ārte

Probably a borrowing from an Iranian language, ultimately from Proto-Iranian *r̥Hdwáh (“raised, high”). If so, cognate with Latin arduus.


ārte

Alternative form of ārtte (“care, attention”)


āryamārgaṣṣe

pertaining to the Āryamarga, a Buddhist work.


Āryottāme

Possibly related to Sanskrit आर्य (ārya, “noble”), widespread in Tocharian male given names.


Āryamārg

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आर्यमार्ग (āryamārga).


Āryatewe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आर्यदेव (āryadeva).


Āryawarme

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आर्यवर्मन् (āryavarman).


āryavaṃś

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आर्यवंश (āryavaṃśa).


Ārslāṃ

From the Uyghur word for lion. Compare Turkish Arslan.


ālyewce

Alternative form of ālyauce (“one another”)


āśirvāt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आशीर्वाद (āśīrvāda).


āhāra-krtya

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आहार (āhāra, “food”) + कृत्य (kṛtya, “action”).


käryorttau

Derived from karyor (“trade”) + -ttau (agentive suffix). Compare käryorttautsa (“female merchant”).


śä-

to set someone/something in motion, direct


kätk-

From Proto-Tocharian *kätk- (whence also Tocharian A kätk-), from Proto-Indo-European *kedsḱ-, from Proto-Indo-European *ked-. Cognate with Latin cedo (“to go, move”).


kätk-

From a form of Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm. Cognate with Ancient Greek κατά (katá, “downwards, along”).

cog

eṅkatkre

kätkare (“deep, tall, hollow, profound”)


ṣaṃṣäl

From the verbal root ṣäṃs- ("to count").


pelkiñ

in order to (with infinitive in the genitive case)


takälñe

From täk- (“to touch, feel”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


skren

an unknown type of bird, possibly the dove


sätk-

to spread out (transitive and intransitive)


räss-

to tear off or out (without reaching beneath the surface)


Ylaiñäkte

Etymology uncertain. Possibly from a hypothetical *laiñe (“rain; storm”) + ñakte (“god”). *ylai- here may possibly be connected to Proto-Indo-European *welh₂ (“strike”).


ritt-

to persist in (with locative or comitative)


lik-

(causative) to wash someone else, bathe another


tsrorye

From tsär- (“to be separated, be apart”).


strīndri

From Sanskrit स्त्रीन्द्रिय (strīndriya).

der

स्त्रीन्द्रिय


mänk-

to be deprived of, lack, suffer the loss of


musk-

(causative) to make disappear, cause to subside


maimatsäññe

tranquility, equanimity, absence of passion


mokoṃśka

Coordinate term: mokoṃśke


wasaṃpāt

Borrowed from Sanskrit उपसम्पदा (upasampadā).


okaro

Uncertain. Probably a learned borrowing from Sanskrit अगरु (agaru, “agarwood”) (from Tamil அகில் (akil)), but also possibly borrowed from Tocharian A okar (“plant”).

lbor

agarwood; Aquilaria malaccensis (possibly)


snai-olyapo

From snai (“without”) + olyapo (“more, very”).


ololyesa

A form of olya (“more”), possibly through reduplication.


kārm

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, “act, action, performance”)


kätkare

An adjectival form of kätk- (“to lower, set down”).


päst

used with verbs to give them a perfectivizing force


wiralom

a particular kind of fetid salt used medically


eprete

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + the otherwise unattested *prete (“decision, resolution”).


eśatkai

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + the accusative form of *śätkā, nominalization of kätk- (“to pass over”).


elauke

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + lauke (“id”).


ersnāssu

well-formed, shapely, pleasing, beautiful, handsome


empalkaitte

From Proto-Tocharian *empälkātte (whence also Tocharian A apälkāt). Equivalent to the privative prefix e(n)- + pälk- (“to see”).

carefree, unworried, unheeding, unconcerned


eweta

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + weta (“conflict, struggle”).

