en-

Related to Tocharian A en-, either borrowed into or from Tocharian B. Of uncertain origin, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European, cognate with Ancient Greek αἶνος (aînos, “story, tale”).


er-

From Proto-Tocharian *er- (whence also Tocharian A ar-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir”).


i-

From Proto-Tocharian *jä-, whence also Tocharian A i-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to move”). Cognate with Latin eō and Polish iść, both of the same meaning. The preterite form of this term, mäs-, is from Proto-Indo-European *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move”), and as such the term is suppletive in conjugation.


mit-

Compare Tocharian A *met- (only preterite attested).


ku-

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō), Sanskrit जुहोति (juhoti), Old Armenian ձեւ (jew), Latin fundō, fūtis and Old English ġēotan, guttas (English gut).


kau-

From Proto-Tocharian *kāu- (whence also Tocharian A ko-), from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to hit, strike”). Cognate with kaut-, English hew, Latin cudo, Lithuanian kaujėti, etc.


mālkant

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-eye-. Compare Tocharian A mālkā.


pär-

From Proto-Tocharian *pär-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-. Compare Tocharian A pär-.


päl-

Uncertain. From Proto-Tocharian *päl-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“speak, yell, bark, roar, sound”) (whence English bellow), or alternatively it may be linked to *(s)pel- (“to say aloud, recite”) (compare Albanian fjalë, English spell, Armenian առասպել (aṙaspel)). Compare Tocharian A päl-.

mā tusa kātkau mā tu pällāmar

thus I do not rejoice and do not praise it


läk-

txb-conj-table

Base, class IX present, class V subjunctive, class I preterite, class I imperative, suppletive

lkāskau (active first-person indicative singular)
lkāst (active indicative second-person singular)
lkāṣṣäṃ (active indicative singular third-person)
lkāskeṃ (active indicative plural third-person)
lkāstar (indicative mediopassive second-person singular)
lkāstär (indicative mediopassive singular third-person)
lkāṣṣim (active first-person imperfect singular)
lkāṣṣi (active imperfect singular third-person)
lkāṣyeṃ (active imperfect plural third-person)
lakau (active first-person singular subjunctive)
lkāst (active second-person singular subjunctive)
lakaṃ (active singular subjunctive third-person)
lkām (active first-person plural subjunctive)
lkācer (active plural second-person subjunctive)
lakaṃ (active plural subjunctive third-person)
lkātär (mediopassive singular subjunctive third-person)
lkāntär (mediopassive plural subjunctive third-person)
lkoym (active first-person optative singular)
lakoy (active optative singular third-person)
lkoycer (active optative plural second-person)
lkoyeṃ (active optative plural third-person)
lkoyentär (mediopassive optative plural third-person)
lyakāwa (active first-person preterite singular)
lyakāsta (active preterite second-person singular)
lyāka (active preterite singular third-person)
lyakām (active first-person plural preterite)
lyakās (active plural preterite second-person)
lyakāso (active plural preterite second-person)
lyākar (active plural preterite third-person)
lyakāre (active plural preterite third-person)
lyakātai (mediopassive preterite second-person singular)
lyakāte (mediopassive preterite singular third-person)
lyakānte (mediopassive plural preterite third-person)
pālka (active imperative second-person singular)
palkas (active imperative plural second-person)
palkar (imperative mediopassive second-person singular)
lkaṣṣeñca (active participle present singular)
lkāskemane (mediopassive participle present singular)
lkaṣṣälle (gerund indicative singular)
lkālle (gerund plural subjunctive)
lkātsi (infinitive plural)
lyelyaku (participle past plural)

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], probably from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“gather”) (compare Latin legō, Ancient Greek λέγω (légō), Albanian lidh), in the abstract sense of "gather with the eyes", or alternately cognate to Old English lōcian (English look). Cognate to Tocharian A läk-.

proskaiṃ lkāṣṣäṃ wrotsana


päk-

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ- (“to cook, become ripe”), whence Latin coquō, Sanskrit पचति (pácati), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬗𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (pacaⁱti), Albanian pjek, Ancient Greek πέσσω (péssō), Old Church Slavonic пешти (pešti), Russian печь (pečʹ), Lithuanian kepù (through metathesis), Tocharian A päk-.

inh

oko pakṣträ

to become ready for eating, i.e. cook, boil, ripen

tsirauwñeṣṣe kauṣn āya ompalskoṣṣe mrestīwe pakṣäṃ ysomo

it kills the bone of energy and cooks together the marrow of meditation

to make ready for eating; cook, boil, ripen


śai-

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃-. Compare Tocharian A śo-.


wārk-

From Proto-Tocharian *wärk-, probably from a specialized sense of Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-. Compare Tocharian A wärk-. See also Old Armenian գերծում (gercum, “shave”), which may be ultimately related.

