especially the raspberry


xoan

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">thoa</i>

vi-etym-sino

non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 橢 (“oval”, SV: thoa)

mặt trái xoan


hành tím

[hɛɲ˦˩ tim˦˧˥]

Allium ascalonicum
Allium ascalonicum#Translingual


khuynh diệp

[xwïŋ̟˧˧ ziəp̚˧˨ʔ]

[kʰwɨn˧˧ jiəp̚˨˩ʔ]

[xwɨn˧˧ jiəp̚˨˩ʔ]

[kʰwɨn˧˧ jip̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 傾 (“to lean, to tilt”) and 葉 (“leaf”).


gòn

cây (classifier)
bông (classifier)
棍 (CJK)

Unclear. The word is not Sino-Vietnamese and ⟨g/gh⟩ is also not a possible initial in Sino-Vietnamese proper, therefore the word might be either native, a vernacular Sinitic loan (either from a regional Sinitic language or is an early, pre-Middle Chinese loan), or a loan from another neighboring language. The Nôm character 棍, as with many other cases, is merely a character formed by phono-semantic matching.
The word might (but unlikely) be the second element in the placename Sài Gòn.


bông giấy

[ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧ zəj˧˦]

[ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧ jəj˨˩˦]

[ʔɓəwŋ͡m˧˧ jəj˦˥]

Bông giấy ngũ sắc có 5 màu: đỏ, hồng, cam, trắng, tím; là loài dễ trồng, ít sâu bệnh, chịu hạn tốt, phù hợp với khí hậu nhiệt đới. Cây siêng ra hoa quanh năm và có thể cắt tỉa, uốn sửa theo nhiều dáng thế khác nhau.

2021, Thành Hiệp, “Thêm một vườn hoa đón du khách check-in (Another flower garden invites tourists to check-in)”, Cần Thơ News Online:

Five-colored bougainvilleas are either red-, pink-, orange-, white-, or purple-colored; [bougainvillea] is a species easy to grow, rarely susceptible to pests and diseases, and drought-tolerant, thus fitting for the tropical climate. These plants bloom all year round and can be trimmed and bent into a variety of shapes and poses.


anh túc

[ʔajŋ̟˧˧ tʊwk͡p̚˧˦]

[ʔɛɲ˧˧ tʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥]

[ʔan˧˧ tʊwk͡p̚˦˥]


đại mạch

[ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ majk̟̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ mat̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ mat̚˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 大麥, composed of 大 (“large”) and 麥 (“wheat”), from Chinese 大麥 /大麦 (dàmài). Compare Japanese 大麦 (ōmugi).

Coordinate term: tiểu mạch


hèo

The sense "stroke" is derived from the usage of these species of palms as canes and sticks used in corporal punishment of criminals.

certain species of palms, especially those in the genus Rhapis


rau nhút

[ʐaw˧˧ ɲʊk̚˦˧˥]

[ɹa(ː)w˧˧ ɲʊk͡p̚˦˥]


mùi tàu

Eryngium foetidum
Eryngium foetidum#Translingual

culantro; chadon beni (Eryngium foetidum)


mai vàng

→ English: yellow mai (calque)

[maːj˧˧ vaːŋ˨˩]

[maːj˧˧ vaːŋ˦˩]

[maːj˧˧ vaːŋ˨˩]

[maːj˧˧ jaːŋ˨˩]


chuối tiêu

[t͡ɕuəj˧˦ tiəw˧˧]

chuối (“banana”) + tiêu (Sino-Vietnamese word from 蕉 (“banana”)).

com

Sino-Vietnamese word from <i class="Hani mention" lang="vi">蕉</i> (“banana”)

Musa × paradisiaca
Musa × paradisiaca#Translingual

kind of cultivated banana (Musa × paradisiaca)


rau càng cua

[zaw˧˧ kaːŋ˨˩ kuə˧˧]

[ʐaw˧˧ kaːŋ˦˩ kuə˧˧]

[ɹa(ː)w˧˧ kaːŋ˨˩ kuə˧˧]

rau (“leaf vegetable”) + càng (“pincer”) + cua (“crab”).


lúa nước

[luə˧˦ nɨək̚˧˦]

[luə˨˩˦ nɨək̚˦˧˥]

[luə˦˥ nɨək̚˦˥]


thiên lí

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ lɪj˨˩˦]

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ lɪj˦˥]

(obsolete, literary) rules of nature; laws of nature; natural law


điên điển

[ʔɗiən˧˧ ʔɗiən˧˩]

[ʔɗiəŋ˧˧ ʔɗiəŋ˧˨]

