k

Pronunciation of IPA [kɑː, ɑkkɑː] with the sound [k]

(Cyrillic, phonetics) A voiceless uvular plosive, equivalent to IPA ⟨q⟩.


l

Pronunciation of IPA [lːɑː, ɑllɑː] with the sound [l]

(Cyrillic, phonetics) A dark l or a light/clear l, depending on the source; equivalent to IPA ⟨ɫ⟩ or ⟨l̪⟩.


m

Pronunciation of IPA [mːɑː, ɑmmɑː] with the sound [m]

International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

(phonetics) used in the International Phonetic Alphabet and in several romanization systems of non-Latin scripts to represent the voiced bilabial nasal (/m/), including Cyrillic м, the beginning of various kana including ま (ma), and Korean jamo ㅁ (mieum).


u

Pronunciation of IPA [uː]

(IPA, phonetics) a close back rounded vowel.


w

uu (alternative obsolete)
vv (alternative obsolete)

Pronunciation of IPA [wːɑː, ɑwwɑː] with the sound [w]

Ꜳꜳ Ææ ᴁᴭ Ǽǽ Ǣǣ Ꜵꜵ Åå Ꜷꜷ Ꜹꜹ Ꜻꜻ Ꜽꜽ ct ȸ Ǳǲǳ Ǆǅǆ ᴂᵆ ᴔ & ﬀ ﬁ ﬃ ﬂ ﬄ ℔ Ĳĳ Ǉǈǉ Ỻỻ Ŋŋ Ǌǋǌ Œœ ɶ Ꝏꝏ Ȣȣᴕ ȹ ẞß ﬅﬆ ᵫ Ůů Ww Ꝡꝡ

(Cyrillic, phonetics) A voiced bilabial fricative, equivalent to IPA ⟨β⟩.


(phonetics) An unidentifiable or indeterminate segment.


Tenth century “West Arabic” variation of the Nepali form of Hindu-Arabic numeral ٠ (compare Devanāgarī script ० (0)), adopted for use with the Latin script in Europe. See 0 § History for more.

(phonetics, often superscript) The pitch of a tone that is more extreme than 1 (higher or lower, depending on local convention; e.g. 0 is the highest tone in Chatino).

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) Lack of an inherent tone; the pitch depends on the tones of the surrounding syllables.


Tenth century “West Arabic” variation of the Nepali form of Hindu-Arabic numerals (compare Devanagari script १ (1, “éka”)), possibly influenced by Roman numeral Ⅰ, both ultimately from using a single stroke to represent the number one. See 1 § As a digit on WikipediaWikipedia for more.

(phonetics, often superscript) the pitch of a tone, either high or low depending on local convention; '1' is most commonly the highest or lowest pitch (but see 0)

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 1, typically identified with dark level yin ping (陰平). May simply be level ping tone (平) if the yin–yang distinction is not made.


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ३ (3)), from a cursive form of three lines to represent the number three. See 3 § Evolution of the Arabic digit for more.

, depending on other values

(phonetics, often superscript) the pitch of a tone, perhaps most commonly mid-pitch, but it may instead be high or low depending on local convention (e.g. the highest or lowest pitch if only the numbers 1–3 are used)

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 3, typically identified with dark rising yin shang (陰上). May be identified with departing qu tone (去) if the yin–yang distinction is not made.


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari २ (2)), from a cursive form of two lines to represent the number two. See 2 § Evolution for more.

, depending on other values

(phonetics, often superscript) the pitch of a tone, whose value depends on local convention (e.g. nearly as high or as low as 1, if four or more numbers are used; mid pitch if the numbers 1–3 are used; or contrasting with 1 if only '1' and '2' are used)

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 2, typically identified with light level yang ping (陽平). May be identified with rising shang tone (上) if the yin–yang distinction is not made.


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ४ (4)), a cursive form of four lines (to represent the number four) arranged in the shape of a cross (resembling +). See 4 § Evolution of the Hindu-Arabic digit for more.

, depending on other values

(phonetics, often superscript) The pitch of a tone, either high or low depending on local convention (though not as high or low as 5, if '5' is also used).

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) The tone number 4, typically identified with light rising yang shang (陽上). May be identified with entering ru tone (入) if the yin–yang distinction is not made.


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ५ (5)). See 5 § Evolution of the Arabic digit for more.

