war

From Proto-Tocharian *wär (whence Tocharian A wär), from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (“water”) through a regular (endocentric) thematicization via *udrom.


or

From Proto-Indo-European *dóru, with unexplained loss of initial */d/. Compare Tocharian A or.


taupe

mine (place from which ore is extracted)


to

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰowh₂ōn, from the root *dʰewh₂-.

(detatchable) body hair on the human body (especially pubic hair)


eye

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éy-ós, nominalized form of *h₁ey- (“to go”), where the semantics developed along the lines of the animals being herded. For similar etymological and semantic developments, compare Hittite iyant (“sheep”) and Oscan eítuvam (“wealth”) (originally meaning livestock, for which semantically compare Latin pecunia).


camel

An action noun from täm- (“be born”). Compare Tocharian A cmol.

alyek cmelne ṣpä ñäkcye cmetsi śaiṣṣene

and to be born in the divine world in another birth


ewe

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewes- (“covering”), from *h₃ew- (“to put on clothes, shoes”). Cognate with Latin *uo (“to put on clothes”), Lithuanian auti (“to put on shoes”), etc.


tau

head

tau ? sg (irregular plural towä or tom or taum)

towä (irregular plural)
tom (irregular plural)
taum (irregular plural)

quote-book

Bauer, Brigitte L.M.; Pinault, Georges-Jean

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:

a dry measure, roughly equivalent to ten quarts or 1.25 pecks


mit

From Proto-Tocharian *ḿət(ə), from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu (“mead”). See also Old Chinese 蜜 (OC *mit, “honey”), which is possibly a borrowing from Tocharian.


ek

From Proto-Tocharian *ëk, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs, from *h₃okʷ- (“to see”) + the noun-forming ending *-s. Compare Tocharian A ak.

Eśane klausane ṣeycer-me kartstse yolo lkātsi klyaussisa.

"You had eyes and ears to see and hear good and evil."


avast

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अवस्था (avasthā).


yap

From Proto-Indo-European *yéw-o-m, from *yéwos, from *yew-, *yewh₁- (“to ripen, mature”), whence yu-. Compare Sanskrit यव (yáva, “barley”).


pere

From Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go through, across”). Compare Sanskrit पर्वन् (parvan).


oko

Related to Tocharian A oko (“id”), but through what manner is uncertain. Probably a borrowing from Tocharian B to A. From there, probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ógeh₂ (“berry, fruit”), making it cognate with Lithuanian úoga, Russian я́года (jágoda), Old English æcern (whence English acorn), etc. Also possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“increase, grow”), in which case cognate with auk- (“to grow”), Lithuanian augti, Latin augeo, etc.


auk

From Proto-Tocharian *ewk, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ógʷʰis. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄφις (óphis) and Sanskrit अहि (ahi).


soy

From Proto-Indo-European *suHyús. Cognate with Tocharian A se, Old Armenian ուստր (ustr) and Ancient Greek υἱύς (huiús). Compare also the diminutive form soṃśke reflecting the alternative Proto-Indo-European root for "son".


ku

From Proto-Tocharian *ku, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”). Compare Tocharian A ku, Latin canis, Old Irish cú, Old English hund.


maim

From Proto-Tocharian *meim, a nominal derivative of *mei- (“to measure”). Possibly linked to Proto-Indo-European *mod-ye/o- or *mēdye/o-, derivatives of *med- (“to measure, give advice, heal”) (whence Latin meditor and Old Irish midithir), or alternatively to *meh₁-ye/o- from *meh₁- (“to measure”) (whence Latin mētior). Compare Tocharian A mem.

Enenkaś paspārtau cwi maim palskw attsaik.

Completely turned inward [is] his thought and spirit.


ost

From Proto-Tocharian *wɔstä, maybe from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂s-tu-; compare Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu, “town”) and Sanskrit वास्तु (vāstu). Compare Tocharian A waṣt.


vek

Cf. wek. Compare Tocharian A vak and Sanskrit वाक् (vāk) from वाच् (vāc).


kor

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱówH- (“hollow”); compare Sanskrit शून्य (śūnya, “zero”), Latin cavus (“hollow”), Ancient Greek κύαρ (kúar, “eye of a needle, earhole”).


aise

Probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eis- (“pottery”).


yel

From Proto-Tocharian *w'ēl, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“turn, twist”).


kunt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुन्द (kunda). Only attested in the form kuntäṣṣe.

lbor

(Botany) jasmine, especially Jasminum multiflorum


śwerppewä

Probably from derivatives of Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres (“four”) and *pṓds (“foot”), as with Latin quadrupes. Compare śtwer (“four”) and paiyye (“foot”), pai.


prete

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *prot-. Cognate with Lithuanian pranti, Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (fraþjan), Latin interpres, etc.


tremi

From a Proto-Tocharian *treme-, a deverbative derivative of *tärm- (“be angry furious”) (survived in Tocharian A tärm-), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *trem- (“tremble”).


laks

From Proto-Indo-European *laḱs- (“salmon, trout”). Cognate with Tocharian A läks (“fish”), Old East Slavic лосось (lososĭ, “salmon”), Old English leax (“salmon”) and Lithuanian lašiša (“salmon”).


teki

Related to täk- (“to touch, feel; to fetch”), from the subjunctive stem.
Compare the similar semantics of Latin contāgiō (“contact, touch; contagion”) and contāctus (“touched; contact; infection”), from the same root.


kosi

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s-u-en-, a form of *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”). Cognate with German Husten, Lithuanian kosulỹs, Irish casacht, etc.


kirot

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गिलोड्य (giloḍya).


yok

Possibly specialized in meaning from the sense for "hair" > "hair color" > "color"; see Etymology 2 below.


yok

Uncertain. Adams speculates about the relation with the hapax legomenon in Vedic Sanskrit याशु (yāśu) etc., which he reads as "pubic hair", and Old Armenian ասր (asr, “fleece”).


ñem

From Proto-Tocharian, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥ (“name”), whence also English name, Latin nomen. Compare Tocharian A ñom.


yakwe

From Proto-Tocharian *yäkwe, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos, whence also Sanskrit अश्व (áśva), Latin equus, Old Irish ech. Cognate with Tocharian A yuk.


mācer

From Proto-Tocharian *mācer, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Compare Tocharian A mācar.


ṣer

From Proto-Tocharian *(ṣä)ṣer, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. Compare Tocharian A ṣar.


ṣar

From Proto-Tocharian *ṣar, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr, from *ǵʰes-. Cognate with Albanian dorë, Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír), Old Armenian ձեռն (jeṙn), Hittite 𒆠𒌍𒊬 (kessar). Compare Tocharian A tsar.


wamer

Cognate to Tocharian A wmār, perhaps akin to Tocharian B wäm- (“disappear”).


pācer

Inherited from Proto-Tocharian *pācer, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr. Compare Tocharian A pācar.


tarkär

Compare Tocharian A tärkär. From Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg- (“to dim, darken”); compare Old English deorc (“dark”) and Old Irish derg (“red”).


śana

From Proto-Tocharian *ćänā, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéneh₂. Compare Tocharian A śäṃ.


pilta

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-oto- (compare English blade), from *bʰleh₃- (compare Latin folium). Compare Tocharian A pält.


amāṃ

Unknown; possibly borrowed alongside Tocharian A āmāṃ from Iranian, compare Ossetian амунд (amund, “to admonish”), Sogdian 𐼍𐼎𐼋 (mnk /mank/, “fraud, deceit”), [Syriac needed] (sqʾmʾnqyʾ /skāmānkyā/, “arrogance”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”).


puwar

From Proto-Tocharian *puwār, from Proto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥, also the origin of English fire, Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr), and Hittite 𒉺𒀪𒄯 (paḫḫur). Compare Tocharian A por.


procer

From Proto-Tocharian *procer, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Compare Tocharian A pracar.


luwo

From Proto-Tocharian *luwā-, from Proto-Indo-European *luh₂eh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂w- (“to seize, gain”). Compare Tocharian A lu. Related to Old Church Slavonic ловъ (lovŭ, “hunt”), Serbo-Croatian lȏv (“chase; game animal”); compare also Ancient Greek λέων (léōn, “lion”).


yapoy

From Proto-Tocharian *yäpoy, possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep- (“to take”). Compare Tocharian A ype.


paiyye

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Compare the nominative/accusative dual form, paine, presumably from Proto-Tocharian *peine du (whence also Tocharian A peṃ (nominative/accusative dual)), from an earlier *pei, from Proto-Indo-European *pódh₁e du, from *pṓds. It is from this dual form in Proto-Tocharian that the singular forms have probably been analogically built. Compare Tocharian A pe.


meñe

From Proto-Tocharian *mēñē, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s. Cognate with Tocharian A mañ, Latin mēnsis, Albanian muaj, Lithuanian mėnuo, Russian ме́сяц (mésjac).


yasar

From Proto-Tocharian *yä́sar, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”). Compare Tocharian A ysār.


pärwāne

From Proto-Tocharian *pärwāne, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃bʰrúHs (compare English brow, Sanskrit भ्रू (bhrū), Ancient Greek ὀφρύς (ophrús)). Compare Tocharian A pärwāṃ.


kwarsär

From Proto-Tocharian *kwärsär, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers-; cognate to Tocharian A kursär.

yojana (ancient unit of measure for distance; often translated as league)


ṣñor

From Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥ (“tendon”), from *(s)neh₁- (“to bind, knit, tie together, tie to, connect”).


wrauña

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wornéh₂. Compare with Lithuanian várna, Old Church Slavonic вранъ (vranŭ), Proto-Celtic *branos.


ytārye

From Proto-Tocharian *yätār (“road, way”) + -iye, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éytr̥. Compare Tocharian A ytār.


wartto

From Proto-Tocharian *wärtto, *wärttonta (compare Tocharian A wärt), probably an extension of Proto-Indo-European *wértis/*wŕ̥tis (“enclosure”), from *wer- (“surround, cover, contain”).