(with comitative case) in conflict, at strife with


winai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit विनय (vinaya).

vinaya (rules of discipline for Buddhist monks)


Śāwaṃ

Sravana (a constellation containing the star Altair)


ṣparā-yäkre

a type of bird, possibly the sparrow hawk


snai-yärm

From snai (“without”) + yarm (“measure”, noun).


tsärśalñe

From tsärk- (“heat, burn; torture”, transitive verb). Compare Tocharian A tsärślune.


snai

From Proto-Tocharian *s(ä)nai (whence Tocharian A sne (“id”)), from Proto-Indo-European *sn̥h₂éy, dative form of Proto-Indo-European *senH- (“separated, asunder, apart, without”). Cognate with Sanskrit सनुतर् (sanutar, “far away”), Old English sundor (“separate, different”). Old Irish sain (“separated, different”), Ancient Greek ἄτερ (áter, “without, apart (from)”), and perhaps Latin sine (“without”).


kärweñäṣṣe

From kärweñe + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


ailñe

ṣaḍvarginta karyor pito misko ailñe yamaṣyenträ
the ṣaḍvargikas were dealing in buying, selling, exchange, and inheritance

śak pärkāwänta kṣatre ailñesa yänmāṣṣäṃ wnolme

a being achieves the ten benefits through giving an umbrella


parāk-

(causative) to gladden, exhilarate, refresh


kärpiye

From Proto-Tocharian *krupiye (whence also Tocharian A kärpi), from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp-i-yo, a form of *Hrewp- (“to break, tear up”) from *Hrew- (“to tear, pluck”). Cognate with English rough, Latin rūdus (“lump of metal”), and Sanskrit रोमन् (roman, “body hair, wool”), among others.


ekaññe

From Proto-Tocharian *ekäñye-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive, herd”). The semantic derivation of ownership of livestock into material wealth is a commong feature in Indo-European languages, seen also in English fee and chattel, and Latin pecunia. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀγέλη (agélē), Latin agō. Compare Tocharian A akäṃtsune.


trokol

Possibly from truk- (“to assign, allot”)


trākäm

Ultimately from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ).


maṇḍāl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit मण्डल (maṇḍala).

lbor

a special circle marked on the ground for religious or magical purposes, mandala


epastye

From Proto-Tocharian *epäst + the adjective-forming suffix *-ye- (whence also Tocharian A opäśśi). *epäst is likely a compound of Proto-Indo-European *h₁opi- (“upon, near”) and *steh₂- (“to stand”). Also, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁opi-sth₂-i-, of the same meaning. Either way, cognates include Lithuanian apstus (“plentiful”), Sanskrit सुष्ठु (suṣṭhu, “aptly, well”).

der

skillful, adept, capable, able, experienced, fit


käly-

From Proto-Tocharian *käly- (whence also Tocharian A käly-), from Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, raise”).


kärn-

From Proto-Tocharian *krun- (whence also Tocharian A kärn-), from Proto-Indo-European *krows- (“to push, strike, break”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κρούω (kroúō, “to smite, strike”), Lithuanian krušti (“to smash, grind”), and Czech krušný (“hard, difficult”).

cog

to afflict with an illness, pain, or other condition


tsätkwantsñe

From tsatku, tsatkwaṃ (“erroneous, perverse”, adjective) + -tsñe.


tsmoññe

From tsäm- (“to grow [in size or number]; to cause to grow, promote”) + -ññe.

suf

tsäm-<t:to grow 􂀿in size or number􂁀; to cause to grow, promote>


omte

, omp (“there”)


ipprer

Alternative form of iprer (“sky, atmosphere”).


yateññe

From a form of iyā- (“to go, lead”) + -ññe.


irand

Ricinus communis
Ricinus communis#Translingual


iryāpath

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ईर्यापथ (īryāpatha).


iśe

o, oh (expression of surprise, amazement, or address)


iśelme

Alternative form of yśelme (“physical, especially sexual pleasure”)


-wäte

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”), the same source as wi.

added onto words to show twoness or duality


iṣcake

Alternative form of iścake (“a kind of soil”)


isälye

Alternative form of ysalye (“discord, conflict”)


Uttaraphalguṇi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्तरफाल्गुनी (uttaraphālgunī).

उत्तरफाल्गुनी

(astronomy) Uttara Phalgunī, the twelfth of 27 nakshatras in Hindu astronomy, corresponding to Denebola (β Leonis) in the Leo constellation.


Uttarakur

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्तरकुरु (uttarakuru).

Uttarakuru (a possibly mythological region to the north of India, mentioned in ancient Indian and classical texts)

any northern area (as Uttarakuru was generally considered to be the region vaguely to the north of India, a meaning expanded when the word was borrowed by the Tocharians)


uttarāsāṅkä

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्तरासङ्ग (uttarāsaṅga).


