war

From Proto-Tocharian *wär (whence Tocharian A wär), from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (“water”) through a regular (endocentric) thematicization via *udrom.


ate

Probably from Proto-Tocharian *āté, from Proto-Indo-European *éti (“beyond, over”) or *h₂éti (“away, back, again”).


or

From Proto-Indo-European *dóru, with unexplained loss of initial */d/. Compare Tocharian A or.


taupe

mine (place from which ore is extracted)


pi

really, indeed (used to emphasize questions and commands)


to

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰowh₂ōn, from the root *dʰewh₂-.

(detatchable) body hair on the human body (especially pubic hair)


ke

Possibly related to the intensifying suffix -k(ä).


eye

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éy-ós, nominalized form of *h₁ey- (“to go”), where the semantics developed along the lines of the animals being herded. For similar etymological and semantic developments, compare Hittite iyant (“sheep”) and Oscan eítuvam (“wealth”) (originally meaning livestock, for which semantically compare Latin pecunia).


camel

An action noun from täm- (“be born”). Compare Tocharian A cmol.

alyek cmelne ṣpä ñäkcye cmetsi śaiṣṣene

and to be born in the divine world in another birth


ewe

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewes- (“covering”), from *h₃ew- (“to put on clothes, shoes”). Cognate with Latin *uo (“to put on clothes”), Lithuanian auti (“to put on shoes”), etc.


ce

Clipping of kuce, used colloquially and informally.


po

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?] (whence also Tocharian A puk).


se

Alternative form of kᵤse (“who, which”) (colloquial)


tau

head

tau ? sg (irregular plural towä or tom or taum)

towä (irregular plural)
tom (irregular plural)
taum (irregular plural)

quote-book

Bauer, Brigitte L.M.; Pinault, Georges-Jean

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:

a dry measure, roughly equivalent to ten quarts or 1.25 pecks


mit

From Proto-Tocharian *ḿət(ə), from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu (“mead”). See also Old Chinese 蜜 (OC *mit, “honey”), which is possibly a borrowing from Tocharian.


pest

a perfectivizing particle used with verbs


en-

Related to Tocharian A en-, either borrowed into or from Tocharian B. Of uncertain origin, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European, cognate with Ancient Greek αἶνος (aînos, “story, tale”).


ek

From Proto-Tocharian *ëk, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs, from *h₃okʷ- (“to see”) + the noun-forming ending *-s. Compare Tocharian A ak.

Eśane klausane ṣeycer-me kartstse yolo lkātsi klyaussisa.

"You had eyes and ears to see and hear good and evil."


avast

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अवस्था (avasthā).


yap

From Proto-Indo-European *yéw-o-m, from *yéwos, from *yew-, *yewh₁- (“to ripen, mature”), whence yu-. Compare Sanskrit यव (yáva, “barley”).


pere

From Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go through, across”). Compare Sanskrit पर्वन् (parvan).


oko

Related to Tocharian A oko (“id”), but through what manner is uncertain. Probably a borrowing from Tocharian B to A. From there, probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógeh₂ (“berry, fruit”), making it cognate with Lithuanian úoga, Russian я́года (jágoda), Old English æcern (whence English acorn), etc. Also possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“increase, grow”), in which case cognate with auk- (“to grow”), Lithuanian augti, Latin augeo, etc.


auk

From Proto-Tocharian *ewk, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ógʷʰis. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄφις (óphis) and Sanskrit अहि (ahi).


soy

From Proto-Indo-European *suHyús. Cognate with Tocharian A se, Old Armenian ուստր (ustr) and Ancient Greek υἱύς (huiús). Compare also the diminutive form soṃśke reflecting the alternative Proto-Indo-European root for "son".


ente

From Proto-Tocharian *ente (whence also Tocharian A äntannene (“where”) and äntāne (“when”)), from *enä + a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *tód, a form of *só (“this, that”).


wi

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Tocharian A wu.


ku

From Proto-Tocharian *ku, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”). Compare Tocharian A ku, Latin canis, Old Irish cú, Old English hund.


er-

From Proto-Tocharian *er- (whence also Tocharian A ar-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir”).


ñu

From Proto-Tocharian *ñäwä, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥. Compare Tocharian A ñu.


trai

From Proto-Tocharian *treyä, from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes. Cognate with Tocharian A tre.


El

Possibly from an Uyghur word meaning "stem".


Er

Borrowed from Old Uyghur Er (“man”). Compare Turkish Er, Kyrgyz Erjan, and many other Turkic names.


maim

From Proto-Tocharian *meim, a nominal derivative of *mei- (“to measure”). Possibly linked to Proto-Indo-European *mod-ye/o- or *mēdye/o-, derivatives of *med- (“to measure, give advice, heal”) (whence Latin meditor and Old Irish midithir), or alternatively to *meh₁-ye/o- from *meh₁- (“to measure”) (whence Latin mētior). Compare Tocharian A mem.

Enenkaś paspārtau cwi maim palskw attsaik.

Completely turned inward [is] his thought and spirit.


ot

Possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-h₂o, adverbial compound of *h₂et- (“but, yet”), cognate with Sanskrit अथ (atha, “but, then”) and more distantly with Latin at (“but”), etc. Also possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *uth₂ (“so, then”).

then (both meaning "at that time" and "therefore")


ost

From Proto-Tocharian *wɔstä, maybe from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂s-tu-; compare Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu, “town”) and Sanskrit वास्तु (vāstu). Compare Tocharian A waṣt.


vek

Cf. wek. Compare Tocharian A vak and Sanskrit वाक् (vāk) from वाच् (vāc).


ecce

From Proto-Tocharian *ecye (whence also Tocharian A aci), of further unknown origin.


alek

Alternative form of allek (“other, more”)


kor

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱówH- (“hollow”); compare Sanskrit शून्य (śūnya, “zero”), Latin cavus (“hollow”), Ancient Greek κύαρ (kúar, “eye of a needle, earhole”).


epe

→ Tocharian A: epe


aise

Probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eis- (“pottery”).


i-

From Proto-Tocharian *jä-, whence also Tocharian A i-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to move”). Cognate with Latin eō and Polish iść, both of the same meaning. The preterite form of this term, mäs-, is from Proto-Indo-European *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move”), and as such the term is suppletive in conjugation.


yel

From Proto-Tocharian *w'ēl, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“turn, twist”).


otak

From ot (“then”) + the intensifying suffix -k(ä).


lau

You are going to break your vow.

ṣañ wrat lau tärkanacer You are going to let your vow away. (literally)


kunt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुन्द (kunda). Only attested in the form kuntäṣṣe.

lbor

(Botany) jasmine, especially Jasminum multiflorum


Arjuna

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्जुन (arjuna).

a male given name (Arjuna, hero of the Mahabharata)


mā

From Proto-Indo-European *meh₁ (prohibitive particle). Cognate with Sanskrit मा (mā), Avestan 𐬨𐬁 (mā), Ancient Greek μή (mḗ), Albanian mo, Old Armenian մի (mi), Old Persian 𐎶𐎠 (m-a /mā/), Persian مـ (ma-).


śwerppewä

Probably from derivatives of Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres (“four”) and *pṓds (“foot”), as with Latin quadrupes. Compare śtwer (“four”) and paiyye (“foot”), pai.


prete

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *prot-. Cognate with Lithuanian pranti, Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraþjan), Latin interpres, etc.


ette

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dʰér, whence also Tocharian A āñc. Cognate with English under, Latin īnferus, and Sanskrit अधर (adhara), all of the same meaning.


ene

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én, the same source as eneṃ (“inside”).


tremi

From a Proto-Tocharian *treme-, a deverbative derivative of *tärm- (“be angry furious”) (survived in Tocharian A tärm-), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *trem- (“tremble”).


laks

From Proto-Indo-European *laḱs- (“salmon, trout”). Cognate with Tocharian A läks (“fish”), Old East Slavic лосось (lososĭ, “salmon”), Old English leax (“salmon”) and Lithuanian lašiša (“salmon”).


teki

Related to täk- (“to touch, feel; to fetch”), from the subjunctive stem.
Compare the similar semantics of Latin contāgiō (“contact, touch; contagion”) and contāctus (“touched; contact; infection”), from the same root.


ats

A shortened form of attsaik. Compare Tocharian A ats.

indeed, truly, (as an emphatic particle)


kosi

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s-u-en-, a form of *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”). Cognate with German Husten, Lithuanian kosulỹs, Irish casacht, etc.


tane

kᵤse tne cmīträ mā srūkoy


kirot

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गिलोड्य (giloḍya).


yok

Possibly specialized in meaning from the sense for "hair" > "hair color" > "color"; see Etymology 2 below.


yok

head

yok (masculine singular accusative yokäṃ, masculine plural nominative yokäñ, feminine singular accusative yokäññai, feminine plural nominative yokäñña)

yokäṃ (accusative masculine singular)
yokäñ (masculine nominative plural)
yokäññai (accusative feminine singular)
yokäñña (feminine nominative plural)


yok

Uncertain. Adams speculates about the relation with the hapax legomenon in Vedic Sanskrit याशु (yāśu) etc., which he reads as "pubic hair", and Old Armenian ասր (asr, “fleece”).


ṣukt

From Proto-Indo-European *septḿ̥. Compare Tocharian A ṣpät.


ṣkas

From Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs. Compare Tocharian A ṣäk.


ñem

From Proto-Tocharian, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”), whence also English name, Latin nomen. Compare Tocharian A ñom.


śtwer

From Proto-Tocharian *ćätwerä, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres. Compare Tocharian A śtwar.


yakwe

From Proto-Tocharian *yäkwe, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos, whence also Sanskrit अश्व (áśva), Latin equus, Old Irish ech. Cognate with Tocharian A yuk.


mācer

From Proto-Tocharian *mācer, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Compare Tocharian A mācar.


ṣer

From Proto-Tocharian *(ṣä)ṣer, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. Compare Tocharian A ṣar.


śak

From Proto-Tocharian *śäk, from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥. Compare Tocharian A śäk.


ṣar

From Proto-Tocharian *ṣar, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr, from *ǵʰes-. Cognate with Albanian dorë, Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír), Old Armenian ձեռն (jeṙn), Hittite 𒆠𒌍𒊬 (kessar). Compare Tocharian A tsar.


wamer

Cognate to Tocharian A wmār, perhaps akin to Tocharian B wäm- (“disappear”).


pācer

Inherited from Proto-Tocharian *pācer, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr. Compare Tocharian A pācar.


tarkär

Compare Tocharian A tärkär. From Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg- (“to dim, darken”); compare Old English deorc (“dark”) and Old Irish derg (“red”).


śana

From Proto-Tocharian *ćänā, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéneh₂. Compare Tocharian A śäṃ.


pilta

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-oto- (compare English blade), from *bʰleh₃- (compare Latin folium). Compare Tocharian A pält.


amāṃ

Unknown; possibly borrowed alongside Tocharian A āmāṃ from Iranian, compare Ossetian амунд (amund, “to admonish”), Sogdian 𐼍𐼎𐼋 (mnk /mank/, “fraud, deceit”), [Syriac needed] (sqʾmʾnqyʾ /skāmānkyā/, “arrogance”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”).


okt

From Proto-Tocharian *óktä (whence also Tocharian A okät), from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw. Cognate with English eight, Spanish ocho, etc.


puwar

From Proto-Tocharian *puwār, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥, also the origin of English fire, Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr), and Hittite 𒉺𒀪𒄯 (paḫḫur). Compare Tocharian A por.


procer

From Proto-Tocharian *procer, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Compare Tocharian A pracar.


luwo

From Proto-Tocharian *luwā-, from Proto-Indo-European *luh₂eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“to seize, gain”). Compare Tocharian A lu. Related to Old Church Slavonic ловъ (lovŭ, “hunt”), Serbo-Croatian lȏv (“chase; game animal”); compare also Ancient Greek λέων (léōn, “lion”).


yapoy

From Proto-Tocharian *yäpoy, possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep- (“to take”). Compare Tocharian A ype.


paiyye

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Compare the nominative/accusative dual form, paine, presumably from Proto-Tocharian *peine du (whence also Tocharian A peṃ (nominative/accusative dual)), from an earlier *pei, from Proto-Indo-European *pódh₁e du, from *pṓds. It is from this dual form in Proto-Tocharian that the singular forms have probably been analogically built. Compare Tocharian A pe.


piś

From Proto-Tocharian *p'ä́ñćä, from Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe. Compare Tocharian A päñ.


meñe

From Proto-Tocharian *mēñē, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s. Cognate with Tocharian A mañ, Latin mēnsis, Albanian muaj, Lithuanian mėnuo, Russian ме́сяц (mésjac).