(phonetics, often superscript) the pitch of a tone, either high or low depending on local convention; '5' is most commonly the highest or lowest pitch (but see 6)

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 5, typically identified with dark departing yin qu (陰去)


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ६ (6)). See 6 § Evolution of the Hindu-Arabic digit for more.

(phonetics, often superscript) the pitch of a tone that is more extreme than 5; it will be higher or lower depending on local convention.

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 6, typically identified with light departing yang qu (陽去).


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ७ (7)). See 7 § Evolution of the Arabic digit for more.

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 7, typically identified with dark entering yin ru (陰入)

(phonetics, Mayan languages, dated) practical orthography for the glottal stop /ʔ/


8 (number)
8#Evolution of the Arabic digit

A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ८ (8)). See 8 § Evolution of the Arabic digit for more.

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 8, typically identified with light entering yang ru (陽入)


A West Arabic numeral, ultimately from Indic numerals (compare Devanagari ९ (9)). See 9 § Evolution of the Hindu–Arabic digit for more.

(phonetics, Sinosphere, often superscript) tone number 9, in some cases when the language does not have the usual 4 to 8 categories.


π

(phonetics, rare) A voiceless labiodental plosive (p̪).


ɔ

(vowel): A turned-c as a convenient type for an open o.
(click): A rotated Xhosa dental click ⟨c⟩. Later identified as a rotated palatal stop [c], analogous to turned dental t ⟨ʇ⟩ for dental clicks and turned velar k ⟨ʞ⟩ for 'velar' clicks.

(phonetics, obsolete) base letter of the palatal click consonants; equivalent to IPA ⟨ǂ⟩.


ɣ

IPA

Attic Greek
Voiced velar fricative
voiced velar fricative

A Latin adaptation of the Ancient Greek and Modern Greek letter γ (“gamma”). In Greek, γ in most contexts represents a voiced velar fricative, and has done so since Koine Greek, which is why it was chosen as the IPA letter to represent that sound (in Ancient times, in Attic Greek, γ represented [ɡ], like the English g).

(doubled ligature) letter in Doke (1925) for a voiced lateral click.

(phonetics, obsolete) letter in Doke (1925) for a voiced dental click.


ɥ

IPA

*The Karlgren letter script y with a straight descender.

(phonetics) Karlgren's form of the Sinological letter ʮ.


ɕ

IPA

(phonetics, rare) the IPA affricate [t͡ɕ]


ʕ

Pilaga language
Voiced pharyngeal fricative

IPA

(phonetics, Arabic) a glottal stop (IPA [ʔ]), after the Arabic letter ء hamza.


ɵ

IPA

(phonetics) a mid rounded reduced vowel.


ĉ

(phonetics) Transcription in the Spanish tradition for [ʃ].


ĵ

(phonetics, French) The affricate sound of English j.


ŝ

(phonetics, French) The affricate sound [t͡s].

(phonetics) The 'closed' voiceless fricative in Circassian for which ⟨ᵷ⟩ was once proposed for the IPA.


ę

(phonetics) A nasal vowel [e]. The norm in Americanist notation; sometimes used in IPA transcription to leave room over the vowel letter for tone diacritics.


ƣ

Based on a handwritten ⟨q⟩ in Sütterlin hand.

(phonetics, Cyrillic texts) The voiced uvular stop ɢ.


A cursive variation of ᾱ or ᾱᾱ, the abbreviation of Greek ἀνά (aná) used in recipes and prescriptions with the meaning "of each", and later extended to accounting. (Other explanations have that it is ā, an abbreviation of Latin ad (“to”), or French à (“to”).)

(phonetics) A pulse of laughter. (Thus @@@ is the transcription equivalent of ha! ha! ha! or hee! hee! hee! etc. in conventional orthography.)


ʆ

(phonetics) The 'closed' voiceless fricative in Circassian, commonly transcribed ⟨ŝ⟩ and for which ⟨ᵷ⟩ was once proposed for the IPA.


a

Pronunciation of IPA [aː]

(IPA, phonetics) an open front or central unrounded vowel.


Slavic Phonetic Alphabet
Slavic Phonetic Alphabet#English

(phonetics) palatalization symbol in Slavic Phonetic Alphabet – more correctly the modifier letter ⟨ʹ⟩


(phonetics) See ˚ and ◌̊ for the ring, a diacritical mark.


ā

(phonetics) A common convention for a long vowel a


γ

(Cyrillic, phonetics) a voiced velar fricative (IPA [ɣ]).


ν

(Cyrillic, phonetics) an /n/ that elides before certain consonants, nasalizing the preceding vowel.