āk

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), whence also āka (“millet”). Compare English ear (of grain), of the same usage.


āk

From Proto-Tocharian *āk, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin agō and Sanskrit आजि (āji, “competition, match”). Compare Tocharian A āk. Semantically compare English drive.


wek

From Proto-Tocharian *wek, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs (“voice”), from *wekʷ- (“to utter, speak”). Compare Tocharian A wak.


wrat

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit व्रत (vrata).


lesto

An uncertain formation, but ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie (down), lay; resting place”), whence lyäk-. Cognate with Tocharian A lyäk. Also related to lest (“heap, pile”).

der

nest (of a bird), den (of an animal), lair


käryāñ

From an unattested singular form *käryā-, from Proto-Tocharian *käryā- (whence also Tocharian A kri (“will”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kṛd(i)yeh₂-, from *ḱḗr. Cognate with English heart, Old Irish cride, Latin cor, and Lithuanian širdis.


āp

From Proto-Tocharian *āp, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-.


ścirye

From Proto-Tocharian *ścär-iye-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr. Cognate to Tocharian A śre.


oś

Borrowed from a Middle Persian [Term?] source. Compare Khotanese evil, bad (ośa).


walkwe

From Proto-Tocharian *wä́lkʷë, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos.


tkācer

From Proto-Tocharian *t(ŭ)kācēr, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰugh₂tḗr. Cognate with Tocharian A ckācar.


awi

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówis. Compare Sanskrit अवि (avi).


kene

From Proto-Tocharian *kene (whence Tocharian A kaṃ), probably from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂n- (“to sing”).


yape

From Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“weave, plait, spin”).


kunti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुण्डी (kuṇḍī), whence also Tocharian A kunti.


keni

From Proto-Tocharian *kenwäi (whence Tocharian A kanweṃ), from the root *kenw- (“knee”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu. Other cognates include Latin genū, Ancient Greek γόνυ (gónu), Old English cnēow (whence English knee).

antapi kenīsa keṃ teksa


soṃśke

Synchronically a diminutive of soy (“son”) (from Proto-Indo-European *suHyús), but diachronically the diminutive of the synonymous Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.


kele

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷol-o-s, from *kʷel- (“to turn”), whence also käl- (“endure”), and klutk- (“to turn”). Compare English circle, wheel, Lithuanian kaklas (“neck”), etc.


wase

From Proto-Tocharian *wä́së, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison”) (compare Latin vīrus, Ancient Greek ἰός (iós), Sanskrit विष (viṣa)). Compare Tocharian A wäs.


twere

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwor-, o-grade of *dʰwer- (“door, gate”). Cognates include Old Church Slavonic двьри (dvĭri), Latin foris, Sanskrit द्वार् (dvā́r), Ancient Greek θύρα (thúra) and Old English duru and dor (English door).


warme

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *morwi- (“ant”).


okso

From Proto-Tocharian *wəkʷsó, from Proto-Indo-European *úksō. Compare Tocharian A ops-.


werke

From Proto-Indo-European *wreg- (“track, hunt, follow”), related to Latin urgēre (“to be urgent”), Hittite [script needed] (ūrki-, “track”), Sanskrit व्रजति (vrájati, “to go, walk, move”).


trau

a unit of capacity, exact quantity unknown


klu

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


etre

From Proto-Tocharian *etre (whence also Tocharian A atär), of uncertain further origin.


ekito

A compound including the agentive suffix -ito. The "ek-" part, however, is unknown. Possibly a borrowing from Tocharian A ek (“nourishment”).


poko

From Proto-Tocharian *pokowjä-, earlier *pākewjä-, from pre-Tocharian *bʰeh₂ǵʰow-h₁en- (definite), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵʰús (“arm”). Compare Tocharian A poke.


yarke

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁erkʷ- (“to praise”).


perne

From an Iranian language. Compare Tocharian A paräṃ.


indri

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इन्द्रिय (indriya).


ampar

Alternative form of āmpär (“bodily limb, member”)


āre

From Proto-Tocharian, from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂erh₃- (“to plough”). Compare Tocharian A āre.


āre

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₁er-, making it cognate with English earth. Not related to *h₂erh₃-.


arañce

From Proto-Tocharian *āräñce, whence also Tocharian A āriñc.

heart, used both as the physical organ and the seat of emotion.


malkwer

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-, whence also English milk. Compare Tocharian A malke.


keṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *tken (whence Tocharian A tkaṃ), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm.


kokale

From Proto-Tocharian *kuk(ä)le (whence also Tocharian A kukäl), from Proto-Indo-European kʷékʷlos, a form of *kʷel- (“to turn”) (compare klutk- (“to turn”)). Cognate with English wheel, Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos), Lithuanian kaklas (“neck”), etc.

Ṣem kautāte koklentse waiptār pwenta käskānte.

The wagon's axle broke and the spokes were hurled apart.


ānte

From Proto-Tocharian *ā́ntë, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent-os (“forehead, front, face, surface”), from the same root as the above.


mīsa

From the plural of Proto-Indo-European *mḗms (“meat”). Compare Russian мя́со (mjáso), Serbo-Croatian meso, Old Prussian mensa, Sanskrit मांस (māṃsá), मांसं (mā̃san), Albanian mish, Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌼𐌶 (mimz), Armenian միս (mis).


aknātsa

From Proto-Tocharian *āknātsā, from *e(n)- + a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *n̥-ǵneh₃-to-, *n̥-ǵneh₃-tih₂, from *ǵneh₃- (“know”), meaning something like "unknowing". Compare Sanskrit अज्ञात (ájñāta, “unknown”), Latin ignōtus (“unknown; ignorant”), Ancient Greek ἄγνωτος (ágnōtos, “unknown; ignorant”). Compare Tocharian A āknats.


parwe

From Proto-Tocharian *pä́rwë, from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂-wó-s (compare Sanskrit पूर्व (pū́rva), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀 (paᵘruua), Old Church Slavonic прьвъ (prĭvŭ), Albanian parë), from *preh₂- (“before, in front of”). Compare Tocharian A pärwat.

parwe kṣuṃtsa


yente

From Proto-Tocharian *wyente, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts, from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”) (compare English wind, Latin ventus). Compare Tocharian A want.


āñme

From Proto-Tocharian *āñc(ä)me (whence also Tocharian A āñcäm), probably from a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂en(h₁)tmen-, from *h₂enh₁- (“breathe”), the same source as anāsk- (“to breathe”), onolme (“creature, person”), and añiye (“breath”). Cognate with Sanskrit आत्मन् (ātman, “breath”), Old High German ātum (“breath”)) and, from the nominal derivative *h₂enh₁mos, Latin animus (“mind, soul”), anima, Ancient Greek ἄνεμος (ánemos, “wind, breeze”), Old Armenian անձն (anjn, “person”), and possibly Sanskrit अनिल (anila, “air, wind”)).


āñcäm

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अञ्जनाम (añjanāma), or a form thereof.


suwo

From a Proto-Indo-European *suH-on-, a derivative of *suH- (“pig”). Compare Latin sūs, Ancient Greek ὗς (hûs), English swine, sow.


salyiye

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from (possibly) Proto-Indo-European *seh₂li-h₁en-, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂l-i- (“salt”) + *h₁én (“in”). Compare Tocharian A sāle. Other cognates include Sanskrit सलिल (salila), Latin sāl, Old Armenian աղ (ał), Ancient Greek ἅλς (háls), and Old English sealt (English salt).


akrūna

Plural of a singular form from Proto-Tocharian *ākru, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱru. Cognates include Tocharian A ākär, Sanskrit अश्रु (aśru), Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬭𐬏 (asrū), Lithuanian ãšara. Compare Tocharian A ākär.


kantwo

From Proto-Tocharian *käntwo, from metathesis of an earlier *tänkwo, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s. Compare Tocharian A käntu.