ṣe

From Proto-Tocharian *sems, from Proto-Indo-European *sḗm. Compare Tocharian A sas.


yasar

From Proto-Tocharian *yä́sar, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”). Compare Tocharian A ysār.


pärwāne

From Proto-Tocharian *pärwāne, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs (compare English brow, Sanskrit भ्रू (bhrū), Ancient Greek ὀφρύς (ophrús)). Compare Tocharian A pärwāṃ.


kwarsär

From Proto-Tocharian *kwärsär, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers-; cognate to Tocharian A kursär.

yojana (ancient unit of measure for distance; often translated as league)


kante

From Proto-Tocharian *känte, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱm̥tóm. Compare Tocharian A känt.


ṣñor

From Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥ (“tendon”), from *(s)neh₁- (“to bind, knit, tie together, tie to, connect”).


wrauña

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wornéh₂. Compare with Lithuanian várna, Old Church Slavonic вранъ (vranŭ), Proto-Celtic *branos.


ytārye

From Proto-Tocharian *yätār (“road, way”) + -iye, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éytr̥. Compare Tocharian A ytār.


wartto

From Proto-Tocharian *wärtto, *wärttonta (compare Tocharian A wärt), probably an extension of Proto-Indo-European *wértis/*wŕ̥tis (“enclosure”), from *wer- (“surround, cover, contain”).


āk

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), whence also āka (“millet”). Compare English ear (of grain), of the same usage.


āk

From Proto-Tocharian *āk, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin agō and Sanskrit आजि (āji, “competition, match”). Compare Tocharian A āk. Semantically compare English drive.


wek

From Proto-Tocharian *wek, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs (“voice”), from *wekʷ- (“to utter, speak”). Compare Tocharian A wak.


wrat

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit व्रत (vrata).


lesto

An uncertain formation, but ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie (down), lay; resting place”), whence lyäk-. Cognate with Tocharian A lyäk. Also related to lest (“heap, pile”).

der

nest (of a bird), den (of an animal), lair


nekcīye

From Proto-Tocharian *nekʷcäwyā, from Proto-Indo-European *nokʷt-ew-yo-s, a derivative of *nókʷts. Cognate with Tocharian A nakcu.


käryāñ

From an unattested singular form *käryā-, from Proto-Tocharian *käryā- (whence also Tocharian A kri (“will”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kṛd(i)yeh₂-, from *ḱḗr. Cognate with English heart, Old Irish cride, Latin cor, and Lithuanian širdis.


tuwe

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognate with Tocharian A tu.


ñaś

Originally only accusative, from Proto-Tocharian *ñäś (compare Tocharian A näṣ), dissimilated from *mñäś, from Proto-Indo-European *mné ǵe (compare Old Norse mik, Ancient Greek ἐμέγε (emége)), accusative formation ultimately from *éǵh₂.


āp

From Proto-Tocharian *āp, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-.


ścirye

From Proto-Tocharian *ścär-iye-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr. Cognate to Tocharian A śre.


oś

Borrowed from a Middle Persian [Term?] source. Compare Khotanese evil, bad (ośa).


walkwe

From Proto-Tocharian *wä́lkʷë, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos.


tkācer

From Proto-Tocharian *t(ŭ)kācēr, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr. Cognate with Tocharian A ckācar.


awi

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówis. Compare Sanskrit अवि (avi).


kene

From Proto-Tocharian *kene (whence Tocharian A kaṃ), probably from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”).


ñuwe

From Proto-Tocharian *ñäwe, from Proto-Indo-European *néwos. Compare Tocharian A ñu.


yape

From Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“weave, plait, spin”).


kunti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुण्डी (kuṇḍī), whence also Tocharian A kunti.


keni

From Proto-Tocharian *kenwäi (whence Tocharian A kanweṃ), from the root *kenw- (“knee”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Other cognates include Latin genū, Ancient Greek γόνυ (gónu), Old English cnēow (whence English knee).

antapi kenīsa keṃ teksa


makte

self, oneself (both reflexive and emphatic)


mit-

Compare Tocharian A *met- (only preterite attested).


ku-

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō), Sanskrit जुहोति (juhoti), Old Armenian ձեւ (jew), Latin fundō, fūtis and Old English ġēotan, guttas (English gut).


soṃśke

Synchronically a diminutive of soy (“son”) (from Proto-Indo-European *suHyús), but diachronically the diminutive of the synonymous Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.


kele

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷol-o-s, from *kʷel- (“to turn”), whence also käl- (“endure”), and klutk- (“to turn”). Compare English circle, wheel, Lithuanian kaklas (“neck”), etc.


wase

From Proto-Tocharian *wä́së, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison”) (compare Latin vīrus, Ancient Greek ἰός (iós), Sanskrit विष (viṣa)). Compare Tocharian A wäs.


twere

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwor-, o-grade of *dʰwer- (“door, gate”). Cognates include Old Church Slavonic двьри (dvĭri), Latin foris, Sanskrit द्वार् (dvā́r), Ancient Greek θύρα (thúra) and Old English duru and dor (English door).


warme

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *morwi- (“ant”).


okso

From Proto-Tocharian *wəkʷsó, from Proto-Indo-European *úksō. Compare Tocharian A ops-.


werke

From Proto-Indo-European *wreg- (“track, hunt, follow”), related to Latin urgēre (“to be urgent”), Hittite [script needed] (ūrki-, “track”), Sanskrit व्रजति (vrájati, “to go, walk, move”).


erkent

From Proto-Tocharian *erkent (whence also Tocharian A arkant), but from there uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁regʷ- (“to be dark”) (cognate with Ancient Greek Ἔρεβος (Érebos), Old Norse røkkr (“twilight”), etc.) or Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ- (“white, shining”) (cognate with Latin argentum and semantically akin to English black <> bleach).


astare

From Proto-Tocharian *āstäre, of uncertain origin. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs- (“to burn”). Compare Tocharian A āştär.


trau

a unit of capacity, exact quantity unknown


klu

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


-me

enclitic pronoun referring to first, second, or third persons plural


etre

From Proto-Tocharian *etre (whence also Tocharian A atär), of uncertain further origin.


kuce

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷís.


ekito

A compound including the agentive suffix -ito. The "ek-" part, however, is unknown. Possibly a borrowing from Tocharian A ek (“nourishment”).


poko

From Proto-Tocharian *pokowjä-, earlier *pākewjä-, from pre-Tocharian *bʰeh₂ǵʰow-h₁en- (definite), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”). Compare Tocharian A poke.


yarke

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁erkʷ- (“to praise”).


perne

From an Iranian language. Compare Tocharian A paräṃ.


kau-

From Proto-Tocharian *kāu- (whence also Tocharian A ko-), from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to hit, strike”). Cognate with kaut-, English hew, Latin cudo, Lithuanian kaujėti, etc.


indri

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इन्द्रिय (indriya).


ampar

Alternative form of āmpär (“bodily limb, member”)


āre

From Proto-Tocharian, from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”). Compare Tocharian A āre.


āre

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₁er-, making it cognate with English earth. Not related to *h₂erh₃-.


mālkant

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-eye-. Compare Tocharian A mālkā.


arañce

From Proto-Tocharian *āräñce, whence also Tocharian A āriñc.

heart, used both as the physical organ and the seat of emotion.


ārkwi

From Proto-Tocharian *ārkwi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ-. Cognate with Latin argentum. Compare Tocharian A ārki.


malkwer

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-, whence also English milk. Compare Tocharian A malke.


keṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *tken (whence Tocharian A tkaṃ), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm.


kokale

From Proto-Tocharian *kuk(ä)le (whence also Tocharian A kukäl), from Proto-Indo-European kʷékʷlos, a form of *kʷel- (“to turn”) (compare klutk- (“to turn”)). Cognate with English wheel, Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos), Lithuanian kaklas (“neck”), etc.

Ṣem kautāte koklentse waiptār pwenta käskānte.

The wagon's axle broke and the spokes were hurled apart.


pär-

From Proto-Tocharian *pär-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. Compare Tocharian A pär-.


māka

From Proto-Tocharian *mākā, from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s (whence Ancient Greek μέγας (mégas), compare also Sanskrit मह (mahá), Persian مه, Latin magnus, Albanian madh (“large”)). Compare Tocharian A māk.


ānte

From Proto-Tocharian *ā́ntë, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ént-o- (“in front”), from *h₂ent- (“front, front side”). Cognates include Latin ante, Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”), Sanskrit अन्ति (ánti), Old Armenian ընդ (ənd), and Old English ende (English end). Compare Tocharian A ānt.


ānte

From Proto-Tocharian *ā́ntë, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent-os (“forehead, front, face, surface”), from the same root as the above.


mīsa

From the plural of Proto-Indo-European *mḗms (“meat”). Compare Russian мя́со (mjáso), Serbo-Croatian meso, Old Prussian mensa, Sanskrit मांस (māṃsá), मांसं (mā̃san), Albanian mish, Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶 (mimz), Armenian միս (mis).


päl-

Uncertain. From Proto-Tocharian *päl-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“speak, yell, bark, roar, sound”) (whence English bellow), or alternatively it may be linked to *(s)pel- (“to say aloud, recite”) (compare Albanian fjalë, English spell, Armenian առասպել (aṙaspel)). Compare Tocharian A päl-.

der

mā tusa kātkau mā tu pällāmar

thus I do not rejoice and do not praise it


aknātsa

From Proto-Tocharian *āknātsā, from *e(n)- + a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *n̥-ǵneh₃-to-, *n̥-ǵneh₃-tih₂, from *ǵneh₃- (“know”), meaning something like "unknowing". Compare Sanskrit अज्ञात (ájñāta, “unknown”), Latin ignōtus (“unknown; ignorant”), Ancient Greek ἄγνωτος (ágnōtos, “unknown; ignorant”). Compare Tocharian A āknats.


parwe

From Proto-Tocharian *pä́rwë, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂-wó-s (compare Sanskrit पूर्व (pū́rva), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 (paᵘruua), Old Church Slavonic прьвъ (prĭvŭ), Albanian parë), from *preh₂- (“before, in front of”). Compare Tocharian A pärwat.


parwe

parwe kṣuṃtsa


ikäṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *w'īkän, from Proto-Indo-European *(d)wi(h₁)dḱm̥ti (cognate with Latin vīgintī, Ancient Greek εἴκοσι (eíkosi), Doric ϝείκατι (weíkati), Sanskrit विंशति (viṃśati), Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬯𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vīsaⁱti), Ossetian инсӕй (insæj), Armenian քսան (kʻsan), Albanian (një)zet, Welsh ugain). Compare Tocharian A wiki and Tocharian B ikäṃ, both of which seem to be from the same PIE form.

Waimene ikäṃ pkārsa wäntärwa!


läk-

txb-conj-table

Base, class IX present, class V subjunctive, class I preterite, class I imperative, suppletive

lkāskau (active first-person indicative singular)
lkāst (active indicative second-person singular)
lkāṣṣäṃ (active indicative singular third-person)
lkāskeṃ (active indicative plural third-person)
lkāstar (indicative mediopassive second-person singular)
lkāstär (indicative mediopassive singular third-person)
lkāṣṣim (active first-person imperfect singular)
lkāṣṣi (active imperfect singular third-person)
lkāṣyeṃ (active imperfect plural third-person)
lakau (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lkāst (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lakaṃ (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lkām (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lkācer (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lakaṃ (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lkātär (mediopassive singular subjunctive third-person)
lkāntär (mediopassive plural subjunctive third-person)
lkoym (active first-person optative singular)
lakoy (active optative singular third-person)
lkoycer (active optative plural second-person)
lkoyeṃ (active optative plural third-person)
lkoyentär (mediopassive optative plural third-person)
lyakāwa (active first-person preterite singular)
lyakāsta (active preterite second-person singular)
lyāka (active preterite singular third-person)
lyakām (active first-person plural preterite)
lyakās (active plural preterite second-person)
lyakāso (active plural preterite second-person)
lyākar (active plural preterite third-person)
lyakāre (active plural preterite third-person)
lyakātai (mediopassive preterite second-person singular)
lyakāte (mediopassive preterite singular third-person)
lyakānte (mediopassive plural preterite third-person)
pālka (active imperative second-person singular)
palkas (active imperative plural second-person)
palkar (imperative mediopassive second-person singular)
lkaṣṣeñca (active participle present singular)
lkāskemane (mediopassive participle present singular)
lkaṣṣälle (gerund indicative singular)
lkālle (gerund plural subjunctive)
lkātsi (infinitive plural)
lyelyaku (participle past plural)

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], probably from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“gather”) (compare Latin legō, Ancient Greek λέγω (légō), Albanian lidh), in the abstract sense of "gather with the eyes", or alternately cognate to Old English lōcian (English look). Cognate to Tocharian A läk-.

proskaiṃ lkāṣṣäṃ wrotsana


yente

From Proto-Tocharian *wyente, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts, from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”) (compare English wind, Latin ventus). Compare Tocharian A want.


