A

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter symbol for alanine in proteins.


CV

(virology) circovirus: A virus of the genus Circovirus

(virology) coronavirus: A virus of the genus Coronavirus


PCV

porcine circovirus
porcine circovirus#English

(virology, taxonomy) porcine circovirus: A taxonomic species within the genus Circovirus.


Ad

(virology) adenovirus; Abbreviation of Adenoviridae.


Ala

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter symbol for alanine


Asp

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of aspartic acid


B

(biochemistry) As an IUPAC code for amino acids, aspartic acid or asparagine.


C

* (element symbol, carbon): abbreviation
* (metrology, coulomb): abbreviation
* (computing, hexadecimal 12): From its position as the twelfth element of the series {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for cysteine


D

* (chemistry, deuterium): abbreviation of deuterium
* (computing, hexadecimal 13): From its position as the thirteenth element of the series {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}
* (Germany): abbreviation of German word Deutschland (“Germany”)

(biochemistry) IUPAC one-letter abbreviation for aspartic acid.


E

From the Etruscan letter 𐌄 (e, “e”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ε (E, “epsilon”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤄 (h, “he”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓀠.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for glutamic acid


F

From the Etruscan letter 𐌅 (v, “ve”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ϝ (W, “digamma”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏲.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for phenylalanine


G

From a modification of the Latin letter C (“ce”), from the Etruscan letter 𐌂 (c, “ce”), from the Ancient Greek letter Γ (G, “gamma”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤂 (g, “giml”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓌙.

(biochemistry) glycine, a natural amino acid.

(biochemistry) Any of the nucleotides guanodine, nucleoside guanosine, or nucleobase guanine, which are components of DNA.


H

From the Etruscan letter 𐌇 (h, he), from the Ancient Greek letter Η (Ē, eta), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤇 (ḥ, het), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓈈 or maybe 𓉗.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for histidine


His

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of histidine


I

From the Etruscan letter 𐌉 (i), from the Ancient Greek letter Ι (I, iota), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤉 (y, yod), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓂝.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for isoleucine


Ile

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of isoleucine


K

From the Etruscan letter 𐌊 (k, “ka”), from the Ancient Greek letter Κ (K, “kappa”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤊 (k, “kap”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓂧.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for lysine.


L

From the Etruscan letter 𐌋 (l, “el”), from the Ancient Greek letter Λ (L, “lambda”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤋 (l, “lamed”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓌅.

(biochemistry, IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation) leucine


Leu

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of leucine


Lys

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of lysine


M

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of methionine, as established by IUPAC.


Met

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of methionine


N

From the Etruscan letter 𐌍 (n, en), from the Ancient Greek letter Ν (N, nu), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤍 (n, nun), possibly from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓆓.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for aspargine


P

From the Etruscan letter 𐌐 (p, “pe”), from the Ancient Greek letter Π (P, “pi”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤐 (p, “pe”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓂋.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for proline


Pro

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter Abbreviation of proline.


Q

English: max Q

Ancient Greek language
Egyptian language
Etruscan language
Phoenician language
Q

From the Etruscan letter 𐌒 (q, “cu”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ϙ (Q, “qoppa”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤒 (q, “qop”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓃻.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for glutamine.


R

From the Etruscan letter 𐌓 (r, “er”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ρ (R, “rho”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤓 (r, “reš”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁶.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for arginine.


S

From the Etruscan letter 𐌔 (s, “es”), from the Ancient Greek letter Σ (S, “sigma”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤔 (š, “šin”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓌒.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for serine


Ser

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of serine


T

From the Etruscan letter 𐌕 (t, “te”), from the Ancient Greek letter Τ (T, “tau”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤕 (t, “taw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏴.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for threonine


V

From the Etruscan letter 𐌖 (u, “u”), from the Ancient Greek letter Υ (U, “ypsilon”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏲. Doublet of Y and U.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for valine


Val

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of valine


W

From a modification of the Latin letter V (“ve”), from the Etruscan letter 𐌖 (u, “u”), from the Ancient Greek letter Υ (U, “ypsilon”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏲.
Its use as a symbol for tungsten is based on German Wolfram.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for tryptophan.


Y

A late borrowing from the Ancient Greek letter Υ (U, “ypsilon”), first used to write Greek loanwords in Latin, derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏲. Doublet of U and V.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for tyrosine


Z

From the Etruscan letter 𐌆 (z, “ze”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ζ (Z, “zeta”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤆 (z, “zayin”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏭.

(biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for either glutamine or glutamic acid


ψ

(physics, biochemistry) Water potential in cells.