φ

(Cyrillic, phonetics) a voiceless labiodental fricative (IPA [ɸ]).


ψ

(turned) a voiced retroflex click, IPA ⟨ɡ͜𝼊⟩.

(phonetics, dated) a voiceless retroflex click, IPA ⟨k͜𝼊⟩.


ē

(phonetics) A common convention for a long vowel e


(phonetics) A common ad hoc letter for a retroflex click, IPA ⟨ 𝼊 ⟩. The character U+203C is recommended for this use by Unicode and is supported by SIL fonts (e.g. proper placement of IPA diacritics).


ʞ

(superscript ⟨𐞾⟩, IPA) [ʞ]-coloring, or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ʞ]-release.

A minus diacritic, [ʞ᫢], may be used to distinguish a uvular release.

(phonetics) A back-released click consonant (voiceless nasal, with a velar or uvular release).

ʞ=deep guttural k.

1892, Franz Boas, Notes on the Chemakum Language, in American Anthropologist

(phonetics, obsolete) A voiceless uvular stop ([q])


ˈ

(phonetics) A mid floating tone (when the macron is used for vowel length) or a high-mid floating tone (when the macron is used for tone).


ō

(phonetics) A common convention for a long vowel o


○ and ◌⃝ for uses of a letter inside a circle

(phonetics) An unidentifiable or indeterminate open vowel.


къ

(phonetics, Lingvarium) an alveolar click consonant (IPA [ǃ])


į

(phonetics) A nasal vowel [i]. The norm in Americanist notation; sometimes used in IPA transcription to leave room over the vowel letter for tone diacritics.


Cf. rising ↗ and falling ↘.

(phonetics, text-style only) An implicit IPA symbol for level intonation across a word or phrase, disregarding downdrift.


ᴀ

(phonetics, sinology) open central unrounded vowel, or low central unrounded vowel ([ä] in the IPA)

ᴀ ʙ ᴄ ᴅ ᴇ ꜰ ɢ ʜ ɪ ᴊ ᴋ ʟ ᴍ ɴ ᴏ ᴘ ꞯ ʀ ꜱ ᴛ ᴜ ᴠ ᴡ ʏ ᴢ


ᴇ

(phonetics, Sinology) A mid front unrounded vowel between [e] and [ɛ]: IPA [e̞].


ᴘ

Derived from ⟨ʙ⟩ by analogy with b and p.

(phonetics) A voiceless bilabial trill: IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: [ʙ̥].


ȸ

(phonetics, dated) Voiced labiodental plosive (IPA [b̪]).


ã

Ãã Ẵẵ Ẫẫ ᵬ ᵭ Ẽẽ Ḛḛ Ĩĩ Ññ Õõ Ṍṍ Ỡỡ Ṏṏ P̃p̃ Ũũ Ữữ Ṽṽ Ỹỹ

(IPA, phonetics) a nasalized open front unrounded vowel.


ą

(phonetics) A nasal vowel [a]. The norm in Americanist notation; sometimes used in IPA transcription to leave room over the vowel letter for tone diacritics.


ȹ

(phonetics, dated) Voiceless labiodental plosive (IPA [p̪]).


ų

(phonetics) A nasal vowel [u]. The norm in Americanist notation; sometimes used in IPA transcription to leave room over the vowel letter for tone diacritics.


ǫ

(phonetics) A nasal vowel [õ]. The norm in Americanist notation; sometimes used in IPA transcription to leave room over the vowel letter for tone diacritics.

(phonetics) An open vowel [ɔ~ɒ], distinct from [o]. The norm in German dialectological notation; long equivalent is ǭ.


`num`

head

# (English symbol name number sign or hash or pound sign or octothorpe)

number sign (English name symbol)
hash (English name symbol)
pound sign (English name symbol)
octothorpe (English name symbol)

d → t / _#

/d/ devoices to [t] before a word boundary

(phonology) Used to indicate a word boundary.


ƪ

(phonetics, obsolete) A voiceless labialized palatoalveolar or palatal fricative: identified as IPA [ʃʷ] or [çᶣ], equivalent to Twi hw before a front vowel.


Ƹ

Approximation of the Arabic letter ʿayn (ع).

(phonetics, dated) a voiced pharyngeal fricative (IPA [ʕ]).


ƹ

(phonetics, Arabic) a voiced pharyngeal fricative (IPA [ʕ]), from the Arabic letter ع ayn.