śānta warkāre ysañiye yok tāka

they sheared the sheep; golden was the wool


käm-

From Proto-Tocharian *kʷäm-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem-, also the ultimate source of English come, Latin veniō. Compare Tocharian A kum-.


luk-

From Proto-Tocharian *luk-, from Proto-Indo-European *lewk-; compare Latin lūceō. Compare Tocharian A luk-.


wāp-

From Proto-Tocharian *wäp- (compare Tocharian A wäp-), from Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“to weave”), also the ultimate root of Old English wefan (whence English weave), Sanskrit उभ्नाति (ubhnāti, “entwine”), Persian بافتن (bâftan), Ancient Greek ὑφαίνω (huphaínō, “weave”), Albanian venj.


miśo

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃miǵʰyeh₂-, a derivative of *meyǵʰ-, *h₃meyǵʰ-. Compare Old Armenian մէզ (mēz), Latin meiō, Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬌 (maēsati), Sanskrit मेहति (mehati), Lithuanian myžti, Ancient Greek ὀμείχω (omeíkhō).

kewiye miśosa malkwersa wat


syā-

From Proto-Indo-European *swidyé-, from *sweyd-. Compare Old English swāt (English sweat), Sanskrit स्वेदते (svedate), Latin sūdō, sūdor.


wäs-

From Proto-Tocharian *wäs-, from Proto-Indo-European *wes-. Compare Tocharian A wäs-, Hittite [Term?] (/waš-/), [Term?] (/waššezzi/), Albanian vesh, Latin vestis, vestiō, Sanskrit वस्ते (vaste), Old English werian (English wear).

wässāte kaṣār-wassi

sonopitär līkṣītär wästsanma krenta yäṣṣitär

he anointed himself, bathed, and put on good clothing


wäs-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes- (“to dwell; to spend the night”)

der

pelaikne yamaṣṣeñca sak wsaṣṣäṃ

fulfilling the law, [in] good fortune he abides

śtwārka wṣeññaṃne wsaskeṃ


tsäk-

From Proto-Tocharian *tsäk-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰégʷʰeti.

to apply heat to (in cooking); i.e. roast, boil, burn off, evaporate


wi-

From Proto-Tocharian *wäi-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwey-, cognate to Tocharian A wi-.


āk-

From Proto-Tocharian *āk-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Compare Tocharian A āk (“zeal”) and Tocharian A āk-.


āl-

From Proto-Tocharian *al-, of uncertain further origin. Compare Tocharian A āl-.


aik-

From Proto-Tocharian *aik- (whence also Tocharian A aik-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, own”). Cognate with English owe, Sanskrit ईश (īśa, “possession”), etc.


klyaus-

txb-conj-table

Base, class II present, class II subjunctive, class I preterite, class I imperative

klyauṣäṃ (active indicative singular third-person)
klyauseṃ (active indicative plural third-person)
klyauṣär (indicative mediopassive singular third-person)
klyausentär (indicative mediopassive plural third-person)
klyauṣim (active first-person imperfect singular)
klyauṣit (active imperfect singular third-person)
klyauṣyeṃ (active imperfect plural third-person)
klyauṣiyeṃ (active imperfect plural third-person)
klyauṣäṃ (active singular subjunctive third-person)
klyauṣi (active optative singular third-person)
klyauṣyeṃ (active optative plural third-person)
klyauṣiyeṃ (active optative plural third-person)
klyauṣawa (active first-person preterite singular)
klyauṣa (active preterite singular third-person)
klyauṣaso (active plural preterite second-person)
klyauṣare (active plural preterite third-person)
klyauṣate (mediopassive preterite singular third-person)
päklyauṣ (active imperative second-person singular)
päklyauṣso (active imperative plural second-person)
klausemane (mediopassive participle present singular)
klyauṣälle (gerund indicative singular)
klyauṣtsi (infinitive plural)
klyaussi (infinitive plural)
keklyeuṣu (participle past plural)

From Proto-Tocharian *klyeus- (whence also Tocharian A klyos-), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-.


kauk-

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kū- (“to cry out, call”). Cognate with Lithuanian kaukti, Sanskrit कौति (kauti), etc.


nes-

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *nes- (“to return home”). Compare Tocharian A nas-.


lät-

From Proto-Tocharian *lut-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ-; Cognates found in Ancient Greek ἐλεύσομαι (eleúsomai) and Ancient Greek ἦλθον (êlthon), Old Irish luid. Compare Tocharian A länt-.