āy

From Proto-Tocharian *āyä (compare Tocharian A āy, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ost-, *h₃est-.


wastsi

From the infinitive of wäs-, from Proto-Indo-European *wes- (“to be dressed”). Compare (though probably with different suffix) Latin vestis, Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹 (wasti), Old Armenian զգեստ (zgest).


mekwa

From Proto-Tocharian *mekwā (compare Tocharian A maku), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nṓgʰs.


keta

Probably a learned borrowing from Pali khetta.


samudtär

Compare Tocharian A sāmudtär, Sanskrit समुद्र (samudrá).


arṣāklo

Unknown. Possibly borrowed from Sanskrit ईर्ष्यति (īrṣyati, “to envy”) or a related term within the Indo-Iranian family, or from Proto-Indo-European *ers- (“to move”); alternatively from Proto-Turkic *arsïlan (“lion”), whence also Turkish aslan (“lion”). Compare Tocharian A ārṣal.


kuśiññe

(debated) The indigenous name for Tocharian B.


yetse

Ultimately Proto-Indo-European *h₁ēd-so-. Compare Tocharian A yats.


kauṃ

From Proto-Tocharian *kaun (whence Tocharian A koṃ), from there uncertain. Likely borrowed from a Turkic language (obviously into Proto-Tocharian), from Proto-Turkic *kün. Compare Crimean Tatar kün, Turkish gün, both meaning "sun" and "day" (Meilet 1914:19). While Windekens (1941) suggested a borrowing from Tocharian into Turkic, Pedersen (1944:11) was in favor of a necessarily opposite borrowing from Turkic into Tocharian. This was later acknowledged by Windekens (1976:627). This theory is also supported by combinations of the meanings "sun" and "day" being very unusual in the Indo-European languages.
Winter suggests a connection with Ancient Greek καίω (kaíō, “to kindle, set on fire”), however this root is isolated in Indo-European and further unlikely compared to the evidence for the former theory.


eṅkwe

From Proto-Tocharian *eṅkwe (whence Tocharian A oṅk), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥ḱw-ó- (“mortal”), from the root *neḱ- (“to perish, disappear”).


enmetre

palāṣṣai wtsiko enmetre

(Can we date this quote?), THT 500-502, line 12:

unknown; possibly the bark of the pāla plant


witsako

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds. Compare Tocharian A tsmār.


ṣamāne

Borrowed from Prakrit 𑀲𑀫𑀡 (samaṇa), from Sanskrit श्रमण (śramaṇa).

Ṣamyeṃ māka ṣamāni aplāc.

Many monks were sitting in conversation.


lāntsa

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wleh₂-nt-ih₂.


yentuke

From Old Iranian *hinduka, akin to Old Persian [script needed] (*hiⁿduka) from 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (h-i-du-u-š /hiⁿdūš/, “India”), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”), of uncertain origin.


meske

From Proto-Tocharian *meske, from Proto-Indo-European *mosgo-. Compare Tocharian A masäk.


ñakte

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ní-ǵʰuH-to-, from *ǵʰewH- (“to call, to invoke”)


keme

From Proto-Tocharian *keme, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵómbʰos. Compare Tocharian A kam.


skiyo

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃ih₂ (“shadow”).


tāno

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰoHnéh₂ (“grain”); compare Sanskrit धाना (dhānā).


maitär

Ultimately from Sanskrit मित्र (mitra, “friend”).


menki

From Proto-Tocharian *menke (compare Tocharian A mank) from Proto-Indo-European *mey-.


akāśe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आकाश (ākāśa).


gandha

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गन्ध (gandha).


kenek

From Proto-Tocharian *kenek (whence Tocharian A kanak), probably borrowed from an Iranian language. Compare Ossetian гӕн (gæn, “flax”).


yasā

Cognate with Tocharian A wäs (“gold”), from Proto-Tocharian *wi̯äsā (“gold”), but of uncertain further origin. Compare Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewso- (“dawn, glow; gold”), Latin aurum (“gold”).


īke

From Proto-Tocharian *wjäike, from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ- (“house”). Cognate with Latin vīcus.


śrāy

From Proto-Tocharian *śërāw'ë-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵérh₂-u-s ~ *ǵr̥h₂-éw-s, from *ǵerh₂- (“grow old”).


kuñcit

Borrowed from Khotanese kuṃjsata, from Proto-Iranian.


cok

From Proto-Tocharian *cok. Further etymologies uncertain. Possibilities include:
* From Proto-Indo-European, cognate to Old English þæcele (“torch, lamp”), Old High German dahhazzen (“to flare up”). However, reconstructions were problematic (ibid.).
* "More plausibly," from Middle Chinese 燭 (MC tsyowk, “candle”) < Old Chinese 燭 (*tjoɡ /*tok, *tjog/).


swāñco

From the oblique of Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥.


lyak

Possibly from:
* Proto-Indo-European *légʰs, root noun from *legʰ- (“to lie (down)”); Adams assumes an intermediate meaning “one who lies in wait”
* Middle Chinese 掠 (MC ljangH|ljak, “to plunder, to rob, to be rapacious”). Cognate with Tocharian A lyäk.


klīye

Cognate with Tocharian A kᵤli, from Proto-Tocharian *kʷliye, possibly from a pre-Tocharian compound *gʷneh₂-h₁en-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéneh₂ (“woman, wife”) plus *-h₁en- (“that”, determiner, used dialectally as a definitizing suffix).


nakūle

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit नकुल (nakula).


ṣpane

From Proto-Tocharian *ṣw’äp(ä)ne, from Proto-Indo-European *swépnos (“sleep”), thematicized from *swóp-r̥ ~ *swép-n̥s, from the root *swep- (“to sleep”). Cognate with Tocharian A ṣpäṃ.


yepe

Possibly cognate with Proto-Germanic *wēpną.


aiśamñe

From aiśamo (“smart”) + the noun-forming suffix -ñe.


onkolmo

From Proto-Tocharian *onkolmo (compare Tocharian A onkaläm).


śerwe

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwer-. Cognate with Tocharian A śaru.


śaul

From Proto-Tocharian *ćāwl (“life”), nominal derivative from Proto-Tocharian *ćaw- (“to live”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃-.


wästarye

From Proto-Indo-European *udtr̥-yó-s, from *úderos.


yṣīye

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-. See also wäs-


rīye

From Old Chinese 里 (*rɯʔ). Cognate with Tocharian A ri.

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


waike

From Proto-Tocharian *weike (compare Tocharian A wek-).


āśce

Uncertain. Possibly from a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), which semantically shifted into an ear of grain, or from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).


āntse

From Proto-Tocharian *ānse, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓms-o-s, a form of *h₂ṓms. Cognate with Latin umeros and Ancient Greek ὦμος (ômos). Compare Tocharian A es.


yarpo

Etymology uncertain. Possibly derived from yärp- (“to oversee, observe, take care of”), or from wärp- (“to enjoy, undergo”).


añiye

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-, the same source as anāsk- (“breath”), onolme (“creature, person”), and āñme (“self, soul”) Cognate with Latin animus.


waipe

Compare wip- (“to shake”, transitive verb), from Proto-Tocharian *waip-.


warkṣäl

From Proto-Tocharian *wärk-, from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“to produce, work”). Cognate with Tocharian A wärkṣäl.


śkwarya

Unknown, possibly related to Sanskrit सजति (sajati, “it is attached, adheres, embraces”).


śoliye

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵwelH- (“to burn”).


kerū

Related to Tocharian A karel, both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- (“to do, make”), the source of many IE words meaning "cauldron", similar to the shape of a drum. Given the semantic shift from "making" > "vessel for making things in" > "thing shaped like that vessel", and that only the first meaning exists in PIE, it can be assumed that there was an unattested original form (perhaps in Proto-Tocharian) that meant "cauldron" or the like. Compare Proto-Germanic *hweraz, Old Irish coire, Russian чара (čara), Sanskrit चरु (caru, “bowl”), etc.


tsankär

From Proto-Tocharian *tsänkär (compare Tocharian A tsänkär).


swese

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ew- (“to rain”), see also Ancient Greek ὕει (húei, “it rains”), Hittite [script needed] (ishuwāi, “(s)he pours out, spills”).


apsāl

Probably borrowed from Avestan afša- (“damage”). If so, this shifted from the sense of 'damage' to 'damager', finally to 'sword'.


akālk

Borrowed alongside Tocharian A akāl from Bactrian αγαλγο (agalgo /āɣālɣ/).


atiyo

From Proto-Tocharian *ātŭyā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-. Cognate with Lithuanian atolas (“aftergrass”). Compare Tocharian A āti.


āyor

A nominal derivative of the preterite participle stem of ai- (“to give”).


āṅkär

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“corner, bend”), making it cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγκυρα (ánkura, “anchor”). Compare Tocharian A ānkar, of the same meaning.


ālme

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to be wet”). Cognate with Lithuanian almės (“pus”).


arśakärśa

Uncertain. Possibly from a Proto-Tocharian reflex of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ergi- (“swift”).


alyiye

From Proto-Tocharian *āläi. Compare Tocharian A āle.


īwate

From yn- ("in") + -wäte ("two"), essentially "in two (minds/parts)".


āwe

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os. Cognate with Latin avus and Polish wuj.


eṅkäl

A form of the subjunctive of eṅk- (“to grasp, seize”).


aikne

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + yakne (“way, manner”).


āppo

From Proto-Tocharian *āppo, either inherited from an earlier Proto-Indo-European nursery word or a nursery word itself. Compare Armenian ափի (apʻi), Ancient Greek ἄπφα (áppha), and Tocharian A āp.


erkau

From Proto-Tocharian *erkemän (whence also Tocharian A arkämnāṣi), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂org- (“to die, destroy”).


ersna

Plural form of ere (“appearance”), recharacterized by -na.


olyitau

Derived from olyi (“boat”) + -ttau (agentive suffix).