[ʔɗiəŋ˧˧ ʔɗiəŋ˨˩˦]


điên điển

[ʔɗiən˧˧ ʔɗiən˧˩]

[ʔɗiəŋ˧˧ ʔɗiəŋ˧˨]

[ʔɗiəŋ˧˧ ʔɗiəŋ˨˩˦]


dây thường xuân

[zəj˧˧ tʰɨəŋ˨˩ swən˧˧]

[jəj˧˧ tʰɨəŋ˦˩ swəŋ˧˧]

[jəj˧˧ tʰɨəŋ˨˩ s⁽ʷ⁾əŋ˧˧]


trúc đào

[t͡ɕʊwk͡p̚˧˦ ʔɗaːw˨˩]

[ʈʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ ʔɗaːw˦˩]

[ʈʊwk͡p̚˦˥ ʔɗaːw˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 竹 and 桃, from a shortening of Sinitic 夾竹桃 (SV: giáp trúc đào).

Nerium oleander
Nerium oleander#Translingual

the oleander, Nerium oleander, a poisonous shrub often grown as an ornamental plant


ngô đồng

[ŋo˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩]

[ŋow˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˦˩]

[ŋow˧˧ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩]

the Chinese parasol tree (Firmiana simplex), a large tree with lightweight wood often used to make the soundboards of instruments like the guzheng and guqin etc.


tóc tiên

[tawk͡p̚˦˧˥ tiəŋ˧˧]

麥門冬矩襟𩯀仙

"Màiméndōng" is the tuberous root of the dwarf lilyturf.

(by extension) pink rain lily, Zephyranthes rosea


mận bắc

[mən˧˨ʔ ʔɓak̚˧˦]

[məŋ˨˩ʔ ʔɓak̚˦˧˥]

[məŋ˨˩˨ ʔɓak̚˦˥]

mận (“plum”) + bắc (“North”), so named because within Vietnam, it is only grown in the Northern region.

(Southern Vietnam) Prunus salicina, the Chinese plum or Japanese plum


sặt

certain species of bamboos, especially the Asian species sometimes included in the genus Arundinaria


thông thiên

[tʰəwŋ͡m˧˧ tʰiən˧˧]

[tʰəwŋ͡m˧˧ tʰiəŋ˧˧]

[tʰəwŋ͡m˧˧ tʰiəŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 通天, composed of 通 and 天.


ngũ cốc nguyên cám

[ŋu˦ˀ˥ kəwk͡p̚˧˦ ŋwiən˧˧ kaːm˧˦]

[ŋʊw˧˨ kəwk͡p̚˦˧˥ ŋwiəŋ˧˧ kaːm˦˧˥]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ kəwk͡p̚˦˥ ŋwiəŋ˧˧ kaːm˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-ngũ cốc nguyên cám.wav


táu

cây (classifier)
奏 (CJK)
楱 (CJK)
𣒴 (CJK)

various timber trees of the genus Vatica


bồ hòn

[ʔɓo˨˩ hɔn˨˩]

[ʔɓow˦˩ hɔŋ˦˩]

[ʔɓow˨˩ hɔŋ˨˩]

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">vô hoạn</i>

vi-etym-sino

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 無患 (SV: vô hoạn)

Thương nhau củ ấu cũng tròn, ghét nhau thì quả bồ hòn cũng vuông.

If we care for one another, even water caltrops are round; if we hate each other, even the western soapberry fruit is square.


kết trái

Chinese 結 /结 + trái (“fruit”), partial calque of Chinese 結果 /结果 (SV: kết quả).

pcal

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">kết quả</i>

đơm hoa kết trái; đâm bông kết trái

(originally Central Vietnam and Southern Vietnam) to bear fruit


quả mọng

[kwaː˧˨ mɔŋ˨˩ʔ]

[waː˨˩˦ mawŋ͡m˨˩˨]


táo mèo

[taːw˨˩˦ mɛw˦˩]

táo (“apple, jujube, date”) + mèo (“cat”)

com

fruit of Docynia, sometimes calqued as "cat apple"


mắc khén

[mak̚˦˧˥ kʰɛŋ˦˧˥]

[mak̚˦˧˥ xɛŋ˦˧˥]

[mak̚˦˥ kʰɛŋ˦˥]

[mak̚˦˥ xɛŋ˦˥]

Borrowed from a Tai language. Compare Thai มะแขว่น (má-kwɛ̀ɛn).

cog

Thai มะแขว่น (má-kwɛ̀ɛn)


mắc mật

[mak̚˧˦ mət̚˧˨ʔ]