Nervānäś po aiwolyci mäskentär lnaskeṃ ostmeṃ.

Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN

They all are directed to Nirvana and go out from the house (i.e., become monks).


näk-

From Proto-Indo-European *neḱ- (“to perish, disappear”).

inh

(middle voice) To be lost, disappear, be destroyed, perish.


ārsk-

From Proto-Tocharian *ār- (“to cease”) + the Proto-Tocharian present-forming suffix *-sk-. Compare ār-, from the same word and of the same meaning.


yärp-

to tend, take care of, look after, oversee


kälyp-

Only attested in the agent form, kälpaṣṣuki (“thief”).


yäp-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃yebʰ-; cognate with Tocharian A yäw-, Ancient Greek οἴφω (oíphō), Sanskrit यभति (yabhati).


tsänk-

Uncertain. Initial *d > ts requires following back vowel or syllabic, thus implying Proto-Indo-European *dn̥k/ḱ-, *dunk/ḱ- (see *denḱ-); although it should be noted that a semantic shift from "bite" > "stand up" is unprecedented and highly unlikely.


cämp-

mā cämpau ci klautkästsi wrocce rṣākeṃ

ṣñār ekñentasa soytsi lāñco mā campeṃ

by their own possessions can kings not be sated

to be able to, can (always used with an infinitive)


tränk-

From Proto-Tocharian *tränk- (compare Tocharian A tränk- (“to say”, suppletive present)).


täk-

Brill Publishers
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

From Proto-Tocharian *tēke, probably (though with some phonetic problems) from Proto-Indo-European *té-th₂g-eti, reduplicated present from the root *teh₂g- (“to touch, grasp, take”), whence also Gothic 𐍄𐌴𐌺𐌰𐌽 (tēkan), Old Norse taka (“to touch; to grasp, take”), Latin tetigī (“have touched”, act.perf. of tangō) and Ancient Greek τεταγών (tetagṓn, “having seized”, participle). Alternatively from a separate root *deh₁g- shared only with Germanic, or from the distinct root *tek- (“to take, obtain, receive”) (or contaminated therewith).

act.perf. of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">tangō</i>


pāsk-

From Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect”). Cognate with Latin pasco, English food,
feed.


ākl-

From Proto-Tocharian *ākl-. Equivalent to *ā- (“towards”) + either käl (“to bring”) or käly (“to stand”). For the semantic connection of the former, compare English introduce and German einführen.


kraup-

Related to Lithuanian Lithuanian krūvà (“to stack”).


adhiṣṭhit

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अधितिष्ठति (adhitiṣṭhati).

lbor

to take control over, particularly magically.


anāsk-

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-, the same source as onolme (“creature, person”), āñme (“self, soul”), and añiye (“breath”). Cognate with Latin animus.

(causative) to make breathe, resuscitate


yaukk-

yaukkanträ cai śalna yāmtsi


pränk-

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenḱ- (“to deviate, corrupt, fall off”). Cognate with prenke (“island”), Sanskrit भ्रंश् (bhraṃś, “to fall, deviate”), and perhaps Old Irish bréc (“lie”).


kaut-

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to beat, crush”). Cognate with kau-, Latin cudo, English hew, etc.


kurp-

From Proto-Tocharian *käurp-, from Proto-Indo-European *kerp-h₁-o-, from *kerp- (“to pluck”), a form of *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Cognate with English harvest, German Herbst (“autumn”), Latin carpo (“to pluck”), Lithuanian kirpti (“to chop”), etc.


kulyp-

From Proto-Tocharian *käuliäp- (whence also Tocharian A kulyp-), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷlep- (“to desire”).


yānk-

(causative) to cast a spell on, bewitch, enchant


yāt-

ñke ṣārttai wentsi mā yotonträ

to be able, be capable of, can (often with an infinitive complement)

weñā-neś ñakta se onkolmo yayātau śpālmeṃ

he said to him: lord, this elephant [is] best tamed


yäk-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eg- (“to lack”)


pärk-

From Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to ask”).


abhinai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अभिनयति (abhinayati) or a form thereof.