īme

→ Tocharian A: ime

Possibly from Proto-Tocharian *wiäime. (The reconstruction is somewhat shaky, as the seemingly related Tocharian A term is in fact borrowed from this one.) Further connections are uncertain. Possibly from the widespread Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”). In that case, cognate with Latin video, English idea, and German wissen.

consciousness, awareness, thought, memory


iprer

→ Tocharian A: eprer

From Proto-Indo-European *n̥bʰrós or a similar form, from Proto-Indo-European *nebʰ- (“to become damp, cloudy-”). Cognate with Latin imber, nimbus, and nebula, as well as German Nebel.


olyi

Uncertain. Related to Tocharian A olyik (“id”), assuming its translation is correct, which would mean both are from Proto-Tocharian. In any case, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂euluh₁en-, a form of *h₂ewlo- (“tube, channel, hole”), in which case cognate to Ancient Greek αὐλός (aulós, “tube, pipe; haulm”), αὐλών (aulṓn, “hollow, channel, strait”), Old Armenian ուղի (ułi, “road”), Hittite [script needed] (halluwa-, “hollow, pit”), Latin alvus (“cavity, stomach, hold of a ship”), etc.


kärkkālle

Possibly from kärtk- (“molder, decay”), but further connections are unknown. Related to Tocharian A kärtkāl (“stretch of water”).


kātso

From Proto-Tocharian *kātsān (whence also Tocharian A kāts). Further origin uncertain; most likely from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“swelling, rounding; stomach, gut”), in which case cognate with Old English cwiþ (“pregnant”). Also possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *kuHtís (“skin, hide; pouch, sac”), and in that case related to Tocharian A kāc (“skin”).


onolme

From Proto-Tocharian *ānelme, abstract form of *ān- (“to breathe”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”), the same source as anāsk- (“to breathe”), āñme (“self, soul”), and añiye (“breath”). Cognate with Latin animus (“spirit”) (whence English animal), German Atmen (“breath”), etc. Also possibly from *h₂en-h₂enh₁mo- (“one whose breath is upon them”), a form of the above root.


āke

From Proto-Tocharian *āke, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱ-os, from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”). Cognate with English edge, Ancient Greek ἀκή (akḗ, “point”), and Russian ость (ostʹ, “awn”).


āñu

From Proto-Tocharian *āñäu. Beyond this, uncertain. Possibly related to German ohne, making it from Proto-Indo-European *anew (“without”), although this is unlikely. Compare Tocharian A āñu, of the same meaning.


krāñi

Alternative form of krāñiye (“nape of the neck”)


kuhākäññe

A form of kuhāk (“deceptive, tricky”) + the noun-forming suffix -ññe.


emalle

From Proto-Tocharian *emälye- (whence also Tocharian A omäl), of uncertain further origin.


kottär

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गोत्र (gotra).


kektseñe

From Proto-Tocharian *kekts'en- (whence Tocharian A kapśañi), probably from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).


kertte

Uncertain, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”), either inherited or borrowed from an Iranian language. If so, cognate with English sharp, Sanskrit कृति (kṛti, “knife, dagger”), and an impressive array of other IE words. Also, doublet of kärst- (“to cut, chop”).


kercapo

From Proto-Tocharian *kercäpā, likely a borrowing from an early Indo-Aryan language, the same source of Sanskrit गर्दभ (gardabha).


käskor

A form of käsk- (“to scatter, disperse”).


kranko

From Proto-Tocharian *kräṅk-ān-, from Proto-Indo-European *krenk- (“to make a loud noise”). Cognate with English ring (“noise”), Lithuanian krankėti.


päścane

From Proto-Indo-European *pstḗn (“teat, nipple”). Compare Proto-Germanic *spenô (“nipple”), Ancient Greek στήνιον (stḗnion, “breast, chest”), Lithuanian spenys (“(animal) teats”), Persian پستان (pestân, “breast”), Sanskrit स्तन (stana, “female breast, nipple”).

cog

(anatomy) (dual) breasts (mammary glands)


krāke

From Proto-Tocharian *krāke (whence Tocharian A krāke), probably borrowed from Khotanese khārgga-.


krāmär

From Proto-Tocharian *krāmär (whence also the indirectly attested Tocharian A *krāmär), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂-mr̥, from *gʷreh₂- (“heavy”). Cognate with Latin gravis (whence English gravity), Sanskrit ग्रीष्म (grīṣma, “summer”), Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús) (whence English baro-), etc. Note that in the derived terms, the widespread semantic parallel of weight > difficulty is present (compare German schwer, Estonian raske, etc.)


tāś

Cognate with Tocharian A tāśśi pl (“chiefs, commanders”), from Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *téh₂g-yu-s, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g-, *tag- (“to establish, (put in) order; to command, rule”). Compare Ancient Greek τᾱγός (tāgós, “commander, ruler”) and Parthian 𐭕𐭂𐭌-𐭃𐭓 (tgm-dr /tagma-dāra-/, “commander”, literally “order-giver”).

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

ṣle-taś

commander of the mountain region; mountain-commander

ywārt-taś

commander of the central region; center-commander


cāne

From Early Middle Chinese 錢 (MC dzjen|tsjenX) or Late Old Chinese 錢 (OC *ʔslenʔ, *zlen).

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:

cash (a unit of currency equivalent to a Chinese bronze or copper coin)


käṣṣī

From Proto-Tocharian *käṣṣī (whence also Tocharian A käṣṣī), from there uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁s- (“to proclaim, point out, instruct”), and cognate with Sanskrit शास्ति (śāsti, “to teach, instruct, rule”).


pitke

Deadjectival from *pih₁d-s-ko-, a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *peyH- (“fat”), with a dental extension that also appears in Proto-Germanic *faitaz (“fat”).


krāso

→ Tocharian A: krāso


śarko

musical instrument
musical instrument#English

a type of musical instrument, possibly a lute


śukkär

Ultimately from Sanskrit शुक्र (śukra, “any clear liquid, semen”)


waipalau

From wip- (“to shake”, transitive verb), from Proto-Tocharian *waip-.


stamalñe

From stäm- (“to stand”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


ploriyo

type of musical wind instrument, possibly a flute


prenke

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenḱ- (“to deviate, corrupt, fall off”). Cognate with pränk- (“to stay away, restrain oneself”), Sanskrit भ्रंश् (bhraṃś, “to fall, deviate”), and perhaps Old Irish bréc (“lie”).


ñäkteñña

From the feminine of ñäkteññe (“divine”, adjective). Compare ñakte (“god”).


wrāko

shell (of an oyster or other sea creature)


pāke

From Proto-Tocharian *pāke, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-. Compare Tocharian A pāk.


ṣecake

Cognate to Tocharian A śiśäk (“lion”), which is likely influenced by śiśri (“mane”). If common ancestry with Chinese 獅子 (MC srij tsiX) is to be accepted, Proto-Tocharian *ṣīcäke may be tentatively reconstructed, from Proto-Indo-European *sih₂tekó- (“maned one”), which is related to Latin saeta (“bristle”).


ampoño

From āmp- (“to rot”) + the Khotanese abstract-forming suffix -oño, apparently borrowed into Tocharian B for this usage.


amāc

Borrowed from Khotanese āmāca-, of the same meaning. Compare Tocharian A amāc.


karsalñe

Probably a form of kärs- (“to know”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


eprer

Alternative form of iprer (“sky, atmosphere”).


ayāto

→ Tocharian A: āyāto

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + yāto, a form of yāt- (“to be able”).


yaṣṣuca

From yāṣṣu (“alms, begged food”), from yāsk- (“to ask, beg”).


yatwe

From Proto-Indo-European (compare Sanskrit वध (vadha)).


empreṃ

Uncertain. Possibly borrowed from an Iranian language.


kärweñe

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?] (whence Tocharian A kärwañ), but from there uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷreh₂-, in which case cognate with Sanskrit ग्रावन् (grāvan), Lithuanian girna, and English quirn. Also possibly related to Ancient Greek κεραυνός (keraunós, “lightning”), as some rocks were believed to be formed by lightning strikes.


waipecce

Uncertain, possibly a loan from an Iranian language.


postak

From Sanskrit पुस्तक (pustaka), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pōstaka, *pustaka.


pkante

Cognate with Tocharian A pkänt (“separate”), from Proto-Tocharian *p(ä)känte, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰgónts ~ *bʰgn̥tés, active participle from the root *bʰeg- (“to break”).


tsāro

From tsär- (“to be separated, be apart”), thus “a place set apart”.


tsiromñe

From Proto-Tocharian *tsäre (“strong”) (compare Tocharian A tsraṣṣune).


tsaiññe

Etymology is unclear. Possibly from Proto-Iranian *dzay- (“to equip, adorn”) + -ññe.


aiyyer

Possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ew-


tsain

Possibly from Proto-Iranian *dzainu- (“weapon”) (compare Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀 (zaēna), Old Armenian զէն (zēn)


ṣank

a measure of volume, roughly equal to 1.1 liters or 1.2 quarts

a dry measure, roughly equal to a quart or liter


peret

From Proto-Tocharian *peretä, cognate to Tocharian A porat. Possibly borrowed from Middle Iranian; cf. Ossetian färät, Khotanese paḍa.


nrai

Most likely derived from Sanskrit निरय (niraya).


aṃśūk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अंशुक (aṃśuka).


akappi

Learned borrowing from Pali akappiya, from Sanskrit अकल्प्य (akalpya), from अ- (a-, “not”) + कल्प्य (kalpya, “[what ought] to be performed”), gerundive of the root कॢप् (kḷp, “to perform; to arrange; to prepare”).


aklyilñe

From the subjunctive stem of ākl- (“to teach, learn”) + -ññe.