[…] antibody response to Influenza (A2) virus.

1877, John Holmes Dingle, Biographical Memoirs, volume 61 (in English):

(virology) A type of Asian influenza virus.


Tyr

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of tyrosine


FIV

(virology, initialism) Feline immunodeficiency virus.


Arg

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of arginine


Asn

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of aspargine


Cys

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of cysteine


Gln

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of glutamine


Glu

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of glutamic acid


Gly

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of glycine


Phe

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of phenylalanine


Thr

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of threonine


Trp

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter Abbreviation of tryptophan.


CRKP

Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae#Translingual

Klebsiella pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumonia

(microbiology) Klebsiella pneumoniae, a bacterium that causes carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia.


XBB

(virology) A variant of SARS-CoV-2 (“COVID-19 virus”), a sublineage of the Omicron variant (“B.1.1.529”), a recombinant strain resulting from the mixture of BA.2.10.1 and BA.2.75


Candidatus

(bacteriology) A taxonomic name component, usually forming an extended genus or species name, used as an interim status for a bacterium not yet cultured in a laboratory.


Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase

(biochemistry) a carbapenemase enzyme produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria


K. pneumoniae carbapenemase

(biochemistry) a carbapenemase enzyme produced by K. pneumoniae bacteria


Sry

Initialism of sex-determining region Y. From English

(biochemistry) the sex-determining region on Y chromosome gene

(biochemistry) the testis determinant factor


Group IV

(virology) Positive-sense ssRNA viruses.


(+)ssRNA

(virology) Having a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome.


(-)ssRNA

(virology) Negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus.


Nle

(biochemistry) IUPAC 3-letter abbreviation of norleucine.


→ Lao: ໂຄວິດ-19 (khō wit-19)

→ Samoan: KOVITI-19

→ Thai: โควิด-19

From COVID and the year 2019. The format was established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and is to be used for the names of future outbreaks.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2#Translingual

(virology, metonymically) Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2; the virus which causes the disease.


For quotations using this term, see Citations:SARS-CoV-2.

(virology) Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2; a virus which causes COVID-19 coronavirus disease, first discovered in 2019, in an outbreak that started in Wuhan, Hubei, China.


Pandoravirus

English: pandoravirus

Ancient Greek Πανδώρα (Pandṓra, “Pandora”) + -virus.
From Latin virus (“virus”). From the discovery of the virus being akin to opening a Pandora's box of new possibilities in viral research and capabilities. From Pandora, the Greek mythological figure who opened Pandora's box.

suffix

(virology) A taxonomic genus within the family Pandoraviridae – certain giant viruses, DNA viruses which infect amoeba.


dNaM

(synthetic biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, xenobiology, genetics) A synthetic nucleoside that does not exist in nature, which pairs with dTPT3 or d5SICS, in a DNA molecule.

synthetic biology; molecular biology; synthetic biology; molecular biology


(synthetic biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, xenobiology, genetics) A synthetic nucleoside that does not exist in nature, which pairs with dNaM, in a DNA molecule.


HCoV-NH

HCoV + NH. From Homo (“h”)+Coronavirus (“CoV”)+English New Haven (“NH”). From English New Haven coronavirus.

United States of America
United States of America#English

(virology) A coronavirus first discovered in New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America, that infects humans.

Kawasaki disease

a disease thought to be caused by HCoV-NH


pSer

(biochemistry) abbreviation of phosphorylated serine


pThr

(biochemistry) Abbreviation of phosphorylated threonine.


pTyr

(biochemistry) abbreviation of phosphorylated tyrosine


Micromonospora

From micro- + mono- + Ancient Greek σπορά (sporá, “seed, offspring”).

af

(bacteriology) A taxonomic genus within the family Micromonosporaceae – actinomycetes that have well-developed, branching, septate mycelia bearing single spores that are sessile or on short or long sporophores and that include several antibiotic-producing forms (as Micromonospora echinospora, the source of gentamicin).


Micromonosporaceae

(bacteriology) A taxonomic family within the order Micromonosporales.


Micromonosporales

From Micromonospora + -ales (taxonomic suffix).

(bacteriology) A taxonomic order within the class Actinobacteria.


English: lineage B.1.1.7

English: B.1.1.7 lineage

From being a mutant version of the B.1.1 variant.