āñme

From Proto-Tocharian *āñc(ä)me (whence also Tocharian A āñcäm), probably from a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂en(h₁)tmen-, from *h₂enh₁- (“breathe”), the same source as anāsk- (“to breathe”), onolme (“creature, person”), and añiye (“breath”). Cognate with Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātman, “breath”), Old High German ātum (“breath”)) and, from the nominal derivative *h₂enh₁mos, Latin animus (“mind, soul”), anima, Ancient Greek ἄνεμος (ánemos, “wind, breeze”), Old Armenian անձն (anjn, “person”), and possibly Sanskrit अनिल (anila, “air, wind”)).


päk-

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ- (“to cook, become ripe”), whence Latin coquō, Sanskrit पचति (pácati), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pacaⁱti), Albanian pjek, Ancient Greek πέσσω (péssō), Old Church Slavonic пешти (pešti), Russian печь (pečʹ), Lithuanian kepù (through metathesis), Tocharian A päk-.

inh

oko pakṣträ

to become ready for eating, i.e. cook, boil, ripen

tsirauwñeṣṣe kauṣn āya ompalskoṣṣe mrestīwe pakṣäṃ ysomo

it kills the bone of energy and cooks together the marrow of meditation

to make ready for eating; cook, boil, ripen


āñcäm

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अञ्जनाम (añjanāma), or a form thereof.


śai-

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃-. Compare Tocharian A śo-.


wārk-

From Proto-Tocharian *wärk-, probably from a specialized sense of Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-. Compare Tocharian A wärk-. See also Old Armenian գերծում (gercum, “shave”), which may be ultimately related.

śānta warkāre ysañiye yok tāka

they sheared the sheep; golden was the wool


käm-

From Proto-Tocharian *kʷäm-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem-, also the ultimate source of English come, Latin veniō. Compare Tocharian A kum-.


luk-

From Proto-Tocharian *luk-, from Proto-Indo-European *lewk-; compare Latin lūceō. Compare Tocharian A luk-.


ratre

From Proto-Tocharian *rŭtäre, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰros, whence Sanskrit रुधिर (rudhirá), Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós), Latin ruber, and English red from a variant form. Ultimately from the root *h₁rewdʰ-. Compare Tocharian A rtär.


suwo

From a Proto-Indo-European *suH-on-, a derivative of *suH- (“pig”). Compare Latin sūs, Ancient Greek ὗς (hûs), English swine, sow.


salyiye

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from (possibly) Proto-Indo-European *seh₂li-h₁en-, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂l-i- (“salt”) + *h₁én (“in”). Compare Tocharian A sāle. Other cognates include Sanskrit सलिल (salila), Latin sāl, Old Armenian աղ (ał), Ancient Greek ἅλς (háls), and Old English sealt (English salt).


wāp-

From Proto-Tocharian *wäp- (compare Tocharian A wäp-), from Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“to weave”), also the ultimate root of Old English wefan (whence English weave), Sanskrit उभ्नाति (ubhnāti, “entwine”), Persian بافتن (bâftan), Ancient Greek ὑφαίνω (huphaínō, “weave”), Albanian venj.


miśo

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃miǵʰyeh₂-, a derivative of *meyǵʰ-, *h₃meyǵʰ-. Compare Old Armenian մէզ (mēz), Latin meiō, Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬌 (maēsati), Sanskrit मेहति (mehati), Lithuanian myžti, Ancient Greek ὀμείχω (omeíkhō).

kewiye miśosa malkwersa wat


akrūna

Plural of a singular form from Proto-Tocharian *ākru, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱru. Cognates include Tocharian A ākär, Sanskrit अश्रु (aśru), Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬭𐬏 (asrū), Lithuanian ãšara. Compare Tocharian A ākär.


kantwo

From Proto-Tocharian *käntwo, from metathesis of an earlier *tänkwo, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. Compare Tocharian A käntu.


āy

From Proto-Tocharian *āyä (compare Tocharian A āy, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ost-, *h₃est-.


lankᵤtse

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ln̥gʷʰtyos, from *h₁lengʷʰ-, whence also English light, Latin levis.

trankonta kälpaskenträ länktsana kramartsana


syā-

From Proto-Indo-European *swidyé-, from *sweyd-. Compare Old English swāt (English sweat), Sanskrit स्वेदते (svedate), Latin sūdō, sūdor.


wäs-

From Proto-Tocharian *wäs-, from Proto-Indo-European *wes-. Compare Tocharian A wäs-, Hittite [Term?] (/waš-/), [Term?] (/waššezzi/), Albanian vesh, Latin vestis, vestiō, Sanskrit वस्ते (vaste), Old English werian (English wear).

wässāte kaṣār-wassi

sonopitär līkṣītär wästsanma krenta yäṣṣitär

he anointed himself, bathed, and put on good clothing


wäs-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes- (“to dwell; to spend the night”)

der

pelaikne yamaṣṣeñca sak wsaṣṣäṃ

fulfilling the law, [in] good fortune he abides

śtwārka wṣeññaṃne wsaskeṃ


wastsi

From the infinitive of wäs-, from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to be dressed”). Compare (though probably with different suffix) Latin vestis, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹 (wasti), Old Armenian զգեստ (zgest).


tsäk-

From Proto-Tocharian *tsäk-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰégʷʰeti.

to apply heat to (in cooking); i.e. roast, boil, burn off, evaporate


mekwa

From Proto-Tocharian *mekwā (compare Tocharian A maku), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nṓgʰs.


wi-

From Proto-Tocharian *wäi-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwey-, cognate to Tocharian A wi-.


omp

, omtek (“here, there”)


aiyye

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówyos, from *h₂ówis (“sheep”). Compare Sanskrit अव्यय (avyaya, “made of sheep's skin”), Ancient Greek οἶα (oîa, “sheepskin”).


kᵤse

From Proto-Tocharian *kuse, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷusó < *kʷos, *kʷis. Compare Tocharian A kus. Almost identical to Albanian kush from Proto-Albanian *kusa.

Kᵤse [pi] ksa wesäñ kekamor orocce lant sársäṣṣi?

Who [has] come to us that he might know the great king?

[Mā] sū nesäm kᵤse onwaññe tākoy.

(relative) whoever, who, which, the one who


keta

Probably a learned borrowing from Pali khetta.


samudtär

Compare Tocharian A sāmudtär, Sanskrit समुद्र (samudrá).


arṣāklo

Unknown. Possibly borrowed from Sanskrit ईर्ष्यति (īrṣyati, “to envy”) or a related term within the Indo-Iranian family, or from Proto-Indo-European *ers- (“to move”); alternatively from Proto-Turkic *arsïlan (“lion”), whence also Turkish aslan (“lion”). Compare Tocharian A ārṣal.


kuśiññe

(debated) The indigenous name for Tocharian B.


yetse

Ultimately Proto-Indo-European *h₁ēd-so-. Compare Tocharian A yats.


āk-

From Proto-Tocharian *āk-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Compare Tocharian A āk (“zeal”) and Tocharian A āk-.


kauṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *kaun (whence Tocharian A koṃ), from there uncertain. Likely borrowed from a Turkic language (obviously into Proto-Tocharian), from Proto-Turkic *kün. Compare Crimean Tatar kün, Turkish gün, both meaning "sun" and "day" (Meilet 1914:19). While Windekens (1941) suggested a borrowing from Tocharian into Turkic, Pedersen (1944:11) was in favor of a necessarily opposite borrowing from Turkic into Tocharian. This was later acknowledged by Windekens (1976:627). This theory is also supported by combinations of the meanings "sun" and "day" being very unusual in the Indo-European languages.
Winter suggests a connection with Ancient Greek καίω (kaíō, “to kindle, set on fire”), however this root is isolated in Indo-European and further unlikely compared to the evidence for the former theory.


eṅkwe

From Proto-Tocharian *eṅkwe (whence Tocharian A oṅk), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱw-ó- (“mortal”), from the root *neḱ- (“to perish, disappear”).


enmetre

palāṣṣai wtsiko enmetre

(Can we date this quote?), THT 500-502, line 12:

unknown; possibly the bark of the pāla plant


eneṅka

From eneṃ (“inside, within”) + the emphasizing particle ka.

within, surrounded by, amid, among, within


witsako

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds. Compare Tocharian A tsmār.


ṣamāne

Borrowed from Prakrit 𑀲𑀫𑀡 (samaṇa), from Sanskrit श्रमण (śramaṇa).

Ṣamyeṃ māka ṣamāni aplāc.

Many monks were sitting in conversation.


āl-

From Proto-Tocharian *al-, of uncertain further origin. Compare Tocharian A āl-.


lāntsa

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wleh₂-nt-ih₂.


yentuke

From Old Iranian *hinduka, akin to Old Persian [script needed] (*hiⁿduka) from 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (h-i-du-u-š /hiⁿdūš/, “India”), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”), of uncertain origin.


aik-

From Proto-Tocharian *aik- (whence also Tocharian A aik-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, own”). Cognate with English owe, Sanskrit ईश (īśa, “possession”), etc.


meske

From Proto-Tocharian *meske, from Proto-Indo-European *mosgo-. Compare Tocharian A masäk.


ñakte

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ní-ǵʰuH-to-, from *ǵʰewH- (“to call, to invoke”)


keme

From Proto-Tocharian *keme, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵómbʰos. Compare Tocharian A kam.


skiyo

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃ih₂ (“shadow”).


tāno

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰoHnéh₂ (“grain”); compare Sanskrit धाना (dhānā).


maitär

Ultimately from Sanskrit मित्र (mitra, “friend”).


menki

From Proto-Tocharian *menke (compare Tocharian A mank) from Proto-Indo-European *mey-.


akāśe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आकाश (ākāśa).


klyaus-

txb-conj-table

Base, class II present, class II subjunctive, class I preterite, class I imperative

klyauṣäṃ (active indicative singular third-person)
klyauseṃ (active indicative plural third-person)
klyauṣär (indicative mediopassive singular third-person)
klyausentär (indicative mediopassive plural third-person)
klyauṣim (active first-person imperfect singular)
klyauṣit (active imperfect singular third-person)
klyauṣyeṃ (active imperfect plural third-person)
klyauṣiyeṃ (active imperfect plural third-person)
klyauṣäṃ (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klyauṣi (active optative singular third-person)
klyauṣyeṃ (active optative plural third-person)
klyauṣiyeṃ (active optative plural third-person)
klyauṣawa (active first-person preterite singular)
klyauṣa (active preterite singular third-person)
klyauṣaso (active plural preterite second-person)
klyauṣare (active plural preterite third-person)
klyauṣate (mediopassive preterite singular third-person)
päklyauṣ (active imperative second-person singular)
päklyauṣso (active imperative plural second-person)
klausemane (mediopassive participle present singular)
klyauṣälle (gerund indicative singular)
klyauṣtsi (infinitive plural)
klyaussi (infinitive plural)
keklyeuṣu (participle past plural)

From Proto-Tocharian *klyeus- (whence also Tocharian A klyos-), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-.


gandha

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गन्ध (gandha).


täryāka

From Proto-Tocharian *täryākā (“thirty”) (compare Tocharian A taryāk), from Proto-Indo-European *tri(d)ḱomt (“thirty”).


mant

Cognate with Tocharian A mänt (“how”), from Proto-Tocharian [Term?], according to Adams from pre-Tocharian *mén tō, from Proto-Indo-European *mén (“how, when”) + *tō (relative pronoun, from the old ablative of *só), the first element of which is also found in mäkte. Indo-European cognates may include Hittite 𒈠𒀀𒀭 (ma-a-an /mān/, “like, as, how; if, when(ever)”), Luwian 𒈠𒀀𒀭 (ma-a-an /mān/, “when, whenever, if”), Old Irish má (“when”), and perhaps Ancient Greek μέν (mén, “while, so”), μά (má, “by”) and/or μήν (mḗn, “surely”).


orotstse

orotstse-pācer


allek

From Proto-Tocharian *ālle-kä, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-no-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“other”). Cognate with Latin alius, English old. Compare Tocharian A ālak. Related to ālyauce, aletstse, alyiyatstse, and alokälymi.


kenek

From Proto-Tocharian *kenek (whence Tocharian A kanak), probably borrowed from an Iranian language. Compare Ossetian гӕн (gæn, “flax”).


yasā

Cognate with Tocharian A wäs (“gold”), from Proto-Tocharian *wi̯äsā (“gold”), but of uncertain further origin. Compare Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewso- (“dawn, glow; gold”), Latin aurum (“gold”).


kauk-

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kū- (“to cry out, call”). Cognate with Lithuanian kaukti, Sanskrit कौति (kauti), etc.


