бо

From Proto-Turkic *bu (“this”). Cognate with Turkish bu (“this”).

Бо номнуң ады чүл?


ол

From Proto-Turkic *ol (“he, she, it; that”).

he, she, it (third-person singular subject pronoun)


мен

Inherited from Common Turkic *ben (“I”, with oblique *-n), from Proto-Turkic *be (“I”).
Cognate with Tofa мен (men, pronoun and predicative particle), Khakas мин (min, pronoun), Northern Altai мен (men, pronoun), мин (min); Southern Altai мен (men, pronoun), Kazakh мен (men, pronoun), -мін (-mın), -бін (-bın), -пін (-pın), -мын (-myn), -бын (-byn), -пын (-pyn); Turkish ben (pronoun); Old Turkic 𐰋𐰤 (b²n² /bän/, pronoun), 𐰢𐰤 (mn² /män/, predicative particle).

inh

with oblique <i class="Latn mention" lang="trk-pro">*-n</i>

cog

I (first-person singular subject pronoun)


мен

Тос-ла чүзүн малымайны / Доруктурза, байыыр-ла мен.

1921, “Тоорутукг долгай тандым”:

My livestocks of nine colours / If my taiga raises them, I’ll be rich.

Tos-la çüzün malımaynı / Dorukturza, bayıır-la men.

.Мен — тыва мен, / Мөңге харлыг дагның оглу мен.

2011, “Мен — тыва мен”:

I am a Tuvan, / I'm the son of the mountains capped with perpetual snow.

.Men — tıva men, / Möñge xarlıg dagnıñ oglu men.

Forms the first-person singular predicative when used in conjunction with nouns, adjectives, and certain verb tenses, including the present-future and indefinite past.


сен

From Proto-Turkic *sẹ- (“thou”). Cognate with Turkish sen (“you”).


кажан

From Proto-Turkic *ka- (“interrogative prefix”).

inh

Ол кажан келирил?


каш

From Proto-Turkic *Ka- (“interrogative prefix”). Cognate with Turkish kaç (“how many”).


силер

From Proto-Turkic *siŕ + -лер (-ler). Cognate to Turkish siz (“you”).


олар

ол (ol, “he”) + -лар (-lar, “pluralising suffix”). Cognate to Turkish onlar (“they”).

suffix

they (third-person plural personal pronoun)


бис

From Proto-Turkic *bi-ŕ (“we”). Cognate to Turkish biz (“we”).

we (first-person plural personal pronoun)


дөө

From Proto-Turkic *ti- (“that”). Cognate with Yakut ити (iti, “that”).

Бо даг дөө дагдан бедик.

This mountain is taller than that mountain.

(demonstrative) that (far from the speaker and listener)


чүү

From its earlier form *če-gü, from Proto-Turkic *nē- (“what”). Possibly influenced by Mongolian уу (uu, “what”).

Бөгүн кежээ чүнү кылыр силер?


бодум

From Proto-Turkic *bod-ïm (“myself”); equivalent to бот (bot, “self”) + -ум (-um, first-person singular possessive suffix). Cognate with Khakas позым (pozım).


мээңии

head

мээңии • (meeñii)


сээңии

сээңии • (seeñii)


ооңуу

ооңуу • (ooñuu)

From ооң (ooñ, “his, her, its”) + -уу (-uu).


кым

From Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”). Cognate with Tofa ӄум (qum), Turkish kim.


эң

From Old Turkic 𐰭 (ŋ /eŋ/). Cognate with Azerbaijani ən, Kyrgyz эң (eŋ), and Turkish en.

Эң эгезинде Бурган дээр биле черни чаяап каан.

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

Eñ egezinde Burgan deer bile çerni çayaap kaan.

Marks a superlative case (the most; -est)


кайы

кайы • (kayı)

Почта кайы шактарда ажылдап турарыл?

At which hour of the day is the post office working?


бүгүде

бүгүде • (bügüde)

Бүгүде, экии!


болар

From бо (bo, “this”) + -лар (-lar, “pluralising suffix”). Cognate to Turkish bunlar (“these”).


дөөлер

head

дөөлер • (dööler)

дөө (döö, “that”) + -лер (-ler, “pluralising suffix”).

suffix

(demonstrative) those (far from the speaker and listener)