The SARS-CoV-2 viruses used to perform the CPE-MN neutralization assay were the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 virus (SARS-CoV-2/INMI1-Isolate/2020/Italy: MT066156), SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 (INMI GISAID accession number: EPI_ISL_736997), SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 (EVAg Cod: 014V-04058), B.1.1.248 (EVAg CoD: 014V-04089), and B.1.617.2 (GISAID ID: EPI_ISL_2029113)

2023 January 4, Emanuele Andreano, Ida Paciello, Giulio Pierleoni, Giulia Piccini, Valentina Abbiento, Giada Antonelli, Piero Pileri et al., “B cell analyses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA third vaccination reveals a hybrid immunity like antibody response”, in Nature Communications, →DOI:

(virology) A virulent variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus, which causes COVID-19; first detected in 2020 in Kent, England, United Kingdom.


English: lineage B.1.351

English: B.1.351 lineage

(virology) A virulent variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus, which causes COVID-19; first detected in 2020 in South Africa, and by the beginning of 2021, was the dominant strain in South Africa.


English: lineage B.1.1.248

English: B.1.1.248 lineage

(virology) A virulent variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus, which causes COVID-19; first detected in 2021 in Japan within travelers from Brazil.


(biochemistry) A mutation of a protein (and its corresponding gene) at amino acid location 501, where the original asparagine (“N”) has been replaced with tyrosine (“Y”)

(COVID-19) The spike protein mutation so produced, on SARS-CoV-2.


(biochemistry) A position, 501, on a protein (and its corresponding coding location on the respective gene) having the amino acid asparagine (“N”).

(COVID-19) A location (501) on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 which has N (“asparagine”).


(biochemistry) A position, 501, on a protein (and its corresponding coding location on the respective gene) having the amino acid tyrosine (“Y”).

(COVID-19) A location (501) on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 which has Y (“tyrosine”).


group D adenovirus
group D adenovirus#English

(virology, immunology, pharmacology, genetic engineering) adenovirus serotype 26, a group D adenovirus; A virus frequently used in recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine vectors


subgroup B adenovirus
subgroup B adenovirus#English

(virology, immunology, pharmacology, genetic engineering) adenovirus serotype 35, a subgroup B adenovirus; A virus frequently used in recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine vectors


type C adenovirus
type C adenovirus#English

(virology, immunology, pharmacology, genetic engineering) adenovirus serotype 5, a type C adenovirus; A virus frequently used in recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine vectors


species D adenovirus
species D adenovirus#English

(virology, immunology, pharmacology, genetic engineering) adenovirus serotype 48, a species D adenovirus; A virus frequently used in recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine vectors


English: lineage B.1.1.28.1

English: B.1.1.28.1 lineage

From B.1.1.28, the variant from which this one mutated from.

SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (B.1.1.28.1), and Omicron (B.1.1.529), has spread globally causing humongous public health crises.

2023 January 12, Qin S, Huang H, Xiao W, Chen K, He X, Tang X, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Duan X, Fan N, Zheng Q, Wu M, Lu G, Wei Y, Wei X, Song X, “A novel heterologous receptor-binding domain dodecamer universal mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants.”, in Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B, →DOI, page 2:

(virology) A virulent variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus, which causes COVID-19; that caused a massive outbreak in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil at the end of 2020 and through into 2021; including second-time infections of survivors of a different variation.

Brazilian precursor strain to P.1 and P.2


English: lineage B.1.1.28

English: B.1.1.28 lineage

From being a mutation of the variant B.1.1.

Numerous variations of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), including D614G, B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.1.28 (Brazil P1, P2), CAL.20C (Southern California), B.1.351 (South Africa), B.1.617 (B.1.617.1 Kappa & Delta B.1.617.2) and B.1.1.529, have been reported worldwide.

2023, Laiali Alquraan, Karem H. Alzoubi, Suzie Y. Rababa'h, “Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 and their impact on disease diagnosis and severity”, in Informatics in medicine unlocked, →DOI:

(virology) A variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus, which causes COVID-19; that became the predominant variation in Brazil in 2020, starting from the summer.

Brazilian precursor to B.1.1.28.1 and B.1.1.28.2


English: lineage B.1.617

English: B.1.617 lineage

The dynamics, molecular interactions, and binding energy of the B.1.1.7 variant (spike N501Y mutant), B.1.617 variant (E484Q and L452R spike mutant), and wild-type (WT) were investigated recently in India using molecular dynamics simulations of three diverse spike-ACE2 complexes.