ƺ

(phonetics, obsolete) labialized voiced palatoalveolar or palatal fricative: identified as IPA [ʒʷ] or [ʝᶣ], equivalent to Twi w before a front vowel.


ƻ

(phonetics, obsolete) The affricate [dz].


ʅ

*Created by Karlgren, from ⟨ɿ⟩ plus a retroflex tail, which was originally a detail of italic typeface; Y. R. Chao made the terminal a more pronounced hook to better match the IPA alphabet.

(phonetics) Used as a Sinologist symbol representing an apical retroflex unrounded vowel, [ʐ̩].


ī

(phonetics) A common transcription for a long vowel i


ū

(phonetics) A common convention for a long vowel u


ẅ

(superscript ʷ̈) equivalent to IPA superscript ⟨ᶣ⟩.

(NAPA, French phonetics) a labialized palatal approximant (IPA [ɥ]). (Consonantal ü.)


(a) Ingressive airstream mechanism when used with a letter for a (pulmonic) egressive sound, e.g. [s↓], [a↓], or percussive, e.g. [ʬ↓] for lips smacking apart, or (rarely) implosives such as [pʼ↓] for [ɓ̥].

(b) Inhalation when used alone: [↓].

(phonetics)
(chemistry) precipitate, precipitation


◌̅ (English name overbar or overline or overscore or vinculum)

overbar (English name)
overline (English name)
overscore (English name)
vinculum (English name)

(phonetics) marks a string of syllables or segments with high pitch. Compare ˹ ... ˺.


ɿ

*The Dania and Swedish dialect letter long i (dotless i with a descender), without the bottom terminal that is normal in italic typeface. Karlgren split the letter into two, with and without the bottom terminal, for Sinological use (see ⟨ʅ⟩). Karlgren also added a t-like terminal at the top for Sinological use; Y. R. Chao made the terminal a more pronounced hook to better match the IPA alphabet.
In some fonts the descender is missing so that the letter resembles a reversed fishhook r ⟨ɾ⟩, though the two letters have no etymological connection. In other fonts the whole letter is raised so that it lies on the baseline and has an ascender rather than a descender.

(phonetics) An apical vowel pronounced with friction: a nonstandard transcription of syllabic /z/, hence [z̩], used in transcribing various Sino-Tibetan languages.


ᵷ

(phonetics, dated) A letter for transliterating a voiced uvular plosive (IPA ɢ), e.g. for the Georgian-script letter ⟨ჹ⟩ and in Boas (1900) for Kwakiutl.


A script w; generally designed as a Greek omega ω.

(phonetics, rare) rounded with the lips but not velarized as in [ʷ].


ɉ

(phonetics) An ad hoc transcription for IPA central [j̈].


ᵣ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽lᵣ⫽ for the collapsed distinction of /l/ and /r/ word-finally in some languages.


(a) (rare) egressive airstream mechanism when used with a letter for an ingressive sound, e.g. [ʘ↑]

(b) exhalation when used alone, [↑].

(number theory, computer science) exponentiation


(phonetics, rare) the triple pipe, a transcription for a second lateral click distinct from [ǁ].


пъ

(phonetics, Lingvarium) a bilabial click consonant (IPA [ʘ])


цъ

(phonetics, Lingvarium) a dental click consonant (IPA [ǀ])


чъ

(phonetics, Lingvarium) a palatal click consonant (IPA [ǂ])


( ) (English name parentheses or round brackets)

parentheses (English name)
round brackets (English name)

(phonetics) A transcription delimiter for silent utterances. It may enclose a transcription of a mouthed utterance derived from lip-reading, such as (ʃːː), or of the length of a pause between utterances, such as (1.3 sec). (...), (..) and (.) are used for increasingly brief pauses.


`lcub` `rcub`

We can write la{t,d}er for the conflated pronunciation of ladder and latter in American English. This may instead be written ⫽laDer⫽, where ⫽D⫽ is the archiphoneme {t, d}, or with both conventions for {laDer}.

(phonology) Encloses morphophonemic transcription; especially when presented as sets of phonemes rather than as single symbols for archiphonemes.


y̨

(phonetics) A nasal vowel [y]. Sometimes used in IPA transcription to leave room over the vowel letter for tone diacritics.


(phonetics, Chinese, text-style only) diverging pitch.


(phonetics) An unidentifiable or indeterminate tonicity (stress or tone).


(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate guttural (pharyngeal or laryngeal) consonant; or more specifically a glottal consonant.