auk-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg-; cognate with Tocharian A ok-, Latin augeō.


sälp-

(intransitive) to burn, be on fire, blaze


wāk-

From Proto-Tocharian *wāk-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂g- or *weh₂ǵ- (“to break apart, split, burst”).


aiw-

From ā- + *yu-, the latter being cognate with Tocharian A yu- of the same meaning, from Proto-Tocharian *ywe-.


lyäk-

From Proto-Tocharian, from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie down”).


käry-

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *kʷreyh₂-.


kärst-

From Proto-Tocharian *kärst- (whence Tocharian A kärṣt-), from a form of Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-. Cognate with English share, shear, Lithuanian kirpti (“chop, cut”), Latin cortex, and a huge number of other words. Also, possibly doublet of kertte (“sword”).


käsk-

From Proto-Tocharian *käsk-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰn̥-sḱé, a form of *gʷʰen- (“to strike, slay, kill”). Cognate with English bane, Sanskrit घन (ghana, “killer, destroyer”), Latin *fendo, and many other derivatives of this root.


kät-

From Proto-Tocharian *kät- (whence also Tocharian A kät-), from Proto-Indo-European *skeyd- (“to split, scatter”). Cognate with English scatter, Lithuanian kedėti (“to burst”), and many other words in the IE family.


kärs-

From Proto-Tocharian *kärs- (whence Tocharian A kärs-), from Proto-Indo-European *kers- (“to cut off”), enlargement of *(s)ker- (“to cut”).


käl-

Probably from Proto-Tocharian *käl- (whence Tocharian A käl-), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn about”). Cognate with Latin colo (“to cultivate, inhabit”), and klutk- (“to turn around”).


käl-

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to drive”).


käs-

From Proto-Tocharian *käs- (whence Tocharian A käs-), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷes- (“to extinguish, become extinguished”). Cognate with Lithuanian gesti, Sanskrit जासयति (jāsayati), and Ancient Greek σβέννῡμι (sbénnūmi).
# (transitive) to extinguish, quench
# (intransitive) to be extinguished, go out


kälp-

From Proto-Tocharian *kälp- (whence Tocharian A kälp-), of uncertain origin.


ai-

Cognate with Tocharian A e-, from Proto-Tocharian *āi-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey- (“to give”).


tuk-

(causative) to hide or conceal someone or something


triw-

(causative) to mix something, shake up something


ārtk-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ-ske-, from *h₃erdʰ-.


alāsk-

Either a learned borrowing from Sanskrit अलस (alasa, “lazy”) (compare *ālase), or from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elh₁- (“heat”), as in a fever. In the latter case, compare Irish allas (“sweat”).


wāyā-

From Proto-Tocharian *weyā, from Proto-Indo-European *woyh₁-éh₂-ti, a form of Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁-.


āks-

From Proto-Tocharian *āks-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ǵ-s-, a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵ- (“to say”). Cognate with Latin aiō. Compare Tocharian A āks-.


āks-

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ḱh₂owsyéti (“to hear well”), or of the same derivation as the other meaning of this term, above.


āmp-

Likely borrowed from Middle Persian *hampu (“to rot”), possibly through Khotanese.


ār-

From Proto-Tocharian *ār-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to move, stir”). If so, cognate with Latin orior. Compare Tocharian A ār-.


ārtt-

From Proto-Tocharian *ārtw-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ér-tus, a form of *h₂er- (“to fit together”). Compare Tocharian A ārt-.


ārt-

Alternative form of ārtt- (“to praise, love, be pleased with”)


klin-

to be necessary (followed by infinitive), must, have to


klutk-

to turn (intransitive), turn into, change into, become

(causative) to turn something or someone into


käln-

From Proto-Tocharian *klän- (“id”) (whence also Tocharian A käln-), from Proto-Indo-European *klun-. Cognate with Old English hlynn (“noise”).


täm-

kärstau rano stām tākaṃ nano wtentse tänmasträ

even [if] a tree is cut down, it will be born again

mant källauṣṣi yelyi cmentär ontsoytñeṣṣe pīlene

so the worms of [desire for] profit are born in this world of insatiability

takarṣkñe no ṣarm okone perākñe tanmṣäṃ [sic]

faith produces belief in cause and effect


kwär-

From Proto-Tocharian (whence Tocharian A kwär-).


ās-

From Proto-Tocharian *ās-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs-. Cognate with Latin aridus (whence English arid) and possibly English ash.