īke

From Proto-Tocharian *wjäike, from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ- (“house”). Cognate with Latin vīcus.


nes-

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *nes- (“to return home”). Compare Tocharian A nas-.


śrāy

From Proto-Tocharian *śërāw'ë-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵérh₂-u-s ~ *ǵr̥h₂-éw-s, from *ǵerh₂- (“grow old”).


lät-

From Proto-Tocharian *lut-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ-; Cognates found in Ancient Greek ἐλεύσομαι (eleúsomai) and Ancient Greek ἦλθον (êlthon), Old Irish luid. Compare Tocharian A länt-.

Nervānäś po aiwolyci mäskentär lnaskeṃ ostmeṃ.

Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN

They all are directed to Nirvana and go out from the house (i.e., become monks).


pärkare

From Proto-Tocharian *pärk(ä)re, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥ǵʰ-ro-. Compare Tocharian A pärkär, Hittite 𒈦𒆪𒍑 (parkuš), Old Armenian բարձր (barjr).


aurtstsea

Sometimes connected to Sanskrit वृद्ध (vṛddha, “large, big”) and Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (varədaⁱti, “make larger”), an Indo-Iranian development. Also sometimes thought to be from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wérus, whence Sanskrit उरु (uru), Ancient Greek εὐρῠ́ς (eurús).


kuñcit

Borrowed from Khotanese kuṃjsata, from Proto-Iranian.


näk-

From Proto-Indo-European *neḱ- (“to perish, disappear”).

inh

(middle voice) To be lost, disappear, be destroyed, perish.


cok

From Proto-Tocharian *cok. Further etymologies uncertain. Possibilities include:
* From Proto-Indo-European, cognate to Old English þæcele (“torch, lamp”), Old High German dahhazzen (“to flare up”). However, reconstructions were problematic (ibid.).
* "More plausibly," from Middle Chinese 燭 (MC tsyowk, “candle”) < Old Chinese 燭 (*tjoɡ /*tok, *tjog/).

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


swāñco

From the oblique of Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥.


lyak

Possibly from:
* Proto-Indo-European *légʰs, root noun from *legʰ- (“to lie (down)”); Adams assumes an intermediate meaning “one who lies in wait”
* Middle Chinese 掠 (MC ljangH|ljak, “to plunder, to rob, to be rapacious”). Cognate with Tocharian A lyäk.


klīye

Cognate with Tocharian A kᵤli, from Proto-Tocharian *kʷliye, possibly from a pre-Tocharian compound *gʷneh₂-h₁en-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéneh₂ (“woman, wife”) plus *-h₁en- (“that”, determiner, used dialectally as a definitizing suffix).


nakūle

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit नकुल (nakula).


ṣpane

From Proto-Tocharian *ṣw’äp(ä)ne, from Proto-Indo-European *swépnos (“sleep”), thematicized from *swóp-r̥ ~ *swép-n̥s, from the root *swep- (“to sleep”). Cognate with Tocharian A ṣpäṃ.


yepe

Possibly cognate with Proto-Germanic *wēpną.


aiśamñe

From aiśamo (“smart”) + the noun-forming suffix -ñe.


onkolmo

From Proto-Tocharian *onkolmo (compare Tocharian A onkaläm).


śerwe

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwer-. Cognate with Tocharian A śaru.


śaul

From Proto-Tocharian *ćāwl (“life”), nominal derivative from Proto-Tocharian *ćaw- (“to live”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃-.


wästarye

From Proto-Indo-European *udtr̥-yó-s, from *úderos.


yṣīye

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-. See also wäs-


rīye

From Old Chinese 里 (*rɯʔ). Cognate with Tocharian A ri.


waike

From Proto-Tocharian *weike (compare Tocharian A wek-).


āśce

Uncertain. Possibly from a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), which semantically shifted into an ear of grain, or from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).


āntse

From Proto-Tocharian *ānse, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓms-o-s, a form of *h₂ṓms. Cognate with Latin umeros and Ancient Greek ὦμος (ômos). Compare Tocharian A es.


yarpo

Etymology uncertain. Possibly derived from yärp- (“to oversee, observe, take care of”), or from wärp- (“to enjoy, undergo”).


añiye

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-, the same source as anāsk- (“breath”), onolme (“creature, person”), and āñme (“self, soul”) Cognate with Latin animus.


waipe

Compare wip- (“to shake”, transitive verb), from Proto-Tocharian *waip-.


warkṣäl

From Proto-Tocharian *wärk-, from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“to produce, work”). Cognate with Tocharian A wärkṣäl.


śkwarya

Unknown, possibly related to Sanskrit सजति (sajati, “it is attached, adheres, embraces”).


śoliye

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵwelH- (“to burn”).


kerū

Related to Tocharian A karel, both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make”), the source of many IE words meaning "cauldron", similar to the shape of a drum. Given the semantic shift from "making" > "vessel for making things in" > "thing shaped like that vessel", and that only the first meaning exists in PIE, it can be assumed that there was an unattested original form (perhaps in Proto-Tocharian) that meant "cauldron" or the like. Compare Proto-Germanic *hweraz, Old Irish coire, Russian чара (čara), Sanskrit चरु (caru, “bowl”), etc.


tsankär

From Proto-Tocharian *tsänkär (compare Tocharian A tsänkär).


swese

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ew- (“to rain”), see also Ancient Greek ὕει (húei, “it rains”), Hittite [script needed] (ishuwāi, “(s)he pours out, spills”).


apsāl

Probably borrowed from Avestan afša- (“damage”). If so, this shifted from the sense of 'damage' to 'damager', finally to 'sword'.


akālk

Borrowed alongside Tocharian A akāl from Bactrian αγαλγο (agalgo /āɣālɣ/).


atiyo

From Proto-Tocharian *ātŭyā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-. Cognate with Lithuanian atolas (“aftergrass”). Compare Tocharian A āti.


āyor

A nominal derivative of the preterite participle stem of ai- (“to give”).


āṅkär

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“corner, bend”), making it cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγκυρα (ánkura, “anchor”). Compare Tocharian A ānkar, of the same meaning.


ālme

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to be wet”). Cognate with Lithuanian almės (“pus”).


arśakärśa

Uncertain. Possibly from a Proto-Tocharian reflex of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ergi- (“swift”).


alyiye

From Proto-Tocharian *āläi. Compare Tocharian A āle.


īwate

From yn- ("in") + -wäte ("two"), essentially "in two (minds/parts)".


āwe

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os. Cognate with Latin avus and Polish wuj.


eṅkäl

A form of the subjunctive of eṅk- (“to grasp, seize”).


aikne

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + yakne (“way, manner”).


āppo

From Proto-Tocharian *āppo, either inherited from an earlier Proto-Indo-European nursery word or a nursery word itself. Compare Armenian ափի (apʻi), Ancient Greek ἄπφα (áppha), and Tocharian A āp.


erkau

From Proto-Tocharian *erkemän (whence also Tocharian A arkämnāṣi), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂org- (“to die, destroy”).


ersna

Plural form of ere (“appearance”), recharacterized by -na.


olyitau

Derived from olyi (“boat”) + -ttau (agentive suffix).


īme

→ Tocharian A: ime

Possibly from Proto-Tocharian *wiäime. (The reconstruction is somewhat shaky, as the seemingly related Tocharian A term is in fact borrowed from this one.) Further connections are uncertain. Possibly from the widespread Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”). In that case, cognate with Latin video, English idea, and German wissen.

consciousness, awareness, thought, memory


iprer

→ Tocharian A: eprer

From Proto-Indo-European *n̥bʰrós or a similar form, from Proto-Indo-European *nebʰ- (“to become damp, cloudy-”). Cognate with Latin imber, nimbus, and nebula, as well as German Nebel.


olyi

Uncertain. Related to Tocharian A olyik (“id”), assuming its translation is correct, which would mean both are from Proto-Tocharian. In any case, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂euluh₁en-, a form of *h₂ewlo- (“tube, channel, hole”), in which case cognate to Ancient Greek αὐλός (aulós, “tube, pipe; haulm”), αὐλών (aulṓn, “hollow, channel, strait”), Old Armenian ուղի (ułi, “road”), Hittite [script needed] (halluwa-, “hollow, pit”), Latin alvus (“cavity, stomach, hold of a ship”), etc.


kärkkālle

Possibly from kärtk- (“molder, decay”), but further connections are unknown. Related to Tocharian A kärtkāl (“stretch of water”).


kātso

From Proto-Tocharian *kātsān (whence also Tocharian A kāts). Further origin uncertain; most likely from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“swelling, rounding; stomach, gut”), in which case cognate with Old English cwiþ (“pregnant”). Also possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *kuHtís (“skin, hide; pouch, sac”), and in that case related to Tocharian A kāc (“skin”).


onolme

From Proto-Tocharian *ānelme, abstract form of *ān- (“to breathe”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”), the same source as anāsk- (“to breathe”), āñme (“self, soul”), and añiye (“breath”). Cognate with Latin animus (“spirit”) (whence English animal), German Atmen (“breath”), etc. Also possibly from *h₂en-h₂enh₁mo- (“one whose breath is upon them”), a form of the above root.


āke

From Proto-Tocharian *āke, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱ-os, from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”). Cognate with English edge, Ancient Greek ἀκή (akḗ, “point”), and Russian ость (ostʹ, “awn”).


āñu

From Proto-Tocharian *āñäu. Beyond this, uncertain. Possibly related to German ohne, making it from Proto-Indo-European *anew (“without”), although this is unlikely. Compare Tocharian A āñu, of the same meaning.


krāñi

Alternative form of krāñiye (“nape of the neck”)


kuhākäññe

A form of kuhāk (“deceptive, tricky”) + the noun-forming suffix -ññe.


emalle

From Proto-Tocharian *emälye- (whence also Tocharian A omäl), of uncertain further origin.


kottär

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गोत्र (gotra).


kektseñe

From Proto-Tocharian *kekts'en- (whence Tocharian A kapśañi), probably from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).


kertte

Uncertain, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”), either inherited or borrowed from an Iranian language. If so, cognate with English sharp, Sanskrit कृति (kṛti, “knife, dagger”), and an impressive array of other IE words. Also, doublet of kärst- (“to cut, chop”).


kercapo

From Proto-Tocharian *kercäpā, likely a borrowing from an early Indo-Aryan language, the same source of Sanskrit गर्दभ (gardabha).


käskor

A form of käsk- (“to scatter, disperse”).


kranko

From Proto-Tocharian *kräṅk-ān-, from Proto-Indo-European *krenk- (“to make a loud noise”). Cognate with English ring (“noise”), Lithuanian krankėti.


päścane

From Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn (“teat, nipple”). Compare Proto-Germanic *spenô (“nipple”), Ancient Greek στήνιον (stḗnion, “breast, chest”), Lithuanian spenys (“(animal) teats”), Persian پستان (pestân, “breast”), Sanskrit स्तन (stana, “female breast, nipple”).

cog

(anatomy) (dual) breasts (mammary glands)


krāke

From Proto-Tocharian *krāke (whence Tocharian A krāke), probably borrowed from Khotanese khārgga-.


krāmär

From Proto-Tocharian *krāmär (whence also the indirectly attested Tocharian A *krāmär), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂-mr̥, from *gʷreh₂- (“heavy”). Cognate with Latin gravis (whence English gravity), Sanskrit ग्रीष्म (grīṣma, “summer”), Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús) (whence English baro-), etc. Note that in the derived terms, the widespread semantic parallel of weight > difficulty is present (compare German schwer, Estonian raske, etc.)


tāś

Cognate with Tocharian A tāśśi pl (“chiefs, commanders”), from Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *téh₂g-yu-s, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g-, *tag- (“to establish, (put in) order; to command, rule”). Compare Ancient Greek τᾱγός (tāgós, “commander, ruler”) and Parthian 𐭕𐭂𐭌-𐭃𐭓 (tgm-dr /tagma-dāra-/, “commander”, literally “order-giver”).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

ṣle-taś

commander of the mountain region; mountain-commander

ywārt-taś

commander of the central region; center-commander


cāne

From Early Middle Chinese 錢 (MC dzjen|tsjenX) or Late Old Chinese 錢 (OC *ʔslenʔ, *zlen).