ᶙ

(phonetics) Karlgren's form of the Sinological letter ʯ


ᶄ

Voiced homolog is ⟨ꞔ⟩.

(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology & Dania transcription) IPA [kʲ].


ꝁ

A barred k, created by analogy with other barred plosive letters that are used as convenient symbols for fricatives.

(phonetics, rare) a fricative k, which is more commonly written kh or x


ʓ

(phonetics) The 'closed' voiced fricative in Circassian, commonly transcribed ⟨ẑ⟩ and for which ⟨⟩ was once proposed for the IPA.


Ṽ

The maximum syllable structure of the Hadza language is variously analyzed as CVN or as CṼ.

(phonetics) A wildcard for a nasal vowel.


ⱴ

(phonetics, obsolete) A labiodental flap, now IPA ⟨ⱱ⟩.


(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate glide/approximant or (rarely in English) velar consonant


(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate sibilant


(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate plosive


(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate liquid, or (rarely) a lateral


(Note: in English, Ⓖ is far more common.)

(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate approximant.

(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate palatal consonant.


(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate vowel


(food): Abbreviation of kosher. A trademarked symbol used by the OK Kosher Certification agency for use on food packaging.

(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate velar consonant


ʮ

*The Dania and Swedish dialect letter script y, ɥ, without the bottom terminal that is normal in italic typeface. Karlgren split the letter into two, with and without the bottom terminal, for Sinological use (see ⟨ʯ⟩). Karlgren also added a t-like terminal at the top for Sinological use; Y. R. Chao made the terminal a more pronounced hook to better match the IPA alphabet.

(phonetics) used as Sinologist linguistic symbol representing an apical alveolar rounded vowel


ʯ

*Created by Karlgren, from ⟨ʮ⟩ plus a retroflex tail, which was originally a detail of italic typeface; Y. R. Chao made the tail a more pronounced hook to better match the IPA alphabet.

(phonetics) used as Sinologist linguistic symbol representing an apical retroflex rounded vowel


ꜧ

(phonetics, Cyrillic texts) The uvular nasal ɴ.


ᵼ

close central unrounded vowel
w:close central unrounded vowel

(phonetics) A variant of the letter ⟨ɨ⟩ for the close central unrounded vowel of Russian.


ₛ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽zₛ⫽ for the collapsed voicing contrast of /z/ and /s/ before voiced consonants in many languages.


ₚ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽bₚ⫽ for the collapsed voicing contrast of /b/ and /p/ before voiced consonants in many languages.


ₜ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽dₜ⫽ for the collapsed voicing contrast of /d/ and /t/ before voiced consonants in many languages, or in ladder vs latter in American English.


ₙ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽mₙ⫽ for the collapsed distinction of /m/ and /n/ before bilabial consonants in many languages.


ₘ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽nₘ⫽ for the collapsed distinction of /n/ and /m/ before alveolar consonants in many languages.


ₗ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽rₗ⫽ for the collapsed distinction of /r/ and /l/ between vowels in some languages.


ₖ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽ɡₖ⫽ for the collapsed voicing contrast of /ɡ/ and /k/ before voiced consonants in many languages.


ₕ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽xₕ⫽ for collapse of the distinction between /x/ and /h/ before a consonant in some languages.


ₔ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽ᵻₔ⫽ for the loss of a distinction between the reduced vowels /ᵻ/ and /ə/ after certain consonants in some varieties of English.


ₓ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽ɣₓ⫽ for the collapsed voicing contrast of /ɣ/ and /x/ before voiced consonants in many languages.


ₒ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽aₒ⫽ for the collapsed vowels /a/ and /o/ in unstressed positions in Polish.


ₑ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽iₑ⫽ for the collapsed vowels /i/ and /e/ in unstressed positions in Russian.


ₐ

(phonology) a phonemic component of an archiphoneme. E.g. ⫽ɛₐ⫽ for the collapsed vowels /ɛ/ and /a/ after palatalized consonants in Lithuanian.


ꭥ

A turned Latin upsilon ʊ, which in this era was often typeset as a turned small-capital omega. An alternative form is .

(phonetics) A mid back round vowel between [o] and [ɔ] (IPA [o̞]).


(phonetics) A tilde that spans two letters, such as a nasal diphthong like ⟨a͠u⟩.


(phonetics) marks a string of syllables or segments with low pitch. Compare ˻ ... ˼.


(phonetics) released, e.g. ⟨k˚⟩ as opposed to unreleased [k̚].