Udānalaṅkār

Probably borrowed from Sanskrit, if so from the same source as Tocharian B udāṃ.


udāṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदान (udāna).


Udāyin

Probably a learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदयिन् (udayin).


Upagupta

Probably a learned borrowing from Sanskrit.


udai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदय (udaya). Attested in the compound udai-ṣale, literally "sunrise mountain"; a mountain to the east that the sun rises from behind of.


udumbura

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदुम्बर (udumbara).

Ficus racemosa
Ficus racemosa#Translingual


udāvart

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदावर्त (udāvarta).


Upatiṣya

Borrowed from Sanskrit उपतिष्य (upatiṣya).


upadeś

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपदेश (upadeśa).


upādhyāye

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपाध्याया (upādhyāyā).


upāy

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपाय (upāya).


upāsakñe

Alternative form of upāsakäññe (“laity”)


upāsakāñca

From a form of upāsake (“layperson”) + the feminizing suffix -āñca.


upāsakñeṣṣe

Alternative form of upāsakäññeṣṣe (“pertaining to the laity”)


upāsake

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपासक (upāsaka).


upekṣindri

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपेक्षिन्द्रिय (upekṣindriya).

उपेक्षिन्द्रिय


Upāli

Upāli, one of the ten disciples of the Buddha


utpalytse

Alternative form of upālätstse (“provided with blue lotus”)


uppālṣṣe

Alternative form of upālṣṣe (“pertaining to the blue lotus”)


ūrṇaṣṣe

pertaining to the circles of white hair between the brows of the Buddha or other deity


ubhayavipariti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उभय (ubhaya) + विपरीत (viparīta).

neither feeling pleasure nor suffering; apathetic, stoic


upāl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्पल (utpala).


ūrṇ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ऊर्णा (ūrṇā). Only attested in the derived term ūrṇaṣṣe. Compare Tocharian A urṇ (“id”).

the circles of white hair between the brows of the Buddha or other deity


uwaṃt

Possibly learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपान्त (upānta).


ullapaṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उल्लापन (ullāpana).


räddhiṣṣe

Alternative form of r̥ddhiṣṣe (“magical”)


uśir

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उशीर (uśīra).

Chrysopogon zizanioides
Chrysopogon zizanioides#Translingual

(botany) root of the vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides)


eśneṣṣe

From eśaiṃ (the accusative plural form of ek) + -ṣṣe. Compare ekaṣṣe.


eśanetstse

From eśaiṃ (the accusative plural form of ek) + -tstse.


ekñiññe

Alternative form of ekaññe (“possession”)


ekaññiññe

From ekaññi + -ññe. The noun-forming suffix -ññe seems to simply have been added for extra emphasis, maintaining the same meaning and part of speech.


ekārthavācake

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit एकार्थ (ekārtha, “tautological”) + वाचक (vācaka, “speaker”).


ekāsanikäññe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit एकासनिक (ekāsanika), + the adjective-forming suffix -ññe.

observing the custom of only using one particular seat for eating


ekṣälyṣe

pertaining to a season or time of action


ekṣalye

From Proto-Tocharian *ekʷṣäliē, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”). Compare Tocharian A opṣäly.

an appropriate time for Buddha-like actions


eṅkalñeṣṣe

From eṅkalñe (“adherence to one's identity or existence”) + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


ekṣinek

Alternative reconstruction of *ekṣineke (“dove”)


eṅkalñetstse

From eṅkalñe + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse. The suffix seems to simply have been added for extra emphasis, maintaining the same meaning and part of speech.


kāśiṣṣe

From Kāś (“a given name”) + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


etrīwaitstse

The negative prefix e(n)- + a form of an unattested *trīwo (related to traiwo (“mixture”) + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse.


Kāśyap

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit काश्यप (kāśyapa).

(Buddhism) Kassapa (the name of the 27th of 27 named Buddhas immediately preceding Gautama)


Kāśyape

Clipping of Sanskrit महाकाश्यप (mahākāśyapa), itself a borrowing from Pali Mahākassapa.