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:

cash (a unit of currency equivalent to a Chinese bronze or copper coin)


käṣṣī

From Proto-Tocharian *käṣṣī (whence also Tocharian A käṣṣī), from there uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁s- (“to proclaim, point out, instruct”), and cognate with Sanskrit शास्ति (śāsti, “to teach, instruct, rule”).


pitke

Deadjectival from *pih₁d-s-ko-, a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *peyH- (“fat”), with a dental extension that also appears in Proto-Germanic *faitaz (“fat”).


krāso

→ Tocharian A: krāso


śarko

musical instrument
musical instrument#English

a type of musical instrument, possibly a lute


śukkär

Ultimately from Sanskrit शुक्र (śukra, “any clear liquid, semen”)


waipalau

From wip- (“to shake”, transitive verb), from Proto-Tocharian *waip-.


ārsk-

From Proto-Tocharian *ār- (“to cease”) + the Proto-Tocharian present-forming suffix *-sk-. Compare ār-, from the same word and of the same meaning.


stamalñe

From stäm- (“to stand”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


empele

→ Tocharian A: empele

From the negative prefix e(n)- + pele (“law”).


ploriyo

type of musical wind instrument, possibly a flute


prenke

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenḱ- (“to deviate, corrupt, fall off”). Cognate with pränk- (“to stay away, restrain oneself”), Sanskrit भ्रंश् (bhraṃś, “to fall, deviate”), and perhaps Old Irish bréc (“lie”).


ñäkteñña

From the feminine of ñäkteññe (“divine”, adjective). Compare ñakte (“god”).


wrāko

shell (of an oyster or other sea creature)


pāke

From Proto-Tocharian *pāke, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-. Compare Tocharian A pāk.


ṣecake

Cognate to Tocharian A śiśäk (“lion”), which is likely influenced by śiśri (“mane”). If common ancestry with Chinese 獅子 (MC srij tsiX) is to be accepted, Proto-Tocharian *ṣīcäke may be tentatively reconstructed, from Proto-Indo-European *sih₂tekó- (“maned one”), which is related to Latin saeta (“bristle”).


ampoño

From āmp- (“to rot”) + the Khotanese abstract-forming suffix -oño, apparently borrowed into Tocharian B for this usage.


amāc

Borrowed from Khotanese āmāca-, of the same meaning. Compare Tocharian A amāc.


karsalñe

Probably a form of kärs- (“to know”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


eprer

Alternative form of iprer (“sky, atmosphere”).


ayāto

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + yāto, a form of yāt- (“to be able”).


ayāto

→ Tocharian A: āyāto


ārwer

From Proto-Tocharian *ārwer, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-. Compare Tocharian A ārwar.


īte

Uncertain. Possibly from yn- (“in”) + wic, the accusative of *wit, from Proto-Tocharian *wjīte.


aikare

From Proto-Tocharian *āikäre (whence also Tocharian A ekär), of uncertain further origin. Possibly from the intensive prefix *e(n)- + *iäkre, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eg- (“to lack”). If so, from the same source as yäk- (“to neglect”) and Latin egeo, etc.


yaṣṣuca

From yāṣṣu (“alms, begged food”), from yāsk- (“to ask, beg”).


krośce

From Proto-Tocharian *kʷroscē (whence also Tocharian A kᵤraś), from Proto-Indo-European *krews- (“to freeze, become hard”). Compare Latin crusta, Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos), etc.


yatwe

From Proto-Indo-European (compare Sanskrit वध (vadha)).


empreṃ

Uncertain. Possibly borrowed from an Iranian language.


kärweñe

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?] (whence Tocharian A kärwañ), but from there uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷreh₂-, in which case cognate with Sanskrit ग्रावन् (grāvan), Lithuanian girna, and English quirn. Also possibly related to Ancient Greek κεραυνός (keraunós, “lightning”), as some rocks were believed to be formed by lightning strikes.


waipecce

Uncertain, possibly a loan from an Iranian language.


postak

From Sanskrit पुस्तक (pustaka), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pōstaka, *pustaka.


pkante

Cognate with Tocharian A pkänt (“separate”), from Proto-Tocharian *p(ä)känte, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰgónts ~ *bʰgn̥tés, active participle from the root *bʰeg- (“to break”).


yärp-

to tend, take care of, look after, oversee


tsāro

From tsär- (“to be separated, be apart”), thus “a place set apart”.


kälyp-

Only attested in the agent form, kälpaṣṣuki (“thief”).


tsiromñe

From Proto-Tocharian *tsäre (“strong”) (compare Tocharian A tsraṣṣune).


tsaiññe

Etymology is unclear. Possibly from Proto-Iranian *dzay- (“to equip, adorn”) + -ññe.


aiyyer

Possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ew-


yäp-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃yebʰ-; cognate with Tocharian A yäw-, Ancient Greek οἴφω (oíphō), Sanskrit यभति (yabhati).


tsänk-

Uncertain. Initial *d > ts requires following back vowel or syllabic, thus implying Proto-Indo-European *dn̥k/ḱ-, *dunk/ḱ- (see *denḱ-); although it should be noted that a semantic shift from "bite" > "stand up" is unprecedented and highly unlikely.


tsain

Possibly from Proto-Iranian *dzainu- (“weapon”) (compare Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (zaēna), Old Armenian զէն (zēn)


ṣank

a measure of volume, roughly equal to 1.1 liters or 1.2 quarts

a dry measure, roughly equal to a quart or liter


peret

From Proto-Tocharian *peretä, cognate to Tocharian A porat. Possibly borrowed from Middle Iranian; cf. Ossetian färät, Khotanese paḍa.


tseṃ

head

tseṃ (feminine singular tseñña, feminine plural tseññāna)

tseñña (feminine singular)
tseññāna (feminine plural)


cämp-

mā cämpau ci klautkästsi wrocce rṣākeṃ

ṣñār ekñentasa soytsi lāñco mā campeṃ

by their own possessions can kings not be sated

to be able to, can (always used with an infinitive)


tränk-

From Proto-Tocharian *tränk- (compare Tocharian A tränk- (“to say”, suppletive present)).


nrai

Most likely derived from Sanskrit निरय (niraya).


täk-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

From Proto-Tocharian *tēke, probably (though with some phonetic problems) from Proto-Indo-European *té-th₂g-eti, reduplicated present from the root *teh₂g- (“to touch, grasp, take”), whence also Gothic 𐍄𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌽 (tēkan), Old Norse taka (“to touch; to grasp, take”), Latin tetigī (“have touched”, act.perf. of tangō) and Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having seized”, participle). Alternatively from a separate root *deh₁g- shared only with Germanic, or from the distinct root *tek- (“to take, obtain, receive”) (or contaminated therewith).

act.perf. of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">tangō</i>


pāsk-

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect”). Cognate with Latin pasco, English food,
feed.


aṃśūk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अंशुक (aṃśuka).


akappi

Learned borrowing from Pali akappiya, from Sanskrit अकल्प्य (akalpya), from अ- (a-, “not”) + कल्प्य (kalpya, “[what ought] to be performed”), gerundive of the root कॢप् (kḷp, “to perform; to arrange; to prepare”).


akarte

Possibly related to Lithuanian greta (“nearby”). Likely formed using ā- + [Term?] + near.


ākl-

From Proto-Tocharian *ākl-. Equivalent to *ā- (“towards”) + either käl (“to bring”) or käly (“to stand”). For the semantic connection of the former, compare English introduce and German einführen.


akṛtajñe

Alternative form of akritātñe (“ungrateful”)


akākatte

From e(n)- (privative prefix) + kāk- (“to invite”) + -tte.


akek

From āke (“end”) + the strengthening particle k(ä).


akuśal

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अकुशल (akuśala).


akraupatte

From the e(n)- (privative prefix) + kraup- (“to gather”) + -tte.


aklyilñe

From the subjunctive stem of ākl- (“to teach, learn”) + -ññe.


kraup-

Related to Lithuanian Lithuanian krūvà (“to stack”).


akṣai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अक्षय्य (akṣayya).


akṣobhe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अक्षोभ (akṣobha).


akwam

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”); that is, the sharp point of a sprout piercing the ground. Cognate with Latin acus (“sharp”).


akautatte

From e(n)- (privative prefix) + kaut- (“split”) + -tte.


akeññe

From āke (“edge”) + -ññe. The connection here is to a land on the edge of a country; on the border; the march. Compare Old English Mierce (“Kingdom of Mercia”), Italian Marche (“a region of Italy”), and the etymology for English Ukraine, from Old East Slavic украина (ukraina, “borderland”).

noncog

Agnean (exonymic designation for the Agneans, the "Tocharian A" people)


akwatse

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”). Related to āke (“edge”).


akṣnai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अक्ष्णया (akṣṇayā).


agrakulike

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अग्र (agra) + कुलिक (kulika).


agradharma

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अग्र (agra) + धर्म (dharma), literally "foremost law".


aṅkaiṃ

From the privative prefix e(n)- + kaiṃ, of unknown origin.


aksaṣṣuki

From Proto-Tocharian *aks-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵ- (“to say”). Cognate with Latin aio and English adagio and prodigy.


acirne

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अजीर्ण (ajīrṇa).


acār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अचर (acara).


ajvare

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अज्वर (ajvara, “id”).


aṅklautkatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + klautk-, a form of klutk- (“to turn”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn”).


akañc

Alternative form of akañce (“far, remote”)


akārpatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + kārp- (“to descend”).


akritātñe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अकृतज्ञ (akṛtajña). Doublet of akritaññe.


akṣepit

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आक्षिपति (ākṣipati).


añmālaṣkaññe

From añmālaṣke + -ññe, itself a derivative of āñme (“soul”).


atākatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + tāk- (“to be”).


atāttadāṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अदत्तादान (adattādāna).


atāmo

From the privative prefix e(n)- + tāmo, from täm- (“to be born”).


atit

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अतीत (atīta).


atirek

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अतिरेक (atireka).


atraikatte

From e(n)- (privative prefix) + trik- (“true”) + -tte.


attsaik

From Proto-Tocharian *ātts- + the strengthening particle *-k-. Compare Tocharian A āttsek.


e(n)-

From Proto-Tocharian *e(n)- (whence also Tocharian A a(n)-), from Proto-Indo-European *en (“in”). Likely originally a locative prefix. Compare English en-, of the same usage.


e(n)-

From Proto-Tocharian *e(n)- (whence also Tocharian A a(n)-), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-. Cognate with English un- and Latin in-, of similar usage.

A negating prefix; non-, un-, a-, an-, etc.


adhiṣṭhit

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अधितिष्ठति (adhitiṣṭhati).

lbor

to take control over, particularly magically.


adhyāśai

Borrowed from Sanskrit अध्याशय (adhyāśaya).


anantārs

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आनन्तर्य (ānantarya).

unpardonable sin, sin punishable by death


anabhiprāy

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन- (ana-) + अभिप्राय (abhiprāya).


anāgat

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनागति (anāgati).


anahār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनाहार (anāhāra). Compare āhār (“food”).


anāpatti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनापत्ति (anāpatti).


anāntapa

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनन्तवत् (anantavat).


anāyätte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + ai- (“given”).


anāṣṣälñe

From anāsk- + the gerundive-forming suffix -lñe.


anās

Likely a learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनाथ (anātha, “unprotected”).


anāsrap

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनास्रव (anāsrava).


anityä

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनित्य (anitya). Related to anityāt.


anindri

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनिन्द्रिय (anindriya, “senseless”, adjective).


anaikātte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + aik- (“to know”).


anityāt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनित्य (anitya). Related to anityä.


anubhāp

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनुभव (anubhava).


anāsk-

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-, the same source as onolme (“creature, person”), āñme (“self, soul”), and añiye (“breath”). Cognate with Latin animus.