[mak̚˦˧˥ mək̚˨˩ʔ]

[mak̚˦˥ mək̚˨˩˨]

Borrowed from a Tai language, literally means "ant fruit". Compare Zhuang makmoed; Lao ຫມາກ ມົດ (māk mot).


sâng

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
lá (classifier)


dổi

various plants of the superseded genus Michelia, which plants are now in species of Magnolia.


thuốc cá

[tʰuək̚˧˦ kaː˧˦]

[tʰuək̚˦˧˥ kaː˨˩˦]

[tʰuək̚˦˥ kaː˦˥]


ô môi

It has been claimed that the "lesbian" sense comes from a misreading of French homo, in which case the hyphenated spelling would be justified.

Coordinate term: pê-đê

Ví dụ, có gia đình mong con trai thì sinh toàn con gái. Có gia đình mong sinh con gái nhưng toàn sinh con trai quậy phá. Có người muốn sinh con trai hoặc con gái cũng được nhưng lại sinh ra ô môi và pê-đê.

2018 May 16, Thích Nhật Từ, THIỀN VIPASSANĀ - BỐN NỀN TẢNG CHÁNH NIỆM [VIPASSANĀ MEDITATION: FOUR MINDFULNESS FOUNDATIONS]:

For example, some families want sons but only have daughters. Some want daughters but only have naughty sons. Some people want sons or daughters but end up having gays and lesbians.

(informal, derogatory) lesbian, tomboyish or butch


kiền kiền

[kiəŋ˦˩ kiəŋ˦˩]

[kiəŋ˨˩ kiəŋ˨˩]


sầm

certain plants of the family Memecylaceae


sơn vé

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
trái (classifier)

[səːn˧˧ vɛ˧˦]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ vɛ˨˩˦]

[səːŋ˧˧ vɛ˨˩˦]

[ʂəːŋ˧˧ vɛ˦˥]

[səːŋ˧˧ jɛ˦˥]


trai lí

[t͡ɕaːj˧˧ li˧˦]

[ʈaːj˧˧ lɪj˨˩˦]

[ʈaːj˧˧ lɪj˦˥]

A shrub of species Garcinia fagraeoides, of Vietnam


tai chua

[taːj˧˧ t͡ɕuə˧˧]

[taːj˧˧ t͡ɕuə˧˧]


đoác

[ʔɗwaːk̚˦˧˥]

From an Austronesian source. Compare Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuak (“palm wine”).

Arenga pinnata
Arenga pinnata#Translingual


bụp giấm

[ʔɓup̚˧˨ʔ zəm˧˦]

[ʔɓup̚˨˩ʔ jəm˦˧˥]

[ʔɓʊp̚˨˩˨ jəm˦˥]


củ khởi

[ku˧˩ xəːj˧˩]

[kʊw˧˨ kʰəːj˧˨]

[kʊw˧˨ xəːj˧˨]

[kʊw˨˩˦ kʰəːj˨˩˦]

[kʊw˨˩˦ xəːj˨˩˦]

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 枸杞 (SV: cẩu kỉ).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">cẩu kỉ</i>


yến mạch

[ʔiən˧˦ majk̟̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔiəŋ˦˧˥ mat̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔiəŋ˦˥ mat̚˨˩˨]


mắt mèo

[mak̚˦˧˥ mɛw˦˩]


củ mài

[kʊw˨˩˦ maːj˨˩]


sấu đỏ

[səw˧˦ ʔɗɔ˧˩]

[ʂəw˨˩˦ ʔɗɔ˧˨]

[səw˨˩˦ ʔɗɔ˧˨]

[ʂəw˦˥ ʔɗɔ˨˩˦]

[səw˦˥ ʔɗɔ˨˩˦]


vòi voi

[vɔj˨˩ vɔj˧˧]

[vɔj˦˩ vɔj˧˧]

[vɔj˨˩ vɔj˧˧]

[jɔj˨˩ jɔj˧˧]


dái mít

[jaːj˨˩˦ mit̚˦˧˥]

[jaːj˦˥ mɨt̚˦˥]

From dái (“fruit”) + mít (“jackfruit”). The first element is an unetymological spelling of giái and doesn't actually mean "testicle", although admittedly had been contaminated to a great extant, compare dái tai.


nắc nẻ

[nak̚˧˦ nɛ˧˩]

[nak̚˦˧˥ nɛ˧˨]

[nak̚˦˥ nɛ˨˩˦]