(Buddhism) Maha Kassapa, one of Ten Principal Disciples of Gautama Buddha


kaswātstse

From kāswo + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse.


katsāṣṣe

From kātso + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


katkalñe

From a form of kätk- + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.

passage, crossing (particularly of a river or stream)


katkalñeṣṣe

From katkalñe + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


kätkartstse

From kätkare + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse. Since the meanings of "deep" and "having depth" are roughly the same, it can be assumed that this suffix was only added for tautological emphasis.


kätkarñe

From kätkare (“deep”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kekenu

From the past participle of kän- ("to fulfill").


knelñeṣṣe

From knelñe + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


kärtkālle

Alternative form of kärkkālle (“swamp, marsh, bog”)


kekärtkorṣṣe

From kekärtkor + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


knelñe

From kän- (“to fulfill”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kärnātsi

Nominalized infinitive form of käry- (“to buy”).


kärnol

From a form of käry- (“to buy”); at this time, "adopted" children were often bought from their parents. Only attested in Tocharian A kärnolñe (“the condition of being an adopted child”), which is obviously a borrowing from Tocharian B.


kärnālñe

From a form of käry- (“to buy”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


käryakār

Probably borrowed from Sanskrit क्रियाकार (kriyākāra).


käryorttaññe

From käryorttau (“trader, merchant”) + -ññe.

a lexical meter of four sets of twelve syllables


käryau

Nominalized preterite participle of käry- (“to buy”).


käryā-

From Proto-Tocharian *käryā- (whence also Tocharian A kri (“will”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kṛd(i)yeh₂-, from *ḱḗr. Cognate with English heart, Old Irish cride, Latin cor, and Lithuanian širdis.
Only attested in the plural, käryāñ.


käryorttautsa

From karyor (“trade”) + -ttautsa (feminine agentive suffix). Compare käryorttau (“merchant”).


kärstor

A form of kärst- (“to destroy utterly”).


kärstālyñe

A form of kärst- (“to cut off”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kälkañc

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कल्काञ्जन (kalkāñjana).


kälāṣṣuki

Agentive form of käl- (“to endure, bear”).


kälpauca

one who obtains or achieves; obtainer/achiever


källālñe

From kälp- + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kälpaṣṣuki

An agentive form of *kälyp- (“to steal”), the sole attestation thereof.


stamalñetstse

From stamalñe (“persistance”) + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse.


stäm-

From Proto-Tocharian *stäm- (whence also Tocharian A ṣtäm-), from Proto-Indo-European *stem-, from *steh₂- (“to stand”).


stamalñeṣṣe

From stamalñe (“persistance”) + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


käṣṣīññe

From käṣṣī + -ññe (adjective-forming suffix).

the quality of being a teacher or master; lit. "teacherness"


käṣṣīṣṣe

From käṣṣī + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


kselläññeṣṣe

From a form of käs- (“to extinguish, go extinct”) + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


kselñe

From a form of käs- (“to extinguish”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kästuwer

Alternative form of kästwer (“at night”)


käskalläññe

From a form of käsk- + the adjective-forming suffix -ññe.


kiṃśuk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किंशुक (kiṃśuka).

Butea monosperma
Butea monosperma#Translingual

(botany) Butea monosperma, flame-of-the-forest tree, dhak tree


käñcelleṣṣe

From kiñcelle + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


kinnarñe

From kinnare + a shortened form of the adjective-forming suffix -ññe.


Kippā

Unknown. Possibly borrowed from Middle Chinese due to the final stressed vowel.


kiñcelle

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किञ्जल (kiñjala).


kinnare

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किंनर (kiṃnara, “a mythical being”), whence also Tocharian A kinnare.


kiśore

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किशोर (kiśora)


kiratikta

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किराततिक्त (kirātatikta).


kucatāk

Related to Tocharian A kuccatāk, but of uncertain origin from there. Possibly from Middle Persian.


kutemeṃ

Alternative form of kutameṃ (“when, whence”)


kutameṃ

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷís.


kutumñcik

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुटुम्बिक (kuṭumbika, “home-servant”).

(Botany) name for several plants native to India in the Leucas genus, used in medicine.


kutumcik

Alternative form of kutumñcik (“several plants in the Leucas genus”)


kutk-

From Proto-Tocharian *käutk- (whence Tocharian A kutk-), probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- (“to pour”). Cognate with Latin fundo, German gießen, and many more.


kuntäṣṣe

From *kunt + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


kuntark

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुन्द्र (gundra) or a form thereof.