(causative) to make breathe, resuscitate


anāṣkare

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + aṣkār (“backwards”).


empakwatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + päkw- (“to trust, expect”).


empelñe

From empele + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


oktante

From Proto-Tocharian *oktänte (whence also Tocharian A oktänt), from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw-o-, from *oḱtṓw (“eight”). Compare okt (“eight”).


kraketstse

From krāke + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse.


kapci

Probably from Middle Chinese. The second syllable corresponds to 指 (MC tsyijX, “finger”), while the first is "obscure". Possibilities include:
* 押 (MC 'aep|kaep, “signature”)
* 蓋 (MC kajH|hap|kap, “to stamp”) < Old Chinese 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb)
* 合 (MC hop|kop, “to close; to fit tightly; to agree with”)

ltc-l

thumbprint (as a mark of identification)


kauṃ-yaptsi

From kauṃ (“sun”) and yäp- (“to enter; to set”).


karyor

From the root of käry- (“to buy, trade”) + -or (action noun suffix), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷreyh₂-.


kāswo

Probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱas- (“white, gray”), as in peeling/diseased skin. If so, cognate with Latin canus and English hare.


koyn

Possibly from the earlier form *koy-nu, from Proto-Tocharian *koy (whence also Tocharian A koy- (“mouth”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂óyu (“gape”, noun), from the root *ǵʰh₂ey-, extended from the original root *ǵʰeh₂- (“to open wide, gape, yawn”). The verb kāyā (“to open wide, gape”) derives from the same root. Compare Latin hiō (“I stand open; I gape, yawn”), Lithuanian žióju (“I open”), Proto-Slavic *zijati (“to be open; to gape”), Old English ġinian (“to gape, yawn”).


kāwälñe

From kau- + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kerccī

Uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰórtos (“enclosure”), which would be cognate to Latin hortus (“garden”), Proto-Celtic *gortos (“enclosure, field”), and Ancient Greek χόρτος (khórtos, “farmyard”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰerdʰ- (“enclosure, to enclose”), which would be cognate to English yard, garden, Proto-Slavic *gordъ (“fortification, castle”), etc. Both are ultimately from *ǵʰer- (“to enclose”), in any case.


kauṃ-pirko

From kauṃ (“sun”) + pirko (“rise”, noun), from pärk- (“rise”, verb).


kartse

Compare Tocharian A kräntso (“beautiful”). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to yearn for”), whence also Sanskrit हर्यति (haryati, “to like; yearn after”), Ancient Greek χαρτός (khartós, “causing delight”) and Armenian ձիր (jir, “gift; grace”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European **gʷr̥H-ont-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to praise”); akin to Lithuanian gẽras (“good, kind”).


anaiśai

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + aisai, the verbal noun form of aik- (“to know”).


anautatte

From e(n)- (privative prefix) + naut- (“to die, perish”) + -tte.


anaiwatstse

From Proto-Tocharian *ānāiwātstse, from *e(n)- + *āiwā-, a form of *āiw- (“to turn towards”), + *-tstse; cognate with Tocharian A ānewāts. Equivalent to e(n)- + aiw- + -tstse.


antapi

From Proto-Tocharian *āntäp(ä)i, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥tbʰóy(h₁) (“both”, neuter dual); cognate with Tocharian A āmpi and Latin ambō. Related to Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi, both considered to be derived by suffixation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (“face, front”).


triśalñe

From trik- (“to go astray, be confused; to err, make a mistake”).


uluke

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उलूक (ulūka).


ūwe

From Proto-Tocharian *wäwén-, from a form of Proto-Indo-European *weyd-.


rṣāke

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ऋषि (ṛṣi), whence also Tocharian A riṣak.


pīsäl

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pésl̥, an l-stem noun derived from the (tentative) root *pes- (“to blow”) (compare Proto-Slavic *paxati (“to sweep”), Old Norse fǫnn (“snowdrift”)), thus meaning originally “that which is blown away”; compare especially Old High German fesa (“chaff”) from the same root. Or alternatively cognate with Sanskrit बुस (busa, “chaff, refuse grain; rubbish”) and perhaps Latin furfur (“chaff, bran; flaky skin”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰus-, but with phonetic difficulties.


yaukk-

yaukkanträ cai śalna yāmtsi


yolaiññe

From yolo, yolaiñ (“bad, evil; ugly”) + -ññe


yoñiye

Either derived ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yéwHō (“young”), or an alternative spelling of yoñiyai (“paths, ways, courses”).


ykāssäññe

Possibly from an otherwise unattested adjective: *ykāsse + -ññe.


pränk-

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenḱ- (“to deviate, corrupt, fall off”). Cognate with prenke (“island”), Sanskrit भ्रंश् (bhraṃś, “to fall, deviate”), and perhaps Old Irish bréc (“lie”).


antāpce

Possibly from the intensive prefix e(n)- + tāpce (“warm”).


antarābhav

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन्तराभवदेह (antarābhavadeha) or a related term.


antariye

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन्तरीय (antarīya).


antarvās

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन्तर्वासस् (antarvāsas).


antiṣpūr

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन्तःपुर (antaḥpura).


antartiṣ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन्तर्धि (antardhi).


apasmār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अपस्मार (apasmāra).


apāksai

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + pāk- (“obvious, evident”).


kästwer

Uncertain. Possibly a form of käs- (“to extinguish, be extinguished”).


kurār-lūwo

From kurār (“osprey, eagle”) + lūwo (“animal”).


apākri

A formation with pāk-, possibly the intensive prefix e(n)- + pāk-.


kauᵤrṣe

From Proto-Tocharian *kauwärṣän (whence also Tocharian A keyurṣ), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷow-wr̥sen- (“bull”), from *gʷṓws (“cow”), the same source as keᵤ. Cognate with Sanskrit गोवृष (govṛṣa).


apāṣṣätte

From e(n)- (privative prefix) + pāsk- (“to cover, protect”) + -tte.


kaut-

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to beat, crush”). Cognate with kau-, Latin cudo, English hew, etc.


appamāt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit प्रमाथ (pramātha), whence also Tocharian A appärmāt.


apramani

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अप्रमाण (apramāṇa).

infinity, any number that is large and difficult to count


apāy

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अपाय (apāya, “danger”).

someone of lower birth, specifically within the context of the Indian caste system


kurp-

From Proto-Tocharian *käurp-, from Proto-Indo-European *kerp-h₁-o-, from *kerp- (“to pluck”), a form of *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Cognate with English harvest, German Herbst (“autumn”), Latin carpo (“to pluck”), Lithuanian kirpti (“to chop”), etc.


aprasāt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अप्रसाद (aprasāda).


aplāc

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + plāc, acc. sing. of plāce (“speech”).


kulyp-

From Proto-Tocharian *käuliäp- (whence also Tocharian A kulyp-), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷlep- (“to desire”).


abhijñä

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अभिज्ञा (abhijñā), whence also Tocharian A abhijñe.


antarāy

Borrowed from Pali antarāya, from Sanskrit अन्तराय (antarāya).


yānk-

(causative) to cast a spell on, bewitch, enchant


yāt-

ñke ṣārttai wentsi mā yotonträ

to be able, be capable of, can (often with an infinitive complement)

weñā-neś ñakta se onkolmo yayātau śpālmeṃ

he said to him: lord, this elephant [is] best tamed


śarware

Probably related to गर्व (garva, “haughtiness”).


yäk-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eg- (“to lack”)


śakse

From Middle Chinese 粟 (MC sjowk) + 酒 (MC tsjuwX) or Old Chinese 粟 (OC *soɡ) + 酒 (OC *ʔsluʔ).

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


pärk-

From Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to ask”).


pärkāᵤ

An Iranian borrowing. Cognate with Tocharian A pärko. See Old Armenian պարգև (pargew) for more.


sapule

An Iranian borrowing. See Old Armenian սափոր (sapʻor).


abhinai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अभिनयति (abhinayati) or a form thereof.


ṣarya

Uncertain and disputed. One hypothesis derives it from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeseriHeh₂ (“(one) at hand”), from *ǵʰésr̥ (“hand”), which would link it to Tocharian B ṣar (“hand”). Another links Sanskrit स्त्री (strī́), Avestan 𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬍 (strī, “woman, wife”) (from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stríH) together with Luwian [script needed] (ašrul(i), “female”), [script needed] (*ašrāḫ-it, “femininity, womanhood”) and other Anatolian words, reconstructing an old Proto-Indo-European term *(h₁)ósr̥, *(h₁)ésōr (“~ woman”) which may be related to the feminine suffixes *-sr- (e.g. *t(r)i-sr-es f (“three”)) and *-sor- (having survived as a productive suffix only in Hittite -𒀸𒊭𒊏𒀸 (-ššaraš)).


abhinaiṣṣe

having to do with representing dramatically


abhisamai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अभिसमय (abhisamaya).


abhyākhyām

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अभ्याख्यान (abhyākhyāna).


abhiprāy

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अभिप्राय (abhiprāya).


auk-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg-; cognate with Tocharian A ok-, Latin augeō.


sälp-

(intransitive) to burn, be on fire, blaze


wāk-

From Proto-Tocharian *wāk-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂g- or *weh₂ǵ- (“to break apart, split, burst”).


oṃṣap

Probably a compound of oṃṣ (“above”) and ṣap (“more, and”).


anākätte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + nāk- (“to blame”).


oṅkrotte

From Proto-Tocharian *oṅkrotte (whence also Tocharian A onkrac), a privative form of the source of kwär- (“to age, grow old”) itself of further uncertain origin.


stamäṣṣälñe

From a form of stäm- (“to stand”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


aiw-

From ā- + *yu-, the latter being cognate with Tocharian A yu- of the same meaning, from Proto-Tocharian *ywe-.


lyäk-

From Proto-Tocharian, from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie down”).


käry-

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *kʷreyh₂-.


kärst-

From Proto-Tocharian *kärst- (whence Tocharian A kärṣt-), from a form of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-. Cognate with English share, shear, Lithuanian kirpti (“chop, cut”), Latin cortex, and a huge number of other words. Also, possibly doublet of kertte (“sword”).


käsk-

From Proto-Tocharian *käsk-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰn̥-sḱé, a form of *gʷʰen- (“to strike, slay, kill”). Cognate with English bane, Sanskrit घन (ghana, “killer, destroyer”), Latin *fendo, and many other derivatives of this root.


kät-

From Proto-Tocharian *kät- (whence also Tocharian A kät-), from Proto-Indo-European *skeyd- (“to split, scatter”). Cognate with English scatter, Lithuanian kedėti (“to burst”), and many other words in the IE family.


kärs-

From Proto-Tocharian *kärs- (whence Tocharian A kärs-), from Proto-Indo-European *kers- (“to cut off”), enlargement of *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


käl-

Probably from Proto-Tocharian *käl- (whence Tocharian A käl-), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn about”). Cognate with Latin colo (“to cultivate, inhabit”), and klutk- (“to turn around”).


käl-

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to drive”).


käs-

From Proto-Tocharian *käs- (whence Tocharian A käs-), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷes- (“to extinguish, become extinguished”). Cognate with Lithuanian gesti, Sanskrit जासयति (jāsayati), and Ancient Greek σβέννῡμι (sbénnūmi).
# (transitive) to extinguish, quench
# (intransitive) to be extinguished, go out


kälp-

From Proto-Tocharian *kälp- (whence Tocharian A kälp-), of uncertain origin.


ai-

Cognate with Tocharian A e-, from Proto-Tocharian *āi-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey- (“to give”).


tuk-

(causative) to hide or conceal someone or something


trenkäl

attachment (to the world and the things in it)


triw-

(causative) to mix something, shake up something


amāntatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + mänt- (“to be evil-minded, to scatter”).


amārraṣṣe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अमर (amara) + -ṣṣe.


amāllate

From the privative prefix e(n)- + mäl- (“to crush, repress”).


amāskai

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + māsk- (“to be difficult”).


amiske

From *ām(i)- + -ske (“diminutive suffix”).


amäkṣpänte

Uncertain. Possibly from *amäkṣa (“wagon”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ém-h₂ḱs-ih₂ ~ *h₂m̥-h₂ḱs-yéh₂, from *h₂em- (“to hold on to”) + *h₂eḱs- (“axle”) + *-ih₂, + *päntā (“master”, literally “he of the way”), from Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s ~ *pn̥th₁és (“way”). Compare kokalpänta (“wagonmaster”), from kokale (“cart, wagon”) + *päntā.
Alternatively borrowed from Iranian, compare Khotanese [script needed] (maśpa, “road, way”), possibly from Proto-Iranian *amaxšyapādah, from *amaxšyah, of unknown meaning and origin, + *pántaHh ~ *paθáh (“path”).


amplākätte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + plāk- (“to please”), literally "unpleasing".


ayātaitstse

A negative form of yāt- (“suitable, possible, tame”) + the adjectival suffix -tstse.


ayāmätte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + yām- (“to do, make”).