Impatiens balsamina
Impatiens balsamina#Translingual


guồi

Compare Khmer គុយ (kuy) and Thai คุย (kui).


chiêu liêu

[t͡ɕiəw˧˧ liəw˧˧]

T. chebula
Terminalia chebula#Translingual

various plants of the genus Terminalia (esp. T. nigrovenulosa or T. chebula)


bời lời

[ʔɓəːj˨˩ ləːj˨˩]

[ʔɓəːj˦˩ ləːj˦˩]

[ʔɓəːj˨˩ ləːj˨˩]


ô rô

[ʔow˧˧ ʐow˧˧]

[ʔow˧˧ ɹow˧˧]

various plants in the family Acanthaceae


dướng

Broussonetia papyrifera
Broussonetia papyrifera#Translingual

paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera)


dác

juvenile wood (section closest to the pith)


núc nác

[nʊwk͡p̚˧˦ naːk̚˧˦]

[nʊwk͡p̚˦˧˥ naːk̚˦˧˥]

[nʊwk͡p̚˦˥ naːk̚˦˥]

Oroxylum indicum
Oroxylum indicum#Translingual


bùm bụp

[ʔɓum˨˩ ʔɓup̚˧˨ʔ]

[ʔɓum˦˩ ʔɓup̚˨˩ʔ]

[ʔɓʊm˨˩ ʔɓʊp̚˨˩˨]


thao lao

certain trees of the genus Lagerstroemia (esp. L. calyculata and L. speciosa)


cà na

[kaː˨˩ naː˧˧]

[kaː˦˩ naː˧˧]

[kaː˨˩ naː˧˧]

From Teochew 橄欖 /橄榄 (gan¹ na²). Compare Thai กาน้า.

(Southern Vietnam) plants of the genus Canarium


tứ thiết

[tɨ˧˦ tʰiət̚˧˦]

[tɨ˨˩˦ tʰiək̚˦˧˥]

[tɨ˦˥ tʰiək̚˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 四 (“four”) and 鐵 (“strong, firm”).

four traditional fine types of timber native to Vietnam: đinh, lim, sến, táu


chà ran

[t͡ɕaː˨˩ zaːn˧˧]

[t͡ɕaː˦˩ ʐaːŋ˧˧]

[caː˨˩ ɹaːŋ˧˧]


sau sau

[ʂaw˧˧ ʂaw˧˧]

Liquidambar formosana
Liquidambar formosana#Translingual


kì nam

Sino-Vietnamese word from 奇楠, originally from either Sanskrit कालागुरु (kālāguru, “black agarwood”) or alternatively तगर (tagara, “crepe jasmine”).


quéo

cây (classifier)
quả (classifier)
𣐲 (CJK)

(botany) Mangifera reba, syn. Mangifera gedebe, similar to the mango but with fruit that is smaller and less sweet


xoài hôi

[s⁽ʷ⁾aːj˨˩ hoj˧˧]

xoài (“mango”) + hôi (“foul”). Compare the scientific name.

(botany) horse mango (Mangifera foetida), a species of flowering plant in the Mangifera (mango genus).


chuối tá quạ

vi-noun

(classifier cây, quả, trái) chuối tá quạ

[t͡ɕuəj˧˦ taː˧˦ kwaː˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕuj˨˩˦ taː˨˩˦ kwaː˨˩ʔ]

[cuj˦˥ taː˦˥ waː˨˩˨]

chuối + tá quạ. According to folk etymology, the second element is a corrupted form of tá hoả.

kind of banana cultivated in Trà Vinh, Vietnam (Musa × paradisiaca), that can bear oversized fruits


hương nhu tía

[hɨəŋ˧˧ ɲu˧˧ tiə˧˦]

[hɨəŋ˧˧ ɲʊw˧˧ tiə˨˩˦]

[hɨəŋ˧˧ ɲʊw˧˧ tiə˦˥]

Ocimum tenuiflorum
Ocimum tenuiflorum#Translingual

(botany) holy basil, tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum)


hương nhu

[hɨəŋ˧˧ ɲu˧˧]

[hɨəŋ˧˧ ɲʊw˧˧]

[hɨəŋ˧˧ ɲʊw˧˧]


húng

Lamiales plants of various kinds, often used as culinary herbs


ngọc khấu

[ŋawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ xəw˧˦]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ kʰəw˨˩˦]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ xəw˨˩˦]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩˨ kʰəw˦˥]

[ŋawk͡p̚˨˩˨ xəw˦˥]