akwam

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”); that is, the sharp point of a sprout piercing the ground. Cognate with Latin acus (“sharp”).


agrakulike

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अग्र (agra) + कुलिक (kulika).


agradharma

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अग्र (agra) + धर्म (dharma), literally "foremost law".


aksaṣṣuki

From Proto-Tocharian *aks-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵ- (“to say”). Cognate with Latin aio and English adagio and prodigy.


acirne

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अजीर्ण (ajīrṇa).


acār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अचर (acara).


akṣepit

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आक्षिपति (ākṣipati).


añmālaṣkaññe

From añmālaṣke + -ññe, itself a derivative of āñme (“soul”).


atāttadāṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अदत्तादान (adattādāna).


atāmo

From the privative prefix e(n)- + tāmo, from täm- (“to be born”).


atirek

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अतिरेक (atireka).


atraikatte

From e(n)- (privative prefix) + trik- (“true”) + -tte.


adhyāśai

Borrowed from Sanskrit अध्याशय (adhyāśaya).


anantārs

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आनन्तर्य (ānantarya).

lbor

unpardonable sin, sin punishable by death


anabhiprāy

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन- (ana-) + अभिप्राय (abhiprāya).


anāgat

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनागति (anāgati).


anahār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनाहार (anāhāra). Compare āhār (“food”).


anāpatti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनापत्ति (anāpatti).


anāntapa

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनन्तवत् (anantavat).


anāṣṣälñe

From anāsk- + the gerundive-forming suffix -lñe.


anāsrap

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनास्रव (anāsrava).


anaikātte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + aik- (“to know”).


anityāt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनित्य (anitya). Related to anityä.


anubhāp

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनुभव (anubhava).


empelñe

From empele + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kapci

Probably from Middle Chinese. The second syllable corresponds to 指 (MC tsyijX, “finger”), while the first is "obscure". Possibilities include:
* 押 (MC 'aep|kaep, “signature”)
* 蓋 (MC kajH|hap|kap, “to stamp”) < Old Chinese 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb)
* 合 (MC hop|kop, “to close; to fit tightly; to agree with”)

ltc-l

thumbprint (as a mark of identification)


kauṃ-yaptsi

From kauṃ (“sun”) and yäp- (“to enter; to set”).


karyor

From the root of käry- (“to buy, trade”) + -or (action noun suffix), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷreyh₂-.


kāswo

Probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱas- (“white, gray”), as in peeling/diseased skin. If so, cognate with Latin canus and English hare.


koyn

Possibly from the earlier form *koy-nu, from Proto-Tocharian *koy (whence also Tocharian A koy- (“mouth”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂óyu (“gape”, noun), from the root *ǵʰh₂ey-, extended from the original root *ǵʰeh₂- (“to open wide, gape, yawn”). The verb kāyā (“to open wide, gape”) derives from the same root. Compare Latin hiō (“I stand open; I gape, yawn”), Lithuanian žióju (“I open”), Proto-Slavic *zijati (“to be open; to gape”), Old English ġinian (“to gape, yawn”).


kāwälñe

From kau- + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kerccī

Uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰórtos (“enclosure”), which would be cognate to Latin hortus (“garden”), Proto-Celtic *gortos (“enclosure, field”), and Ancient Greek χόρτος (khórtos, “farmyard”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰerdʰ- (“enclosure, to enclose”), which would be cognate to English yard, garden, Proto-Slavic *gordъ (“fortification, castle”), etc. Both are ultimately from *ǵʰer- (“to enclose”), in any case.


kauṃ-pirko

From kauṃ (“sun”) + pirko (“rise”, noun), from pärk- (“rise”, verb).


kartse

Compare Tocharian A kräntso (“beautiful”). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to yearn for”), whence also Sanskrit हर्यति (haryati, “to like; yearn after”), Ancient Greek χαρτός (khartós, “causing delight”) and Armenian ձիր (jir, “gift; grace”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European **gʷr̥H-ont-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to praise”); akin to Lithuanian gẽras (“good, kind”).


triśalñe

From trik- (“to go astray, be confused; to err, make a mistake”).


uluke

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उलूक (ulūka).


rṣāke

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ऋषि (ṛṣi), whence also Tocharian A riṣak.


pīsäl

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pésl̥, an l-stem noun derived from the (tentative) root *pes- (“to blow”) (compare Proto-Slavic *paxati (“to sweep”), Old Norse fǫnn (“snowdrift”)), thus meaning originally “that which is blown away”; compare especially Old High German fesa (“chaff”) from the same root. Or alternatively cognate with Sanskrit बुस (busa, “chaff, refuse grain; rubbish”) and perhaps Latin furfur (“chaff, bran; flaky skin”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰus-, but with phonetic difficulties.


yolaiññe

From yolo, yolaiñ (“bad, evil; ugly”) + -ññe


yoñiye

Either derived ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yéwHō (“young”), or an alternative spelling of yoñiyai (“paths, ways, courses”).


ykāssäññe

Possibly from an otherwise unattested adjective: *ykāsse + -ññe.


antāpce

Possibly from the intensive prefix e(n)- + tāpce (“warm”).


antarābhav

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन्तराभवदेह (antarābhavadeha) or a related term.


antariye

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन्तरीय (antarīya).


antarvās

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन्तर्वासस् (antarvāsas).


antiṣpūr

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अन्तःपुर (antaḥpura).


apasmār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अपस्मार (apasmāra).


kurār-lūwo

From kurār (“osprey, eagle”) + lūwo (“animal”).


kauᵤrṣe

From Proto-Tocharian *kauwärṣän (whence also Tocharian A keyurṣ), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷow-wr̥sen- (“bull”), from *gʷṓws (“cow”), the same source as keᵤ. Cognate with Sanskrit गोवृष (govṛṣa).


apāṣṣätte

From e(n)- (privative prefix) + pāsk- (“to cover, protect”) + -tte.


appamāt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit प्रमाथ (pramātha), whence also Tocharian A appärmāt.


apramani

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अप्रमाण (apramāṇa).

infinity, any number that is large and difficult to count


apāy

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अपाय (apāya, “danger”).

someone of lower birth, specifically within the context of the Indian caste system


aprasāt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अप्रसाद (aprasāda).


aplāc

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + plāc, acc. sing. of plāce (“speech”).


abhijñä

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अभिज्ञा (abhijñā), whence also Tocharian A abhijñe.


antarāy

Borrowed from Pali antarāya, from Sanskrit अन्तराय (antarāya).


śakse

From Middle Chinese 粟 (MC sjowk) + 酒 (MC tsjuwX) or Old Chinese 粟 (OC *soɡ) + 酒 (OC *ʔsluʔ).

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:


pärkāᵤ

An Iranian borrowing. Cognate with Tocharian A pärko. See Old Armenian պարգև (pargew) for more.


sapule

An Iranian borrowing. See Old Armenian սափոր (sapʻor).


ṣarya

Uncertain and disputed. One hypothesis derives it from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeseriHeh₂ (“(one) at hand”), from *ǵʰésr̥ (“hand”), which would link it to Tocharian B ṣar (“hand”). Another links Sanskrit स्त्री (strī́), Avestan 𐬯𐬙𐬭𐬍 (strī, “woman, wife”) (from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stríH) together with Luwian [script needed] (ašrul(i), “female”), [script needed] (*ašrāḫ-it, “femininity, womanhood”) and other Anatolian words, reconstructing an old Proto-Indo-European term *(h₁)ósr̥, *(h₁)ésōr (“~ woman”) which may be related to the feminine suffixes *-sr- (e.g. *t(r)i-sr-es f (“three”)) and *-sor- (having survived as a productive suffix only in Hittite -𒀸𒊭𒊏𒀸 (-ššaraš)).


abhisamai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अभिसमय (abhisamaya).


abhyākhyām

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अभ्याख्यान (abhyākhyāna).


abhiprāy

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अभिप्राय (abhiprāya).


stamäṣṣälñe

From a form of stäm- (“to stand”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


trenkäl

attachment (to the world and the things in it)


amäkṣpänte

Uncertain. Possibly from *amäkṣa (“wagon”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ém-h₂ḱs-ih₂ ~ *h₂m̥-h₂ḱs-yéh₂, from *h₂em- (“to hold on to”) + *h₂eḱs- (“axle”) + *-ih₂, + *päntā (“master”, literally “he of the way”), from Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s ~ *pn̥th₁és (“way”). Compare kokalpänta (“wagonmaster”), from kokale (“cart, wagon”) + *päntā.
Alternatively borrowed from Iranian, compare Khotanese [script needed] (maśpa, “road, way”), possibly from Proto-Iranian *amaxšyapādah, from *amaxšyah, of unknown meaning and origin, + *pántaHh ~ *paθáh (“path”).


ayāmätte

From the privative prefix e(n)- + yām- (“to do, make”).