ām(i)-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂em(h₁)-. Compare Sanskrit अमीवा (amīvā, “demon”), Old Norse ama (“to hurt”).


ammakki

From the Proto-Indo-European nursery word *amma (“mother”). Compare Old Norse amma and Latin amita.


amaukatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + mauk- (“to drain away”).


ariwe

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ōreiwo-, from *h₁er(i)-. Cognates include Latin aries, Ancient Greek ἔριφος (ériphos), and Sanskrit आरेय (āreya).


aruci

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अरुचि (aruci).


artkiye

A derivative from the unattested verb *ārtk- (“to be/make abundant”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ-ske-.


arṣāklatstse

From arṣāklo + -tstse (adjectival suffix).


arwāre

ready (specifically pertaining to horses), saddled


artkaretstse

A form of *ārtk- (“to make abundant”) + -tstse.


ārtk-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ-ske-, from *h₃erdʰ-.


alāṣmo

A verbal adjective of alāsk- (“to be sick”).


alāsäññe

A form of the unattested *ālas(e) + -ññe.


alālätte

From the e(n)- (privative prefix) + lāl- (“to be tired”) + -tte.


ālase

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अलस (alasa), whence also Tocharian B alāsk- (“to be sick”)


artsa

From Proto-Tocharian *ārtsä, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erti-, a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“fitting”). Compare Tocharian A ārts.


alāᵤ

A contraction of unattested *alāwu, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elh₁-won-, a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂elh₁- (“to grind”), making it cognate with Ancient Greek ἄλευρον (áleuron) and Old Armenian ալիւր (aliwr), both meaning "flour".


alāsk-

Either a learned borrowing from Sanskrit अलस (alasa, “lazy”) (compare *ālase), or from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elh₁- (“heat”), as in a fever. In the latter case, compare Irish allas (“sweat”).


alaitatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + lit- (to fall away).


aletstse

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂elo-tyo, a form of *h₂el- (“other”) + -tstse. Cognate with Latin alius, English old.


alokälymi

Related to *āliya (“otherness”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-.


āliya

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“other”). Cognate with Latin alius.


avasth

Alternative form of avast (“condition, state”)


avaṣi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अवशिन् (avaśin).


avatrāpi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अवत्रापिन् (avatrāpin).


avidyä

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अविद्य (avidya).


awāsīke

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आवासिक (āvāsika)


awāskatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + wāsk- (“to move”).


awlāwatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + wlāw- (“control”).


aśari

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आचार्य (ācārya).


aśāwe

Formed using the intensive prefix e(n)-, but otherwise uncertain. Possibly a form of śāw- (“to fall, be made low”). Compare Tocharian A āśāwe.


aśiya

Borrowed from Khotanese aśyā. Compare Tocharian A aśi.


aśup

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अशुभ (aśubha).


aśrāddhe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अश्रद्ध (aśraddha).


aśrām

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आश्रम (āśrama).


aṣām

Borrowed from Khotanese āṣaṇa. Compare Tocharian A āṣām.


aṣkār

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + an unattested *ṣkār. Compare Tocharian A ṣkārā. Other cognates are unknown.

backwards, in the opposite direction, reverse


aṣanīke

A form of aṣām (“worthy”), ultimately from Khotanese āṣana.


asāre

From a form of ās (“to become dry”). Compare Tocharian A āsar.


asānṣṣe

pertaining to the throne, particularly in the context of succession.


asūre

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit असुर (asura).


astre-pälsko

From astare (“pure”) + pälsko (“spirit, soul”).


aslyamaṣṣe

parched, dried (especially in terms of grain)


astre-were

From astare (“pure”) + were (“aroma, smell”).


aspāwatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + spāw- (“to subside”).


aswāre

From the privative prefix e(n)- + swāre (“sweet, tender”).


ma-astaräññe

From the negative prefix ma- + astaräññe (“purity”).


ā-

Either learned borrowing from Sanskrit आ- (ā-) or inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European.


āᵤw

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówis (“sheep”). Cognates include English ewe, Latin ovis, and Sanskrit अवि (avi).


akṣār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अक्षर (akṣara).


ākteke

Unknown. Possibly related to Ancient Greek ἀγανακτέω (aganaktéō).


ākhu

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आखु (ākhu).


āgam

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आगम (āgama).


wāyā-

From Proto-Tocharian *weyā, from Proto-Indo-European *woyh₁-éh₂-ti, a form of Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁-.


āgat

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अगद (agada).


ānk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अङ्ग (aṅga).


ājānai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आजानेय (ājāneya). Compare Tocharian A ājivik.


āto

Unknown. Compare Tocharian A ātnam (“at the wrists”).


āks-

From Proto-Tocharian *āks-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ǵ-s-, a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵ- (“to say”). Cognate with Latin aiō. Compare Tocharian A āks-.


āks-

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti (“to hear well”), or of the same derivation as the other meaning of this term, above.


ādañc

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आदंश (ādaṃśa).


āmiṣ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आमिष (āmiṣa).


āpadāṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आपादन (āpādana).


āmp-

Likely borrowed from Middle Persian *hampu (“to rot”), possibly through Khotanese.


ām

Unknown. Possibly from Middle Persian hm.


āmpär

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-mr, a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to join together”). If so, cognate with English arm and Latin arma (whence English armor).


āmpär

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आम्र (āmra).


esale

From Proto-Tocharian *esäle (whence Tocharian A asäl), from there uncertain.


kronkśe

Hilmarsson reconstructs Proto-Tocharian *knhₐonkōn-


cāk

From Early Middle Chinese 石 (MC dzyek) or Old Chinese 石 (OC *djaɡ). In modern Chinese languages, the original sense for "weight measure" has been displaced by an alternative reading based on 擔.

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:

a dry measure, roughly equivalent to 100 quarts or 3 bushels


yalñe

A derivative of i- (“to go”). Compare yalle (“accessible”).


ātstse

From Proto-Tocharian *ātstse, but further etymology is unknown. Compare Tocharian A ātsäts.


indranīl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इन्द्रनील (indranīla).


iścem

Borrowed from an Indo-Iranian source, ultimately either from the Bactria-Margiana substrate or Proto-Indo-European *is- (“clay, dough”). Compare Sanskrit इष्टका (iṣṭakā) and Persian خشت, both meaning "brick". Possibly related to iścake (“dirt, earth”), if that term is also a borrowing from Indo-Iranian.


istak

Either from the accusative form of yast (“precipice”) + the strengthening particle -kä, or from yn- ("in") + -stā- (“stand”) + -kä. For the latter, compare English instant, of similar derivation and construction.


āmpäl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अम्ल (amla). Only attested in the compound āmpäl-śuke (“acid-tasting”).


ayomaṣṣe

Either from ai- (“to give”) or a form of āyor (“gift”), itself derived from the former.


ār-

From Proto-Tocharian *ār-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir”). If so, cognate with Latin orior. Compare Tocharian A ār-.


ārtar

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁r̥h₂-tḗr, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erh₂- (“border, line”), cognate with Hittite [script needed] (er-ḫa-aš /erḫaš/, “line, boundary”), Latin ōra (“brim, edge, boundary”), or perhaps borrowed from Sogdian 𐼰𐽀𐼹𐼰𐽀 (ʾrδʾr /arδār/, “region”), from Proto-Iranian *Hárdah (“half, side; place”).


ārtte

A form of ārtt- (“to praise”). Compare Tocharian A ārt.


ārth

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्थ (artha).


ārtt-

From Proto-Tocharian *ārtw-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ér-tus, a form of *h₂er- (“to fit together”). Compare Tocharian A ārt-.


ārt-

Alternative form of ārtt- (“to praise, love, be pleased with”)


ālambaṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आलम्बन (ālambana).


āläm

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“other”). Compare allek (“other”).


ālo

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“other”). Probably from the same form in PIE as āläm. Compare also allek (“other”).


āl

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eli- (“male animal”), possibly related to *h₁el- (“brown animal”).


ālyauce

From Proto-Tocharian *ālye- (“other”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos. Cognate with Latin alius, English else. This root has many reflexes in Tocharian B, such as allek, aletstse, alyiyatstse, and alokälymi.

one another, each other (reflexive pronoun)


akrtājñe

Alternative form of akritātñe (“ungrateful”)


akritaññe

Borrowed from Iranian, likely from the same source as kritāṃ. Doublet of akritātñe.


tsirauñe

From Proto-Tocharian *tsäre (“strong”) (compare Tocharian A tsraṣṣune).


sargga

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सर्ग (sarga).


śāstär

Most likely derived from Sanskrit शास्त्र (śāstra, “literature”).


ktakät

a type of contemptuous gesture made with the fingers


klin-

to be necessary (followed by infinitive), must, have to


saṃsār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit संसार (saṃsāra).


klutk-

to turn (intransitive), turn into, change into, become

(causative) to turn something or someone into


ktsaitstsäññe

From ktsaitstse (“old, aged, elderly”) + -ññe.


käln-

From Proto-Tocharian *klän- (“id”) (whence also Tocharian A käln-), from Proto-Indo-European *klun-. Cognate with Old English hlynn (“noise”).


gottär

Likely a learned borrowing from Sanskrit गोत्र (gotra)


āśrai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आश्रय (āśraya).


täm-

kärstau rano stām tākaṃ nano wtentse tänmasträ

even [if] a tree is cut down, it will be born again

mant källauṣṣi yelyi cmentär ontsoytñeṣṣe pīlene

so the worms of [desire for] profit are born in this world of insatiability

takarṣkñe no ṣarm okone perākñe tanmṣäṃ [sic]

faith produces belief in cause and effect


ās

From Proto-Tocharian *ās(ä), but uncertain from there. Possibly borrowed from a Middle Persian language. Compare Tocharian A ās (“goat”).


kwär-

From Proto-Tocharian (whence Tocharian A kwär-).


ās-

From Proto-Tocharian *ās-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs-. Cognate with Latin aridus (whence English arid) and possibly English ash.


ās-

Uncertain. Possibly from the locative particle ā (“near, on, away”) + -s-. a verbalizing particle. Alternatively, a borrowing from a Middle Persian language, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive, lead, push”).


epyacäññe

From epiyac (“memory”) + the noun-forming suffix -ññe.


āstär

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अस्त्र (astra, “projectile, arrow”).


āhār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आहार (āhāra).


mäs-

From Proto-Indo-European *mus(ā)-, a form of *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move”). The present form of this term, i-, is from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”), and as such the term is anonomalous in conjugation.