ās-

Uncertain. Possibly from the locative particle ā (“near, on, away”) + -s-. a verbalizing particle. Alternatively, a borrowing from a Middle Persian language, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive, lead, push”).


mäs-

From Proto-Indo-European *mus(ā)-, a form of *m(y)ewh₁- (“to move”). The present form of this term, i-, is from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”), and as such the term is anonomalous in conjugation.


iyā-

From Proto-Tocharian *iyā-, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂-. Cognate with Sanskrit याति (yāti). Compare Tocharian A yā-.


eṅk-

From Proto-Tocharian *eṅk- (whence also Tocharian A eṃts-), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ-. Cognates include English enough and near, Latin nanciscor, and Sanskrit आनट् (ānaṭ).


naut-

From Proto-Tocharian *näut- (whence Tocharian A nut-), from Proto-Indo-European *nuh₂-eh₂, verbal stem of *neh₂w- (“to die, lack”).


plāk-

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *plāk- (“flat”), cognate with Latin placeo, English please. The similar semantic derivation is obvious.


mäl-

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *melh₂-. Cognate with English mallet, German Müll, Russian молот (molot).


añmaññ-

A denominative verb form of āñme (“wish”).


ārc-

Uncertain. Possibly from an unattested *ārk (“merit”), indicating an early Proto-Tocharian *ārk. This is possibly related to Sanskrit अर्हति (arhati), but other cognates with this word make such a connection unlikely.


śä-

to set someone/something in motion, direct


kätk-

From Proto-Tocharian *kätk- (whence also Tocharian A kätk-), from Proto-Indo-European *kedsḱ-, from Proto-Indo-European *ked-. Cognate with Latin cedo (“to go, move”).


kätk-

From a form of Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm. Cognate with Ancient Greek κατά (katá, “downwards, along”).

cog

eṅkatkre

kätkare (“deep, tall, hollow, profound”)


sätk-

to spread out (transitive and intransitive)


räss-

to tear off or out (without reaching beneath the surface)


ritt-

to persist in (with locative or comitative)


lik-

(causative) to wash someone else, bathe another


mänk-

to be deprived of, lack, suffer the loss of


musk-

(causative) to make disappear, cause to subside


parāk-

(causative) to gladden, exhilarate, refresh


käly-

From Proto-Tocharian *käly- (whence also Tocharian A käly-), from Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, raise”).


kärn-

From Proto-Tocharian *krun- (whence also Tocharian A kärn-), from Proto-Indo-European *krows- (“to push, strike, break”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κρούω (kroúō, “to smite, strike”), Lithuanian krušti (“to smash, grind”), and Czech krušný (“hard, difficult”).

cog

to afflict with an illness, pain, or other condition


kekenu

From the past participle of kän- ("to fulfill").


stäm-

From Proto-Tocharian *stäm- (whence also Tocharian A ṣtäm-), from Proto-Indo-European *stem-, from *steh₂- (“to stand”).


kutk-

From Proto-Tocharian *käutk- (whence Tocharian A kutk-), probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- (“to pour”). Cognate with Latin fundo, German gießen, and many more.


kur-

Alternative form of kwär- (“to age, grow old”)


kwälyp-

Alternative form of kulyp- (“to desire, want”)


kuts-

Probably from a form of Sanskrit कुत्सयति (kutsayati).


kāyā

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂-, distantly related to koyn (“mouth”).


krās-

From Proto-Tocharian *krās- (whence Tocharian A krās-), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰres-, with cognates only seen in the Baltic languages, such as Lithuanian grasa (“threat”).


krāt-

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁d- (“to make noise”).


epiyac käl

Phrasal verb comprising of epiyac (“memory”) and käl-.


epiyac yām

Phrasal verb comprising of epiyac (“memory”) and yām-.

to cause someone to remember, to recall something to someone


wäm-

Adams compares Ancient Greek δύω (dúō) and Sanskrit उपादुत्य (upādutya, “[that which] is to be put on”), from Proto-Indo-European *dw-em-, perhaps by enlargement from *deH-.

cog

ne ᵤmāñca kauntse maiyyā·e

‘of the setting sun; powerful ...’ or ‘... the one who covers the power of the sun ...’

śaiṣṣe se kleśanmaṣṣai wämyu räskre kāswasā : aṅkaiṃ placsa sewīträ atkwal ṣpä
‘This world is roughly covered by the loeprosy [?] of kleśas and because of false speech it sew’s with atkwal’