ām(i)-

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂em(h₁)-. Compare Sanskrit अमीवा (amīvā, “demon”), Old Norse ama (“to hurt”).


ammakki

From the Proto-Indo-European nursery word *amma (“mother”). Compare Old Norse amma and Latin amita.


ariwe

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ōreiwo-, from *h₁er(i)-. Cognates include Latin aries, Ancient Greek ἔριφος (ériphos), and Sanskrit आरेय (āreya).


aruci

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अरुचि (aruci).


artkiye

A derivative from the unattested verb *ārtk- (“to be/make abundant”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ-ske-.


artkaretstse

A form of *ārtk- (“to make abundant”) + -tstse.


alāsäññe

A form of the unattested *ālas(e) + -ññe.


alāᵤ

A contraction of unattested *alāwu, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elh₁-won-, a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂elh₁- (“to grind”), making it cognate with Ancient Greek ἄλευρον (áleuron) and Old Armenian ալիւր (aliwr), both meaning "flour".


āliya

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“other”). Cognate with Latin alius.


avasth

Alternative form of avast (“condition, state”)


avatrāpi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अवत्रापिन् (avatrāpin).


avidyä

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अविद्य (avidya).


awāsīke

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आवासिक (āvāsika)


aśari

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आचार्य (ācārya).


aśiya

Borrowed from Khotanese aśyā. Compare Tocharian A aśi.


aśup

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अशुभ (aśubha).


aśrāddhe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अश्रद्ध (aśraddha).


aśrām

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आश्रम (āśrama).


aṣanīke

A form of aṣām (“worthy”), ultimately from Khotanese āṣana.


asūre

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit असुर (asura).


ma-astaräññe

From the negative prefix ma- + astaräññe (“purity”).


āᵤw

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ówis (“sheep”). Cognates include English ewe, Latin ovis, and Sanskrit अवि (avi).


akṣār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अक्षर (akṣara).


ākteke

Unknown. Possibly related to Ancient Greek ἀγανακτέω (aganaktéō).


ākhu

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आखु (ākhu).


āgam

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आगम (āgama).


āgat

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अगद (agada).


ānk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अङ्ग (aṅga).


āto

Unknown. Compare Tocharian A ātnam (“at the wrists”).


ādañc

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आदंश (ādaṃśa).


āmiṣ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आमिष (āmiṣa).


āpadāṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आपादन (āpādana).


ām

Unknown. Possibly from Middle Persian hm.


āmpär

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-mr, a form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to join together”). If so, cognate with English arm and Latin arma (whence English armor).


āmpär

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आम्र (āmra).


esale

From Proto-Tocharian *esäle (whence Tocharian A asäl), from there uncertain.


kronkśe

Hilmarsson reconstructs Proto-Tocharian *knhₐonkōn-


cāk

From Early Middle Chinese 石 (MC dzyek) or Old Chinese 石 (OC *djaɡ). In modern Chinese languages, the original sense for "weight measure" has been displaced by an alternative reading based on 擔.

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269:

a dry measure, roughly equivalent to 100 quarts or 3 bushels


yalñe

A derivative of i- (“to go”). Compare yalle (“accessible”).


ātstse

From Proto-Tocharian *ātstse, but further etymology is unknown. Compare Tocharian A ātsäts.


indranīl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इन्द्रनील (indranīla).


iścem

Borrowed from an Indo-Iranian source, ultimately either from the Bactria-Margiana substrate or Proto-Indo-European *is- (“clay, dough”). Compare Sanskrit इष्टका (iṣṭakā) and Persian خشت, both meaning "brick". Possibly related to iścake (“dirt, earth”), if that term is also a borrowing from Indo-Iranian.


āmpäl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अम्ल (amla). Only attested in the compound āmpäl-śuke (“acid-tasting”).


ayomaṣṣe

Either from ai- (“to give”) or a form of āyor (“gift”), itself derived from the former.


ārtar

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₁r̥h₂-tḗr, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erh₂- (“border, line”), cognate with Hittite [script needed] (er-ḫa-aš /erḫaš/, “line, boundary”), Latin ōra (“brim, edge, boundary”), or perhaps borrowed from Sogdian 𐼰𐽀𐼹𐼰𐽀 (ʾrδʾr /arδār/, “region”), from Proto-Iranian *Hárdah (“half, side; place”).


ārtte

A form of ārtt- (“to praise”). Compare Tocharian A ārt.


ārth

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्थ (artha).


ālambaṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आलम्बन (ālambana).


tsirauñe

From Proto-Tocharian *tsäre (“strong”) (compare Tocharian A tsraṣṣune).


sargga

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सर्ग (sarga).


śāstär

Most likely derived from Sanskrit शास्त्र (śāstra, “literature”).


ktakät

a type of contemptuous gesture made with the fingers


saṃsār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit संसार (saṃsāra).


ktsaitstsäññe

From ktsaitstse (“old, aged, elderly”) + -ññe.


gottär

Likely a learned borrowing from Sanskrit गोत्र (gotra)


ās

From Proto-Tocharian *ās(ä), but uncertain from there. Possibly borrowed from a Middle Persian language. Compare Tocharian A ās (“goat”).


epyacäññe

From epiyac (“memory”) + the noun-forming suffix -ññe.


āstär

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अस्त्र (astra, “projectile, arrow”).


āhār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आहार (āhāra).


ikṣṣu

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit इक्षु (ikṣu).


intri

Alternative form of indri (“sensory organ”)


intsau

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to ignite, fire”), which would make it cognate with Latin aethēr (“heaven, sky”), Sanskrit एध (edha, “fuel”) and Old English āl (“fire”).


imāne

Unknown. Possibly a form of i- (“to go”), in the sense of "one who goes", as an errand boy or other servant tasked with fetching things.


iścake

Unknown and disputed. Possibly related to Sanskrit इष्टिका (iṣṭikā, “brick, tile”), making it borrowed from an Indo-Iranian source. Compare iścem, of a similar meaning.


utpatti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्पत्ति (utpatti).


utpāt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्पाद (utpāda).

receipt of something, attainment of a good


upacai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपचय (upacaya, “growth, assistance”)


upadrap

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपद्रव (upadrava).


upekṣ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपेक्षा (upekṣā). Related to upekṣindri and upekṣopavicār, borrowings of Sanskrit compounds of that term.


upādām

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपादान (upādāna).


utsahām

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्साह (utsāha) or a related compound.


ekaññi

Plural of ekaññe, from Proto-Tocharian *ekäñye-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive, herd”).


ekaute

From the privative prefix e(n)- + kaute, participle of kau- (“to kill”).


ekalymi

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + kalymi (“direction”).

subject (when used in the accusative case)


ekṣineke

Borrowed from Middle Persian *akšinaka- (“dove”). Only attested in the adjectival form ekṣinekäññe.


eṅkalñe

The subjunctive form of eṅk- (“to grasp”) + the noun-forming suffix -ññe.


eñcal

At first glance an alternative form of eñcil (“tax, levy”), although more likely a synonym derived from the same source, eṅk- (“to grasp, seize”).


eñcil

Likely a derivative of eṅk- (“to grasp, seize”).


āklyi

Alternative form of akalye (“learning, study”)


akwam-pere

From akwam (“sprout”) + pere (“stalk”). This phrase was assumedly used so much that the two words were merged.


aṅkāre

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + kare (“worth”), the latter possibly from Proto-Indo-European *keh₂- (“to desire”), making it cognate with Latin cārus (“dear”).


akaru

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अगरु (agaru).


ācār

Alternative form of acār (“propriety, rule”)


añmalaṣkaññe

From añmāla(r)ṣke (“sympathetic”) + -ññe.


ajamot

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अजमोद (ajamoda).


aṅkaiṃ-pilko

From aṅkaiṃ (“false, reverse”) + pilko (“thought”).


aṅkwaṣ

→ Chinese: 阿魏 (āwèi)

Likely borrowed from Proto-Sogdic *angwažt, from Proto-Iranian *Hanguǰatu.


aṅkwaṣṭ

Alternative form of aṅkwaṣ (“asafoetida”)


āmaś

Alternative form of amāc (“minister (royal official)”)


amarṣ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आमर्ष (āmarṣa).

lbor

discontent, anger, indignation, impatience


ayājñi

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अजाजि (ajāji).


araṅyāyateṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अरङ्यायतन (araṅyāyatana).


arahānte

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्हन्त् (arhant), from अर्हत् (arhat). Compare Tocharian A ārānt.

arhat (the personification of the tenets of Buddhism)


arirāk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit हरीतकी (harītakī).

Terminalia chebula
Terminalia chebula#Translingual

black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) (a type of plum)


aruṇariju

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अरुणर्जु (aruṇarju).


arkᵤye

Alternative form of artkiye (“abundance”)


arjuṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्जुन (arjuna).


ārk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अर्क (arka).

Calotropis gigantea
Calotropis gigantea#Translingual


ārk

Uncertain, probably related to ārc- (“to merit, deserve”).


arhānte

Alternative form of arahānte (“arhat (the personification of the tenets of Buddhism)”)


aryamark

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आर्यमार्ग (āryamārga), itself a compound of आर्य (ārya, “noble, honorable”) + मार्ग (mārga, “path, way”).


ālasäññe

idleness, laziness, lethargy, sloth, indolence


alepāṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आलेपन (ālepana).


avyākrt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अव्याकृत (avyākṛta).


avasthālakṣam

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अवस्था (avasthā, “condition”) + लक्षम् (lakṣam, “characteristic”).


aśubha

Alternative form of aśup (“offensive thing, decaying human body”)


aśamati

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अंशुमती (aṃśumatī).