(phonetics) aspirated, e.g. ⟨k˚⟩ for IPA [kʰ] or [k˳].

(phonetics) labialization, e.g. ⟨k˚⟩ (or more properly ⟨kᵒ⟩) for IPA [kʷ].


(phonetics) unidentifiable/indeterminate close vowel (high vowel)


(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate consonant


(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate labial consonant


(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate nasal


(phonetics) unidentifiable/indeterminate rounded vowel


(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate obstruent

(phonetics) unidentifiable/indeterminate back vowel


(phonetics, a) an unidentifiable/indeterminate rhotic

(phonetics, b) an unidentifiable/indeterminate resonant (sonorant)


(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate fricative


(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate alveolar consonant


(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate uvular consonant


(phonetics) unidentifiable/indeterminate front vowel


(phonetics, text-style only) An IPA symbol for rising intonation across a word or phrase, called a 'global rise' in IPA.

(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) A sharp rise in tone.


(phonetics, text-style only) An IPA symbol for falling intonation across a word or phrase, called a 'global fall' in IPA.

(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) A sharp fall in tone.


лъ

(phonetics, Lingvarium) a lateral click consonant (IPA [ǁ])


𝼑

(phonetics, Anthropos orthography) alveolar lateral flap, IPA ⟨ɺ⟩


𝼞

⟨c⟩ = [ts]

⟨č⟩ = [tš]

⟨𝼝 ⟩ = [tʂ]

⟨ɕ⟩ = [t𝼞].

(phonetics) a substitute for IPA ⟨ɕ⟩ in transcriptions where ⟨c⟩ is used for the affricate [t͡s] and thus ⟨ɕ⟩ is used for IPA [t͡ɕ]:

(phonetics, superscript ⟨𐞺⟩) a [𝼞]-like fricative release; ⟨t𐞺⟩ = IPA [tᶝ].


ⱼ

An approximation of the palatal hook ⟨◌̡⟩, which actually derives from a subscript j.

(phonetics) Used in some traditions for a palatalized consonant, ⟨Cⱼ⟩, with proper IPA ⟨Cʲ⟩ being used instead for a consonant with a palatal off-glide.


ᵸ

(phonetics) Used to transcribe nasal vowels, e.g. ⟨аᵸ⟩ for IPA [ã].


ᴮ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard B, used i.a. for an indistinct labial consonant


ᴰ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard D, used i.a. for an indistinct alveolar consonant


ᴳ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard G, used i.a. for an indistinct glide/semivowel ⟨ᴳ⟩, the off-glide of a vowel ⟨Vᴳ⟩, or a generic glide release of a consonant ⟨Cᴳ⟩.


ᴴ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard H, used i.a. for an indistinct glottal consonant


ᴶ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard J, used i.a. for an indistinct palatal consonant


ᴷ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard K, used i.a. for an indistinct velar consonant


ᴸ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard L, used i.a. for an indistinct liquid or lateral consonant ⟨ᴸ⟩ or a liquid or lateral release of a consonant ⟨Cᴸ⟩.


ᴺ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard N, used i.a. for an indistinct nasal consonant ⟨ᴺ⟩, or for a generic nasal onset or release of a consonant, ⟨ᴺC⟩ or ⟨Cᴺ⟩.


ᴾ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard P, used i.a. for an indistinct plosive consonant ⟨ᴾ⟩, for an epenthetic plosive, e.g. ⟨NᴾF⟩ (epenthetic plosive between a nasal and a fricative), for a plosive onset ⟨ᴾN⟩, etc.


ᴿ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard R, used i.a. for an indistinct rhotic consonant ⟨ᴿ⟩ or the rhotic (e.g. trilled) release of a consonant ⟨Cᴿ⟩.

may be equivalent to ⟨ᴸᴴ⟩ (full rising tone), ⟨ᴹᴴ⟩ (high/mid rising tone) or ⟨ᴸᴹ⟩ (low rising tone).


ᵀ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard T, used i.a. for a generic syllable tone or word tone, e.g. ⟨CVNᵀ⟩ (a consonant-vowel-nasal syllable with tone).


ꟴ

(phonetics) a transcription of Japanese sokuon (gemination of an obstruent)

(phonetics) a modifier wildcard Q, used i.a. for an indistinct uvular consonant


ꟲ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard C, used i.a. for an indistinct or epenthetic consonant ꟲ, for a prestopped nasal ꟲN, etc.