Kumpāntiśke

Possibly a diminutive form of the name Kumpānte.


kuntipaśaṃ

Compound of kunti (“pot”) + Sanskrit भाजन (bhājana, “pot, vessel”). See also bhājaṃ.


bhājaṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit भाजन (bhājana). See also kuntipaśaṃ.


kur-

Alternative form of kwär- (“to age, grow old”)


kumbhāṃṇḍe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुम्भाण्ड (kumbhāṇḍa).

(Buddhism) a kumbhanda, a type of dwarfish, deformed, lesser spirits in Buddhist mythology.


kurār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुरर (kurara).


kuruci

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुडूची (guḍūcī).

(Botany) heartleaf moonseed; Tinospora cordifolia


kurkamäṣṣe

From *kurkam (the sole attestation thereof) + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


kulaṃkule

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit [Term?].

(Buddhism) someone who has been successively reincarnated into several families before finally reaching spiritual liberation


kurkam

Likely from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kwlkwm /kurkum/). Compare the other borrowings of Old Armenian քրքում (kʻrkʻum) and Old Georgian ქურქუმაჲ (kurkumay). Only attested in the suffixed form kurkamäṣṣe.


kurkal

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुल्गुलु (gulgulu), whence also Tocharian A kurkal.

lbor

bdellium, the fragrant resin of some trees in the Commiphora genus, used as an aromatic or medicinal ingredient


kulypelñeṣṣe

From kulypelñe + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


kwälyp-

Alternative form of kulyp- (“to desire, want”)


kulypelñe

From kulyp- (“to desire, want”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kuśal

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुशल (kuśala).


kuśalapākṣ

Native compounding of Sanskrit कुशल (kuśala, “happiness, virtue”) + पक्ष (pakṣa, “side”).


kuṣṭa

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुष्ठ (kuṣṭha).

lbor

crepe ginger; Costus speciosus, used as a medicine


kusar

Related to Tocharian A kusär, but further etymology unknown.


kutsāre

Possibly from kuts- (“to revile”), otherwise unknown.


kuts-

Probably from a form of Sanskrit कुत्सयति (kutsayati).


keᵤ

From Proto-Tocharian *kew-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws.


kekkarnor

From a gerundive form of kärn- (“to hit, strike, afflict with disease or pain”).


ketāṣṣe

From keta + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.

pertaining to a garden or field; horticultural


kenineṣṣe

From keni + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


kenekäññe

From kenek (“cotton fabric”) + the adjective-forming suffix -ññe.


kerketstse

A form of kärk- (“to bind, tie”) + -tstse. Compare Tocharian A kärkṣim (“fetter”), of similar derivation.


Kercawiśke

Alternative form of Kercapiśke (a given name)


Kercaṃpey

Alternative form of Kercäpey (a given name)


kercapaññe

From kercapo + the adjective-forming suffix -ññe.


kercciyeṣṣe

Alternative form of kercciyeṃṣṣe (“pertaining to a palace”)


kercciyeṃṣṣe

From kerccī + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


Kertik

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कृतिका (kṛtikā).


kokaletstse

From kokale (“wagon, cart”) + -tstse (agentive ending).


kokalpänta

From kokale (“wagon”) + *päntā (“road-master”).


kokīl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कोकिल (kokila).


kaiyye

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, whence also keᵤ.


päntā

From Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s (“path”).

master of a road or route, literally "he of the road".


amäkṣa

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ém-h₂ḱs-ih₂ ~ *h₂m̥-h₂ḱs-yéh₂, from *h₂em- (“to hold on to”) + *h₂eḱs- (“axle”) + *-ih₂.


koṭ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कोटि (koṭi), whence also Tocharian A kor. Compare koṭiśvare (“millionaire”).


koṭiśvare

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कोटीश्वर (koṭīśvara).


kottartstse

From kottär + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse.


kottruññe

From a form of kottär + the adjective-forming suffix -ññe.


kāyā

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂-, distantly related to koyn (“mouth”).


anupasaṃpanne

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनुपसंपन्न (anupasaṃpanna).


anuśāsake

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनुशासक (anuśāsaka).


aṅkānmi

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + a root probably related to Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-moy-, making it cognate with Latin communis and German gemein, both meaning "common".


anuwasāṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनुवासन (anuvāsana).


apaśabdh

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अपशब्द (apaśabda).


aparimāṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अपरिमाण (aparimāṇa).


anaikätte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + aik- (“to know”).


keᵤc

Alternative form of kauc (“above, upwards”)


Krakasūndi

Alternative form of Krakasūndin (“name of a Buddha”)


kaucū-wär

Compound of kauc (“upwards”) + war (“water”).


kmut

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुमुद (kumuda).


kramartaññe

From krāmar (“master”) + -ññe (condition-forming suffix).


knerwanta

Probably related to Sanskrit कन्दर (kandara, “cave, glen, valley”), but otherwise unknown.


krakre

Possibly onomatopoeic. Only attested in compounds with nouns designating waterfowl.


krätaññe

An unattested learned borrowing from Sanskrit कृत (kṛta, “done, finished”) + the adjective-forming suffix -ññe.


krās-

From Proto-Tocharian *krās- (whence Tocharian A krās-), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰres-, with cognates only seen in the Baltic languages, such as Lithuanian grasa (“threat”).


kramartstse

From krāmär (“weight”) + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse.


kramartsäññe

From krāmär (“weight”) + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


krāt-

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁d- (“to make noise”).


granth

Alternative form of krānt (“written text”)


krānt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ग्रन्थ (grantha), whence also Tocharian A granth.


krāñiye

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-(e)s-n-yo-, from *ḱérh₂sō (“top of the head”), bearing a striking resemblance in particular to Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon) (whence English cranium). Further cognate with Ancient Greek κάρα (kára, “head”) (see English cheer), Old Norse hjarsi (“crown of the head”) (whence Danish isse (“scalp”)), Old English hærn (“brain”) (whence Scots harn).


krewpe

Alternative form of kraupe (“group, section”)


kraupeṣṣe

From kraupe + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


krośśaññe

Alternative form of kroścaññe (“coldness”)


kroś

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit क्रोशक (krośaka).


kroścaññe

From krośce (“cold”) + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


klampärya

Uncertain. Compare Tocharian A klumpri (“id”).

a literary meter, of 4x18 syllables, with a 7/7/4 rhythm


eplyuwai

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + plyuwai (“to float”), from Proto-Indo-European *plew-eh₂-h₁en-, a derivative of *plew- (“id”).


emalyaṣṣe

From emalya (“heat”) + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


plyuwai

From Proto-Indo-European *plew-eh₂-h₁en-, a derivative of *plew- (“id”), whence also plu- (“to fly”). Cognate with English float, Ancient Greek πλόος (plóos, “voyage”), etc.


enestai

Probably from ene (“in”) + *stāyä (“secret”).


epiyac

From Proto-Tocharian *epiyāc (whence also Tocharian A opyāc), from an Iranian source. Compare Khotanese byāta- (“id”).


entwe

Probably from Proto-Tocharian *entu (whence also Tocharian A antuṣ), from Proto-Indo-European *ím, accusative form of *ís (“he, that”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔνθα (éntha, “there, thereupon”).


enerke

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + nerke.


enäṣṣālñeṣṣe

head

enäṣṣālñeṣṣe

From enäṣṣālñe + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.

pertaining to teaching, instructure, doctrine


enäṣṣālñe

From en- (“to teach, instruct”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


etreṅkätte

From the partitive prefix e(n)- + treṅk- (“to adhere to, stick to”).


eneṅkāññe

From eneṅka (“within, inside”) + the adjective-forming suffix -ññe.


eneṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *ene (whence also Tocharian A ane), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”), the same source as ene (“in”) and e(n)- (intensifying prefix). The exact form is uncertain, but may be from *h₁n̥dó (“into, inside”). If so, cognate with Ancient Greek ἔνδον (éndon) (whence English endo-), Irish ann (“there”), etc.


enersäṅk

From the negative prefix e(n)- + ersäṅk.


enepre

From Proto-Tocharian *enepre (whence also Tocharian A anapär), a compound of *ene (“in”) and *pre (“before”).


stāyä

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teh₂y-o-, from *(s)teh₂y- (“to steal”). Cognate with Sanskrit स्तायु (stāyu, “thief”), Old Irish táid (“thief”), Proto-Slavic *tajiti (“to steal”), etc.


entwek

From entwe, possibly + the strengthening particle -k(ä).


epastyaññe

From epastye + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


epiṅkte

Unknown. Possibly from the intensive prefix e(n)- + Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to break”).