-ññe

Added to the stem of a verb to form a noun indicating a state or condition, such as result or capacity, associated with the verb, akin to -ance

Appended to adjectives to form nouns meaning "the state of being (the adjective)", "the quality of being (the adjective)", or "the measure of being (the adjective)", akin to -ness


itomtsa

A later form of *itauntsa, itself from īte (“full”).


iñcew ra tsa

From intsu + ra + tsa. It appears that this was initially a vernacular phrase that was used to the point where the spelling changed.


ikante

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *wi(h₁)dḱm̥t-o-, a form (and using an alternate reconstruction) of *wídḱm̥ti. Compare ikäṃ, which seems to be from the same PIE form.


indrintaṣṣe

From the plural of indri (“sensory organ”) + -ṣṣe.


ikṣṣu

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इक्षु (ikṣu).


intri

Alternative form of indri (“sensory organ”)


intsu

From Proto-Tocharian *äna- + a demonstrative pronoun equivalent to sū, with the former from Proto-Indo-European *h₁énos. Compare Tocharian A äntsaṃ, of the exact same construction.


intsau

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to ignite, fire”), which would make it cognate with Latin aethēr (“heaven, sky”), Sanskrit एध (edha, “fuel”) and Old English āl (“fire”).


imāne

Unknown. Possibly a form of i- (“to go”), in the sense of "one who goes", as an errand boy or other servant tasked with fetching things.


imassu

A form of īme (“thought, consciousness”).


imeṣṣe

From īme (“thought, consciousness”) + -ṣṣe.


iścake

Unknown and disputed. Possibly related to Sanskrit इष्टिका (iṣṭikā, “brick, tile”), making it borrowed from an Indo-Iranian source. Compare iścem, of a similar meaning.


iyā-

From Proto-Tocharian *iyā-, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂-. Cognate with Sanskrit याति (yāti). Compare Tocharian A yā-.


utpatti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्पत्ति (utpatti).


utpāt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्पाद (utpāda).

receipt of something, attainment of a good


upacai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपचय (upacaya, “growth, assistance”)


upadrap

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपद्रव (upadrava).


upatāpi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपतापिन् (upatāpin).


upekṣ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपेक्षा (upekṣā). Related to upekṣindri and upekṣopavicār, borrowings of Sanskrit compounds of that term.


upādām

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपादान (upādāna).


ustama

Borrowed from Khotanese [script needed] (ustama).


utsahām

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्साह (utsāha) or a related compound.


eṃṣke

→ Tocharian A: eṃṣke

From Proto-Tocharian *enṣäke. From there, uncertain. Possibly a construct of *e(n)- + a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *segʰ- (“to hold”). Compare Tocharian A eṣäk.


ekaññi

Plural of ekaññe, from Proto-Tocharian *ekäñye-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive, herd”).


ekamätte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + käm- (“to come”), literally "uncome".


ekalätte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + käl- (“to bear, carry”).


ekätkātte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + kätkātte, a form of kätk- (“to cross, pass”).


ekwalatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + kwäl- (“to fail”).


ekaute

From the privative prefix e(n)- + kaute, participle of kau- (“to kill”).


ekalymi

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + kalymi (“direction”).

in the power of, subjected to, dependent upon


ekalymi

subject (when used in the accusative case)


ekṣineke

Borrowed from Middle Persian *akšinaka- (“dove”). Only attested in the adjectival form ekṣinekäññe.


eṅk-

From Proto-Tocharian *eṅk- (whence also Tocharian A eṃts-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ-. Cognates include English enough and near, Latin nanciscor, and Sanskrit आनट् (ānaṭ).


eṅkarstatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + kärst- (“to cut”).


eṅkalpatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + kälp- (“to obtain, achieve”).


eṅkalñe

The subjunctive form of eṅk- (“to grasp”) + the noun-forming suffix -ññe.


eṅklyauṣätte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + klyaus- (“hear”).


eñatketse

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + ñatke.


eṅkältsatte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + kälts- (“pour, cover”).


eṅkaucar

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + + kauc (“high”) +-ār.


eñcare

→ Tocharian A: eñcare

From the partitive prefix e(n)- + cäñcare (“friendly, pleasant”), the second syllable removed via haplology.

disagreeable, unfriendly, unpleasant, unwelcome,


eñcäñcare

From the privative prefix e(n)- + cäñcare, of unknown origin. Possibly related to Tocharian A aṃṡär (“heavy”).


eñcal

At first glance an alternative form of eñcil (“tax, levy”), although more likely a synonym derived from the same source, eṅk- (“to grasp, seize”).


eñcil

Likely a derivative of eṅk- (“to grasp, seize”).


-tstse

forms adjectives with a sense of possession. Compare English -ful.


etaṅkätte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + täṅk- (“to check, hinder”).


eñwetstse

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + ñu (“new”) + -tstse.


āmāskai

Alternative form of amāskai (“difficult”)


āmāskai

Alternative form of amāskai (“difficultly, with difficulty”)


naut-

From Proto-Tocharian *näut- (whence Tocharian A nut-), from Proto-Indo-European *nuh₂-eh₂, verbal stem of *neh₂w- (“to die, lack”).


plāk-

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *plāk- (“flat”), cognate with Latin placeo, English please. The similar semantic derivation is obvious.


tāpce

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tep-. Alternatively, a loanword from a Middle Iranian source of similar derivation.


mäl-

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂-. Cognate with English mallet, German Müll, Russian молот (molot).


trik-

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”), with similar semantic reflexes (tree > firm, reliable) including English true and Latin dūrus.


akäñc

Alternative form of akañce (“far, remote”)


akāl-kätstse

From akāl (“wish”) + kä- (“to have”) + -tstse.


āklyi

Alternative form of akalye (“learning, study”)


-k(ä)

Related to Tocharian A -k(ä), but otherwise uncertain. Possibly related to the final syllable in Lithuanian jeigu (“if”), but also possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“copulative particle”).


akwam-pere

From akwam (“sprout”) + pere (“stalk”). This phrase was assumedly used so much that the two words were merged.


aṅkāre

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + kare (“worth”), the latter possibly from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂- (“to desire”), making it cognate with Latin cārus (“dear”).


akaru

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अगरु (agaru).


ācār

Alternative form of acār (“propriety, rule”)


pilkoṣṣe

From pilko (“thought, viewpoint”) + -ṣṣe.


añmālaṣlñeṣṣe

af

añmalāṣṣälñe


añmalaṣkaññe

From añmāla(r)ṣke (“sympathetic”) + -ññe.


ajamot

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अजमोद (ajamoda).


aṅkaiṃ-pilkoṣṣe

From aṅkaiṃ-pilko (“false thought”) + -ṣṣe.


aṅkaiṃ-pilko

From aṅkaiṃ (“false, reverse”) + pilko (“thought”).


aṅkwaṣ

→ Chinese: 阿魏 (āwèi)

Likely borrowed from Proto-Sogdic *angwažt, from Proto-Iranian *Hanguǰatu.


añmaññ-

A denominative verb form of āñme (“wish”).


aṅkwaṣṭ

Alternative form of aṅkwaṣ (“asafoetida”)


-ṣṣe

adjective-forming suffix, roughly showing pertinance. Evidently a very productive suffix, given attestations of it affixed to given names.


āttsaik

Alternative form of attsaik (“completely, only, indeed, for sure, even”)


āmaś

Alternative form of amāc (“minister (royal official)”)


amarṣ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आमर्ष (āmarṣa).

lbor

discontent, anger, indignation, impatience


abhyantarakālp

From Sanskrit अभ्यन्तरकल्प (abhyantarakalpa).

bor

अभ्यन्तरकल्प


ayājñi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अजाजि (ajāji).


aräñcatste

From arañce (“heart”) + -tstse. Literally "hearted".


araṅyāyateṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अरङ्यायतन (araṅyāyatana).


arahānte

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्हन्त् (arhant), from अर्हत् (arhat). Compare Tocharian A ārānt.

arhat (the personification of the tenets of Buddhism)


arirāk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit हरीतकी (harītakī).

Terminalia chebula
Terminalia chebula#Translingual

black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) (a type of plum)


aruṇariju

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अरुणर्जु (aruṇarju).


arkᵤye

Alternative form of artkiye (“abundance”)


arjuṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्जुन (arjuna).


ārk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्क (arka).

Calotropis gigantea
Calotropis gigantea#Translingual


ārk

Uncertain, probably related to ārc- (“to merit, deserve”).


aryamarkṣe

pertaining to the way of the honorable ones


arhānte

Alternative form of arahānte (“arhat (the personification of the tenets of Buddhism)”)


aryamark

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आर्यमार्ग (āryamārga), itself a compound of आर्य (ārya, “noble, honorable”) + मार्ग (mārga, “path, way”).


alyek

Alternative form of allek (“other, more”)


ālas

Alternative reconstruction of ālase (“lethargic, lazy”)


ālasäññe

idleness, laziness, lethargy, sloth, indolence


alepāṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आलेपन (ālepana).


alletstse

Alternative form of aletstse (“foreign, unrelated, strange”)


avyākrt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अव्याकृत (avyākṛta).


avasthālakṣam

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अवस्था (avasthā, “condition”) + लक्षम् (lakṣam, “characteristic”).


aśubha

Alternative form of aśup (“offensive thing, decaying human body”)


śāwe

Alternative form of aśāwe (“rough, coarse”)


aśiyaññe

Alternative form of aśyaññe (“pertaining to a nun”)


aśamati

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अंशुमती (aṃśumatī).

Desmodium gangeticum
Desmodium gangeticum#Translingual


aśaikṣamārg

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अशैक्षमार्ग (aśaikṣamārga), a compound of अशैक्ष (aśaikṣa, “no longer a pupil”) + मार्ग (mārga, “path; way”)

com

(Buddhism) the path of those no longer needing religious instruction


aśaikṣe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अशैक्ष (aśaikṣa), a compound of अ- (a-, “not”) + शिक्षा (śikṣā, “study”).

com

one no longer needing religious training


Aśleṣ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आश्लेषा (āśleṣā).


aśvagandh

Alternative form of aśvakānt (“Indian genseng; ashwagandha”)


Aśviṇi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अश्विनी (aśvinī).


aśvamet

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अश्वमेध (aśvamedha).


aśvakānt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अश्वगन्ध (aśvagandha).


asaṃkhyai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit असङ्ख्येय (asaṅkhyeya). Compare Tocharian A asaṃkhye.


askwace

Alternative form of askace (“halfa grass, Desmostachya bipinnata”)


astarñe

Alternative form of astaräññe (“purity”)


asecanadarśaṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit असेचन (asecana, “lovely”) + दर्शन (darśana, “sight, spectacle”).

insatiable sight, something unable to be looked away from


asāṃ

asānṣṣe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आसन (āsana). Compare Tocharian A āsāṃ.


askace

From Proto-Tocharian *āskwāce, of further unknown origin. Possibly related to atiyo (“grass”). Compare Tocharian A āskāc.


āktikaññe

Alternative form of āktekaññe (“wonder”)


ākāśadhātu

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आकाशधातु (ākāśadhātu).


āka

Probably from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), whence also ak (“ear of grain”). Compare English ear, of the same usage.


ippreräṣṣe

Alternative form of ipreräṣṣe (“pertaining to the sky or air, ethereal”)


iñcuwaññe

Alternative form of eñcuwaññe (“pertaining to iron”)


akartte

Alternative form of akarte (“near, nearby”)


ālyi

Alternative form of alyiye (“palm (of the hand)”)


amäkṣpänta

Alternative form of amäkṣpänte (“wagonmaster”)


ānaśai

Alternative form of anaiśai (“carefully, clearly”)


-ākṣi

one who announces, teaches, recites (only used in compounds)


āñmalāṣṣälñe

head

āñmalāṣṣälñe ?

txb-noun

āñmalāṣṣälñe ?

añmalāṣṣälñe

Alternative form of añmalāṣṣälñe (“sympathy”)


ājivīke

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आजिवीके (ājivīke).


āñcanarasa

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अञ्जनरस (añjanarasa).

a preparation of antimony (to be used as a medical ingredient)


āntsi

Alternative form of āttsi (“model, sign”) (possibly)


āñm-nākälñe

From āñme (“self, soul”) + nākälñe (“reproach”).


ātmaṃttse

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātman, “self, soul”), which is cognate with āñme, of the same meaning.


ātmaguptaphal

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मगुप्तफल् (ātmaguptaphal). See also ātmagupti.

आत्मगुप्तफल्

fruit of the velvet bean plant (Mucina pruriens)


Ātmavarga

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मवर्ग (ātmavarga).


ātmagupti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मगुप्ता (ātmaguptā). See also ātmaguptaphal.


ādhyātmike

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आध्यात्मिक (ādhyātmika, “spiritual, holy”).

something that comes from the self or soul


ātmadṛṣṭi

Orthographic borrowing from Sanskrit, itself a compound of आत्म (ātma, “self”, combining form) + दृष्टि (dṛṣṭi, “view”).

(Buddhism) self-view (the view, perspective, or thesis that there is a self)


ātmapāvabhet

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मभाव (ātmabhāva, “self-essence”) + भेद (bheda, “separation, crack”).


añmālarṣke

Alternative form of añmālaṣke (“pitying, sympathetic”)


Ānande

Inflected form of an unattested *Ānanda.

inflected form of *Ānanda, a male given name


ānāpānasmrti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आनापानस्मृति (ānāpānasmṛti).

आनापानस्मृति

mindfulness of breathing (a meditation exercise)


āyataṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आयतन (āyatana).


ārupyäṣṣe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आरूप्य (ārūpya) + -ṣṣe.


ārūpyadhātu

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आरूप्य (ārūpya) + धातु (dhātu).


āraṇyāyataṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अरण्य (araṇya) + आयतन (āyatana).


ārc-

Uncertain. Possibly from an unattested *ārk (“merit”), indicating an early Proto-Tocharian *ārk. This is possibly related to Sanskrit अर्हति (arhati), but other cognates with this word make such a connection unlikely.