ꟳ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard F, used i.a. for a fricative release Cꟳ or Pꟳ, or for an indistinct fricative ꟳ.

May be equivalent to ᴴᴸ (fully falling tone), ᴴᴹ (high falling tone) or ᴹᴸ (low/mid falling tone).


ⱽ

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard V, used i.a. for an indistinct, fleeting or epenthetic vowel ⟨ⱽ⟩, an on- or off-glide ⟨ⱽV, Vⱽ⟩, a vowel release ⟨Cⱽ⟩, or vowel coloration of a consonant ⟨ⱽC, Cⱽ⟩.


An iconically weakened variant of the minor-break marker ⟨|⟩.

(phonetics) A prosodic unit more minor than the minor break ⟨|⟩, as found in list-intonation.

(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) A slight pause (silence) in the middle of a syntagm.


(phonetics) A prosodic unit more minor than the minor break ⟨|⟩, as found in list-intonation, or between a minor break and a major break ⟨‖⟩.

(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) An unexpected interruption in the flow of speech, or a sharp change of intonation.


(phonetics) A transcription delimiter indicating obscured speech in a recording.


𝒬

(phonetics, obsolete) letter in Doke (1925) for a voiced alveolar click (presumably inspired by the letter Q for the alveolar clicks in Zulu and Xhosa)


⌜う⌝みでお⌜よ⌝ぎ

(phonetics) Sets off a sequence bearing high pitch in a pitch-accent language.


(phonetics, UPA) the onset of a string of syllables or segments with high pitch or tone, either lexical or grammatical as in a pitch accent language, or intonational.


(phonetics, UPA) the onset of a string of syllables or segments with low pitch or tone, either lexical or grammatical as in a pitch accent language, or intonational.


(phonetics, UPA) the end of a string of syllables or segments with high pitch or tone, either lexical or grammatical as in a pitch accent language, or intonational.


(phonetics, UPA) the end of a string of syllables or segments with low pitch or tone, either lexical or grammatical as in a pitch accent language, or intonational.


𝼝

⟨c⟩ = [ts]

⟨č⟩ = [tš]

⟨ɕ⟩ = [t𝼞]

⟨𝼝 ⟩ = [tʂ].

(phonetics) a retroflex affricate (IPA [tʂ]) in transcriptions where ⟨c⟩ is used for the affricate [t͡s].


(phonetics) The higher of two mid tones in the transcription of a language with four or six pitch levels. Contrasts with the macron ⟨◌̄⟩ for the lower mid tone.

(phonetics) Used to mark mid tone when the macron is used for vowel length.


ꞕ

(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) IPA [hʲ].

ᶀ Ꞔꞔ ᶁ 𝼒 ᶂ ᶃ ꞕ ᶄ ᶅᶪ 𝼓 ᶆ ᶇ 𝼔 ᶈ ᶉ 𝼖 𝼕 ᶊ ᶋ ƫᶵ 𝼗 ᶌ ᶍ Ᶎᶎ 𝼘


ꞔ

Voiceless homolog is ⟨ᶄ⟩.

(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology & Dania transcription) IPA [ɡʲ].


r̄

(phonetics) Transcription in the Spanish tradition for a trilled R.


l̃

(phonetics) Transcription in the Spanish tradition for [ʎ].


ꬼ

(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) palatal IPA [ ɲ].


ꬻ

(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology, Anthropos orthography) velar nasal, IPA [ŋ].


ꬺ

(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology, Anthropos orthography) labiodental nasal, IPA [ɱ].


(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) A slight rise in tone.


(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology, at the end of a word) A slight fall in tone.

(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology, at the beginning of a phrase) An overall fall in tone.


(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) A rising tone with falling trend at the end.


(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) A harp rise and fall in tone.


(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) A continued rise in tone.


(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) A continued fall in tone.


(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) A sharp fall in tone with a rising trend at the end.


(phonetics, Lithuanian dialectology) A slight fall in tone with a rising trend at the end.


Perhaps inspired by Tindall's use of the Latin letter v for this click, with a stroke either from Lepsius or by analogy with ψ.

(phonetics, obsolete) A voiceless palatal click in Doke (1925).


(phonetics, obsolete) A voiced palatal click in Doke (1925).


E.g. The short vowel ⟨a꭛⟩ is equivalent to ⟨ă⟩, just as the long vowel ⟨a꞉⟩ is equivalent to ⟨ā⟩, and the nasal vowel ⟨a∼⟩ is equivalent to ⟨ã⟩.