for (with nouns denoting periods of time, e.g. "for an hour")


epiyac käl

Phrasal verb comprising of epiyac (“memory”) and käl-.


epiyac yām

Phrasal verb comprising of epiyac (“memory”) and yām-.

to cause someone to remember, to recall something to someone


epretäññe

From eprete + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


emprenmaṣṣe

From empreṃ (“truth”) + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


prukṣiye

Verbal noun of the causative form of pruk- (“to neglect”).


empälkattäññe

From empalkaitte + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


emprentsäññe

From empreṃ (“true”) + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


emprukṣo

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + *prukṣiye (“neglect”), a form of pruk- (“to leap, escape, neglect”).

directly, without neglect, without detour


emprentstse

From empreṃ (“truth”) + -tstse (adjective-forming suffix).


eynāke

Alternative form of ainake (“common, lowborn”)


erkatse

Uncertain. Possibly from erk (“testicle”). Related to Tocharian A arkäts (“id”).


Erkätsole

Possibly from erk (“testicle”), with the semantic development of testicle > something like "stallion" > male name, akin to Old English Hengest.


ersnāṣṣe

From ersna (“beauty”) + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


elykatte

The privative prefix e(n)- + a form of lyäk- (“to lie down”).


eśuwatte

From the negative prefix e(n)- + śuwā- (“to eat”).

not having eaten, having gone hungry, unfed


ewetaitstse

From eweta (“in conflict”) + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse.


eṣpirtatte

From the negative prefix e(n)- + spārtt- (“to turn”).


eṣerñe

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + ṣer (“sister”).


etsarkälle

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + tsärk- (“to burn, torture”).


etsarkälletstse

From etsarkälle (“with zeal”) + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse.


eṣe

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + ṣe (“one”).


aikemanetstse

From a form of aik- (“to know”) + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse.


aikatñe

From aikatte + the noun-forming suffix -ñe.


aikatte

From the negative prefix e(n)- + wik- (“to disappear”).


aikaräññe

From aikare + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


aikarñeṣṣe

From aikaräññe + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


aitkattäññe

From aitkatte + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.

state of being unintended; non-intendance


aiksnar

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + a form of yäks- (“to grasp, enfold”).


aittaṅka

From aittäṃ + the strengthening particle -k(ä).


aiñye

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-n-, a form of *h₁ey- (“to go”).


aitkatte

From the negative prefix e(n)- + yätk- (“to intend”).


aittäṃ

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-tw-om, a verbal noun of *h₁ey- (“to go”). Cognate with Oscan eituam (“cattle, money”).


yenme

From the present stem of yäp- (“to enter”)


aiśamñetstse

From aiśamñe (“wisdom”) + the agentive-forming suffix -tstse.


aiśamñeṣṣe

From aiśamñe (“wisdom”) + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


aiśai

From Proto-Tocharian *āićai, a form of *aik- (“to know”) (whence also Tocharian A eśe), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, possess”).


aiseṣṣe

From aise + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


aiskatte

Probably from the negative suffix e(n)- + yäskā-, a subjunctive of unknown meaning.


oṃṣ

From Proto-Tocharian *onṣä (whence also Tocharian A eṣ (“on top of”)), from Proto-Indo-European *énu (“along, after, above”). Cognate with Sanskrit अनु (anu, “after, along”), etc.


aiśaumye

A form of aik- (“to know”), from Proto-Tocharian *aik-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, own”).


okotstse

From oko + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse.


oktaṣṣe

From okt + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


oktäññe

From okt + the adjective-forming suffix -ññe.


oktatstse

From okt + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse.


oktamka

A form of okt (“eight”), formed by analogy to ṣutaṅka (“seventy”) and ñumka (“ninety”).


oktaśke

Uncertain. Probably a form of okt (“eight”), possibly as a partial calque from Sanskrit of अष्टका (aṣṭakā, “eight day after a full moon”) or अष्टमी (aṣṭamī, “eight day in a half month”).


oṅkalmo

Related to Tocharian A oṅkaläm, but further derivation is unknown. Probably borrowed from a non-Indo-European language.


oñi

Unknown, with no plausible explanations.


onuwaññe

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nuh₂-eh₂, verbal stem of *neh₂w- (“to die, lack”), the same source as naut- (“to die”). Cognate with Tocharian A nwām (“sick”), Welsh newyn (“hunger”), Old Irish núna (“famine”), etc.