Myristica fragrans
Myristica fragrans#Translingual


nhục đậu khấu

[ɲʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ ʔɗəw˧˨ʔ xəw˧˦]

[ɲʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ kʰəw˨˩˦]

[ɲʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ ʔɗəw˨˩ʔ xəw˨˩˦]

[ɲʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨ ʔɗəw˨˩˨ kʰəw˦˥]

[ɲʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨ ʔɗəw˨˩˨ xəw˦˥]


quế bì

[kwe˧˦ ʔɓi˨˩]

[kwej˨˩˦ ʔɓɪj˦˩]

[wej˦˥ ʔɓɪj˨˩]

Cinnamomum cassia
Cinnamomum cassia#Translingual

Chinese cinnamon, cassia (Cinnamomum cassia)


nhục quế

[ɲʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ kwe˧˦]

[ɲʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ kwej˨˩˦]

[ɲʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨ wej˦˥]

Chinese cinnamon, cassia (Cinnamomum cassia))


quế đơn

[kwe˧˦ ʔɗəːn˧˧]

[kwej˨˩˦ ʔɗəːŋ˧˧]

[wej˦˥ ʔɗəːŋ˧˧]


húng dổi

[hʊwŋ͡m˦˧˥ joj˧˨]

[hʊwŋ͡m˦˥ joj˨˩˦]

Thai basil (Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora)


húng giổi

[hʊwŋ͡m˦˧˥ joj˧˨]

[hʊwŋ͡m˦˥ joj˨˩˦]


chuối ngự

[t͡ɕuəj˧˦ ŋɨ˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕuj˨˩˦ ŋɨ˨˩ʔ]

[cuj˦˥ ŋɨ˨˩˨]

chuối + ngự. According to folk etymology, the second element is a Sino-Vietnamese word from 御 (“royal”).

kind of cultivated banana originated from Hà Nam, Vietnam


mắc cọp

[mak̚˧˦ kɔp̚˧˨ʔ]

[mak̚˦˧˥ kɔp̚˨˩ʔ]

[mak̚˦˥ kɔp̚˨˩˨]


vên vên

[vəːn˧˧ vəːn˧˧]

[jəːn˧˧ jəːn˧˧]


bàm bàm

[ʔɓaːm˨˩ ʔɓaːm˨˩]

[ʔɓaːm˦˩ ʔɓaːm˦˩]

[ʔɓaːm˨˩ ʔɓaːm˨˩]


đủ đủ

[ʔɗu˧˩ ʔɗu˧˩]

[ʔɗʊw˧˨ ʔɗʊw˧˨]

[ʔɗʊw˨˩˦ ʔɗʊw˨˩˦]

Attested in older dictionaries like Dictionarium latino-anamiticum (1838), Manuel de conversation Franco-Tonkinois (1889), Đại Nam quấc âm tự vị (1895), and Vocabulaire français-annamite (1898). It was used alongside the extant form.


thù đủ

[tʰu˨˩ ʔɗu˧˩]

[tʰʊw˦˩ ʔɗʊw˧˨]

[tʰʊw˨˩ ʔɗʊw˨˩˦]

Phép nấu dầu Thù-đủ: dùng nhân (tức cái ruột ở trong cái hột) Thù-đủ 5 cân, dã nhỏ, đổ vào 1 đấu nước nấu có bọt nổi lên, vớt lấy bọt ấy, hết nổi bọt mới thôi.

1962, Nguyễn Văn Tạo, transl., Đại-Nam-nhất-thống-chí: Thừa-Thiên-phủ, Nha Văn-hóa Bộ Quốc-gia Giáo dục, page 49:

How to make papaya oil: procure 5 grams of papaya kernel (i.e. the innermost part of the seed), grind them to pieces, pour in 1 ladle of boiled water, scoop out bubbles floating at the top, finish only when bubbles stop rising.

Trái đu đủ thì ai cũng biết nhưng ít ai biết người Huế gọi trái đó là trái chi? Xin thưa: người Huế gọi nó là Thù đủ.

2004, Trần Hữu Lục, Chuyện Huế ít người biết [Lesser known stories about Huế], Ho Chi Minh City: Nhà xuất bản Trẻ, page 216:

We all know what a đu đủ is, but only a handful of people know that Huế-ians call it by another name: Thù đủ.

(Central Vietnam, especially Huế) papaya


thài lài

(classifier cây, bông, hoa) thài lài • (偨/柴/蒔 + ?)


bằng lăng

[ʔɓaŋ˨˩ laŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓaŋ˦˩ laŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓaŋ˨˩ laŋ˧˧]