(phonetics, obsolete) A form of the breve diacritic when not carried by a vowel.


ꭤ

(phonetics, obsolete) A low back unrounded vowel in Kurath (1939). (IPA [ɑ].)


(phonetics) apical articulation. IPA ⟨◌̺⟩. Sometimes seen in what is otherwise largely IPA transcription.


ꞓ

(phonetics) A manual-typewriter substitution for ⟨ɕ⟩ or ⟨ç⟩.

See ꞓ̂.

(phonetics, French) The fricative sound of French ch.


ꭉ

(phonetics, Anthropos orthography) a velar or (as ⟨ꭉ̣⟩) uvular tap, IPA [ɡ̆] or [ɢ̆]/[ʀ̆].


ꭊ̣

(phonetics, Anthropos orthography) a uvular trill, IPA [ʀ].


ꭈ

(phonetics, Anthropos orthography) alveolar trill, IPA [r].


A sharp sign, ⟨♯⟩, indicating high pitch.

John Peabody Harrington
w:John Peabody Harrington

(phonetics, rare) A transcription convention of John Peabody Harrington for extra stress.


(phonetics) ellipsis of the feature conveyed by a diacritic.


s᪳

(phonetics) The Slavic fricative ⟨ś⟩ (IPA [ɕ]).


ʒ᪳

(phonetics) Palatalized ⟨ǯ⟩; the Slavic affricate ⟨dź⟩ (IPA [d͡ʑ]).


c᪳

(phonetics) The Slavic affricate ⟨ć⟩ (IPA [t͡ɕ]).


z᪳

(phonetics) The Slavic fricative ⟨ź⟩ (IPA [ʑ]).


Possibly the IPA practice of doubling a diacritic to indicate greater intensity, in this case the diacritic for creaky voice, ⟨◌̰⟩.

(phonetics) marks the strident vowels of Khoisan languages.


(phonetics, dated) A common ad hoc remedy for the lack of type for phonetic symbols on manual typewriters. A letter with the approximate sound would be typed, then the writer would hit backspace and overstrike a solidus on the letter.


(phonetics, dated) A common ad hoc remedy for the lack of type for phonetic symbols on manual typewriters. A letter with the approximate sound would be typed, then the writer would hit backspace and overstrike either with a hyphen (for a narrow letter) or with an underscore after scrolling the paper upward half a line (for a wide letter).


ʇ̣

(phonetics, Anthropos orthography) base letter of the retroflex click consonants, IPA [𝼊].


ꞓ̂

See ꞓ.

(phonetics, French) The affricate sound of English ch.


ẑ

(phonetics) The 'closed' voiced fricative in Circassian, for which ⟨⟩ was once proposed for the IPA.


ꭒ

(phonetics, French) The vowel [u] when the letter ⟨u⟩ is used for its French value [y].


(Teuthonista)
(phonetics) Voiced (of a click letter)


(phonetics, Scots) voiceless labialization, such as ⟨xᫀ⟩ for [xꭩ] or ⟨ɸᫀ⟩ for [ɸꭩ] at the end of a word.


(phonetics, Scots) voiced labialization, such as ⟨xᪿ⟩ for [xʷ] or ⟨ɸᪿ⟩ for [ɸʷ] before a vowel.


Turned small cap U

(phonetics, rare) alternative form of ꭥ for a mid back rounded vowel


Superscript S

(phonetics) a superscript wildcard S, used i.a. for a sibilant release of a consonant


Ʞ⃝

(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate click consonant


σ⃝

(phonetics) an unidentifiable/indeterminate syllable


𞁐

(phonetics) A light or epenthetic palochka


𞀲

(phonetics) Labialization in Cyrillic notation. Equivalent to IPA ⟨ʷ⟩.


𞁁

(phonetics) An [у] off-glide to a diphthong in Cyrillic notation, for example [о𞁁]. Equivalent to IPA ⟨ᵘ⟩.


𞀸

(phonetics) An [и] off-glide to a diphthong in Cyrillic notation, for example [є𞀸]. Equivalent to IPA ⟨ⁱ⟩.


𞁏

(phonetics) An [ү] off-glide to a diphthong in Cyrillic notation, for example [ө𞁏]. Equivalent to IPA ⟨ʸ⟩.


(phonetics, Chinese, text-style only) increasing pitch.


(phonetics, Chinese, text-style only) decreasing pitch.