(virology) A virulent variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus, which causes COVID-19; that has two significant mutations, E484Q and L452R, causing a wave of new infections in India in Spring 2021.


a mutation that results in a glycine at position 614

(biochemistry) A protein mutation, at amino acid location 614, where the original D614 becomes G614 by replacing aspartic acid (“Asp”) (D) with glycine (“Gly”) (G)

(virology, COVID-19, informal, by extension) A variant of SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Coronavirus carrying this mutation.

(informal) The variant of SARS-CoV-2 that became dominant worldwide outside of China at the start of 2020


English: lineage B.1.617.2

English: B.1.617.2 lineage

(virology) A virulent variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus, which causes COVID-19; first detected in India in October 2020, causing a wave of new infections in 2021.


XE

(virology, neologism) A recombinant subvariant of Omicron (“B.1.1.529”) resultant from BA.2 and BA.1; a variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus which causes COVID-19.


From being a mutant version of the C.1 variant.

(virology) A variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus, which causes COVID-19, first detected in May 2021 in South Africa


(virology) A virulent variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus, which causes COVID-19; starting a new wave and becoming dominant in the United Kingdom in late 2021. It is a sublineage of B.1.617.2 (“Delta variant (“Indian variant”)”) with the K417N spike protein mutation.


(virology) A SARSr-CoV-like Betacoronavirus that natively infects horseshoe bats first discovered in Yunnan, China, in 2013. One of the closest wild relatives to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.


(virology) A SARSr-CoV-like Betacoronavirus that natively infects bats first discovered in Laos. One of the closest wild relatives to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.


English: lineage B.1.1.529

English: B.1.1.529 lineage

From being a heavily mutated variant occurring in the B.1.1 family. "B.1.1.529" is the 529th sublineage of "B.1.1" registered under Pango notation.

(virology) The Omicron variant: A virulent variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus, which causes COVID-19; first detected in November 2021 in Botswana, becoming dominant in Gauteng, South Africa.

XE

recombinant subvariant resulting from BA.1 and BA.2 mixture


SPN

(genetics, biochemistry) The gene which codes for sialophorin, a sialylated glycoprotein.


From being being assigned B.1.1.529.1 when the second variant occurred, and then shortened. Pango notation does not officially support 4 sublevels, leading to a need to renumber "B.1.1.529.1", thus shortened to a new base "BA" for "B.1.1.529" and ".1" becoming "BA.1"

(virology) The first Omicron variant. A highly transmissible though milder variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus, which causes COVID-19; first detected in 2021 in South Africa and Botswana.


From being a mutant version of the BA.1 variant and the older designation B.1.1.529.2. Pango notation does not officially support 4 sublevels, leading to a need to renumber "B.1.1.529.2", thus shortened to a new base "BA" for "B.1.1.529" and ".2" becoming "BA.2"

(virology, neologism) A subvariant of the Omicron variant. A highly transmissible variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus, which causes COVID-19; which became dominant at the turn of the year 2021/2022 in India.


vCoV

compound

English <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">variant</i>

(virology) variant coronavirus; Any virus resembling a coronavirus thought to be distinct from the typical or common coronaviruses.


hMPXV

h- + MPXV; from English human+monkey+pox+virus

Monkeypox virus
Monkeypox virus#Translingual


From being a variant of parent strain XBB.1, itself a variant of XBB

(virology) Kraken variant: A variant of SARS-CoV-2 (“COVID-19 virus”), a sublineage of the Omicron variant (“B.1.1.529”). This variant became dominant in the United States of America at the end of 2022 and start of 2023, and is the most transmissible yet of the major strains as of the turn of the year 2022/2023.


Streptomyces clavuligerus

⇒ English: clavulanic acid, clavulanic

From Streptomyces and Latin clāvuligerus (“bearing a little stick”), referring to the spore-bearing hyphae of the bacterium.

der

(bacteriology) A taxonomic species within the family Streptomycetaceae – a gram-positive bacterium by which clavulanic acid is produced.


Circovirus

English: circovirus

French: circovirus

(virology, taxonomy) A taxonomic genus within the family Circoviridae.

BFDV

beak and feather disease circovirus, beak and feather disease virus


(virology, medicine, neologism) Human associated circovirus 1: A taxonomic species within the genus Circovirus.; A virus, the first circovirus discovered infecting humans, implicated in causing hepatitis.


English: anti-Jo1

(biochemistry) A protein, an histidyl-tRNA synthetase (histidine-tRNA ligase), whose antibodies against, feature in auto-immune diseases.


mIgE

immunoglobulin E
immunoglobulin E#English

(biochemistry) membrane-bound immunoglobulin E