Desmodium gangeticum
Desmodium gangeticum#Translingual


aśaikṣamārg

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अशैक्षमार्ग (aśaikṣamārga), a compound of अशैक्ष (aśaikṣa, “no longer a pupil”) + मार्ग (mārga, “path; way”)

com

(Buddhism) the path of those no longer needing religious instruction


aśaikṣe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अशैक्ष (aśaikṣa), a compound of अ- (a-, “not”) + शिक्षा (śikṣā, “study”).

com

one no longer needing religious training


aśvagandh

Alternative form of aśvakānt (“Indian genseng; ashwagandha”)


aśvamet

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अश्वमेध (aśvamedha).


aśvakānt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अश्वगन्ध (aśvagandha).


asaṃkhyai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit असङ्ख्येय (asaṅkhyeya). Compare Tocharian A asaṃkhye.


askwace

Alternative form of askace (“halfa grass, Desmostachya bipinnata”)


astarñe

Alternative form of astaräññe (“purity”)


asecanadarśaṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit असेचन (asecana, “lovely”) + दर्शन (darśana, “sight, spectacle”).

insatiable sight, something unable to be looked away from


asāṃ

asānṣṣe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आसन (āsana). Compare Tocharian A āsāṃ.


askace

From Proto-Tocharian *āskwāce, of further unknown origin. Possibly related to atiyo (“grass”). Compare Tocharian A āskāc.


āktikaññe

Alternative form of āktekaññe (“wonder”)


ākāśadhātu

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आकाशधातु (ākāśadhātu).


āka

Probably from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), whence also ak (“ear of grain”). Compare English ear, of the same usage.


ālyi

Alternative form of alyiye (“palm (of the hand)”)


amäkṣpänta

Alternative form of amäkṣpänte (“wagonmaster”)


-ākṣi

one who announces, teaches, recites (only used in compounds)


āñmalāṣṣälñe

head

āñmalāṣṣälñe ?

txb-noun

āñmalāṣṣälñe ?

añmalāṣṣälñe

Alternative form of añmalāṣṣälñe (“sympathy”)


ājivīke

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आजिवीके (ājivīke).


āñcanarasa

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अञ्जनरस (añjanarasa).

a preparation of antimony (to be used as a medical ingredient)


āntsi

Alternative form of āttsi (“model, sign”) (possibly)


āñm-nākälñe

From āñme (“self, soul”) + nākälñe (“reproach”).


ātmaguptaphal

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मगुप्तफल् (ātmaguptaphal). See also ātmagupti.

आत्मगुप्तफल्

fruit of the velvet bean plant (Mucina pruriens)


ātmagupti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मगुप्ता (ātmaguptā). See also ātmaguptaphal.


ādhyātmike

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आध्यात्मिक (ādhyātmika, “spiritual, holy”).

something that comes from the self or soul


ātmadṛṣṭi

Orthographic borrowing from Sanskrit, itself a compound of आत्म (ātma, “self”, combining form) + दृष्टि (dṛṣṭi, “view”).

(Buddhism) self-view (the view, perspective, or thesis that there is a self)


ātmapāvabhet

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आत्मभाव (ātmabhāva, “self-essence”) + भेद (bheda, “separation, crack”).


ānāpānasmrti

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आनापानस्मृति (ānāpānasmṛti).

आनापानस्मृति

mindfulness of breathing (a meditation exercise)


āyataṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आयतन (āyatana).


ārūpyadhātu

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आरूप्य (ārūpya) + धातु (dhātu).


āraṇyāyataṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अरण्य (araṇya) + आयतन (āyatana).


ārte

Probably a borrowing from an Iranian language, ultimately from Proto-Iranian *r̥Hdwáh (“raised, high”). If so, cognate with Latin arduus.


ārte

Alternative form of ārtte (“care, attention”)


āryavaṃś

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आर्यवंश (āryavaṃśa).


āśirvāt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आशीर्वाद (āśīrvāda).


āhāra-krtya

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit आहार (āhāra, “food”) + कृत्य (kṛtya, “action”).


käryorttau

Derived from karyor (“trade”) + -ttau (agentive suffix). Compare käryorttautsa (“female merchant”).


ṣaṃṣäl

From the verbal root ṣäṃs- ("to count").


takälñe

From täk- (“to touch, feel”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


skren

an unknown type of bird, possibly the dove


tsrorye

From tsär- (“to be separated, be apart”).


strīndri

From Sanskrit स्त्रीन्द्रिय (strīndriya).

der

स्त्रीन्द्रिय


maimatsäññe

tranquility, equanimity, absence of passion


mokoṃśka

Coordinate term: mokoṃśke


wasaṃpāt

Borrowed from Sanskrit उपसम्पदा (upasampadā).


okaro

Uncertain. Probably a learned borrowing from Sanskrit अगरु (agaru, “agarwood”) (from Tamil அகில் (akil)), but also possibly borrowed from Tocharian A okar (“plant”).

lbor

agarwood; Aquilaria malaccensis (possibly)


kārm

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, “act, action, performance”)


wiralom

a particular kind of fetid salt used medically


winai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit विनय (vinaya).

vinaya (rules of discipline for Buddhist monks)


Śāwaṃ

Sravana (a constellation containing the star Altair)


ṣparā-yäkre

a type of bird, possibly the sparrow hawk


tsärśalñe

From tsärk- (“heat, burn; torture”, transitive verb). Compare Tocharian A tsärślune.


ailñe

ṣaḍvarginta karyor pito misko ailñe yamaṣyenträ
the ṣaḍvargikas were dealing in buying, selling, exchange, and inheritance

śak pärkāwänta kṣatre ailñesa yänmāṣṣäṃ wnolme

a being achieves the ten benefits through giving an umbrella


ekaññe

From Proto-Tocharian *ekäñye-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive, herd”). The semantic derivation of ownership of livestock into material wealth is a commong feature in Indo-European languages, seen also in English fee and chattel, and Latin pecunia. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀγέλη (agélē), Latin agō. Compare Tocharian A akäṃtsune.


trokol

Possibly from truk- (“to assign, allot”)


trākäm

Ultimately from Ancient Greek δραχμή (drakhmḗ).


maṇḍāl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit मण्डल (maṇḍala).

lbor

a special circle marked on the ground for religious or magical purposes, mandala


tsätkwantsñe

From tsatku, tsatkwaṃ (“erroneous, perverse”, adjective) + -tsñe.


tsmoññe

From tsäm- (“to grow [in size or number]; to cause to grow, promote”) + -ññe.

suf

tsäm-<t:to grow 􂀿in size or number􂁀; to cause to grow, promote>


ipprer

Alternative form of iprer (“sky, atmosphere”).


irand

Ricinus communis
Ricinus communis#Translingual


iryāpath

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ईर्यापथ (īryāpatha).


iśelme

Alternative form of yśelme (“physical, especially sexual pleasure”)


iṣcake

Alternative form of iścake (“a kind of soil”)


isälye

Alternative form of ysalye (“discord, conflict”)


uttarāsāṅkä

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्तरासङ्ग (uttarāsaṅga).


udāṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदान (udāna).


udai

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदय (udaya). Attested in the compound udai-ṣale, literally "sunrise mountain"; a mountain to the east that the sun rises from behind of.


udumbura

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदुम्बर (udumbara).

Ficus racemosa
Ficus racemosa#Translingual


udāvart

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उदावर्त (udāvarta).


upadeś

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपदेश (upadeśa).


upādhyāye

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपाध्याया (upādhyāyā).


upāy

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपाय (upāya).


upāsakñe

Alternative form of upāsakäññe (“laity”)


upāsakāñca

From a form of upāsake (“layperson”) + the feminizing suffix -āñca.


upāsake

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपासक (upāsaka).


upekṣindri

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपेक्षिन्द्रिय (upekṣindriya).

उपेक्षिन्द्रिय


upāl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उत्पल (utpala).


ūrṇ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ऊर्णा (ūrṇā). Only attested in the derived term ūrṇaṣṣe. Compare Tocharian A urṇ (“id”).

the circles of white hair between the brows of the Buddha or other deity


uwaṃt

Possibly learned borrowing from Sanskrit उपान्त (upānta).


ullapaṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उल्लापन (ullāpana).


uśir

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit उशीर (uśīra).