wnolme

Alternative form of onolme (“being, creature, person”)


onmiṣṣe

From onmiñ + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.

pertaining to regret, remorse, repentance


ontsoytñeṣṣe

From ontsoytñe + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe.


onmiñ

Related to Tocharian A onmiṃ (“id”) (possibly a borrowing from one language to another), but further connections are unknown.


onsoytte

From the negative prefix e(n)- + soy- (“to satisfy”). Identical form to Tocharian A asinät (“id”).


onmissu

A form of onmiñ (“regret, remorse, repentance”).


oppīloñ

Uncertain. Possibly ultimately from forms of Proto-Indo-European *h₁opi- + *pulu- (“hair”), which would be cognate to Latin pilus (“hair”) and Sanskrit पुलक (pulaka, “bristling of hair”).


oltsorsa

Alternative form of aultsorsa (“in short”)


omtek

From omte (“there, here”) + the strengthening particle -k(ä).

, omp (“there”)


olyapotstse

From olyapo (“more”) + -tstse (of uncertain exact functioning here).


omutruññaiṣṣe

From Proto-Tocharian *e(n)- (“in”) + ultimately a form of Proto-Indo-European *medʰi- (“with, among”) (whence also Tocharian A mäcriṃ (“id”)) + the adjective-forming suffix -ṣṣe. Cognates include English middle, Lithuanian mẽdis (“wood”), Latin medium, etc.


olyartse

A form of olya (“more”), of uncertain origin.


wäm-

Adams compares Ancient Greek δύω (dúō) and Sanskrit उपादुत्य (upādutya, “[that which] is to be put on”), from Proto-Indo-European *dw-em-, perhaps by enlargement from *deH-.

cog

ne ᵤmāñca kauntse maiyyā·e

‘of the setting sun; powerful ...’ or ‘... the one who covers the power of the sun ...’

śaiṣṣe se kleśanmaṣṣai wämyu räskre kāswasā : aṅkaiṃ placsa sewīträ atkwal ṣpä
‘This world is roughly covered by the loeprosy [?] of kleśas and because of false speech it sew’s with atkwal’


gairik

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गैरिक (gairika).


kᵤśāne

a type of coin, value and composition unknown


yärkemaññe

From yarke (“honor, reverence”) + -maññe.


leṃ

cell (small chamber used as monk's residence)


yātäṣṣeñca

From yāt- (“be capable of; have power over, tame”)


ypoy-moko

a "land-elder," an official of some sort


ykāk

ce klautkesa śaul no ykāk mā nanautau

even by such behavior, however, life is not lost


yrīye

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥h₁ḗn (“lamb”)


pūdñäkte

From *pūd- (from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha)) + ñakte


ywārśka

ñäkcye padūmne ywārcka kesārne cakkarwisa mittarwisa tsetskäñoṣ tañ ālīne

his [two] palms marked with the cakra-signs and mitra-signs as the [two] filaments in the middle of the divine lotus


ywārśkāññe

tasemane ywārśkāññe saṃwarä ste

comparable (to this) is the average (form of) self-discipline

ywārśkāññi pikᵤlameṃ kᵤse rano maiweño

(those) of middle years and also (those) that are young


rapaññe

From Old Chinese 臘 (*raːb, “year-end sacrifice to the gods, twelfth month of the Chinese lunar calendar”).

quote-book

Bauer, Brigitte L.M.; Pinault, Georges-Jean

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


ṣitsok

From Middle Chinese 黍 (ɕɨʌ^X, “glutinous millet”) + 酒 (MC tsjuwX, “wine”).


yāmuttsi

From Middle Chinese 鸚鵡 (ʔˠɛŋ mɨo^X) + 子 (MC tsiX). Cognate with Tocharian A yamutsi and Sogdian 𐼽𐼷𐼺𐼰𐼴𐽂𐼼𐼷 (ʿymʾwtsy /ēmūtsi/).


ṣipāṅkiñc

From Middle Chinese 數盤 (MC srjuX|srjuH|sraewk ban, “counting board”) + 工具 (MC kuwng gjuH, “instrument”).


troṅk

From Old Chinese 盅 (OC *tʰuŋ, *duŋ, *tjoŋ, “empty, hollow”). Cognate with Tocharian A truṅk.