Chrysopogon zizanioides
Chrysopogon zizanioides#Translingual

(botany) root of the vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides)


ekñiññe

Alternative form of ekaññe (“possession”)


ekaññiññe

From ekaññi + -ññe. The noun-forming suffix -ññe seems to simply have been added for extra emphasis, maintaining the same meaning and part of speech.


ekārthavācake

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit एकार्थ (ekārtha, “tautological”) + वाचक (vācaka, “speaker”).


ekṣalye

From Proto-Tocharian *ekʷṣäliē, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”). Compare Tocharian A opṣäly.

an appropriate time for Buddha-like actions


ekṣinek

Alternative reconstruction of *ekṣineke (“dove”)


eṅkalñetstse

From eṅkalñe + the adjective-forming suffix -tstse. The suffix seems to simply have been added for extra emphasis, maintaining the same meaning and part of speech.


katkalñe

From a form of kätk- + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.

passage, crossing (particularly of a river or stream)


kätkarñe

From kätkare (“deep”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kärtkālle

Alternative form of kärkkālle (“swamp, marsh, bog”)


knelñe

From kän- (“to fulfill”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kärnātsi

Nominalized infinitive form of käry- (“to buy”).


kärnol

From a form of käry- (“to buy”); at this time, "adopted" children were often bought from their parents. Only attested in Tocharian A kärnolñe (“the condition of being an adopted child”), which is obviously a borrowing from Tocharian B.


kärnālñe

From a form of käry- (“to buy”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


käryakār

Probably borrowed from Sanskrit क्रियाकार (kriyākāra).


käryorttaññe

From käryorttau (“trader, merchant”) + -ññe.

a lexical meter of four sets of twelve syllables


käryau

Nominalized preterite participle of käry- (“to buy”).


käryā-

From Proto-Tocharian *käryā- (whence also Tocharian A kri (“will”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kṛd(i)yeh₂-, from *ḱḗr. Cognate with English heart, Old Irish cride, Latin cor, and Lithuanian širdis.
Only attested in the plural, käryāñ.


käryorttautsa

From karyor (“trade”) + -ttautsa (feminine agentive suffix). Compare käryorttau (“merchant”).


kärstor

A form of kärst- (“to destroy utterly”).


kärstālyñe

A form of kärst- (“to cut off”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kälkañc

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कल्काञ्जन (kalkāñjana).


kälāṣṣuki

Agentive form of käl- (“to endure, bear”).


kälpauca

one who obtains or achieves; obtainer/achiever


källālñe

From kälp- + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kälpaṣṣuki

An agentive form of *kälyp- (“to steal”), the sole attestation thereof.


kselñe

From a form of käs- (“to extinguish”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kiṃśuk

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किंशुक (kiṃśuka).

Butea monosperma
Butea monosperma#Translingual

(botany) Butea monosperma, flame-of-the-forest tree, dhak tree


kiñcelle

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किञ्जल (kiñjala).


kinnare

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किंनर (kiṃnara, “a mythical being”), whence also Tocharian A kinnare.


kiśore

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किशोर (kiśora)


kiratikta

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit किराततिक्त (kirātatikta).


kucatāk

Related to Tocharian A kuccatāk, but of uncertain origin from there. Possibly from Middle Persian.


kutumñcik

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुटुम्बिक (kuṭumbika, “home-servant”).

(Botany) name for several plants native to India in the Leucas genus, used in medicine.


kutumcik

Alternative form of kutumñcik (“several plants in the Leucas genus”)


kuntark

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुन्द्र (gundra) or a form thereof.


kuntipaśaṃ

Compound of kunti (“pot”) + Sanskrit भाजन (bhājana, “pot, vessel”). See also bhājaṃ.


bhājaṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit भाजन (bhājana). See also kuntipaśaṃ.


kumbhāṃṇḍe

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुम्भाण्ड (kumbhāṇḍa).

(Buddhism) a kumbhanda, a type of dwarfish, deformed, lesser spirits in Buddhist mythology.


kurār

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुरर (kurara).


kuruci

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुडूची (guḍūcī).

(Botany) heartleaf moonseed; Tinospora cordifolia


kulaṃkule

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit [Term?].

(Buddhism) someone who has been successively reincarnated into several families before finally reaching spiritual liberation


kurkam

Likely from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kwlkwm /kurkum/). Compare the other borrowings of Old Armenian քրքում (kʻrkʻum) and Old Georgian ქურქუმაჲ (kurkumay). Only attested in the suffixed form kurkamäṣṣe.


kurkal

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गुल्गुलु (gulgulu), whence also Tocharian A kurkal.

lbor

bdellium, the fragrant resin of some trees in the Commiphora genus, used as an aromatic or medicinal ingredient


kulypelñe

From kulyp- (“to desire, want”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


kuṣṭa

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुष्ठ (kuṣṭha).

crepe ginger; Costus speciosus, used as a medicine


kusar

Related to Tocharian A kusär, but further etymology unknown.


kutsāre

Possibly from kuts- (“to revile”), otherwise unknown.


keᵤ

From Proto-Tocharian *kew-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws.


kekkarnor

From a gerundive form of kärn- (“to hit, strike, afflict with disease or pain”).


kerketstse

A form of kärk- (“to bind, tie”) + -tstse. Compare Tocharian A kärkṣim (“fetter”), of similar derivation.


kokaletstse

From kokale (“wagon, cart”) + -tstse (agentive ending).


kokalpänta

From kokale (“wagon”) + *päntā (“road-master”).


kokīl

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कोकिल (kokila).


kaiyye

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws, whence also keᵤ.


päntā

From Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s (“path”).

master of a road or route, literally "he of the road".


amäkṣa

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ém-h₂ḱs-ih₂ ~ *h₂m̥-h₂ḱs-yéh₂, from *h₂em- (“to hold on to”) + *h₂eḱs- (“axle”) + *-ih₂.


koṭ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कोटि (koṭi), whence also Tocharian A kor. Compare koṭiśvare (“millionaire”).


koṭiśvare

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कोटीश्वर (koṭīśvara).


anuśāsake

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनुशासक (anuśāsaka).


anuwasāṃ

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अनुवासन (anuvāsana).


apaśabdh

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अपशब्द (apaśabda).


kmut

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कुमुद (kumuda).


kramartaññe

From krāmar (“master”) + -ññe (condition-forming suffix).


knerwanta

Probably related to Sanskrit कन्दर (kandara, “cave, glen, valley”), but otherwise unknown.


kramartsäññe

From krāmär (“weight”) + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


granth

Alternative form of krānt (“written text”)


krānt

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit ग्रन्थ (grantha), whence also Tocharian A granth.


krāñiye

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂-(e)s-n-yo-, from *ḱérh₂sō (“top of the head”), bearing a striking resemblance in particular to Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon) (whence English cranium). Further cognate with Ancient Greek κάρα (kára, “head”) (see English cheer), Old Norse hjarsi (“crown of the head”) (whence Danish isse (“scalp”)), Old English hærn (“brain”) (whence Scots harn).


krewpe

Alternative form of kraupe (“group, section”)


krośśaññe

Alternative form of kroścaññe (“coldness”)


kroś

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit क्रोशक (krośaka).


kroścaññe

From krośce (“cold”) + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


klampärya

Uncertain. Compare Tocharian A klumpri (“id”).

a literary meter, of 4x18 syllables, with a 7/7/4 rhythm


epiyac

From Proto-Tocharian *epiyāc (whence also Tocharian A opyāc), from an Iranian source. Compare Khotanese byāta- (“id”).


enerke

From the intensive prefix e(n)- + nerke.


enäṣṣālñe

From en- (“to teach, instruct”) + the noun-forming suffix -lñe.


epastyaññe

From epastye + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


epiṅkte

Unknown. Possibly from the intensive prefix e(n)- + Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg- (“to break”).


epretäññe

From eprete + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


prukṣiye

Verbal noun of the causative form of pruk- (“to neglect”).


empälkattäññe

From empalkaitte + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


emprentsäññe

From empreṃ (“true”) + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


emprentstse

From empreṃ (“truth”) + -tstse (adjective-forming suffix).


eynāke

Alternative form of ainake (“common, lowborn”)


aikatñe

From aikatte + the noun-forming suffix -ñe.


aikaräññe

From aikare + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.


aitkattäññe

From aitkatte + the condition-forming suffix -ññe.

state of being unintended; non-intendance


yenme

From the present stem of yäp- (“to enter”)


aiśamñetstse

From aiśamñe (“wisdom”) + the agentive-forming suffix -tstse.


aiśai

From Proto-Tocharian *āićai, a form of *aik- (“to know”) (whence also Tocharian A eśe), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, possess”).


aiśaumye

A form of aik- (“to know”), from Proto-Tocharian *aik-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to obtain, own”).


oktaśke

Uncertain. Probably a form of okt (“eight”), possibly as a partial calque from Sanskrit of अष्टका (aṣṭakā, “eight day after a full moon”) or अष्टमी (aṣṭamī, “eight day in a half month”).


oṅkalmo

Related to Tocharian A oṅkaläm, but further derivation is unknown. Probably borrowed from a non-Indo-European language.


oñi

Unknown, with no plausible explanations.


onuwaññe

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nuh₂-eh₂, verbal stem of *neh₂w- (“to die, lack”), the same source as naut- (“to die”). Cognate with Tocharian A nwām (“sick”), Welsh newyn (“hunger”), Old Irish núna (“famine”), etc.


wnolme

Alternative form of onolme (“being, creature, person”)


onmiñ

Related to Tocharian A onmiṃ (“id”) (possibly a borrowing from one language to another), but further connections are unknown.


oppīloñ

Uncertain. Possibly ultimately from forms of Proto-Indo-European *h₁opi- + *pulu- (“hair”), which would be cognate to Latin pilus (“hair”) and Sanskrit पुलक (pulaka, “bristling of hair”).


gairik

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गैरिक (gairika).


kᵤśāne

a type of coin, value and composition unknown


yärkemaññe

From yarke (“honor, reverence”) + -maññe.


leṃ

cell (small chamber used as monk's residence)


yātäṣṣeñca

From yāt- (“be capable of; have power over, tame”)


ypoy-moko

a "land-elder," an official of some sort


yrīye

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥h₁ḗn (“lamb”)


pūdñäkte

From *pūd- (from Sanskrit बुद्ध (buddha)) + ñakte


troṅk

From Old Chinese 盅 (OC *tʰuŋ, *duŋ, *tjoŋ, “empty, hollow”). Cognate with Tocharian A truṅk.

quote-book

2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors, Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages 257-269: